[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, glass of.


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[Assistant] 那现在,比如一杯茶,我们该怎么说呢? 一杯。


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A bowl of rice. A bowl of soup.


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[Assistant] One cup of water


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[Assistant] One bottle of water.


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[Assistant] So, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh.


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[Assistant] A cup of is a cup of, a bowl of is a bowl of, a bottle is a bottle of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A glass of.


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[Assistant] Uh, uh, uh, uh.


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[Assistant] That's it for today. Did you get it?


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[Assistant] Are we here to just borrow some cookbooks? I've got enough at home.


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[Assistant] I work in a primary school, so to be able to cook for the teachers, I know the amazing work that they do. That's brilliant.


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[Assistant] He's pretty relaxed, chilled out sort of bloke, but I think that'll make us more relaxed as a team.


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[Assistant] On the original menu, there was a dish that said lamb saddle with mint. So we're going to use that as inspiration for our main course, lamb backstrap with a pea and mint puree and some crispy chips on top to really modernise the dish.


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[Assistant] For our main, we're doing a lamb backstrap with minted pea puree and sweet potato and pasta chips.


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[Assistant] This is a bit different to throwing some lamb on the barbie at home for some mates. Now we've got to cook these massive backstraps. To get all the lamb cooked the same, it's going to be difficult. And that's the, that's the pressure point right now.


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[Assistant] So the lamb's looking nice and seared on the outside, but the thing is we won't know if it's cooked perfectly until we slice it just before service. I reckon they're fine, just let them rest.


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[Assistant] I reckon we should start portioning up the lamb. I mean it's been out of the oven for a few minutes now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lamb's finished resting. We wanna see what it's like before we send it up for service. If it's not cooked perfectly, we've lost all this lamb and we can't use it. Hopefully it's good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perfect, boys. You beauty. It's beautiful in pink. It's perfect.


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[Assistant] Starter Unit 3 Color Color Red Red


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[Assistant] yellow, yellow green, green blue, blue


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[Assistant] Black. White. White. Purple. Purple. Brown. Brown. The. The. Now. Now. See. See.


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[Assistant] Say. My. My. S. S. Em.


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[Assistant] L ufo ufo CCTV CCTV


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[Assistant] In the summer of 1976, a mysterious epidemic suddenly struck two Central African towns, killing the majority of its victims. Medical researchers suspected the deadly Marburg virus to be the culprit.


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[Assistant] But what they saw in microscope images was an entirely new pathogen, which would be named after the nearby Ebola River.


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[Assistant] Like yellow fever or dengue, the disease caused by the Ebola virus is a severe type of hemorrhagic fever. It begins by attacking the immune system's cells and neutralizing its responses, allowing the virus to proliferate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Starting anywhere from 2 to 20 days after contraction, initial symptoms like high temperature, aching, and sore throat resemble those of a typical flu, but quickly escalate to vomiting, rashes, and diarrhea.


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[Assistant] And as the virus spreads, it invades the lymph nodes and vital organs such as kidneys and liver, causing them to lose function.


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[Assistant] But the virus itself is not what kills Ebola victims. Instead, the mounting cell deaths trigger an immune system overload known as a cytokine storm, an explosion of immune responses that damages blood vessels causing both internal and external bleeding.


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[Assistant] The excessive fluid loss and resulting complications can be fatal within 6 to 16 days of the first symptoms.


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[Assistant] Though proper care and rehydration therapy can significantly reduce mortality rates in patients.


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[Assistant] Fortunately, while Ebola is highly virulent, several factors limit its contagiousness. Unlike viruses that proliferate through small airborne particles, Ebola only exists in bodily fluids such as saliva, blood, mucus, vomit, or feces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to spread, these must be transmitted from an infected person into another's body through passageways such as the eyes, mouth, or nose. And because the disease's severity increases directly along with the viral load, even an infected person is unlikely to be contagious until they have begun to show symptoms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While Ebola has been shown to survive on surfaces for several hours, and transmission through sneezing or coughing is theoretically possible, virtually all known cases of contraction have been through direct contact with the severely ill, with the greatest risk posed to medical workers and friends or relatives of the victims.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is why, despite its horrifying effects, Ebola has been far less deadly overall than more common infections such as measles, malaria, or even influenza. Once an outbreak has been contained, the virus does not exist in the human population until the next outbreak begins.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But while this is undoubtedly a good thing, it also makes Ebola difficult to study.


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[Assistant] Scientists believe fruit bats to be its natural carriers, but just how it is transmitted to humans remains unknown.


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[Assistant] Furthermore, many of the countries where Ebola outbreaks occur suffer from poor infrastructure and sanitation, which enables the disease to spread. And the poverty of these regions, combined with the relatively low amount of overall cases, means there is little economic incentive for drug companies to invest in research.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Though some experimental medicines have shown promise and governments are funding development of a vaccine, as of 2014, the only widespread and effective solutions to an Ebola outbreak remain isolation, sanitation, and information.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's it, let's go Simon. Let's move guys, let's get this entree done, hey?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought he said five minutes. Nearly done, mate. Move, move, move, let's go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, it wasn't. But seriously, it's very simple. If you're naturally scientific, like me that is.


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[Assistant] Well, I appreciate your taste in comestibles, Grubby. But for this experiment, I think it makes sense if we continue using apples. Now, if everyone is ready...


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[Assistant] Better give me a hand repositioning all these, uh, uh, dials. Okay, gimmick.


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[Assistant] Hmm. I wonder if perhaps we adjusted it a bit too much. Oh dear. I'm afraid it still isn't right. This time, it looks like we've ended up with a pumpkin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, Teddy, it would appear the, uh, multiplication table certainly does...


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[Assistant] Everything's disappearing. This certainly is peculiar.


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[Assistant] Looking great Tati. Keep firing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A garden is land where plants grow, such as fruits, flowers, or vegetable. What a lovely garden!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A plant is a living thing that grows and has a stem, roots, and leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A bush is a plant which is low to the ground and dense with a lot of branches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Grass. Grr, ah. Grass.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Grass is a common plant used to cover the surface of the ground in short, spiky green leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A flower is part of a plant that is often bright and colorful. It grows at the end of a stem and only lasts for a short time. What a beautiful flower!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A rose is a popular flower which grows on a bush with stems that have sharp ends called thorns on them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lily is a plant with large flowers that are often white.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jasmine is a plant with small white or yellow flowers. It has a pleasant smell and climbs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's seeds are edible and are also used for cooking oil.


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[Assistant] Cane is a word used for long, hard, empty stems of plants. A couple of examples include sugar and bamboo cane.


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[Assistant] What a and plus adjective plus singular countable noun.


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[Assistant] What a-n, plus adjective, plus singular countable nouns.


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[Assistant] What a beautiful flower it is. What a red rose it is.


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[Assistant] Good morning. Good morning. Welcome back to Secrets Week.


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[Assistant] And, oh boy, have we got a secret for you today. So good to see a couple of smiles on your faces. Leah, how are you coping with it all?


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[Assistant] Thing that excites you, once you find that, you're okay.


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[Assistant] But now is the time to put it together and give it everything you've got. Because at the end of the day, one of you will be leaving this kitchen and the competition.


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[Assistant] You get it. Good stuff, Lewis. Now really, you gotta get a move on. Stock should be on. You should be thinking ahead. 15 minutes down, 75 minutes to go. Let's move it. Come on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, there's a lot to do. And the thing is that the rice will take a bit of time to cook. Have you cooked a paella before? Never. So you don't know how that bomba rice is going to behave? I do not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seemed like a deceptively simple pressure test. But I'm sure when they looked at the paella, they thought, I can do that. But, trouble in disguise, I think. Yeaah, I think you're absolutely right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, what I love about it is those kind of lovely dusky flavours of saffron, smoky flavours of the paprika, um, and a nice balance of what I think a paella should taste like. And the separation of the grains is excellent. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd be crossing my fingers if I were you. Everything that crosses, cross and get out of here and we'll taste. Thanks Colin. Thanks guys.


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[Assistant] That's great. Certainly colourful. And certainly lots of seafood too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, massive problem for me. That burnt taste is through everything. Like it's, I can even taste it in the fish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's some background flavour of all the right things, you know, the saffron, the tomato, bit of garlic, but it's just, it's suffocated by that, that, uh, that burnt flavour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A pressure test without a recipe, as we all know, is a tough challenge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know if anyone else is. I don't know if that's going to bring out all of those flavors of the stock that it should be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everyone has their rice and seafood in, but now it's all about controlling that flame.


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[Assistant] It's kinda like a catch 22, you want that sucre or crust on the bottom of the pan, but you don't want it to burn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can kinda smell something's burning, but none of us can work out whose dish it is.


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[Assistant] For your information, bugs are very organized. They're always in formation, even though they're tiny sized. They love to march, march, march, through the middle of your picnic.


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[Assistant] The food you're carrying off is ours.


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[Assistant] But we brought it here for a picnic. See? Here's our blanket and our picnic basket.


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[Assistant] Thank you. Yes. Thank you, Miss. Amanda. Oh dear. What's wrong?


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[Assistant] Well, I'm sure you'll think of some good deed to do, Amanda. Yeah, and maybe we could help.


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[Assistant] Do good deeds. Good deeds are good to do. Do good deeds. And people will be proud of you. Do good deeds. Good deeds are good to do. And you will soon discover that you're proud of yourself too.


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[Assistant] Our friend Amanda here invited us to attend the bug fair. So we used Gimmick's reducing machine to make us bug-sized.


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[Assistant] Right down to business, you know the deal, two rounds. Round one, you'll cook against each other, win that round, and you are through to cook for that pin against not just a professional, but a legend.


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[Assistant] Sometimes you have limited equipment. And sometimes you have both.


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[Assistant] In round one, you will only be able to cook using the appliances under these three cloths. No stove tops. No electrical equipment.


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[Assistant] And we've chosen these three appliances because they're the sort of things you might find in any office kitchen in Australia.


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[Assistant] What a challenge. The sandwich press, they get super hot. I just want to make one thing, Lebanese pizza. The microwave, just some raw leeks, three minutes in there and they'll steam in their own flavour. Char them. Kettle. Can you poach an egg? Soft poach an egg. I love it, it's going to be so exciting to see what these four contestants put up.


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[Assistant] That looks interesting. Wow. Steph, what is your dish?


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[Assistant] I love that combination of that rich creaminess of the eggplant, the bright pop of the tomato, and the freshness of that coconut chutney.


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[Assistant] I love the perfect cooking of the fish. I love the effort you put to drum sieve that puree to keep it so smooth. And the pickles just provide that, just that right amount of bite and brightness. Genius cooking.


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[Assistant] Flavor, sophistication, elegance, creativity, I mean that, that challenge had it all, and from each of them equal measure.


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[Assistant] Split vote. One, two, three. Three dishes we all love. Maddie, what was your favourite dish?


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[Assistant] All those dishes were delicious. We are so impressed by how you cooked them that round, but Larissa, Abby, Steph.


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[Assistant] There is an amazing array of stuff out there. So, pick wisely. Pick strategically.


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[Assistant] Think about what sort of cooked Donovan is. Play to your strengths.


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[Assistant] Absolutely right. Matt Sinclair, Tati, what a great combination. But then, even better, Tati gets to pick one ingredient to feature in her dish from the garden. And we know there's so much great stuff out there that she can use. Shall we get the first dish in?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Southern French dishes, but then the chilli heat takes you straight to Australia. It's absolutely delicious. And all those things, tying the fennel and the tarragon together, those aniseed flavours, the softness of those carrots with the mussels are unbelievable. There's so much going on, but every combination is harmonious.


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[Assistant] I like the char on the bird, I think that's delicious, that goes really well, but is it a complete harmonious dish?


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[Assistant] Tardy, we knew that chargrill smash got had to be yours. The ingredient you picked from the garden, it was subtle in Donovan's dish.


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[Assistant] And it was loud and proud in your study.


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[Assistant] Donovan, that means you need 22 to win. Yeah. Are you nervous? I'm always nervous, Matt.


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[Assistant] Tomato, t-o-m-a-t-o.


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[Assistant] T-O-M-A-T-O.


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[Assistant] Eggplant is the meaning of a plant. P-L-A-N-T.


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[Assistant] P E P P E R


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[Assistant] paper.


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[Assistant] P E P P E R P E P E P E R


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[Assistant] So, pepper is 填膠,燈籠膠,柿子膠的意思.


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[Assistant] Onion. Onion. Onion.


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[Assistant] Ai is my meaning.


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[Assistant] So uhm, uh, uh, uh, uh,


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[Assistant] Ginger.


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[Assistant] F I N G E R. Finger.


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[Assistant] G I N G E R, ginger.


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[Assistant] GARNIC


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[Assistant] G-A-R 发音 gà 联想到 gà gà 叫的鸭子 L-I 是里面的 你的拼音


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[Assistant] So uhm, uh, uh,


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[Assistant] So, GARNIC means garlic. G A R L I C.


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[Assistant] Green beans 豆角四季豆 g r e e n b e a n s


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[Assistant] Green beans, g-r-e-e-n-b-e-a-n-s


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[Assistant] That's you. Mogu. N. U. S. H. R. O. O. M.


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[Assistant] R-O-O-M, room.


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[Assistant] So, mushroom means mushroom.


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[Assistant] Cucumber. Cucunber.


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[Assistant] So, cucumber. C-u-c-u-m-b-e-r.


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[Assistant] Pumpkin, pumpkin, p-u-m-p-k-i-n.


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[Assistant] So, pumpkin means pumpkin. P-u-n-p-k-i-n


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[Assistant] What are these? and What are those?


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[Assistant] What is this?


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[Assistant] These. T-H-I-S. These. T-H-E-S-E.


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[Assistant] What are these?


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[Assistant] What are these?


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[Assistant] So uhm, uh, uh,


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[Assistant] Let's take a look.


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[Assistant] So, what are those?


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[Assistant] They are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, what are these?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are those?


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[Assistant] So uhm,


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[Assistant] So uhm, uh,


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[Assistant] For example, what are those? Are they mushrooms?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] teeth shower shower take a shower take a shower usually usually forty forty wow wow never never


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] early, early, fifty, fifty job, job, work,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] work station radio station


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] radio station o'clock


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[Assistant] A clock. Night. Night. Funny.


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[Assistant] Funny. Exercise. On weekends.


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[Assistant] group half half past past quarter quarter homework homework do one's homework do one's homework run run


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[Assistant] Take a walk. Quickly. Either. Either. Either. Either or. Either or. Lot. Lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] lots of lots of sometimes sometimes taste taste life


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[Assistant] life, lives, lives. rick, rick. jim, jim. scott, scott. tony, tony.


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[Assistant] So all we need is the, uh, uh, barrel. And a lot of water in the barrel would make it perfect. Look! Here it comes now.


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[Assistant] Yup, gotta hand it to ya, gimmick. This is one of your best inventions yet.


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[Assistant] But we'll eat. Think of the bright side. When you're big, you can eat more.


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[Assistant] Teddy, do you think gimmick would lend me his razor? I'm still kinda hungry.


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[Assistant] Starglum, stargloomy, why do these things happen to me?


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[Assistant] We wanted to thank you personally for bravely rescuing our children.


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[Assistant] Lords and ladies, and loyal subjects of Grundo, tonight we honor brave friends who risked their own safety to rescue our son from the mud bluffs, and our daughter from the clutches of the evil Katangs. I give you Newton Gimmick, Grubby the Octopede, and the Iliop, Teddy Ruxpin.


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[Assistant] Cattains! We're under attack! Ah!


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[Assistant] Oh, and Grubby, bring a big bowl of your secret weapon.


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[Assistant] I know all about catching sneaks, your majesty. I once caught one in my potato patch trap. What do you mean, sneak? I was only kidding, Grubby.


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[Assistant] We found them in the hard to find city, thanks to an ancient map I brought with me. And we also found half a medallion.


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[Assistant] Well, so far, bananas, oranges, and monkey wrenches.


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[Assistant] The Queen's right. With Gimmick's multiplication table, we can make all the food the kingdom needs.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, why don't the rest of us go to the Royal Library? Books are always a good source of information and answers.


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[Assistant] Wait, Prince Aaron. Let me try something.


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[Assistant] Eddie, I believe you have just unlocked another piece of the puzzle. The writing inside is the same as on the cover. Can anyone here read it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a peanut. They grow all over Rolonia. I don't think I've ever seen any growing here though.


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[Assistant] Sorry Grubby, I didn't mean to be rude, but Queen Lilibit is right about that drawing in the book. This peanut may be an important clue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will in a minute. Prince Eren, would you summon the Minstrel? Certainly, my Iliop friend.


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[Assistant] It's simple, your majesty. We have an ancient book in a language we can't read, which is opened by one of our crystals, and in it is a picture of a crop that doesn't grow here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't you see, Grubby? This might be an ancient Iliap book.


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[Assistant] Listen, what's that noise? That, Princess Erusea, is the sound of a spy being caught. Come on, everyone.


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[Assistant] First, you make a hole with a stick. Then you drop in a peanut and cover it over.


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[Assistant] Certainly. If we all do it, it'll go much faster.


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[Assistant] Coming soon on the adventures of Teddy Ruxpin, I'm afraid King Nogbert is getting sicker. The mysterious spy is still on the loose.


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[Assistant] We're going to need some reinforcements, so we hope you'll be there to help us in this exciting episode. See you then!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on guys, hustle, hustle. Down the front high, alright, alright.


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[Assistant] My secret is my mother-in-law, she hates cauliflower and I tricked her into trying it and she ended up thinking it was delicious because it's covered in all that other cheeky goodness on the top.


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[Assistant] Did you serve this gentleman half an hour ago, Caroline?


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[Assistant] He says he's the man who bought these books.


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[Assistant] Have you got a hat sir? Yes, I have. Would you put it on please? All right. Is this the man that you serve, Caroline?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I bought two expensive dictionaries here half an hour ago, but I forgot to take them with me. Who served you, sir? The lady who is standing behind the counter. Which books did you buy? The books which are on the counter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did you serve this gentleman half an hour ago, Caroline?


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[Assistant] He says he's the man who bought these books.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have you got a hat, sir? Yes, I have. Would you put it on, please? Alright. Is this the man that you serve, Caroline?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The meat was so big, but it was actually really good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm making ginger and prawn, uh, dumpling with mushroom and a bamboo shoot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's really stressful to get everything done in 60 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I got prawn, ginger, and, uhm, bamboo shoot, and, uh, coriander.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to cook my dumplings for about 6 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was running out of time and I just hope like, pray to God that my dumpling is okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm taking my place. Happy, but very, very nervous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although I'm disappointed, I just closed that book, closed that chapter, and I'm just gonna concentrate on the next invention test.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna cook my Sour Chicken Curry with Rampayak Peanuts Cracker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is absolutely run in the family, and my family reckon I make the best out of any other family member, so I'm very proud of it. I spent all my childhood with my grandma, so I help her a lot in the kitchen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically the secret is my grandma always told me don't forget the candlenuts because that give a really nice flavor and crispiness to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a secret, and it's my grandmother's peanuts cracker. It's the best.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My grandma always said that don't forget to put candlenut in it because it gives a really nice flavor and also a crunchiness to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to put them inside the banana leaf so that I can steam them because it actually adds a really nice flavor to the dish and when you open it, it's heaven. So just love it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I was on the service last night and I'm on the service straight after this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thai green bedside chilies. I need to think about how to do something subtle rather than do something too fiery with the chili. I'm thinking, what am I gonna do? Then I remember I cooked for the kids and the wife mussels with chilies.


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[Assistant] As I'm looking in the store, I can see there's waiting, so it's mussels, waiting, chillies. So straight away I come up with the dish.


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[Assistant] Pan fried King George Whiting with mussels, Thai green chilli, aromatic vegetables and herbs.


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[Assistant] There's a fillet the King's George White in. That way, it's filleted, it's pinboned, it's trimmed, it's ready to go.


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[Assistant] We use a little bit of chilli at Ryan, but basically just to enhance other flavours. And with the time limit of only an hour, gotta look for something which is flavoursome, but yet still pretty quick to do with. How are you gonna cook the wadding today Donovan? I'm gonna pan fry it on its skin. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've learnt a lot from that and I won't make that same mistake again. So basically what I'm doing now is going to use all the trimmings to cook the mussels with. The chilli's going to be in the broth.


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[Assistant] So it's a background aromatic flavor, not overpowering. There'll be a little bit of heat, but not too much heat.


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[Assistant] I'm not sure what Tati's doing, but I think she's doing something with a lot of chilli because the aromatic smells are wafting from her side of the kitchen and it's delicious.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is all sweated down now, I can smell it. So now we'll cook our mussels.


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[Assistant] You don't want to overcook them. Then I take them out.


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[Assistant] The dish I'm doing today is pan-fried King George Whiting with mussels, Thai green chilli, aromatic vegetables and herbs.


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[Assistant] Last time I was on MasterChef, things didn't go well, I want enough time to play before the deadline.


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[Assistant] I'm absolutely chuffed that Gary George and Mark really love my dish and it showed that using chilli, sometimes less is more.


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[Assistant] I can see there's a lot of potential in where she's going. She's doing an incredible job. To produce that play of food shows real class.


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[Assistant] He may be, he may have been, I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] He may be, he may have been, I'm not sure. Where's Harry? He may be in his room, I'm not sure. Where will he go? He may go to the cinema, I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] Where will he go? He may go to the cinema. I'm not sure. Why is he late? He may be busy. I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] Why is he late? He may be busy. I'm not sure. What is he doing? He may be reading. I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] What is he doing? He may be reading. I'm not sure. Why was he late? He may have been busy. I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] Why was he late? He may have been busy. I'm not sure. What was he doing? He may have been reading. I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] What was he doing? He may have been reading. I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] Lesson 127 A Famous Actress


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[Assistant] Lesson 127 A Famous Actress


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[Assistant] I'm loving it. You are the chirpiest people in the room right now. And why shouldn't you be? White aprons on. Secrets weak. The chance to win an immunity pen. And pose in the house.


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[Assistant] The question is, do you feel confident? Do you think, uh, two in a row?


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[Assistant] Whatever you choose, honestly, they are three flavour bombs.


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[Assistant] You have 60 minutes to bring us a delicious dish using one of our secret sauces. Bring us the best dish. You're going to round two for a shot of that pin.


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[Assistant] Open pantry, gardens in play, no excuses, all clear. We're excited to see which one you pick and what you do.


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[Assistant] And it should be, shouldn't it? We're getting to the interesting stuff now.


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[Assistant] The chance to win an immunity pen, obviously a great motivator, and I don't want to talk anymore. I think we should start eating, we reckon. First up, Tati.


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[Assistant] It's easy to eat, it's super crunchy using those panko crumbs and then that lovely, tender pancake.


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[Assistant] Is not cooked enough. So, you know, it's still stretchy and a bit bitey. The crackling's not perfect. The salad's a bit kind of wet. And, you know, far too much sour cream. Not a winning dish today for me.


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[Assistant] And the last dish we'd like to taste belongs to... Sandleith.


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[Assistant] What's absolutely brilliant is you've taken Matt's sauce, which was already smashing. You've kind of notched it up with the addition of the smoke particularly and also the curry leaf. Those two things have just elevated that dish and you've turned it into something tender and delicious and jam packed full of flavour.


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[Assistant] We want you to play to your strengths. And remember, whatever you choose, the secret chef is cooking with two.


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[Assistant] Good choice. So many things you can do with lemons. We're excited to see what you do with them.


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[Assistant] You've got 75 minutes to bring us a delicious dish that features lemons. The secret chef will only get 60 minutes. Score higher than the chef and you win the pin. All clear? All clear. Po, Sandy, the floor is yours. Good luck, Sandy. Good luck, Sandy.


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[Assistant] The standout elements of the adobo and the calamari, they're both really beautiful.


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[Assistant] Number one, it looks delicious. Number two, smells delicious. Number three, that is knockout. Use of lemon. Very complex entries like that rice.


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[Assistant] And let's be honest, rice can be really boring. It is wonderful. Jam packed full of spice and deliciousness. It's that chicken. The acidity from the lemon.


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[Assistant] And then a hit of black pepper and then the soft sweetness of the


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[Assistant] Wow! What an immunity challenge. That was a brilliant tasting.


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[Assistant] Come on. Come on. Who was that secret chef? Come on out.


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[Assistant] Oh my goodness, Andy Allen. Of course, it makes so much sense.


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[Assistant] And we have to say this, extra exciting today because we have some extraordinary scores.


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[Assistant] Oh, mate. What have you done to me?


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[Assistant] Back in 1996 when we met, I didn't think Johnny sprung at all. He was just this stoned guy in the corner that if he said something, he would just like smile. Yeah, we got on pretty well straight away, but you know.


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[Assistant] It was love at first sight for me. He took a little longer to convince me.


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[Assistant] Me and Guy didn't like each other at first. He thought I was weird because I had long curly hair. I thought he was really arrogant but he wasn't, he was just really quiet. But then we bonded over a key.


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[Assistant] He was the first person to put his whole life on hold based on one song that Johnny and I had played him on two crappy old guitars. It just blows my mind that he did that.


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[Assistant] I think when I was about 16, I was performing and doing music at boarding school.


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[Assistant] And I remember saying to people, I'm gonna do this forever. You know, they were like, sure, and why don't you reanimate dinosaurs while you're at it? You know, and it was that ridiculous.


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[Assistant] It came from my dad that he's the first person that said it to me and would often say it to me. And I now say it to my son.


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[Assistant] So with both of them, there was a subconscious thing that if you really feel that you're supposed to do something, go for it. And it gave me this great sense of possibility. And then that philosophy became a head full of dreams.


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[Assistant] And right now we're going out on tour for another 18 months or so. That's when the real payoff happens.


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[Assistant] I think some people just say, oh, fuck off. This is hippie nonsense, but that's okay.


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[Assistant] It's probably even healthier than a democracy because no one can be voted out.


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[Assistant] There's no elections. It's like a democratic five-way dictatorship.


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[Assistant] I think subconsciously I spent a long time almost in denial of my upbringing. I was raised very religious. So there's a sort of constant self doubt.


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[Assistant] I came from a very small school in Devon, and then went to this much bigger school in Dorset. Then I realized, oh, this is gonna be tough.


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[Assistant] In the bathroom, in my mum and dad's house, reading the NME, it said 20 new bands from 1999, and sure enough there was Muse, Elbow, Gay Dad, Bellatrix, and then it came to Coldplay and I fainted basically.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We produce a record, that's what we get a buzz off, is the sort of homemade-ness of it. But no one really sees that, because they see the slick TV adverts.


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[Assistant] And just make her feel as special as she is.


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[Assistant] Noel Gallagher, by his own admission, is a bit of a grump and doesn't share my worldview in any way at all. That's the whole point of the album, it's like everyone's alright. Even the people that don't really like the concept of this album have showed up to play on it. So, thank you Noel.


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[Assistant] We wanted to try and embrace all the things that we love and all the people that we think are awesome. It's the idea of inclusivity.


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[Assistant] Very early on, I learned that without the five of us, it just can't be Coldplay. I lost sight of what makes a band a band. The only thing we have going for us is a friendship.


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[Assistant] I was just a bit of a dick to Will and uh, you know, we didn't know what we were doing.


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[Assistant] I just woke up and I was like this is totally wrong.


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[Assistant] A band is a magic thing. And everyone improves together. That's what Sincegiven will his power.


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[Assistant] You see, like the base of a statue. And without that, the thing topples.


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[Assistant] The truth of it is that really without the other three, each of us would be kind of screwed. I just couldn't do it on my own. I couldn't do it.


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[Assistant] You're speaking to us in quite a nervous state because we're just approaching crunch time, you know. It's kind of make or break for us in the next two weeks.


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[Assistant] We care when people slag us off, we care about being told we're not this and we're not that, you know.


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[Assistant] Of course we stress and we worry about it and we put everything possible into it at the expense of friendships and everything.


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[Assistant] When I get recognized, I love it. I do. You know, that's why we're at a cool level, because the novelty hasn't worn off. And, you know.


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[Assistant] I don't know how people like Madonna or someone could handle that level of fame because you do have to become a recluse I reckon.


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[Assistant] Music is just everywhere. The whole universe is music. You just walk down the street, there's a kind of music.


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[Assistant] Get Travis to give us his songs, eh? What's that number? That's this girl's numbers. And design's stage costumes.


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[Assistant] And sometimes they say okay and sometimes they say no way. It's the okay no way spectrum.


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[Assistant] And he started playing this melody, like slow.


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[Assistant] But Dave was amazing, and luckily we had the song Fix You to get us through that period.


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[Assistant] Can you take a tiny bit of reverb off? That's cool, thanks.


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[Assistant] That's the most self-conscious I've ever been about people not liking what we were doing. Because I wasn't really sure if I liked it. It was a strange period of time.


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[Assistant] I spent quite a lot of years being anxious about the people that didn't like us without focusing enough on the people that do. It's hard to explain.


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[Assistant] I think everything we've done is shit. That's why I keep trying to do new stuff.


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[Assistant] They've got their own feelings and their own lives going on, even though they're much harder to read, but they still have highs and lows.


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[Assistant] We just never felt like it was important to talk about it. Any group of five men who have got to their late thirties is probably going to have been through depression, addiction, divorce, everything. Even if it was five accountants. You know, we've been through so much together. But what's incredible to me is that we've stuck together as a pack.


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[Assistant] At that time I could be quite strong-minded in telling it has to sound like this. And so he told us to let everyone get to the end of their idea before any judgement is passed.


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[Assistant] Through the course of the next album, Milo Xyloto, it was pretty clear that I was doing well in some parts of my life and really not well in others.


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[Assistant] And this is why a lot of front men have problems in their personal life.


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[Assistant] Towards the end of the Milo tour, it was a very difficult period for about a year or so of feeling completely worthless and nothing to anybody.


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[Assistant] I was just like, I'm a mess really because I, I can't enjoy the great things around me. Then of course I went through a breakup with Gwyneth. Listen man, I'm never gonna moan, I'm grateful for everything. But it was pretty touch and go.


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[Assistant] What we decided to do in Ghost Stories was to really be honest about it. I don't want to bullshit because I need to sing it to get through the day.


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[Assistant] It was a sort of journey from ultimate loneliness to ultimate togetherness.


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[Assistant] But Phil said the other day, because I was about to turn 40, you should write a letter to your 17 year old self and tell him what you're up to. Because his head would just explode.


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[Assistant] The first few years you're trying to make yourself feel different to everybody else, but in the last few years I feel like the journey has just been to remind me and us that we're all in the same tribe on the same little planet in space and more than ever it feels like that's what we're part of. One big band. So what next? I don't know what's next. We've been trying to get to this place for a long time.


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[Assistant] Hello, I'm Gill at engVid, and today we're going to be looking at a song, and it's a Christmas song.


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[Assistant] So, uhm, Christmas in the UK.


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[Assistant] Christmas Day is the 25th of December.


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[Assistant] But the Christmas period is, uhm, longer than just one day.


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[Assistant] There are different versions and different traditions, but one tradition is that there are 12 days of Christmas. So, in that tradition, the 12 days of Christmas run from the 25th of December through to the 5th of January.


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[Assistant] And the 5th of January is known as 12th night. Okay. And it's the time, the date when you start taking down all the Christmas decorations


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[Assistant] Get rid of the tree, if you had a tree.


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[Assistant] Put things away, get back to normal again, Christmas is over. So, uh, but this song, uh, has come out of that 12 day tradition, and it's quite a funny song.


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[Assistant] Because uhm, it's about somebody who sends his, uh, his girlfriend uhm, a present.


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[Assistant] But also, all the presents from the previous days as well, so it, it's sort of, it's a huge number of presents, and it's...


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[Assistant] Uhm, impossible really, uh, for it to happen, but this is it.


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[Assistant] When I say 12 days of Christmas, of course, people joke about


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[Assistant] Christmas, starting around October.


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[Assistant] Because if you walk into a supermarket in the UK, probably in other countries as well, where Christmas is celebrated...


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[Assistant] The supermarkets often put their Christmas things out in October, and you go in and you see mince pies, Christmas cards for sale.


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[Assistant] And, uh, Christmas puddings, and oh no, not Christmas already, and it's only October. So, uh, Christmas sometimes feels like 12 weeks, not 12 days, but anyway.


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[Assistant] This song limits it to 12 days, so let's have a look at the words. So, it begins, and I will teach you the tune as well in a minute.


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[Assistant] It begins on the first day of Christmas, my true love sent to me a partridge in a pear tree.


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[Assistant] So a partridge is a kind of bird, okay, and a pear tree, a tree which grows pears, obviously. Okay. So, that's the first day.


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[Assistant] One present, but then by the second day, on the second day of Christmas, my true love


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[Assistant] Turtle doves, that's two, two more birds, doves.


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[Assistant] A partridge in a pear tree. So now the recipient, the person receiving the gifts has


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[Assistant] Two pear trees with two partridges and two turtle doves by the end of day two.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this is a song, so at this point I think I need to sing you, uh, how it sounds so far. So, here we go.


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[Assistant] On the first day of Christmas my true love sent to me a partridge in a pear tree.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's how it goes. It's quite repetitive. It's the same tune all the way through, basically, but I'll sing it again as we go through, as the song gets longer and longer.


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[Assistant] And you'll see also that this is quite a useful song for learning the numbers when you say first, second, third, because in English when you put the number


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[Assistant] Four, and then after... From four onwards, you have TH, but can see that ST, when you have first,


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[Assistant] You put one, s-t, uhm, second, two, nd, third, three, r-d, and then fourth, four, t-h. So, this song helps you with those numbers as well.


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[Assistant] Okay, so uhm, the third day, on the third day of Christmas,


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[Assistant] My true love sent to me three French hens, so more birds.


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[Assistant] Lots of birds flying around, three French hens, whatever French hens are, I'm not sure, but uhm, there we are. So, third day.


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[Assistant] The person receives three French hens, two turtle doves, and another...


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[Assistant] Fourth day, are you ready? Are you still with me? So, on the fourth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me four calling birds. So, more birds calling the birds that make calling sounds.


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[Assistant] Four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle doves, and a partridge in a pear tree. Okay?


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[Assistant] So, the fifth day, this line is a little bit different because it sort of slows down and there's a bit of a pause, so it's a good place to breathe a bit. So, on the fifth day of Christmas my true love sent to me.


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[Assistant] Five gold rings. So, that's a bit slower and you can take your time over that. Five gold rings.


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[Assistant] So, okay, and so it goes on. So you get the idea of how the song works. So I will now just go through the words.


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[Assistant] For the remainder of the lines, and then perhaps you'd like to join in with me.


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[Assistant] When we sing the whole thing right through from the 12th going backwards. Okay, so the sixth day, six geese are laying. Geese, goose, geese, birds again. This uh,


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[Assistant] Appears, we have... It comes a few times.


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[Assistant] You can ignore it, really. It's just a way of filling in an extra syllable just to make it work.


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[Assistant] It's geese laying, geese laying eggs, because when geese produce, when birds produce their eggs, it's called laying, to lay an egg, to lay an egg.


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[Assistant] Okay, so six geese are laying.


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[Assistant] The seventh day, seven swans, another bird.


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[Assistant] A swimming, so the swans, lovely white birds on water, they're just swimming along, looking very elegant as they usually do. Okay. The eighth day, nah.


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[Assistant] We've got some people now coming into it. That's the end of all the birds. Now it's people. So...


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[Assistant] Eight maids are milking. Maids are young women, and they're milking... Milking a cow to get the milk out of the cow. Okay? So, they're milkmaids. They're working in the dairy producing milk from the cow. So, eight maids are milking. The ninth day


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[Assistant] A leaping, so lords are sort of aristocratic men.


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[Assistant] Upper class, uhm, leaping is another word for jumping, so they're leaping around, jumping about.


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[Assistant] So, it sort of balances with the ladies dancing, the ladies are dancing, the lords are leaping. Okay. Uhm, the 11th day, we get pipers piping. So, a musician with a pipe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What else do pipers do? They pipe. They play the pipe. Okay. And then finally, twelve drummers


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[Assistant] Drumming, so they have their drums, they're drumming on their drums. Okay.


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[Assistant] On the twelfth day of Christmas my true love sent to me.


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[Assistant] 12 drummers drumming, 11 pipers piping, 10 lords are leaping, 9 ladies dancing,


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[Assistant] Eight maids are milking. Seven swans are swimming. Six geese are laying.


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[Assistant] Four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle doves, and a partridge in a pear tree.


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[Assistant] There we are. So, that's the song. I hope you've enjoyed it, and I hope it's been useful for learning the numbers and also perhaps some unfamiliar vocabulary. So,


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[Assistant] And please subscribe to my channel if you've enjoyed this lesson.


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[Assistant] And see you again soon. Okay? Bye.


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[Assistant] This is the entrance to the whole system. The pit itself is very far from here.


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[Assistant] It is a long way, and in some places they have to crawl. It's a difficult place to work.


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[Assistant] We started to find small pieces of human bones.


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[Assistant] Difficult to recognize at the beginning because they were very fragmentary.


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[Assistant] Even without talking each other, we started to think that maybe there were, down there, skeletons.


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[Assistant] We have around 30 complete skeletons half a million years old. And this is absolutely unique.


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[Assistant] Half a million years ago, in these European populations,


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[Assistant] There was planning, there was consciousness, there was a human mind.


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[Assistant] Humans. Without a doubt the smartest animal on earth.


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[Assistant] Yet we're unmistakably tied to our ape origins.


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[Assistant] What happened? What set us on the path to humanity? The questions are huge, but now there are answers.


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[Assistant] At the threshold of humanity, one ancestor contains tantalizing secrets. It is known as Homo erectus.


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[Assistant] New finds are revealing the truth about the ancestors at the heart of our evolution.


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[Assistant] Here were the trailblazers who first left Africa. The first firemakers. The first hunters.


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[Assistant] Colonizing whole continents and creating the first human societies.


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[Assistant] Now, new discoveries are bringing them alive as never before. At last, we come face to face with the ancestors, at the birth of humanity. Right now, on Nova.


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[Assistant] Two million years ago, these spectacular plains and canyons witnessed a mysterious event.


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[Assistant] The birth of the first ancestor we can really call human.


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[Assistant] New discoveries are revealing a creature surprisingly like us. A world traveler. A tool maker. A hunter. Tamer of fire. Creator of the first human societies.


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[Assistant] Amazingly, the qualities that make us human began not with our own species, homo sapiens.


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[Assistant] The true birth of humanity began much further back in time, millions of years ago.


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[Assistant] Ice Age Hunters are painting stunning images on cave walls. And keep doubling. Six more times.


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[Assistant] Only then do we encounter our ancestor, Homo erectus, in Africa's Great Rift Valley.


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[Assistant] It all started with the first apes to walk upright on two legs, about six million years ago.


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[Assistant] There were many different types, all variations on the same theme. Ape-like creatures with small brains.


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[Assistant] For millions of years, creatures like her roamed the forests and grasslands of Africa. But then, something changed.


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[Assistant] About two million years ago, new creatures appeared with abilities never seen before in the animal kingdom. Meet Homo erectus, a toolmaker and hunter.


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[Assistant] One of the first members of our genus, the genus Homo.


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[Assistant] Arms got thinner, legs got longer, brains got bigger.


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[Assistant] It was a huge evolutionary step from ape bodies to bodies like ours.


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[Assistant] But what about the things that make us distinctly human? Creativity. Intelligence. Caring for each other. How can we know when these got started?


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[Assistant] How could we ever know what those first humans were really like?


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[Assistant] It would take a momentous find to shed light on their lives.


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[Assistant] Surrounded by volcanoes and vast expanses of baking desert.


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[Assistant] In 1984, famed anthropologists Richard and Meve Leakey were working at this remote inland sea.


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[Assistant] As the first family of paleoanthropology, the leekies were used to fossil finds. But this was very special.


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[Assistant] One of Leaky's team had found a skull fragment of one of those early humans.


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[Assistant] He could tell from its size and shape it was Homo erectus. And there was more than just a fragment.


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[Assistant] Soon parts of the Homo erectus skeleton, which had never been found before, started to emerge.


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[Assistant] And here they are, the actual bones of a human ancestor, who lived over one and a half million years ago.


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[Assistant] It's the earliest human skeleton ever discovered. The leekies called him Turcanoboy.


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[Assistant] His bones have revolutionized our understanding of the transition from ape to human.


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[Assistant] His skeleton tells us he was five feet three inches tall, with a build closer to a man's than an ape's.


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[Assistant] Victor's going to add Turkana Boy to his family of ancient faces.


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[Assistant] Victor will build Turkana Boy's face, muscle by muscle.


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[Assistant] Turkana Boy's skeleton is surprisingly human.


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[Assistant] His hips are a little wider, his arms a little longer, but his overall body shape is just like ours.


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[Assistant] It will take Victor a week to flesh out Turkana Boy's face.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, a team of animators is at work creating scenes that will bring Turkana Boy and his people to life.


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[Assistant] To make sure they do it accurately, they have enlisted the help of Harvard anthropologist Dan Lieberman.


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[Assistant] As Turkana Boy's forensically reconstructed head nears completion.


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[Assistant] A face emerges that looks a lot like us.


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[Assistant] Now for the first time in a million and a half years, here he is, our ancestor, the Homo erectus, called Turkana Boy. But what he looked like is only the beginning of his story.


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[Assistant] To reconstruct his life, we need to find out how old he was.


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[Assistant] The fact that Turkana Boy was not fully grown has turned out to be a boon to researchers.


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[Assistant] Turkana Boy was already five feet three inches tall.


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[Assistant] When scientists compared his bones and teeth to ours, he seemed to be about 14 years old.


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[Assistant] But when dental specialist Chris Dean began to study his teeth, he was in for a shock.


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[Assistant] Under an electron microscope, it looks like rods made of tiny beads.


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[Assistant] So if you count the beads in these strings, you can figure out exactly how many days that tooth has been growing.


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[Assistant] When Chris looked at the fossilized teeth of Turcanoboy, he got a huge surprise. Turcanoboy wasn't 14 years old, he was 8.


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[Assistant] To be five foot three at age eight, Turkana Boy must have grown up very fast. At a rate closer to chimps than us.


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[Assistant] Human childhood is longer. We reach puberty at about 12.


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[Assistant] So as humans evolved from apes, childhood was extended.


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[Assistant] We humans have the biggest brains in the animal kingdom in relation to our body size.


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[Assistant] They're so big that most of our brain growth has to happen outside the womb, or our heads would never get through the birth canal.


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[Assistant] A long, slow childhood gives our brains time to grow after birth.


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[Assistant] That's the advantage of prolonged childhood. For us, at least. But what about Turkana Boy?


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[Assistant] His brain was 900 cubic centimeters. Smaller than ours, but more than twice as large as a chimps.


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[Assistant] So was he on the way to thinking and talking like us? Ralph Holloway believes he was.


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[Assistant] He's been collecting the brain endocasts of human ancestors for over 30 years.


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[Assistant] An endocast is a mold taken from the inside of the skull, which reveals the shape of the brain.


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[Assistant] Ralph is particularly interested in something called the Broca's area.


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[Assistant] In the brain of Turkana Boy, Ralph believes he sees evidence for something remarkable.


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[Assistant] A change in the Broca's area tied to communication.


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[Assistant] And we'll never know for sure if Turkana Boy could speak. But there are other clues to his intelligence. The stone tools he left behind.


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[Assistant] It may not look like much, but the stone hand axe marks the birth of technology.


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[Assistant] Homo erectus has left us many signs of his inventiveness.


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[Assistant] Here in central Kenya, Rick Hotz has been studying a treasure trove of Homo erectus stone tools.


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[Assistant] Just a mile away, Rick visits the quarry where for thousands of years, these ancestors came to shape stone into tools, leaving behind unused fragments.


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[Assistant] The kind of decision making it takes to create a stone tool has been researched extensively by John Shea.


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[Assistant] Even for an expert, making a hand axe is not easy. A good tool maker has to understand the properties of stone.


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[Assistant] But his bigger brain came with hidden costs.


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[Assistant] With his big brain and body, a Homo erectus like Turkana boy needed more nutrition from his savanna environment.


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[Assistant] But there's one food that can supply the nutrients a growing brain and body needs. And Africa.


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[Assistant] Most predators rely on strength or speed to kill their prey. Our ancestors had neither. Today we are on top of the food chain.


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[Assistant] So it's hard to imagine the predicament of those early humans.


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[Assistant] Here was a slow moving creature with no claws or fangs. Easy prey for the hungry predators around him.


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[Assistant] So how did Turkana Boy, a weakling with a big brain which needed calories, get his meat?


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[Assistant] The ancestors of Homo erectus, small hairy apes like Lucy, were bipedal but probably didn't do much running.


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[Assistant] Dan Lieberman believes they could run long distances because, like us, they had lost their thick coat of body hair and could keep cool by sweating.


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[Assistant] But how do we know if these crucial changes go back all the way to Turkana Boy's time, over a million years ago?


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[Assistant] The most likely scenario is that when we lost our body hair, the original human louse migrated to our heads, leaving the pubic area temporarily unpopulated by lice.


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[Assistant] When our ancestors had contact with gorillas.


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[Assistant] Perhaps sleeping in their nests, or scavenging their bodies for meat.


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[Assistant] The gorilla louse colonized their pubic region.


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[Assistant] Eventually, it turned into the human pubic louse of today.


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[Assistant] So if we could find out when the human pubic louse and the gorilla louse diverged, we would have a rough idea of when we lost our body hair. Fortunately, there's a way to figure that out.


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[Assistant] The genetic dating technique known as the molecular clock.


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[Assistant] It's based on the fact that the sequence of chemical bases which make up DNA mutate


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[Assistant] By counting the number of differences in the genetic code of two species, scientists can determine how long they've been evolving away from each other.


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[Assistant] When Mark used the molecular clock to count the differences between the DNA of gorilla lice and human pubic lice, he came up with a date for their divergence.


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[Assistant] Turkana Boy was mostly hairless, just like us.


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[Assistant] And that may be what gave him an edge over other predators.


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[Assistant] Most animals are at a disadvantage in the midday sun because they overheat. They can only cool down by panting. And when they run fast, they can't pant.


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[Assistant] That means they can only run in short sprints.


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[Assistant] Our hairless bodies allow air to circulate freely on our skin and cool us down as sweat evaporates. This makes us one of the best long distance runners in the animal kingdom.


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[Assistant] And he believes the modern ethnographic record can show us how it was done.


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[Assistant] The Bushmen of the Kalahari offer us an insight into how Homo erectus might have hunted two million years ago.


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[Assistant] The Bushmen know that at midday animals rest in the shade, which is why it's the perfect time to be hunting.


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[Assistant] Once they locate their prey, in this case a kudu, the marathon begins.


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[Assistant] The hunters track it down and get it moving again. They never give it a chance to cool down. And the reason they can keep going is that they can sweat.


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[Assistant] So if the theory is right, the Bushman hunt may help explain how Turkana Boy got his meat.


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[Assistant] Homo erectus had come up with an innovative way of feeding his hungry brain.


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[Assistant] In this modern hunt, the Bushmen ran in the fierce heat for over four hours.


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[Assistant] Turkana Boy wouldn't have had steel tipped spears like the Bushman, but he wouldn't have needed them.


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[Assistant] It fed not just their larger brains, but the growing complexity of that early human society.


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[Assistant] There are other social animals, but none quite like us.


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[Assistant] Could it have something to do with another innovation? Something unprecedented in our evolution. Building fires and cooking.


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[Assistant] The earliest evidence that our ancestors deliberately used fire for cooking dates to long after Turkana Boys time.


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[Assistant] But Richard Wrangham is sure Homo erectus was building fires much earlier.


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[Assistant] On the African savanna, full of predators who hunt by night.


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[Assistant] Richard believes Turkana Boy and his people couldn't have survived without fire.


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[Assistant] And he thinks only cooking, which makes food more soft and digestible, can explain why Homo erectus evolves smaller teeth and a much smaller gut.


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[Assistant] As our ancestors reaped the benefits of cooking, something else happened too. At least according to Wrangham. We became more social.


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[Assistant] It's speculative, but one thing is for sure.


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[Assistant] In the Homo erectus world, new social relationships had to be evolving.


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[Assistant] The bonds between mothers and children must have been very different from the apes.


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[Assistant] Secure in this unbreakable mother-infant bond.


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[Assistant] Ape babies need less capacity to read the intentions of others than human babies.


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[Assistant] The shocking fact is that human mothers abandon their infants much more often than ape mothers.


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[Assistant] A child's survival can depend on making itself appealing to a number of caregivers.


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[Assistant] Perhaps that's why human infants have evolved a uniquely acute sensitivity.


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[Assistant] We are born hardwired with an awareness of the intentions and emotions of others, which is unique in the animal world.


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[Assistant] Could these social instincts have developed with Homo erectus?


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[Assistant] Along with cooperative hunting, bigger brains, longer childhoods, and the use of fire.


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[Assistant] Perhaps Turkana Boy and his people already had social skills that would be familiar to us.


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[Assistant] Here were intelligent social beings with an increasing capacity for cooperation.


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[Assistant] It may be this that made possible another great achievement. The Exodus from Africa.


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[Assistant] For millions of years, our earliest ancestors stayed on the African savannas. But at some point, they started to leave.


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[Assistant] Ancient fossil skulls and tools have been found as far away as China and Indonesia. The question is, when did they leave Africa and why?


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[Assistant] When Turkana Boy was found, scientists thought they had the answer.


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[Assistant] Here was a strong, large-brained ancestor capable of an arduous migration. He had the look of a world conqueror.


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[Assistant] For decades, scientists believed big strapping humans like Turkana Boy left Africa a million years ago.


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[Assistant] But new discoveries are showing the migration may have started a lot earlier than that.


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[Assistant] The mountains and plains of the Caucasus, thousands of miles from the Great Rift Valley, had never produced any fossils of early human ancestors.


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[Assistant] But then, an astonishing discovery was made.


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[Assistant] Since then, Damanisi has been put on the map of human evolution in a big way.


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[Assistant] They showed that the first humans to leave Africa were much more primitive than Turkana Boy.


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[Assistant] At four and a half feet tall, they were smaller than Turcanaboy.


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[Assistant] The ancient Domenici landscape has been built up layer by layer over millions of years.


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[Assistant] To the vast majority of scientists who believe that all our ancestors evolved in Africa, this was a stunning surprise.


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[Assistant] How had a small, primitive Homo erectus migrated to the Caucasus almost two million years ago, long before Turcanoboi?


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[Assistant] Scientists now accept that as soon as Homo erectus appeared on the savannas of Africa, they started to leave.


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[Assistant] The Georgia fossils prove that Homo erectus left Africa much earlier than previously thought.


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[Assistant] In 2003, researchers made a discovery so strange, nobody knew what to make of it.


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[Assistant] They found the bones of a tiny human ancestor, just over three feet tall, even smaller than the Dmanisi fossils.


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[Assistant] They called this baffling new ancestor Homo floresiensis.


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[Assistant] And in the cave where this primitive creature was found,


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[Assistant] They also uncovered stone tools, something Lucy never had.


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[Assistant] Everything about these creatures is an enigma. Where did they come from, and what were they?


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[Assistant] But when scientists took a closer look, most saw no evidence of disease.


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[Assistant] The stone tools and the shape of the face moved the focus to our old friend, Homo erectus.


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[Assistant] Isolated on islands with limited food, large mammals sometimes shrink over time.


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[Assistant] Could the same evolutionary pressure have acted on Homo erectus to produce the hobbit?


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[Assistant] Or was this mysterious creature descended from an even more primitive ancestor?


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[Assistant] So whatever the Hobbit was, perhaps its ancestors were the very first wave of migration out of Africa. Some unknown creature, part bipedal ape like Lucy, and part Homo erectus.


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[Assistant] A key driving force behind the migration was probably a climate shift.


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[Assistant] Which spread grasslands from Africa into Asia.


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[Assistant] Of course, our ancestors didn't know they were leaving Africa. They just followed the animals they depended on.


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[Assistant] Through the Cyanide up into the Middle East and beyond.


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[Assistant] It's often been called an exodus, but it really wasn't like that.


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[Assistant] The process was probably very, very slow.


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[Assistant] Much like the spread of any other animal species into new territories.


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[Assistant] By a million years ago, our ancestors had populated Asia from the Caucasus to Indonesia.


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[Assistant] And they were in Europe too, as a recent discovery in Spain has shown.


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[Assistant] Homo erectus had conquered the old world.


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[Assistant] The fact that they made it so far with limited technology and relatively small brains makes them seem even more remarkable.


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[Assistant] A few pockets of Homo erectus may have been still clinging on in Asia just 50,000 years ago. That's a span of 2 million years.


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[Assistant] Our own species has only been around for 200,000.


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[Assistant] Here is a tantalizing clue to what may be this ancestor's most important legacy. The instinct to look after each other.


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[Assistant] And it helps us imagine Turkana Boy's final day on Earth.


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[Assistant] In the animator's scenario, he starts the day out on a hunt.


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[Assistant] But he has trouble keeping up with the hunting party. Why?


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[Assistant] The evidence from his skeleton is that he was sick and in pain at the time he died.


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[Assistant] An abscess that ate away that much of his jawbone would have been agonizing.


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[Assistant] Turkana Boy is in so much pain, he's unable to continue the hunt.


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[Assistant] Knowing he would be looked after, perhaps he returned to his campsite to find comfort among the females.


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[Assistant] His skeleton was so complete, it is likely he died in water, which would have protected him.


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[Assistant] For almost two million years, his bones were preserved by the Earth.


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[Assistant] Their discovery opened a window for us on an unknown world.


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[Assistant] The world of the most successful human ancestor of all time. Homo erectus.


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[Assistant] They've revealed to us that mysterious moment when almost everything human was born.


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[Assistant] But that little bit can't tell us very much about an individual. So having a nearly complete skeleton, we can start to ask big questions.


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[Assistant] And if we look at his skeleton, we can see that the growth plates on his limbs that would fuse when he's fully adult are all unfused. So even though he's very tall, we know that he's still growing.


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[Assistant] Suddenly with the origin of Homo erectus, we get this shift in body shape and then boom, they're out of Africa right away.


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[Assistant] You could imagine a group of Homo erectus moving their range a kilometer a year in one direction and doing that continually over a long enough period of time, you can get the distance from Africa to Indonesia covered in say 15,000 years.


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[Assistant] Homo erectus made tools like this hand axe here. It's been chipped extensively on both sides. The point enables one to do piercing tasks. The heavy bit here can be used for cracking bone or chopping wood. It's a very, very versatile tool and a sharp one.


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[Assistant] I'm just gonna tap it a little bit. I'm just checking it out to see if there's any internal flaws before I do it. There might be one in here. It feels like there might be something in there, but I like a challenge, so I'll map it anyway.


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[Assistant] It won't fail until I have a lot of pressure on it. Until I hit it really hard. The fracture will go much further than it otherwise would. So that Homo erectus did this tells us they were capable of thinking ahead.


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[Assistant] I can tell, yeaah, see this? It's right there. Now, I've worked around it, but if I were an early human and spotted this, I would stop making the hand axe right now. If I'm out running around the savannas chasing a rhinoceros, or butchering a rhinoceros as the lines are circling and my hand axe breaks, I'm in trouble.


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[Assistant] So, you know, I go home tonight, I'm still gonna get fed even though I didn't make a perfect hand axe. As homorectus, I might end up being the meal instead.


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[Assistant] Circana Boy, had he grown to adulthood, would probably have stood around six feet tall. This is a big, strong creature that would have had a huge energy budget.


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[Assistant] Homorectus faced a problem. How do you kill a big dangerous animal that has lots of meat and fat in it without that animal also killing you?


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[Assistant] So when people think of Exodus, they think of the Bible, or they think of migration, they think of Europeans coming over here to the New World.


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[Assistant] It probably wasn't like any historical migration, this dispersal of humans out of Africa.


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[Assistant] Yeah. I'm happy we made it here, Tony. That was an enlightening moment.


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[Assistant] Necesito hojas de coca. Y... Encarnación rojas y blancas.


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[Assistant] He's gonna teach us how to do the bath for the plants and for us. Okay.


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[Assistant] He says that 20 years ago, 25 years ago, it was easier for him. He was planting, uh, soybeans. Right. And coffee. And he was making much more money.


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[Assistant] And then he didn't plant soybeans any longer and then the coffee production went down. So therefore he had a financial struggle for a while. And now with the cacao trees that they are planting, he has no more stress and he's fairly happy himself.


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[Assistant] Are we there yet? No, no, no, we're not.


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[Assistant] Gracias. You're asking too much. Some say. Sometimes.


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[Assistant] The lower limb is very much like Salusi's skeleton. That was a big surprise.


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[Assistant] Unit one. Anyone. Anyone. Anywhere. Anywhere. Wonderful. Wonderful. Few. Few. Quite a few. Quite a few. Most.


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[Assistant] something, something, nothing, nothing, everyone, everyone, of course, of course, myself, myself, yourself, yourself, hen,


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[Assistant] hen pig pig seam seam board board someone someone diary diary activity activity


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[Assistant] decide decide try try paragliding paragliding feel like feel like bird bird bicycle bicycle building


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[Assistant] building trader trader wonder wonder difference difference top top weight weight umbrella umbrella wet


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[Assistant] wet because of because of below below enough enough hungry hungry as as hill hill


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[Assistant] Duck. Dislike. Dislike. Central Park. Central Park. Huang Guoxu waterfall. Huang Guoxu waterfall. Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Malaysia. Malaysia.


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[Assistant] Malaysian. Malaysian. Georgetown. Georgetown. Weld Quay. Weld Quay. Penang Hill. Penang Hill. Tiananmen Square. Tiananmen Square. The Palace Museum. The Palace Museum.


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[Assistant] Who do you choose eventually? Here you go. Gracias.


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[Assistant] And I think the most compelling idea, the most compelling hypothesis is that it saved us energy. And energy is crucial to survival.


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[Assistant] Fantastic climbers, but also able to walk and run rapidly and effectively, but not economically.


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[Assistant] Walking was tiring, but they didn't have to walk far.


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[Assistant] They have to go farther to get from one fruit patch to another fruit patch, for example.


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[Assistant] It spends enormous amount of energy, about four times as much energy as a human walking.


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[Assistant] What we're seeing is a fluorescence of species, multiple species. They're probably subtly different from each other. But it's important to recognize that there are not major differences among these species.


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[Assistant] This way of life, this suite of adaptations lasted for millions of years.


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[Assistant] If you look carefully, what you've got here is a depression that could very likely be the lunate sulcus. And so that suggests then by australopithecine times that, you know, you're having a beast that is simply smarter than present-day chimpanzees.


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[Assistant] Once you go from something like 400cc's in australopithecines to say 700, 800cc's in homo habilis, yes, you're getting a big increase in cognitive capacity.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it was full of tanks here. This was the operation room here.


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[Assistant] What did this fire? It's fire, uh, rocket. Homemade. And there's a rocket here. We put it here. And fire with the battery.


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[Assistant] This was from a helicopter. Yes. We got it and we brought it in the cars. You took it off a helicopter. Yeah. And you put it on a car. Uh huh. And you know what this is for? You know Molotov? And we fire it.


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[Assistant] Look at this kid. He died with a victory sign. They killed him like with a grenade.


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[Assistant] Lesson 141 Sally's First Train Ride


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[Assistant] Lesson 141. Sally's First Train Ride.


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[Assistant] Everyone gets everything he wants. I wanted to see the Congo, and for my sins they let me.


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[Assistant] The size of all Western Europe combined, it should be Africa's wealthiest nation. But people forget, or never even knew,


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[Assistant] That the 20th century's first holocaust happened here when Belgium's King Leopold managed to bamboozle the world at giving him personal title to the Congo.


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[Assistant] Leopold's agents, of whom the mythical Kurtz was one,


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[Assistant] When independence finally came, the Belgians trashed what they could.


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[Assistant] And left behind a completely unprepared, tribally divided and largely ungovernable landmass filled with stuff that everybody in the world wanted. And things pretty much went downhill from there.


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[Assistant] If you're looking to get to the Eastern Congo, and many would ask why you'd even want to do that, the best way is to drive across from neighboring Rwanda. This country, of course, not too long ago, suffered its own appalling genocide.


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[Assistant] Behind the wheel, Dan. He's been living in the DRC for two years, working on a documentary about some of the several dozen rebel groups in the country.


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[Assistant] Riding shotgun, Dan's close friend and associate, Horeb, a Congolese.


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[Assistant] The significant number of whom are IDPs, internally displaced people. Sitting, rather inconveniently, at the base of Mount Nyiragongo. A still smoldering volcano.


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[Assistant] Current street level is about 12 feet above where it was in January 2002 when it last erupted. Lava everywhere. Which explains the less than smooth ride.


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[Assistant] One of the first things you notice out the car window, the U.N.


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[Assistant] Good food is gonna be a challenge soon, so we take the opportunity to fill up on what we can. Grilled chicken, ugali, puripuri pepper. Pretty nice meal.


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[Assistant] Confused yet? Virtually all of the eastern part of the country is being contested by rebel groups. Some local, and others allegedly acting on behalf of interests based in neighboring countries.


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[Assistant] So we need to keep moving. And roads, forget it.


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[Assistant] Certainly nothing even remotely safe between Goma and where we're headed.


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[Assistant] So we've chartered a bush plane, formerly Queen Elizabeth's flying wardrobe. When the Queen traveled, presumably in her younger years, her clothes followed in this beast, or so we're told. Of course you learn to take nothing for granted in the Congo.


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[Assistant] Crashes are pretty commonplace. Not so long ago, a plane with nearly 100 people on board went down on the same route we're taking today.


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[Assistant] Not us. Don't worry. The weather clears up. Sort of. So we decide to give it a go.


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[Assistant] Lifting off from Goma, we head out over the shores of Lake Kivu, before circling back north, northeast.


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[Assistant] What Conrad referred to in Heart of Darkness as the inner station.


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[Assistant] Here, surrounded by dense jungle, lies our rendezvous with the Congo River. A waterway responsible for both building this country and helping to destroy it.


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[Assistant] This was once Stanleyville, and the country's second largest city.


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[Assistant] Before war and neglect cut it off from the rest of the Congo and the world. Stanleyville. Known in Heart of Darkness as the interstation.


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[Assistant] Conrad describes it as a twisting snake with its head in the Atlantic Ocean and its tail buried deep in Africa's heart.


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[Assistant] To Europeans, it was a natural route to transport slaves, ivory, rubber, minerals. The commodities upon which modern day Brussels and Antwerp are built.


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[Assistant] For the Congolese, both before and after the Belgians, it provided more basic things.


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[Assistant] Water. To wash, to clean your clothes in, to cook with, to drink.


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[Assistant] Since long before the expeditions of Dr. Livingston and Henry Morton Stanley, the Waginia tribe has been fishing the river in unique fashion.


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[Assistant] Perched on a precarious network of wooden poles, they hoist together.


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[Assistant] The catch these days? Not much.


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[Assistant] Ogi is a Waginia fisherman and was a guide bringing tourists to his village.


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[Assistant] The Waginia tribe made what was in retrospect the mistake of allowing Stanley to pass.


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[Assistant] The famous explorer, of course, pretty much shot and raided his way along his historic route to the coast.


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[Assistant] Before effectively jump-starting the colonial period.


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[Assistant] Using Stanley as administrator, King Leopold of Belgium claimed the Congo as his personal property.


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[Assistant] Under Leopold's reign, men, women, and children were tagged with numbers, separated into groups, given production quotas. If they fell short, they were whipped with the chicot. Their hands cut off. Hanged.


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[Assistant] An estimated 10 million Congolese were either starved, worked to death, executed, or just killed where they stood. All in just over 20 years.


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[Assistant] By the end, half the population of the country was gone.


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[Assistant] Right, hundreds of them used to come, yes? Well, things get a little better here. Maybe they come back. I hope so. I hope so too.


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[Assistant] After Leopold, the Belgian government took over and pretty much continued as before. An apartheid-like system of what's mine is mine and what's yours is mine.


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[Assistant] By the 50s, there was a beautiful modern infrastructure built.


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[Assistant] Railroads, hotels, sports clubs, schools. The envy of Africa.


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[Assistant] Not a lot of dependable electric power left in the city. But what lights do glow around town, much of it comes from places like this.


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[Assistant] In Heart of Darkness, Conrad writes about the greed of the Belgian colonizers.


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[Assistant] They grabbed what they could get for the sake of what was to be got.


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[Assistant] It was just robbery with violence. Aggravated murder on a great scale.


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[Assistant] And after 75 years, the Congolese had had enough.


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[Assistant] We helped to install this miserable bastard in his place. Joseph Mobutu.


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[Assistant] He stole billions of dollars from his people and pretty much became the template for despotism in Africa.


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[Assistant] Needless to say, this situation deteriorated over the next 30 odd years. And by the time Mobutu was done, the Congo was mired in a series of civil wars, the government was no longer paying its bills, and the trains basically stopped running.


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[Assistant] There's one short run left. Service once a week when operational, which isn't often I'm guessing.


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[Assistant] Abandoned by the Belgians, shot up and stripped by rebels in the nineties. The station, the engines, the ancient passenger cars, and the tracks themselves have slowly receded into the jungle.


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[Assistant] And yet all these years later, with hardly any resources, Monsieur Aloub Emile, the railway administrator, and a staff of clerks, conductors, mechanics and engineers show up at work and do what they can in an attempt to keep things in working order.