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[Assistant] To break the toxic pattern that we see play out over and over again when parents lose focus on what's most important, the children. They allow their relationship pain to get in the way.


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[Assistant] At the end of the day, we're on the same team, and that's Sekou's team.


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[Assistant] You know, I have to admit we have an unconventional relationship. A lot of people don't understand. We're not perfect as parents or people, but we honor each other's role in Sekou's life.


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[Assistant] We allow him to do things that our parents would never allow us to do.


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[Assistant] We don't allow our fears to put limits on him.


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[Assistant] We nurture his natural curiosity about the universe and his relationship to the world. Remember that time when we were coming in from a long day of work and say cool.


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[Assistant] And he found his puddle of mud and he reached for it and he wanted to touch the muddy earth and we allowed him to do that. We resisted.


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[Assistant] We realized that the outfit could be washed, that a bath would clean up all the dirt.


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[Assistant] We continue to rethink what is right and wrong when it comes to parenting. Sekou challenges us every day.


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[Assistant] You know, we allow him to climb on couches and draw on his clothes and his shoes.


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[Assistant] And who think that children should be quiet and well behaved in public.


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[Assistant] I also get those questions that are really judgments, but I don't pay them any mind. Because at the end of the day, our job


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[Assistant] Is to God's sake who on this journey of life, not to control him. We're here.


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[Assistant] To help him figure out his place in the world, to uncover his greatest gifts, to discover why he was born.


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[Assistant] We are raising a free black boy in a world that despises black joy, and we refuse to put limits on him that the world already has.


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[Assistant] Is a model of what successful co-parenting can look like.


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[Assistant] Especially those of you who are interested in shopping for a car.


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[Assistant] Exactly, it's a type of car with four doors that can fit five people inside.


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[Assistant] We'll come back and teach you some of the important words from the dialogue.


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[Assistant] We have four words for you today. The first one is gas mileage.


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[Assistant] Well, you know what's interesting? In some English speaking countries like Australia, New Zealand, Canada, we use kilometers to measure distance, but we still talk about gas mileage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next word is airbags. Airbags. Airbags.


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[Assistant] These are like big bags of air that fill up and come out of the car when there's a crash.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so they're the little machines maybe that stop your car?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have a couple of interesting phrases to talk about shopping.


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[Assistant] But you need to think about it. Right. So you'll sleep on it. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, uh, guys, have you ever driven a tank?


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[Assistant] Yeah, tell us about it at our website, EnglishPod.com.


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[Assistant] Picture yourself driving down the road tomorrow, heading somewhere to buy an item you found on Craigslist.


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[Assistant] Perhaps a nice mountain bike for three thousand dollars.


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[Assistant] At that price, it's probably one of those bikes with a little electric motor on it. Maybe some streamers from the handlebars.


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[Assistant] The seller has declared this a cash-only deal, so you have in the console of your car three thousand dollars. Suddenly, you are pulled over.


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[Assistant] You truthfully answer yes, not to the drugs or to the weapons, but to the cash.


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[Assistant] In the blink of an eye, you are ordered out of your car. The officer searches it and finds your cash.


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[Assistant] A few days later, the local district attorney files paperwork to keep your money permanently.


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[Assistant] And all of this happens without you ever being charged or convicted of any crime. Now you might be saying, ah, this would never happen in the United States.


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[Assistant] Incidents like this occur every day in our country. It's one of the most significant threats to your property rights most people have never even heard of. It's called civil forfeiture.


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[Assistant] When we forfeit something, we give up that thing, or we're forced to give it up.


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[Assistant] In criminal forfeiture, someone is charged and convicted of a crime, and therefore they have to give up property related to that crime. For example, suppose you use your car to transport and deal drugs. You're caught and convicted.


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[Assistant] Now you have to give up or forfeit your car as part of the sentencing. That's criminal forfeiture.


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[Assistant] But in civil forfeiture, no person is charged with a crime. The property is charged and convicted of a crime.


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[Assistant] It's as if that thing itself committed the crime. That's why civil forfeiture cases have these really peculiar names, like the United States of America versus one 1994 Thunderbird.


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[Assistant] Or my personal favorite, the United States of America versus one solid gold object in the form of a rooster.


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[Assistant] That's exactly what I said when I first learned about civil forfeiture while on a road trip with my wife. No, we did not get pulled over.


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[Assistant] I was reading about the history of civil forfeiture as part of my work as a research director at the law firm, and I came across one of the cases I just mentioned, the United States of America versus one 1994 Thunderbird.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In that case, Carol Thomas loaned her car to her son.


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[Assistant] While in the car, her son committed a minor drug crime.


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[Assistant] Carol didn't commit any crime, so law enforcement couldn't convict her and take the car, but they could and did use civil forfeiture to convict the car and take it.


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[Assistant] When I read this, I was gobsmacked. How could this occur? How is this even legal?


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[Assistant] It turns out it began in our country with maritime law. Early in our republic, the government sought to fight piracy. Yes, actual pirates.


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[Assistant] The problem was, the government often couldn't catch the pirates. So instead, it used civil forfeiture to convict the pirate's property and take it, and therefore deny the pirates their illegal profits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, the government could have simply taken and kept the booty without necessarily using civil forfeiture, but doing so would have violated our most basic due process and property rights.


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[Assistant] Now the government rarely used civil forfeiture until the 1980s and the war on drugs.


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[Assistant] We expanded civil forfeiture law to cover drug crimes and then later other types of crime.


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[Assistant] Canada and the European Union adopted similar provisions so that now all kinds of people are ensnared in the forfeiture web. People like Russ Caswell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Russ Caswell owned a small budget motel in Tewksbury, Massachusetts. His father built the motel in 1955 and Russ took it over in the 1980s.


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[Assistant] During the years that Russ owned the motel, from time to time, people would rent rooms and they would commit drug crimes.


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[Assistant] Russ didn't condone the activities. In fact, whenever he found out about it, he would immediately call police. Russ was entirely innocent of any crime.


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[Assistant] But that did not stop the US Department of Justice from seizing his motel simply because other people committed crimes there. But Russ's case was not alone.


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[Assistant] This means each year, tens of thousands of people lose their properties in cases in which they're never charged or convicted of any crime. And we're not talking about, not necessarily talking about major drug kingpins or headline-grabbing financial fraudsters whose cases involve hundreds of thousands if not millions of dollars.


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[Assistant] Many of these seizures and forfeitures involve just everyday people like Russ Caswell. Or you. Or me. But it gets worse.


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[Assistant] And they use it to buy equipment or pay for building repairs or even pay salaries and overtime.


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[Assistant] This is a clear conflict of interest. It creates a perverse profit incentive that can distort law enforcement.


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[Assistant] And this is a problem that's not lost on those in law enforcement either.


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[Assistant] Former chief of police in Rochester, Minnesota, Roger Peterson, described the choice that police officers often face. As he described it, suppose I'm a police officer and I see a drug deal. Now I face a choice.


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[Assistant] Do I go after the buyer and remove from the street illegal drugs? Or, do I go after the seller?


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[Assistant] And get cash for my agency to use.


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[Assistant] So it's easy to see why a police officer might go for the cash.


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[Assistant] It was just such a circumstance that compelled police officers in Philadelphia to seize an entire house.


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[Assistant] They could have arrested the buyer and confiscated the drugs, but they didn't.


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[Assistant] They could have arrested the Soravellas' son right there on the street and grabbed forty dollars. But they didn't.


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[Assistant] They waited to arrest him at home, because then they could seize their entire house.


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[Assistant] That is what I mean by a perverse profit incentive. But the Sword Alice's case was no outlier.


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[Assistant] Philadelphia, the city of brotherly love, the Athens of America, the cradle of liberty, birthplace to the Constitution, home to the Liberty Bell and Independence Hall, the city that loves you back,


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[Assistant] Between 2002 and 2016, Philadelphia took more than 77 million dollars through forpiture.


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[Assistant] Thank you. We force them to change their forfeiture practices and to compensate victims.


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[Assistant] When our team first began researching forfeiture in 2007, we had no idea how much forfeiture revenue there was. In fact, no one knew.


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[Assistant] It wasn't until our groundbreaking study, Policing for Profit, that we found federal law enforcement agencies have taken in almost 40 billion dollars, billion with a B, since 2001.


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[Assistant] Unfortunately, we have no idea how much state and local agencies have taken in because in many states, they don't have to report it.


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[Assistant] So until we reform forfeiture, we'll never know how much forfeiture activity actually occurs in the United States. And we desperately need reform.


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[Assistant] Legislatures should abolish civil forfeiture and replace it with criminal forfeiture.


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[Assistant] And all forfeiture proceeds should go to a neutral fund, such as a general fund.


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[Assistant] When forfeiture proceeds stop hitting law enforcement budgets directly, that is when we will end policing for profit.


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[Assistant] Law enforcement officials don't love these recommendations. They stand to lose a lot of money.


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[Assistant] And they believe civil forfeiture is an effective crime fighting tool. The trouble is, it's not.


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[Assistant] In June 2019, we released a study that found forfeiture does not improve crime fighting.


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[Assistant] And the report also found that law enforcement agencies pursue more forfeiture money during economic downturns.


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[Assistant] So when city and county budgets are tight, law enforcement will use forfeiture to find the money.


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[Assistant] So it's no wonder then that law enforcement officials predict a criminal apocalypse if these reforms are adopted.


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[Assistant] But some states have already implemented them, and we're pushing for reform all across the country, because until we reform forfeiture, this is something that can happen to any of us.


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[Assistant] It can happen in the United States, it can happen in the United Kingdom, it can happen in countries throughout the European Union and beyond.


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[Assistant] People like you and me and the Sorvelises and Russ Caswell just doing the everyday stuff of life.


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[Assistant] Can be caught in a scheme we never thought possible. It is time we end policing for profit once and for all. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this video, I want to just quickly step you through the logistics of how to work on homeworks in this class and how to use the submission system, which will let you verify right away that you got the right answer for your machine learning programming exercise.


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[Assistant] Here's my Octave window, and let's first go to my desktop. I saved the files for


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[Assistant] My, uhm, first exercise, uh, some of the files on my desktop in this directory, Emoclass EX1.


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[Assistant] And uhm, we provide a number of files and ask you to edit some of them.


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[Assistant] So the first file you should read the, uh, detailed, uh,


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[Assistant] And all you need to do is return the five by five identity matrix. So the solution to this exercise I just showed you is to write A equals I five, right?


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[Assistant] That modifies this function to generate the 5x5 identity matrix and this function warmup exercise now returns, you know, the 5x5 identity matrix and I'm just going to save it. So I've done the first part of this whole work.


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[Assistant] Going back to my octave window, let's now go to my


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[Assistant] directory, user slash ang slash desktop slash ml class slash ex1.


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[Assistant] And uhm, if I want to make sure that I've, you know, implemented this in type warmup exercise, like so, and uh, yep, it returns that's the 5x5 entity matrix that we just wrote the code to create. And I can now submit the code.


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[Assistant] As follows, I'm going to type submit from this directory, and uhm, I'm ready to submit part one, so I'm going to enter, you know, choice one.


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[Assistant] So it asked me for my email address. I'm going to go to the course website and, uh, you know, this is an internal testing site, so your version of the website may look a little bit different, but, uh, that's my...


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[Assistant] Email address and this is my submission password and I'm just going to type them in here.


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[Assistant] angscs.stanford.edu and my submission password is 9YC75.


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[Assistant] And if you don't send me the right answer then, you know, it will give you a message indicating that you haven't quite gotten it right yet.


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[Assistant] And by the way, you can use this submission password


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[Assistant] So, that's how you submit the homeworks after you've done it. Good luck, and I hope you get, when you get around to homeworks, I hope you get all of them right.


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[Assistant] And finally, in the next and final octave tutorial video, I want to tell you about vectorization.


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[Assistant] Which is a way to get your octave code to run much more efficiently.


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[Assistant] So it's the normal bank account that you use to go shopping, that you use to pay your bills.


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[Assistant] So save money, right? So usually you don't touch the money in this account.


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[Assistant] Right, so usually banks will have these two types of accounts. Yes. Checking and savings.


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[Assistant] Okay, great. Let's listen to our dialogue a first time now.


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[Assistant] The dialogue is gonna be spoken at a normal speed, so it might be a little bit fast. Yeaah.


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[Assistant] But don't worry about it because we'll come back and explain everything.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's look at language takeaway today.


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[Assistant] The first one that we have today is Transactions.


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[Assistant] So we have some great examples that will help you understand what a transaction is, so let's listen.


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[Assistant] Right, it's taking your money from... Right, it's taking money from your bank account and putting it in another account or just...


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[Assistant] Great. Our second word, balance. Balance. Balance. Balance. Your account balance is how much money you have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? An account balance. My account balance is $2 right now I think.


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[Assistant] Okay, our third word over draft.


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[Assistant] So this really comes in handy, right? To overdraft, can you tell us a little bit about it?


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[Assistant] Right, it's also commonly referred to as a negative balance.


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[Assistant] Okay, great examples. Now we can take a look at our last word, debit card. Debit card. Debit card. D-E-B-I-T card. Debit card. So debit card is issued by the bank.


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[Assistant] Okay, great, so now we can listen to our dialogue a second time at a slower speed so now we can


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[Assistant] So, let's start with Fluency Builder and explain these words.


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[Assistant] Right, let's listen to how she asked the man to do some things in a polite way.


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[Assistant] So the first thing she said is, I'll get you to fill out this paperwork. I'll get you to. Right? Right. I'll get you to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's just a way of saying, can you please fill this out?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then she also said, I'll need your social insurance number. I'll need your... Again, a polite way of saying,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give me your social insurance number.


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[Assistant] And the last thing she said, and this is really polite, if you could just sign here. Yes. If you could just sign here. If you could just... If you could just wait a moment, I'll be with you.


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[Assistant] Okay, so an interesting thing here, not many countries use checks.


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[Assistant] It is, it is, I think it is. For those of you who aren't sure what a check is, it's basically a piece of paper that you just sign your name and...


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[Assistant] It's an interesting thing, also sometimes in other countries, people's salaries are paid through checks.


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[Assistant] What about in your countries? We'd like to know how the banking system works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, and you can also leave your questions and comments on our website and we'll be there to answer it.


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[Assistant] It's time to put the mystery back into the mystery box.


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[Assistant] What's in your mystery box today can be found in pretty much every single kitchen in Australia. Comes in all sorts of shapes and sizes and colours and flavours. But today we'll be using just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now it's just a matter of bringing that to a great dish of your own creation.


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[Assistant] So you're known as recipe? Yes, always. How would you say you've done a version of her dish?


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[Assistant] Really good, and it's not just that the meatballs are lovely and they've got, they've still got some meatiness, they're not overly fluffy, and too much bread, but they're the sauce.


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[Assistant] The intensity of that tomato flavor, the aggression of the seasoning, because it's got a good punch of seasoning there, the use of basil in the sauce just to add some fragrance. It's a great example of a simple dish, really well done. Well done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're just hoping that schnitzel is golden and crunchy on the outside, lovely flavour on the crumb, and the chicken, perfectly cooked. Was the brining worth it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simple dishes have to be perfect. We have to be able to look you in the eye and go, that's as good as any schnitzel that I've had anywhere in the world.


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[Assistant] Usually in an invention test, we ask you to be inventive with an ingredient. Today's a little bit different.


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[Assistant] Every cook, every chef has their own recipe, what should be used in it, what shouldn't be used in it. So do you wanna know what's in this one?


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[Assistant] Right, so a classic bendish, and what you're hoping is that everything is cooked well, and then there's one element, gonna be enough to carry you over the line and get you top three. I hope so, yes. You know, look, it worked for Trent, it worked for Aram, don't say why it shouldn't work for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, just gotta think about how you balance that out. Yeah, yeah, I'm gonna try and... But look, I can't wait to see how it's gonna work out. Thank you. How different is this dish to the spag bol? Yeah. That's what we wanna see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a brilliant kind of riotous plate of food, not only in colour but also in terms of flavour. You've surprised us in the most delicious way possible, Rhys. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, pretty. Tomato tea in the oil looks beautiful, but I don't know, does it all on that plate?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The carrots have just softened up. The onions are sweet, they still have some bite. Little bit of a char but not too much. The rump, brilliantly cooked. And that pass the oil, it brings a really lovely herbaceous freshness to the dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're a totally different cook now than you were when you came here. And uhm, if you don't win today, gee, you'll undoubtedly win again and again because you're turning into a really good cook. Well done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh-oh. Lots of carrots in the sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a carrot sweetness, it's really interesting. I mean it's brilliant and that sweetness is great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three of you are in tomorrow's pressure test. If I call your name, please step forward. Huda.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a chance to show us why you deserve to stay in the competition. So, go home, but don't rest. Steal yourself for tomorrow. Rush up on your classic techniques because you're going to need them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've done a bread twill and it's gonna have the crab sitting inside with a bit of a sauce and dressing and a bit of a salad. The idea is to break the twill and use it to eat the crab.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love spaghetti bolognese. It's one of my favourite dishes to make for my son. He loves it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In an invention test, I need to be inventive to be able to impress the judges. But I'm looking at the spag bowl on the left, and then on the right I see the ingredients to make spag bowl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But all I can think of is spag bol, spag bol, and I'm trying to look at ingredients and think of what I can recreate and make.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm looking at all the ingredients and I'm thinking it makes good spaghetti bolognese but at the same time I'm trying to process what am I gonna make that's not spaghetti bolognese with these ingredients. I'm dreading this invention test right now. I have a mental block, I'm not too sure what I'm gonna do with it. Really can't think of any ideas at this point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm stressing out right now because time is ticking down and I think I have tunnel vision. I can't think past spaghetti bolognese.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I don't know, I was like, I was just worried that I didn't want it to be too carrot-y. I still want it to be a noodle with a hint of carrot. So I'm making sure I put carrot through the rest of my dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I don't get these noodles to have a strong carrot flavour, I'm not hitting the brief and delivering what I've promised. So I really hope it comes together, otherwise I'll be in the bottom three and going to tomorrow's pressure test. You got this girl. Go Lisa!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really worried I'm gonna go into tomorrow's pressure test. The dish doesn't seem like a complete dish. I'm just throwing in ingredients into my carrot noodles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I chuck in parsley, garlic, anchovies, guanciale. I quickly blitz up some tomato and mix it into the dish to give it a little bit of wetness and a bit of a sauce. I also want to add a texture element to my dish. I decide to fry some of the noodles in some hot oil. And I'm just trying to get as much flavour into my dish as fast as I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not happy with the dish because I just had a moment of tunnel vision. I couldn't think past spaghetti bolognese and I wasn't inventive enough. I just went one way and I didn't rectify it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I've made carrot-infused noodles with a shredded carrot, guanciale, parsley and garlic and anchovies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I would have liked more carrot in the noodles for flavour, but I was worried about texture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It definitely sucks to go on a pressure test, but I just need to put my chin up, I just need to move forward, and I just need to fight tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're all written in a personal voice. Uhm, you, they had something important to say about different issues. The one that you're seeing on your screen now is by a Duke professor who's an expert on gun control issues. And she, she had some really important things to say about gun control. She wrote this in the wake of the terrible shootings in Connecticut.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you had a piece about what it's like to be a student and to be pregnant and how institutions should deal with that. And she talked about her, her own experience, which was incredibly engaging. It made it much more real. You could hear her voice and you felt empathy. You were feeling it not only here, but you were feeling it here as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that just pulls you in. You know, let's just take a minute. I have to have Kristen's article here on the screen in front of you, and I'm hoping you've already looked at it. But just to remind you, whenever America suffers a mass public shooting seven times in 2012 alone,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think about my dad, an hour months of wrenching conversations after the Columbine High School massacre, more than a decade ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's something here at Duke, uh, and in previous places where I've worked, that I am always urging our authors to do, which is, which is to get out of that third person, I'm, I'm an expert voice. Sometimes that's appropriate. But as much as possible, the reader,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've got like two minutes, three minutes. You are not going to solve all the problems of the world in 700 words. You want to make one point and make it really well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or to get politically involved, or to do something at their local hospital, whatever it is, you need to be clear in your mind what it is you're asking the reader to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But try to tie it to something in the news. So what's, what is it that's happening in the world or your community today?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, about taxes, it's like whatever. And then you can talk, as we saw, we saw people talk about the Super Bowl, about the Oscars, you can talk about the weather.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Other newspapers will take articles on a regional basis, so if you live in Chicago, you can submit an article to the Chicago Tribune, but not to the Chicago Sun-Times. And likewise, if you live in the Bay Area, you can submit an article to the San Francisco Chronicle, but not to the Oakland Tribune or the San Jose Mercury or other papers. And that'll be true elsewhere in other parts of the world as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, if you can tie anything locally, as you saw in the North Carolina paper, have lots of North Carolina oriented things in the LA Times and so forth. So if you're in St. Louis and you're watching this recording,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, as Denise has talked about in some previous lessons, she's asked you to think about some area of expertise that you have and how that might be applied for an op-ed article. So maybe you could just pause for a minute, even turn off the recording for a moment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think about what that is and think about how you would make that argument. We'll be right back. Okay, do you have a good topic to talk about?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's think about how you might actually structure that to work in the op-ed format. Here's a few guidelines.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I'll say yet again, you need to track the news and jump at opportunities. So if you're going to be talking about gun control or sports or some health issue, whatever it is, if you can tie it to something that just happened in the news, that's a great thing to do. As I said before, you want to make a single point and make it really well and powerfully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell readers why they should care. You want to write for here as well as for here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially in the second half of the article, you want to offer specific recommendations. Uhm, I think you should do XYZ or I want Congress to do ABC and try to be specific as you can. Make your point immediately. Uhm, you don't have time for, as we say in baseball, for the big windup. You gotta...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The more serious and ponderous you are, the less likely your piece is probably to be printed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or, or on the other side, depending what your point of view is. Uhm, but, but, show, show some humility and acknowledge the other side, if that, if that makes sense in the context of what you're doing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three word, paragraph with three words and she says, Mom was right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I'm hoping you've written an op-ed article, or at least a good piece of one, and let's think about what you just did. Let's go over some of the guidelines again. So did your article make a single point well?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did you explain to your readers why they should care, why this matters to them, why they should spend the next two minutes of their lives reading what you have to say?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Racing out of the breakfast table, did you find a way to put the hook into them quickly, and did you end strongly with the piece?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you can do it. This is something that you, that I have seen many times in my career, uhm, with, in some cases with fairly famous politicians and professors or whatnot, but also with lots of ordinary people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, I've been meaning to talk to you about that. I might need to ask for an extension on that deadline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, I've been meaning to talk to you about that. I might need to ask for an extension on that deadline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I apologize for the delay. But some things were just beyond my control. I had trouble booking the photographer. And then Michael was sick for three weeks so I couldn't include him in the photos. And the design team lost all the files so I had to redo the pictures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, I've been meaning to talk to you about that. I might need to ask for an extension on that deadline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 1956, architect Frank Lloyd Wright proposed a mile-high skyscraper. It was going to be the world's tallest building— by a lot, five times as high as the Eiffel Tower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But many critics laughed at the architect, arguing that people would have to wait hours for an elevator, or worse, that the tower would collapse under its own weight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most engineers agreed, and despite the publicity around the proposal, the Titanic Tower was never built.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But today, bigger and bigger buildings are going up around the world. Firms are even planning skyscrapers more than a kilometer tall, like the Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia, three times the size of the Eiffel Tower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what exactly was stopping us from building these megastructures 70 years ago? And how do we build something a mile high today?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In any construction project, each story of the structure needs to be able to support the stories on top of it. The higher we build, the higher the gravitational pressure from the upper stories on the lower ones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This principle has long dictated the shape of our buildings, leading ancient architects to favor pyramids with wide foundations that support lighter upper levels. But this solution doesn't quite translate to a city skyline. A pyramid that tall would be roughly one and a half miles wide, tough to squeeze into a city center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fortunately, strong materials like concrete can avoid this impractical shape, and modern concrete blends are reinforced with steel fibers for strength and water-reducing polymers to prevent cracking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, even if a building supports itself, it still needs support from the ground. Without a foundation, buildings this heavy would sink, fall, or lean over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To prevent the roughly half a million ton tower from sinking, 192 concrete and steel supports, called piles, were buried over 50 meters deep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The friction between the piles and the ground keeps this sizable structure standing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Besides defeating gravity, which pushes the building down, a skyscraper also needs to overcome the blowing wind, which pushes from the side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On average days, wind can exert up to 17 pounds of force per square meter on a high-rise building, as heavy as a gust of bowling balls.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Designing structures to be aerodynamic, like China's sleek Shanghai Tower, can reduce that force by up to a quarter. And wind-bearing frames inside or outside the building can absorb the remaining wind force, such as in Seoul's Lotte Tower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But even after all these measures, you could still find yourself swaying back and forth more than a meter on top floors during a hurricane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To prevent the wind from rocking tower tops, many skyscrapers employ a counterweight weighing hundreds of tons called a tuned mass damper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When wind moves the building, this orb sways into action, absorbing the building's kinetic energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As its movements trail the towers, hydraulic cylinders between the ball and the building convert that kinetic energy into heat and stabilize the swaying structure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With all these technologies in place, our megastructures can stay standing and stable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But quickly traveling through buildings this large is a challenge in itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Wright's age, the fastest elevators moved a mere 22 kilometers per hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thankfully, today's elevators are much faster, traveling over 70 km per hour, with future cabins potentially using frictionless magnetic rails for even higher speeds. And traffic management algorithms group riders by destination to get passengers and empty cabins where they need to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Skyscrapers have come a long way since Wright proposed his mile-high tower. What were once considered impossible ideas have become architectural opportunities. Today, it may just be a matter of time until one building goes the extra mile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do engineers ensure that these massive structures don't come down in an earthquake? Check out this lesson and learn why it's not the sturdiest buildings, but the smartest that remain standing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cox, Mills and Harris are sitting in a room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As we near the end of our course, I wanted to think carefully with you about something called writing transfer. This is of key importance because it involves you thinking about how you're going to transfer the knowledge


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Practices and skills that you've gained in this course and that you continue to gain to other


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I think it's more about the idea that you are transferring the way you approach things and some of the practices that you've gained and then adding new


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the, what you learned about yourself as a writer to that biology lab, uhm, occasion. And, and that occasion in the biology class is gonna be reshaping and reconstituting the way that you write too. And then you're gonna continue to build on that, sometimes in a recursive nature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To other occasions, and this might involve things to do with writing or it might involve things to do with knowledge, uh, experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Within an academic setting or outside of an academic setting? I'd like you to just reflect for five minutes on, on that please.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we're back. So hopefully you've come up with a large range of different writing kinds of occasions that you will be able to have the opportunity to engage in in the next few years. And now for


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are still working on, right? What are you still continuing to work on that is really going to be a good thing that you get to practice it in another writing occasion. So please spend five minutes reflecting on you as a writer. What have you learned in this course and what do you think you can draw on from that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome back. I hope you have given yourself credit and addressed everything that you have learned, because you, you, you really, hopefully have, have, uhm, learned a lot, especially with all the writing and self-reflecting you've done. So, I, uhm, I again want to remind you that sometimes writing transfer involves, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you and, and I'm excited to see how you transfer your writing knowledge to all kinds of other learning experiences that you have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Managing risk, not through purchasing an insurance policy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Through diversification, through owning a variety of assets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and here again we're going to start by assuming a blank slate. You as an individual have no risks, uh, that are inherent to you. You don't live in an earthquake zone. We're not going to worry about that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but you do have to take on risks in order to get investing, good investment. So the idea is that risk is inherent to investing. You can't, ultimately people who are providing you with investment opportunities are doing something in the real world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is risky. And if it weren't risky, it wouldn't be giving you an extra return. That's the core idea that we want to develop. And that you have to manage your risk by diversifying across a number of different assets. Uh, not putting all your eggs in one basket.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the core idea that we want to develop today. So I said, put your eggs in one basket.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was wondering, you've heard that term? Don't put all your eggs in one basket? Uh, there's a variant on it. Who said put all your eggs in one basket and watch that basket? That might have been Mark Twain. I have to look it up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But uhm, more famous is, don't put all your eggs in one basket. So I tried to search, where did that first appear? And I found it in a book by Alexander Crump in 1874 about how to invest. And then he says, there is an old saying,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That it is unadvisable to have all your eggs in one basket. So, uh, he doesn't provide, uh, he doesn't provide a reference for his old saying. But that's the earliest reference I could find for it. I like history of thought. I always wonder where it comes from.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The portfolio theory approach describes everyone as the same. We don't have risks that have to be insured. Or we've already taken care of them. Any specific risk. I've bought an insurance policy and it's gone. Uh, so that's the assumption.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what if I calculate the optimal portfolio, the best diversified portfolio?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean if I can sort of quantify risks and returns and I calculate the optimum, then why is it different from one person to another?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you could be different from another person because you might be more risk averse than others. You might have a greater or lesser tolerance for risk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that, that variation in tolerance to risk could be adjusted by leveraging your portfolio up and down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uh, if you, if you abstract from that adjustment, you know, really everyone should be doing the same thing. That's the key insight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all that should matter to you as an individual is the performance of your whole portfolio, right? If you are a rational, economic person, an econ as they call them, why do you care if one stock goes up or down? It's the total that matters to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what you would naturally care about is the mean and variance of the return on your whole portfolio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you just don't care about what one asset or another does. Now, in fact, people boast about their investing skill with regard to individual assets, uh, but they shouldn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because, you know, you win some and you lose some. It's the average that matters. So you care about the average return of your total portfolio, and you care about how uncertain the total return of the whole portfolio is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are talking now about the capital asset pricing model, which I think, uh, it, it's due to Harry Markowitz, uh, in the early 1950s. He was a graduate student at University of Chicago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He had this neat idea. I can write down how to optimize risk. I'll assume risk can be described by a variance matrix. It's a little bit of technical apparatus and statistics. And I know, suppose I know what the expected returns are on various assets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What, uh, what should I do as a portfolio manager? And it was simple. It was like one page of math. He wrote it all down. Uh, he computed the optimal portfolio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, assuming that you know, you know, the variability of assets and their expected returns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you know, there are moments in history when certain ideas suddenly crystallize.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The idea of measuring risk by a standard deviation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then doing some calculations that bring that down maybe to a minimum value or minimum compared to some expected return.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that led to a big revolution in finance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, but it's a mathematical discipline that we saw in class. I also think it can be overrated. I love mathematical models like that, but they're not the whole story either.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the idea is that somehow you have to take account of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each asset that you invest in, how does it contribute to your overall portfolio variance and portfolio expected return?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a lot of complexity in the decision. Sometimes you want to be, hold a positive amount of an asset, sometimes you want to hold a negative amount.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what you hold depends not just on that asset's expected return, but on the expected return of other assets and their covariance with this asset. That all sounds an impossibly difficult problem, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It really isn't that difficult. It's simple calculus. Harry Markowitz just worked it out in his room at the University of Chicago and it's with us ever since.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that was one thing I wanted to cover early in the course, because I just like the model. I don't trust it either, but I like it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today we're gonna be talking about an ER, an emergency room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, doctor shows are very popular with people, medical terms and all that stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pulmonary refers to the lungs. Yep. Resuscitation means to come back to life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's CPR. Okay. So let's take a look at our next word. BP.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Blood pressure. That's just the way that doctors use it in the emergency room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so blood pressure. And our last word, acute respiratory failure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so if you go into acute respiratory failure, then the doctor or somebody has to perform CPR.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, cool. Okay, so we've, so we've previewed these three great words, now let's listen to our dialogue for the first time. It's gonna be really fast and you're gonna have a lot of drama in it, so, uh, don't worry if you don't understand everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's take a look at our first word. Intubate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so once they've intubated the patient, they start to bag him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's look at our next word, critical condition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so you don't want to be in critical condition. No. Let's take a look at our next word, stabilize.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when the doctors stabilize a patient, they take that patient out of danger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the place where patients who are in critical condition are taken.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so it's time for us to listen to our dialogue again. Now, try to catch all of these medical terms that we just talked about, and then we'll come back and explain a few phrases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stop moving, exactly. Okay, let's listen to some more examples of hold still because again, it's a really great phrasal verb that you can change up a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess it's kind of a saying. Like, I'm out of the woods, I'm free, I'm safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now it's time for us to listen to our dialogue again, and when we come back, Eric is gonna tell us about her ER story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fell out of the window. Alright, but our listeners have to know what story or what floor do you live on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good as new. He used up one of his, uh, seven lives. Nine lives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, that's an interesting story. I guess that's the inspiration under this dialogue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, maybe our users have some stories about their pets being taken to the hospital.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, that should be interesting. I've never had a pet actually break a leg or anything, so I don't have any pet stories this time, but we want to hear what you think, so come to EnglishPod.com, leave all your questions and comments and your stories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know how to hook up this new DVD player, can you help me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you don't hold still, I can't see if you have something in your eye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello and welcome to the complete JavaScript course. I'm really, really happy to welcome you to this huge course, which will take you from knowing nothing about JavaScript to an expert JavaScript developer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And learning JavaScript is a great choice. Not only because it's the most popular programming language in the world, but also because it basically powers the entire modern web.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this course is, in my opinion, the very best way of learning JavaScript that you will find. And so you have come to the right place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, before we start learning, let's take a couple of minutes to get a quick overview of how the course is organized and the projects that we're gonna build together, so that you know exactly what to expect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the course contains about 20 sections with over 60 hours of video content. And we're gonna kick off the course in section 2 and 3 with the very basics of the JavaScript language to give you a solid foundation for the rest of the course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then you will learn some general skills that you will need as a developer, like problem solving, fixing errors, and setting up a development environment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After that, we built our very first project with the user interface. So this section is about DOM manipulation and we will build not one, but actually three beautiful, but simple applications.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, in section 8, we will take a detailed look behind the scenes of JavaScript to learn how the language actually works. And this will give you valuable knowledge that many other developers simply don't have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, in sections 9 and 10, we will keep working on our JavaScript fundamentals, but now with a focus on more modern ES6 topics, such as maps and destructuring, and also strings, functions, closures, and more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, throughout sections 11 and 12, we will build our next beautiful project, which will teach you all you need to know about array methods, numbers, dates and timers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And after that, we jump right into our next project, which is gonna be this beautiful website, full-packed with visual effects and components, such as lazy image loading, a tapped component, a slider, and so much more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In section 14, we finally reached the pretty advanced, but also very important topic of object-oriented programming with constructor functions and ES6 classes, which will then, in the next section, allow us to build this stunning real-world project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And besides object-oriented programming, this project will also teach you how to incorporate a map and how to actually plan and structure a project, which is also super important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After that, you're gonna learn all about asynchronous JavaScript, which is used for things like loading data from external web servers with AJAX.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then in sections 17 and 18, we will learn how modern JavaScript applications are actually built using cutting edge technologies like NPM, Babel, Parcel and ES6 modules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We then take these modern tools and everything that we have learned up until this point to build this biggest and coolest project in the course. And we then even finish this project by deploying it to the internet using Netlify and Git in section 19.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as you see, I included everything you need to know about JavaScript in this course, along with a ton of real-world projects and challenges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, your next step is to watch the next lecture, which is super important to set you up for success in this course, with instructions for many things like how to ask questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if you already know the fundamentals of JavaScript, then after the next lecture, please move ahead to the section called how to navigate this course, where you will then find your perfect learning path to navigate this huge course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you're new to JavaScript, then of course, just move on to the next section. All right. So I hope that you're going to have a ton of fun with this course, that you become a really advanced JavaScript developer and that you will take your web development career to the next level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And with that being said, let's finally get started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this second tutorial video on Octave, I'd like to start to tell you how to move data around in Octave. So if you have data for a machine learning problem, how do you load that data into Octave? How do you put it into the matrix? How do you manipulate these matrices? How do you save the results? How do you move data around and operate with data?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's my octave window as before, uh, picking up from where we left off in the last video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I type A, that's the matrix that we generated, right, with this command equals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and, uh, this is a 3 by 2 matrix. The size command in Octave lets you, uh, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It tells you what is the size of a matrix. So size A returns 3, 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out that the size command itself is actually returning a 1 by 2 matrix. So you can actually set Sz equals size of A and Sz is now a 1 by 2 matrix where the first element of this is 3 and the second element of this is 2. So you can just type size of Sz equals


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This Z is a 1 by 2 matrix whose two elements contain the dimensions of the matrix A.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can also type size a1 to give you back the first dimension of a, uh, size of the first dimension of a.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the number of rows and size A2 to give you back, uhm, 2, which is the number of columns in the matrix A.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have a vector v, so let's say v equals one, two, three, four, and you type length


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What this does is it gives you the size of the longest dimension. So, uh, you can also type length.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A, and because A is a 3 by 2 matrix, the longer dimension is of size 3, so this should print out 3. But usually we apply length only to a vector, so, you know, length 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, rather than apply length to matrices because that's a, that's a little more confusing. Now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's look at how to load data and find data on a file system. When we start up Octave, we're usually, we're often in a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, path that is near the location of where the Octave program is. So the pwd command shows the current directory or the current path that Octave is in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So right now we're in this somewhat, maybe somewhat off-school directory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The CD command stands for change directory. So I can go to C colon slash user slash A and G slash desktop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, now I'm in, you know, my desktop. And, uh, if I type ls, uhm, ls is sort of comes from a Unix or Linux command. But ls will list the directories on my desktop. And so, you know, these are the files that are on my desktop right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, on my desktop are two files, FeaturesX and PriceY, that maybe come from a machine learning problem I want to solve. So, here's my desktop. Here's FeaturesX.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And features X is this window, excuse me, is this file with two columns of data. This is actually my housing prices data. So I think, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I have 47 rows in this data set and so the first house had size 2104 square feet has 3 bedrooms. Second house has 1600 square feet has 3 bedrooms and so on. And price Y is this file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That, uh, has the prices of the data in my training set. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Features X and price Y are just text files with my data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do I load this data into Octa? Well, type the command load features x.dat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, if I do that, I load the features x and can load price y dot that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And by the way, there are multiple ways to do this. This command, if you are


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put features x.dat in strings and load it like so. This is a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, oops, typo there. This is a equivalent command, uhm, so you can, uh, yeaah, but, uh, this way I'm, I'm just putting the file name of the string in, uh, the file name in, in a, uh, string and an octave, you use single quotes to, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To represent strings, like so. So that's a string and I can load the file whose name is given by that string. Now the who command


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now it shows me what variables I have in my Octave workspace. So who shows me what are the variables that Octave has in memory currently. Features x and price y are among them, as well as the variables that we created earlier in the session. So I can type features.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] X to display features X and that's my, uh, uh, data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I can type size, features, x, and that's my 47 by 2 matrix. And similarly size, price y, that gives me my 47 by 1 vector, uh, for, this is a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 47 dimensional vectors, this whole column vector that has all the prices y in my trading set.


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[Assistant] Now the who function shows you what are the variables that are in the current workspace. There's also the who s variable that gives you the detailed view.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so this also, with an S at the end, this also lists my variables, except that it now lists their sizes as well. So A is a 3 by 2 matrix, uh, and features X is a 47 by 2 matrix, price Y is a 47 by 1 matrix, meaning this is just a vector.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it shows, you know, how many bytes the memory is taking up as well as what type of data this is. Double means double precision floating point. So that just means these are real values of floating point numbers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if you want to get rid of a variable, you can use the clear command. So clear features x, and type who's again, you notice that the features x variable has now disappeared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, how do we save data? Let's see. Let's take the variable v and set it to price y, 1 colon 10. This sets v to be the first 10 elements of, uhm, uh, the vector y. So let's type


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or whose, whereas y was a 47 by 1 vector, v is now 10 by 1 because v equals price y.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This will save the variable v into a file called hello.nat. So let's do that. And now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A file has appeared on my desktop, you know, called hello.nat. Uhm, I happen to have MATLAB installed in this Windows, which is why, you know, this, this icon looks like this, because Windows recognizes this as a MATLAB file. But don't worry about it if this file looks like it has a different icon on your machine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, let's say I clear all my variables. So if I, if you type clear without anything, then this actually deletes all the variables in your workspace. So if I type who's, there's now nothing left in the workspace. And if I load hello.net, I can now load back my variable v, which is my, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So hello.mat, what we did just now, the save hello.mat to v, this saves the data in a binary format, in a somewhat more compressed binary format, so that if v is a lot of data, this, you know, will be somewhat more compressed and will take up less of the space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to save your data in a human readable format, then you type saveHello.txt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The variable v and then dash oskey. So this will save it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a text, or as ASCII formatted text. And now, once I've done that, I have this file, hello.txt has just appeared on my desktop, and if I open this up,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see that this is a text file with my data saved away. So that's how you load and save data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's my, uh, 3x2 matrix. Let's talk about indexing. So if I type A, 3, 2, this indexes into the 3, 2 element of the matrix A. So this is, uh, what, uh, this is, you know, normally we would write this as A subscript 3, 2, uhm, or A subscript, you know, 3, 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so that's the element in the third row and second column of A, which is the element 6. I can also type A to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] comma, colon to fetch everything in the second row. So the colon means every element.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Along that row or column. So a of 2 comma colon is this second row of a.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and similarly if I do a colon comma two, then this means get everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the second column of A, so this gives me 2, 4, 6, right, this means of A.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything, comma, second column. So this is my second column of A, which is two four six.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, you can also use somewhat more sophisticated indexing operations. So, so just quickly show you an example. You, you do this maybe less often, but let me do a 1, 3, comma, colon. This means get all the elements of a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whose first index is 103. This means I get everything from the first and third rows of A and from all, uhm, columns. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This was the matrix A, and so A, 1, 3, comma, colon, means get everything from the first row and from the second row, and, and from the third row. And colon means, you know, I want both the first and the second columns. And so this gives me this 1, 2, 5, 6. Although you, you use these sorts of, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To show you what else we can do, here's the A matrix, and this was A colon comma two gave me the second column.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can also use this to do assignments. So I can take the second column of A and assign that to 10, 11, 12. And if I do that, I'm now, you know, taking the second column of A and I'm


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Assigning this column vector 10, 11, 12 to it. So now A is this matrix, that's 1, 3, 5, and the second column has been replaced by 10, 11, 12.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A is equal to this. Okay, I hope that makes sense. So this 100, 101,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a column vector and what we did was we set A, take A and set it to the original definition and then we put that column vector to the right and so we ended up taking the matrix A


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, which was, uh, this, these six elements on the left. So we took the matrix A, and we appended another column vector to the right, which is now Y, now A is a 3 by 3 matrix that looks like that. And, uh, finally,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One neat trick that I sometimes use if you do A and then just a colon like so. This is a somewhat special case syntax. What this means is that it puts all elements of A into a single column vector.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this gives me a 9 by 1 vector that just has all the elements of A concatenated together. Uhm, just a couple more examples. I can also, let's see, let's say I set A to be equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 5, 6 again. And let's say I set B to be equal to 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. I can create a new matrix C as AB. This just means


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's my matrix A, here's my matrix B, and I've set C to be equal to AB


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I'm doing is I'm taking these two matrices and just concatenating them onto each other. So the left matrix A on the left,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Notation means that, uh, means, uh, means I go put the next thing at the bottom. So I would do C equals A semicolons B. It also puts the matrices A and B together, except that it now puts them on top of each other. So now I have A on top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And B at the bottom and C here is now a 6 by 2 matrix. So, so just say again, the semicolon thing usually means, you know, go to the next line. So C is comprised by A and then go to the bottom of that and then put B at the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And by the way, this AB is the same as A comma B and so either of these gives you the same result.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So with that, hopefully you now know how to construct matrices and hopefully this starts to show you some of the commands that you can use to quickly put together matrices and take matrices and, you know, slam them together to form big matrices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And with just a few lines of code, Octave is very convenient in terms of how quickly we can assemble complex matrices and move data around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So hopefully that gives you a sense of how with just a few commands you can very quickly move data around in Octave. You know, load and save vectors and matrices, load and save data, put together matrices to create bigger matrices, index into or select specific elements of the matrices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know I went through a lot of commands, but so I think the best thing for you to do is afterwards to look at the transcript of the things I was typing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look at the, look at the course website and download the transcript of the session from there and look for the transcript and type some of those commands into Octave yourself so that you can start to play these commands and get them to work. And obviously, you know, there's no point at all to try to memorize all these commands, it's just,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what you should do is hopefully from this video you have gotten a sense of the sorts of things you can do so that when later on when you're trying to program a learning algorithm just yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you are trying to find a specific command that maybe you think Octave can do because you think you might have seen it here, you should refer to the, to the transcript of this session and look through that in order to find the commands you want to use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, that's it for moving data around and in the next video what I'd like to do is start to tell you how to actually do complex computations on our data and how to compute on our data and actually start to implement learning algorithms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You roll out of bed and leap eight meters across your underground habitat.


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[Assistant] And with the European Space Agency's idea to establish a functioning moon camp by the 2020s, that day may be closer than we think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, living on the moon won't be easy. The camp envisioned is not so much a village as an inhabited research base, similar to those in places like Antarctica.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there are far greater obstacles to living on the moon than just cold weather. The biggest is cosmic radiation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first step would likely involve robots and 3D printers constructing covered habitats from lunar soil, or building shelters inside caves formed by lava tubes from the moon's volcanic past.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what would the inhabitants live on? Supplies would need to be transported from Earth at first. Growing plants requires greenhouse soil and air rich in carbon dioxide, a gas that's rare on the moon, but could be synthesized from recycled materials.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A water treatment plant could be supplied by ice mined from the polar regions using a specialized drill that can bore two meters beneath the lunar surface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And lunar inhabitants would have to exercise for hours a day to maintain bone and muscle mass. That's because the moon's gravity is just one-sixth that of the Earth, and the everyday strain of working against gravity is part of what keeps our bodies healthy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It might seem strange to go to all this trouble to build a base on a dead rock we've already visited, but NASA's Apollo missions only explored small portions of the moon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've made many discoveries since then, such as ice near the poles and particles of solar wind gases that date back billions of years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They collectively show that the Moon has much more to teach us about the history of our solar system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the lunar surface is rich in minerals like silicon, aluminum, and magnesium, creating great economic potential for mining. But the biggest benefit of the moon camp may not lie on the moon, but beyond it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The smaller gravitational pull would require less fuel to overcome, allowing for larger ships and more cargo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meanwhile, the base on the surface could serve as a testing ground for future space operations, a refueling station, and a supply depot all in one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With Europe, Russia, China, and the U.S. expressing interest in the project, the Moon Camp may come to involve the space agencies of all major nations, as well as private companies. Within a few decades, the Moon may be bustling with mining operations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We may have already visited the moon, but now we're closer than ever to making it part of humanity's home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Keep trekking through the vast reaches of outer space with this playlist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oxford Bookworms Library. Stage 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A Ghost in Love and Other Plays by Michael Dean was originally published in English in 2007.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This licensed edition is published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press by arrangement with Oxford University Press.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That Keech took the boy's money. You can see it in his face.


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[Assistant] ZUMBO has been known to give a lot of difficult tasks, so I'm very sure it's going to be an interesting mystery box.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is one of my favourite desserts and it's my own creation. I want to show the judges that I'm not only a savoury person, I can also cook a sweet dish and I can do a good sweet dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm making a chocolate mousse with mirror glaze and a hazelnut crumb and some passion fruit jelly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I take the mousse out, it has set perfectly. I'm scooping out a bit from the middle of the mousse and replacing it with Uzu and passion fruit jelly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Five dishes gonna be tasted, and two of them gonna go up for immunity. And I would love my dish to be tasted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The whole dish looks amazing. The dong looks perfect, the crumb, the jelly. Place a hazelnut on the top to finish up. It looks perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow. My dish has been tasted. I have never been known for a dessert person. So I'm very proud of myself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The shoe's looking good. I'm very happy with my shoe pastry. It's in the oven. I can see it rising. So I'm gonna start with my panel custard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a bit of an adventure. Fennel and cinnamon. They are strong spices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm adding bit by bit. I think the custard itself is very nice. I don't know whether the judges gonna like it, but we are trying it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since we have fennel in our custard, why not add some fennel to our macarons?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a big night ahead to think whether to use the pin and go to the next week or to take the risk and go and do the pressure test. I've got a big decision to make tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When playing in the snow, few things are more fun than building a fort. But building a shelter out of snow also turns out to be a pretty ingenious way to make it through the winter, because even though snow is cold, it's a great insulator. We're not the only species that's figured this out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Ussurian tube-nosed bat is native to Korea, Japan, and parts of Russia. Adults max out at about 8 grams, less than the weight of two American nickels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And like most bats, they're nocturnal insect eaters. During the warmer months, these bats spend their days holed up in dead leaves or tree cavities. During winter, the region where they live turns cold and snowy, and in response,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They dig out little bat-sized snow dens to hibernate in. The dens are pretty similar to the snow caves you might have excavated as a kid. And while keeping warm in one seems counterintuitive because, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See, a lot of air gets trapped between snowflakes as they pile up. Freshly fallen snow is as much as 95% air. That air can't move around, so it doesn't transfer heat well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Making piles of snow excellent insulators. So, researchers think that Euserian tube-nosed bats dig out little cavities, curl up, and go into torpor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A state in which they drop their body temperature and slow down their metabolism to reduce energy use. At around zero degrees Celsius, the snow isn't exactly warm inside, but it doesn't easily get colder than that either, even when the environment outside does.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most predators aren't rooting around inside snow banks for food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And since snow is made out of frozen water, the environment inside a snow den is pretty moist, too. This means that bats don't lose as much water while they're resting, and can easily grab a sip if they do wake up thirsty. Depending on the weather in a given year, it can be anywhere from a few days to six months before the snow melts and the sleepy bat is exposed, and then…


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's back to hiding out in a tree cavity. We only know about one other non-human mammal that builds dens in the snow to keep snug over the winter, and it's way at the other end of the size spectrum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By following your curiosity. And on that note, this episode is brought to you by everyone who supports SciShow, including you. From viewers to channel members to patrons, we wouldn't be able to do all of this without you and your curiosity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So thank you. If you want to watch one more episode after this, we recommend our episode about what the first animal ever might have looked like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And each point represents one year. So let's pick a year, uh, when the stock market went up. Uh, let's say the market went up, uh, 10%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means, uh, the stock is reacting one for one with the market. But in the case of Apple, the beta, uh, is about 1.5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Harvard University is one of the most prestigious schools in North America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He worked really hard and now he is a very prestigious heart surgeon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a good thing I brought my umbrella. It rained the whole day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a good thing that I bought my house before the prices went up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Process everything you're looking at. Today's all about detail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We obviously know white chocolate's probably the most difficult to temper, so you need to be focused, yeah, to achieve this. Right, you ready to have a look inside? Yes. Do the honours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sarah, you know what? Fingers crossed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very, very interesting. Yeah, because it's cut amongst the pigeon stuff, isn't it? It is, and, and you know, it's gonna come down to this last cake, isn't it? Yeah, absolutely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The tempering of the chocolate's not tempered. It's unfortunate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So shall we? Ah, let's just get in and get it done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your cake looked amazing. It was the best Finnish cake of the day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gina, your sponge was undercooked. We're sorry, that's why you're going home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How many places can you go to for a great bowl of pasta like that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they did not sleep. They waited and they listened.


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[Assistant] In the end, Mr. White got up to get a candle because the dark made him more afraid. He began to go downstairs, but suddenly he heard a noise at the front door. He stopped and he listened. He could not move. Then the noise came again. This time he ran. He ran upstairs, back into the bedroom, and he closed the door behind him. But again,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The noise came. What's that? Mrs. White cried, and she sat up in bed. Nothing. Go to sleep again, her husband answered. But Mrs. White listened, and the noise came again. It's Herbert. It's Herbert, she cried. I'm going to open the door for him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's my boy, it's Herbert, she answered. No, don't go, don't, her husband cried again. But Mrs. White did not listen to him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She opened the bedroom door and ran from the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm coming, Herbert. I'm coming, she called. Mr. White ran after her. Stop!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He cried, Remember, Herbert died in the machinery. You don't want to see him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For a minute, Mrs. White stopped and looked at her husband.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then the noise came again, and she began to run downstairs. Help me, help me, she called to her husband. But Mr. White did not move. The paw, he thought. Where's the monkey's paw? He ran back into the bedroom. Quick, he thought. Where is it? At first he could not find it in the dark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mr. White took the monkey's paw in his right hand, and he made his third wish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mrs. White gave a long unhappy cry, and her husband ran down to her. She stood by the open door. Very afraid, old Mr. White looked out into the dark. The road was dark and quiet, and there was nobody there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel a bit responsible. I think I was trying to do too much. Didn't utilise the team's strength enough. And your mindset this morning? Yeah, always focused in black, so ready to do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My heart just starts thumping as I see the Greek flag and George Kolombaris standing in front of us. This is my worst nightmare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know the bases of Greek cuisine, garlic, lemon, oregano, mint, Greek yogurt. I would really love to go to Greece, especially with my wife Caitlin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got a couple of ideas for the prawns. I really want to get some good Greek flavours in there. I love ouzo, so I'm going to poach these prawns in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know every Greeks mother cooks the best Greek food, so hopefully I can do George's mum proud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] George is a really great Greek chef and I don't want to stuff something up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got under five minutes left for my Greek-inspired mazze plate. I get the prawns out of the poaching liquid. And...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The prawn heads out of the deep fry, I'm really happy with how crispy they are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The flatbread looks a bit thick and I'm worried that it's just gonna be too crumbly but it's all I've got at the moment and I've gotta get something on the plate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I start deveining and shelling one of the poached prawns. I'm just making a mess of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I should really serve these peeled and deveined, but I'm running out of time. I have to leave the shells on. This could really cost me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was a bit of a struggle. I was a bit thrown from the start and running out of time. I really like the look of their heads though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I said, let's take a break. And since that night, I've been waiting for him to call, but I still haven't heard from him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's the love of my life. I've really messed this up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't believe how immature and selfish I was being. I mean, he is a firefighter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But first, they'll have to make it through round one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The taste test. As they churn through the flavors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dorothy lived in a small house in Kansas with Uncle Henry, Aunt Em,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a little black dog called Toto.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There were no trees and no hills in Kansas. And it was often very windy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes the wind came very fast and very suddenly. That was a cyclone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it could blow trees and people and buildings away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There were cellars under all the houses. And when a cyclone came,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People went down into their cellars and stayed there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He called to Aunt M and Dorothy, we must go down into the cellar. They ran to the door of the cellar, but Toto was afraid and he ran under the bed. Dorothy ran after him. Quick, shouted Aunt M from the cellar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A very strange thing happened. The house moved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aunt Em and Uncle Henry were down in the cellar, under the ground. But the house, Dorothy,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Toto went up to the top of the cyclone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And saw hills and houses a long way down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She closed the cellar door quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The wind blew the house along for many hours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At first, Dorothy was afraid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we can't do anything about it, she said to Toto. So let's wait and see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And after two or three hours...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She and Toto went to sleep. When Dorothy opened her eyes again, the house was on the ground, and everything was quiet. She picked up Toto, opened the door, and went out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They saw tall trees and beautiful flowers and little houses with blue doors. Dorothy gave a little cry. This isn't Kansas, Toto. And who are these people?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There were three very short men in blue hats, coats, and trousers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a little old woman in a beautiful white dress.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The woman walked up to Dorothy and said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you. Thank you. Now the people are free. Why are you thanking me? Dorothy asked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You killed the witch of the east, said the woman. She was a bad witch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And her people, the Munchkins, were very afraid of her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The little old woman and the three little men all smiled happily at Dorothy. But Dorothy did not understand. But I didn't kill anybody, she said. Your house fell on the witch, laughed the little woman. Look, you can see her feet. Dorothy looked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And saw two feet with red shoes under the house. Suddenly one of the munchkins gave a shout. Look!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Her feet are disappearing in the hot sun.


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[Assistant] There were only the red shoes. Good, said the little woman.


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[Assistant] She picked up the shoes and gave them to Dorothy.


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[Assistant] They're your shoes now. You must wear them.


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[Assistant] Because a witch's shoes can sometimes do wonderful things. Thank you, said Dorothy. But who are you? Are you a munchkin? No, but I'm their friend. I'm the Witch of the North.


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[Assistant] And I came to see the dead witch of the east. But don't be afraid. I'm a good witch.


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[Assistant] But Aunt M says there aren't any witches.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, there are, said the witch.


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[Assistant] Here in the country of Oz, we have four witches.


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[Assistant] The witches of the north and the south are good witches.


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[Assistant] But those of the east and the west are bad witches.


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[Assistant] Now, the witch of the east is dead. So there is only one bad witch. We have a famous wizard too.


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[Assistant] And he lives in the Emerald City.


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[Assistant] How many witches and wizards do you have in your country?


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[Assistant] Suddenly, she remembered Aunt Em and Uncle Henry.


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[Assistant] How can I get back home to Kansas? she asked. Where is Kansas? asked the good witch.


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[Assistant] I don't know a country called Kansas, so I can't tell you the way. Dorothy began to cry. Oh dear, what can I do? Please don't cry, said the witch.


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[Assistant] Go and see the Wizard of Oz. He's a good wizard and perhaps he can help you.


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[Assistant] I can't go with you, but I can give you my kiss.


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[Assistant] It looked like a small red flower on Dorothy's face.


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[Assistant] Now nothing can hurt you, she said. Look.


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[Assistant] There is the road to the Emerald City.


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[Assistant] It is made of yellow bricks so you cannot lose your way. Goodbye. Goodbye, said the three little munchkins.


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[Assistant] In the house, Dorothy found some bread and some apples and she put them all in a bag.


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[Assistant] Then she put on her blue and white dress. Now I look nice she said. She looked down at her old shoes.


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[Assistant] Then she remembered the bad witches' red shoes and put them on. She picked up her bag of food. Come on, Toto, she called.


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[Assistant] We're going to find the Wizard of Oz.


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[Assistant] Man, I wanna drink. Twenty miles in one morning. Are the bicycles okay in the street?


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[Assistant] How do you know? This is your first time here. First time in England. Or am I wrong?


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[Assistant] We were out in the sun for five hours. You need to drink some cold water.


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[Assistant] Yeaah. Hey. Come on. Let's go out in the sun. Let's see the village. Have a drink. Find some girls.


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[Assistant] Let's stay in the room. Hey! There's a television!