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[Assistant] Before going on to the next cranial nerve, cranial nerve number three, the oculomotor nerve has another important function in that it innervates the ciliary muscles of the eye. And thus the oculomotor nerve has an important role in accommodation.


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[Assistant] The sensory nerve responsible for most of the face, uh, sensation is the next cranial nerve, which is cranial nerve number five, also known as a trigeminal nerve.


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[Assistant] It is a very big nerve and originates from the pons and the midbrain.


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[Assistant] The trigeminal nerve, it has three big branches which are sensory and these are known as


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[Assistant] V1, for ophthalmic nerve, which senses this area of the face. V2, the maxillary nerve, responsible for sensory in the maxilla area. And V3, which is the mandibular nerve, responsible for senses in the mandibular area. The jaw. The trigeminal nerve is a big nerve, cause it also does motor, so it does sensory and motor.


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[Assistant] It has motor nerves for the muscles of mastication, which are your temporal muscles, masseter and the lateral and medial


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[Assistant] So we already talked about cranial nerve number 6, which was the abducens nerve, and remember, it abducts, it supplies the lateral rectus muscle.


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[Assistant] The one after the abducens nerve is the facial nerve, cranial nerve number seven. It originates from the pons.


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[Assistant] The facial nerve, as the name suggests, applies to the face. It is an important nerve for the muscles of facial expression, such as for your frontalis, your orbicularis oculi, uhm, your orbicularis auris, etc.


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[Assistant] The facial nerve also has special functions in that it supplies all the secretory glands in your face such as your sublingual and your submandibular glands as well as your tear glands.


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[Assistant] The lacrimal glands. The facial nerve however does not supply your parotid glands. It is supplied, the parotid glands, it is supplied by another cranial nerve which we'll talk about.


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[Assistant] The facial nerve however does, does pass through the protic glands and so you have to be careful of the facial nerve when you're removing the protic glands for some, for some reason, surgical reason.


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[Assistant] The facial nerve does taste of the anterior two thirds of the tongue. So all over all the facial.


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[Assistant] The facial nerve does taste of the anterior two thirds of the tongue. So overall, the facial nerve is a pretty big player with some, with some mostly motor function.


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[Assistant] Cranial nerve number eight is the vestibulococcular nerve, which essentially is for hearing. And it is made up of two nerves, the vestibular nerve, which comes from the vestibule of the inner ear and the cochlear nerve, which comes off the cochlea. They join and form the vestibulococcular nerve, which travels to the pons area of the brain.


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[Assistant] Cranial nerve number nine is the glossopharyngeal nerve. It originates from the medulla and it is motor for the parotid glands.


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[Assistant] It is also special sensory taste and normal sensory for pain and stuff for the posterior one third of the tongue. It is also sensory for the pharynx, initiating the gag reflex.


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[Assistant] The glossopharyngeal nerve is also a motor for the gag reflex together with the next cranial nerve, which is cranial nerve number 10.


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[Assistant] Cranial nerve number 10, which is your vagus nerve, is motor and sensory to many organs in your body. Specifically, the digestive organs.


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[Assistant] It originates from the medulla and it is responsible for stimulating the rest and digest response. So rest and digest response is the opposite of the fight or flight response, which is, uh, which is, which is basically a sympathetic.


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[Assistant] So again, your cranial nerve, which is your vagus nerve, innervates, smother, and it's sensory for most organs in your body.


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[Assistant] This includes the heart, the lungs, and your digestive system. It stimulates the rest and digest response.


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[Assistant] And not the sympathetic. So it opposes the sympathetic.


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[Assistant] Spinal accessory nerve is your cranial nerve number 11 and it originates from the medulla. It is a motor nerve.


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[Assistant] For two important muscles, the SCM muscle and the trapezius. The last cranial nerve,


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[Assistant] Is the hypoglossal nerve, cranial nerve number 12, which originates from the medulla and it is motor for the tongue, basically the movement of the tongue. So that was an overall picture of the functions of the cranial nerves. Um, they, each of these cranial nerves, they, they do more than what I just said.


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[Assistant] What I presented in the video was an overall picture. Uhm, so hopefully that helped. Thank you for watching.


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[Assistant] Mcnuggets, I'm worried about Jason because after hearing the energy that he brought to the top there, I closely watched his blinking, and I'm pretty sure he blinked Morse code, get me the hell out of here. I'm pretty sure that's what I saw.


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[Assistant] No, I'm just ready to go, man. I can't wait to start talking about this Deshaun Watson preseason deal. Uhm, is he gonna play or not? And my theory is, Jason, I can't wait to hear you weigh in on this.


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[Assistant] I think the league's gonna pull a fast one and come up with their decision before kickoff, cause they don't want the optics of seeing that guy on a football field. Period. End of it.


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[Assistant] Will they comply with that just because that there is the optics of an obligation? No. I said yesterday that I feel that there is now a measure of punishment that is directly aimed at the Browns. I mean obviously if Deshaun Watson is suspended that hurts the Browns.


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[Assistant] But it's not just that they've suspended him or that they're going to. It's the way they're doing it.


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[Assistant] This uncertainty all through camp. I watched Jimmy Donovan.


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[Assistant] Talk about how there has been a real deflation at camp. And Jason, I don't know if you've felt that or not. This was just his opinion. He has felt like since, since it came out that the league was going to appeal, it feels like someone let the air out of their balloon.


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[Assistant] And so now, you know, everybody was saying, well, this isn't a distraction. This is just impacts to Sean. No, it impacts the whole team. And now it's really putting a dark cloud over the entire preseason and the entire camp because this has been lingering.


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[Assistant] For the entire camp. So I wouldn't be surprised at all if at 4.30 tomorrow we hear that there's an indefinite suspension. I really wouldn't because at this point


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[Assistant] I'm going with what can the league do to most disrupt the Browns? And to me, that feels like the most disruptive thing. The other thing too is, and Jason, I'm wondering what your thoughts are on this.


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[Assistant] If he's suspended for a year, you don't put him out there tomorrow. Why would you?


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[Assistant] So I think if it's a year or if it's indefinite, you don't see Deshaun Watson on a football field tomorrow. And I think that's exactly what Roger Goodell and the NFL wants. And as we know, historically, this guy gets his way. He's like a petulant child. If he doesn't get his way, he changes the rules and he keeps going until he does get his way. And ultimately,


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[Assistant] Feels to me like that's what he wants, so that's what he's going to get.


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[Assistant] That's a big if because again, I feel like the NFL is going to swing in at the last second and spoil the day. But if he's allowed to play, I give him a couple of series, but McNuggets to your point of


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[Assistant] Allowing Brown's fans to see what he is. It's a preseason game against Jacksonville. If he throws two passes and they're both interceptions.


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[Assistant] Or if he throws two passes and they're both touchdowns, it doesn't change my view of what we have here. I think everybody knows the last time we saw Deshaun Watson, he was a game-changing quarterback, and that's what we were looking for.


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[Assistant] I would be floored if Kevin Stefanski rolls him out there under those circumstances. I just, I hear what you're saying, Jay. I know that you want to get him, you want to get him out there, but what's the point? It's going to be another year before he takes a meaningful snap.


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[Assistant] And I just, I don't know the way I operate in, in my life. I always try to justify the worst case scenario and the best case scenario. And the risk and the reward in those two, to me, it's way too risky to roll him out there knowing that there's no chance he's gonna play this season. I just wouldn't do it.


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[Assistant] I hope Kevin Stefanski has a level and cool head with this thing. And, and Jay, I, there is so much credence to what you're saying about, for his morale.


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[Assistant] Hopefully he's scratched that itch during training camp. By all accounts, and you know this, he's looked spectacular in training camp. He's made in throws. It looks like he hasn't missed a beat. I don't feel like he needs that to prove to himself that yeah, I can still do this. He knows that.


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[Assistant] I'm just, I really hope, and I, guys, I hope my cynicism is completely unfounded here, and I'm wrong, but I just, as I've been playing this thing out in my head, is he gonna appeal? Of course he's going to appeal. He didn't get his way. He didn't get what he wanted.


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[Assistant] And that's why I feel like he's gonna come out sometime between now and kickoff tomorrow.


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[Assistant] And make sure that we don't have the optic of optics of number four running onto the field.


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[Assistant] And playing in a preseason football game because I just think that's a storyline that Roger Goodell doesn't want. And as we know, this dude gets what he wants almost every single time.


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[Assistant] I'm going with no, not because of the Browns, just because I think Peter C. Harvey's gonna pull a rabbit out of a hat at 4.30 tomorrow.


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[Assistant] I can't believe that I'm saying this, but I used to be the guy who believed in zero conspiracy theories. I just, I always thought they were so far-fetched, most of them. But all of a sudden, when it comes to this, I just feel like I'm loaded with conspiracy theories.


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[Assistant] I think that Rod- I think it has a great deal to do with everything that's happened so far. I think when he walks-


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[Assistant] From the Sue L. Robinson decision with zero dollars in fine. And obviously he was gonna lose a third of a million dollars as that's, you know, the six games of his first year salary.


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[Assistant] I think the league is, is furious about that and I've maintained all along that they were furious about that because I know that Andrew Berry has stated publicly that you know, that's the way a lot of contracts are done.


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[Assistant] I just don't buy that. I think that this contract was structured this way specifically to avoid financial punitive impact onto Shawn Watson. And I think that's irritated Roger Goodell.


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[Assistant] And for the life of me and Jason, I would love to get your thoughts on this. Why did Sue L Robinson not institute a fine? She said that she basically went to the limit of the guidelines that the NFL had provided her with.


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[Assistant] I prorated how much he's gonna make over his five years as a Cleveland Brown.


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[Assistant] And whatever that number would have been, it would have been far bigger than 333,000. So instead of finding him six game checks for year one, I'm gonna find him six game checks if he were to make the exact amount for every game over the five years. That would have been...


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[Assistant] Let me ask you guys this, uhm, and again, this is the next layer of my conspiracy theory, but as, as we've watched this whole thing play out, I've said a number of times to me, it feels like these guys are actors that are playing roles that are already predetermined. Is it possible, Jay, that


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[Assistant] Roger Goodell and Sue L. Robinson and I know that she is this woman of integrity and she's a former judge but


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[Assistant] It, it isn't outside the realm of reasonability that they could have all sat down and said, this is how this is going to play out. Sue, hit them with whatever number of games you think.


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[Assistant] We're going to appeal. Don't hit him with a fine. We're going to appeal and we're going to throw the financial component. That way they can say to everybody who's been screaming, this is not justice. They can then say, hey, we came down with a hammer on this guy. Ten million dollars is not a small number.


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[Assistant] We're bound by the six games because that's what the guidelines are.


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[Assistant] But we're gonna hit him with 10 million, and we look like the good guy. Sue L. Robinson comes out as a winner. I think to Sean, to Albert Breer's point yesterday, hell if it's 10 or 12, he may walk from this and say, I'm done. No suit. I'm happy with that. Let's just get on with the season.


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[Assistant] So, maybe that's what happens. They come down and hit them with a big, stiff fine. It stays at six games, and I think that's probably the closest thing to a win-win-win for everybody.


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[Assistant] Well, it happened to be to a marquee player. Jason, what do you think would have happened if this same storyline


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[Assistant] Was around an undrafted free agent who was a guy in camp. How long would have it taken any team in the league to immediately release that player? The story is never heard about again.


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[Assistant] Jay, do you think it leads to change? Do you think that the next collective bargaining agreement, there's no language that says, hey,


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[Assistant] In any disagreement, I get to break all ties. That can't be in the next CDA.


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[Assistant] I'm pretty much on record as saying I wouldn't have done this in the first place.


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[Assistant] It doesn't mean that I think Baker Mayfield is better than Deshaun Watson. I don't mean that. I've never said that. What I've said all along was to be consistent.


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[Assistant] I, I felt like the team was positioned well enough that


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[Assistant] Based on his entire body of work, which included 2020.


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[Assistant] I felt like if everything broke their way, they could still get to where they wanted to go with this guy. Am I surprised that he's tearing up practice? No, he's a four year starter in the NFL. He should tear up.


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[Assistant] Uhm, what will surprise me is if once we get to the regular season and we get into serious crunch time, if he all of a sudden becomes this unbelievable playmaker,


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[Assistant] So, I'm not surprised by any of this. I've talked to a couple of media members that are there and they've been to camp. Uhm, in fact, next week we're gonna have the, uhm, the play-by-play voice for the Carolina Panthers on Jim Zocchi. He's a former friend of mine from college. Uhm, look, they, they, they say,


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[Assistant] What we were saying about Baker in 2021 camp. Jason, you remember.


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[Assistant] Before the injury. Everybody thought the quarterback injury, uh, situation was finally over. Even those that wanted Baker gone, they were quietly sitting in the shadows waiting for him to throw that fourth quarter pick so they could jump out and say, ah, see, there he is. Always shows up.


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[Assistant] The injury. So after 2020, when Baker almost got the win at Kansas City, you still were saying, let's trade in Baker for Deshawn.


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[Assistant] I give you a lot of credit. If you were saying that after 2020.


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[Assistant] In a vacuum, you're absolutely right. I mean, there's no, there's no arguing with that in a vacuum. If you have a chance to get a top seven quarterback.


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[Assistant] The one thing we have to be careful about doing though, is trying to extrapolate Tom Brady to everybody else. To anything. And that's what you're doing when you're saying, hey, quarterbacks are playing to 45 now. No they're not. Right. One of them is, and he's the freak of nature. He's the exception.


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[Assistant] He's figured out a way to train during his sleep. I don't know how he does it, but like you just, you can't, you're dangerous, you're going into a scary place if you start looking at Tom Brady. You still, take the average quarterback. I don't know Jay, off the top of your head I would say the average quarterback in the NFL


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[Assistant] And, and, and it's easy to say, well, you know, you can look at all the guys, Philip Rivers, Drew Brees, all of the guys that have long careers. Eli Manning, your favorite person in the world. How old was he when he was out of the league? McNuggets.


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[Assistant] Now I'll give you a Jake Cutler. Oh, he sucked when he was 25.


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[Assistant] Jay Cutler was the starting quarterback in the league. What I'm saying is they don't all play until they're 40. So this assumption that you're going to get to Sean Watson for 14 years, that's such a stretch. You just can't do that. He's had an ACL injury.


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[Assistant] Eight years from now to look back at this conversation. And look, I hope Deshaun is still our quarterback, if he is.


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[Assistant] That means that he's been very successful because you don't stay that long with one team.


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[Assistant] Especially with a contract like that, unless you're breaking expectations. So I hope eight years from now we all get together and say, wow, he really did make it until 35. Because I just know the Browns track record with quarterbacks. Even when we finally thought we had one, we were wrong. We didn't, we had the rug pulled out from under us.


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[Assistant] Jay, you know that guys will gloss over any warts that are inside the line. They don't bring that stuff to the public. And you can go back, Jay, have you ever covered a team when you asked the team, hey, how's the chemistry? How's the camaraderie? Have you ever covered a team?


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[Assistant] Because I've been doing this for 30 years, and I've covered a lot of NFL camps. I've never asked that question in an NFL camp. Ever. And had a player say,


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[Assistant] Because I've been trapped in my home, I have the NFL Network out of loop and they're doing all their camp visits and it's so funny to me because I've never watched this volume of it before.


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[Assistant] These guys are in their own rooms. They're in their own position rooms. So it's not uncommon for an offensive player to say of a defensive player.


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[Assistant] The one thing that I remember that stood out to me was a lot of the guys go, you know, you really can't, he's a quiet guy. I mean, he's a leader obviously on the offense, but


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[Assistant] So I, you know what, it's so funny that you asked that because uhm, obviously phones weren't a big thing when I was playing my most competitive baseball, but I continue to play. And often times I do have my phone.


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[Assistant] In my back pocket before the game, I just throw it in there and then once the game, once I get in the dugout and I start getting loose, I'll throw it in my bag. But I have accidentally kept it in there during a bullpen session before a game and I've realized it was there and I've taken it out.


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[Assistant] As for what happened here, it's fascinating. So, on the surface, no, there's really no way that you're not allowed to have a phone on the field, obviously. It was funny, the umpire's reaction when he saw it was just like,


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[Assistant] It's interesting because my son said something when we were talking about it. He said, you could actually get an advantage if someone was in the clubhouse.


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[Assistant] And they were picking off signs, which now teams have done a much better job, and I'm not sure in this game whether or not the catcher was flashing signs or not.


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[Assistant] But you could actually get an advantage because


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[Assistant] Somebody in the clubhouse could just pick off the signal and then sign and then say, uhm, if, if, if I buzz you with a text.


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[Assistant] then you're going to get a fastball. And if you don't get a text from me, it's something off speed. I'm not saying he was doing that. In fact, I'm sure he wasn't, but it's possible that you could do that to relay signs, right Jay? Absolutely.


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[Assistant] Hey, uhm, guys, Mike, I am leaving here at the top of the hour. Uhm, are we, are you guys gonna talk about the Guardians in the second half, second hour? We're gonna touch on it very quickly. Yeah, if we have to. I know yesterday you guys implemented the whole thing about putting Deshaun Watson.


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[Assistant] That's great. So I'll just, before I go, I'll just say that I've enjoyed watching the Guardians the last couple of nights.


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[Assistant] Uhm, as they've had to scrap last night, they really had to scrap their way to another victory over the Tigers. They, they, they scored three runs early, then they completely went to bed. They went the last 20 hitters without recording a hit or, or a base runner.


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[Assistant] But then the bullpen comes in, and even though they bent, they didn't break, it was a phenomenal victory. And I can't believe we're saying this, but last year at this time,


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[Assistant] The Atlanta Braves were I believe under 500 or right at 500 and they went on to win the World Series. So I'm saying there's a chance. This club is in first place and there's 50 some odd games to go in the season.


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[Assistant] Who would have thought, but once again, Terry and the front office are pulling, uh, a rabbit out of a hat. So keep it going guys, uhm, enjoy the next hour of your show. I will see you guys tomorrow.


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[Assistant] How come you guys were eating in the kitchen? Is that an upstairs-downstairs thing?


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[Assistant] I hope you don't mind, but I was looking at your drawings. The ones of the horse.


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[Assistant] The horse. I tried to follow it, and that's how I got lost. But it looks exactly like your drawing. You must have seen it before.


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[Assistant] No, I don't think I have. It looks too good to be real.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I think so. Why, are we going somewhere?


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[Assistant] Look, I fell. I hurt my ankle and Fergus rescued me alright.


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[Assistant] Well I have. And don't you think it's a little late to start playing father?


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[Assistant] Yeaah, he was ordering an ice cream for his kid. Double fudge ripple.


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[Assistant] Where did he come from? Is he wild?


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[Assistant] I don't really believe it. I mean, I know it's just a kid's story.


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[Assistant] There's streams to swim in, meadows to run through, and there are creatures absolutely everywhere. Fergus knows all of the best places.


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[Assistant] She said, you are stubborn and reasonable and old fashioned.


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[Assistant] Christmas and birthdays? Do you think that's enough?


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[Assistant] But they are. There are poachers who kill the animals.


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[Assistant] Well, it's mine now too. And I'm staying.


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[Assistant] Don't understand why. Even now when Fergus is lying in the hospital, you can't... No, you won't believe me.


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[Assistant] And if you don't let Ozzy go right now, I'll report you to the police.


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[Assistant] Long ago in the highlands to the north, there was a horse. He was not like any other horse. He was wild and beautiful, with a spirit that was strong and free.


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[Assistant] We were all crowded so close that every tiny movement seemed very big. What is your problem, Jacob? I demanded. I tugged lightly against his hold on Renesmee, and he just stepped closer to me. He was pressed right up to me, Renesmee touching both of our chests. Edward hissed at him. Just because I understand, it doesn't mean I won't throw you out, Jacob. Bella's doing extraordinarily well. Don't ruin the moment for her.


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[Assistant] I'll help him toss you dog, Rosalie promised, her voice seething. I owe you a good kick in the gut.


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[Assistant] I glared at Jacob's anxious half angry expression. His eyes were locked on Renesmee's face with everyone pressed together.


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[Assistant] He had to be touching at least six different vampires at the moment. And it didn't even seem to bug him.


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[Assistant] Would he really go through all this just to protect me from myself? What could have happened during my transformation? My alteration into something he hated?


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[Assistant] Jasper's teeth came together and Edward's arms wrapped around my chest like constricting boas. Jacob had Renesmee out of my arms in the same second and I did not try to hold on to her because I felt it coming, the snap that they'd all been waiting for. Rose, I said through my teeth very slowly and precisely, take Renesmee. Rosalie held her hands out and Jacob handed my daughter to her at once.


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[Assistant] Both of them backed away from me. Edward, I don't want to hurt you, so please let go of me. He hesitated. Go stand in front of Renesmee, I suggested. He deliberated and then let me go. I leaned into my hunting crouch and took two slow steps forward toward Jacob. You didn't, I snarled at him. He backed away.


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[Assistant] And already you think you have some moronic, wolfy claim to her? She's mine. I can share, he said pleadingly as he retreated across the lawn. Pay up, I heard Emmett say behind me.


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[Assistant] A small part of my brain wondered who had bet against this outcome. I didn't waste much attention on it. I was too furious. How dare you imprint on my baby? Have you lost your mind? It was involuntary, he insisted, backing into the trees. And he wasn't alone. The two huge wolves reappeared, flanking him on either side. Leah snapped at me.


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[Assistant] Till that day my friend, don't give up. For this fight for your dream is true. Each time you find yourself even with a hiccup. Remember Darwin, we believe in you and the dream.


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[Assistant] Continue surveillance. May these guys can stick with us to the day I learn Chinese.


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[Assistant] I just don't understand. When the enemy found you, and sees you in the excellent position at 6 o'clock, why would they allow you to hide in the clouds?


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[Assistant] Your country hasn't been in a war for decades now. What if a war will start tomorrow? Are you guys even ready?


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[Assistant] It's just a similar situation. I don't mean to make you trouble. Have a nice day.


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[Assistant] As a professional soldier, I by confirm


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[Assistant] They do still have the launch authorization and encrypted key to a long-range ballistic missile.


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[Assistant] You better eat something. You have a long way to run. Cause you have to send a message to the Chinese government from us. To be honest, you impressed me today.


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[Assistant] Tell me, how have you felt facing death for the first time? Especially after you killed someone. Isn't it fascinating?


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[Assistant] I didn't betray my people, but my government betrayed me.


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[Assistant] Mabu Air Force, Mabu Air Force. It's okay sir, follow me please.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A sack of rice on your back weighs 50 kilos, so that's 100 kilos for two sacks. Every day we unload a truck full, which adds up to several tons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've known them forever and we get on really well with everyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we make our personal stories public, these aren't just personal stories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was one of the last slaves to toil away here during the rubber boom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pain felt by victims in the past is passed on from one generation to the next. That's what we believe here. The same applies to the inability to talk about bad experiences. That might be why so many people today take their own lives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have this company in Gradient Space, except on Monday I started working in Epic Games.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, which I won't really talk about because I've only been there for like three days. Uhm, but, uh, yeah, so my background, uh, my research background was really in computer graphics, uh, with kind of like a minor in HCI. Uh, so I built lots of user interface systems but, uh, more on the graphic side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so building like tools for doing 3D designing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, making shapes on computers. That's usually how I describe what I did. Uhm, so I worked on procedural shape modeling. I worked a little bit on geometry processing algorithms. I built lots of 3D design tools. I built this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this is like a 3D drawing tool. The one up there was a tool called ShapeShop for like moving around implicit surfaces and kind of making neat stuff. But mostly people, uh, if they're familiar with what I've done know of this software mesh mixer that I made, uh, which was an Autodesk product, eventually, sort of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so if you're not familiar with mesh mixer, I won't assume you are. Uh, it's, uh, we kind of described it as a Swiss army knife for 3D meshes. So, if you have a triangle mesh from like a 3D scan, or you made it in a CAD tool, uh, you might want to do things to that mesh. And there's not a lot of tools for doing that and, uh, so we built this tool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I started in my PhD and we just kinda added to it over time, so it does all sorts of things. It does 3D scan, clean up, uh, mesh repair, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so like I said, I started doing my PhD, I did this at first, which was sort of a demo for a paper that we released online in 2009, uh, and people just started using it, uh, in 2011 Autodesk acquired it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, by 2016 it had been downloaded over a million times and had thousands of people using it every day. This is a picture that someone from Autodesk posted on Twitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this is downloads in one month in 2017. Uh, so really all over the world people use this software, even though it's not localized anywhere except, uh, English, uhm, Japanese and Chinese. Uh, there's no other languages, but people all in these, you know, like in the,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, called up Autodesk support and were like, hey, I'm using this product of yours, MeshMixer. For the first like six years of its life, they'd be like, what's MeshMixer? We've never heard of it. Uhm, it was developed in the research group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, by me and then a team of me and another person. Uh, there was no sales or marketing. There was not really official support. There is now, but there wasn't for most of its life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so this was kind of fun for us. I mean, we saw it as a research experiment, less than, not so much as developing a real product. It was really driven by like the users of the product and like what they wanted to do with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we started out, after I made the dragging and dropping parts, we added 3D sculpting. And this is very early, I think in 2012, we did a workshop with this organization, Girls Learning Code in Toronto, where these are like teenage girls doing 3D sculpting, then they would 3D print the things. It was kind of fun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then that, once we had the 3D sculpting, then, you know, more serious users came along and were like, we wanna make this, have, you know, it needs this feature, it needs this feature, and within a year we had, like, people making stuff like this in it, which we would have never thought that was possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once, uh, that started happening, then they started using it to clean up 3D scans, and then 3D printing came along, and in 3D printing, you're always 3D printing meshes, and so...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we started adding 3D printing tools and so this was our sort of most well known tool is for generating, if you've ever used like a MakerBot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you need these like support structures that you have to break off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the ones that come with the printer, if you try to print something like this, it's impossible. You'll break it trying to get the support off. So we made this like very sparse supports that it still took like half an hour to get them all off. But you can actually do it. Uhm, and so that was a very popular feature. And then from there we added all sorts of other 3D printing stuff. And that's why there's those people all over the world using it. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like I said, there was no support, so, uh, the users supported it. Uhm, which is always a horrible thing to say about a product that like, oh, the users did it. But we had really amazing things happen, like this was a Kickstarter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a company in Berkeley called Honey Point 3D that was like a 3D printing shop. They ran a Kickstarter to make tutorial videos where they raised $14,000 and made this tutorial series that now I think like 9,000 people have bought.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, now there's videos all over the place on lynda.com. You can get MeshMixer tutorials for doing stuff. And on YouTube, if you go on YouTube, it's kind of crazy. But uhm, this is actually old now. When you search it says 35,000 results.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't, I mean, you know, these searches always come up with all sorts of stuff, but there's a ton of videos on YouTube that people make, meshmixer tutorials, and uhm, showing you how to use features and stuff like that. They submit bug reports with videos on YouTube.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and we started to find over the years, like, more and more serious stuff. So like it started out as a lot of these videos, like this top video here is this guy MakersMuse who just tries out 3D printers and he's like a video blogger guy I guess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are videos made by dentists and like real dentists. These are dentists who have 3D printers in their office and they do 3D printing procedures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, or like dental procedures using their 3D printers. So uhm, like if you go, this guy 3D dentist, he's got a whole series of videos of using mesh mixer to do these dental procedures. And they just post them online, like this is how you,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, let's see, like this top one is if you want to remove someone's tooth, they make this jig they use and stuff like that. I mean, these are long videos, and they're very, like, uh, actually there's now two dentists that teach, they essentially teach courses. They teach like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where they do these, uh, kind of tooth replacement surgeries where they make these 3D printed jigs, they design them, you know, they take a scan of your mouth, they design this jig, this is a little, I mean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't want to describe it because you have to think about it, but like the top one there is a jig where they're basically cutting off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, I lo- I love these projects. I mean, there's a ton of like, maker projects where people are doing fun stuff with it. But...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I love these projects because they always, for me, are like, when someone would say like, wasn't 3D printing over, you know, that came, it happened, it was on the top of the hype curve, it's over now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's like, it's really not over. All over the world people are using these machines, these like consumer level machines, and using 3D printers and using these kind of weird design tools to do all sorts of stuff. So Toronto General, in hospital in Toronto,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the surgeon will look at that before surgery just to make sure that like their mental model of what's gonna be in there when they open the person up is right. And I've been to conferences where you hear these stories and you're just like oh my god what's happening in these hospitals where like the surgeon was on the way to the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, there's more risk of things going wrong the longer you're cut open. And so they can do it now in like a 3D print before those things happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so it's actually not, I mean it's not on the hype curve. This is re- really being done, uh, not just experimentally. I'm gonna tell you about two projects now basically for the next chunk of the talk. In more detail, two of these projects. I just think these projects are super cool and, uh, they're gonna illustrate the rest of my talk. Uh, so, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This one, uh, is done by a lab, uh, at University of Buffalo. Uh, they have a kind of experimental hospital where some floors are a functioning hospital and other floors are biomedical engineering research lab. And, and, uh, Chip, I need us there. His lab does this project I'm gonna tell you about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I only- my only involvement in this really is that I kinda gave them some advice on how to do stuff in MeshMixer, but I'm gonna tell you about the whole project because it's-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so what that does, they fill the whole thing and that coil causes the blood flow to reduce in there. So the aneurysm is basically like a bubble and if it pops, bad things happen. Uhm, and so that, once the coil's in there, the blood flow slows down in there and then it clots and then it kind of fixes itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so the problem is they have to get this wire through all your blood vessels into your brain which is really hard and if like they, obviously if they poke the wrong place or something bad things could happen. So they have to practice to get good at doing this. Uhm, and so they have these simulators.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, they're, it's kind of funny, they're almost like a video game. I got to use one and it's like, it's physical setup, but like you're just kind of turning this wire and steering it. I mean obviously when they're doing it, it's very serious, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but, uh, but it is also, I'll show you what the, the whole thing looks like. But here, this is the simulator setup where basically, this is supposed to be like what's inside your head, the blood vessels that they have to steer through, or those are the hard ones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this is like where they feed it in up the, up the, in your thigh and the catheter goes up there and then they have an x-ray set up. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll show you on the next slide, but this is the, you can kind of see here the wire in there, it's just, it is literally basically a little wire, it's a little tube.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and the way the person does it, so they stand down here, I mean they're standing down by your knees, right? And they're looking at a screen up here, uh, that's where your head is, right? This is a big x-ray machine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and that's what the x-ray, they see up there and that's what they're looking at. So that's why I say it's kind of like a video game here. You see this basically and you can kind of see the wire. I don't have a nice video of this. And you're trying to basically like steer the wire through these blood vessels and what you can do is you can like push and pull and turn it and then there's a little trigger where you can kind of cause it to bend at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, I mean, obviously this is hard, uh, cause this is what you see, right? The blood vessels are this complex 3D network, but this is all you see. You see this 2D projection with this kind of fuzzy overlapping. So, uh, and, I mean, that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I say they want to practice it, they couldn't really practice it. You could practice on like standard models of these things. But the idea of just like fabricating some, like if they take me in there, and I'm like, well we just want to make my brain blood vessels in a little plastic thing that we can practice with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, how would you do that? You couldn't do that before. Now they can do it with 3D printers. Uh, so they make these vascular phantoms called...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and this is the mesh mixer part now. They, uh, essentially, starting from the scan, they like make that thing, and it's, like conceptually, it seems kind of straightforward. You have the scan, you pull out this geometry, you make a mesh, you 3D print that mesh. Uhm, this part here is actually quite complicated of how you do it, so they have,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tutorials essentially, which they publish as research papers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so this is a paper, I can't remember the name of the conference they had this at, but essentially it's a tutorial and it's kind of, for me it was a bit embarrassing to read this paper because like, this, there's a whole section in the paper about dealing with mesh errors, these are essentially my bugs, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I made mistakes, so now they have to have sections of their paper about how they compensate for my mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it is to scale, yeaah. So they simplify a lot. Cause you don't, the catheter also doesn't go in the very tiny blood vessels. Generally the, the, I think the aneurysms are mostly on the larger blood vessels that you would want to deal with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and so uhm, they, so you see here, from here, they removed a lot of the blood vessels. It's the same, uh, or maybe this isn't the same model.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but they, all those little ones, they take out, uh, that's part of the process, because they can only make stuff at a certain scale. The walls have to be kind of thick enough. There's a whole aspect to this that I don't know that much about, which is to do with like the pressures of the blood vessels, in the blood vessels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so that's another factor. It has to be somewhat realistic material-wise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the net effect is they can, they can make these things and they use them. So this is a person from a video Stratasys made who actually had this surgery done on her. That's her brain blood vessel she's holding that they used. And in the video the doctor says like, it's a good thing we did this practice because in our initial plan we found, you know, some problems and so it's a good thing we have the system. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, I mean, for me the interesting thing here is like this, this printer existed long before they did this project. This wasn't really a new thing, but what they had been trying to do is they had been trying to make these complicated shapes, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using, like, mechanical engineering CAD software. For many years they tried to do this and it just hadn't worked. It's too hard to make these things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and this is another project I worked on. Uhm, this is a project with University of Toronto, so I was much more involved in this one. Uh, so Matt Rado there at the Critical Making Lab, he kind of drove this project. Uhm, and this one, uh, is actually, I mean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, in some ways totally different use case, but the conceptual level is almost the same as the previous project. So we, uh, needed to make legs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Essentially. So if you lose a limb here, or if you're born without a limb, uh, and you go to get a prosthetic, what you get is this quite fancy, this is like usually carbon fiber sockets, CNC milled,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you get nice aluminum parts and stuff like that. Uh, if you are in Uganda, what you get is something more like this. So this is a hard plastic shell, uh, hard plastic connectors and stuff like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the standard, this is the standard Red Cross process for doing this. So this is the process that like Red Cross will give you money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, to do is essentially all based on plaster casts. So they take a cl- cast of the limb, they, uh, that's the negative, then they make a positive, uh, they use a- this is a pizza oven, uh, that they use to heat up this sheet of- this starts out as a flat sheet of, uh, I think PVC plastic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then this is a vacuum forming machine, so the plastic, the,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This works, so it works fine. The biggest problem with it is that, uh, for instance, when we were doing this in Uganda, the entire country, that's 36 million people, there was 12 prosthetists. Uhm, which is not very many. Like Canada is a similar number of people, we've got way more than 12. Still not enough, but a lot more than 12.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it takes them about a week to make a leg, waiting for all the plaster to dry and doing the stuff they need to do. Uh, if you're a kid, then you're growing, so then you need your legs changing size, so you need new ones all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so it's not really a problem of like the technology. We don't need like higher tech prosthetics there. What we need is just more of them. Just like a lot more prosthetics. Uhm, the biggest problem is access to care. So the World Health Organization estimates that 40,000 prosthetic technicians are needed globally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't remember 100%, but I think that's actually more than there are right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Globally. So, the idea that we're gonna just generate tons more prosthetic technicians,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very quickly seems unlikely and so, uh, you know, the, actually the hospital in Uganda came to us and said like, could we use these new 3D printers to make these,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hard plastic shells that we make now with the pizza oven and the vacuum forming, right? And, uh, yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We kinda, I mean I thought like obviously of course we could, why not? It's just a hard plastic shell. But I mean it's more complicated than that, uh, in practice. I'll tell you about it. Uhm, but essentially our goal here in this whole project was to develop this process, uh, for making these things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the critical thing there was that it's usable by the prosthetists, not by me. Like I can do it in MeshMixer, but like could a prosthetist do it? Uh, and I mean ultimately the, the actual practical was to say it's not gonna take you a week, it's gonna take a day. So you can come in, get scanned, uh, and you'll leave with a prosthetic that day. That was the goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so like I said, you start out, we scan, it's not complicated, we use these off the shelf, like, uh, this is a 3D sense scanner, but essentially it's the same thing, you know, like a Microsoft Kinect does. Right, it's not the most accurate, but also prosthetics are not the most accurate. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you have to clean up the scan and stuff like that. And then the modeling process is not that complicated. You have this scan of a limb. We make this kind of plastic shell around it. You attach this connector at the bottom and that's essentially a prosthetic. You attach the standard piece to the bottom of there. Uhm, in MeshMixer we had all these tools that we could kind of assemble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In, you know, 30 seconds, I think it's playing at 2 or maybe 4x, but doesn't take very long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, essentially you need to make that curve at the top the right shape. Now this is me doing it, so this is completely wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this is not what a prosthetist would do. And that's an important thing actually that we learned in this pro- in this project. You've probably seen maybe even on like, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's kind of why we have to make the thing usable by them. We also did lots of mechanical testing for the same reason I just said. You don't just want to put these things on people without knowing that they're gonna be safe and stuff like that. So they did this robotic testing and like these are Instron machines where they just physically destroy it to see how strong it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then we went to Uganda. So I went on the first trip. Uh, there's been quite a few since then. Uh, and basically we took all this like high-tech stuff to these labs. Well, this was the first lab where essentially, I mean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the most sophisticated equipment here was the pizza oven. Uh, most of the stuff is hand tools. They're doing this all with hand tools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we made prosthetics. So this was our first patient, essentially, Rosaline. She was a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we had a bigger printer, but the power kept going out, so this was the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perfect size, it just fit in the print bed. Uh, they put the leg on it and then she could walk on this prosthetic. Uhm, it fit well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we had another, an older girl, uh, who basically said she thought these fit better than the ones we had, they had been making, which wasn't our goal, but we were super excited with that result, right? Uh, and this became, this company Nyetech Technologies now, which is a, I guess the website isn't on there, but it's a nyetech.org.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they did four clinical trials at different sites in Uganda, Tanzania, and Cambodia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, there's over 200 kids wearing these prosthetics now, and they're currently making a new version I'll talk abou- about a bit more, uh, which is currently being tested, uh, at Sunnybrook Hospital, which is a hospital in...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Toronto, and I think now they've done a deployment of the new system in Tanzania.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so they improved the printing, all sorts of stuff, they changed materials, they experimented with all the different things, and it got much better. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the use of these new printers and things like that, uh, this new technology that's come about. But also, uh, I can look at these projects and see that quite a few of them are kind of stuck in a stage. And I'm gonna talk about that for the rest of the talk. Uh, but what the sort of problem is still in this concept of like that you could take this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, these new machines and these new types of software we've made and somehow provide that to people in these new domains. That's not actually working that well yet. I'm going to talk about this one specifically.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this project now has been going on I think since 2014. I mean it's amazing. They do like brain surgery with these things. It would save, it literally saves people's lives. But they only do it at the one hospital in Buffalo. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And part of the reason for that is this complicated workflow I described before. Uh, so, it's, it's not, it's sort of,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the one hand it's not that hard to do this, but on the other hand it's really hard, right, like a technically sophisticated,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, computer science student can figure out how to do this. They have a lab there of biomedical engineers who are now essentially medical or mesh mixer experts and they're the ones who make these things. But not every hospital has a lab of biomedical engineering students who are experts at this who can make these things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, uh, you know what they would like to have is a tool that would make that easier and that doesn't exist yet and I'm gonna explain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why that's not happening yet. So how do these projects happen? I look, I've looked at these, a lot of these projects. We saw a lot of them with MeshMixer. Uhm, and there's a kind of,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Almost life cycle that they go through, right? And the first thing that happens is they have a workflow, right? Someone figured out how to use these tools and these machines to produce this thing from their inputs or whatever, right? And so this is a nice, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Slide, I found, uh, came across at Autodesk. So this person, Tatiana Zembozova, she's from Autodesk here in San Francisco, or was, I don't think she's there anymore. But she made this software called, uh, Photofly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which became 123D Catch. That's the like, if any of you ever use it, it was their cell phone scanning app where you could take pictures of something and it would make the 3D shape. So they had a higher end version.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that Louise Leakey, who's like a very famous anthropologist, I think, uh, was using, so this, it's kind of fuzzy in the pictures here, but oh, you can see over there, this was like a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this was their workflow. You can see there's arrows going backwards. It's very complicated. I mean the app makes some things seem really simple, but if you care about the science, if you care about like being able to take measurements off this precisely and stuff like that, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, you end up having to go from this tool to this tool back to this other tool. Uh, and this is pretty common. I don't know if, how many of you have ever like had to solve a like kind of real problem using these kind of,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Any of these CAD tools really, you often end up going between things and stuff like that. And so we, we call those workflows, and workflows are fine if you are like a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to do it. But they're not fine if it's kind of optional. And that was the thing we kind of came to realize is that like a lot of the people who want to do this stuff, they're not engineers. They're not even, they're not really makers either. They're not like tinkers. These are professionals, like professions like prosthetist or medical doctor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they don't wanna, they don't wanna learn how to do this, right? Like I showed this video before, uh, I mean, it doesn't look that hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you don't know this software, if you didn't invent it like I did, then all these things that appear are confusing. Like which thing- I'm using hotkeys here, you don't even notice maybe. I'm changing like one slider and not the other one, right? Like learning how to do this is a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Takes a lot of time for anyone. Uh, you can be trained on it if you can find someone to train you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But like if you're a working prosthetist, you're busy making prosthetics and being trained to learn some CAD tool is not what you do. A lot of these things, like I mentioned the dentistry ones, the way that actually happens in dentistry where there's a lot of 3D printing already being used. So they hire a technician who does it and then they talk to the technician and there's all this translation error. Technicians are expensive and so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, then there's all this friction in making these things happen. So then often it doesn't happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so then the next thing that tends to happen after you have this workflow is people start to think like, well maybe we could make a plug-in to one of these existing tools, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We did that in the prosthetics project actually, the first version, like when we went to Uganda, we had this thing we called the wizard, which was like this separate as a browser thing, that could talk to mesh mixer, so you could, it would automatically start the tool you needed, uh, and it was better, but it still didn't really work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you know, so here, this little text field over here that's gonna set a parameter of something that happens over there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but I mean if you, you can maybe already see the problems, like what if...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I make a mistake. Well this thing, I mean it could go back sometimes. Couldn't always go back. Undo didn't work that well. What if I accidentally over here click and cancel out of something? That's usually what happens with these plugins is like, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to learn too much still. You still have to essentially learn the host app. You have to learn how to like rotate things and do all these.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, stuff in that app. There's all this hidden state that's confusing, like, like the undo problem. Uh, and really the host APIs often don't have very good APIs. They're not, I mean, maybe if it's open source you could go in and change the source if you knew how to do that, but uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even that is a pretty tall order and, uh, the interfaces you can actually build are usually not very good. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've seen people try this and it basically doesn't seem like it's ever really worked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So then what you get to is like, oh, we need to build our own tool. And that is, I mean, it has happened every single time I've talked to people of one of these projects is where they get to is like, we want to make a tool that's like our workflow exactly, this step, this step, this step. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's hard because every one of them is completely different, or it seems, right? If you talk to them, they're gonna tell you it's completely different and they need their own tool. Uhm, building these tools from scratch is a lot of work. I mean, uh, mesh mixer,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We wouldn't work on it continuously, but it took us like seven years. So when someone would come and say like, how hard would it be for me to build our own mesh mixer that just had these three tools? It'd be like, well, it's gonna take you a long time and you're gonna need a-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] PhD in computer graphics maybe, uhm, which is pretty tall order. And then the other problem is a lot of these domains are small. So like this brain surgery thing, I mean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, if you try to go and try and like raise money to build that, it's tough because you can't say like this is gonna be a billion dollar industry. Prosthetics is not a growth industry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so, uh, it's really hard. The prosthetics companies, there's, there was a sort of competitor prosthetics project and they've already pivoted away from making prosthetics because it's just not big enough and that's why these tools don't already exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so what I- the sort of conclusion I came to is like we need some sort of infrastructure for doing this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where it is customizable for these workflows, uh, but you can make interfaces for these non-experts, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I really, like, I kind of wanted to do that with MeshMixer, but it's really hard to go back. Once you've built all of this stuff,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and, I mean, also, there's like business problems, like Autodesk doesn't want to make hundreds of small apps for different industries, or at least, I can't speak for Autodesk anymore, but at the time, no one wanted to do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so I started this other company, GradientSpace, and that was really my plan, was like, figure out how to make it possible for any developer to build a 3D design tool. So like, not an expert developer, but just like, uh, someone who,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of do- can do decent coding. How can they make a 3D design tool? And not like a-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Prototype one, but like a functional one that you then you could give to a doctor and the doctor could say like I can basically use this except this bit here and this bit here and you'd fix that and then they'd be like okay now I can make these brain surgery things. Uh, that was the kind of the hope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I built all this infrastructure for doing that. I mentioned infrastructure before. So I built some open source libraries. This geometry library, this 3D printing library, and then this app framework. That's mostly what I'm gonna tell you about. These are all open source with commercial friendly licenses. I mean they have to be if-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People are gonna make companies out of them. And that's the important thing. People often say like, well, couldn't it just all be open source? Open source developers do this? I mean...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What the dentist wants is like a company they can go to that's gonna come to their office and set everything up and give them a training course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That doesn't really happen with open source. It has to be companies because you have to do all this other work just to get the stuff out there. Uhm, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Open source doesn't completely work. I'll just mention a bit about the slicer because I know there's people here that do fabrication stuff. So the slicer is all entirely open source. There's lots of cool features. And the slicer and geometry library, I write tutorials on how to use them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, it was called frame three sharp. Uhm, I started a C++ version and then I made a C sharp, C sharp one. So that's why it's called that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so this was meant to be like a design tool app framework. That's kind of what I called it. Sort of like, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I don't even know if people know what QT is anymore. Maybe Electron. Should I say like Electron but for 3D design apps? I don't know. Uh, I'm old so I, I was, actually I initially had Win32 there and I know that most of you have never used Win32.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the standard 3D tools like those little XYZ axis things, you move stuff around, uh, Gizmo's new elements. I'm gonna show you examples of these, uh, things built in like if you wanna undo and redo changes to 3D models that should be in there, uh, supporting the different places you wanna have 3D stuff. So that's,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of that is kind of built already. So the first thing I built with it, so then basically what I did is I built some tools to make sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That it was useful, uhm, and working, that helped kinda guide the design. So this is a VR app, sorry for the weird angle, or at least from where I'm standing, uhm, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is called Simplex. This is basically like a simple VR design tool, but you can see it's got, like, bimanual interaction, uh, it's got a kind of a, a kind of heads up display here, so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In, in your headset, this is, you know, right kind of at a reasonable distance and stuff like that. Uhm, and so it has these kind of, uhm, 3D shape manipulation tools. I built this other app, Cotangent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, which is a 3D printing tool and it has some mesh repair stuff and things like that. Uhm, so these are both gonna become open source now, cause I'm not, cause I have a new job and I'm not gonna...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Continue doing these apps at GradientSpace. I'll, uhm, I'll just mention that. They're not open source yet, but they will be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but the ones that were kind of for me more exciting,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we're two companies that I worked with to build the apps on this stuff. So there's this company Archform, which is a dental, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, 3D printed, not, they're not 3D printed, dental aligners companies here in the Bay Area. It's a startup. Uhm, if you know what Invisalign are, they're kind of trying to do stuff like in the, in the same direction as Invisalign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and Neofit or OrthoV- or sorry, these are the names of the products. So this is the prosthetics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they made a new version of their app based on this framework.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually two, uh, so we made a VR version and a sort of desktop version. So this is a demo of the VR version. It'll play automatically, I don't think so. HTC gave us some funding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we made this VR one. So you, uh, you can see now this is the sort of more domain specific tool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, in some ways it's not that different, but like over here the UI is just the exact tools they need. You know, you can only do the certain things at certain times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this trim line, in the old one I was like painting the triangles with a brush, that's not what they wanted, they wanted like a curve they could say and sort of be exactly like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and tools that are intuitive for them to nudge this curve around rather than like a bunch of control points that they would click and drag on. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, they have to make this socket at the end, they want to be able to like tweak the socket a little bit without having to go back. So, this is, when I say domain specific design tool now, this is a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As close as we could get to like exactly what they wanted. Uhm, and then it's built on this framework.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can take that and put it into a desktop app too. So this, they have a desktop and mobile versions. Uhm, and it's not like, when I say the same, they didn't like cut and paste code from one to the other. This is like a, the actual, what happens in here is like a library that they can just, we can use in both of them. Uhm, and then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this was like, this is my best example of exactly what I wanted to happen. So this is the dentistry app. They needed to like segment the teeth. So they need to move the curves around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and this is the prosthetics app where they need to do this. This is the exact same tool. This never happens in CAD tools. You never have like a tool from


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inventor, because they're completely different code bases, completely different architectures, you can't do that. Uhm, and so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this was sort of my goal is that like you would have a bunch of these tools as kind of building blocks you could kind of put together with UI and you can make these domain specific design tools. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that was the premise, you would have this library, you would have this other thing. Now I'm just gonna tell you a bit more about how it was built, uhm, uh, so it was built on top of a game engine, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this I think, uh, is, for me this was really interesting. When I was at Autodesk,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, people would say like, why don't you build mesh mixer on top of something? Cause we had to do all the 3D stuff ourselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And people had suggested this and I was like, that's never gonna work. That's a terrible idea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then I left Autodesk and then I built this thing on a game engine and it really worked. And so, uh, I was wrong. Uh, and then partly the reason I was wrong was because like my concept of what a game engine did was not really correct anymore. Because when I was younger I had done game type stuff and game engines were much simpler then. But now, I mean this is a diagram.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's sort of schematic, but if you actually were to look at like the amount of code, it's like game engine is massive and we're just putting a little bit on top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, modern game engines are crazy. They do like all the 3D stuff for you. They have amazing rendering. They can make like super realistic looking stuff in real time. They have cool physics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The really amazing thing for me for, or at first for me was like you can put, if you make a thing in a game engine it can go on any platform. Like if you wanted your CAD tool in an Xbox you can do it. And I mean that sounds like nonsense to most CAD people but like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's like millions of kids who are 3D designers now in Minecraft and like they use an Xbox controller, a PS4 controller. It's like, what would those kids do if we gave them CAD tools on a PS4?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it does all this real time network collaboration. If you want to do like remote stuff, it's kind of crazy how easy it is in these tools. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I was thinking about this, this whole time I was doing these projects, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, it's not really the, totally the topic of this talk, but I thought I would just end with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause I, I think a lot about like, how do we make software? I mean I make a lot, I showed you like, I've built myself probably like six or seven different, quite large systems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and I've been involved in some other ones. You know, we, we had like PCs and we had these operating systems for them. And then we got these phones, these mobile devices and we have these operating systems for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we have these headsets we wear around, or could, right? I mean, that's the plan, right? We're all gonna wear around these AR glasses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we're gonna do stuff in them, right? I mean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the theory, at least. We're not really building it yet, right? VR, mostly people building are building games outside of research labs. And for these kind of devices, people are doing a bit more of the AR goggles, but they're not really that ubiquitous yet. But like, almost any time you look at these projects, they're building them on one of these game engines. On like, Unreal or Unity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, those are kind of like the operating system for these devices. They have all the stuff you need to make these things. And so for me, that's really interesting as a place to try and put this stuff that I was thinking about. Uhm, and so, uh, yeaah. Can't say what I'm gonna work on in the future, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, maybe that gives you a bit of a hint. Uh, and so, uh, that's my talk. So thank you. I just wanna tell you there's code on GitHub, GradientSpace, I- I do lots of support on there. If you wanna use any of the libraries, you have questions, please don't hesitate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there's tutorials on the GradientSpace website. Also, all my papers, if you're interested in the research side of this stuff, you can get, uh, at my website rmsad.com and I tweet things on Twitter there. Uh, that's my talk. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What happened? We are fucked! We shouldn't have met here with the rubbish! Now, later. He's not coming back, is he? Do it! We keep our promise!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We people are such hypocrite, we see, you know, if some outsider is doing something, whether it is right, wrong, or whatever, according to our perception, it's okay, we give a damn care. But our family should not do anything because we have our own prejudice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It must be Professor Oak. Good morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Were you too excited to sleep last night? I stayed up all night, Professor Oak, actually. Haha, I thought so. Well, the Pikachu from yesterday is in Viridian Forest. I'll show you the way again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright. Didn't the teachers say anything to you? No. And the other children?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll see. When you win the prize, they'll all want to be your friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take it all and give it to Monsieur Givet and tell him it is the payment of the debt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anywhere? Anywhere, yeaah. Okay, so that's the newest, latest, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whoever is second. And that pressure sometimes leads to different performances from the team and individuals. So it's all about being first up there. When the focus is off you, it's all about the second team can't afford to slip up again. And uhm, that's why these games are so important. You've got, you've got to be winning them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, when you're a player, you only have to really look after yourself, and then you go into management, and then you're, you're, uhm, you know, you've got 30 players well fit, you have to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What the heck is... Just fucking go, dude. Where even is this thing? It's some...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually you go letterbox version and it's just like, hey, I'm everywhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do I, oh, I have to have to do that under...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You hear him off in the distance? Don't fucking climb up that thing, dude! Oh, this thing? Yeaah. You hear him off in the distance like-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whoa, he looks like the fucking hellhounds from Ghostbusters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Duh, amazing question. I think I need to get to higher ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we got columns. We got, uuuh, we got, okay, any headbutts things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When all the columns are like, exactly jump distance apart, it's a little bit easier to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not real. It's not real. It's not how I actually feel. Oh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Oh snap, oh snap, oh snippity snippity snap. Uuuh, oh, oh, oh, that was an awkward fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, am I meant to jump to- oh, that one, okay. Boy, this takes a long time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Guess, oh. You wouldn't hire Dunion rings professionally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like a dream, I like, uuuh, I just won't be sexually satisfied until there's another- UGH! Calm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the fact that he has to hit these things twice to knock him down, it really makes this, like, a little bit, uhm...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, he's like, mmm, I bet six times the charm. Whoa!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like I wonder how smart the game designers think these things are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you for selecting a more relaxed time. You're welcome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I always mix up the jump button with the call aggro button. So that's like always the worst time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's what I didn't want to happen. Please don't make me do this all again. Jump! No!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll be back in less than an hour and then we can be rid of here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm excited to talk with you all today about stuff that I enjoy thinking about. I'm excited to hear stuff that you enjoy thinking about as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But uh, okay, let's go. So my research goal at a very high level is to sense input performed with physical devices that are deeply custom or you could think like well suited to the user, their task, and the context that they're in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as Michael noted, I use digital fabrication for this a lot because I find it's a very nifty tool. So what is digital fabrication? Do any of you know? Have any of you ever done digital fabrication?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so when I think about sensing, I think about I'm doing something in the physical world. So like I'm pushing my mouse and I want to move the pointer on the screen, right? But there's a lot of different ways that I can sense this actual interaction. So today's mice usually use a laser on the bottom. So we look at the flow of, uh, of data as I slide it across the table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sensing, uh, straddles the line between the physical world and the digital world, but it's extremely flexible. There's a lot of different ways to think about sensing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, sensing goes between the physical world and the digital world, and digital fabrication goes between the digital world and the physical world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is, uh, maybe a thing that you remember from an early CS, uh, HCI class, but I think of this as like the gulf of fabrication and the gulf of sensing. Did I just hear a groan?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In these contexts are called tangible input devices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's a lot of great reasons to use tangible input devices, uhm, virtuosity, speed, benefits, et cetera, et cetera. Michael probably made you read some papers about it. I'm not gonna go into that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Going to this deeply custom concept, uhm, you probably don't want to use the same, even though tangible input devices are great, you probably don't want to use the same input device to play games as you use to write your term papers. Uhm, and you probably don't want to use the same device as the person sitting next to you either, even if you're both writing term papers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and it may also be that your desired input device changes when you're sitting in class and trying to be secret about texting versus when you're laying in your bed and you're thinking about what TikTok should I fall asleep to?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, the sort of user task and context all really uniquely determine the kind of device that you want to use. Uhm, so making devices for all of these situations is really complicated and, uh, I've spent


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A long time thinking about it, but uh, today we'll talk about like a few different things that we can think about for this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The things that I would like to cover are, how can we make functional devices quickly?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is sort of like the bread and butter of the stuff that I do. Uh, we'll talk about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How we design stuff to make it easy to sense. Uhm, we'll also talk about designing useful devices automatically, specifically for ergonomic reasons. Uhm, and then we'll talk about completely ignoring design and, uh, thinking about other weird ways that we can conceptualize input devices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, talking about devices for sensing. Uh, I love 3D printing, laser cutting, and otherwise making stuff that we can sense. So, uh, let's talk about a little bit of a strange sensing method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, honestly, they're both strange. But we'll start with, uh, this one. So, I'm gonna talk about how to sense stuff using air, as opposed to electronics. This is a sequence that I've used in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you come up with a bunch of electronics that you stuff inside, you do a bunch of soldering, you program your microcontroller, and then you can sense what people do with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We, we came up with this idea of error logic. Uh, we presented this at WIST last year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, airlogic is a system that uses flu-erics, which I will tell you what that is in a second. Uhm, but we embed input, output, and computation in 3D printed objects. Uh, objects are produced as a single structure with minimal to no assembly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you basically shoot air through these very specially shaped channels and you can do logic, you can do storage, you can do all kinds of different stuff with these.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It allows us to fully produce the shape, okay, so we have the outer shape of the device and the function, so the input, output, and computation on a single machine in a single process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can actually do sensing, so I'll talk about sensing, uhm, we can do processing in terms of logic, and we can do output all together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And objects that use air logic don't have to be reset in between uses. So there's been a lot of digital fabrication work on metamaterials that requires, you know, you can push a thing and it will transfer your signals through the metamaterial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We rely on cut- printing custom internal geometry, uh, at the side there, that's connected with tubes. Uhm, so we call these transits, because unlike electronic circuits, the air only goes one way through. It doesn't come all the way back around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this example bunny has a transit that can sense two input locations, uh, on its head, and when either one is interacted with, it wiggles its tail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It basically comes out the top. Uhm, but then if I cover one of them with my finger, suddenly the error is staying inside. And it's heading into this next part, which is the logic gate. And basically the logic gate treats a stream of error as a 1 and no stream of error as a 0.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Same way if I blow air through this side, it continues straight out the other way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if I blow air through both of them, I cancel out their angular momentum so that the air comes out instead across the middle. So we use this principle in all of our gates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm sure that some of you realize that the gate I just described is an AND gate. So when both of the, uh, inputs are present, we get an output on the channel that comes out to the right. So that's the channel that we're sampling to see if we have both A and B as true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We use a similar shape for XOR, uh, so, except we sample a different channel. So in this case, when A and B are both true, we have the air coming out this thing, which pops into 3D. It's a little hard to understand from this image.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, for not, we basically can use a single power stream. And when we have our A input present, it redirects away from the, uh, the sample. So we sample on this one on the top right to see if we have not A.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the or I talked about with the bunny basically works as a merge to connect the A and B's both to the same out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, or haptic feedback. So the, the top one pops a pin up so you can see when, when we have air present. The next one makes a whistle. We can wiggle the tail of the bunny like I showed. Or this one spins a fan fast enough that you can feel the device vibrating in your hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To play around with the widgets, we made a Fusion 360 plugin that lets you, you know, drop them in, uhm, cut them out of your model and include them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then finally of course you print them out, uhm, with all the widgets integrated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also did a bunch of experiments to figure out how well they work. And, uh, it turns out that it's really complicated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not gonna go into it too much. 3D printers are very... Well, they're not perfect yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's, that's what I'll say. Uh, but we made a lot of cool applications still, even given the, uh, the limitations of today's 3D printing. So this, uh, this object basically can tell when you've spelled wist correctly and it pops up a pin to tell you that that's right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's obviously a lot of ways in which this is not as good as electronics, right? So we have pretty limited sensing. We also, even though in the 60s to 80s they did develop storage methods that use air, we could not get those to work with our 3D printed stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so there's, there's many ways in which this is like not quite as handy as just using, uhm, microcontrollers. But there's also a lot of ways that it's way cooler. So these things don't care when they get wet. They don't care when they get irradiated, which is what they were originally designed for. They also, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're, in some sense, they can be more sustainable because, uh, you don't have to pull out any electronic parts or metal when you need to recycle them. You just throw the whole thing in the plastic bin, right? So it's 100% plastic, you push air through. There's also, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Places where you might have access to air or fluid flow, uhm, that you don't have access to electricity like when you're in a remote place in a national park. For example, uhm, we explored using water pressure instead of air pressure for this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They have their place, but uh, I also really like traditional electronics. I think they're super interesting. Or I-I-I really like basic electronics, I'm gonna say that. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The thing about electronics, the way that they're normally used in these devices is still really irritating, right? Like, even when we say we want to include electronics, this idea of assembling all of them and powering all of them and using microcontrollers to sample them is still like, not the best. So there's been a lot of work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In HCI, especially in digital fabrication to make devices that instead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Modify signals used by other devices. So what that usually looks like is, uh, these things have specially printed conductors inside of them. These are all 3D printed. They have specially printed conductors inside, uhm, that redirect in some way the conductive, or excuse me, the capacitive signal of the user onto the capacitive touch screen. So in this case, we have passive


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plastic stuff that redirects our signals to another active device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is a much more convenient way than putting active electronics in every device. Hopefully that makes sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the challenge with these devices is that when you set them on the screen, of course you have to sense them. So, uh, there's basically two ways to sense multiple inputs on something like a touch screen. One is space multiplexing. So this device, if I touch it in the top left corner,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That has some specific spot on the touch screen where the signal comes out. And if I touch it on the top right corner, that has some specific different place on the screen where it comes out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other way that you can do it, well okay, this is an obvious limitation, right, so bigger, many more inputs requires many more, or much more space on our device. The other way we can do it is time multiplexing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is also somewhat limited because it requires additional time to sense or understand additional inputs. And I've also never seen a passive version of this. So this is always, this always requires active electronics, uhm, with power sensing and responding to stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to introduce a different idea which is called signal space multiplexing and I hope you will indulge my


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the idea of signal space multiplexing is that we're going to create different signals that are neither space multiplexed nor time multiplexed but that are all sent at the same time and can be differentiated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You basically touch and you connect, there's, there's a bunch of transmitting wires going one way and there's a bunch of receiving wires going the other way. And when you touch them, your finger takes out a tiny amount of current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually we talk about these as capacitive interfaces because our bodies have a capacitive signature. So there's some coupling between your body and the screen that causes this current to come out. However,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out, based on this paper by Ikematsu and Sio, that it's not just capacitance that they measure. It's this other quantity called impedance. So impedance connects capacitance, resistance, and another quantity called inductance, which I'm basically going to ignore for this talk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of just thinking about the, the single impedance,