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[Assistant] Now, the partnership of the Strand Magazine, which was launched in 1890, and Arthur Conan Doyle, perfectly satisfied this new appetite, this new appetite for smart, fast fiction.


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[Assistant] The magazine, The Strand Magazine, was originated by George Nunes. He was the Rupert Murdoch of his day. It was illustrated on coated paper, which is very important, it looked expensive, and it cost six months, or a tanner, as it was called, which is a nickel in US currency. Queen Victoria herself read The Strand, and indeed,


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[Assistant] Queen Victoria once even wrote an article for it. It was, it was in fact something for the boys in the street, the girls in the street, and also for the monarch of the realm.


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[Assistant] Now, the star attraction in the magazine of course was the amateur detective, the wizard sleuth of 221B Baker Street, Sherlock Holmes, Mr. Sherlock Holmes. A new Holmes story was capable of increasing the already


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[Assistant] Large circulation of the Strand magazine to a massive half a million copies sold across the book stalls of London and the country generally. This is a time when the population of the United Kingdom was a fifth of what it currently is.


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[Assistant] So in fact this is, we are talking now genuinely about mass readership, mass consumption, mass entertainment.


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[Assistant] Now, first a few words about Sherlock Holmes' creator, his inventor.


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[Assistant] Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh in 1859 of Irish and Catholic background. Holmes of course is very English, ultra English.


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[Assistant] He and his brother Mycroft, the cleverest man in England, are very upper-crust. Watson, uh, Holmes', Holmes' fetus Akates, his, his, his inseparable companion, is English as well.


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[Assistant] Now, young Arthur Conan Doyle, trained as a doctor at Edinburgh University, then the best medical school in Europe.


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[Assistant] As a student, Arthur was deeply impressed by one of his teachers, a man called Dr. Joseph Bell, under whom Doyle served as a ward assistant or an intern.


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[Assistant] Before making any diagnosis, Dr. Bell examined a patient, not for symptoms, which the prospective patient would usually present themselves, but for what we would call clues.


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[Assistant] A sailor, Bell would note, walks differently from a soldier. One has to maintain balance in rough seas, the other is trained to march in step. Their tattoos will be different.


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[Assistant] Sailors and soldiers encounter different professional hazards and are prone to different ailments.


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[Assistant] Bell, we are told, studied the hands of his patients because calluses or other marks could help him determine their occupation.


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[Assistant] The student, Bell asserted, must be taught to observe.


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[Assistant] In a couple of minutes we'll be looking at one of the most famous and, in my view, the best of the full-length Sherlock Holmes novels, uh, The Hound of the Baskervilles.


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[Assistant] It was, it was serialized in the Stand Magazine, inevitably, in 1902. It has some magnificent end of installment cliffhangers, of which the most immortal is...


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[Assistant] In the second number, uhm, just to describe the, uhm, the scenario, Dr. Mortimer is describing mysterious footprints around the corpse of the recently deceased Sir Charles Baskerville. All this, by the way, refers back eventually to Joseph Bell. This is the quotation. Footprints? Footprints.


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[Assistant] A man's or a woman's, you'll notice the rapidity of the exchange. This in fact is fast fiction.


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[Assistant] Doctor Mortimer looked strangely at us for an instant, and his voice sank almost to a whisper as he answered, Mr. Holmes.


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[Assistant] They were the footprints of a gigantic hound.


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[Assistant] Never let it be said that Doyle was lacking in the grand touch. How much less effective would that last line have been had Dr Mortimer had said, Mr Holmes, they were the paw marks of a very large dog.


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[Assistant] Anyway, to return now to Joseph Bell and his method.


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[Assistant] Dr Mortimer, when he delivers his blood curdling line about the hound, is making a second visit to 221B Baker Street. On the first visit, he was obliged to leave


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[Assistant] Before being able to have any meeting with a great detective, Holmes was too busy to see him.


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[Assistant] Neither Holmes nor Watson caught any sight of him, but Dr Mortimer left his walking stick behind.


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[Assistant] Watson, uhm, the idiot friend, whose main purpose in life is to make homes look even cleverer than he is, attempts to reconstruct the owner from the evidence of the walking stick. It gets it all wrong.


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[Assistant] Homes, with that razor sharp mind of his, recreates an uncannily accurate photographic image of Dr Mortimer, and even of his dog, a friendly pooch by the way, no gigantic hound, who is in the habit of carrying the stick in his jaw, a spaniel, Homes correctly deduced is. Now, there is I think,


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[Assistant] An important aspect to the Holmesian forensic technique, Bell's technique we may say. Obviously the detective novel has social origins.


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[Assistant] One of the conventional starting points of this genre is Dickens's omniscient policeman, Inspector Bucket, in his 1852 novel Bleak House.


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[Assistant] Buckethead was based on an actual detective or thief taker, as Dickens called him, Inspector Field, who was a star performer in the new criminal investigation department at Scotland Yard.


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[Assistant] As Doyle's booby Inspector Lestrade indicates,


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[Assistant] Conan Doyle was less impressed by The Yard and its plods, as they're called in England when they're plodding procedures as sleuths.


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[Assistant] But another even more important input into the evolution and huge appeal of detective fiction in the last decades of the 19th and early 20th century is that it connected with the spirit of the age. And that spirit was essentially scientific.


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[Assistant] What did Darwin do? He looked closely. He observed, as Bell would say, birds. Especially finches, for example, in the Galapagos. And from those small feathered animals, Darwin deduced what he grandly called the origin of species.


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[Assistant] Now, Holmes is less the amateur detective than a forensic scientist. And as such, he is Victorian through and through. He is the spirit of the age in karmic. Doyle was a moderately successful doctor.


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[Assistant] But in alliance with The Strand Magazine and its vast readership, he was among the most successful and popular authors of his age and in English literature of all time.


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[Assistant] And so successful was his creation, Sherlock Holmes, that Frankenstein, like he, he threatened to take over his creator.


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[Assistant] Famously Doyle killed the detective along with his great foe Professor Moriarty at the Reichenbach Falls. Only to have Holmes brought back to life by popular demand.


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[Assistant] Doyle always believed that his historical novels were what posterity would most admire, but we don't.


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[Assistant] He also had a higher estimate of his Professor Challenger novels, such as The Lost World, which was a direct inspiration to Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park, by the way. But he was wrong.


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[Assistant] It is Sherlock Holmes that remains Arthur Conan Doyle's great bequest to English literature.


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[Assistant] Now Doyle began writing short stories, this is before the Strand era.


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[Assistant] Uhm, in the late 1880s and he joined the Strand in 1891. It was, it was momentous as I said in a number of ways, not least because it partnered him with the illustrator Sidney Padgett. The lean, cadaverous face and the famous deerstalker


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[Assistant] Were pageants, not Doyle's invention. And of course, these have been taken over by innumerable movie versions of the home stories.


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[Assistant] It's late homes. Well, is, is it late homes? No, it's sort of, it's sort of, it's vintage homes, let's put it that way. It precedes the, the Reichenbach Four's death.


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[Assistant] And it reveals the Hound of the Baskervilles, the author I would suggest at the top of his writing game.


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[Assistant] Now, the plot is so well known, it needs little description, but I'll describe a bit of it.


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[Assistant] Dr. Mortimer, as has been said, calls at Baker Street with a perplexing mystery for Sherlock Holmes to ponder and hopefully to solve.


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[Assistant] The villainous Sir Hugo Baskerville raped and hunted to death with his hounds and innocent maiden.


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[Assistant] He had his throat ripped up by a gigantic spectral hound in revenge for this atrocity.


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[Assistant] So it is decreed, we'll perish all who carry that ominous title, Baskerville.


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[Assistant] Now animal footprints, canine, large canine footprints have been found near Sir Charles's body. Is it? Can it be? Heart almost stops. Supernatural. Now, whether our heart stops or not, Sir Charles evidently did. He died of sheer terror.


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[Assistant] Now, at this point in the story, Doyle does something very daring. He removes Holmes from the narrative for the whole middle part of the, of the action.


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[Assistant] The bumbling Watson is sent down to Grimpen in Devon.


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[Assistant] Holmes appears, very late in the game, for the necessary denouement or revelation.


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[Assistant] Now, I've no intention of spoiling any prospective reader's pleasure by giving away the plot. One should never do that with detective stories. But the great moment in the action, which occurs later on, can be mentioned and examined.


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[Assistant] As the intrepid trio, Holmes, Lestrade, the bumbler, and Watson venture into the windswept barren hostile moor, they finally see the horrific hound of hell with their own appalled eyes. Watson, as usual, is narrating.


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[Assistant] I was at Holmes' elbow, and I glanced for an instant at his face. It was pale and exultant, his eyes shining brightly in the moonlight. But suddenly, they started forward in a rigid, fixed stare, and his lips parted in amazement.


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[Assistant] At the same instant Lestrade gave a yell of terror and threw himself face downward upon the ground.


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[Assistant] My inert hand grasping my pistol, my mind paralyzed by the dreadful shape which had sprung out upon us from the shadows of the fog.


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[Assistant] A hound it was, an enormous cold black hound, but not such a hound as mortal eyes have ever seen. Fire burst from its open mouth, its eyes glowed with a smoldering glare, its muzzle and hackles and dew lap were outlined in flickering flame.


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[Assistant] Never in the delirious dream of a disordered brain could anything more savage, more appalling, more hellish be conceived than that dark form and savage face which broke upon us out of the wall of fog.


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[Assistant] The young readers of the time shuddering with excitement as they read that.


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[Assistant] But to be absolutely honest, for modern readers like ourselves, coming as we do in, into a much more mature phase of the evolution of the Deceptive story, this chilling passage does not chill as it once did.


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[Assistant] In fact it may not chill at all. It strikes us as overwritten and melodramatic. The same thing happens with, if you think for instance of the 1930s and


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[Assistant] Dracula, that movie, uhm, I've spoken to people in my parents' generation who were terrified by that, but when I see it, it just sort of strikes me as being rather clumsy and not at all frightening.


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[Assistant] The suspense in the Hound of the Baskervilles, the artful withholding of information as to who the villain is, for example, and the anything as it turns out, that supernatural nature of that gigantic hound is as effective as it was 105 years ago. That's to say, the writing may strike us as overdone,


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[Assistant] Doyle pulls the strings of the plot very skillfully and one can still admire that today and he remains, I think, a master technician of the genre and one who passed on


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[Assistant] And Holmes himself, the cocaine addicted, violin playing, mysteriously tortured, solitary genius, remains a remarkable conception.


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[Assistant] What is, one has to wonder and one still wonders, the dark secret in Sherlock's background which drives him to drugs and the necessary stimulus of what he calls the chase? We never know.


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[Assistant] As I say, Doyle is very very good at withholding information, both on the narrative.


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[Assistant] level of, of, of, of suspense, that's to say, you know, who is the, what is the hound, but also in terms of, of the great conception of the detective at, at the center of, of this, this wonderful series of, of popular fiction.


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[Assistant] Now the 1890s saw the emergence of other genres of popular writing.


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[Assistant] And, and other patriarchal writers in those genres, great founders, great initiators, pioneers. The patriarchal pioneer of science fiction


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[Assistant] He actually calls them scientific aromances, is H.G. Wells.


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[Assistant] Now, Wells, a very interesting man, very interesting writer, wrote innumerable other kinds of fiction. Political novels, comic novels, fables, utopias, realistic works, romances.


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[Assistant] Uh, Wells produced literature on a factory scale practically.


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[Assistant] But it, it is Wells' science fiction, uhm, the best of it conceived in the 1890s when he was still a relatively young writer, which has lasted and which preserves him in the company of say, you know, he's much more obviously literary contemporaries such as Henry James or Oscar Wilde.


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[Assistant] Wells had none of the advantages of James or Wilde, or of most writers who've made it to the assembly of literary gods, the pantheon.


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[Assistant] Wells was the son of a servant mother, a mother who was a servant to middle class people, and a shopkeeper father.


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[Assistant] Wells left school early and worked as a sales assistant in a draper's establishment, a phase of his life immortalized in his novel Kips and The History of Mr. Polly, both two of his finest comic novels, I think. A clever young lad, Wells got into


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[Assistant] For Schilling and Shakespearean magazines, for the kind of readership that I was talking about earlier, people like himself. People in fact who were educated, but not highly educated, who were curious about the world, who wanted ideas given to them in a form which they could easily take on board.


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[Assistant] He wrote for magazines which were read by such as he was when he was a draper's assistant.


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[Assistant] Wells is one of the great popularizers of science. He always had an incredibly fertile invention.


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[Assistant] Scientific invention. He had a wonderful imagination.


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[Assistant] Now the invisible man, for example, uhm, one of his most famous stories is remarkable not just for the idea, the gimmick of a man who is invisible and can thereafter, as it were, have various adventures which turn out to be very ironic, but


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[Assistant] It's remarkable for the extraordinary explanation which Wells offers in that story of how it might work, how you might do it.


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[Assistant] The novella, The Invisible Man, was published in 1897. It's the same period as Roentgen and the X-ray. The notion that you could see through things, that flesh could be made transparent. And he incorporates this as an authenticating device into the story, The Invisible Man.


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[Assistant] Is the same. How on earth can you propel, he asks, a vessel from earth to moon? Well, he invents a kind of metal which is gravityless.


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[Assistant] Gravity-less, which can actually defy gravity. Obviously, science hasn't gone in that direction.


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[Assistant] But his mind was thinking about how it might go. In the island of Dr. Moreau, I think the gloomiest of scientific romances.


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[Assistant] He asked how science, and he's anticipating stem cell research that happens, might control and harness evolution.


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[Assistant] How in fact can you speed it up? How can you make it happen faster? That's to say, how can you make species move forward or progress? In fact, that again goes very sour on the, on Dr. Moreau who


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[Assistant] Who invents the technique, uhm, he's also a very good, I think, very good storyteller, but he has a rather gloomy view of what science can ultimately do, rather fasting in some ways. You go right the way back to Dr. Faustus, you have these great powers, but they turn, turn on you and, and, and cut the hand that wields them.


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[Assistant] Now the novel I want to concentrate on, uh, in the last phase of the lecture is The Time Machine.


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[Assistant] The short story on which the novella was based was called, less happily, but quite typically for Wells at this stage of his career, The Chronic Argonauts. Now, the time traveler in


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[Assistant] The story, we never know his name, summons a group of friends to hear his news, to hear his great invention, and his...


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[Assistant] Experiences. And this was a favored narrative frame.


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[Assistant] For Henry James and also Conrad as we shall see in the Heart of Darkness. So in fact he gets a few people around and tells them a story. It's a device which cools things down and to some extent makes the whole thing for some reason or another much more believable.


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[Assistant] Now, the time travel it emerges has been on an amazing voyage.


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[Assistant] Jules Verne, um, invented the idea of the voyage imaginaire, the imaginary voyage, 20,000 leagues under the sea or to the center of the earth. But this is, this is an even more amazing voyage. The time traveler has gone tens of thousands of years into the future, eons.


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[Assistant] What he discovers in the future is a kind of grotesque Eden.


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[Assistant] Earth has become a garden, but humanity, it transpires, has evolved into two bipolar species.


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[Assistant] One of these species is called the Eloi. Pretty little creatures.


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[Assistant] And he's disappointed. Because they have a Tresden China type of prettiness. Their hair, which was uniformly curly, came to a sharp end at the neck and cheek. There was not the faintest suggestion of it on the face and their ears were singularly minute.


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[Assistant] The mouths were small with bright red rather thin lips and the little chins round to a point.


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[Assistant] They made no effort to communicate with me, they simply stood around me smiling and speaking in soft cooing notes to each other.


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[Assistant] But there is, it emerges, another species, the warlocks. They are, are subhumans and subterranean. They devour the Eloi, who they supply with delicate foods, as if they were just cattle, beasts of the field.


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[Assistant] Now, with reference to the Hound of Baskervilles, I made the point that Sherlock Holmes did not just happen. He was a logical product of the scientific and medical developments in the 19th century. Just as the Holmesian forensic technique can be connected with the age, so with Wells and the time machine.


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[Assistant] More specifically, the story connects with the 1890s.


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[Assistant] Now two things happened of significance in that decade. There was the emergence of a decadent, precious aestheticism. Think of Oscar Wilde and his green carnations. Now the Eloi are the esthetes, taken to their logical conclusion.


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[Assistant] And also in the 1890s, trade unions and the Independent Labour Party was formed. The workers, the proletariat, as Marx called them. These are the Morlocks.


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[Assistant] Wells, who as I said earlier was a rather gloomy social thinker, saw no coming together of these two entities, these two types of humanity. The ultra-civilized, over-civilized, and the muscular, the brawny. Brain workers and hand workers as Victorians.


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[Assistant] Call them, well like Eastern, Western Rudyard Kipling's poem. They would never meet.


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[Assistant] The balance of exploitation would swing round. In the future, it would be the workers, the muscle men, who exploited, consumed, literally, at the upper classes. And so it would go on. Conflict between the classes until the heat death of the universe.


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[Assistant] That is, is how the time machine ends. It's a very vivid ending.


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[Assistant] It explains, you know, as it were, the gloom, uh, which, which, which I've identified as,


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[Assistant] Deep in the fabric of, of, of Wells' fiction. It's, it's, what happens is, is that the, the traveler goes as far forward as you can go before, as it were, the universe ends. And, and what he discovers is the earth is cooling down. There's nothing left. All life to some extent is like, like a,


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[Assistant] This is, this is, uh, the description. It's a long but very powerful and I think very necessary passage if one's to appreciate what's happening at the time and what's happening, uhm, with, with Wells's, uh, thinking.


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[Assistant] At last, some time before I stopped, the sun, red and very large, halted motionless upon the horizon. He's traveling in his machine, looking out and seeing, as he travels very fast through time, he's seeing the world.


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[Assistant] Gradually cool, in a vast dome glowing with a dull heat, and now and then suffering a momentary extinction. It flickers.


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[Assistant] At one time it had for a little while glowed more brilliantly again, but it speedily reverted to its sullen red heat. I perceived by the slowing down of its rising and setting that the work of the tidal drag was done. The earth had come to rest with one face to the sun, even as in our own time the moon faces the earth.


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[Assistant] Still slower until the dim outlines of a desolate beach grew visible.


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[Assistant] And he stops on that beach and he looks around him.


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[Assistant] And then he sees, you know, what life has become. You know, there are no more Eloi, no more Moorlocks, certainly no more Victorians.


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[Assistant] He sees something that he recognizes as a monstrous crab-like creature.


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[Assistant] Can you imagine a crab as large as yonder table he's talking to his assembled friends?


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[Assistant] With its many legs moving slowly and uncertainly, its big claws swaying, its long antennae like Carter's whips waving and feeling, and its stalked eyes gleaming at you on either side of its metallic front.


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[Assistant] Its back was corrugated and ornamented with ungainly bosses and a greenish incrustation blotched it here and there.


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[Assistant] So this is where evolution is taking us. It's taking us back.


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[Assistant] To where we started in the primal soup, but without the hope that there will ever be any progress from that point onwards.


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[Assistant] Now, Wells' science fiction, in short, is a political parable.


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[Assistant] Uhm, he's, he's actually sort of, as it were, forecasting.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and it was powerful and it put, as I say, it put ideas into circulation. Now he may have been right or wrong.


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[Assistant] Uhm, other evolutionists, other thinkers about the evolutionary future of mankind, like George Bernard Shaw, who was a friend of Wells, and we'll be talking about Shaw later, had a much more optimistic take on where humanity might go.


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[Assistant] But these two works I've been talking about, The Hound and the Baskervilles and The Time Machine, and others by the same authors and by others of the period who pioneered genre or popular fiction, may not.


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[Assistant] Be granted the status of high fiction.


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[Assistant] It seems to me that they do repay, and they repay very richly, the same kinds of attention which we bring to that high literature. In short, they are worth reading, not just for their entertainment, and they are worth thinking about, and they are worth reading respectfully.


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[Assistant] The West Chapter 80 The Small Thunderclap Monastery


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[Assistant] One afternoon, Wukong and his companions were resting by a stream. They were eating peaches and berries.


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[Assistant] A couple of hours later, they were traveling up a mountain road. The road curved around a bend.


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[Assistant] A sign over the door read, Small Thunder Clap Monastery. Wukong! cried the Tang Monk.


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[Assistant] The monk opened the monastery's door and entered. Bajie and Wujing followed. Wukong sighed and went in after them.


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[Assistant] This place was definitely not what it seemed. The monkey pulled out his iron bar.


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[Assistant] Right away, he fell to his knees and bowed. Bajie and Wu Jing bowed.


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[Assistant] Wukong continued to stand, peering at the statue. It looked very suspicious.


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[Assistant] The voice asked, Wukong, whispered the Tang monk.


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[Assistant] It's been an absolute rollercoaster. Come on guys keep it going!


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[Assistant] Well, look who it is.


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[Assistant] The great Sir Wallace has graced us with his presence.


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[Assistant] This water is also ridiculous. It's not a typical Masterchef kitchen.


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[Assistant] For the last 30 minutes, the pork belly was not cooking at all. We are in trouble.


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[Assistant] For the main, the roasted fennel came out perfectly. The pickled grapes looks beautiful. The fresh grapes are nice and juicy. My only concern is the pork fillet need to be cooked perfectly.


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[Assistant] Gina and I are on entree today and we're making a salad of beetroot with goat curd and grapes. What? Leave them whole? Cut in half? What?


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[Assistant] I think it's a beautiful way to use borosso wine to tie this dish together.


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[Assistant] Look at that one. Come on, gotta take a picture of that one there. I know the judges are concerned about our main. It sounds like it's just meat and vegetables, but we just put up 30 beautiful, sophisticated plates. I think this is the prettiest thing I've ever made.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and all it requires of you is this, that you change your posture.


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[Assistant] But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body.


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[Assistant] So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? Maybe you're hunching, uhm, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles, sometimes we hold onto our arms like this, uh, sometimes we, uh, spread out.


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[Assistant] It's language. So we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me? What's mine communicating to you? And there's a lot of reason to believe that this is, this is a valid way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time


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[Assistant] Uh, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-minute, uh, 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician's niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued.


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[Assistant] So it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted?


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[Assistant] And even, let's go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead you to claim more value from that negotiation if you use them poorly. Bad idea. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you're basically opening up. It's about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It's not just limited to primates and humans do the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These expressions of power are this expression, which is known as pride. Uh, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they won, it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it. They do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the arm's up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don't want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really exhibit the full range of power nonverbal. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, like really come into the room. They get right into the middle of the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. Uhm, when they sit down, they're sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. Uhm, you have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon as they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny and they go like this when they raise their hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I noticed a couple things about this. One, you're not going to be surprised, it seems to be related to gender. So uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, women feel chronically less powerful than men. So this is not surprising. Uhm, but the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom because participation counts for half a grade. So, business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you get these differences in grades and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have these people coming in like this and they're participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it? And would it lead them to participate more? So my main collaborator, Dana Carney,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who's at Berkeley? And I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Like, can you do this just for a little while?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It also goes both ways. So when you, when you, uh, feel powerful, you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that, uhm, when you, when you, uh, pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident. Uh, more, more optimistic. They actually feel that they're gonna win even at games of chance. Uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They also tend to be able to think more abstractly, so there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone because that was about dominance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. So we have this evidence both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention, for two minutes you say, I want you to stand like this, and it's gonna make you feel more powerful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment. And these people adopted for two minutes either high power poses or low power poses. And I'm just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. So here's one. Couple more. This one has been dubbed the Wonder Woman by the media. Here are a couple more. So you can be standing or you can be sitting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This one is very low power when you're touching your neck, you're really kind of protecting yourself. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We for two minutes say, you need to do this or this. They don't look at pictures of the poses. We don't want to prime them with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power, right? So two minutes they do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we take another saliva sample. That's it. That's the whole experiment. So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we find is that when you're in the high power pose condition, 86% of you will gamble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] High-powered people experience about a 20% increase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And low power people experience about a 10% decrease. So again, two minutes and you get these changes. Here's what you get on cortisol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] High power people experience about a 25% decrease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the low power people experience about a 15% increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable or really stress reactive. Um, and you know, feeling sort of shut down and we've all had that feeling, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through was the job interview. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we published these, these findings and the media are all over it and they say, uhm, okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for five minutes, nothing. And this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It's, it's what Marianne LeFrance calls standing in social quicksand. So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through because we really wanted to see what happened.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looking at these sets of tapes and they say, oh, we want to hire these people, all the high-power opposers, we don't want to hire these people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also evaluate these people much more positively overall. But what's driving it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not about the content of the speech. It's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech. We also, because we rate them on all these variables related to sort of competence, like how well structured is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications? No effect on those things. This is what's affected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is what's driving the effect or mediating the effect.


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[Assistant] Uhm, when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't, it feels fake, right? So I said fake it till you make it. Like I don't, it's not me. Like I don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. I don't want to feel like an imposter. I don't want to get there only to feel like I'm not supposed to be here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that really resonated with me because I want to tell you a little story about being an imposter and feeling like I'm not supposed to be here. When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rolled several times, I was thrown from the car, and uhm, I woke up in a head injury rehab ward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I had been withdrawn from college. Uhm, and I learned that my IQ had dropped by two standard deviations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I, I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked and I got lucky and worked and got lucky and worked. Eventually I graduated from college.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Took me four years longer than my peers. And I convinced someone, my, my angel, uh, advisor, Susan Fisk, to take me on. And so I ended up at Princeton and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an imposter. And the night before my first year talking, the first year talk at Princeton is a 20 minute talk to 20 people. That's it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, I'm quitting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She was like, you are not quitting because I took a gamble on you and you're staying. You're going to stay and this is what you're going to do. You are going to fake it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm at Harvard, I'm not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, not supposed to be here, not supposed to be here. So, the end of my first year at Harvard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, look, you gotta participate or else you're gonna fail, came into my office. I really didn't know her at all. And she said, she came in totally defeated and she said, I'm not supposed to be here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. Uhm, and so I, I, I want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it, fake it till you become it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it's not, do it enough until you actually become it and internalize. The last thing I'm going to leave you with is this tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is two minutes, two minutes, two minutes, two minutes before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am. So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also, I want to ask you to share this science, because this is simple. I don't have ego involved in this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Huh, never seen material like this before. Something about the color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a bloody big deal. Never before has anyone won two immunity pins on MasterChef.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope this much mischief with a knife hasn't cost him this chance at a pin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sashi's bloody good. I think if he can get these elements right and add a few garnishes to go along with it, I think this is a winning dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's get a pot on the go. Andy's energy in the kitchen is amazing. So clean, so fast. It's unbelievable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love eating the crumb cutlets, Frenching the bone, and using it like a lollipop. You can just tuck in, dip it into gravy, sauce, whatever you want. Straight up. Chuck it in your mouth, get it done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel myself really progressing as a cook. I've learnt so much in the past month. I just feel stronger in the kitchen and more confident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm thinking it could be a time now for me to step up and really prove that I belong in this competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today I'm making crumb lamb cutlets with caramelised onion and red wine jus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know the judges have had probably hundreds of lamb cutlets before and I really need to elevate what I'm doing today to a restaurant quality dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To finish off my breadcrumb cutlets, I fry them off in oil in a hot pan. Cooking a crumb lamb cutlet's a bit tricky. You've gotta get a beautiful crust on the crumb without overcooking the lamb inside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you overcook it, it's gonna be tough. If it's undercooked, you're just gonna have a soggy mess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's gonna be a fine line to tread. Love to get that immunity pin more than anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really happy with how it looks. I just hope the lamb's cooked perfectly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Crumbed lamb cutlets with caramelized onions, zucchini, and a red wine jus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've really put my best foot forward today and I really think I've found what I'm meant to do and what I'm about in this competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love spag bol. You can knock it up in an hour. It's always better the next day. Have it cold on toast. It's a great meal. All the ingredients for the spag bol is something that I use all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Definitely sticking with the steak. Gotta play to my strength. I can put a few different techniques onto that and just take something so simple as steak and veggies and tart it up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you care to follow me, I will be your faecal guide. And the elevator is that way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't want to delay our journey, but you three can defeat demons. We must report to the palace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's just so surreal being here at Maggie Beers Farm. You kind of forget for a second that you're up for elimination today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really happy that Khan's using his pin today. It's super smart and I would do the same in his shoes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Given that this cook is the longest amount of time, I'm gonna go with a braised dish because it just makes sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's definitely a dish that comes to mind straight away. It's a favourite of mine. I'm going to be cooking ginger chilli chicken along with some greens and some steamed rice. I'm using the drumsticks and the thighs. Cooking for Maggie today and being here on her beautiful farm, this is a memory that I'm going to cherish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm hoping that this is my first and last call of today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vietnamese ginger and chilli chicken with some steamed rice and choy sum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 30 minutes is not a long amount of time, let alone 20. I don't want to be in that last book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I still haven't peeled my chicken. Uhm, I've got a lot of things to do, so I've got a motor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm feeling really happy about my cook, my salad, it's looking great. And then I pull out my chicken skin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm feeling good, but not great. There was definitely mistakes in the areas that I could have improved on. Will I be safe? I really don't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not the first time that I've been faced up against challenges. So I'm embracing the 20 minute cook. Let's give it a go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I gotta get my marinade on. I want some familiar flavors of the soy that bounds with honey and a bit of the zest to just give it that little pizzazz.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think about this avocado corn salad that I've done before. I decide to go with that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you're in front of the judges, no matter how good you felt about your cook, you also feel like you could be going home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll be sad that I'll be leaving the competition and you guys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm enjoying myself in the kitchen and my first question is always, what would you eat? You know, if you opened up a restaurant tomorrow, you wrote your cookbook, what would you happily put in that book for people to share? So I hope that you guys can feel that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, here's how today's gonna work. You'll get one of Maggie's daughters, Saskia's gorgeous chooks. In round one...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you cook one of the best two dishes in round one, you're safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In round two, only the best dish is safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rest go into round three. Again, whatever's left, that's all you can use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Will you have less and less chook as you go down the line? You'll also have less and less time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 30 minutes. Just hope you don't go down to round three. We've only got 20 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You wanna go for it right in the beginning. Put the best dish up, but have a backup also in the back of your mind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So think about how you're going to use that chicken wisely. Because if you cook the worst dish in round three, you're going home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right guys, round one. Your 45 minutes starts now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The four of us are so excited because you four are incredible cooks. What you gave us was great. Now you need to ramp it up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now remember what's at stake. In round two, we're looking for the best dish. The maker of that will be safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rest of you will go through to round three.


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[Assistant] In this round, you must use only whatever you've got left in terms of your chicken. You've got 30 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's now time for us to taste. First up, Huda.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's done. It's up to us now. Let's get the first dish in. Let's taste. Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think you guys got the better bits of batter. Cause I've got some real doughy bits over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maggie Beer, we love you so much. Thank you for opening up your home. This is God's country. You are the best.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's time to cheer up. It's time to fire up. It's time to get excited because your South Australian adventure isn't over yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna show you guys my version of prawns on toast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just to confirm, the octopus went into, into that stock, which is white wine, vinegar, bay leaf, rosemary, a good pinch of salt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, there's one bag, there's two bags.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Silky smooth. There you go. Thank you mate. What's happening with the shallots and garlic?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that smell of chargrilled octopus is just beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, taste time. Aldo, Gina, come on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, I'm sure you had lots of fun with Matt, but now you're with me, and we're gonna cook a prawns on toast afternoon tea dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the first thing that we've got to make is an essence or a tea of tomatoes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A little tip for you, tomatoes don't live in fridges. They live outside, on a bench, in a bowl. They're not meant to be chilled down, because you lose about 30% of their flavour when they're in a fridge. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've also got some, uhm, golden shallots.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I've got a couple bunches of basil. That goes in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what we've got here is, uh, some cheesecloth or muslincloth. I've wet the cloth before I pour anything in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You tie that with a bit of string, tie that inside the fridge, and let it drain. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here is tomato tea that I made last night that's been sitting in the fridge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next, prawns on toast. Right, so I've got 400 grams of peeled prawns and 100 grams of chopped. Alright? So I'll set the chopped aside for a second. In our chopping bowl here goes the peeled prawns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A pinch of salt, because salt tightens up that protein. And then two egg whites.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's our lemon zest, our prawns, our tarragon, 400 grams of prawn, um, salt, and that's 100 grams of chopped prawn. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About five spring onions, sliced, cooked down in olive oil. And a couple of shallots, finely diced, and cooked down with some of this, yeah, a little bit of sake, so you get a real sort of sweetness. Alright? That goes in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah. What we do is get a little spatula like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take some of our mixture. Uhm, we make sure that the bread's frozen when we're putting it on. So it doesn't make the bread all spongy and small. It doesn't squash it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next bit's gonna be a bit of fun, and I'm gonna need you, Reece, to help me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On my way. Okay, that's fine like that. Now, so these are raw flaked almonds that instead of sesame seeds that you generally get in a Chinese restaurant, instead we're gonna do almonds. But I want them to look like fish scales over the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, can you go down that end and do that? Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Part of our little afternoon tea, I want refreshingness. So I've just got watermelon that I've just put in a bag with a little bit of the, uh, bonito vinegar. That's it. Nothing else, yeaah. And I've left the rind on. It's quite nostalgic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a kid, we've all done it, we eat watermelon holding that rind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want some nice wedges. And what we're gonna do is coat the top of these with sesame seeds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we need to gently fry that in clarified butter or olive oil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Prawn toasts up there. Okay, we've got some crushed ice here for presentation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause I wanna keep that watermelon super chilled, yeah?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, we've got our gun filled with 500ml of tomato tea. Add 6g of gelatine. Bit like a cappuccino. We finish it with its frothy milk, yeah? And a little bit of tomato powder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, off you go, because Gary's waiting over on the other side of the market with one of our favourite girls. Poe, off you go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's look at a dictionary client, another very useful and common application of symbol tables. So in this case, we're going to write a client called lookupcsv.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that, uh, is gonna take three arguments. The first will be a file name, a so-called comma separated value file. Uh, and the next two arguments are integers, which will tell us, uh, what to treat, uh, as keys and values in the file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this example, uh, our CSV file, uh, relates URLs to IP addresses. Uh, so each line has a URL and an IP address and they're separated by commas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and in general, a CSV file might have many fields separated by commas. So we number them 0, 1, and so forth, starting from the left. So, uh, what we are gonna do with this client is specify with integers, uh, which field is the key and which is the value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we call this client with, uh, the second argument zero and third argument one, that means we want to use the URL, field zero in the CSV file, as the key. And we want to use the IP address, uh, that's field one in the CSV, as the value. We want to associate keys with values.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then if we want to look up the IP address associated with a given URL, uh, we can just type in, uh, URLs and the client will return the IP address. It'll do the lookup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so adobe.com, uh, has got, uh, this, uh, IP address that's shown, uh, at this line here on the table and so forth. Uh, princeton.edu has this, and ebay.edu is not in the file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, now on the other hand, we could, from this same file, we could build a symbol table where, uh, we treat the IP address as the C, as the key, and the URL as the value. So in that case, it'll build a symbol table with IP addresses as keys, and we can type in an IP address and get the associated URL.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, which, uh, represents a codon, uh, and certain codons have the names, uh, that's the amino acid. So, uh, T, TCC is called serine and so forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's just another simple example. This is a very general tool. Any CSV file, you can pick any field as the key and any other field as the value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's still another example where we might use for a class list, which has the person's year of graduation, last name, first name, precept name, and login name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and so, uh, in the first call, uh, over here, we might use the login name as the key and the first name as the value. So we type in somebody's login name, we get their first name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and again with the same client, uh, login is key, you get the section as a value. So all kinds of information processing that we might need to do, uh, for, uh, large amounts of data represented in common, uh, comma separated value files, uh, this one client, uh, which is based on a symbol table, uh, will provide useful functionality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, what do we do to get Lookup CSV implemented? Well, first thing is to set up the input stream from the first argument, so that's our input file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then get the numbers of the fields of the key and the value. Uh, and now build a symbol table that associates strings with string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, then, uh, there, uh, there's a while loop where we just read a new line in that re-line, re-line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then split according to comma into tokens in an array.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then the, uh, index in the array is gonna be the fields that we're gonna use. So the key is the, uh, string in the key field entry of the array, and the value is the string in the val field entry in the array, and we simply put that in the symbol table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then from standard input, uh, we take queries, just read a string, uh, check if the symbol table contains a string. If it doesn't, print not found. And if it does, uh, print the value associated with the key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a very small amount of code based on our symbol table implementation that gives us the dictionary functionality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Episode 32, The Singing Mice.


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[Assistant] Outside ten young field mice stood in a line. What fine boys, said Rat.


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[Assistant] Now come on in, all of you, said Rat.


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[Assistant] We all knew it was a story to scare us out of climbing the mountain. You believed it though.


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[Assistant] Some help they were. Running off and leaving you out there.


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[Assistant] I'm no hero. What kind of hero falls off a cliff with the person he's trying to save and pushes him into a pool of mako?


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[Assistant] I forget things everyone else remembers just fine and know things I've got no right knowing.


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[Assistant] I think that's what's happening to me. That I'm falling apart.


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[Assistant] Sorry, no can do. We're just passing through.


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[Assistant] Not like that. Gotta go deeper. Bend your knees more. Engage your glutes. And your quads.


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[Assistant] Hmm. Our services don't come cheap. It'll cost you a million gil.


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[Assistant] Oh, uhm, since you're here, I need your help to become a true warrior. Please, guide me to greatness. I'm Sotsetsu by the way, with the GYC. Captain's been singing your praises, you know?


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[Assistant] Really? You have to teach me how you did that! Gotta make Zack proud, you know?


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[Assistant] He's a friend of mine. We grew up together, hung out and stuff. Haven't heard from him since he left the village though.


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[Assistant] But I'm sure a soldier like him's pretty busy. We may not be at war, but I bet they've got him traveling all over.


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[Assistant] We're seeing more monsters these days, and I wanna do my part.


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[Assistant] And you know, it might also be kinda cool if everyone in the coalition called me a hero and the captain gave me a promotion. Or something like that.


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[Assistant] From the moment I laid eyes on you and your weapon, I just had to make you my teacher. Please, train me in your warrior ways.


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[Assistant] Don't worry, I am more than ready to receive your wisdom.


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[Assistant] And we'd like to ask you to train all of us in the art of combat.


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[Assistant] Our coalition's only as good as its weakest member, so it only makes sense to get stronger together.


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[Assistant] Well, I thought it was a good idea. Sorry I wasn't able to convince the rest of them. It's just, I felt something when we first met. Almost like fate. And I guess I got a little carried away.


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[Assistant] Now guys, if you pick red, you're cooking with meat. If you pick blue, you're cooking


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[Assistant] Next thing that needs to happen is a captain pick.


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[Assistant] No, I would be too. Just gonna dance around a bit, right? Look, look at this. Yep.


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[Assistant] Yeah. It's cold. It's cold. Yeah. Look at that. It's raging hot. Roaring. It's roaring the middle and it's burnt on the top.


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[Assistant] You just need to all just take stock right now and fix the problems.


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[Assistant] There's lots to love about this plate of food. Making the bread is super awesome.


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[Assistant] Marinated kingfish, saffron vinaigrette, uh, smashed potatoes.


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[Assistant] So guys, it came down to your entrees and your mains.


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[Assistant] We always ask you every single day to bring us delicious food, but only one team delivered both a great entrée and a great main today.


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[Assistant] That were an expression of the fire, but also packed full of flavour.


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[Assistant] Congratulations blue team. I mean that squid perfectly cooked and making your own bread. Well done, Samira. It was spot on. Fantastic.


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[Assistant] It was a great starter and a great main course. Well done.


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[Assistant] I'm really excited for Laylinks to be here today. He's a really big chef in Australia. He has an amazing restaurant fire door. And I'm actually hoping that I can learn a few things today.


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[Assistant] The hard thing about cooking with fire is that you find it really hard to moderate the temperature. Not only that, you really have to keep the flames light so that's something that's going to be difficult.


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[Assistant] We go to check on the blister berries and I taste it to be sure. Do you like these?


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[Assistant] Right now, we don't really have something to counteract the chocolate mousse and we don't have that smokiness on the plate. I'm scared that the blue team might be in trouble.


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[Assistant] I'm feeling super stressed at the moment.


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[Assistant] The blistered berries haven't worked and it's a crucial element of that dessert. We need to think on our feet because we need a dessert.


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[Assistant] Through the West, Chapter 85, Fire, Smoke, and Sand.


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[Assistant] He looked at the demon of Powers Mountain. The fire and smoke were now gone. Wukong was about to return to that mountain. But then he hesitated.


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[Assistant] Wukong turned into a bug and flew back to the Demon's Mountain.


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[Assistant] He went into the cave and flew down a long dark tunnel.


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[Assistant] Wukong turned back into himself. Oh! cried the woman.


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[Assistant] Said Wukong. The Queen's face broke into a smile.


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[Assistant] The monkey turned back into a bug and flew down another tunnel.


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[Assistant] A little while later, the Demon of Power came into the room.


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[Assistant] He plucked a few of his hairs and turned them into fleas.


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[Assistant] The demon laid the three bells on a table. A few minutes later, he was snoring again.


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[Assistant] The fleece turned back into hairs and returned to Wukong.


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[Assistant] Next, the monkey turned the hairs into three fake bells.


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[Assistant] Wukong became invisible and ran back through the tunnel.


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[Assistant] Keeping it simple, roasted capsicum, quail with the crispy sage on top. We're going to roast the capsicums on the charcoals, get them nice and blackened and that will become the base of the dish.


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[Assistant] Oh, the actual fear that we get as soon as we hear that the firefighters are starting to come. I start to stress thinking, are we going to get an entrée out? We need that choir on now. Okay, let's go, let's do this.


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[Assistant] If we can't get these pits going again, firefighters will not get anything to eat.


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[Assistant] And we've just realised that our thigh has gone out. No, no, no.


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[Assistant] How you going up there? We're getting there, Benny. Capsicums are charred. I start to chop them up.


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[Assistant] Mmm. Yeah, is it good? Awesome. Just need salt on the end. Okay, cool, cool, cool. Where's my salt thing? Cool, cool, cool. Everything has come together. The capsicum's on there, the quail's on there. We put some sage on the side so it's nice for the crisp element. They actually is looking great on the plate. It's looking really good, you guys. This dish is very simple but it's very tasty.


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[Assistant] For the kingfish, I need to get the fillets off, and then I need to pin bone and portion them as well. It's a lot of work, but I have to get it done.


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[Assistant] There is so much pressure today. Adam's handed over his restaurants to us. I'm hoping that my dish does it justice.


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[Assistant] The oil from the fish is dripping down into the flames and creating this massive fireball.


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[Assistant] How many sides are in the shape formed by placing together a triangle?


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[Assistant] A regular pentagon, a regular hexagon, regular 7-gon, 8-gon, and so on, all the way to a 65-gon, where every side has length 1.


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[Assistant] Be careful when you look at questions. Always read them very carefully.


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[Assistant] This is a question, an example of a question, where it's not that hard to know how to solve, but it's very, very easy to make a mistake. If you read very closely, and if you look at the picture, you will see that there's something missing. There's no square.


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[Assistant] So the sides go from 3 to 5, 6, 7, all the way to 65. Okay. That's a very important note when you look at any problem. But now, now that we know that,


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[Assistant] How would we try to solve to find out how many sides there are? I want to talk about two different ways of looking at this.


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[Assistant] The first way is one where you think about


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[Assistant] What would it be like if I had all of these not sharing a sign?


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[Assistant] And reducing, subtracting by how much extra counting I have. What do I mean? What I mean is that the shapes


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[Assistant] The shapes are 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, all the way to 65. If I could add all of those together, that'll give me a number.


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[Assistant] And what this number will give me is it will count too much.


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[Assistant] It will not be the number of sides on the outside, because every side on the inside is actually going to be counted twice. Once by one of the shapes, and once by the other shape.


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[Assistant] And so what I then want to do is I want to take this answer and I will want to minus


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[Assistant] How many extra? Well, you see, I said this two times.


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[Assistant] So extra is always going to mean two times the number of these lines that are shared. So it would be two times the number of these shared lines.


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[Assistant] That's a question where you want to know how many shapes there were before.


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[Assistant] You see, here's a picture. I drew four of the shades, and there are three shared lines.


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[Assistant] Look at how carefully I'm explaining this. Whenever you're doing these questions, you don't want to make a mistake of off by one. So you think very carefully what each number means. If there are four shapes, three shared lines.


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[Assistant] So then that means I need to know how many shapes there are in the whole thing.


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[Assistant] From the 3 sides to the 65 sides. So I will want to know how many are here.


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[Assistant] How many are here? There are, the easiest way maybe to do this is to say it's 3, 5, 6 up to 65.


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[Assistant] Why not just pretend it's 4, 5, 6 up to 65? So what I'll say here is that the number of shapes


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[Assistant] Is equal to the number of numbers


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[Assistant] How do you know how many there are? You take 65 minus 4 plus 1.


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[Assistant] This problem is all about the plus 1 and minus 1 at the end. So the plus 1 is because you need to make sure to count the end points. 65 minus 4 only counts gaps between numbers. And if I want to know how many numbers, I need to add one more back. So if I take 65 minus 4,


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[Assistant] So now I know there are 62 shapes. So I know that the number of shared lines is one less than the number of shapes. So this is 61. 2 times 61 is 122.


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[Assistant] And so that leaves me with just the problem of adding up the numbers 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 up to 65. The same idea as before is actually quite good here.


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[Assistant] If I want to know 3 plus 5 plus 6 all the way down, it's almost 4 plus 5 plus 6 to 65. Just remember to minus 1 at the end. So let's do that.


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[Assistant] Plus 65, and don't forget to minus 1 at the end.


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[Assistant] This is a very standard, there's a very standard way to do these kinds of problems. When you add up a big list like this, this list of numbers has the same sum as writing it backwards.


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[Assistant] And once you see that, when you write it backwards, you see that 4 plus 65 is...


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[Assistant] 69, 69, 69, all 69. And this is a very quick way of remembering the formula, that if I want to add this together, the answer of this bracket is just 4 plus 65 divided by 2 multiplied by how many of them there are.


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[Assistant] You see, because this 4 plus 65 is each of those, how many are there? Let's remember, we know there are 62. That was from before. There were 62 of the numbers.


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[Assistant] And the divide by two is because if I was to add all this way, I have double counted the whole thing.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now I need to calculate this out. This thing gives me here, uh, 69 times 31. Don't forget the minus 1 at the end. Alright, we are almost done with this rather


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[Assistant] Laborious and troublesome calculation. But let's do it. 69 times 31.


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[Assistant] Don't forget the minus one, and we find that the whole thing here comes to two one three eight.


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[Assistant] Okay, and now to finish, I take 2138 minus this 122.


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[Assistant] Actually, this is another tip. Whenever you're doing any math problems, make sure you know all of the properties of the year that you're in and the years that are nearby. So the answer is 2016.


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[Assistant] 2016, I put here on purpose. It's a very beautiful and very special number. We'll end up seeing a property of it when we do this same problem a different way.


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[Assistant] Very complicated because the idea was easy, but to do it all carefully was hard. And if you do this, it's very easy to make a minus one mistake.


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[Assistant] Here's another way to do it, where the way of thinking of the method is hard, but the way of finishing from there is easy.


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[Assistant] How would I make this picture? I could make this picture by starting with a triangle.


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[Assistant] So what if instead I just thought about this? If I start with a triangle, how many sides does it have? Three.


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[Assistant] Now what happens if I have a triangle and I add a pentagon?


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[Assistant] How many sides do I have? Well, think of what I said, I add a pentagon. So it'll be three, but then how much have I added?


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[Assistant] Actually, I have added three more and here's how to think of adding the three more. Think of it like this. This side just moved over to here. It just moved. And so I added three more.


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[Assistant] Okay, but once you think about it this way, let's see what happens if I add a hexagon.


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[Assistant] Five, and then here's the six. Six, okay. So, it was three plus three.


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[Assistant] But when I added this one, what I just did is that one of the sides just moved over to here.


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[Assistant] And it looks like what I ended up doing is I added four more sides.


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[Assistant] This is actually a very useful way of doing any such problem where you're counting how many sides something has, if you're always thinking of what happens if I add, add, add more and more to the picture. That means if I were to do this all the way down,


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[Assistant] In the end, if I finish it and I go all the way to adding the 65,


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[Assistant] The 65 gone. Look at the pattern. When you add the 5 gone, it's a plus 3. Add the 6 gone, it's a plus 4. So the answer to the entire problem is actually just 3 plus


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[Assistant] Remember, when I add the 6 gone, it's a 4. So when I add the 65 gone, it's a 63. Now this is actually a very nice sum.


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[Assistant] You remember I was always trying to find a trick to be able to add up a sum more nicely. And this is 3 plus 3 plus 4.


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[Assistant] Well, the first 3, let's replace it with a 1 plus 2.


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[Assistant] Aha. My answer to the entire problem is this sum. This is what we call a triangular number. This sum. Triangular number.


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[Assistant] It's called a triangular number because it's the number of dots in a triangle which looks like this.


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[Assistant] These three dots aren't those kinds of dots. It's just a dot dot dot. But it goes all the way down 63 levels. These are very famous numbers. And so, if I just had to add this up,


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[Assistant] I've just showed you one of the beautiful properties of 2016. Too bad it's not 2016 anymore. But 2016 here.


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[Assistant] It's actually the 63rd triangular number.


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[Assistant] Uhm, look, once you know this, I mean, actually once you have this, we can just add this up very quickly. Again, we already know when you add up a sequence of numbers like this, 1 plus 2, 3, 4 up to 63, well, that's just


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[Assistant] 1 plus 63 divided by 2, okay, that's what we have here, 1 plus 63 divided by 2, that's the average, multiplied by how many there are by 63. So this is actually going to be very nice. 64 divided by 2 is 32.


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[Assistant] And let's just double check to make sure that this really was 2016. Okay, so that becomes 6, this is 12.


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[Assistant] 126 is here, 9, 1, 8, and so here's the 6, here's the 11, uh, here's 0,


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[Assistant] 10 and 2016. So 2016 is the 63rd triangular number. But I'm going to tell you something more also.


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[Assistant] There's another beautiful fact about 2016. Not useful for this question, but I'll just share it because once we have chosen this nice number, let's talk about one more thing about it. Have you ever heard of something called binary?


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[Assistant] Binary is where I write a number like this.


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[Assistant] If I write a number like 1011 in binary, what that means?


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[Assistant] That means that I think of this as different place values. Meaning, whatever is here is counting 1, whatever here counts 2, these count 4 and these count 8.


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[Assistant] You are not used to speaking in this language of binary. We like base 10 to say 63. But computers speak the language of binary. And if you program computers, which you probably will someday, you'll also be very familiar with it.


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[Assistant] But this is just showing what binary means. It means I have one eight.


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[Assistant] I have a 2 and I have a 1, so this is just 11. Okay?


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[Assistant] And the thing I wanted to show about the 2016, which is also a fun fact, is if you're trying to write 2016 in binary, actually it's very nice.


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[Assistant] The reason it's very nice is because here, let me show you a nice fact about binary.


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[Assistant] That's just 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1, which is 15.


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[Assistant] Actually, whenever I add up powers of 2, I get the next one, minus 1. Okay? 63 is 1 less than a power of 2.


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[Assistant] So since 63 is just 1 less than a power of 2, 63 is 1 less than a power of 2, this actually means that 63 in binary is 1 1 1, 1 1 1, base 2.


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[Assistant] Because what this means is that you're adding up 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32.


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[Assistant] And now, if my answer to the whole problem of 2016 was 63 times 32,


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[Assistant] Then actually what happens when you multiply by 2 in binary is the same as what happens when you multiply by 10 in base 10.


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[Assistant] And so what that actually means is that 2016 in binary is 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, but it's multiplied by how many 2s? It's multiplied by 32, which is 5, 5 factors of 2. So that's 5 zeros.


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[Assistant] So that's also 63. That's also 2016 in binary. So this number 2016, which came out of the problem,


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[Assistant] It's actually very special. 63rd triangular number.


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[Assistant] Binary representation with all these ones and all these zeros.


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[Assistant] It's really a shame that 2016 already passed, because you can make so many interesting math puzzles with it.


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[Assistant] From ancient times to today, volcanoes have destroyed and threatened countless civilizations and cities. And even though we have some ways of monitoring and predicting their activity, we still don't have a surefire way to tell when a volcano will erupt.


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[Assistant] And yet, nearly 1 in 10 people live within 100 kilometers of an active volcano. So, in search of more reliable ways to monitor volcanic activity, some scientists have started looking at volcanoes' music. You might not think of volcanoes as especially musical, but they actually do generate sound.


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[Assistant] It's just infrasound, whose frequency is below the threshold of human hearing. These sound waves can come from different phenomena, like gas getting pushed out of vents or through the surface of a lava lake. And that moving air acts kind of like air moving through a wind instrument.


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[Assistant] Which you can think of as the color of the sound. It's like how a flute and oboe sound different even though they're playing the same note. The same applies to volcanoes. And all of this information can be useful, since these sounds are so tied to the volcano's shape


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[Assistant] They can change any time the volcano changes shape, which is not uncommon, especially when a volcano is getting ready to erupt. It all begins when the pressure of magma starts mounting beneath the surface.


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[Assistant] This causes lots of little earthquakes around the volcano that can shift around rocks and other geological features. The pressure can also make crater walls change their shape, kind of like how a balloon's shape changes as it inflates.


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[Assistant] Eventually, those crater walls can even fracture. On top of that, if there's a lava lake within the crater, the mounting pressure can cause it to rise. So before a volcano erupts, the entire internal structure of the crater can be rearranged.


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[Assistant] And then it all went quiet. As far as eruptions go, it wasn't so remarkable.


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[Assistant] Some property was damaged, but no one died, and the volcano has been quiet since. But the Via Rica eruption is important.


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[Assistant] Because it's one of the few cases where a volcano's sound was being monitored right before the eruption. And scientists actually observed a shift in Villarica's sound on March 1, 2015, two days before the eruption. For one, the frequency of the sounds increased, so they became slightly higher-pitched. The sound waves also got broader, marking a change in the timbre of the sound.


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[Assistant] And finally, the volcano lost its resonance. Before March 1st, Villarrica's sand was reverberating in the crater, which is shaped like an upside-down funnel.


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[Assistant] But after March 1st, those reverberations stopped. That told researchers that something had changed. Something inside the volcano was damping the sounds. And by the next day, new infrasound readings suggested that the lava lake, which was normally deep inside the funnel, had actually risen to nearly the rim of the crater.


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[Assistant] It exploded. At the time, scientists didn't realize that they had been listening to evidence of an eruption about to happen. They only put all the pieces together after the fact. But now, scientists are looking at how they might be able to use data like this to predict eruptions in other, possibly more dangerous volcanoes. It's tricky because there's no normal volcano sound.


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[Assistant] Every volcano has its own sound, so the only way to tell if something is off is to detect a change. And even the type of change is different from one volcano to the next. But by researching volcanoes for a long time…


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[Assistant] Scientists can learn what different volcanoes sound like, so they know a change when they hear one. No matter what, it's unlikely that this technique will completely replace traditional methods of monitoring volcanoes, but it's still exciting. This is one more tool that we can use to protect ourselves against dangerous volcanic eruptions, and there's something kind of beautiful about the fact that we can do that


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow! And if you want to learn more about volcanoes, you might enjoy our episode about the biggest eruptions we've witnessed in our history. You can watch that one right after this.


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[Assistant] I doubt I was the only woman in his life. Charming guy like Zack.


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[Assistant] We should probably be heading back, don't you think? What? Already? At least have something to eat before you go. Thanks, but we don't wanna keep our friends waiting.


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[Assistant] You remember me telling you about Zack, right? At the playground? How he was my first love?


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[Assistant] This is where he grew up. And now that I'm here, it's... a lot.


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[Assistant] So when I saw someone who looked like him, I don't know, I had to say something.


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[Assistant] Pretty selfish, huh? Waltzing in there, stirring up memories.


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[Assistant] Wow. You went there, huh?


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[Assistant] Previously on MasterChef Australia, an offsite team challenge had red and blue cooking at two of Melbourne's top restaurants.


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[Assistant] They both delivered some dynamite dishes. This is definitely for Megan on the Potter menu.


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[Assistant] But for one, the dream of top ten will come to an end. I am sorry you're going home.


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[Assistant] I really want the pin. If I could get that pin today, uhm, it'd mean the world to me.


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[Assistant] It's really important when I'm picking my five ingredients, I pick things that will cook quickly.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and prawns is a great option. They don't take that long to cook. And I'm actually really happy with my choice. I think I can do something in 10 minutes that will taste quite good.


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[Assistant] This challenge is crazy. Although I don't have much time, I'm still gonna butterfly the prawns and take the poop shoot out.


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[Assistant] So I can get as much flavour as I can into the meat, but also get the shells nice and crispy and crunchy.


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[Assistant] Like he doesn't look stressed at all. I think it's kind of stressing me out a bit, because I mean, I'm always running around in the kitchen. So we've got uhm, John Dory.


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[Assistant] I'm very worried for Ashley. I mean, he's, he's so slow right now and there's about just under half an hour to go. They just start cooking the fish soon though.


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[Assistant] I'm liking the look of that.


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[Assistant] I can't believe that spinning wheel is made entirely of chocolate. That's just phenomenal.


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[Assistant] Oh, almonds! There are definitely some easier flavors on the wheel.


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[Assistant] I love the idea of Ben's dish, but I'm really worried about his jam.


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[Assistant] I didn't see him put pectin in his mixture to help set it. With such a simple dessert, he really needs to nail every element. But without pectin, his jam's gonna be a runny mess.


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[Assistant] Not at you. At everything. Must be nice. To have a friend you've known since you were a kid. Someone you can say, remember the time when? To. Someone you can reminisce with. I don't have anyone like that. And it feels like I'm being taunted for it. Which stings. More than it should. That is why I want to be alone.


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[Assistant] Plus, I might take it out on you, and I don't want that.


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[Assistant] Fresh air, peace and quiet, not a bad place to grow up. I know it's not the village you knew, but it's still nice. Fresh air, peace and quiet, not a bad place to grow up.


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[Assistant] Hi guys! Can you guess the title of my next video?


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[Assistant] So, the stink or smell is hardly noticeable.


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[Assistant] However, when the dog plays in water or bathes, the water liberates most of the VOCs from its skin and fur into air, thus making the stink more noticeable.


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[Assistant] In addition to this, some VOCs even dissolve in water. As this water evaporates, it carries the VOCs with it, thus contributing to the stink.


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[Assistant] Also, as the water evaporates, it increases the humidity in the air surrounding the dog. Humid air can hold more molecules. So, a higher concentration of VOCs reaches our nose, thus intensifying the stink.


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[Assistant] Why is glass transparent? Give me minimum five years to unravel its mystery.


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[Assistant] Alright. Now listen. Any substance is said to be transparent when particles of visible light called photons are not absorbed by the substance and thus, they easily pass through the substance.


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[Assistant] Whether a substance will absorb the photons or not depends upon the gaps present in between the orbits of electrons of that substance.


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[Assistant] If the gaps in a substance are small, then the electrons of that substance are able to absorb the photons which pass through those gaps, making the substance opaque. However, in glass, the gaps are big. Hence, most of the photons do not get absorbed. They easily pass through those gaps, making glass transparent.


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[Assistant] Is antibacterial so bad for you? Nope, it's not at all bad.


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[Assistant] Antibacterial soaps contain various chemicals such as triclosan and triclocarbon. That actually don't do any benefit but instead they harm us.


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[Assistant] Oh, stop bluffing. Please listen. Long term exposure to triclosan can create antibiotic resistant bacteria or superbacteria. How is that possible?


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[Assistant] Topic, Surface Tension. Why are drops spherical?


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[Assistant] Because personally, I'm fond of spherical shapes as compared to squares.


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[Assistant] As these forces are equal and opposite, they get neutralized. However, the molecule present at the surface is not attracted outwards. It is attracted only inward and sideways.


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[Assistant] But because of the inward force, each surface molecule contracts to form a shape that has minimum surface area which is a sphere.


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[Assistant] Huh? See, I told you. The bag of chips is indeed half full.


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[Assistant] Why is that so? It is mainly because of a concept called rancidity.


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[Assistant] When food becomes rancid, it develops an unpleasant smell and taste and it becomes unsafe for consumption.


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[Assistant] But, why nitrogen? Nitrogen does not react with fats and oils. As a result, rancidity does not take place.


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[Assistant] Moreover, a gas in the bag serves as a cushioning agent and prevents the chips from crumbling.


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[Assistant] Today I am going to wow them. There is no way I'm going home.