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[Assistant] And I, as an experienced traveler on this road, on the, on the, uh, west to east road, I prepared a mixtape for all of you today of ten songs that I love. Here they are. That's a C-pop mixtape.


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[Assistant] But actually the link works out nicely because you get to see the music videos as well on a lot of these songs. And these guys, these 10 songs are songs that I love. And 10 different Chinese artists to start you off on getting to know and love Chinese pop. And I think these guys are awesome and I hope you do too.


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[Assistant] I just want to wrap up saying that being here on the Oxford campus really makes me nostalgic for my days at Williams.


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[Assistant] And when I look back on those four years, some of my fondest memories are spending time


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[Assistant] And sometimes we did compete for the shower and there were times when we did intrude on each other's privacy. But I always loved listening to Stefan's stories.


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[Assistant] About growing up in a Greek family and his opinions on what authentic Greek food really was.


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[Assistant] And I'll never forget, many years later, when I played a Jason Price handmade violin for the first time. And how that felt.


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[Assistant] They were always attentive and respectful when I'd tell them about what it was like for me growing up in a Chinese household with strict parents who made me study.


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[Assistant] So we shared stories, but the strongest bonds between us were formed just sitting around and listening to music together.


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[Assistant] And I really do see that as a model for East and West. So that's why I want to share Chinese music with you today because it's the best way I know how to create the lasting friendships that transcend all barriers and allow us to know each other truly, authentically, and just as we are. Thank you.


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[Assistant] The word you are looking for is different, my friend. It will be different for sure. It is a little more expensive than the bowler's hat, but this is what everyone is wearing these days. It's the new trend. It will look good on you. Oh!


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[Assistant] Uhm, okay then. Come, let me show you.


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[Assistant] Look father, I sold the witch's hat. See how much I earned?


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[Assistant] He didn't. I created a need. Isn't that how you do business, Father? By creating a demand?


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[Assistant] How does it matter? It was a smart deal! I made money out of it! Look! That's five bucks!


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[Assistant] If Ben's father demands his money back, we have a straight away say no to him. A deal is a deal.


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[Assistant] What Ben does with that hat is his look out now.


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[Assistant] I thought you would be happy that I got rid of that stupid hat.


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[Assistant] Yeah, fine. I am fine. Thank you. Hehehehe.


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[Assistant] My only focus is to make profit out of these caps. Wait! My magic cap! Where is my magic cap?


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[Assistant] Now I will be richy, richy, rich. Ha ha ha. Let me do this again.


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[Assistant] Hmm, this much is enough for the week, I guess.


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[Assistant] Well, I can use the cap, but then I want to wait for mom and dad.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I will use the cap one more time and show them three gold coins.


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[Assistant] And if you think about it, I am taller than all my friends. Maybe losing one inch won't hurt too much.


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[Assistant] See? This isn't much to lose. Nobody will ever find out that I lost an inch. Well, one, two, three, and four. I am just not happy with it.


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[Assistant] I would look too silly to hand over only four coins to my parents.


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[Assistant] If I am losing my height, I must at least make a fortune over it.


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[Assistant] Also, I am very young. I have a lot of time to increase my height. I have to make the most of this deal.


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[Assistant] Woohoo, look at that. Now this is a smart deal. I will grow my height back in a few months and still be rich. Now I can peacefully


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[Assistant] Which means I will get my height back in years now? Oh no, oh no, what do I do? How do I get my height back? I, I can't do anything. I can't reach my bed, I can't reach the kitchen counter to grab cookies, and I can't even go to the shop. Nooo.


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[Assistant] No, not a chance. Take the cap and all your gold back and make me as tall as I was. Nothing has to change. We have a shop and I am still in school. I will earn my own gold and I know my parents will be happy.


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[Assistant] I am sorry daddy. I understand now. You are right. Just because it sounds easy, doesn't mean it's a smart deal. I will always think about the effects of my action.


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[Assistant] So in college, I was a government major, which means I had to write a lot of papers.


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[Assistant] Now, when a normal student writes a paper, they might spread the work out a little like this. So you know.


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[Assistant] You get started maybe a little slowly, but you get enough done in the first week that, with some heavier days later on, everything gets done and things stay civil.


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[Assistant] And I would want to do that, like that. That would be the plan. I would, uh, I would have it all ready to go, but then actually the paper would come along, and then I would kind of do this.


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[Assistant] I knew for a paper like that, my normal workflow was not an option, it was way too big a project. So I planned things out, and I decided it kind of had to go something like this. This is how the year would go. So I'd start off light, and I'd bump it up in the middle months.


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[Assistant] They came and went, and I couldn't quite do stuff. So we had an awesome new revised plan. And then ...


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[Assistant] And I didn't really write words. And so we were here.


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[Assistant] And then two months turned into one month, turned into two weeks. And one day I woke up with three days until the deadline


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[Assistant] Still not having written a word, and so I did the only thing I could. I wrote 90 pages over 72 hours, pulling not one but two all-nighters. Humans are not supposed to pull two all-nighters.


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[Assistant] Sprinted across campus, dove in slow motion, and got it in just at the deadline.


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[Assistant] And they say, is this Tim Urban? And I say, yeaah. And they say, we need to talk about your thesis. And I say, okay.


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[Assistant] And they say, it's the best one we've ever seen.


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[Assistant] Anyway, today I'm a writer, blogger, guy. I write the blog Wait, But Why. And a couple years ago, I decided to write about procrastination. My behavior has always perplexed the non-procrastinators around me, and I wanted to explain to the non-procrastinators of the world


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[Assistant] What goes on in the heads of procrastinators and why we are the way we are? Now, I had a hypothesis that the brains of procrastinators were actually different than the brains of other people.


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[Assistant] And to test this, I found an MRI lab that actually let me scan both my brain and the brain of a proven non-procrastinator. And so I could compare them, and I actually brought them here to show you today. And I want you to take a look carefully to see if you can notice a difference. And I know that if you're not a trained brain expert, it's not that obvious, but just take a look, okay? So here's the brain of a non-procrastinator.


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[Assistant] So the rational decision maker will make the rational decision to do something productive, but the monkey doesn't like that plan. So he actually takes the wheel, and he says, actually let's read the entire Wikipedia page of the Nancy Kerrigan Tanya Harding scandal, because I just remembered that that happened. Then,


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[Assistant] The Instagramification Monkey does not seem like a guy you want behind the wheel. He lives entirely in the present moment, he has no memory of the past, no knowledge of the future, and he only cares about two things. Easy and fun. Now, in the animal world,


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[Assistant] Who gives us the ability to do things no other animal can do? We can visualize the future. We can see the big picture. We can make long-term plans. And he wants to take all of that into account.


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[Assistant] Anytime a deadline gets too close or there's danger of public embarrassment, a career disaster or some other scary consequence. And importantly, he's the only thing that the monkey is terrified of. Now, he became very relevant in my life pretty recently.


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[Assistant] And finally, finally, the rational decision-maker can take the wheel and I can start working on the talk. Now, the panic monster explains all kinds of ...


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[Assistant] And this entire situation with the three characters, this is the procrastinator's system. It's not pretty. But in the end,


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[Assistant] I was amazed by the response. Literally thousands of emails came in.


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[Assistant] From all different kinds of people, from all over the world, doing all different kinds of things. These are people who are nurses and bankers and painters and engineers and lots and lots of PhD students.


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[Assistant] I thought about this, and I said, if the procrastinator system works, then what's going on? Why are all these people in such a dark place? Well, turns out that there's two kinds of procrastination.


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[Assistant] So, if you want to have a career where you want to be a self-starter, something in the arts, something entrepreneurial, there's no deadlines on those things at first, because nothing's happening at first, not until you've gone out and done the hard work to get some momentum, to get things going. There's also all kinds of important things outside of your career that don't involve any deadlines, like seeing your family or exercising and taking care of your health.


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[Assistant] Working on your relationship or getting out of a relationship that isn't working.


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[Assistant] Of doing these hard things is the panic monster. That's a problem, because in all of these non-deadline situations...


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[Assistant] The panic monster doesn't show up. He has nothing to wake up for. So the effects of procrastination, they're not contained. They just extend outward forever.


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[Assistant] And I thought, you know, that's why these people are emailing and that's why they're in such a bad place. It's not that they're cramming for some


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[Assistant] And some of you may have a healthy relationship with deadlines. But remember, the monkey's sneakiest trick is when the deadlines aren't there. Now I want to show you one last thing. I call this a life calendar.


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[Assistant] So I think we need to all take a long, hard look at that calendar.


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[Assistant] We need to think about what we're really procrastinating on, because everyone is procrastinating on something in life. We need to stay aware of the instant gratification monkey. That's a job for all of us.


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[Assistant] Right beautiful people, this is how it's gonna work. You've got an open pantry. Oh yes!


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[Assistant] 75 minutes. You can cook anything you like. Now, this is the important bit, so listen up. Today we're only looking for the four best dishes. Cook one of them.


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[Assistant] And you'll get a chance to cook for a massive advantage tomorrow.


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[Assistant] No one has ever won an immunity pin in the first week of MasterChef ever. Imagine that.


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[Assistant] In on that chest, shiny, beautiful, but above all, giving that person the confidence to know that they really belong here, and geez, they're really good.


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[Assistant] Tuna, cooked beautifully. Congratulations. Anoushka.


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[Assistant] There's so much culture in that bowl. It's yum. Thank you. Next up to the tasting table, Wally.


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[Assistant] Well done guys, you know what that means? Tomorrow, one of you will win one of these.


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[Assistant] Next up, Ben. I've cooked fried chicken tacos.


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[Assistant] Lesson 8. Trading standards. First listen and then answer the following question. What makes trading between rich countries difficult? Chickens slaughtered in the United States. Claim officials in Brussels are not fit to grace European tables.


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[Assistant] No, say the Americans. Our fowl are fine. We simply clean them in a different way


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[Assistant] These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. It is not just farmers who are complaining.


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[Assistant] An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States. And an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe.


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[Assistant] As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans


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[Assistant] So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic. Why have too lots of tests where one would do


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[Assistant] Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double test many products


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[Assistant] They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28.


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[Assistant] Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements. The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing.


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[Assistant] Following fine continental traditions, wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.


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[Assistant] That includes the airflow in your respiratory tract, the blood moving through your arteries, and the coffee in your cup as you stir it.


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[Assistant] Here's what we do know. Liquids and gases usually have two types of motion— a laminar flow, which is stable and smooth, and a turbulent flow, which is composed of seemingly unorganized swirls. Imagine an incense stick.


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[Assistant] The laminar flow of unruffled smoke at the base is steady and easy to predict.


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[Assistant] Closer to the top, however, the smoke accelerates, becomes unstable, and the pattern of movement changes to something chaotic.


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[Assistant] That's turbulence in action, and turbulent flows have certain characteristics in common.


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[Assistant] Firstly, turbulence is always chaotic. That's different from being random. Rather, this means that turbulence is very sensitive to disruptions.


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[Assistant] A little nudge one way or the other will eventually turn into completely different results.


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[Assistant] Turbulent flows have many differently sized whirls called eddies, which are like vortices of different sizes and shapes.


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[Assistant] All those differently sized eddies interact with each other, breaking up to become smaller and smaller until all that movement is transformed into heat in a process called the energy cascade.


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[Assistant] So that's how we recognize turbulence. But why does it happen? In every flowing liquid or gas, there are two opposing forces— inertia and viscosity. Inertia is the tendency of fluids to keep moving, which causes instability.


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[Assistant] Viscosity works against disruption, making the flow laminar instead.


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[Assistant] We measure where a flow falls on that spectrum with something called the Reynolds number, which is the ratio between a flow's inertia and its viscosity. The higher the Reynolds number, the more likely it is that turbulence will occur.


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[Assistant] Honey being poured into a cup, for example, has a Reynolds number of about 1.


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[Assistant] The same setup with water has a Reynolds number that's closer to 10,000. The Reynolds number is useful for understanding simple scenarios, but it's ineffective in many situations. For example, the motion of the atmosphere is significantly influenced by factors including gravity and the Earth's rotation.


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[Assistant] Most scientists think that getting there will rely on statistics and increased computing power. Extremely high-speed computer simulations of turbulent flows could help us identify patterns that could lead to a theory that organizes and unifies predictions across different situations.


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[Assistant] Despite how difficult it is to explain turbulence mathematically, Vincent van Gogh was able to capture it with astounding accuracy in his iconic painting The Starry Night. Watch this video to learn more about the surprising math behind his masterpiece.


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[Assistant] Suddenly from the bushes out fell a huge and tubby ginger cat. Boo boo boo.


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[Assistant] The cat's fur was filled with leaves and dirt, and it looked to be in pain.


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[Assistant] Oh dear. Seems like Leah really likes the cat. Let's keep it. It can be her pet. So the cat was picked up and taken into the palace. There the maids washed and cleaned it thoroughly.


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[Assistant] They were inseparable and would always be found together.


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[Assistant] Yes indeed. I hope this bond continues for long.


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[Assistant] And with that, the two tired attendants dropped off into a deep slumber.


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[Assistant] And as she went on, she started to sing happily.


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[Assistant] Away he took her, into his dark cave. He put her down, and she began to cry.


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[Assistant] Or Leah sadly went towards the stream. When she reached there, she saw a cat sleeping on a rock.


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[Assistant] The next afternoon, when Leo was trying to cook for the ogre, Radley jumped in at the window.


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[Assistant] Great! Let me go and just get them. I love strawberries! And as Leo went out searching for strawberries, Radley saw the hot pepper bottle in front of him.


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[Assistant] Now, let's mix it all together. This soup is gonna be amazing, right?


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[Assistant] The ogre ran out of the cave towards the river, but Radley was waiting for him. He had grown his tail long and had tied it to a tree.


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[Assistant] Radley pulled his magical tail and the ogre, who was running at full speed, tripped over the tail and fell straight into the river. He was washed away by the strong current and was never seen again.


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[Assistant] Radley felt very sorry for the poor princess, so he put his hand on her head and petted her slowly.


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[Assistant] He caught her tightly and pulled them both up safely. And once in, he tucked her up in her warm bed.


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[Assistant] I had such a strange dream about a cat and an ogre and a very handsome man. I wonder who he was.


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[Assistant] As the days went by, the king and queen noticed that their daughter wasn't her usual self. She always seemed to be in a dream.


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[Assistant] Our poor daughter doesn't seem to be happy these days.


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[Assistant] So the next day, princes of many kingdoms came to see her. Leah saw them all, but didn't like even one.


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[Assistant] Warren Buffett, the boy from Nebraska who grew up to become the Wizard of Omaha.


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[Assistant] So the two of us flew out there somewhat reluctantly because, you know, buying and selling stocks, which is how I thought of Warren, uh, wasn't a particular interest to me and didn't seem like value added. It turned out that was completely wrong. We knew that day that we'd be very close friends. In fact, we just couldn't get enough of each other.


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[Assistant] We both love to work hard. You know, neither of us like frivolous things. You know, he doesn't know much about cooking or art or a huge range of things.


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[Assistant] Warren's ability to size up people and businesses, it's a pretty magical thing. He is the best out of anybody we know.


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[Assistant] We should all try to be 20% as good at that.


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[Assistant] The largest single gift ever given was what he gave away that day.


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[Assistant] You know, I describe my childhood as normal, but who knows what normal is.


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[Assistant] People often think, you know, well Warren Buffett was this famous rich guy. He was not famous and he wasn't rich when we were growing up.


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[Assistant] Well my mom was the biggest part of my life growing up.


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[Assistant] Even though I got disciplined on a regular basis, and she was usually the one doing it, she was still my best friend.


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[Assistant] She was somebody who would help anybody. I mean, whether she knew them or didn't know them or maybe even didn't agree with them, she would still help them.


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[Assistant] And it's difficult to connect on an emotional level because I think that that's not his basic mode of operation.


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[Assistant] When he wrote the letter to us, he put something in that letter that was incredibly important to me.


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[Assistant] Was exactly how our foundation behaves, which is if you're going to try to bat a thousand, you won't do very many things that are important.


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[Assistant] But if you're willing to basically strike out a few times, you can really change something big.


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[Assistant] Who's got the most hundred dollar bills these days? Well his name is Warren Buffett in this country, and he has just displaced his friend Bill Gates as the richest businessman in the world.


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[Assistant] Buffett has pledged to give away in the bulk of his fortune to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and giving more than 15% of his money to foundations started by his three children and his late wife Susan. One global health activist called what Buffett did


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[Assistant] She's gonna pick the easiest ones for herself and give me the harder chores to do. No, she won't. I'll take care of that. You don't know Letitia.


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[Assistant] Pretty easy so far. What shall we put on the bottom rack?


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[Assistant] What about the four spoons and knives? We must put them in the cutlery basket. Can I put this plate on the top rack? There's no room for it on the bottom rack.


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[Assistant] Could you please make the mashed potatoes? Okay, where are the potatoes?


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[Assistant] Brian, can you hand me the pickles? Here. Can I have some more pickles?


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[Assistant] No, mom, they're delicious, but I'm full. And I need to save room for dessert, too. Nilly?


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[Assistant] I can't find it anywhere. It's a book that I borrowed from the library today. I think I've lost it. Maybe you left it at school.


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[Assistant] No, it's not there, because I went to the library after classes. Oh, it really bugs me when I lose things. Have you looked into your room? I've looked everywhere, it's not here. I must have dropped it somewhere, but I can't figure out where. Don't panic, it's bound to be around here somewhere.


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[Assistant] It's not! I think it's lost for good and it's such an important book! I needed it for my history project! Oh, chill out, Brian. Let's just try and work out where you left it. Let's see, where did you go from the library? Well, I popped into a cafe to buy some cookies. Then I went directly to the bus station.


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[Assistant] Yes, I did. I browsed it for a few minutes, then I put it back and prepared to get off the bus.


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[Assistant] And when I wanted to take the book out of my backpack and read it, it wasn't there any longer. It just disappeared.


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[Assistant] And it must have fallen out of your backpack when you stumbled in the bus. Maybe you forgot to zip up your backpack? I think you're right. It makes sense. Let's tell mom about this and see what needs to be done in this case.


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[Assistant] Okay then. I won't tell them where you're hiding.


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[Assistant] Hmm. Bing? Coco? Where are you?


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[Assistant] Oh, haha. Now, can anyone see where Mr. Moo Cow got to?


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[Assistant] Also, the person to your left is a liar. Also, the person sitting in your very seats is a liar.


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[Assistant] We're all liars. What I'm going to do today is I'm going to show you what the research says about why we're all liars, how you can become a lie spotter, and why you might want to go the extra mile and go from lie spotting to truth seeking, and ultimately to trust building. Now speaking of trust, ever since I wrote this book, Lie Spotting,


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[Assistant] And they do what mature leaders do every day. They have difficult conversations with difficult people. Sometimes during very difficult times. And they start up that path by accepting a core proposition. And that proposition is the following. Lying is a cooperative act.


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[Assistant] Think about it, a lie has no power whatsoever by its mere utterance. Its power emerges when someone else agrees to believe the lie. So I know it may sound like tough love, but look, if at some point you got lied to,


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[Assistant] It's cause you agreed to get lied to. Truth number one about lying. Lying's a cooperative act. Now, not all lies are harmful. Sometimes we're willing participants in deception for the sake of social dignity, maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret, secret. We say, nice song. Honey, you don't look fat in that, no. Or we say,


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[Assistant] That's an eyelash under a trillion dollars. That's seven percent of revenues. Deception can cost billions. Think Enron, Madoff, the mortgage crisis.


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[Assistant] And that's the crux of it. If you don't want to be deceived, you have to know what is it that you're hungry for. And we all kind of hate to admit it.


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[Assistant] To connect our wishes and our fantasies about who we wish we were, how we wish we could be, with what we're really like.


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[Assistant] We can't believe how prevalent lying is. We're essentially against lying. But if you look more closely, the plot actually thickens. We lie more to strangers than we lie to coworkers. Extroverts lie more than introverts.


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[Assistant] Men lie eight times more about themselves than they do other people. Women lie more to protect other people. If you're in an average married couple,


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[Assistant] You're gonna lie to your spouse in one out of every ten interactions. Now you may think that's bad. If you're unmarried, that number drops to three. Lying's complex.


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[Assistant] But we're covertly for it in ways that our society has sanctioned for centuries and centuries and centuries. It's as old as breathing. It's part of our culture. It's part of our history. Think Dante, Shakespeare, the Bible, news of the world.


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[Assistant] Five year olds lie outright, they manipulate via flattery. Nine year olds, masters of the cover up.


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[Assistant] A deception epidemic. In short, what one author calls a post truth society. It's been very confusing for a long time now.


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[Assistant] Well, there's steps we can take to navigate our way through the morass.


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[Assistant] Trained lie spotters get to the truth 90% of the time. The rest of us were only 54% accurate. Why is it so easy to learn? Well,


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[Assistant] They're good liars and they're bad liars. They're no real original liars. We all make the same mistakes. We all use the same techniques. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to show you two patterns of deception and then we're going to look at the hotspots and see if we can find them ourselves. We're going to start with speech.


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[Assistant] Or Richard Nixon's favorite in all candor. He would have been a dead giveaway for any lie spotter that knows that qualifying language as it's called, qualifying language like that, further discredits the subject.


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[Assistant] Now let's say you're having that exact same conversation with someone deceptive. That person may be withdrawn, look down, lower their voice, pause, be kind of herky-jerky.


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[Assistant] For those of you that don't know him, this is presidential candidate John Edwards, who shocked America by fathering a child out of wedlock. We're going to see him talk about getting a paternity test. See now if you can spot him.


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[Assistant] While masking another that just kind of leaks through in a flash. Murders are known to leak.


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[Assistant] Now with anger, you've got two people on an even playing field. It's still somewhat of a healthy relationship, but when anger turns to contempt, you've been dismissed.


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[Assistant] It's associated with moral superiority and for that reason it's very, very hard to recover from. Here's what it looks like.


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[Assistant] It's marked by one lip corner pulled up and in. It's the only asymmetrical expression. And in the presence of contempt, whether or not deception follows, and it doesn't always follow, look the other way, go the other direction, reconsider the deal, say no, thank you. I'm not coming up for just one more nightcap. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Science has surfaced many, many more indicators. We know, for example, we know liars will shift their blink rate, point their feet towards an exit.


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[Assistant] And I'm gonna show you two videos. Two mothers. One is lying, one is telling the truth. And these were surfaced by researcher David Matsumoto in California. And I think they're an excellent example of what the truth looks like. This mother, Diane Downs, shot her kids at close range.


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[Assistant] The science of it. We know, for example, that we now have specialized eye trackers, infrared brain scans, MRIs that can decode the signals that our bodies send out when we're trying to be deceptive. And these technologies are going to be marketed to all of us as panaceas for deceit. And they will prove incredibly useful someday.


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[Assistant] But you gotta ask yourself, in the meantime, who do you want on your side of the meeting?


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[Assistant] And what's kind of interesting is that today we have so little darkness. Our world is lit up 24 hours a day. It's transparent.


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[Assistant] With blogs and social networks, broadcasting the buzz of a whole new generation of people that have made a choice to live their lives in public. It's a much more noisy world. So one challenge we have is to remember, oversharing, that's not honesty.


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[Assistant] Our manic tweeting and texting can blind us to the fact that the subtleties of human decency, character, integrity, that's still what matters. That's always what's going to matter. So in this much noisier world, it might make sense for us to be just a little bit more explicit about our moral code.


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[Assistant] You start up that path of being just a little bit more explicit because you signal to everyone around you. You say, Hey, my world, our world, it's going to be an honest one. My world is going to be one where truth is strengthened and false. It is recognized and marginalized. And when you do that, the ground around you starts to shift just a little bit. And that's the truth.


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[Assistant] Alright, we'll do a matching test with Exia's solar reactor on our way back to the base.


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[Assistant] What are you doing ribbons? Wow, fantastic information.


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[Assistant] Well, what else would you expect from a former celestial being agent? Should we contact Homer Katagiri?


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[Assistant] Ribbons, what kind of GN drive was that? You don't know. Even you, the one who controls level seven,


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[Assistant] Most of this heat is used to maintain our body temperature and keep us warm. However, some people always feel cold. This might be because they are suffering from hyperthyroidism.


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[Assistant] In hyperthyroidism, our thyroid gland which regulates metabolism does not function properly. As a result, our metabolism slows down and less heat is generated due to which we feel cold.


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[Assistant] When a person having this disorder is stressed or is exposed to cold conditions, the arteries of his hands and legs become narrow. Hence, warm blood is not transported efficiently to his hands and legs, making his extremities feel cold.


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[Assistant] In addition to this, less muscle mass, low iron levels, and smoking may also make some people always feel cold.


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[Assistant] Allergy is an overreaction of our immune system to usually harmless substances like peanuts, milk, pollen, etc. These substances are called allergens.


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[Assistant] Our immune system has white blood cells or lymphocytes. Which protect us from foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc. These invaders are called antigens.


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[Assistant] Hence, lymphocytes overreact and produce antibodies which start attacking the allergen. Besides this, as a protective response. Some immune cells also trigger production of excess mucus, resulting in running nerves. They even give rise to itching throat and watery eyes, thus causing an allergy. Topic. Distillation.


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[Assistant] Is distilled water safe to drink? How would I know? Am I a detective? Alright, alright. I'll answer it. Distilled water is obtained from distillation.


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[Assistant] Now, even though distilled water is pure, some doctors say that we should not drink it for a prolonged period of time.


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[Assistant] So, can I take a bath with it? I haven't bathed since last Sunday. Oh, gross. You are just impossible. It is generally recommended to avoid drinking distilled water for a long period. Because along with the impurities, the minerals required for the proper growth of our body are left behind during distillation.


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[Assistant] The night is quite cold and you have worn cotton clothes.


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[Assistant] Both wool and cotton are bad conductors of heat. As in, they do not conduct or transmit heat to the surrounding.


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[Assistant] Potions. But everyone knows it's the Dark Arts he fancies. He's been after Quirrell's job for years.


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[Assistant] Potions. But everyone knows it's the Dark Arts he fancies. He's been after Quirrell's job for years.


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[Assistant] Potions. But everyone knows it's the Dark Arts he fancies. He's been after Quirrell's job for years.


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[Assistant] Oh, Hobarty foosh. Oh dear, what a shame. Hobarty's gone all twisty. Can you fix it Float?


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[Assistant] And someone to throw the kite up. Boosh!


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[Assistant] Then, my hoppity kite went CRASH! In the bench. And he got all broken and twisty. So, we fixed him together. Then I did the hoppity running. And Pando did the voosh. Wooo! We flew the kite


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[Assistant] I like being a little dizzy Bing. But if I get too dizzy, I feel all wobbly and a bit yuck.


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[Assistant] Okay, here we go, go, go, go, go.


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[Assistant] I know, a little dizzy is okay, but too much dizzy makes you feel yucky.


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[Assistant] Feeling dizzy. It's a bing thing.


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[Assistant] Now I want a nice clean game. From all of you.


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[Assistant] Now I want a nice clean game. From all of you.


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[Assistant] Now I want a nice clean game. From all of you.


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[Assistant] Impossible. If their spaceship itself can descend to the surface.


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[Assistant] Setsuna, why? Why have you decided to start fighting again?


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[Assistant] Nonsense. Why would Snake put a curse on Harry's brew?


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[Assistant] Well of course he's got a name, he's mine. I bought him off an Irish fella I met down in the pub last year. Then I let him to Dumbledore to guard the... Yes? Shouldn't have said that. No more questions. Don't ask any more questions. That's top secret, that is.


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[Assistant] Codswallop. Professor Snape is a Hogwarts teacher.


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[Assistant] Now you listen to me. All three of you. You're meddling in things that ought not to be meddled in. It's dangerous.


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[Assistant] Well of course he's got a name, he's mine. I bought him off an Irish fella I met down in the pub last year. Then I let him to Dumbledore to guard the... Yes? Shouldn't have said that. No more questions. Don't ask any more questions. That's top secret, that is.


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[Assistant] Codswallop. Professor Snape is a Hogwarts teacher.


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[Assistant] Now you listen to me. All three of you. You're meddling in things that ought not to be meddled in. It's dangerous.


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[Assistant] Nonsense! Why would Snake put a curse on Harry's brew?


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[Assistant] Well of course he's got a name, he's mine. I bought him off an Irish fella I met down in the pub last year. Then I let him to Dumbledore to guard the... Yes? Shouldn't have said that. No more questions. Don't ask any more questions. That's top secret, that is.


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[Assistant] Codswallop. Professor Snape is a Hogwarts teacher.


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[Assistant] Now you listen to me. All three of you. You're meddling in things that ought not to be meddled in. It's dangerous.


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[Assistant] How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery. Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.


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[Assistant] It was not forced upon them by the survival competition


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[Assistant] They could have caught and lived on prey without using poison. Just as the thousands of non poisonous snakes still do


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[Assistant] Poison to a snake is merely a luxury. It enables it to get its food with very little effort. No more effort than one bite.


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[Assistant] And why only snakes? Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped. No running fights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits. Just a bite and no more effort needed


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[Assistant] In fact, it would be an assistance to all carnivores though it would be a two-edged weapon when they fought each other


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[Assistant] But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable nature selected only snakes and one lizard


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[Assistant] One wonders also why nature, with some snakes, concocted poison of such extreme potency


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[Assistant] In the conversion of saliva into poison, one might suppose that a fixed process took place


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[Assistant] It did not. Some snakes manufacture a poison different in every respect from that of others, as different as arsenic is from strychnine, and having different effects


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[Assistant] One poison acts on the nerves, the other on the blood


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[Assistant] The makers of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobras and their venom is called neurotoxic


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[Assistant] Vipers, adders, and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison, which is known as hemolytic


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[Assistant] Both poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison


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[Assistant] It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula


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[Assistant] Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison


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[Assistant] This, however, means nothing. Snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man but for use against prey such as rats and mice, and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna stay in college and keep researching mobile suits with Professor Aifman. But you're simply amazing. You're only 17 years old and already graduating from a place like this.


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[Assistant] Oh right, she's the genius tactician.


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[Assistant] Her brilliant series of tactical insights have led to victory in seven conflicts. I hear the AEU is scouting her and want to make her a field officer.


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[Assistant] Potter, this is Oliver Wood. Wood?


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[Assistant] Jingley shoes. Round the corner, not far away.


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[Assistant] I think Charlie likes that jingly shoe almost as much as you do, Bing.


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[Assistant] Jingley shoes. They're a bing thing.


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[Assistant] Yes, that is good news. Who's there? How did you know I was here? I knew because we're the same.


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[Assistant] Oh, Nosy needs a baby buggy. Yes. Uh.


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[Assistant] This is the toilets. Do you need a wee-wee, Daisy? No, thank you, I've already done one.


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[Assistant] Meow. Be careful Bing. I am Bing.


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[Assistant] Nosy didn't last forever. But look, he growed us new tatos instead!


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[Assistant] Well, you can see for yourself. We spent over three years building everything here, and now it's all...


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[Assistant] Unfortunately, the mobile suits you have here can't compete against those equipped with GN drives.


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[Assistant] Most of the major facilities in the cities were reduced to rubble.


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[Assistant] Setsuna insisted. Then we should thank him for that.


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[Assistant] I'm Kati Monikin. Captain, why did you join the Allos?


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[Assistant] But what are you doing here? I'm a member of the organization, Catherine.


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[Assistant] I'm dying of hunger. I need a decent meal, not just a quick snack. So let's better find a restaurant.


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[Assistant] Besides, they're processed food. They're not a healthy choice. They contain food additives. Processed foods may damage our health in the long run. Don't you know that?


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[Assistant] This restaurant looks good, and the set menu is reasonably priced.


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[Assistant] They have both light meals and substantial meals. And they even have home cooked food too. Isn't that amazing? Maybe we could have dinner here too. And it seems to have a pleasant setting. Let's go in.


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[Assistant] You must be a very well organized person to be able to do all this.


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[Assistant] You seem really busy. Do you work on weekends too?


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[Assistant] I have to make a choice about my career and life, and I'm not sure what to choose.


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[Assistant] She decided to take this opportunity, yes. So she asked me to move to New York with her next month.


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[Assistant] I love her very much, and we even plan to get married next year. But I'm not sure I can quit my job here. I love my workplace, my colleagues and my life here.


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[Assistant] I'd much prefer just to stay here. Anyway, I'm gonna consider all the options before I decide.


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[Assistant] You have an amazing house, Paul. Have you always had such a glamorous life? Not at all. I grew up in a poor family where money was always tight.


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[Assistant] My father died when I was seven years old. My mother raised us by working as a cook. I hoped that when I was a grown up, money would never be in short supply for me anymore.


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[Assistant] My dream was not to have just a steady income. I wasn't interested in just earning a good salary. I wanted to make big money.


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[Assistant] I started making money at school when I sold the cookies my mother had made for me to other children.


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[Assistant] At 17, I had to work three jobs at the same time to make ends meet.


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[Assistant] And did well enough to support my family and save a little money.


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[Assistant] I put this money in a bank account and hardly ever made a withdrawal from it.


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[Assistant] I got a really good deal because I found a shop that was going cheap.


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[Assistant] There's a pretty profitable business. But after a few years...


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[Assistant] I decided to set up a car rental business with my savings combined with a bank loan.


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[Assistant] By the time I was 30, I had already made a small fortune.


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[Assistant] I'm still successfully running my car rental business, dedicating 12 hours each day. Wow. You are definitely a hard worker. What do you like spending money on? I like spending money especially on traveling. That's my hobby.


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[Assistant] But I'm careful not to waste my money on unimportant things. I never throw my money around. I spend it wisely.


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[Assistant] And my business donates a lot of money each year to charity.


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[Assistant] Oh, wait. You go by Mr. Bushido now, don't you?


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[Assistant] I get the sense that's the real reason you came to visit me. So, what are your personal colors?


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[Assistant] Come to think of it, your team should be just beginning an operation right now.


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[Assistant] Don't worry, you can leave that little detail up to us.


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[Assistant] Hmm. That's it then, we've won. Kujo. Humanity cannot avoid fighting.


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[Assistant] Midwives are women who assist other women during childbirth.


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[Assistant] Midwifery is a profession that has been practiced since human families have been having children.


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[Assistant] My mother taught me how to be a midwife, and she taught me well.


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[Assistant] Giving birth is a joyous event, but it can be dangerous. So a midwife must, with the help of the gods, make sure the mother and her child are healthy and safe.


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[Assistant] In 146 BC, Roman soldiers destroyed the Greek city of Corinth, made my mother a slave, and took her to Rome.


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[Assistant] Romans respect Greek science and Greek midwives like my mother are well trained.


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[Assistant] When my mother settled in Rome in her master's house, he allowed her to work as a midwife for other families.


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[Assistant] She was paid well, so my mother was able to save some money. Soon she was able to buy her freedom.


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[Assistant] From age nine, I accompanied my mother to every birth and learned the craft.


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[Assistant] Older mothers are more confident and understand that the pain eventually ends. But the first time I saw a birth I became sick to my stomach.


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[Assistant] I had not expected such a large amount of blood, and the birth was very messy.


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[Assistant] The new mother cried so much that I cried too.


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[Assistant] My mother sternly told me that a good midwife must be calm in order to be a strong support for the mother.


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[Assistant] When my mother was young, midwives learned mostly from experience. But now, midwives have some medical knowledge too.


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[Assistant] Hippocrates, the Greek physician, wrote a lot about women and their babies and good midwives need to read and understand his ideas to deal with some of the problems that can arise during childbirth.


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[Assistant] Midwives also have to understand the nature of plants. For example, we need to know which herbs make labor and childbirth easier.


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[Assistant] One time, a woman was in labor for over 12 hours, and the pain was almost unbearable. She became very tired and weak.


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[Assistant] So I made tea from the root of vervain, a plant with small purple flowers.


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[Assistant] When the mother drank this tea, it helped to speed up the delivery of her child, and her baby boy was born an hour later.


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[Assistant] Every woman should have a midwife when she is going to have a baby. But in Rome, only wealthy women can hire one.


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[Assistant] When a woman first believes she is going to have a baby, she sends her slave to ask me to visit.


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[Assistant] Then I go to the woman's home to examine her body for signs that she will be a mother.


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[Assistant] I ask the woman many questions and her answers help me determine when natal day, the day of birth, will be.


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[Assistant] Usually it takes about nine months for a baby to develop inside a woman. But every woman is different.


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[Assistant] Sometimes natal day comes a bit early, and sometimes it is late.


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[Assistant] Even a midwife cannot know the exact day the baby will come.


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[Assistant] Most of the time, childbirth begins when the mother starts feeling labor spasms.


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[Assistant] Then a slave is sent to me and I go quickly to the mother's home with two or three assistants. My daughter is one of them.


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[Assistant] Upon arrival, we are taken into a room where the mother is lying in bed, usually in great pain.


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[Assistant] We bring soft strips of cloth, a pillow, herbs, and a special birthing chair.


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[Assistant] First, we warm olive oil and water in pots.


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[Assistant] My assistants soak the soft cloths in water and then fold them against the woman's sides as she lies in bed. I massage the mother's belly and hips with warm olive oil too. The warmth eases the pain.


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[Assistant] Childbirth may take a few hours or last as long as a few days. But midwives always stay until the baby arrives. When the baby is ready to be born, my assistants and I carefully move the mother to the birthing chair.


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[Assistant] This chair has a wooden back and arm rests that the mother can hold onto during the delivery.


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[Assistant] The seat is carved in the shape of a crescent moon so I can easily catch the baby when it comes out.


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[Assistant] My assistants hold the mother's shoulders and arms and I bend down between the mother's legs. When I see the head of the baby coming out, I quickly wrap my hands in cloth or thin papyrus.


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[Assistant] I do this to make sure the baby does not slip out of my grasp. Finally, the baby is born.


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[Assistant] After giving the baby a nice warm bath, I wrap it in a soft wool blanket, put it on a pillow, and give the baby to its mother.


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[Assistant] It is a Roman custom for the mother to then put the newborn on the floor.


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[Assistant] The father comes into the room and lifts the baby up to announce the new member of his family. I enjoy helping women give birth.


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[Assistant] There is no greater joy and satisfaction than seeing a new life into this world.


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[Assistant] Bludger. Nasty little buggers. But you? Not a seeker.


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[Assistant] Bludger. Nasty little buggers. But you? Not a seeker.


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[Assistant] Bludger. Nasty little buggers. But you? Not a seeker.


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[Assistant] I will plow until I find out why my land does not yield crops. I sow every year. Where do my seeds go? Rama plowed and plowed. I am so tired.


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[Assistant] Who would bury a metal pot so deep in a field? This is useless.


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[Assistant] I have to be strong now. This ancestral land has to be given away.


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[Assistant] I must go home before it gets dark.


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[Assistant] What? Who kept this here? I was here the whole time!


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[Assistant] This cannot be. Is this a magic pot? Hmm, let me try something.


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[Assistant] This indeed is a magic pot. I cannot believe this. Let me take this pot home. Oh, this is heavy. Let me find a rope.


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[Assistant] Show. Round the corner, not far away, Bing and his friends are playing today.


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[Assistant] They actually did it. They might have just saved the Middle East.


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[Assistant] No children, there's nothing pretty about those lights in the sky. Those are the lights of a far-off battle.


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[Assistant] Some women who come to see me on stage say that I am the best looking man in London, and I tend to agree.


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[Assistant] A good actor must pay attention to his appearance at all times, as well as to his speech and body movement, in order to get the best roles.


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[Assistant] Of course I only appear in the most popular productions, especially the plays written by William Shakespeare, the greatest writer in all of England.


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[Assistant] My career began when I was only seven years old, and the church organist in my little village heard me sing.


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[Assistant] He immediately told my father that I should audition for the children's choir at the Chapel Royal to sing for Queen Elizabeth.


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[Assistant] Excited, my father took me to St. James Palace to audition, and afterward I was invited to be a member of the choir.


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[Assistant] It wasn't long before I was acting in plays for the Queen too, since boys with high voices are needed to play all the female roles.


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[Assistant] No women are allowed on stage, it just isn't done.


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[Assistant] The nobility, the lords and ladies, became very annoyed at the writers and actors.


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[Assistant] One time, Queen Elizabeth became so angry that everyone in the show was briefly put in jail for offending her.


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[Assistant] When I was 13, Queen Elizabeth died, and I soon joined an acting company associated with the Globe Theatre called The King's Men.


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[Assistant] The company members said they liked my pretty looks and my sweet sounding voice and hired me on as an apprentice.


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[Assistant] But most of all, they liked my ability to read, since many young boys in England cannot read or write.


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[Assistant] There were other boys in the company ranging in age from 10 to 15. And the older actors taught us how to speak loudly, so any large audience would be able to hear us.


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[Assistant] We learned the Galliard, a dance with quick steps and high jumps, and the Canary, a very popular dance from Spain.


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[Assistant] A music teacher taught us how to play the fiddle, lute and recorder.


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[Assistant] Dancing and musicianship are both skills we need for our various roles, since the audience always enjoys a lively song.


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[Assistant] I have come a long way from the choir, I can tell you.


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[Assistant] As a boy player, I was given spending money, which I used to buy treats such as oranges and gingerbread. I also bought books. I love poetry.


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[Assistant] However, we were fined if we were late, missed a rehearsal, or damaged our costumes.


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[Assistant] Costumes are the biggest expense for a theater company, since they are basically the clothes that people wear on the very best of occasions.


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[Assistant] The Globe Acting Company spends hundreds of pounds yearly on costumes.


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[Assistant] Since we use very little scenery, elaborate costumes are really important.


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[Assistant] When a flag flies from the roof of the theater, people know that there will be a performance that afternoon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that I am a grown man, and famous, an apprentice helps me dress backstage.


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[Assistant] Of course, since my voice changed, I no longer play women's parts. Now I play the lead male roles, and I'm excellent at them.


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[Assistant] But even though I am a celebrity, I still can't help peeking at the audience through the curtain like a novice to see how many people have come to see our play.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The groundlings are the poorer folk who must stand on the ground right in front of the stage. They pay a penny to get in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The wealthy pay more and have seats on the upper balconies of the theater.


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[Assistant] Vendors sell fruit and nuts and young boys run back and forth delivering bottles of ale.


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[Assistant] People converse, and some play card games while they wait for the show to begin.


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[Assistant] It is very noisy, but when the trumpet blasts three times, people know the play is about to start, and they quiet down expectantly.


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[Assistant] People are quite fond of it, and most actors play several parts.


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[Assistant] Of course, I am playing the leading role of Macbeth. So, when I arrived at the theater this morning, I paced backstage practicing my lines to make sure I had memorized them all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a man called a book holder who holds a copy of the play near the stage so he can whisper a line if an actor forgets.


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[Assistant] But, I like to be totally prepared, and I've never needed any prompting.


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[Assistant] This morning, the stage manager had a difficult time getting the throne in place for the actor who plays the king.


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[Assistant] He also had trouble making the trap door work perfectly so the ghost can disappear in Act 2.


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[Assistant] Some apprentices bustled about before the play, filling pig's bladders with blood, so the sword fighting scenes would look real.


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[Assistant] It looks very gory when the blood spills all over the place. It's a great trick and audiences love it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actors frequently perform on other stages around London, such as the Swan Theatre, the Middle Temple Theatre, and the Boar's Head Inn, which the owner renovated so plays could be put on there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also travel all over the countryside to do shows in town squares and at local inns.


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[Assistant] Last year, I was invited to the private estate of an Earl to provide the entertainment after supper.


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[Assistant] But by the time I made my entrance, a few of the guests were fast asleep and snoring so loudly that no one could hear me sing my famous version of Barbara Allen.


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[Assistant] I was paid well for my appearance, but I far prefer being at the Globe where my artistic nature is taken more seriously.


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[Assistant] Come see me when you are in London. Everyone knows me.


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[Assistant] This is what really matters. We are only going to taste the five most appealing dishes.


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[Assistant] With what's coming down the pipe towards you in the next round, you do not want to be there.


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[Assistant] And Sashi, and Sashi, what do you term Sashi? He won. He did win, yea, he did win.


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[Assistant] It looks wonderful. I love the brightness of that little pickle. Little bit naughty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, what a great mystery box. That is fantastic. And thank you for taking us to a place where we normally take about three or four weeks to get to, which is that moment we go, wow, these guys are amazing cooks. Some brilliant cooking from those five chosen dishes. We love the glaze on the perfectly cooked chicken. We adore that mango puree, but the other three dishes, the fried chicken, the mango sorbet, and that kind of chicken roast,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we said at the start of the day that this next challenge was somewhere you do not want to be. And you're about to find out why. Take a look behind.


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[Assistant] You also have your regular pantry of staples. Now we are looking for a bottom four. Whoever cooks the worst dish will be going home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're also looking for the best three dishes. Whoever cooks them goes into this week's immunity challenge along with Abby and has a chance of winning one of those immunity pins like Tim just gave up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're cooking with something you don't know anything about, be very careful and have a back up plan. Fingers crossed the Marin behaves. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you lift your mystery box and you see something like Marin, it is a gift for you. And it's a gift that you must respect. And you've done that beautifully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The vinaigrette is delicious. Great. But everything else needs lower temperature and slower


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[Assistant] If I call your name, please step forward. Tessa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean this is uhm, this is kind of amazing what you're telling us. It's just, it seems amazing to me that a belief about stress can make so much difference to someone's life expectancy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On a non-stressful job. Is it, does it matter that which way they go? That it's, it's equally wise to go for the stressful job so long as you believe that you can handle it in some sense?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, you are unbelievable. Actually, till now, it is not fully understood why some people are left handed while others are right handed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A theory suggests that genetics might play a role in determining the hand dominance.


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[Assistant] If the baby inherits a D gene from both the parents, then the baby will surely be right-handed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the baby inherits D gene from one parent and C gene from the other, then the chances of baby being right handed are much higher. However,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the baby inherits C gene from both the parents. Then the baby will either be right handed or left handed. The chances are 50-50.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A nail consists of many different parts. The visible part of the nail is called nail plate. Nail plate lies on the nail bed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Matrix is the area where nail growth originates. It lies below the skin. Matrix has specialized cells which keep dividing and creating nail cells. The nail cells grow and produce a hard protein called keratin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, these keratin filled cells are pushed forward as more new cells are formed behind them. Eventually, the keratin filled cells die and flatten to form the nail plate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what is the use of these nails? Nails protect our fingertips. Moreover, by observing the condition of our nails, doctors can get clues about our overall health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, an owl's wings have some special features that help it to fly silently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alum is added to purify water. Alum is aluminium sulfate. It acts as a coagulant. A coagulant attracts and binds with extremely fine and small particles to form a large particle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, you're just unbelievable.


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[Assistant] They really do. You don't believe me.


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[Assistant] Our ear consists of three parts, outer ear, middle ear and inner ear.


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[Assistant] The inner ear consists of three semicircular canals called superior semicircular canal, posterior semicircular canal.


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[Assistant] And a lateral semicircular canal. The three semicircular canals are arranged in three different positions. Each of these canals has a fluid called endolymph.


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[Assistant] And hair cells called cilia at the base. Whenever we move our head, the fluid moves. Resulting in the movement of this cilia as well.


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[Assistant] The brain is an amazing and complex organ. And while many people are fascinated by the brain, they can't really tell you that much about the properties about how the brain works because we don't teach neuroscience in schools.


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[Assistant] And one of the reasons why is that the equipment is so complex and so expensive that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions. Uh, so in order to be able to access the brain, you really need to, you know, dedicate your life and spend six and a half years as a graduate student, just become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's a shame because 1 out of 5 of us, that's 20% of the entire world will have a neurological disorder. And there are zero cures for these diseases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so it seems that what we should be doing is sort of reaching back earlier in the education process and sort of teaching students about neuroscience and so that in the future they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist and so


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was a graduate student, my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself decided that, you know, what if we took this complex equipment that we have for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enough that anyone, uh, you know, an amateur or a high school student, uh, can learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience. And so we did just that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A few years ago we started a company called Backyard Brains and we make DIY neuroscience equipment and I brought some here tonight and I want to do some demonstrations. You guys want to see some? Alright. Alright, so I need a volunteer. So right before, what is your name?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, Sam, uh, I'm gonna record from your brain. Have you, have you had this before? No. Okay, alright, I need you to stick out your arm for science. Roll up your sleeve a bit, alright. And so what I'm gonna do, I'm putting electrodes on your arm, and you're probably wondering, I just said I'm gonna record from your brain, what am I doing with your arm? Uh, well we, you have about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 80 billion neurons inside your brain right now. They're sending electrical messages back and forth and chemical messages. Uh, but some of your neurons right here in your motor cortex are going to send messages down when you move your arm like this. They go down across your corpus closum, down at your spinal cord, your lower motor neuron, out to your muscles here. And that is electrical discharge. It's going to be picked up by these electrodes right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to be able to listen to exactly what your brain is going to be doing. So I'm going to turn this on for a second. Have you ever heard what your brain sounds like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's turn it on. So go ahead, whenever you... Go ahead and squeeze your hand. Alright, so what you're listening to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is your motor and your units are happening right here. Okay, so let's take a look at it as well. So I'm going to stand over here. I'm going to open up our app here. So now I want you to squeeze.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, so right here, these are the motor units that are happening from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here. And as she's doing it, you're seeing the electrical activity that's happening here. We can even click here and try to see one of them. So keep doing it really, really hard. Yeaah, so now we've paused on one motor axe potential that's happening right now inside of your brain. Okay. Uh, do you guys want to do see some more? Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's interesting, but let's get it better. Okay, I need one more volunteer. Okay, what is your name, sir? Miguel. Miguel, alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to move your arm as well. So your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles and so it turns out that there is a nerve that's right here that runs up here that innervates these three fingers and is close enough to the skin that we might be able to stimulate that so that we can do is copy your brain signal that's going out to your hand


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so Sam wants you to, uh, squeeze your hand again. Alright. Do it again. Alright, perfect. So now I'm gonna hook you up over here so that you get the simi- It's gonna feel a little bit weird at first. This is gonna feel like a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, when you lose your free will, uh, and someone else becomes your agent, it does feel a bit strange. I want you to relax your hand. Alright, and Sam, are you with me? Alright, so you're gonna, you're gonna squeeze. I'm not gonna turn it on yet, so go ahead and give it a squeeze. Alright. So now, are you ready, Miguel?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ready as I'll ever be. Okay, so I've turned it on, so go ahead and turn your hand. Do you feel that a little bit? Are you going to do it again?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so right now, your brain is controlling your arm, and it's also controlling his arm. So go ahead and just do it one more time. Alright, so that's perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm staying at home because I have an important project to finish.


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[Assistant] No I haven't, but I've heard about it. I'd love to come and loosen up a bit.


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[Assistant] We are completely surrounded, both up here and on the ground, Colonel.


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[Assistant] Why, that's... that's a Tiaran Toudsi.


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[Assistant] But why? Why won't they mobilize the forces I have here?


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[Assistant] That's right! You should definitely promote him and reward his hard work.


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[Assistant] Things have really hit rock bottom here if people are attacked and robbed in public places.


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[Assistant] Water dripping constantly can waste hundreds of gallons of water every week.


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[Assistant] Well, if they don't call back soon, you'd better try phoning up a few more places.


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[Assistant] Once upon a time, in the middle of a dense forest, there was a mighty river.


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[Assistant] In that river, there lived an old crocodile.


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[Assistant] He was not able to hunt anymore because he was weak and feeble.


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[Assistant] One day, he was very hungry. So he thought to himself, it is very difficult to go on land and hunt.


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[Assistant] Thereafter, every day, the crocodile would come by the tree and the monkey would give him berries.


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[Assistant] The monkey happily plucked some berries and gave it to him. And the crocodile took them to his wife, who stayed on the other side of the river.


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[Assistant] The crocodile started thinking deeply and said to his wife,


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[Assistant] Listening to his wife, the poor crocodile felt helpless. Sadly, he went to the monkey to convince him and bring him home to his wife.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monkey agreed to go with the crocodile, and they both set out. They were going merrily. A little into their journey, the monkey asked,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looking at his friend's happiness, the crocodile thought he should tell the monkey everything about his wife's intentions. Poor monkey. He's dreaming of a delicious feast. But little does he know that my wife wants to eat his heart for lunch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh dear monkey, I want to tell you something.


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[Assistant] As soon as he heard the crocodile, he instantly thought of an idea. The monkey was very smart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The crocodile got the monkey back to the tree. As soon as the monkey reached the tree, he quickly jumped off the crocodile's back and climbed the tree and said to the crocodile,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, what's Ptolemy's condition now?


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[Assistant] The brownie bases are done. Ayyyy. Well done, Deke.


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[Assistant] They've gotta get these meringues done, but the sugar syrup's taking forever to come up to temp. It's gonna come down to the wire. It's a nail-biter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Innovator? I am. My name is Ribbons. Ribbons Allmark. It's been a long time, Setsuna Euseie. Or rather, Soran Ibrahim. That's right. To you, this is the first we've met. But that's not the case for me. I first met you 11 years ago. Yes. Right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this hellhole of a battlefield where foolish humans were fighting each other. And on it, one boy desperately running for his life. I was watching you.


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[Assistant] Naturally, the plan was to dispose of every witness at the location so as to maintain secrecy. But then on the spur of the moment, I spared your life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that your services are no longer needed, I thought it was about time you returned that to me. Because by all rights, I am the legitimate pilot of that machine.


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[Assistant] It appears that Tierra Arde has chosen the path opposing us. Don't you think that's a fantastic turn of events?


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[Assistant] I doubt we'll get too many more chances like this.


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[Assistant] Oh my god, I couldn't believe it because she's here and she's gorgeous, so beautiful, I couldn't believe it. Oh my god.


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[Assistant] You said you were looking for answers on the path where people can understand each other.


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[Assistant] I really had no idea what you were forced to go through during the crudest war.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It explains a lot, like why you hate war so much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, as for me, I was raised in a normal home, like you'd find just about anywhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really love music, and if I could have, I would have liked to pursue that path, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe I was trying too hard. But you... I could say the same thing about you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, run out, it's, it's, it's just, yeah, it's just intense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nicole, what you said at the beginning, uh, at this moment, I don't know what the dish is, and I don't know what the featured ingredient is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, star anise is in the ice cream. So, yeah, the hero ingredient must be star anise. Uhm, yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I don't know, for some reason, I thought it was, uh, Starr and Ace. I don't know why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am a cocktail bartender. I have been doing it for at least 15 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a definite fear factor right now whether I have made the right decision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want it. I can see it right there and I really want it. But I know that I've got to fight for it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My chicken's been frying away. Now it's time to coat that chicken and get it in the fryer. Is that oil hot enough? Yeah? Yeah, should be right. Good work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got the base of my Dakwadun. Uhm, I've got my curd in the freezer. Now I gotta start on my dark chocolate and orange mousse. It's gonna form the outer layer and it's going to be what encases the curd.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I've got enough time. I'm ditching the dark chocolate and I'm gonna start a white chocolate mousse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm making a orange, white chocolate entremet dough, I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's hardly any time to go. I've gotta do this now. I take my doings out of the freezer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I turn the domes out, and I pour the warm glaze over it.


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[Assistant] I would say just a little bit of everything. I've had experience in French, my background's Italian, uhm, worked with Adam at Shiboshou which is more Japanese.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've been to Copenhagen. Where do you cook in Copenhagen? Ah, Noma.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am feeling under pressure cooking against Derek and Tessa because I do want to show them who the chef is and who the contestants are. Fish. What have we got? Fish-wise. Sweet. I decide to go with kingfish. Okay, that, that, that. Alright, we'll start with that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fish will be providing a little bit of that seafood flavour without dominating the orange.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna do like a little ceviche, I reckon, of kingfish, uhm, with the orange juice, and there'll be a little bit of orange zest in there as well. Uhm, I've got some seaweed, I'll make like a little seaweed oil, and then I'm gonna toast some hazelnuts off for a bit of texture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm making some fish with orange zest, kombu oil, and orange sauce on the side. How you guys going over there? Yeah, we're good mate. Killing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm a bit worried. I mean, I'm a chef and I'm not cooking anything, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This will be the final, the final sauce. Predominantly orange. But just to boost the acid, I've added a little bit of lemon, uhm, and some kelp oil involved. It's almost like a vinaigrette. Cause I'm not cooking anything, it has to be very well balanced. Textures have to be right, flavours have to be right. There can't be any, any trip up, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice. Nice. I reckon you're in a bit of trouble, Max. I think I'm stuffed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't want it to cook before it gets to the judges, which is why I've served the sauce on the side. There'll be little pops of this and that throughout each mouthful, which will hopefully get the judges like quite excited.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Max, how are you feeling? Uh, some pretty good scores.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Derek and Tessa should be very proud of themselves and give themselves a massive pat on the back. I would definitely have them working in my kitchen at the pot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Boston is a really cool city. You could go up there for weekends and vacations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look at it this way. If she hadn't got that job, she would have been really disappointed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cheer up. Come on. Let's go to a cafe or something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look at this lamp. It's so beautiful. It would be a great gift for my grandma. But it's so expensive. Just look at the price. It's going to cost you an arm and a leg. That's because its design is handmade. So you would pay such a high price for it? Do you have that much money? I have some savings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I put the lamp back to its place, but it fell and crashed to the floor and shattered into pieces!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are you kidding? I can't do that. I'm not a coward. What do you mean? You want to pay $200 for that lamp? Then how are you supposed to be able to buy your grandma a gift?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to borrow some money. I have no choice. It's my responsibility. And I feel sorry for the owner. Oh come on. For him it's just a drop in the bucket. To you, it's a lot of money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know, but I would feel so ashamed of myself if I just ran out without telling him. I couldn't look at myself in the mirror if I did this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right. You can't judge someone by one action, but by the sum of their career.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I heard you went to a party this weekend and I was so surprised to hear that. You told me that you were staying in on Saturday night because you were tired and needed some rest. That's why you refused to go to the movie theater with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I did something wrong, and I feel so guilty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I needed to do an assignment on the play The Merchant of Venice, and I borrowed Peter's laptop for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I found his assignment on the same topic on his laptop, and decided to copy it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The teacher got really upset when she noticed our assignments were identical and failed us both.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't have the courage to tell the teacher the truth. I just couldn't bring myself to do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I just hope she would turn a blind eye to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fine. I'll try to make amends for what I did. I'm going to call Peter right away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My kids go to bed at different times. Kevin goes to bed at about nine thirty. And Susie at ten thirty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I can't really see the point of forcing kids to go to bed. They can end up going to sleep two hours later, just lying in bed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It all just depends on who you are and how much sleep your brain and body needs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but if my kids were all in bed at eight, I would spend very little time with them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think parents should be able to personalize bedtime for each and every child. All children have different needs involving sleep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are several kids who do fine in school with just eight hours of sleep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put on some sunscreen, Matthew. If you spend too much time in the sun without putting on sunscreen, you're likely to get a sunburn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lips get sunburned too, so we should also apply a lip balm that contains sunscreen. Here!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, the truth is that the sun is more dangerous now. Sunlight is not like it was many years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Earth has an ozone layer, which should protect the Earth from powerful UV rays.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The problem is, the ozone layer has been damaged by the pollution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the biggest threats to the ozone layer is cars. The exhaust gases from cars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, maybe driving less would be a good thing if we want to save the ozone layer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We should avoid the strongest rays of the day, usually from 11am to 4pm, and apply sunscreen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are so many great restaurants, tons of live theaters, beautiful beaches, and the weather is perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, it lacks a good public transportation system, doesn't it?


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[Assistant] When I went there, I saw Raiders of the Lost Ark and The Last Crusade. That's a great theater. I love it there.


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[Assistant] I couldn't agree more. This is such a big city with lots of things to do.


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[Assistant] It has a lot of green spaces and incredible scenery. It has a casual and laid back vibe. I work in an office and wear jeans most of the times. And so does my boss. You will very seldom see someone in a suit on our city streets.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry to bother you, but do you know where I can buy a bus ticket here? Oh, you need to buy a tap card. It's available from that vending machine over there. How much is the fare? The regular base fare is $1.75 per boarding.


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[Assistant] Or seven dollars for a day pass with unlimited rides. Okay, thanks a lot. You're welcome.


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[Assistant] Excuse me, how does this machine work? It's easy. Press any button to start.


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[Assistant] Now, would you like a one-way trip or a pass? I'd like two trips. Okay. Buying a tap card costs a dollar. Then you add the amount you want to put on it. That is $3.50 for two trips. So the total is $4.50. They accept cash or credit card. I'll pay by card.


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[Assistant] Wonderful. Thank you very much for your help. No problem. Where would you like to go? To the mall. You need to catch the 264. Oh, good. And when does it come? It runs in the half hour. I see. Is the bus ride long? It only takes ten minutes. That's all? Yes. It's a pretty short trip.


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[Assistant] Are there always a lot of people on that bus? Only during rush hour. Oh, okay. Thank you. No problem. Have a good trip. Thanks.


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[Assistant] Excuse me, is this seat taken? No, it isn't. Do sit down. This is the first time I've gotten to sit down all day. My back is killing me. Where are you going, if you don't mind? Bracken Street. How about you? I need to get to the Sweet Street Mall. Do you know where I should get off the bus? Oh, that's four stops away. Make sure to keep your eyes on that digital screen.


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[Assistant] And when you see your stop coming up next, press on that red stop button.


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[Assistant] They're not always gonna stop at all the stations if there's no one getting off or on. I see, thanks. I'm gonna battle the crowds at the big blowout sale. You've got more energy than I have. I'm going straight home into bed. Oh, that sounds nice. I've gotta get a birthday present for a friend though.


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[Assistant] Have a good day. You too. Good luck shopping.


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[Assistant] No doubt about it. Does it ever snow in LA?


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[Assistant] In the spring, we get lots of rain showers, and the greenery begins sprouting in mid to late March.


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[Assistant] Snow happens, but isn't a given, and varies year to year.


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[Assistant] Please let me help you carry those bags, ma'am. They must be pretty heavy.


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[Assistant] My parents taught me that a man should carry groceries and open the door for ladies.


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[Assistant] Some people who get into trouble are actually innocent, and I want to protect them.


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[Assistant] Hello? Is there something wrong with your car? Can I help?


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[Assistant] Let me have a look. Maybe I can fix it. I used to be a mechanic a few years ago.


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[Assistant] I think I fixed your car. It should be working now. You can try starting the engine.


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[Assistant] It took me just a few minutes, and it was my pleasure to help you.


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[Assistant] I did nothing unusual. Anyone would have done the same thing in my place. A good deed is its own reward.


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[Assistant] Check your mirrors and signal left before you move off. Release the handbrake. Watch out for buses and bikes. So, which way do I go?


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[Assistant] First, go down to the very end of this road and turn right. Okay? Turn right at the end of the road.


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[Assistant] Now we're gonna go to the stop sign and make a left turn. Make sure you use your turn signal. Okay.