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[Assistant] Oh yeaah, love something sweet with ginger. Probably a cake of some sort. There's beautiful local carrots here, so you could incorporate that somehow. Yeaah, go sweet.


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[Assistant] The broth is punchy as. Very, very gingery, no doubt about that.


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[Assistant] You've certainly hit the ginger flavours, which is what it was all about. But unfortunately it wasn't, just wasn't your day.


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[Assistant] Broth is what makes the dish. It's a very big part of the dish. So if I don't get this broth right, the whole dish is going to be really flat.


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[Assistant] I make the sauce with black vinegar, light soy sauce, I grate some fresh garlic, fresh ginger, and then chilies. And I balance my broth with the sauce.


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[Assistant] I just want to keep it very, very light and get the pineapple to shine today.


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[Assistant] It's gonna go south from the cake with a torched Italian meringue on top. Well done, yeaah.


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[Assistant] Much better. Yeah. Comes out a bit. And makes the fruit sing a little bit more.


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[Assistant] Kurt has definitely set me back in this cook, but I need to put it behind me and just move on with my elements.


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[Assistant] It's just not as smooth and silky as I want it to be. I don't want that meringue on the plate. It's just not good enough.


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[Assistant] When a comet approaches the sun, it starts to heat up converting ice directly into gas and releasing the trapped dust particles in space.


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[Assistant] No, it is true. The ultraviolet radiations from the sun ionize the gas. And the solar wind carries this ionized gas away from the sun, forming an ion tail. Whereas, the light from the sun exerts pressure on the dust particles and pushes them away, creating a dust tail.


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[Assistant] Topic, Lateral Inversion. Why is ambulance ridden in reverse?


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[Assistant] Oh, you're just impossible. It is because mirrors form laterally inverted images. Lateral inversion is a phenomenon due to which the left side of an object appears to be the right side in the mirror and the right side appears to be the left side. Which hand are you raising now?


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[Assistant] Arrgh. Okay, don't get angry. Let's get back to the question.


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[Assistant] Fish take in water usually through their mouth or gills. Depending on whether they live in fresh water or salt water.


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[Assistant] Hence, due to osmosis, water from the surrounding flows through the gills into its bloodstream. However, as the fish is continuously taking in water, it urinates a lot and removes excess water.


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[Assistant] Oh, really. This is because its blood has more water. And less salt concentration than the salt water around it. Hence, to maintain the balance, the fish gulps salt water through its mouth. Filters the water for its use and expels excess salt while urinating. Topic, Gravity. Why are planets round? Because I commanded them. You wish.


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[Assistant] Gravity acts as if it originates from the center of a planet and pulls each point of the planet towards it. Hence, the only way for everything on the surface to be equally close to its center is to form a round shape.


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[Assistant] However, planets are not exactly round. They are roughly spherical. This is because planets spin on their axis.


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[Assistant] Absolutely. When planets spin, things near the equator tend to move away from the center due to centrifugal force. Resulting in formation of an equatorial bulge. Because of this bulge, the equator of a planet becomes farther from its center than its poles. Creating a roughly spherical planet. Can a magnifying glass burn paper?


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[Assistant] It is because a magnifying glass is actually a convex lens. A convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges.


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[Assistant] Naahhh. The twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric refraction. Huh? Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light caused by the earth's atmosphere.


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[Assistant] When the atmosphere refracts more starlight towards us, the star appears bright. And when the atmosphere refracts less starlight, the star appears dim. In this way, the amount of starlight reaching our eyes increases and decreases causing the star to appear twinkling. Topic. Surface tension.


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[Assistant] Naahhh. It is because of surface tension. Surface tension is the property of liquids by which surface molecules of a liquid try to hold the liquid together by acquiring minimum surface area and acting like a stretched membrane.


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[Assistant] Alright, I'll explain. Inside a drop, each water molecule is pulled with a force by its neighboring molecules. As these forces are equal and opposite, they get neutralized. However, the molecule present at the surface is not attracted outwards. It is attracted only inwards and sideways.


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[Assistant] But because of the inward force, each surface molecule contracts to form a shape that has minimum surface area which is a sphere.


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[Assistant] Alum is added to purify water. Alum is aluminium sulfate. It acts as a coagulant. A coagulant attracts and binds with extremely fine and small particles to form a large particle.


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[Assistant] Oh, you're just unbelievable.


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[Assistant] No. Wait, I'll explain. Every object when struck vibrates at its natural frequency. If we make sound having a frequency which matches the object's natural frequency, then that object starts to vibrate. This phenomenon is called resonance.


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[Assistant] Just listen. Every glass is made up of different materials. However, all of them have a natural resonant frequency. Hence, when we make sounds which match their resonant frequencies, the glasses start to vibrate.


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[Assistant] No, this is because of intermolecular force. Huh?


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[Assistant] Intermolecular force is the force of attraction present in between the molecules of solids, liquids or gases.


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[Assistant] Since the intermolecular forces are not strong. The molecules of a liquid are loosely packed and they have empty spaces in between them. As a result, the molecules can be displaced from their original position.


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[Assistant] Hence, when a diver jumps into water, its molecules get displaced from their original position. And the diver is able to cut through the water.


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[Assistant] geography geography My favorite subject is geography.


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[Assistant] Computer. Computer. My favorite subject is computer.


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[Assistant] Lesson 15. Your passports, please. Are you Swedish?


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[Assistant] Lesson 15. Your passports, please. Are you Swedish?


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[Assistant] Who had twelve daughters, that is, twelve princesses. Each one of them was more beautiful than the other. All of them were young now. And the king had a plan for them to get married.


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[Assistant] I am the prince from your neighborhood kingdom, and I'm here to discover the secret about the princesses. He got a warm welcome at the king's place. In the evening, after the dinner, he was offered a room to sleep. The room was adjacent to the princess's chamber.


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[Assistant] His bed was placed in a way that he can easily keep an eye on the princesses to see where do they go to dance. The door of the princess's chamber was left open. The prince was in his room.


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[Assistant] Couple of princesses came to him and offered him a glass of wine. The prince drank some wine and started observing what the princesses were up to. He sat for some time, but grew heavy lead and fell asleep. He woke up in the morning to find that the princesses had already danced. This followed for the next couple of nights too. On the fourth day,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the prince failed to provide any answer, he was killed by the king without any mercy. Later on, many people came forward for the same cause, but all of them failed to discover the secret. All of them were killed by the king. The king was not happy to kill them, and he was sad.


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[Assistant] I don't know. I was thinking to go to the King's City.


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[Assistant] But I think if I go after that cause, I'll lose my life, just like many others who made an attempt.


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[Assistant] The soldier was treated just like the other candidates.


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[Assistant] After some time, the eldest princess entered the soldier's room. Hello, princess.


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[Assistant] The soldier was aware about it. He drank all the wine, but didn't gulp it, as he had kept a sponge under his tongue. As the princess left his room, he took out the sponge and pretended to be falling asleep. All the princesses were happy to see him sleeping. They all got dressed up to go out. As all of them were ready, the eldest princess tapped her bed.


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[Assistant] Which immediately sank into the earth. The twelve princesses, one after the other, went down through the opening. The soldier was watching it. He wore the cloak and followed them. He was going down with the youngest princess. Halfway down the steps, the youngest princess felt scared.


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[Assistant] The soldier pulled her dress a bit. She got more scared.


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[Assistant] The soldier smiled and walked with the princesses. The princesses went to a beautiful garden.


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[Assistant] Moving on, the princesses entered an avenue full of diamonds. The soldier picked up the diamond.


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[Assistant] This time too, the youngest princess heard a cracking noise and got scared.


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[Assistant] Well, the pairs entered the castle, and so did the invisible soldier. As they entered the hall, the music began.


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[Assistant] By the time the princesses came to their chamber, slowly,


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[Assistant] This happened every night. The soldier followed them, collected the evidence with him and returned to his bed before them. On the concluding day, when the king called the soldier, my Lord, all the 12 princesses go beneath their chamber. There is a castle under your kingdom. And he explained the complete story. The king looked at the princesses who were listening to this from behind a big curtain.


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[Assistant] And he presented the silver and golden leaves and the diamonds he had picked. The princesses now admit the fact. They confessed about what they were up to. The king was happy to know the fact. He facilitated the soldier. With which of my daughter would you like to marry?


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[Assistant] She had long silky hair and beautiful black eyes. Jack instantly fell in love with her.


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[Assistant] Jack had no money left now, but he was not sad at all. He knew he did the right thing.


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[Assistant] But the dream was gone, and so was the girl.


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[Assistant] After awhile, he saw something strange.


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[Assistant] They both reached a small town. The traveling companion asked Jack to wait by the road while he found the best hotel for them to stay.


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[Assistant] Jack narrated the entire dream to his new friend.


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[Assistant] He saw the king sitting sadly upon his throne. Jack bowed to the king.


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[Assistant] Jack was confused, but he dared not question the king. He waited there patiently. Shortly enough, the princess arrived. She wore a black robe.


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[Assistant] Her eyes were dull and her face was thinner than the previous night. But Jack did not care. He was hopelessly in love with her. My princess!


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[Assistant] I am here to ask for your hand in marriage. Alright, but you have to pass a test first. Come with me.


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[Assistant] Jack happily followed the princess. He was already dreaming of a future with her.


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[Assistant] As he entered the balcony on the back of the palace he saw a lake below. What a beautiful lake! I am glad you like it.


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[Assistant] Just like the ones before who came to marry me. Now listen closely.


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[Assistant] You will be called to the palace every morning at 9 o'clock or 3 days.


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[Assistant] If you show me the wrong thing even once, you'll be thrown in this lake.


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[Assistant] And if you guess it correctly and show me what I am thinking of all the three times, then I shall marry you. Do you agree?


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[Assistant] As soon as Jack fell asleep, he took out a bow and the long stick out of his bag.


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[Assistant] He wanted to find out the truth behind the mysterious palace and its princess. As he came closer to the princess's room, he hid behind a tower.


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[Assistant] As she turned he hid behind a tree and peeped out. What he saw next shocked him. Her eyes were green.


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[Assistant] But the princess didn't know that Jack's traveling companion had watched the monster give her the glove.


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[Assistant] She went to the cave and narrated the incident to the monster. He was equally shocked.


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[Assistant] But this can be a coincidence, he thought to himself.


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[Assistant] That night, the companion knew he had to do something about the monster.


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[Assistant] Next morning, the princess was waiting for the goblin near her window. It was five minutes to nine, but the goblin never appeared. Where is the goblin?


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[Assistant] Back in the hall, the entire kingdom gathered, waiting to see the miracle. The princess came out, but something was different about her. She looked distracted.


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[Assistant] vacation vacation


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[Assistant] spring warm


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[Assistant] I'm seeing the golden arches of a croissant and then you're seeing this amazing layers of chocolate and cream and it is a mountain of technique, skill and time.


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[Assistant] It's a really precise machine. It's basically going to slowly work the dough down a mill at a time. And it just quarters the time than using a rolling pin.


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[Assistant] The dough needs to be folded twice. The fear about this is precision and accuracy. If you make a mistake here, there's no buffer zone. That's it.


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[Assistant] The dough is now flat, so I start the second fold, called the letter fold. This is the crucial part of the cook. The letter fold creates the honeycomb effect in the croissant. These are super important. Wrong folds can create a wrong rise, and that doesn't create a great croissant.


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[Assistant] The most important thing about this step is you need to make sure the dough is three layers. So I fold each edge over and I push it down so there's no more gaps.


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[Assistant] I am absolutely ultra focused. This is such an important part and I do not want to stuff this up.


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[Assistant] To roll the croissant, I slowly fold it over itself until you get a nice circle and you get cool little increment layers.


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[Assistant] My croissants look beautifully risen. They've doubled in size and they look like you could nearly eat them raw.


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[Assistant] Now that my chocolate anglaise is done, the next step is to finish off my chocolate mousse.


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[Assistant] I make the chocolate frangipane by creaming butter and sugar in a stand mixer. I then dust in some almond meal and some cocoa powder. So you've creamed the butter and the sugar really well together.


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[Assistant] Once my croissants are cut in half, I pipe on my jam, and I also pipe on my French pan.


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[Assistant] I am so relieved. It's got a nice crust on it. It's really, really stiff and hard. Now I've gotta cool them down so I can pipe everything onto the croissant to finish it off.


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[Assistant] I am absolutely panicked. I don't even know if I'm gonna get everything ready.


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[Assistant] I'm moving so fast that my piping isn't perfect. Let's go, let's go, let's go. But I'm getting all the elements on the croissants. They look good, Simon.


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[Assistant] Walking my dish up to the judges, I'm just always in a constant state of nerves. I want to be here till the very, very end.


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[Assistant] I'm not quite sure what to do. I mean, I kinda have to get rid of the tomatoes because they're not really going with this idea. I'm just not sure what to use with the eggplants.


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[Assistant] So let's go with the... There's lots of varieties there.


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[Assistant] The cooking that you produce today is the stuff you need to build on tomorrow. You need to go for gold. Because we're going to the Gold Coast.


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[Assistant] Are you ready? Yes. Yes, Gary. Yep. Your time starts now. Come on. Let's go, everyone.


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[Assistant] Ah, stop bluffing. When a dead whale accidentally gets washed up on a beach, it begins to decompose as it is not eaten up by sharks or other fishes. During decomposition, various gases like methane and carbon dioxide are produced within its body.


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[Assistant] But since there is a thick layer of blubber under the skin of whales, the gases cannot escape out.


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[Assistant] Now such gases are also produced in other animals after their death. But since the body of a whale is large, it produces more gases. Thus increasing the pressure on its body.


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[Assistant] Eventually, due to the increased pressure, the accumulated gases, tissues, flesh, etc. forcefully come out through weak spots, thus creating an explosion.


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[Assistant] Hence, it is always advised not to stand or sit on a dead whale. Because it might lead to increased pressure at weak spots, thus causing an explosion.


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[Assistant] Nooooo. Huh? Like humans, dolphins are mammals.


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[Assistant] Just like security guards, right? Oh, just listen. Each eye of a dolphin is directly connected to the opposite hemisphere of the brain.


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[Assistant] Now, while sleeping, a dolphin shuts down one hemisphere and the opposite eye. In the meantime, the other active hemisphere keeps track of internal bodily functions like breathing and the open eye looks out for predators.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After two to four hours, the dolphin swaps the sleeping task. It awakens the closed eye and resting hemisphere and shuts down the active hemisphere and the open eye.


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[Assistant] Why is dry ice so dangerous? Maybe because it is made by devils. Nah, dry ice is basically solid carbon dioxide. The surface temperature of a dry ice block is about negative 78 degrees Celsius or negative 109 degrees Fahrenheit.


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[Assistant] This means it is much cooler than ordinary ice, which is made up of water. If dry ice comes in contact with our skin, our cells begin to freeze and die within seconds, thus giving us severe frostbite.


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[Assistant] But why? This is because dry ice sublimates. That is, it directly gets converted from solid state to gaseous state. Hence, in airtight containers, the gas produced can build up and exert pressure on the walls of container which can lead to a dangerous explosion.


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[Assistant] Oh, just listen. When we are asleep, we don't perform any activities. Hence, our heart rate becomes slow when the blood flow is decreased.


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[Assistant] The major reason for red to be used as a danger signal is its wavelength.


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[Assistant] No. In the wave theory of light, the distance between successive crests or troughs is called wavelength.


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[Assistant] Now, among the colors of visible light, red has the longest wavelength. Hence, it is least scattered by the atmospheric particles. As a result, whether it is fog or smoke, red light passes comparatively easily through them.


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[Assistant] Thus, it can be seen from maximum distance, making red color the right choice to convey any danger.


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[Assistant] How, how are you doing? This is going to be quite the serious reading vlog. We have a mission. It's a very serious mission. Cadets, are you ready? Are you suited, belted, buckled, brimming with anticipation? Okay, good. We are on a mission to track down


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The perfect spooky books. And this is not an easy task, and it is one many of us have perished to along the way. Failing and falling like shooting stars. That's a little too dramatic. This is too dramatic. Let's...


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[Assistant] But then also from there, I want to create a spooky challenge bookshelf for myself. I want to put all the spooky reads I either own, want to buy it soon,


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[Assistant] We'll see if it's exactly my cup of tea. It's also like historical fiction, which I don't know if I'm in the mood for right now. The other one we have in is Strange Practice by Vivian Shaw. This is the one I'm like leaning the most towards because it sounds the most spooky, the most Halloween-y. I think this is about a girl and she either like accidentally becomes a necromancer,


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[Assistant] So those are the three I have in, so we're gonna be choosing from those. But then I also have...


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[Assistant] So I'm gonna add all four of these to the literal list as well. The first one is My Dark Vanessa by Kate Elizabeth Russell. This was a very wonderful gift from Mary at Mary Among Stories. Thank you so much. She gave me this for my birthday.


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[Assistant] Uhm, oh, I guess to make the goal clear, like that is the goal. I wanna be so scared. I wanna be frightened beyond belief this week. I want a piece of media to absolutely terrorize me.


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[Assistant] We'll see, but these are definitely all gonna go on that list because I just want to have something to refer to as well for spooky reading no matter the season, but these are the ones that I kind of have my eye on for this week to absolutely


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[Assistant] Frighten me. So, I think what I'm gonna do right now is start strange practice. I'm gonna listen to strange practice, do my tours, and then I will get back to you on the first few updates. It is also still like far too warm for my liking. It's been really hot this week and last week, which is, you know, concerning.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it has yet to cool down properly at all here for any kind of spookiness or...


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[Assistant] Uhm, so I'm gonna wash this and then honestly I might drink my coffee out of it. This thing is so cool.


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[Assistant] I got a hand. Yes, I got a hand, but it's actually a candle holder. So you just put a little candle on the top and then he, he like sits on the table.


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[Assistant] And a vegan pumpkin loaf that my grandma made. My grandma's been getting into vegan baking, which I am.


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[Assistant] Eat her delicious baking and it was delicious. It's like a pumpkin loaf with nuts and cinnamon, I think.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and it was good. It was a little too good, grandma. I know you're watching this. It was too good. You're gonna make me eat the whole loaf in one sitting. Anyway, I have some very good reading updates, so I...


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[Assistant] Just passages from, so you kind of get an idea of what I'm talking about. One of my definite favorite stories from this.


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[Assistant] And I wasn't really expecting much from it, I wasn't sure what the fairy tale was, but oh my gosh. Like the description of the woods in The Earl King and like October.


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[Assistant] Fall. Forest. It's just like, I would literally die for this language. Like this just, it like does something. Like I feel like I feed on it. Like it's just delicious. It is so good. It's so tantalizing and so like,


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[Assistant] There were crisp husks of beach mast and cast acorn cups underfoot in the russet slime of dead bracken, where the reins of the equinox had so soaked the earth that the cold oozed up through the soles of the shoes, lancinating cold of the approach of winter that grips hold of your belly and squeezes it tight. Now the stark elders have an anorexic look. There's not much in the autumn wood to make you smile, but it is not yet, not quite yet.


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[Assistant] Does that give you like chills? Like I think when you read something like that, you just can't, you can't get out of it. You can't go back and read something else whose language just doesn't even like scratch the surface of what Angela Carter


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[Assistant] With milk and onions and the egg yolk yellow chanterelle with its fan vaulting and faint scent of apricots all spring up overnight like bubbles of earth.


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[Assistant] Unsustained by nature, existing in a void. And I could believe that it has been the same with him. He came alive from the desire of the woods.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and that's that on that. So I did finish the Lady of the House of Love last night. This is one that I couldn't put down. This is about vampires. I think it's also like a retelling of Sleeping Beauty, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Her voice is filled with distant sonorities, like reverberations in a cave. Now you are at the place of annihilation. Now you are at the place of annihilation. And she is herself a cave full of echoes. She is a system of repetition. She is a closed circuit.


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[Assistant] Rambling on about this, but this is giving me everything in a Halloween Spooky October read that I want.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but it just wasn't like the spookiness that I wanted, so.


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[Assistant] I am about 15% through Strange Practice by Vivian Shaw, so essentially, now that I have a better idea of what it's about, we follow Greta Helsing.


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[Assistant] The book opens with a vampire being attacked in a way that, I don't know if it turns him human, that's like my guess right now, but there's also murders going on in the human world by people dressed as like monks or stuff like that, it's kind of a religious thing.


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[Assistant] Um, and I think these two worlds are about to intertwine. It's definitely a bit just like more like campy and fun rather than like the serious like blood curdling.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and I do need to add a bunch more to my literal shelves today because I want it to be more organized, so I think...


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[Assistant] Like I said, I was in the mood for it, and it'll be a nice balance, I think, once I do find, like, a very spooky, scary, unsettling book just to have something fun. First of all, I gotta say...


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[Assistant] Everyone says to keep going, and like, this one's already a lot better.


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[Assistant] And I'm only on chapter two, but what I do have to say is that these are the laziest maps I've ever seen. The absolute laziest creation of topography I've ever seen in my life. Like what is that? What is that? It's just a blob. You just have random mountains.


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[Assistant] Uhm, yeaah, like I said, I'm really only 12 pages through if you've never heard.


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[Assistant] Of the series. I feel like I'm the last person to read it. But it's about a mortal girl, Feyre, who kills a- no, is it a deer or a wolf? I think it's a wolf.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then she gets taken into the fairy world of the spring court where there's like a curse on the court and you can imagine that there's, you know, romance and stuff like that. Like I said, I really have vague memories of a court of thorns and roses, but this one I am.


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[Assistant] Okay, so I made it to the last story in the bloody chambers, so bittersweet. It's the company of wolves. Uhm, and I've been talking a lot in different vlogs in life honestly for a year now about trying to find really good little red riding hood.


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[Assistant] So many people, when I picked up The Bloody Chamber, they were like, oh my gosh, you have to read The Company of Wolves, like, you're gonna love it.


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[Assistant] So I'm really, really excited and this is, I think it's going to be a really good way to finish off this story. So I'm just going to finish this up.


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[Assistant] Okay, so I'm back from my walk now. I am freezing. I'm so cold. We actually saw not one, not two, but three weddings in the park today because it was just a perfect October day. It's really cold though.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but it was so nice, someone had like pumpkins down their aisle, like down their wedding aisle, it was just lined with so many pumpkins. And like the bridesmaids were carrying like very Halloween-y looking flowers, so I just got back as you see I'm in bed with my new blankie.


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[Assistant] This was amazing. This was wonderful. 5 stars, no doubt about it.


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[Assistant] Checked off the list, so I think now what I'm gonna do is, uhm, proof my video for tomorrow and then I want to pick a new book because this was amazing and made me want to read.


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[Assistant] Anyway, I do have some reading updates, uhm, and still on the hunt for a very spooky book. I think I might have found my next one.


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[Assistant] Dark books, spooky books, whatever, so I'm also gonna browse through there and through my bookshelves just to like, make sure... I don't know, I just, I get so like...


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[Assistant] And like they are vaguely spooky and creepy and there's a lot of like twists and strange fantastical things happening but it's definitely not, like it's just not speaking to me yet. It's not giving me kind of what I was hoping to get out of this but like I said I'm only on


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[Assistant] The second short story, so we shall see. Like the cover is just absolutely frightening.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this is part of my spooky shelf, and then dark academia, but...


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[Assistant] Okay, hi. So I have some updates and I think I definitely found my next spooky book. It is one that I originally put on...


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[Assistant] Yesterday, and I was like, okay, I picked the right one because it also just sounded so interesting, like,


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[Assistant] It's so windy. It's another very windy, cold day. How much the French Revolution and the violence specifically that occurred during the French Revolution under, like, the guise of justice and retribution and towards the movement, like, inspired the monk and what goes on in here. So, like I said, I'm 30 pages through.


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[Assistant] And they go to church and they see that the church is just absolutely packed. Like people are lined up out the door.


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[Assistant] Ambrosio, who everyone loves. He's like the most righteous man. Everyone has to have him as their confessor. He's just like the most pious, wonderful,


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[Assistant] And so they listen to his sermon and they're like, you know what, you're right. And the niece, Antonia, who's like 15 or something, she literally falls in love with him from hearing him preach like his sermon.


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[Assistant] in Madrid that really should not be happening and it's just a little, it's just a little dark and creepy, like it just started and it's already so good, so this is definitely gonna be one that I...


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[Assistant] So, Feyre is now completely with Risen. I'm gonna try not to make...


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[Assistant] To like, put up mental blocks so that people can't like, get into her mind. I just really don't like-


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[Assistant] Those sections or those training montages of that because to me it's just so abstract and I always use just like...


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[Assistant] Such meaningless language to me. They're always like, oh, you know, someone's clawing into my mind. There's like a hand going...


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[Assistant] I'm like this is really, it just seems really meaningless to me and I don't really get anything out of that because I'm like...


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[Assistant] Fillet of beef, pumpkin puree, charred onions, and a red wine reduction. Thank you sir.


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[Assistant] The force of nature was plate tectonics, and the bodies were North and South America.


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[Assistant] And even though they were hurtling towards each other at an underwhelming 2.5 centimeters per year, their collision actually did have massive biological repercussions by causing one of the greatest episodes of biological migration in Earth's history, the Great American Biotic Interchange.


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[Assistant] Our story begins 65 million years ago, the beginning of the age of mammals, when what is now North and South America were continents separated by a marine connection between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.


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[Assistant] During this time, South America was the home of fauna that included armored glyptodonts as large as compact cars, giant ground sloths weighing more than a ton.


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[Assistant] North America had its own species, such as horses, bears and saber-toothed cats.


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[Assistant] Over 20 million years, the shifting of the Farallon and Caribbean plates produced the Central America volcanic arc, a peninsula connected to North America, with only a very narrow seaway separating it from South America.


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[Assistant] But what happened on land is only half the story. What had been one giant ocean was now two, creating differences in temperature and salinity for the two bodies of water.


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[Assistant] The isthmus also became a barrier for many marine organisms, like mollusks, crustaceans, foraminifera, briozones, and fish, and separated the populations of many marine species.


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[Assistant] What if the thermohaline circulation wasn't flowing? Would the east coast of North America be much colder? It all goes to show some of the most impactful transformations of our planet aren't the explosive ones that happen in an instant, but the ones that crawl towards irreversible change. We are the product of history.


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[Assistant] It's gonna be very, very hard to live just when you are about to make top 10 and not achieving that and being so close, it will hurt.


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[Assistant] This is the final part of the dish. I need to deep fry them.


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[Assistant] I made Lady's Fingers with orange and grapefruit cream and orange grapefruit verges honey sauce.


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[Assistant] It is more scary because you invested so much time and effort and you just want to see through it.


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[Assistant] A dog's wagging tail doesn't always mean that it is happy or excited. So, what does it mean?


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[Assistant] When the tail is hung down in its natural position it means that the dog is calm and is not worried. If the tail is curled in between its legs it indicates that the dog is scared or anxious.


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[Assistant] Place on the cupboard Place on the cupboard


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[Assistant] Boxes on the floor.


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[Assistant] We walk into the MasterSafe Garden and all the benches are there.


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[Assistant] It's such a happy day today to run around in the MasterChef garden. There are so many herbs that I can use in the garden for my Asian cuisine. I am wrapped.


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[Assistant] Yes. I'm using lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves, basil, banana leaves, turmeric leaves.


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[Assistant] Well, I have to stick to the Indonesian cuisine because this is my strength and I'm not ready to go home today. Go Tati, come on!


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[Assistant] I taste the brown curry and oh my god, it's beautiful.


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[Assistant] But then I thought, I know the judges love the fish sauce, so I added a little bit more fish sauce.


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[Assistant] Now I'm putting the prawn into the curry, and I wanna make sure that the prawn is cooking really well.


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[Assistant] I'm very well known for making spicy foods. Maggie is here, and I know that she cook with chili, but most probably not as much as I do. So I have to be very careful it's not too spicy, because I don't want to go to round two.


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[Assistant] I'm very proud of my dish, but I hope it's not too spicy.


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[Assistant] The banana leaf and also the turmeric leaf are used to wrap the rice.


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[Assistant] You can use that in pretty much any dessert dish really. That chocolatey malt flavour is so delicious.


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[Assistant] What are you making? Uh, malt and banana tart to tartan with a Milo chocolate ice cream.


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[Assistant] A tart to tan is an upside down tart with beautiful crunchy golden flaky pastry.


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[Assistant] My ice cream is done and the consistency is perfect. The brandy butter sauce is beautifully rich. It's the moment of truth. I need to flip my tart to tan.


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[Assistant] Banana malt tart tartan with a Milo chocolate ice cream and brandy butterscotch sauce.


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[Assistant] Banana Malt Tarte Tatin with Milo Chocolate Ice Cream and Brandy Butterscotch Sauce.


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[Assistant] So disappointed that I didn't get that pastry cooked perfectly. Ugh.


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[Assistant] We hear about calories all the time. How many calories are in this cookie? How many are burned by 100 jumping jacks, or long distance running, or fidgeting?


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[Assistant] But what is a calorie really, and how many of them do we actually need?


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[Assistant] Calories are a way of keeping track of the body's energy budget. A healthy balance occurs when we put in about as much energy as we lose.


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[Assistant] If we consistently put more energy into our bodies than we burn, the excess will gradually be stored as fat in our cells and will gain weight.


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[Assistant] If we burn off more energy than we replenish, we'll lose weight.


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[Assistant] So we have to be able to measure the energy we consume and use, and we do so with a unit called the calorie.


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[Assistant] One calorie, the kind we measure in food, also called a large calorie, is defined as the amount of energy it would take to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.


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[Assistant] That energy is released during digestion and stored in other molecules that can be broken down to provide energy when the body needs it.


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[Assistant] That third usage corresponds to your basal metabolic rate, a number of calories you would need to survive if you weren't eating or moving around.


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[Assistant] Add in some physical activity and digestion, and you arrive at the official guidelines for how many calories the average person requires each day. 2,000 for women and 2,500 for men.


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[Assistant] Those estimates are based on factors like average weight, physical activity, and muscle mass.


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[Assistant] So does that mean everyone should shoot for around 2,000 calories? Not necessarily.


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[Assistant] If you're doing an energy-guzzling activity, like cycling the Tour de France, your body could use up to 9,000 calories per day.


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[Assistant] Pregnancy requires slightly more calories than usual.


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[Assistant] And elderly people typically have a slower metabolic rate. Energy is burned more gradually, so less is needed.


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[Assistant] Here's something else you should know before you start counting calories. The calorie counts on nutrition labels measure how much energy the food contains, not how much energy you can actually get out of it.


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[Assistant] Fibrous foods like celery and whole wheat take more energy to digest. So you'd actually wind up with less energy from a hundred calorie serving of celery than a hundred calorie serving of potato chips.


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[Assistant] Not to mention the fact that some foods offer nutrients like protein and vitamins, while others provide far less nutritional value. Eating too many of those foods could leave you overweight and malnourished.


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[Assistant] And even with the exact same food, different people might not get the same number of calories. Variations in things like enzyme levels, gut bacteria and even intestine length means that every individual's ability to extract energy from food is a little different.


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[Assistant] So a calorie is a useful energy measure, but to work out exactly how many of them each of us requires, we need to factor in things like exercise, food type, and our body's ability to process energy. Good luck finding all of that on a nutrition label.


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[Assistant] I'm going to do a lamb loin with an acid myrtle and just do a curry sauce on the top.


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[Assistant] The ingredient I used was an acid myrtle and I cooked lamb loin with an acid myrtle and tamarind sauce.


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[Assistant] I want it to be fun and playful. I want to make a choc corn ice cream cone. Go T-Bone, get in the cone zone. Using chocolate. Popcorn anyone? Oh there it is. Yes. And microwave popcorn. I'm taking inspiration from my wife today with my dish.


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[Assistant] She tipped the Maltesers into the popcorn and I'm like, what are you doing? And she was like, it's choc- it's choc corn.


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[Assistant] I need to get my popcorn in the microwave, get that cooked. Oh, Tim, that looks good, mate. Cause I want to infuse that in my omglaze. How's it looking, mate? Yeah, perfect. Well, microwave, mate. Really nailed it.


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[Assistant] I want the rich popcorn flavour to really highlight through the ice cream.


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[Assistant] I've got my anglaise on the stove with the popcorn infusing. It's really important that I get as much flavour in there as I can.


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[Assistant] The cone is a classic waffle cone. Yep. So I'm gonna use the waffle iron. I've never used one of those before, so that'll be a bit of fun.


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[Assistant] I've got the recipe stuck in my head, which has worked out perfectly before, so I'm gonna bring that out today.


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[Assistant] The waffle cone mix needs to be the perfect consistency.


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[Assistant] It needs to be pliable enough that you can mould it and then go nice and crispy when it cools down.


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[Assistant] I've just got my ice cream in the ice cream churner so that can do its thing now for a while. Now I've gotta get moving on to these waffle cones. I've only really ever made them once before so I'm stressing a little bit.


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[Assistant] I put a couple of spoonfuls of the batter into the waffle cone maker, shut the lid, and just hope for the best.


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[Assistant] To reiterate the popcorn flavour in my dish, I wanna make a caramel popcorn praline. My caramel's done, so I throw some popcorn in there, mix it about, put it on a baking tray. Goodbye, Timmy.


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[Assistant] Anything in the bottom or not? There's some chocolate and more Maltesers and the caramel praline in the cone as well.


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[Assistant] To make the top 10, this is what I've been dreaming of, and I still have to pinch myself that I'm actually here. I can't believe it, it's amazing.


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[Assistant] Almonds are a big favourite, along with walnuts and macadamias. So it's probably going to be out of those.


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[Assistant] Trying to narrow it down to one is tough. I've got to quickly think on my feet and try and come up with some dessert ideas.


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[Assistant] I've got about two or three dishes circling in my head. It's just trying to lock down on one idea. I just know that I love figs at the moment.


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[Assistant] I've decided I'm going to make grilled figs with a walnut biscuit, Greek yogurt ice cream and a walnut praline.


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[Assistant] Keep it simple, but highlight walnuts as much as I can along the way. That's what I'm sort of going for. Let's go Tim, come on man.


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[Assistant] I wanna make an ice cream, but this one's a bit different from my last one. This is a Greek yogurt ice cream.


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[Assistant] The Greek yogurt ice cream doesn't need any cooking. I can get that in the churner and that's one thing I don't have to worry about.


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[Assistant] I need to get my walnuts out of the oven. I don't want to burn them. It's all about walnuts today. I need to put my biscuit base and the cranoline.


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[Assistant] Those little details like taking the skins off the walnuts are really gonna make a difference.


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[Assistant] It's widely known that desserts really aren't my thing, but cooking for immunity in sweet week really shows me I can do this. I just need to bring it all together.


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[Assistant] My worn up biscuit base gets spread out thinly on the tray and into the oven.


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[Assistant] My biscuit will take about 10 to 15 minutes to cook.


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[Assistant] I need to check how my biscuit base is going. I have a look. The consistency just doesn't seem right.


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[Assistant] It's really, really sandy and crumbly. Too much butter.


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[Assistant] This is exactly where I didn't wanna be. This walnut biscuit is one of the main elements on my dish. If I can't get this right, there's no way I'm gonna have a chance at that pin.


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[Assistant] I had a look, the consistency just doesn't seem right.


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[Assistant] I was doing well for time, and then all of a sudden, one thing goes wrong, now I'm under the pump.


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[Assistant] The dish that I'm making is grilled figs with a walnut biscuit, Greek yogurt ice cream and a walnut praline. Keep going team mate, come on buddy. Keep going team. My biscuit base is in the blast chiller. Hope it works out, I'm just worried that it won't harden up.


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[Assistant] Get them going in the pan, and I want to cook them till they're a nice deep colour.


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[Assistant] Everything's done, it's just a matter of putting it together. But I'm really worried about that basic advice.


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[Assistant] I'm tasting the biscuit. That's not what I wanted.


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[Assistant] Every time I'm trying to lift that delicate biscuit base, it's just crumbling everywhere.


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[Assistant] I managed to get some of the biscuit base onto my plate. I feel like I'm gonna have a heart attack, but it's done.


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[Assistant] That's to the desk cupboard dressing table shelf. Empty the...


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[Assistant] Each team prepares one course. Now guys, listen up. Your kitchens are set up at stops on the Q train route. Wow.


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[Assistant] Now when the train gets to your stop, toot toot. Yep, you load your food on, and off you go.


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[Assistant] What you'll be doing on the train is very simple, plating up the food.


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[Assistant] There's a day where organisation is paramount. The train will not wait. Miss the train? And then you'll


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[Assistant] First up, you gotta look at them and go, okay, what's nice about these?


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[Assistant] First course, you need to blow them away with some real delicious flavour. Let's go into the pantry.


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[Assistant] It's Gary and Matt, man. Just load it with butter. They love it. Anushka, what are you on to?


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[Assistant] So when I get back, I wanna see a plate up. Everything needs to be ready to go, to go onto the train. Meaning, everything in bowls ready for service. Come on guys.


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[Assistant] You got a cracking dish. I'm very excited by it. But, there's a lot going on, isn't there?


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[Assistant] Yum. You like it? I think it tastes really good, presents really well.


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[Assistant] Yes, George? Start trying everything up, start cleaning down a nushka. Sorry, George. So I can absolute train wreck that bench.


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[Assistant] The only thing I'm slightly concerned about is the portion too small. Okay.


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[Assistant] Anushka, get those mushrooms in the oven. To serve our oyster mushrooms, we want to serve two oyster mushrooms overlapping each other on the plate.


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[Assistant] Pickled mushroom here, panna grata, I'm trying to get this as fine as I can.


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[Assistant] Done that, done that, done that. That's it. Time stop. It's time to go. Alright, let's go.


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[Assistant] Yep. Keep going. To plate us this dish, we place two of the oyster mushrooms on the base. We pipe on the mushroom puree, a tablespoon of the panna grata tartare. Don't be stingy with the crumb. Where's the pickled? We scatter some pickled mushrooms on top and a sprinkling of the parsley oil.


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[Assistant] Why cannot folks with their clumsy beasts keep off our bodies? That stupid horse with his heavy hooves has been treading down my people without mercy.


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[Assistant] Mrs Smith's kitchen is small. There is a refrigerator in the kitchen.


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[Assistant] There is an electric cooker in the kitchen. The cooker is blue. It is on the left


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[Assistant] There is a table in the middle of the room.


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[Assistant] Mrs Smith's kitchen is small. There is a refrigerator in the kitchen.


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[Assistant] The refrigerator is white. It is on the right.


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[Assistant] There is an electric cooker in the kitchen. The cooker is blue. It is on the left


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[Assistant] There is a table in the middle of the room.


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[Assistant] There is a cup on the table too.


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[Assistant] That is delicious and very nicely cooked, very nicely seasoned too.


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[Assistant] They deserve credit for their role in helping to take down the corrupt allies.


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[Assistant] Knocking? Also, I've been promoted to Jenner.


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[Assistant] Now, by exploring their world, we're getting surprising glimpses into their lives.


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[Assistant] A 40 ton adult appears weightless in its ocean home.


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[Assistant] Go longer than a school bus. These 50 foot giants are nimble.


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[Assistant] Each bump on their heads contains a single, stiff hair, which may help them sense their environment.


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[Assistant] When whalers developed exploding harpoons, these giants had no chance.


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[Assistant] A U.S. Navy observer recording the hum of Soviet submarines heard something mysterious.


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[Assistant] The otherworldly calls of humpback whales.


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[Assistant] Humpback string their songs together in a continuous river of sound. The music of the deep.


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[Assistant] When these recordings were studied by scientists Roger Payne and Scott McVey.


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[Assistant] They recognized that the seemingly random noises were actually precise rhythmic patterns of sound, or songs. When record albums were released,


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[Assistant] The Humpback's songs changed millions of hearts.


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[Assistant] People from many nations joined together to support a ban on killing whales.


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[Assistant] Helped us to begin to understand, finally.


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[Assistant] The humpback population here was hard hit by whaling.


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[Assistant] In Tonga, there were only about 50 mature females left.


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[Assistant] The humpback resurgence has now sparked a whale-watching boom here.


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[Assistant] Now these magnificent whales have begun to recover.


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[Assistant] Each calf is critical to Tonga's fragile resurgence.


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[Assistant] Mothers give birth to a single 14 foot baby.


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[Assistant] What's it like to be a newborn humpback floating in a vast blue world where your only landmark is a mountain of mother?


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[Assistant] Humpback share these idyllic waters with a whole community of marine life. The Rumora fish come along for the ride.


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[Assistant] Each calf stays with its mother only about one year to learn about the world.


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[Assistant] The killing stopped here in Tonga, but not everywhere.


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[Assistant] Three nations, Japan, Norway and Iceland, still allow commercial and scientific whaling.


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[Assistant] Today, fewer people kill whales on purpose, but we now kill them without even knowing it. When a ship collides with a whale, the impact is often fatal.


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[Assistant] And the number of ships on the world's oceans has doubled in the last 12 years.


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[Assistant] There is something we can do about these fatal collisions. One solution is to slow down ships or reroute them to avoid the migratory pathways of whales.


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[Assistant] Here in Tonga, mothers go for months with almost nothing to eat.


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[Assistant] To find food, the humpback whales and tonga head south.


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[Assistant] To the frigid, bountiful waters of Antarctica.


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[Assistant] Many humpbacks in the North Pacific Ocean migrate to Alaska.


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[Assistant] Dr. Fred Sharp has been studying the behaviors of humpback whales here for the past 25 summers.


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[Assistant] Most of the time, humpback whales in Alaska feed on krill.


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[Assistant] Fred has studied these particular whales for so long.


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[Assistant] That he can often tell who's vocalizing just by listening.


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[Assistant] Some humpbacks migrate 5,000 miles one way every year. One of the longest known migrations of any mammal.


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[Assistant] There are 15 distinct populations of humpback whales, located in all the oceans of the world.


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[Assistant] They feed in polar and sub-polar regions and breed and give birth in the tropics.


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[Assistant] Each winter, the Hawaiian islands host the largest gathering of humpbacks in the North Pacific. Thousands of whales.


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[Assistant] They seem as curious about us as we are about them.


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[Assistant] On a quiet morning in Hawaii, you can hear hundreds of humpbacks in their hidden world below, all singing at once.


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[Assistant] A reminder of how their songs began changing our hearts so many years ago.


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[Assistant] When Roger Payne first invited him here to record Humpback Whales.


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[Assistant] For scientists like Jim, finding singers isn't easy, but there are clues.


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[Assistant] When whales dive, they leave a slick spot on the surface.


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[Assistant] Sometimes when Jim looks down through the footprint, he spots a singer.


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[Assistant] incredibly when one singer changes his song they all adopt those same changes


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[Assistant] By comparing the latest song against previous versions, Jim can pinpoint exactly what has changed.


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[Assistant] Jim's colleague, Dr. Megan Jones, helps him search for those changes in the song.


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[Assistant] After years of study, scientists were surprised to discover the singers were all males.


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[Assistant] While the males are busy singing, what are the females up to?


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[Assistant] Dr. Megan Jones studies the behaviour of female humpbacks.


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[Assistant] It's not easy because they spend 90% of their time underwater, out of sight.


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[Assistant] When Negan is out studying whales, she sometimes runs into the real dangers they face, like loose floating debris.


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[Assistant] More than half of these humpback whales bear scars from being tangled up in ropes and fishing nets.


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[Assistant] But we think worldwide, the humpback population may be only 40% of what it was before whaling began.


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[Assistant] Some of the most serious problems facing whales have no immediate solution. But when individual whales get entangled, some of them can be saved by rescue teams like the one here in Hawaii.


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[Assistant] Most rescues start with a phone call from a boater.


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[Assistant] Reporting in Tangled, Wales is one important way to help humpbacks.


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[Assistant] The team caught up to the entangled whale in just under an hour.


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[Assistant] He could die from infection, starvation or even drowning.


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[Assistant] That's how they hook onto the trailing gear. And then, pull themselves close enough to cut the wheel free.


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[Assistant] It's dangerous for Ed and Joe to get so close to a huge animal under stress.


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[Assistant] But you and I can help reduce the number of entangled humpbacks.


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[Assistant] Encourage the use of whale safe gear and keep debris out of the ocean.


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[Assistant] It took hundreds of years for people all across the world to wake up and hear the song of the humpbacks.


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[Assistant] Future generations of scientists have their work cut out for them.


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[Assistant] Each new insight scientists gain into these remarkable whales helps us protect them against the growing threats they face.


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[Assistant] Oceans cover 71% of our planet, and humpbacks roam them all.


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[Assistant] Just one look in their eye will tell you we have much more to learn about their world.


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[Assistant] And to think, we nearly missed that chance.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody, this is Elliot from ETJ English and today we're talking about probably one of the most important parts of pronunciation. Oh, actually probably one of the most important parts of English in general, in Tunisian. Let's do it.


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[Assistant] And yes, there are rules, there are things you can learn about intonation. You can definitely learn...


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[Assistant] And humans always want the thing which is the most difficult to get. And that's the truth.


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[Assistant] There are lots of things I want in life which are very, very difficult. I could easily have something else, but I want the thing which is more difficult, and I'm sure you are the same. Anyway, I'm going to give you just a few useful tips for improving your intonation. Some things which you can do to make your intonation better.


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[Assistant] These are all things you could learn in my pronunciation course or from an English teacher. The link to my pronunciation course is in the description box below. But it's not just that. You can learn rules, but there's only a certain distance that the rules can go. Which leads me on to point number one.


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[Assistant] Imagine you're driving in your car, and you do this every morning on the way to work.


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[Assistant] And every time you're driving into work, the same song seems to come on the radio. It's a very popular song at the moment. Everybody loves it. It's really, really popular.


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[Assistant] No matter what, you're hearing it every time you go into work because the radio keeps playing it.


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[Assistant] And then you find maybe after a few days of hearing this song, you've started singing it to yourself. You start hearing it in your head because you're around it so much. A good way to describe this in a native expression would to say that you have the song stuck in your head.


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[Assistant] Okay, great expression there. And this can happen with intonation if you do the right things. So,


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[Assistant] The reason why the song is stuck in your head is because you're hearing it all the time and your brain naturally just wants to, wants to, wants to replay it.


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[Assistant] And that's what intonation is. If you are listening to the accent a lot, you're hearing the tone, the way that people sing the song of English.


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[Assistant] Imagine English is a song. Hey, now you have good intonation. That's not how it's going to work. There are lots of other things you need to do as well. Number two, I want you to understand that intonation is also your personality.


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[Assistant] Okay, my intonation is very different to my sister's intonation. My intonation is very different to my girlfriend's intonation, or my dad's intonation, anyone's intonation.


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[Assistant] The reason why is because I have my own personality. So,


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[Assistant] Lots of people say that imitation technique is perfect. It's the best way to improve pronunciation or intonation. Yes, it's fantastic. But, do you want to sound like an actor or an actress? No?


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[Assistant] Imagine you, the only person you've been listening to is Princess Diana. And you really want to sound like Princess Diana. She did have a fantastic...


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[Assistant] Yes, imitate people. Imitate the way that they go up and down. But remember, you're not trying to be someone.


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[Assistant] You're just trying to copy the techniques they use. So instead of thinking how they say this, or how they sing the song, if you like, instead think about the technical side of it. Are they going up at the end of a sentence? By the way, we do that to show we have more to say. Say. Or are they going down at the end of a sentence?


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[Assistant] Think about those technical things. Once you know the rules, you can analyze the way people speak. Be yourself. Use your own tones. And this leads me on to my next point, point number three. Be playful. Have fun.


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[Assistant] Okay? The more fun you have with intonation, the more you're going to be, again, yourself. For lots of people, the most uncomfortable part of learning intonation is the fact that British people go up.


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[Assistant] When they speak, quite a lot. You know, in the middle of our speech, we might go up. Particularly my Chinese and Russian students find this very difficult. They find it very, very difficult to go up. The reason why is because lots of people are used to always going down.


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[Assistant] Every time they speak, they have to go down and there is no tone in their voice. But when you listen to British people...


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[Assistant] We're stressing words to show that they are important. We're using our tone as a tool.


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[Assistant] To make ourselves hurt, to make ourselves sound interesting, and to make people want to listen to us.


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[Assistant] Be playful, go up, go down, experiment with different things, and remember to mostly play with your intonation around the stressed words, the words which are important in your sentence. Give them some intonation, give them a bit of up-down tone. It's, instead of saying, it's really good.


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[Assistant] But this word is just as important, and this word is repetition, repetition, repetition. You need to be repeating lots, uh, repeating the tones, the waves, the sounds that we make, uhm, and you can do this, like I said, through imitation.


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[Assistant] And you can also do this from learning the rules. So on one hand, you have patience, right? You need to take your time, understand that intonation in particular, not just pronunciation, but intonation takes a very, very long time. So you have the patience. If you also have that repetition and you push them together,


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[Assistant] Repeat, repeat, repeat every day. Do some training. Imagine it's singing practice. Okay. And finally step out of your comfort zone.


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[Assistant] If you go up to a native and you start using some different tones which you're not familiar with, it might feel uncomfortable, because you are so used to maybe always using a falling tone. But remember, that's not normal to us.


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[Assistant] It just might feel uncomfortable for you in the beginning. You can learn everything about intonation and I guess speed the process up.


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[Assistant] By learning with me on my pronunciation course, I also give feedback on WhatsApp with voice messaging and WeChat, only for members who join my course.


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[Assistant] 33% of what we produce goes to waste. And my question was, how can we fight food waste?


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[Assistant] So for six months, we invite all the most influential chefs in the world in Milan to cook with the food waste for the people in need.


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[Assistant] With some, uh, you know, sugar, milk, and breadcrumbs, we create an ice cream of dulce de leche.


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[Assistant] Like an element like this. This is an opportunity, okay? I love the idea of the Caesar salad. I'm sure it's gonna be really ironic. Very good. Good luck, eh? I love it. Thank you.


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[Assistant] The compo, I can feel is like, it's very interesting. I like it.


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[Assistant] It's really complex, you know, in your palate. You have also...


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[Assistant] They really get the message deeply in, uh, in their stomach, in their heart, in their mind. Amazing.


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[Assistant] Hi guys! Can you guess the title of my next video?


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[Assistant] Hurry up, write your guess in the comment section below. Why do elephants never forget? Cause I take their homework every day.


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[Assistant] Elephants have an EQ of about 1.88. In comparison, humans have an EQ of about 7. Rats about 0.4, while pigs about 0.27. This shows that elephants have a relatively high EQ which makes their memory strong.


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[Assistant] Two elephants, Jenny and Shirley were together for a few months in a circus. When they reunited after 23 years, they became excited and started bellowing, indicating that they remembered each other.


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[Assistant] Also, studies have shown that elephants remember the way to water sources even after a long period of time.


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[Assistant] Topic? Cheese. Why does Swiss cheese have holes? Those are not holes.


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[Assistant] They are eyes of the cheese. No. Cheese is made from milk. Milk contains a sugar called lactose which is very important in the formation of cheese.


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[Assistant] Now, while making swiss cheese, bacteria like S. thermophilus, lactobacillus and P. shermani are added to milk.


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[Assistant] What? Bacteria are added to milk? Absolutely. However, they are good bacteria.


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[Assistant] Then after undergoing certain processes, when the curd is kept for maturing,


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[Assistant] The P. shermani bacteria consumes the lactic acid and releases carbon dioxide gas.


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[Assistant] Why do old books smell so good? Cause books secretly apply perfume.


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[Assistant] No. Smell of old books is basically because of paper and ink in those books. Paper is primarily made up of wood. Wood is made up of organic compounds like cellulose and lignin.


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[Assistant] Nah. VOCs stand for Volatile Organic Compounds.


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[Assistant] These compounds easily vaporize and mix in the air, thus forming the smell of old books. Now, there are different types of VOCs. A volatile organic compound called vanillin gives vanilla-like smell. Another VOC, benzaldehyde, gives almond-like smell.


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[Assistant] Ethylbenzene gives a sweet smell. In short, the combination of various compounds makes old books smell so good.


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[Assistant] The Earth makes one full 360 degree rotation in 24 hours. This means in one hour, the Earth moves by 15 degrees. Using this information, scientists divided the planet into 24 sections or time zones. Each section or region was about 15 degrees wide and had a specific standard time.


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[Assistant] This helped us know the proper time of the day in that part of the earth. Topic, respiration. Why is it not good to sleep under a tree at night?


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[Assistant] Now, please don't sleep under that tree. It is quite harmful. Oh.


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[Assistant] See, you are not able to breathe properly, right? Do you know why?


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[Assistant] This is because during the day, in the presence of sunlight, plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen in the process of photosynthesis.


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[Assistant] However, they even respire simultaneously.


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[Assistant] In this process, plants take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.


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[Assistant] Hence, if we sleep under a tree during daytime, we may get a good amount of oxygen, thus giving us a nice sleep.


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[Assistant] However, at night, plants do not perform photosynthesis due to the absence of sunlight.


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[Assistant] But respiration still goes on. Oh. Hence, as compared to oxygen, the proportion of carbon dioxide around the trees is more.


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[Assistant] Thus, if we sleep under a tree at night, we may feel suffocated due to lack of oxygen.


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[Assistant] Moreover, inhalation of excess carbon dioxide is harmful to human beings. Therefore, it is not good to sleep under a tree at night.


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[Assistant] This young, energetic compact rail is trailing more than 200 feet of line and buoys behind it.


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[Assistant] We work entirely from boats. People have been killed jumping in the water to cut whales free.


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[Assistant] Our pole cam gives us an underwater view. It helps us see what's going on. We need to get this gear off. These wounds are, are bad. These young ones, they're unpredictable.


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[Assistant] Our whale makes a sudden U-turn and snags his gear on a nearby boat. So we race back to cut the boat free.


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[Assistant] Even dragging all those buoys? The whale is just pulling us too fast.


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[Assistant] It brings us such joy to flip that around and bring them life instead.


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[Assistant] There are sunglasses on the television. They are near those bottles.


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[Assistant] There are sunglasses on the television. They are near those bottles.


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[Assistant] There are some place on the cooker, they are clean.


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[Assistant] There are some cigarettes on the dressing table. They are near that box.


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[Assistant] There are some cigarettes on the dressing table. They are near that box.


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[Assistant] Hi guys! Can you guess the title of my next video?


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[Assistant] Hurry up! Write your guess in the comment section below. Why do humans love music?


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[Assistant] When such sound vibrations are produced in specific and intricate patterns, then it is known as music.


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[Assistant] Now, music neither seems to serve any evolutionary advantage, nor it is a necessity like food and water.


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[Assistant] When we eat food or take drugs, the reward system in the brain is activated. Due to which the neurotransmitter dopamine is released. Dopamine makes us feel good.


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[Assistant] According to the research, it is observed that when we listen to music. The same neurotransmitter dopamine is released. Thus making us feel good and love music.


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[Assistant] Hence, they have more number of nose deceptors than any other parts of our body.


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[Assistant] Now, the edges of the paper are not smooth but are rough or jagged. Oh. They are like a saw. Absolutely.


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[Assistant] Hence, sometimes when we rub our hands or especially fingertips against the edges, it cuts them like a saw, activating the nociceptors.


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[Assistant] Now, as there are more nosoceptors on our hands, we feel more pain.


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[Assistant] In addition to this, the paper cut might also have fragments of paper containing chemicals. Which may irritate the skin and thus increase the pain.


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[Assistant] When humans eat food, it enters into a muscular organ called food pipe or esophagus.


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[Assistant] In the esophagus, a series of contraction and relaxation takes place that pushes or moves food towards the stomach. This movement is called peristalsis.


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[Assistant] Oh, please listen. In most birds, such peristaltic movement doesn't take place in their esophagus. Hence, they need to depend on gravity to push their food through the esophagus.


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[Assistant] When a bird eats its food, the bird lifts or tilts its head up, and with the help of its tongue, it directs the food towards the throat. Then, the gravitational force of Earth causes the food to slide down into a pouch called crop, thus helping the bird to swallow its food.


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[Assistant] Why is yawning contagious? Cause everybody wants to sleep. Nah.


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[Assistant] There are a couple of theories which explain why yawning is contagious. One of them suggests that it is a sign of empathy.


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[Assistant] Empathy is the ability to understand and share others' feelings. For example, when people around us are happy and smiling, they make a positive impact on us. Hence, we also feel good and begin to smile. Moreover, the closer we are to someone such as our parents or friends, the more likely we are to catch their yawn. Dude, that's awesome.


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[Assistant] Another theory suggests that mirror neurons present in our brain. Make us copy or mimic the actions performed by someone else. Hence, when we see people around us yawn, our mirror neurons get activated. Thus making us mimic their yawn. We may have evolved such characteristic to promote social bonding. Topic.


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[Assistant] Why do women have shriller voices than men?


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[Assistant] Hey, that door will open only with a woman's voice command. Huh? Shush. Don't try to fool me.


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[Assistant] Oh no, now how will I enter? Don't worry, just trust me. A woman's voice is shriller, so speak as a woman.


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[Assistant] Look, the door opened. This happened because of frequency. Frequency is the number of vibrations per second. More is the frequency, shriller will be the voice or sound.


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[Assistant] Gosh, explain it to me quickly, I can't wait. Alright, alright. In humans, sound is produced with the help of vocal cords. However, the length of vocal cords of women and men are different.


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[Assistant] A woman's vocal cords are about 15mm long, while a man's vocal cords are about 20mm long.


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[Assistant] As the vocal cords of a man are comparatively longer, they vibrate less per second, producing sound having low frequency. However, the vocal cords of a woman being short vibrate more per second, thus producing sound having high frequency. As the frequency of sound is higher, women have shriller voices than men.


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[Assistant] Round one is something we like to call same same, but different. You're all gonna get the same ingredient to hero. You're all gonna get the same amount of time to cook it.


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[Assistant] But here's the kicker. You're all gonna cook that ingredient in a different style.


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[Assistant] You will have 60 minutes to bring us a dish featuring chicken cooked in the style of your cuisine.


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[Assistant] We've asked you to take chicken, humble everyday chicken and transform it with herbs, spices and technique into a dish reminiscent of one of four different cuisines. Let's start our tasting with


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[Assistant] Like literally that wonderful succulence and, and the, the skin, the burning bit of the skin actually helps in terms of bringing some bitterness because you've got a very sweet sauce. This is like, this is another step up in savoury and I love it, love it, love it because you are turning into the real deal, you're turning into a true contender Larissa. Wonderful.


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[Assistant] You took us around the world with your chicken dish, trying to win yourself the place to cook as a chef for a pin, and really, this was a world of two hemispheres. The front hemisphere and the back hemisphere. It's pretty clear it's between two of you. Come forward, we'll make the decision.


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[Assistant] But one of them just snuck its head in front. It took a simple idea, elevated it. Every element was spectacular. The winner of round one is Larissa!


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[Assistant] Today you'll be cooking against the formidable chef he's the man behind not one, but two luminary restaurants in Melbourne. Last time he was here...


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[Assistant] Oh Adam, last time you did so well, can you do it again? I reckon I can, you know?


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[Assistant] Yeah, look, look, you know, can't forget that the last time Adam was here, he beat not one, not two, but three contestants. But it all depends on how strategic Larissa was in that pantry. But if you're clever, it could be a nightmare for Adam.


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[Assistant] That looks good. Look at the ingredients in there. Curry leaf.


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[Assistant] 19 years old at university and with just a packet of cornflakes in the cupboard trying to make dinner. This dish has got good corn flavour, nice amount of salt, nice amount of sugar. Great crunch. Great crunch. Love the curry leaves, but it's, this is, this has gone past unusual into the weird territory.


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[Assistant] Uhm, just outside the frame of reference of any dessert I've had before. Is it good?


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[Assistant] So we've got a cardamom and cinnamon shortbread on the base. Oh wow. We've got a sauteed apple.


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[Assistant] Okay? Your time starts now.


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[Assistant] Okay, its a drop. Did you have the rice really compacted in?


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[Assistant] The look? Fantastic. Lay is absolutely perfect. The crumble top is a little bit overdone.


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[Assistant] But you kept going and tried to fix things and even doing the jelly again. I think that your dedication and wanting to keep going that impressed me. Thank you.


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[Assistant] When she did the crumble, she really compressed it.


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[Assistant] But I think you handled it exceptionally well. I know there were areas that you all struggled with, but you powered through, and the end result, I thought, was fantastic.


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[Assistant] Twelve minutes. How much? How much do you want that top ten? How much? What's up to you? Twelve minutes to go. Come on!


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[Assistant] Meet Dermatophagoides farani. Crawling around on eight legs, this creature has no eyes to appreciate the kaleidoscope of colors around her.


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[Assistant] She relies on her extraordinary sense of smell to lead her to food and safe places to lay eggs. And she's smaller than a pinhead.


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[Assistant] Dermatophagoides farani is a dust mite less than a tenth the size of an ant. A dust mite's whole world is contained in the dusty film under a bed or in a forgotten corner.


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[Assistant] This realm is right under our noses, but from our perspective, the tiny specks of brilliant color blend together into a nondescript gray.


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[Assistant] What are these colorful microscopic particles?


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[Assistant] What distinguishes the dust in your house from, say, sand on a beach is that it is a mixture of many different ingredients.


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[Assistant] It can contain grains of sand, dead skin cells, tiny hairs and threads, animal dander, pollen, man-made pollutants, minerals from outer space, and of course, dust mites.


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[Assistant] Dust mites eat animal dander, human skin, and some fungi. We shed dead skin cells constantly, and wherever we live, they mix into the household dust. The same goes for our pets. Their dander and hairs enter the mix, as do tiny pieces of thread and cotton fibers from our clothes.


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[Assistant] Household dust also contains substances that blow in from the wider world. Depending on the local geology, finely ground quartz, coal, or volcanic ash might enter the air as atmospheric dust, along with pollen and fungal spores.


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[Assistant] Industrial activities also contribute cement powder, particles from car tires, and other chemicals to the airborne mix. The combination of these elements can be as unique as a fingerprint.


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[Assistant] In Spain, where the land is rich in carbonate materials, dust contains 20 times as much calcium as dust in Nigeria, where the geology is quite different.


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[Assistant] After a particularly violent storm, scientists identified dust from the Sahara Desert thousands of miles away in London based on its specific composition.


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[Assistant] In the future, we may be able to pinpoint the origins of dust samples even more specifically, down to a particular neighborhood or even house.


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[Assistant] In addition to markers of humans, animals and landscapes, dust also contains particles from further afield.


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[Assistant] When a star explodes in a distant galaxy, superhot gases vaporize everything nearby.


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[Assistant] Floating out there between planets and galaxies, this extraterrestrial dust contains tiny pieces of extinguished stars and the building blocks of future celestial bodies.


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[Assistant] Every year, tens of thousands of tons of cosmic dust lands on Earth and mingles with terrestrial minerals.


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[Assistant] This blend of chemicals, minerals, and intergalactic particles settles out of the air onto surfaces in our homes, mixing with the detritus of each house's occupants.


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[Assistant] Stars explode, mountains erode, and buildings, plants, and animals are all slowly but surely pulverized into fine gray powder.


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[Assistant] We're all destined to become dust, but it's also possible that we came from it. Interstellar dust has been found to carry organic compounds through space.


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[Assistant] It's possible that billions of years ago, some of these cosmic particles were the seed of life on our little blue planet.


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[Assistant] Have you ever visited TedEd's Patreon page? Every donation helps support our non-profit mission. And there are some pretty cool perks, including discounts for the TedEd shop, exclusive digital downloads of amazing art from our lessons, and more.


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[Assistant] I didn't have time to put that on. And I didn't have time to tell him not to put it back on, so...


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[Assistant] Yeah, it does. It looks like insane. I know.


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[Assistant] I tell the kids about the wailing days, so we never have that kind of killing again.


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[Assistant] My job is taking tourists and scientists out to see the Humpbacks.


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[Assistant] Even when the mother sleeps, the newborns don't stray far from mother's milk.


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[Assistant] But after a few weeks, the calves get bolder and they take off on their own.


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[Assistant] They're so curious, and they've got so much energy.


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[Assistant] Whale is like my grandfather once targeted mothers and calves. Because they move so slowly.


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[Assistant] But he didn't understand the need to stop killing whales.


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[Assistant] In the early days, humpbacks were known as our guardians. Now it's our turn.


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[Assistant] Swan Valley is Western Australia's oldest winemaking region and on the back of that wine business and its proximity to the CBD, this area's become a kind of thriving little gourmet hub, a great place to come for the day. There are delis, celladors, all sorts of specialist food retailers here. The ingredients you can find here are fantastic. See those cars over there?


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[Assistant] When you arrive at your destination, choose an ingredient.


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[Assistant] That you want to bring back and use as the hero of your dish.


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[Assistant] Everything that capers around the flavour of blue cheese, the fragrance of the thyme, the caramelised fig really brings out the pungency of the blue cheese. I love those combinations of flavours, they're really one of those great dishes where every mouthful is slightly different. They're absolutely delicious dish.


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[Assistant] Everything is so light in that tart. But the other thing is your sorbet. It's super fragrant. That fruitiness accentuates the fruitiness of the chocolate. And Gary's just put on 30 kilos. Which is fantastic!


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[Assistant] For me, I mean I thought it was going to be Tessa and Ruzka, but you're absolutely right. No, the two best dishes are Tessa and Nicole, for sure.


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[Assistant] We've got a debate which one of you, Tessa Nicole, gets the advantage going into the next round.


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[Assistant] Now we've got to debate which one of you, Tester Nicole, gets the advantage going into the next round.


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[Assistant] Tessa has to be the favourite. She had the advantage of picking the core ingredient. But I don't think it's worked out that way. I think she might have got herself into a little bit of trouble there, George.


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[Assistant] The fish is cooked well. I mean, just spot on. And with that crispy skin, delicious.


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[Assistant] Cole, you know what that means? You don't have to cook for the rest of the week.


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[Assistant] And now just watch which of these remaining six will also make it there with you. The rest of you still got to earn your place in the finals week. So head back to the hotel, pack your bags, because we're heading tomorrow.


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[Assistant] The team that does the best job is in to finals week.


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[Assistant] There's a concept that's crucial to chemistry and physics. It helps explain why physical processes go one way and not the other.


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[Assistant] Why ice melts? Why cream spreads in coffee? Why air leaks out of a punctured tire?


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[Assistant] It's entropy, and it's notoriously difficult to wrap our heads around.


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[Assistant] Entropy is often described as a measurement of disorder.


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[Assistant] That's a convenient image, but it's unfortunately misleading. For example, which is more disordered, a cup of crushed ice or a glass of room-temperature water?


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[Assistant] Most people would say the ice, but that actually has lower entropy.


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[Assistant] So here's another way of thinking about it, through probability.


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[Assistant] This may be trickier to understand, but take the time to internalize it, and you'll have a much better understanding of entropy.