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[Assistant] They really have a sense of worthiness. That's what this comes down to. A sense of worthiness. They have a strong sense of love and belonging.


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[Assistant] There was only one variable that separated the people who have a strong sense of love and belonging and the people who really struggle for it.


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[Assistant] And that was the people who have a strong sense of love and belonging believe they're worthy of love and belonging. That's it. They believe they're worthy.


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[Assistant] Was something that personally and professionally I felt like I needed to understand better. So what I did.


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[Assistant] Because I always go into this kind of Jackson Pollock crazy thing where I'm just like writing and going and kind of just in my researcher mode. And so here's what I found.


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[Assistant] And I want to separate courage and bravery for you for a minute. Courage, the original definition of courage, when it first came into the English language, it's from the Latin word cur.


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[Assistant] Meaning heart. And the original definition was to tell the story of who you are with your whole heart.


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[Assistant] To be kind to themselves first and then to others, because as it turns out, we can't practice compassion with other people if we can't treat ourselves kindly. And the last was they had connection, and this was the hard part, as a result of authenticity. They were willing to let go of who they thought they should be in order to be who they were, which is


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[Assistant] The other thing that they had in common was this.


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[Assistant] They didn't talk about vulnerability being comfortable, nor did they really talk about it being excruciating, as I had heard earlier in the shame interviewing. They just talked about it being necessary. They talked about the willingness to say I love you first. The willingness to do something where there are no guarantees. The willingness


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[Assistant] They're willing to invest in a relationship that may or may not work out. They thought this was fundamental. I personally thought it was betrayal.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I could not believe I had pledged allegiance to research.


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[Assistant] Where our job, you know, the definition of research is to control, control and predict, to study phenomenon for the reason, for the explicit reason to control and predict. And now my very,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, my mission to control and predict had turned up the answer that the way to live is with vulnerability and to stop controlling and predicting. This led to a little breakdown.


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[Assistant] Spiritual awakening sounds better than breakdown, but I assure you it was a breakdown. And I had to put my date away and go find a therapist. Let me tell you something. You know who you are when you call your friends and say, I think I need to see somebody. Do you have any recommendations?


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[Assistant] So I found a therapist. My first meeting with her, Diana, I brought in my list of the way the whole hearted live.


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[Assistant] I'm great, you know, I'm, I'm okay. And she said, what's going on? And I said, and this is a therapist who sees therapists. Because we have to go to those because their BS meters are good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I said, here's the thing, I'm struggling. And she said, what's the struggle? And I said, well, I have a vulnerability issue. And you know, and I know that vulnerability is kind of the core.


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[Assistant] of shame and fear and our struggle for worthiness, but it appears that it's also the birthplace of joy, of creativity, of belonging, of love. And I, I think I have a problem and I just,


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[Assistant] And you know how there are people that like, when they realize that vulnerability...


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[Assistant] And tenderness are important, that they kind of surrender and walk into it. A, that's not me.


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[Assistant] And so then I went back into the research and spent the next couple of years really trying to understand what they, the whole hearted, uhm, what the choices they were making and, and what, what is, what, what are we doing with vulnerability? Why?


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[Assistant] Do we struggle with it so much? Am I alone in struggling with vulnerability? No. So this is what I learned.


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[Assistant] Having to ask my husband for help because I'm sick and we're newly married.


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[Assistant] Initiating sex with my husband. Initiating sex with my wife. Being turned down. Asking someone out. Waiting for the doctor to call back.


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[Assistant] Getting laid off, laying off people. This is the world we live in. We live in a vulnerable world.


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[Assistant] And I think there's evidence, and it's not the only reason this evidence exists, but I think that it's a huge cause. We are the most in debt, obese, addicted, and medicated adult cohort in U.S. history.


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[Assistant] That you cannot selectively numb emotion. You can't say, here's the bad stuff.


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[Assistant] Here's vulnerability, here's grief, here's shame, here's fear, here's disappointment. I don't want to feel these. I'm gonna have a couple of beers and a banana nut muffin.


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[Assistant] You can't numb those hard feelings without numbing the other affects or emotions. You cannot selectively numb. So when we numb those, we numb joy. We numb gratitude. We numb happiness. And then we are


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[Assistant] That I think that we need to think about is why and how we numb and it doesn't just have to be addiction. The other thing we do is we make everything that's uncertain certain.


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[Assistant] Religion has gone from a belief in faith and mystery to certainty. I'm right, you're wrong. Shut up.


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[Assistant] The more afraid we are, the more vulnerable we are, the more afraid we are. This is what politics looks like today. There's no discourse anymore. There's no conversation.


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[Assistant] There's just blame. You know what blame, you know how blame is described in the research? A way to discharge pain and discomfort.


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[Assistant] We perfect if there's anyone who wants their life to look like this. It would be me.


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[Assistant] But it doesn't work, because what we do is we take fat from our butts and put it in our cheeks.


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[Assistant] And we perfect most dangerously our children. Let me tell you what we think about children. They're hardwired for struggle when they get here.


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[Assistant] When you hold those perfect little babies in your hand, our job is not to say, look at her, she's perfect. My job is just to keep her perfect, make sure she makes the tennis team by fifth grade and Yale by seventh grade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's not our job. Our job is to look and say, you know what? You're imperfect and you're wired for struggle, but you are worthy of love and belonging. That's our job.


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[Assistant] Show me a generation of kids raised like that and we'll end the problems I think that we see today.


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[Assistant] We do that in our personal lives, we do that corporate, whether it's a bailout, an oil spill.


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[Assistant] A recall, we pretend like what we're doing doesn't have a huge impact on other people. I would say to companies, this is not our first rodeo, people. We just need you to be authentic and real and say, we're sorry, we'll fix it.


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[Assistant] But there's another way, and I'll leave you with this. This is what I have found. To let ourselves be seen. Deeply seen. Vulnerably seen.


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[Assistant] To love with our whole hearts, even though there's no guarantee.


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[Assistant] To practice gratitude and joy and those moments of kind of terror when we're wondering


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[Assistant] Can I love you this much? Can I believe in this as passionately? Can I be this fierce about this just to be able to stop and instead of catastrophizing what might happen to say, I'm just so grateful because to feel this vulnerable means I'm alive. And the last, which I think is probably the most important is to believe that we're enough.


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[Assistant] Because when we work from a place, I believe, that says I'm enough.


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[Assistant] Then we stop screaming and start listening. We're kinder and gentler to the people around us and we're kinder and gentler to ourselves. That's all I have.


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[Assistant] This is full on. There's one person cooking and representing our team. Talk about pressure!


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[Assistant] I'm doing kua lora zoni. Uhm, it's a Sardinian potato dumpling essentially, with brown butter. I would like to make five dumplings.


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[Assistant] The best thing that I do is get my potatoes on.


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[Assistant] The potatoes are just not cooking. This is the filling for my dumplings. So I chopped them into much smaller bits to cook them quicker.


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[Assistant] I look down and I am kind of thinking, look, you did get something on the dish, it's not perfect, but the burnt butter sauce is definitely good.


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[Assistant] The pasta's really good. And I can't believe when I look across, like, the massacre that's in front of me, that's steamed potatoes. What am I undoing today? Steamed potatoes! Steamed potatoes.


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[Assistant] I've made, uhm, pelur jone. It's like a Sardinian potato dumpling. With burnt butter.


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[Assistant] So right now what I'm doing is frying my potato chips. Just want to get them nice and crispy. What are you thinking?


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[Assistant] I've got my cream cheese mousse in the middle and then all I have to do now is roll it into a ball.


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[Assistant] This is the centerpiece of my dish. So with potato chip. So it's gonna be like a chip and dip.


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[Assistant] So I've made a herb and cream cheese mousse inside these little leaves of kingfish, little herb salad, and some chips to chip and dip.


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[Assistant] They've got a really similar flavor profile. What do you love about those fruits? They're actually one of my favorite fruits.


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[Assistant] Today Mystery Box is all about showing your skills, showing your understanding of different ingredients, getting creative, and what better way to impress the judges than whipping something out of nothing. Melissa!


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[Assistant] The old cherry pitter is a bit of a stress reliever. Boom. Boom. Boom. Happy day.


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[Assistant] I've got a grilled whiting, burnt cherry agrodolce, taro and coriander salad.


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[Assistant] Every time those doors open, your jaws will drop.


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[Assistant] This is the biggest MasterChef Week.


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[Assistant] Anywhere in the world. It's a week that's gonna go down in MasterChef history. Not just here, but around the globe.


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[Assistant] Every time those doors open, your jaws will drop.


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[Assistant] Because every time those doors open, one of the world's biggest culinary superstars is gonna walk through them! Welcome to Legends Week!


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[Assistant] Now, you won't be surprised to learn that today's mystery box has been filled with beautiful ingredients picked by Rick himself. You want to find out what they are?


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[Assistant] Big question I've got, you're working on everything other than the cuddle pitch.


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[Assistant] And actually to make a good paratha in conditions like this is quite professional.


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[Assistant] Sorry, very deft, isn't it? Just the right amount of cuttlefish, tomatoes, as you said. It's a lovely, pretty dish.


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[Assistant] What a fantastic way to kick off Legends Week with so many legendary dishes. Rick was really impressed by the sheer volume of quality out there. Some brilliant cooking from those five chosen dishes. It wasn't unanimous. And three of us felt it was one dish. The dish that had more technique and was more surprisingly delicious. And that dish belonged to...


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[Assistant] The challenge is very, very simple. We want you to take a fish from here, combine it with the potatoes.


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[Assistant] We're gonna give you a princely 75 minutes for this dish.


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[Assistant] You can have an open pantry. You can use anything from the garden.


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[Assistant] Daddy, we saw you come in from the garden with a, a banana leaf that I might, might have been bigger than you I think.


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[Assistant] And this challenge is about number one potato, perfect. Number two fish, perfect. So that's two massive ticks. Thank you.


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[Assistant] There's nothing nicer in this world than chargrilled red mullet and you've kept it simple, which I love. There's a certain confidence in that.


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[Assistant] Lovely bit of fish. Yeah, great plate of food. The creaminess of fennel, the fish, lovely. The potatoes just adds another creamy element. Fish and fennel made it happen. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Very nice. I mean that's the sort of dish that, you know, everybody would love. I think this is the dish you've been waiting to cook. Totally delicious. The fish is perfectly cooked. That curry sauce. Just sing.


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[Assistant] What a great way to kick off Legends Week. Rick Stein in the MasterChef kitchen and...


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[Assistant] Have you enjoyed your time? Have you enjoyed seeing these young guys? I've had a lovely time. It's just been a very, very illuminating thing. You're all really good cooks. There's things I've seen that I would probably copy. I'll definitely give you a credit for you if I do. So I thoroughly enjoyed it. I want to thank you very much for being such good cooks.


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[Assistant] Fantastic. Thank you, Rich. Oh, okay, down to business.


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[Assistant] The invention test, let's start with the good news. If I say your name, please step forward.


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[Assistant] Yeah, for me it was in primary school when I was in year three, I guess, and school holidays with my grandmother.


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[Assistant] Hi, Brendan. Hey, guys. Dough? Dough, uhm, yeaah. So, King George, Whiting and Corian or Wontons. You're making dumplings?


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[Assistant] Khan is also making a chicken feet broth. And...


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[Assistant] My heart kinda sinks a little bit, I'm thinking there's a lot more pressure.


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[Assistant] So I've made King George Whiting and coriander wontons and chicken foot broth. Wow.


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[Assistant] It's looking like it's going to be a really tough decision. They love Khan's dish and they love mine too, so I'm not sure what's going to happen.


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[Assistant] Yotam wants a simple food and this fish curry is quite complicated, but it's no turning back for us. We are already in the middle of it. What can we do?


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[Assistant] I was collecting information from her about celestial being.


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[Assistant] And, oh boy, have we got a secret for you today. So good to see a couple smiles on your faces. Leah, how are you coping with it all?


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[Assistant] But now is the time to put it together and give it everything you've got. Because at the end of the day, one of you will be leaving this kitchen and the competition.


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[Assistant] The stock, would it not be the driver almost of the whole bunch? Absolutely.


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[Assistant] Seemed like a deceptively simple pressure test, but I'm sure when they looked at the paella, they thought, I can do that. But, trouble in disguise, I think. Yeah, I think you're absolutely right.


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[Assistant] Yeah, what I love about it is those kind of lovely dusky flavours of saffron, smoky flavours of the paprika, um, and a nice balance of what I think a paella should taste like. And the separation of the grains is excellent.


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[Assistant] That's great. Certainly californ. And certainly lots of seafood too.


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[Assistant] Yeah, massive problem for me. That burnt taste.


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[Assistant] A pressure test without a recipe, as we all know, is a tough challenge.


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[Assistant] It's all about keeping your eye on that flame, on that paella. The last thing you want to do is burn it. Yes? Come on, let's go.


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[Assistant] And for me the seafood's cooked really well. There's some nice cooking of the prawns and the pippies and the mussels. Yeah.


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[Assistant] But did you make an effort to try to understand the crew in return?


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[Assistant] So we've got a Chinese style fried fish with a spring onion and szechuan dressing and a little glaze taro dish for the side.


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[Assistant] Even if we never find out the truth or the real reason, the important thing is that she's here.


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[Assistant] We're going to have to give it some real thought, because really, if we desire peace, we're gonna have to think about the rest of the world too.


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[Assistant] But I believe we're still able to make our own choices. Although we can't change the past, we can change the future. Into the world we desire.


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[Assistant] If there's some misunderstanding and then new fighting breaks out, I'm sure they'll return.


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[Assistant] I'm a pronunciation coach, that's my job, and uh, I always feel like I want to share my knowledge with you as much as I can in these lessons. One more thing before I begin, we are nearly at 500,000 subscribers.


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[Assistant] I don't think anybody has ever seen me without my glasses on, apart from my family and close friends, so. That could be interesting.


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[Assistant] So let's start with the first idiom, and this one is very, very useful for people who are starting the new year trying to quit something. Maybe you're a smoker. Maybe you're a meat eater and you want to go vegan or vegetarian. Maybe there is some kind of habit you have which you need to quit. But maybe you'll quit cold turkey.


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[Assistant] Cold turkey simply means to stop completely from day one.


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[Assistant] This expression simply means to stop completely. Completely stop.


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[Assistant] Now let's talk about the pronunciation, because many of my students, when they first join my pronunciation course, they have a problem with this uh sound. This is because they've been trained with American style of English, and they would say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this situation, they are pronouncing the R, rhotic R, like an American. Whereas in British English, we often replace the R with a vowel. And in this situation, it's the uh sound. So look at my mouth.


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[Assistant] Now you could say something like, turn, turn around. But in this situation, we're saying, turkey.


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[Assistant] I'm finishing with a nice smile and lifting my tongue up for an ee sound. Turkey. Turkey.


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[Assistant] So, are you quitting something this year? Cold turkey? Let me know in the comments below. Now the next one, this one's useful because, uh, my partner, her mum, she lives out in the sticks.


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[Assistant] So what does this mean? If you live out in the sticks, what do you think of when you think of sticks, wood, trees?


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[Assistant] So maybe she lives away from a city, more in kind of...


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[Assistant] Out in. Firstly, we're connecting out and in. The reason why is because out finishes with a consonant t. So we're going to use that to join to the vowel at the beginning of in. So tin is essentially what we're saying. Out in the sticks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the, we're saying very relaxed, the, the, the sticks. And finally, sticks has a very useful vowel which, again, is a big problem for a lot of my students, it's the


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[Assistant] I guarantee that a lot of you watching this video right now pronounce the word sticks probably as steaks.


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[Assistant] Now this is a problem because lots of my students will pronounce a word like it as eat.


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[Assistant] Sticks. Obviously there are much more in-depth lessons about all of these sounds in my course. If you do want to join, the link's in the description below where you can learn about all of the British sounds with me, and uh, talk to, talk with me directly on WhatsApp at the same time. So on a, a similar note, something very similar is neck of the woods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Neck of the woods. So let's say my friend and I, we're talking, uh, my friend lives in another city to me. Let's say my friend lives in Manchester. Obviously I live in the southwest, in Bristol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I could say to, uh, my friend, let's say we're talking about, uh, a concert that we want to go to, and the only concert that this band that we want to see are doing is in Manchester. Well, I would say to my friend then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's in your neck of the woods, isn't it? Manchester, that's in your neck of the woods.


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[Assistant] Not where you are right now, but more where your home is or where you base yourself. That would be your neck of the woods. So what's your neck of the woods? Please tell me. Let's talk about the pronunciation. Firstly, in the word neck.


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[Assistant] We have a nice eh sound in here, like in Elliot. This sound is quite easy for most people to pronounce, so we won't talk about this vowel.


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[Assistant] Next we have of the. So we're not saying of the words. The reason why is because of and the, they're not very important in this sentence. So we're going to relax them. We call these function words. So we'll pronounce of with a uh, a schwa sound, neck of the words. Wuh, wuh, words. So that's your neck of the words, isn't it?


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[Assistant] So we could finish with a question tag or a tag question at the end to show that we want to clarify, isn't it? Isn't it? Or I could say, isn't it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to learn the difference between isn't it and isn't it.


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[Assistant] Maybe my friend didn't really want to go in the first place. He wasn't really that happy about the concert. He doesn't really like the band as much as I do. And, uh, let's say we were at the gig, uhm, the concert and we were watching the band and I lost my friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I couldn't find him, I couldn't find where he'd gone, uh, and then I started to think, has he done a runner? Has he done a runner?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To do a runner means to escape, to run away, to get away from a situation. So you could say to someone, did you do a runner? Did you do a runner at the concert last night?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This word is very important, runner, because we're finishing with a schwa sound.


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[Assistant] Lots of my students pronounce it as run-er with an er like more of an American style, or they might do run-ah where they pronounce it with more of an a sound, but the key is neither of those sounds. You just need to relax your tongue in the middle of your mouth. Open your mouth very relaxed way. Look at my face.


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[Assistant] Ruh, nuh. So we have an uh and an uh. You need to make sure that those two sounds are different.


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[Assistant] You'll see for the uh sound, my chin is lower. I've slightly pulled my tongue back and bent the tip of the tongue up.


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[Assistant] Obviously I'm going through this quite quickly because I don't have two hours to talk to you about all of these sounds, but uh, in this lesson, I just want you to understand the difference between uh in words like cup and uh in words like about, okay?


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[Assistant] Have you ever achieved something just by the skin of your teeth?


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[Assistant] For example, maybe there was something that you needed to complete, like something that had a deadline, and you were really running short of time, but you just managed to complete it by the skin of your teeth. This means to only just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of, or you could say of, skin of, of, schwa sound of, again as I said about of and too, they become of.


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[Assistant] At the beginning, skin, and we have ee at the end. These are the two sounds that people get confused with. I, ee. Skin, teeth. I, ee. Look at the difference in my mouth shape. Ski, tee. Skin, skin, teeth.


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[Assistant] Very different those two. So as I said, all of these expressions, these idioms are very common in British English. These are modern ones. Lots of people.


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[Assistant] When I was 27 years old, I left a very demanding job in management consulting for a job that was even more demanding. Teaching.


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[Assistant] I went to teach seventh graders math in the New York City public schools. And like any teacher, I made quizzes and tests. I gave out homework assignments. When the work came back, I calculated grades.


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[Assistant] Some of my strongest performers did not have stratospheric IQ scores. Some of my smartest kids weren't doing so well. And that got me thinking.


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[Assistant] The kinds of things you need to learn in 7th grade math, sure, they're hard. Ratios, decimals, the area of a parallelogram. But these concepts are not impossible.


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[Assistant] I came to the conclusion that what we need in education is a much better understanding of students and learning from a motivational perspective, from a psychological perspective.


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[Assistant] Depends on much more than your ability to learn quickly and easily. So I left the classroom and I went to graduate school to become a psychologist.


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[Assistant] My research team and I went to West Point Military Academy. We tried to predict which cadets would stay in military training and which would drop out.


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[Assistant] We went to the national spelling bee and tried to predict which children would advance farthest in competition.


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[Assistant] We partnered with private companies asking, which of these sales people is going to keep their jobs? And who's going to earn the most money? In all those very different contexts,


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[Assistant] One characteristic emerged as a significant predictor of success. And it wasn't social intelligence, it wasn't good looks, physical health, and it wasn't IQ. It was grit.


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[Assistant] Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals. Grit is having stamina.


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[Assistant] Grit is sticking with your future. Day in, day out, not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years.


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[Assistant] And working really hard to make that future a reality.


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[Assistant] Grit is living life like it's a marathon, not a sprint.


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[Assistant] A few years ago, I started studying grit in the Chicago Public Schools.


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[Assistant] I asked thousands of high school juniors to take grit questionnaires and then waited around more than a year to see who would graduate.


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[Assistant] Turns out that grittier kids were significantly more likely to graduate.


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[Assistant] Even when I matched them on every characteristic I could measure. Things like family income, standardized achievement test scores, even how safe kids felt when they were at school.


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[Assistant] So it's not just at West Point or the National Spelling Bee that grit matters, it's also in school, especially for kids at risk for dropping out. To me, the most shocking thing about grit,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is how little we know, how little science knows about building it.


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[Assistant] Every day, parents and teachers ask me, how do I build grit in kids? What do I do to teach kids a solid work ethic? How do I keep them motivated for the long run? The honest answer is, I don't know. What I do know is that talent doesn't make you gritty. Our data show very clearly.


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[Assistant] That there are many talented individuals who simply do not follow through on their commitments. In fact, in our data, grit is usually unrelated or even inversely related to measures of talent.


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[Assistant] This is an idea developed at Stanford University by Carol Dweck, and it is the belief.


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[Assistant] That the ability to learn is not fixed. That it can change with your effort.


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[Assistant] Dr. Dweck has shown that when kids read and learn about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenge, they're much more likely to persevere when they fail because they don't believe that failure is a permanent condition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So growth mindset is a great idea for building grit. But we need more.


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[Assistant] And that's where I'm gonna end my remarks, because that's where we are. That's the work that stands before us. We need to take our best ideas, our strongest intuitions, and we need to test them.


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[Assistant] We need to measure whether we've been successful and we have to be willing to fail, to be wrong, to start over again with lessons learned. In other words, we need to be gritty about getting our kids grittier. Thank you.


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[Assistant] That's the report from gene one. It seems celestial being intends to go there as well.


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[Assistant] Go, Larissa. Good on you, mate. Alright, Santy. Go on, mate. Pumping, come on.


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[Assistant] It's a joyous plate of food. Blew our socks off with deliciousness. Perfect, perfect, perfect, perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More importantly, have you given any thought to the matter we discussed earlier?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no need to rush anything. Take your time and think it over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, not really. Just the fact there's more training than usual, I guess.


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[Assistant] Uh, Colonel, in the files on the Superhuman Institute, was there anything about a person named Marie?


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[Assistant] It looks like they've detected something entering the atmosphere. It appears to be a carrier class ship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everybody, this is Elliot from ETJ English and welcome to this pronunciation lesson. Today we're talking about the most common, the most important and the most amazing sound in the English language. And this is my favourite to teach, it's the schwa sound.


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[Assistant] Now do you know what the schwa sound is? Can you use it already?


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[Assistant] If you can, that's okay, but when you learn this...


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[Assistant] All this information is going to be extremely powerful for you to improve your pronunciation, to sound more like you've been trained by a native British person, and you are going to just sound ten times better as an English speaker. So without further ado, let's start learning the schwa sound.


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[Assistant] How we use it and when we use it. So first of all, the schwa sound, uh. It's just, uh. Now it's a breath out, uh. Just follow me one more time.


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[Assistant] So it sounds a little bit weird when we make it on its own, but when we put it in a word, this is when it sounds great and it sounds really British. So, first of all, uh, on its own, we do use this, and this is with the letter A when we put it in a sentence. So, for example,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yesterday I went to a lesson about history. A lesson. A lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, yesterday I went to a lesson about history.


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[Assistant] Did you notice the schwa sound? It's on the A. A lesson.


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[Assistant] But when we say it naturally, it becomes a lesson. So we use it with the word a. We can also use it with the word of. Cup o' tea. Cup o' tea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's with an of. The of becomes a, a cuppa tea. So now let's move on to the word for, and let's say I was asking you, what are you doing for Christmas this year?


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[Assistant] For Christmas, what are you doing for Christmas this year? Instantly, that will make you sound more British, so practice. Practice makes perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are you doing for Christmas? Okay, let's move on. So we're going to move on to when we normally use this in real words, big words. Okay, proper words. So first of all, we'll use the schwa sound with words that are ending in the R sounds. So for example, when I say better, an American might say better.


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[Assistant] I don't say teacher, I say teacha, teacha.


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[Assistant] The schwa sound is on the r sound at the end of the word. Teacher. Better.


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[Assistant] Do you kind of understand where I'm coming from now? So we can also use it with unstressed weak syllable sounds. Police. Police. Sofa.


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[Assistant] Sofa. The A becomes an uh. Sofa. The word about.


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[Assistant] About, about. So the beginning of the word has now got the schwa sound. About. I had to call the police yesterday.


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[Assistant] I had to call the police yesterday. Any vowel sound, we can use this schwa sound. So let me give you a word with a schwa sound with each vowel. So, first of all, again, again. The A becomes a schwa sound. Problem, problem. The E becomes a schwa sound. President, president.


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[Assistant] The i becomes a schwa sound. Bottom. Bottom. The o becomes a schwa sound. Album. Album. The u becomes a schwa sound.


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[Assistant] We also will use it with any vowel sound. I know it's a lot to take in, it's a lot of information, but it's so simple and all you have to do is practice.


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[Assistant] And the best way to practice is with a native speaker who can correct you. I luckily am a Skype English teacher.


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[Assistant] We really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children. If we don't do that, we're gonna get


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[Assistant] The elite, parents, librarians, professionals, whatever it is, a bunch of our activities are in fact in trying to get the best we have to offer within reach of those around us or as broadly as we can. I'm going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone. One is what's on the Boston Public Library. Carved above their door is free to all.


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[Assistant] It's kind of an inspiring statement, and I'll go back at the end of this. I'm a librarian, and what I'm trying to do is bring all of the work's knowledge to as many people as want to read it. And the idea of using technology is perfect for us. I think we have the opportunity to one-up the Greeks. It's not easy to one-up the Greeks.


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[Assistant] The problem was, you actually had to go to Alexandria to go to it. On the other hand, if you did, then great things happened. I think we can one-up the Greeks and achieve something. And I'm going to try to argue only one point today. That universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp.


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[Assistant] So if I'm successful, uhm, then you'll actually come away thinking, yeah, we could actually achieve.


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[Assistant] The great vision of everything ever published.


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[Assistant] Everything that was ever meant for distribution available to anybody in the world that's ever wanted to have access to it. Yes, there's issues about how money should be distributed.


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[Assistant] Uh, and that's still being re-figured out. But I'd say there's plenty of money and there's plenty of demand, uhm, so we can actually, uh, achieve that. Uhm, but I'm gonna go over the technological, social, and sort of where we, where are we as a whole trying to get to that particular vision. And the way I'm gonna try to do this is do it like the Amazon.com website. The,


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[Assistant] Books, music, video, and, and just go step media type by media type to go and say, all right, how are we doing on this? So if we start with books, uhm, you know, so where, where are we? Well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. How big is it? If you wanted to put all of the published works in, uh, online, it's, uh, anybody could have it at available.


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[Assistant] So, uh, you know, if you had it in Microsoft Word. So, uh, a megabyte, 26 million megabytes is 26 terabytes. It goes mega, giga, terra. 26 terabytes. 26 terabytes fits in a computer system that's about this big on spinning Linux drives. And it costs about $60,000. So for the cost of a house,


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[Assistant] That's pretty neat. Then the question is, what do you get if, you know, is it worth trying to get there? Do you actually want it online? Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers that allow you to search inside the books and that's kind of fun and you can download these things and look around them in new and different ways and you can get at them remotely if you happen to have, uh,


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[Assistant] I think that's one of the reasons why the Kindle is so great. I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle. It's starting to be a little bit more, uh, specified. But I have to say that there's, uh, uh, there's older technologies that I tend to like. Uhm, I like the physical book.


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[Assistant] And I think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things, put them on the net.


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[Assistant] And then download, print them and bind them and end up with books again. And we sort of said, well, how hard is this? And it turns out to not be very hard. We actually went off to make a bookmobile and a bookmobile the size of a van with a satellite dish, a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books. It costs about $3.


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[Assistant] To download print and bind a normal old book. And they actually come out kind of nice looking. You can actually get really good looking books, uh, for on the order of one penny per page. Sort of parts cost.


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[Assistant] So the idea of this technology actually may end up putting books back in people's hands again. There are some other bookmobiles running around. This is Eric Eldred making books at Walden Pond. Thoreau's works. This is just before he got kicked out by the park service.


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[Assistant] Their own books and a happy kid with the first book that he's ever owned.


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[Assistant] So the idea of being able to use this technology to end up with paper back in hand sort of sounds a little retro, uhm, but I think it still has its place. And being sort of from the Silicon Valley sort of utopian sort of, you know,


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[Assistant] So the books were in the library, we could get it to people if they were digitized, but we didn't know how to try to get it digitized. Everybody thought the answer is send things to, uh, India and China.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and so we've tried that and I'll go over that in a moment. There are some newer technologies for delivering that have happened that are actually quite exciting as well. One is a print-on-demand machine that looks like a Rube Goldberg machine. We have one of these things now. It's completely cool. It, it, it, it, it is a conveyor belt and it makes a book.


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[Assistant] And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it. And it turns out that 200 dots per inch means that you can put scanned books on them that look really good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At 200 dots per inch, it's kind of the equivalent of 300 dot per inch laser printer. We're in good enough shape. You actually can go and read.


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[Assistant] Scanned books, uh, quite easily. So the idea of electronic books is starting, uh, to come about. But how do you go about doing all this scanning? So we thought, okay, well let's try out this send books to India thing. And there's a project with, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it was funded by the National Science Foundation and sent about into scanners, and the American libraries were supposed to send books.


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[Assistant] Well, they didn't. Uhm, they didn't want to send their books, so we bought a hundred thousand books and sent them to India. Uh, and then we learned why you don't want to send books to India. Uhm, what I, the lesson we learned out of this is scan your own books. If you really care about books, you're going to scan them better, especially if they're valuable books. If they're new books and you could just, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Indians have been scanning a lot of their own books, about 300,000 now, uh, doing very well. The Chinese did over a million, uh, and the Egyptians are about 30,000. Uhm, but we then thought, okay, if we're gonna need to do this,


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[Assistant] Let's do it in library. How do we go and do this? And how do we get it down so that's a cost point that we could afford? And we sort of pick the price point of 10 cents a page. If it's basically the cost of Xeroxing.


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[Assistant] To basically digitize OCR, package it up, make it so that you can download print and bind it, the whole shebang.


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[Assistant] We would have achieved something. So we started out trying to figure out how do we get to Ten Cents and we tried these robot things and they worked pretty well.


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[Assistant] And, uh, with two digital, high-grade professional digital cameras, controlled museum lighting, so even if it's a black and white book, uhm, you can go and get the proper intonation. So you basically do a beautiful, respectful job. This is not a fax. This is the idea is to do a beautiful job.


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[Assistant] As you're going through, uh, these libraries. And we've been able to achieve 10 cents a page if we run things in volume. This is what it looks like at the University of Toronto. And it actually turns out to, you know, pay a living wage. People seem to love it. Yes, it's, it's a little boring. Uhm, but some people kind of get into the zen of it. Uhm.


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[Assistant] And especially if it's kind of interesting books that you care about in languages that you can read, uhm, we, we actually have been able, uh, to do a pretty good job of this at getting 10 cents a page. So 10 cents a page, 300 pages in your average book, $30 a book.


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[Assistant] So the Library of Congress, if you did the whole darn thing, 26 million books is about $750 million, right? But a million books I think actually would be


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[Assistant] Eight of these scanning centers are in three countries, and libraries are up for having their books scanned. The Getty here is, uhm, moving their books to UCLA, which is where we have one of these scanning centers, and scanning, uhm, they're out of copyright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, books, which is fabulous. So we're starting to get the institutional responsibility. The thing we're missing is the 10 cents. If we can get the 10 senses.


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[Assistant] All the rest of it flows. We've scanned about 200,000 books now. We're scanning about 15,000 books a month. Uh, and it's starting to, to gear up another factor of two, uh, from there. So all in all, uhm, that's going very well. And we're starting to move out of just the out of copyright into the out of print world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think of, uh, we're kind of going from the out of copyright library stuff and amazon.com is coming from the imprint, uh, world. And I think we'll meet in the middle someplace and have the classic thing that you have, which is a publishing system and a library system working in parallel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so we're starting up a program to do, uh, out of print works, but loaning them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly what loaning means, not quite sure. But anyway, loaning, uh, out of print works, uh, from the Boston Public Library, the, uh, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, and a few other libraries that are starting to participate in this program to try out this model of where does a library stop and where does the bookstore, uh, uh, take over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, all in all, it's possible to do this at large scale. We're also going back over microfilm and getting that, uh, online. So we can do 10 cents a page. We're going 15,000 books a month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've got about 250,000 books online counting all the other projects that are starting to add in. So what I wanted to argue is books are within our grasp. The idea of taking on the whole ball of wax is not that big a deal. Yes, it costs, um, tens of millions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Low hundreds of millions, but one time shot and we've got basically the history of printed


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, uh, literature, uhm, online. And then there's business model issues about how to try to effectively market it and get it, uhm, get it to people. But it is within our grasp, technologically and law-wise, at least for the out of print, uh, and out of copyright, we suggest, uhm, to be able to get the whole darn thing, uh, online.


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[Assistant] Now let's go for audio. I'm going to go through these. So how much, how much is there? Well, as best we can tell, there are about two to three million discs having been published. So 78's, long playing records and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And CDs, or at least that's the largest archives of published materials we've been able to sort of point at. It costs about $10 a piece to go and take a disc and put it online if you're doing things in volume.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but we found that the rights issues are really quite thorny. This is a fairly heavily litigated area.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so we found that there are niches in the music world that aren't served terribly well by the classic commercial publishing system. And we've been starting to make these available by going and offering shelf space on the net. In the United States, it doesn't cost you to give something away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? If you give something to a, uh, the charity or, or, uh,


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[Assistant] Uh, to the public, you get a pat on the back in a tax donation. Except on the net.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've been getting a lot of takers. One is the rock and rollers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Rock and Rollers had a tradition of sharing as long as nobody made any money. It's concert recordings. It's not the commercial recordings, but concert recordings, started by the Grateful Dead. And we get about two or three bands a day signing up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, they, they give permission, uh, and, uh, and we get about 40 or 50 concerts a day. We have about 40,000 concerts, everything the Grateful Dead ever did, uhm, up on the, on the net so that people can, uh, see it and listen to this, uh, materials.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So audio is possible to put up, but the rights issues are really pretty thorny. We've got a lot of collections now, a couple hundred thousand items, and it's growing, uh, over time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moving images. If you think of theatrical releases, there are not that many of them. As best we can tell, there are about 150,000 to 200,000 movies, ever, that are really meant for large-scale theatrical distribution. It's just not that many. About half of those were Indian.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but anyway, it's doable, but we've only found about a thousand of these things to be out of copyright, so we've digitized those and made those available. But we've found that there's lots of other types of movies that haven't really seen the light of day, archival films. Uhm, we've found also,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of political films, a lot of amateur films, all sorts of things that are, are, uh, basically needing a home, a permanent home. So we've been starting to make these available and it's grown to be very...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, popular. We're not quite a YouTube. We tend towards longer term things and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies. Uh, which has been, but just been great fun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, television comes quite a bit larger. We started recording 20 channels of television 24 hours a day.


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[Assistant] 9-11-2001 for one week. What did the world see? CNN was saying that Palestinians were dancing in the streets. Were they? Let's look at the Palestinian television and find out. How can we have critical thinking without being able to quote


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[Assistant] And being able to compare what happened in the past and television is dreadfully unrecorded and unquotable.


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[Assistant] Except by Jon Stewart, uhm, who does a fabulous, uh, job.


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[Assistant] So anyway, television is, I would suggest, uh, within our grasp. So $15 per video hour and also about $100 to $150 per celluloid hour. We're able to go and get materials online very inexpensively and have them up on the net and we've got now a lot of these materials. So we've got about 100,000 pieces up there. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Books, music, video, software, there's only 50,000 titles of it, but mostly the issues there are, uh, legal issues and breaking copy protections.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but we've worked through some of those, but we've still got real problems in Washington. Well, we're best known as the World Wide Web. We've been archiving the World Wide Web since 1996. We take a snapshot of every website and all of the pages on it every two months.


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[Assistant] And actually it's really been, uh, pioneered by Alexa internet, which donates this collection to the internet archive. Uh, and it's been growing along, um, for the last 11 years and it's a fantastic resource. And we made a way back machine that you can then go and see old websites.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of the way they were. If you go and search on, uh, something, this is google.com or the different versions of it that we have. This is what it looks like when it was an alpha release and this is what it looked like at Stanford. So anyway, you get basically an idea of where things came from. Mostly people want to see their old stuff out of this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've made another copy of, of all of this and we actually put it back in the Library of Alexandria. So this is a picture of the Internet Archive at the Library of Alexandria and we now have also another copy building up in Amsterdam. So I figured we should put it in the San Andreas Fault Line in San Francisco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are some large companies that have seen this vision that are doing large scale digitization, but they're locking up the public domain. The question is, is that the world that we really want to live in? What's the role of the public versus the private as things go forward? How do we go and have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It could be something that we're remembered for for millennia for having achieved.


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[Assistant] And as I said before, I'll end with something that's carved above the door of the Carnegie Library. Carnegie, one of the great capitalists of this country, carved above his legacy, free, uh, to the people. Thank you very much.


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[Assistant] More importantly, have you given any thought to the matter we discussed earlier?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no need to rush anything. Take your time and think it over.


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[Assistant] Once, in faraway Persia, walked a beggar on the shore of a river.


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[Assistant] If I am lucky enough, maybe I will find at least two fishes today! Or, or maybe even three!


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[Assistant] The beggar rushed to his friend who worked for the shah in the royal kitchen.


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[Assistant] The beggar took his friend's advice and left to meet the shaw.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Shaw was shocked. Never in his life had he seen a ruby this big. I will give you three parts of gold in return for this ruby. Will that do?


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[Assistant] Three pots of gold? Sure! This is the best day of my life! The beggar took his three pots of gold and left. Hehehe!


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[Assistant] This is precious. I will give this to my daughter on her 18th birthday. I am sure this will bring her great fortune.


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[Assistant] On the day of his daughter's 18th birthday, the Shah went to get the ruby. As soon as he unlocked the trunk,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What thief would steal a ruby and lock himself in the trunk instead? But your ruby is gone and that is the truth. I cannot bring your ruby back. I am here in place of it. I am the Ruby Prince.


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[Assistant] And I request you not to ask me how this happened. Ruby Prince, you are a thief. You think it's that easy? I lose my precious Ruby, find a man in my trunk, and I am not allowed to ask how? That is correct. I understand your trouble, sir. But no matter what, I cannot tell you where I came from. Uuuh.


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[Assistant] If that's the case, then you leave me with no other option. Since I found you in a trunk in my palace, you will do as I say. You are now my servant!


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[Assistant] Yes sir, the shah wanted to have the ruby prince executed, but he couldn't.


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[Assistant] The prince's still eyes and his calm voice made it difficult for the shah to make any such command. But he was still furious for having lost his precious ruby.


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[Assistant] Shaw made the prince do odd jobs like gardening and cleaning the palace. But the prince never complained.


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[Assistant] In fact, he used every task as an excuse to go near the princess. He was falling hopelessly in love with her.


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[Assistant] How dear he is still for me. Uuuh, what do I do about him? Wait! I have an idea! The next day, he called for the prince. Listen!


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[Assistant] There lives a dragon in the Persian waters!


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[Assistant] He is sinking all of our ships for months! Our trade is severely affected! Take my sword and defeat that dragon! That's an order!


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[Assistant] I shall play it to draw the dragon out of the water in the forest. Alright, but that won't help you. He is as dangerous upon land as he is in water.


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[Assistant] But this is the only way I can carry out your orders, sir. I cannot step into the water. The Shaw agreed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cannot step into the water. What kind of a prince is he? I sent so many great warriors to fight this dragon. Nobody returned. He will meet the same fate as theirs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He went to a large empty space right at the center and prepared to call the dragon out of the water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the air became warmer, the prince knew that the dragon was close.


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[Assistant] And with one swift movement of his hand,


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[Assistant] I will spare your life, but promise me that you will not sink any more ships or trouble anyone ever again.


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[Assistant] The Ruby Prince returned to the palace. Everybody was shocked to see him.


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[Assistant] Your highness, I did what you asked. The dragon will never return. You are a brave prince. I am very impressed, son. I believe you now.


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[Assistant] But I will respect your wish to never ask you that again. Tell me, what do you want? Your wish will be granted.


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[Assistant] Sir, I have fallen in love with your daughter. With your permission, I wish to ask her if she would marry me. Ho ho ho ho! You have already won me over with your bravery. If she wishes to marry you, who am I to say anything?


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[Assistant] Shaw's daughter was equally impressed with the prince. She instantly agreed to marry him. The princess was a gentle lady. She dearly loved her husband.


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[Assistant] They both spent their days happily taking good care of their kingdom.


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[Assistant] Please don't ask me that. I can never tell you. The day I do, you will lose me forever. It made the princess very sad.


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[Assistant] She loved her prince and wanted to know everything about him.


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[Assistant] Once, as they sat near the ocean, she tried to ask him again.


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[Assistant] Once again, the prince became sad and requested her to not force him.


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[Assistant] You know I love you dearly. I can't see you suffer like this. If you must know, then I shall tell you who I am. I am...


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[Assistant] The Royal Guard searched the entire ocean, but the Prince was never found. The Princess blamed herself.


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[Assistant] Everyone tried to explain how this cannot be her fault, but she wouldn't listen.


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[Assistant] Princess could not bear the grief and fell seriously ill.


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[Assistant] Many doctors came to treat her, but nothing worked. The shawl was worried about his daughter.


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[Assistant] Then, one day, a maid entered her bedroom with strange news.


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[Assistant] That night, Princess and her maid hid behind the bushes in the forest near the ocean. They waited there till it became dark.


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[Assistant] Then suddenly they saw some lights flying up from the ocean. The lights suddenly transformed into beautiful genies and tiny young men. A while after rose the king of the ocean with his men. He wore a golden robe and held a scepter in his hand.


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[Assistant] Soon the show began. Genies danced and men showed their tricks to the king. But the princess didn't care about any of this.


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[Assistant] Her gaze was fixed upon the man standing next to the king.


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[Assistant] She could never forget those ocean blue eyes.


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[Assistant] The love of her life stood there like a statue.


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[Assistant] She covered her face with a veil and came out of her hideout. She danced among the genies. She moved so beautifully that everyone stood there speechless.


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[Assistant] The king was annoyed at this request and went back into the water and took the prince with him.


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[Assistant] The princess rushed to the shore. It was her prince. Before she could understand what happened, the ocean spoke.


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[Assistant] The whole kingdom rejoiced the return of their ruby prince. The princess was wiser from that day on. She never questioned her husband about his world under the ocean.


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[Assistant] She was happy to have him. The princess dearly loved her ruby prince. And they lived happily ever after.


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[Assistant] My puree's done. The macadamia is just like this toasty, beautiful nutty smell and it is fantastic. And my berry sauce is just...


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[Assistant] I get the venison out of the pan. I want this to be medium rare. As it rests, it will cook a little further, but I'm hoping I haven't overcooked it.


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[Assistant] I'm really proud of what I put on the plate. I love the flavours. But the only thing I'm a bit worried about is the cooking of that venison.


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[Assistant] Hi guys! Can you guess the title of my next video?


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[Assistant] Why do ants walk in a straight line? Cause they never drink alcohol!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nah. Ants live in big colonies and are very organized. When an ant finds some food, it picks a small piece of it and while returning, it leaves chemical scents called pheromones along the trail. Each colony has a unique set of pheromones. This trail of pheromones helps other ants of the colony to reach the source of food.


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[Assistant] Now, as these pheromones evaporate easily. Every ant which is carrying food and returning to the colony. Leaves additional pheromones. So that other ants behind it can follow this smell and return to their colony.


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[Assistant] As the ants follow the smell, they tend to walk in a straight line.


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[Assistant] They do this to identify their fellow ants. When two ants collide they smell each other's pheromones. If the pheromones don't belong to the colony the outsider ant might even be attacked.


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[Assistant] Firstly, chameleons don't change color to camouflage.


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[Assistant] Instead, they change color to regulate their body temperature and to express their mood to other chameleons. The skin of chameleons has various colored pigments such as yellow, red, etc. Below the pigment there are nanocrystals of various sizes and shapes. The spacing between these nanocrystals is primarily responsible for its color change.


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[Assistant] When chameleons are relaxed, the nanocrystals are close to each other. In this case, when light composed of various colors falls on the crystals, they reflect colors like blue, indigo, etc.


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[Assistant] However, when chameleons are excited, the spacing between the nanocrystals increases. In such a case, they reflect colors such as red, orange, etc. The red color combined with the yellow color reflected by the pigment makes the chameleons appear orange.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When there is excess air or gas in our stomach, we get rid of it through burping. Now, there are many ways through which air can enter our stomach and cause burping. One of those ways is through eating. When we eat food very quickly, we swallow air along with food. Thus, to expel this air, we burp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why is it difficult to pull a boat on the beach than on the sea?


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[Assistant] You will find it difficult to pull the boat on the beach. Pull it on the sea.


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[Assistant] Friction is the force which opposes the motion of an object. It always acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion.


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[Assistant] Rough textures or surfaces offer greater friction as compared to smooth textures or surfaces.


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[Assistant] Arrgh. Do you wanna say that my brand new boat has a rough texture?


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[Assistant] Noooo. Even though the texture of the boat is almost smooth,


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[Assistant] Hence, when we pull the boat on beach, the sand particles offer greater friction and oppose the motion of the boat. Thus making it difficult to move the boat on the beach.


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[Assistant] However, the sea being a liquid, forms a smooth surface.


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[Assistant] Such a reaction between an acid and a base is called neutralization.


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[Assistant] In neutralization, both acidic and basic solutions neutralize the effect of each other. And the nature of both acids and bases gets destroyed.


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[Assistant] Okay. Don't listen and bear the consequences.


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[Assistant] However, when we pour vinegar, which is a mild acid, on the stung area. The acid, that is, vinegar and the base, that is, the wasp's venom get neutralized. As a result, the sensation of pain and itching decreases and we feel better.


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[Assistant] Now, if each cell of the honeycomb would be a circle, then there would be a lot of gaps or wasted space between cells.


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[Assistant] See, you've met Seraphina. Allow me to introduce myself. I am King Rubus, the king of raspberries. I reign over the kingdom of raspberry bushes, and I have lived here for thousands and thousands of years.


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[Assistant] I did not want to scare you in the darkness of the woods.


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[Assistant] I have been cursed by the spirit of the elements, Aramos, who rules over all the earth, wind, water, and fire, that every one hundred years I shall turn into a vulnerable raspberry worm.


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[Assistant] I lay under the bush that you had left me at till sunset. And as soon as I transformed back into my normal form, I looked for you. So that I could thank you for saving my life. And reward you for your kindness.


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[Assistant] And tell Edward I shall eat him up the next time I see him.


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[Assistant] Don't worry, I forgive him. Revenge is never good. I was just joking.


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[Assistant] The girls let out a sigh of relief, and they hugged King Rubus.


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[Assistant] Was it the Federation? I'm not sure, but...


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[Assistant] Among the mobile suits that made the attack there was a Gundam. There was a Gundam? You know which one it is.


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[Assistant] I volunteered to become the foundation of the united world we're trying to build.


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[Assistant] A fine idea, isn't it, Colonel? This is the man with the license, the fabled Mr. Bushido.


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[Assistant] I for one would like to see his abilities first hand. I'll be sure to meet your expectations.


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[Assistant] Listen 41. Training elephants. First listen and then answer the following question. At what point does the training of a captive wild elephant begin?


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[Assistant] Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the


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[Assistant] The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him


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[Assistant] Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training. For it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer


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[Assistant] The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service


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[Assistant] The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job


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[Assistant] Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection


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[Assistant] There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pine to death, when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer


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[Assistant] The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between 15 and 20 years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away.


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[Assistant] But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages


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[Assistant] The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear.


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[Assistant] Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food


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[Assistant] The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment. A ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.


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[Assistant] When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced.


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[Assistant] When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point


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[Assistant] Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant.


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[Assistant] This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant. And its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets


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[Assistant] The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions


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[Assistant] These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal pointed stick. And the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes


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[Assistant] The mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.


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[Assistant] One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp


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[Assistant] And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.


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[Assistant] The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man


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[Assistant] The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen. They must fall on good ground. They must be sedulously tended. If the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed


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[Assistant] To be really happy and really safe. One ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.


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[Assistant] It is no use starting late in life to say, I will take an interest in this or that


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[Assistant] Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief


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[Assistant] It is no use doing what you like. You have got to like what you do.


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[Assistant] Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes—those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.


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[Assistant] It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon


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[Assistant] It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.


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[Assistant] As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire


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[Assistant] For them a new pleasure. A new excitement is only an additional satiation


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[Assistant] In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion


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[Assistant] For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.


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[Assistant] It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes. First, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure—and secondly those whose work and pleasure are one.


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[Assistant] Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward. Not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.


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[Assistant] But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony


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[Assistant] For them the working hours are never long enough.


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[Assistant] Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.


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[Assistant] Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential


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[Assistant] Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds


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[Assistant] The Federation is using that provisional government as a precedent for dismantling the other nations. They're reorganizing the Middle East.


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[Assistant] I could see the enormous t-shaped hilt, the grip roughened for battle by careful sanding. I had lifted it and nearly dropped it. It weighed close to fifteen pounds, Jamie told me.


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[Assistant] If the Claymore was somber and lethal looking, the broadsword was beautiful. Two-thirds the weight of the larger weapon.


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[Assistant] It was a deadly gleaming thing with Islamic tracery snaking its way up the blue steel blade to the spiraled basket hilt enameled in reds and blues.


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[Assistant] I had seen Jamie use it in playful practice, first right-handed with one of the men at arms, later left-handed with Dougal. He was a glory to watch under those conditions, swift and sure, with a grace made the more impressive by his size.


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[Assistant] A space less than three feet high, formed by two large slabs fallen together. He clasped my face and nuzzled me lovingly. When I say goo, get into it and stay there. Have you the dirt?


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[Assistant] He had insisted I keep the dirk he had tossed to me that night at the inn.


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[Assistant] Despite my own insistence that I had neither the skill nor the inclination to use it. And when it came to insisting, Dougal had been right. Jamie was stubborn.


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[Assistant] After a day of uncomfortable awareness of its weight against my thigh, I had grown almost oblivious to it. He ran a hand playfully down my leg, checking to make certain of its presence.


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[Assistant] He lifted his head then, like a cat scenting the breeze.


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[Assistant] Looking up, I could see him glance at Murtaugh, then down at me.


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[Assistant] The little man gave no outward sign, but rose and stretched himself thoroughly.


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[Assistant] When he sat down again, he was several feet nearer to me. A horse wickered nervously behind us.


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[Assistant] As though it had been a signal, they came screaming over the rocks.


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[Assistant] On hands and knees I made for the rocks. I banged my head and scraped my knees but managed to wedge myself into the small crevice.


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[Assistant] Heart hammering, I fumbled for the dirk in my pocket, almost jabbing myself in the process.


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[Assistant] I had no idea what to do with a long wicked knife but felt slightly better for having it. There was a moonstone set in the hilt.


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[Assistant] And it was comforting to feel the small bulge against my palm.


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[Assistant] Least I knew I had hold of the right end in the darkness.


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[Assistant] A small clearing was filled with yelling bodies heaving to and fro, rolling on the ground and running back and forth.


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[Assistant] My sanctuary was luckily to one side of the main combat, so I was in no danger for the moment. Glancing around, I saw a small crouching figure close by, pressed against my rock in the shadow. I took a firmer grip on my duck, but realized almost at once that it was Murta. So that was the purpose of Jaime's glance. Murta had been told to guard me. I couldn't see Jaime himself anywhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most of the fighting was taking place in the rocks and shadows near the wagons.


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[Assistant] That must be the object of the raid, the wagons and the horses. The attackers were an organized band.


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[Assistant] Well armed and decently fed from the little I could see of them in the light of the dying fire. If these were grants.


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[Assistant] Not with the fact of the raid, but only concerned that the cattle would slow our progress.


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[Assistant] He had managed to dispose of them almost at once though, at a small market in one of the villages.


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[Assistant] Great. So uhm, yeaah, thanks James for that introduction. So uhm, I'm actually going to start out with a little bit of interactive though. Uhm, so I want to ask you all a question. So how have you or anyone you know ever been burdened by technology in any way?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so you guys did a pretty good job covering. So we did a bunch of interviews and we got a lot of feedback from people about the ways that technology burdens them as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we talked to them about specifically what technologies in particular. Uhm, so we had them talk about one technology that they were currently using and talk about the ways that it burdens them. And then one technology that they had actually stopped using for whatever reason.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so this isn't all of them, but some of the things that the themes had come up was that basically they're just not getting enough value for the amount of effort they have to put into it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's too expensive to keep up, like people talked about like, oh I just stopped using the iPad because it broke and it cost $600 to replace and I just didn't have the money to use it, to replace it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, they would forget about it or they were tired of thinking about it. A lot of times fitness trackers came up in this category of like, gosh, you like, I forgot it today and then I stopped forgetting it and then I just stopped thinking about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, some people had quit using things about concerns about privacy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, they were worried about becoming addicted to it, or its impact of, of using it in a family setting, or, you know, things like phones at the dinner table, while at a restaurant, so they were worried about the impact there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, or just they, they bought something thinking it was cool and they just couldn't figure out how to use it and they, they trashed it. So uhm, those are some of the, the things that we had come up with. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Throughout, uhm, kind of this big exploration of, of the ways that, that burdens might place, uhm, be placed on people while they use technology, we ended up developing, uhm, a model for this. And so the model of user burden that we've worked on, uhm, consists of six different constructs. And so I'll talk a little bit about how we came up with those particular constructs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the kind of six overall categories that we came up with were


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, difficulty of use, so that includes things like you couldn't figure it out, or it was difficult to learn, or also things like I needed help with this, so you think about the person who's new to technology and they're constantly having to like beg their nephew to come configure it for them, uhm, so they just need the help from people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but also people with a disability who couldn't use, like, uhm, if they were visually impaired and they, they needed to always grab a sighted person to help them configure it. Uhm, we heard about like game systems and like, you know, uhm, video game systems that always required a sighted person to turn on in the first place because it was really difficult uhm, to find the, the actual button on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, then we had physical burdens, uhm, and that was, you know, a lot of things around, uh, you know, the, the physicality, constraining people to spaces, wearing things, those sorts of things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, time and social burdens, which is pressures on, you know, taking up too much of my time as well as disrupting my, my social, uhm, connections as well. So, distracting me from family, distracting me from friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, mental and emotional burdens, I'm gonna go in more detail on each of these, but, uh, mental and emotional burdens were things like, you know, having to remember to use it or things making you feel guilty, for example. Um, privacy burdens, so worried about information being shared or what, not knowing what's being collected about them. And then financial burdens, so it just, it's too expensive to buy or maintain. Um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So within our model, we made a definition, um, of each of these. So for difficulty of use, you know, the system does not fit within the abilities of user or is difficult to use. So uhm, some of the examples that came up in, in our discussions,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wasn't actually the, the bendy fork that's impossible to use, but I like that, that particular one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but things like uhm, you know, uh, fitness, or sorry, health-based trackers that were inaccessible to people with visual impairments, uhm, you know, they couldn't use their blood glucose meter. They were, they were blind because they were diabetic and they actually couldn't use the, the blood glucose meter because it, they couldn't read the display.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, uhm, or things with a steep learning curve. So people mention things like Photoshop, right? It's like, oh yeaah, I heard Photoshop is the greatest thing to do. I like photography, but they open it up and they're completely overwhelmed and they can't figure it out. So, things with steep learning curves fit in this category.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the second one was physical burden. So the system makes the user physically uncomfortable in, in some way. So uhm, that could be uhm, physically painful. So maybe you guys heard about the version of Fitbit that was actually like causing rashes on people's hands. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But also things like, uhm, that are uncomfortable or heavy. It was actually one of the original wearable computers and it was really funny because they could never get women to wear these because they were actually so heavy, uhm, and it was, they were really bulky and heavy, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could be in that way as well. But then the physical constraints as well, like having to sit next to the wall, uh, because your court is there, physically constrains you in, in some way. Uhm, or exercise technologies that would, you know, be, you know, bothersome while you're running. You know, a lot of times runners didn't want to have anything on their bodies while they're running.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, time and social burden. So, and, and when you're building the model, these ended up converging, uh, when we did our analysis. But, uhm, this was that the system might require a significant amount of time to use or disrupts the user's ability to create and sustain social relationships. Uhm, so the big examples that came up there were things like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you know, obviously phones came up a lot. You know, people were annoyed of going out to restaurants with people who had sat there on their phone the whole time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that definitely came up a lot. Uhm, but then also things like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, just having to remember to use it so frequently, so your phone's getting notifications all the time, or like food journals that require you to like go in, you know, like 80 times a day, and you know, and that I had a little bite of, you know, M&M that I grabbed from there and had to go in and enter it there. So just having to use it frequently throughout the day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but then also things that annoy others. So, yeaah, we talked about people that were spamming, yeaah, your, your news feed of like, I went out for a run for, for three miles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, there's some good research by James Fogarty students about what actually makes that interesting. But they were, they felt bad if it was kind of spamming their friends, uhm, or with, with kind of uninteresting posts. But uhm, those are some of the things that came up in that category.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, mental and emotional burden, oh animation, but this, uh, requires the system to, uh, a significant amount of attention or concentration. It could be distracting, makes the user feel bad, or makes them unnecessarily worry. Uhm, so, I don't know where that one came from, but, uhm, that little stray image in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but, you know, for the example, uhm, Wii Fit, you know, if you, if you were familiar with this game from Nintendo, you actually had a little platform and you stepped on it and it would weigh you. And it would actually make your Wii Fit character expand and tell you, that's obese. And it's like really kind of nasally voice which is super annoying and,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They actually had like videos of like, you know, teenagers or like really young kids being told they're obese and like crying and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it wasn't really a fun thing. So it really made you feel bad about yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is actually a personal example of mine. I don't know if anyone has used the Delta app before for flights, but uhm, I was flying, I think I was on a flight from Seattle to Atlanta and it was like a five hour flight and I pop open my phone and I want to look up where my next gate is and I get this big red warning saying like, my flight is delayed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First option I see is find alternative flights. And I was like, oh no, crap, I'm going to be late. Turns out my flight was one minute late. Uh, it had arrived, it was like supposed to arrive at 7.04 and got at 7.05, but it triggered this, uh, big red warning, uh, so it made me kind of worry unnecessarily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, anything that requires kind of significant amounts of concentration as well fell into this category.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, privacy burdens I kinda talked about a little bit, but the definition was the system risks revealing information about a user that he or she would prefer not to share.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so people talked about things like confusing privacy settings, like maybe they had the ability to go in and do these things, but it was such a burden to kind of go in and do that and pay attention to it and the default settings were bad and they had to, or they kept changing. Facebook is notorious for this, uhm, so that came up a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, as well as things like you, capturing data or sharing without transparency. So I think people talked about things like, oh I installed this app and I signed in with Facebook and before I knew it all my friends got this like spammy invite, uhm, and I didn't realize that I'd given permission to, to access my friends list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so those sorts of things, or things like, you know, people had wearable cameras and things that are capturing things without people knowing and not knowing how to notify them. And so people, people also mentioned things like drones as well. So if you, uh, like I'm worried about my neighbor's drone, you know, they capture, you know, taking pictures of me inside my window.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But uhm, the last category was financial burden, so this one's pretty straightforward, but basically costs a lot of money, uhm, for the user to initially purchase or maintain use, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is obviously relative to the person, so you're a lower income person, you're having to spend $200 on a phone is way outside of there, whereas $200 for someone who's more well off, that may not be a burden to them. So this one is definitely relative based on the person, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, things came up where, you know, things that cost too much initially, uh, Macbooks came up, uh, on that one as well. But, you know, Google Glass was obviously when that came out, people were like, there's no way I'm spending that much money on that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then, uhm, things like, you know, expensive to maintain. If I break it or lose it, I can't afford to replace it. Uhm, also things like, uhm, subscription fees came up too. So if you had to kind of keep paying over time, then that was an undue burden.