[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, from a more broader context about museum experiences, if you haven't been to the Exploratorium or the Tech Museum, if you go into a kind of physics space or so, like you have lots of like pendulums and other things you can interact with and play, and really get prolonged engagement where people spend like a couple of minutes, parents with their kids.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in biology, this is actually historically much harder to achieve. I mean, you have like kind of microscopic petting zoos, but, uh, the microscopic world is usually, so in non-interactive microscope, or if it's interactive, then it's more about controlling the microscope, but not interacting with the actual, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Living matter. And so I think we can really, uhm, through these activities, uh, change that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here let me just show you another project which we started together in collaboration with Exploratorium. And it's the same setup as you've seen before, but now we use a Kinect to just record your whole body motion and just project this body motion in there, right? You see a woman with a child dancing and then you see on the bigger screen on the left kind of the projection with these cells. If you follow this one closely and it's highly sped up,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see how the cells basically void that person, so to speak, right? And also this picture frame, how you can actually trap a few cells and move them around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, one thing I hadn't appreciated before we started this project, uhm, is actually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of like the organisms and the human kind of meet each other in their corresponding worlds, right? Like, you see macroscopic yourself on the screen and the cells at your scale, but if you look through the microscope, you actually see a little person dancing around in there with these cells, and that's actually what kids like to see, right? Like, uh, so uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so these are kind of interactive experiences, uhm, for a museum setting. It's kind of, uh, uh, ongoing. Uhm, so now, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, like programmability of these systems and what could we do. And just want to say, uhm, I'm from my personal history, uhm, when I was a teenager.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, kind of also inspired like when the home computer revolution came about and like kids having computers at home, primarily wanting them to play games, right? Parents thought like this is educational. And in the end it was, right? Like I, for example, learned programming through my computer that I wanted for gameplay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then also maybe do some more, more serious thing. And so this is an ongoing project where I basically combined the two setups that I showed before, like the one with the projector and with the LEDs, which means now we can manipulate cells from like in a global field with this projector, but then also give some directional motion, uh, from the sides. And, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is much more zoomed out, right? Again, these euglena cells, but very, very small. You have this light pattern, uh, where you basically construct some sort of barrier, which the cells don't want to swim through, but then you also shine light, uh, from one side. And what you can do with something like this is, for example, concentrate cells, right? Like you shine the light from here, all the cells swim over there and get captured.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In, in that sort of chamber, right? And you can even call this, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can, this whole thing would you see there, you can script this up and, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make a command out of it, concentrate cells. Like you call this command and then this is, this is what happens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so you basically do the inverse thing, right, like, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] of, of these sort of capabilities. And the idea is, so this is kind of the, the startup mode. The game hasn't started yet, but you kind of want to clear a part of the screen and kind of move some cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this is where the action game starts, and this game has basically the goal to get these cells into here. The light is on from this direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what you as a player need to do is kind of get rid of this barrier, right? Like, and uh, the player didn't do this, so...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so again, first level cells need to go in there, so you do it successfully by erasing this boundary. Uh, the timer runs up, you have enough cells in there which are tracked, so good. Next level is, don't get any cells in there, so basically you need to draw a boundary, do this, keep all the cells out, very good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the third, uh, third level is basically get the cells in here, but not in here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, so again, the lights are turned on in a certain sequence and you basically need to make a barrier here and erase there and then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the cells have been here, but not, not in there, right? And uhm, so actually have, uh, just for, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this kind of shows how we can re-program, uh, levels, uh, how we can program behaviors and, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, the first level, the light is coming from the left. The player is asked to kind of get rid of this barrier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The end goal is to get the cells there. And the next one, the light comes from the opposite side. What you need to do is actually draw a boundary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this light is on and all cells move down and then later the other light is coming on and all the cells move there and you need to kind of do two operations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, also to be honest, this is something you can do in a lab space. It's not yet there that you, I don't know, can hand this off to someone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so and now let me come on the second half of my talk, kind of later half.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More about this idea about cloud labs. So how can we actually now use these, these kind of systems to allow people to interact, uh, over the web?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and the general idea is a student or researcher sitting at home


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And running experiments over the web, right? Where you need to have an actuator and a sensor and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you have this joystick here, this virtual joystick, which allows you to actuate individual LEDs. Here you actually see an external camera view onto the microscope and where the chamber is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you follow it for a while, then you see, you know, when the light is coming from here, that after some time kind of cells are, uh, start moving up, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, you can basically playfully, uh, playfully explore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just by going to a website. And again, appreciate, uhm, that, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The cells are not deterministic. There's all sorts of stuff going on. Image data is generally rich, both from a, I mean, for, which makes really room for discovery, both for kind of student level, but maybe also in the future for, for researchers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here is like after the experiment you can actually then download the data and, uh, written some scripts where then the system automatically kind of tracks, uh, uhm, tracks the cells for you, uhm, presents, uh, all this kind of tracked data, uhm, that you can for example import as a MATLAB and then doing analysis, uh, with that, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we did a number of user studies with this, uhm, one of them together with Paolo Bickstein who is here at the Stanford School of Education. So we went to a middle school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in San Francisco, and the students, uh, basically were supposed to do things, kind of doing some basic measurements and observations, but on the other hand,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're making some modeling and we kind of want to supply this and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The study was basically designed such that within a 55 minute class period, students would do some pre-tests and it would spend like 5 to 10 minutes working on this platform, then doing some analysis of the data and then we had some modeling, uh, uh, equipment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, first thing is, so in a pre-study we tried that all the students did their own experiments and it actually did not work so well, uh, part of the reason, uh, kind of bandwidth limitation in, in a school setting, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See what happens if we pull the joystick this way and kind of, there was this in-class conversation over like 5 to 10 minutes and doing this experiment together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So then, uh, the students and peers did a data analysis and basically then they all got access to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you have a pre-recorded movie here in the background and you're supposed to, uh, make this, uh, thing here, this, uh, model kind of match the swimming path of a real organism. And there's three parameters you can tune. One is the forward speed, one is how fast the organism spins around its own axis, and the other, third one, how strong it, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Response to the light. And if you kind of choose these three parameters correctly, then you get a kind of a path.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, then students kind of engage in, in discussions and really to emphasize like these, these organisms just have this one eye spot so they can only, only, uh, sense, uh, light from one direction. What they then really need to do is basically roll around the axis to kind of explore the 3D space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and that also leads to these kind of, uhm, undulating motions, as you can also see, like kind of this tumbling motion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, yeaah, so the students were doing this and kind of discussing and basically comparing the experiment that they've done and the modeling side by side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also importantly that the students kind of perceived, uh, perceived themselves as successful. They enjoyed the activity and felt they, they learned something. And also the teacher's feedback was positive in a sense, like that the students were more learned than an average, during the average class time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And teacher also mentioned there was, was, uh, as a positive thing that all these logistics about setting up the biology, I mean, are kind of taken away and that you can even in a much more compressed class time do experiment and kind of more sophisticated modeling bring this about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also want to emphasize, I'm not saying all teaching biology should now run over the web, right? I think the hands-on is important as well, and also, pure simulations have their place, but I think this could be a way to, to really deliver uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To deliver certain types of experiments that are currently not possible in school settings. And if you now think of, like, how could this really scale up in the future?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so here's actually the, uh, the setup or the setups in our labs. Each of these is kind of one of these, these microscopes, right? Basically a webcam, these four LEDs, uh, uh, and then an objective. And then the idea is when we set up a whole system, we have multiple users that can basically, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Run experiments and in parallel being routed to the best PPU at the time, setting up queues and all these kind of things you just need to build out to allow people in any given time to, I mean access these, these sort of systems. And again to emphasize since we can auto monitor the system, so from time to time the,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, system itself runs a little experiment and checks whether the cells are still responding properly and if not kind of flushes fresh cells in and if this one fails, I mean, then we have to exchange it. But by doing this we can really have a system that runs autonomously.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also really scales from a technical point of view.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, yeah, it just was mentioned this year, you kind of see how three different of these systems, uh, are running, right? And you see, for example, in this one, there are not many cells in there. So, uh, the system would automatically recognize that and then change something to it, right? Really, um, having this auto monitoring framework in the back is important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So how does this now really scale from a cost level and how useful is this? And I think this really can make a difference nationwide and also worldwide in terms of education. And just if you think about it like these experimental systems are rather simple, I mean set up


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For much less than a cent per experiment, right? And any given systems. And if you now assume that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know, you have 5 million students in the US every year taking a certain biology course, then you can see how with 10 to 100 of such systems you could really, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, uh, kind of make a difference, uh, in, in educational settings, okay? And really at, at kind of a price point that is low enough that it would cost a couple of dollars, um, to, for example, run a biology class, which is maybe even cheaper than kind of ordering the, the organisms to begin with, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so future ideas are then of course also how to extend this, first of all, to other stimulus stimuli. So I think it would be great to kind of integrate that sort of system with this much more intuitive surface of kind of drawing colors over it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what you see on the right is actually like an example of different organisms. So these are again Euglena, but then the big one is Wolvox. It's a multicellular kind of colony.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, this actually has, uh, under these conditions, positive phototaxis, so it actually swims exactly the other way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you follow it closely, you actually also see how it generates certain flow fields and, uh, kind of, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's some visions that in the long run we could really go to other organisms, other stimuli, electric, magnetic, whatever. Uhm, those things could be built out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uhm, now I want to tell you about another example of such a system which actually predates, uhm, uhm, the one that I just talked about, uhm, which is very different in terms of scale, throughput, also stimuli, and which I think is important to show because it also draws some lessons on like comparing the two of how one should actually design these, these sort of, uh, systems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, this, uh, uh, Cloudlab, uh, works, uh, with a, uh, organism called Fusorum. It's a slime mold. So what you see here is a Petri dish, which is about this size.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in yellow you see this organism. It's a multi-nucleated single-celled organism that kind of spreads around, forms these nice networks and kind of grows in a dish. And these red dots that you see is animated where basically food was dropped by a robot remotely, right? So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Red is basically a trail of food that has been placed and then you can see how the organism explores and then actually grows along the food trail. And so it's also an interesting organism in the sense that kind of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of development and behavior, right, are kind of tightly coupled, like the shape of this organism and how it moves are kind of the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just, just to note, the movie that you see here runs on a course of about a day, right? So basically the system takes an image every, every 10 minutes. The system itself that we built, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we prototyped out of Legos, the kind of pipetting robots, where on a flatbed scanner we had like six such dishes, and then the robot would kind of place, uh, these food drops based on user interactions, uhm, or user-defined food droplets on there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we built also kind of a web interface out of it that you could, for example, run on a phone or via interface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to, to, to do your experiments. And just to show you, uhm, so this is kind of the interface, right? Like you go to a website, you pick your experiment. This is a dish which is currently running, so to speak. And then you define your food trail or food stimulus by, for example, just drawing this out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, this thing gets put in the database and then on the backend you have these, these, these machines that now run these experiments, right? So this gantry robot is now taking up fluids and then, a little bit shaky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you see here these individual dishes, now the, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Scanner is taking a picture and then these pictures are basically distributed to the individual user and then you can come back and see, see what you've done. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here again, again the setup, like the robot, this is kind of the pipe pattern, uhm, it's all Lego except kind of a simple syringe and we can actually, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's actually different than a Uglena system before because the Uglena system was always like this live system, one user checking out one system and then kind of operating directly on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While here you have a kind of an asynchronous mode where each machine is autonomously kind of checking once in a while in the database whether there's something to do and the user is also interacting with the database, just putting the stimulus there, stimuli there and then looking at recent, uh, recent data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The user never controls any system directly. And this actually has the, has the advantage that if you now have setups here that run many experiments in parallel or run high throughput that you can really, uh, distribute multiple people's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so you see some examples of what the students did when we tested this in the course, kind of trying different things like how well this organism responds to food, whether it can actually make the organism kind of split, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What happens if you give the organism different sizes of food, like would the organism be able to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, kind of discriminate, uh, between that. And then there's some homework, kind of doing some fractal analysis, some modeling, and, and other things. So here for example is a series where a student made some observations of how organisms of different size, the shape actually depend, and then made basically a biophysical model that would kind of, uh, capture this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Important aspect of all these kind of online systems is also kind of the potential for doing learning analytics on this log data. And just to give you a glimpse of that, uhm, for this particular system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is kind of the 10 week, uh, period over that the course ran. Each of these blocks is an individual experiment. Each of this red bar is when the student logged in, right? Uh, this was usually when the experiment was running and this was then later looking back at the activity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then also a student could actually look, which is shown in pink, at other people's data. And so it gives you the end of the quarter, like a profile of, of how individual students, how many experiments they run, how often they're logged in. And, uh, these are like four different students, right, and just looking at it, you see different profiles, for example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With this student here, the blue bars, which always go from the first time to the last time the experiment was done, uhm, are much shorter. So this is a student who usually did an experiment only based on the last experiment, but never looked much further back than the others did.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We see a student on the top who looked at lots of other people's data, right? So, we haven't really, really lifted what's all in this kind of data, but this has potential to really understand and track how, how do people do experiments, how do students learn, right? And this is I guess something that you guys are all very familiar with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and uh, here's some simple robot which we now try to kind of also get into schools where you can do some


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simple experiments, uh, doing concentration gradients with food colors, which is something that children like. And, uh, thereby


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I showed initially kind of is robotics things, right? Like, it's not only about robots that kind of can move around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but it's also how could we make robots or inspire building robots and interacting with robots that do kind of life science research, right, kind of to bring these two together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I mean we talked about a lot now about education, right? Uhm, I think there's potential and it's one of the next project is like having a dedicated small set of real scientists interacting with a platform like this and seeing what would they discover, what would they, what kind of research would they do. We could hope that, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, high throughput equipment is, is better utilized and actually now some companies out there that kind of cloud lab companies for pharmaceuticals and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also academia to run experiments for you. And then there's this whole notion of, uhm, citizen science, where, for example, the Turner, which was also developed here at Stanford, like allowing people to really contribute to the research by, uh, running their own experiments and analyzing, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you kind of abstract from this a little bit, like what kind of equipment does it take to enable interactivity?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We now, first of all, of course, it needs biology, it always needs a sensor, it needs an actuator, almost trivial. And so we now call this kind of a biotic processing unit, similar, uhm, if you think about, uh, BPUs or CPUs or GPUs, right? Uhm, and, uh, what would also be very useful, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To have each of these setups or these BPUs interacting through digital input and output channel, right? I mean, you can imagine making this an activity work by pipetting with your hand or visual inspection, but if you really, um, kind of follow this sort of paradigm that you can really integrate this in any sort of, um, existing, uh, uh, framework, right? Um, for example, a web interface. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so that's kind of the definition of a BPU, digital input output, and then you have biology in the middle that you can both measure and stimulate, right? And so you could kind of treat it as any sort of electronic device that you have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, performance metrics of such a device would be interesting, right? Like, imagine you want to deliver education at scale for the U.S. How do you do this? Which kind of device should you choose? Which has the most interactivity going?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, you could of course say let's just, uh, uhm, see how, what's the throughput of the projector and the camera itself, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, this is not very meaningful because if there's no biology in the middle, then there's no interactivity. And, uhm, so the truth, uh, what may be best, uh, is kind of doing a mutual information measure where you basically look at, uhm, if you make a stimuli, how much of the stimuli can you read back from the response that you see, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just to, uhm, uh, illustrate this a little bit. So if we have, for example, uhm, two LEDs from the side, you have to see cleaner cells, you apply stimulus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And response time is on a scale of 10 seconds. You can basically have a mutual information like 1 bit per 10 seconds kind of seeing that sort of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, stimulus, if you have four LEDs, you kind of double that, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have this, uh, kind of projector system which you maybe can tile up and have different people running on different parts of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If on the other extreme we look at this visorum system, right, which had a much lower throughput, uhm, we only get an image like every 10 minutes or whatever, you, you're way lower than that, right? And so I think having those sort of kind of coarse measure could really be informative of what to do in order to, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, enable interactivity at scale and also cost. So uhm, some outlook comments. Uhm, there's a question about ethics here, which you sometimes get asked, especially when we make games out of these systems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just to name a few of these objections, right, like, uh, animal welfare. Do we respect life when we play with, uh, with them? Are we playing God? Uh, the yuck factor, so some people may say, oh, it crosses me out seeing these cells. There's a slippery slope, right, nowadays we do it with cells, but do we later do it with monkeys?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trivial pursuit, right? Is this kind of a waste of taxpayers money? Uhm, public safety, maybe superbug evolves by replay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being educational and informing the public about modern biotechnology. Respecting life. So I mean, what does it mean to have a respectful interaction with a single-celled organism?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can ask yourself. And of course, respect the player, alright? Like, whoever in the active system, you want to give something positive to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah. And then kind of really circling back to my intro slides.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, between comparing biotechnology and computing technology, right? You can say each of these fields went to kind of the early,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, 50 year relationship. And then we can also ask like, what was the time when devices really came into households and people were using it? And based on that, it should not be that far away. So it should have the next 5 to 10 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you really think about it now, about your phones, smartphones that you have with you, right, there's already certain, uh, bio-measures in there about heart rates and other things and it won't be long that, I mean, already like if you have blood sugar level measurements, right, uhm, it won't be long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bright future ahead. And, uh, so let me thank my lab, so, which is over there. Half of them works on that, the other half works on more conventional, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, life sciences so to speak. And just to summarize, uh, I told you about interactive biotechnology. We have a number of platforms and we spend long time on kind of making them robust and freely programmable and that's kind of an ongoing theme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We use them kind of in different sort of setups, right? Uh, self-builder kit, museums, clouds. Uhm, this concept of, of this biotic processing unit is just something, uhm, an abstraction, uh, of a device that then basically everyone could use even if that person wouldn't know anything about biology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Question about research next and, and uhm, going into micro robotics and what other kind of things could you manipulate actually in these sort of scales.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very well on having fun doing these kind of things. Okay, thank you very much. Questions?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, so that would be the vision. We'd love to do all of this. Uhm, the thing is we are happy to have a, uhm, have a robust system now that just relies on a wild type organism. We don't have to do any genetic manipulation or other things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now I think let's focus primarily on this organism and run with this because it's stable. Any new organism, any new manipulation, I mean there's labor, there's logistics, making it robust. But in the future I'm sure it will come, right? Like many more types of interactions and organisms, biological materials will be used.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it was pretty fast, like the very first game I showed you was Paramecia. It was rather, I don't know, it took a couple of weeks and we were happy with that. But then we kind of hit a roadblock because we weren't stable enough long term.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It took them quite some soul searching and trying lots of different things until we ended up with the, with this organism. The way it worked in the end, like, I went to a school supply company, bought everything I got, put it all on my desk, and whatever had survived after months without doing anything, that's what I worked with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, and had a strong stimulus response, right, like shining light on your CEC response. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, so this is Ugena. They're very commonly used in school education. You find them in your ponds. They're safe to eat. There are even companies that make Ugena cookies in, in, I think, Japan. We can buy them. They're supposed to be very nutritious. I haven't tried them.


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[Assistant] If you want to make these things work, you need to have a few features. Like one is, you want to have responses that are rather fast, right? If you see something in five seconds, it's better than in an hour. You want to have something that's very stable and has low logistics in terms of keeping it alive or keeping it happy.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then you want to have some easy, easy to use stimulus, right? Like light is easy to turn on and off. But if you have, for example, chemicals, right, like that you flow in, how do you get rid of the chemicals again? So, I'm not sure whether I forgot something, but there are a few things that make it logistically extremely easy or make every project extremely hard.


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[Assistant] And so I would love to have more organisms, more stimuli and things like that in the future, but as I said before, right now, let's just primarily focus on this organism and, uh, let's go more demonstrate the applications, right, like demonstrate if we can do a cloud lab at a scale that's educationally effective.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whether we meet these education goals, I mean, that's really the question. That's only something we get into, right? I mean, should you like this, this data from this, uh, study that we did in San Francisco Middle School, right? I mean, we see the children learn something, the children respond positively, the teachers, uh, uh, have positive things to say, but this, I mean, this is basically starting, right?


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[Assistant] Whether a game itself, I mean I believe in the pedagogical value of games in many, many aspects and more general, just the capability of interacting, right? To playfully explore. I think this is very important. But we would need to show this still, right? And some of the teachers that I showed you earlier,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of the teachers were more skeptical whether the game is really the right way to go. Maybe the more standard biology experiment is just the important thing to do.


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[Assistant] We kind of also removed the setup so they only saw the screen and then asked people and then many people then didn't realize it was live and it was much less interested in it, right? Uhm, so simulations certainly have a place and they are much better in augmenting certain things and maybe much cheaper to do things like that. But on certain conditions having the live thing is, is, leads to much deeper engagement and more interest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can just treat this as any other electronic device, as any sort of physics engine, and we kind of can enable that, I mean then, I hope that people make interesting stuff with that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not animate, could you somehow swim through this, through this space with the Oculus Rift? I would like to see that, I would like to do that.


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[Assistant] He calls himself King of Beggars. He masquerades at night as the Prince of Passier. He is also quite a magician. Double your efforts. Set a watch round the house where he lives.


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[Assistant] You don't know. I'm not me.


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[Assistant] This time on Road and Race we fit and test new stiffer sport springs and fix the broken driveshaft.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to another episode of Road and Race. What are we up to this week Gary?


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[Assistant] These stiffer springs are suitable for both road and track use and should lower the car by up to 30mm. Costing about £140, it should be a cheap way to remove some of the body roll we experienced at the track. But first up, we have to deal with the problem of the split CV boot.


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[Assistant] We could have fitted a new boot to the existing shaft, but as a new shaft was £60 and the existing one had done over 100,000 miles, we opted to go for the new one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Out comes the big breaker bar to loosen the drive shaft nut.


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[Assistant] Then with the car on stands and the wheels off, we need to remove the brake caliper and disc.


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[Assistant] The nut holding the shock comes out, and the whole unit slides out.


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[Assistant] Now we can free the drive shaft from the hub and pull it out.


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[Assistant] A quick clean with a rag gets rid of the spilt shaft grease.


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[Assistant] Then we can grind down the piece of metal that caused the boot to split in the first place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And with the shock back together, we can fit it back onto the car.


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[Assistant] Here's a comparison between the original and new springs.


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[Assistant] At first glance it's not massively lower, but looking at the front it has dropped a fair bit. Next up, it was time to get a wheel alignment.


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[Assistant] Here's the before printout. As you can see, there was a little too much toe on the right front and a problem with camber and toe at the rear. After, you can see the front is all sorted, but there are still issues that remain at the rear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The mechanic doing the alignment said you can't actually align the rear on a Clio, so I'll have to try and figure out what's going on there. Maybe it was due to the small accident it had in its past. If you have any ideas, I'd be keen to hear them in the comments. But that aside, now that the car has new springs and has been aligned, how does it feel on the road?


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[Assistant] And get the famous, the famous Conan O'Brien cookie. Yes. Now if you don't know, for those who don't know, the backstage cookies are so phenomenal. I've been here a couple of times and every time I look forward to having the cookies more and more and today I skipped a bunch of meals.


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[Assistant] Sweat like a, you know, like a fat kid in church for the Pilates class. And I came here really looking forward to the cookie. And I mean, I really appreciate you having me back, but...


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[Assistant] I just don't, it's unbelievable to me. Yeah, it's actually like one of them comic book stories. I was a string bean kid.


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[Assistant] When I was 12, I was 5'2". When I was 13, I was 6 feet the height I am now. I haven't grown anything after that.


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[Assistant] No, but, uh, you know, teenage kid getting to junior high for the first time had insult to injury. I found rap music as the music of choosing. And in West Newbury, where the grass is green. West Newbury, Massachusetts? Yea, yea. God's country, where everybody pretty much...


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[Assistant] I was that brave. Yea. Oh well, needless to say, I mean, as a young, uh, young kid in junior high, we had to walk to the high school to catch our bus to go home, so I had to pass all the high school kids every day, and I got, literally, I got put through the wringer every day.


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[Assistant] Yeah, my dad is a huge wrestling fan. The only time we could really legally get away with beating each other up when my dad would allow it is when wrestling was on.


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[Assistant] So when wrestling was on, he'd always be watching wrestling and, you know, my mom would actually be trying to keep the house together and I got four brothers so we'd all siphon downstairs. We had a ring in the basement. We'd make all of our belts out of paper. We had like a hundred belts. And sometimes the matches would get a little out of hand. There was one time in particular, my mother's a saint, Ma, if you're watching, I love you and I'm sorry. Trust me, I could never pay.


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[Assistant] You do the can't see me. Yeaah, just like that, but with one hand. It's just, you can't see me.


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[Assistant] You try stuff all the time, uh, you know, I got that, that five-knuckle shuffle thing, that deal where I just, right, right after you can't see me, I drop the, the fist on him. Right, right. But, uh, probably, uh.


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[Assistant] Very, very smooth. Every inch of your body? Every inch. Feel my arms. Okay. Do it. Oh my god.


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[Assistant] That's right, shave everything. Really? Yeah, the razor's that good, I shave everything with that razor.


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[Assistant] Nah, but real quick, uh, Gillette's in search for the next phenom. It's basically, uh, fans can upload their videos on YouTube, and to make a bad show even worse, Gillette is actually asking for, uh, males to showcase their best ball skills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then hitting it, it's any ball, like wiffle ball, tennis ball, football, basketball, baseball. Upload your videos, you can check out GilletteChampions.com. The entries can be entered as late as May 20th. And the chief prize is $30,000 and you are dubbed Phenom of the Universe, which is at least a year's worth of bragging rights, right?


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[Assistant] News you can trust should be news you can rely on.


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[Assistant] News you can trust should be news you can rely on.


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[Assistant] Because in our connected world, what happens in one community can have an impact on others.


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[Assistant] News you can trust should be news you can rely on.


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[Assistant] We need someone who can bring together the country, uh, who can unify the country.


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[Assistant] A little black gay kid from the ghetto of Toledo, Ohio, uhm,


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[Assistant] We saw his dream come true. You know, I spent six years in this building.


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[Assistant] I was just starting to feel like I had a footing in the industry. You know, and then this happened.


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[Assistant] And then I got, you know, used to it as best as I could. Uhm, it's just, it's not as fulfilling, you know, uhm, to be able to look into people's faces and, and, and, and hear them singing along with you and standing up and clapping and waving their hands. It's, it's,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a much different experience. So it's been a challenge for me to try to keep my performative energy up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being able to come here and, and still getting to worship, you know, and getting to sit and listen to the pastor's, you know, sermon like firsthand and, and, and be in the space, you know, uhm, has been amazing for my anxiety levels and my stress levels.


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[Assistant] This neighborhood is fun and eclectic and ethnically mixed and diverse. It's a great shopping area and shopping district.


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[Assistant] There's a great middle-class neighborhood, lots of families, lots of young people, young transplants.


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[Assistant] I felt very safe actually during the pandemic. I felt like this was a good neighborhood.


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[Assistant] To sort of, uh, weather the storm and sort of, and I felt a little bit protected. I felt really lucky that we were not at the epicenter of infection.


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[Assistant] Camera rolling. Take six. March 11th, 2020 was the last day of what I knew as normal.


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[Assistant] As an artist, I have, I connected with being lost at the beginning of COVID. Uhm, not knowing where my art and inspiration was gonna come from. Uhm, to take this art and use it to help work through our feel, my own feelings. It was really awesome. And that's, that's one of the beautiful things about what actors get to do.


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[Assistant] I don't think they're gonna be able to justify cutting that $600 totally. I think so many Americans would fall off, literally fall off a financial cliff. I wouldn't be homeless. But with the $600 and the base, you know, I am able to pay my bills.


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[Assistant] I jumped at the chance. It's very important to be able to start that engine again. And so I'm honored to be a part of it. To be a part of starting the movement towards making live theater happen again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's amazing to be up here because I already love the place and because I think it's...


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[Assistant] We're successful, everybody's healthy, things are clean, the theater's sanitized, uhm.


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[Assistant] And people came tonight and sat and watched and laughed together. It was amazing.


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[Assistant] I am one of the people who, whose lives will be affected directly by the choices that are made in our country. I don't have, I don't have a cushion. I'm an artist.


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[Assistant] You know, I don't have, I don't come from a trust fund family.


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[Assistant] I'm an artist. I'm a black man. I'm a queer man. You know? And so these kinds of decisions affect me seriously. You know?


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[Assistant] Hare Krishna, Garud Prabhu. Welcome back. Thank you so much for joining once again.


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[Assistant] Hindus put their hand on the Bible, on the Bible or the Quran or the Gita. So there are some ways in which it is similar, at least in terms of the conventional, contemporary perspective of how it is looked at, legally or academically. But there are significant differences.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so in terms of content it's more philosophical and also in terms of mood.


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[Assistant] That between Karma Yoga and Virata Rupa. Actually later on the 18th chapter, 1846, when Krishna talks about worshipping Him through your work, Swakarmanatham Abhyarcha, there


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, how do you differentiate between say Karma Yoga and Bhakti Yoga? What are the primary differentiating points?


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[Assistant] So, in one sense, you are taking it as a given that the object of yoga is Krishna. So, He is the ultimate object. But we could say that before Krishna's self-revelation, in the fourth chapter, in the sixth chapter,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, so you are saying that that 10th chapter, that Ayam declarations, they are manifestations of the Brahman penetrating through the material coverings.


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[Assistant] Because Krishna says that this is, this is the two-handed form of the source of all, of everything. Then...


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[Assistant] What you are saying is that it is specific manifestations which we, through which we can get a glimpse of Krishna's beauty and glory.


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[Assistant] In one sense, he respects the ethical boundaries by manifesting, uh, the sort of duplicate forms of the gopis.


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[Assistant] That, you know, Arjuna's relationships are evolving, but yes, you said that, that let's not reduce him to one.


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[Assistant] When we are separated from Krishna, we are, so Aishwarya is important for us. But as we move forward, then...


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[Assistant] As Krishna, as the Gita moves towards its climax, Arjuna's focus goes more and more on the fourth.


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[Assistant] That was the exact question I was going to ask you right now. So, in one sense, when Krishna is, uh,


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[Assistant] He says that if you become conscious of me, you'll pass over all obstacles by my grace.


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[Assistant] Those who do not have faith, do not have faith, they will not understand this. They will come back to the cycle of birth and death.


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[Assistant] That's what Prabhupada said in one sense. He would quote this was from Bhagyavana Ji Brahma and Avramite. Those are wandering, some people become fortunate and Prabhupada said,


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[Assistant] I think if I get the connection, what you're saying is that basically that awakening this part,


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[Assistant] It is Krishna is simply using us as an instrument and Krishna in fact tells Arjuna also that you become my instrument.


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[Assistant] It's uh, the current in Damodari Lila is going on and one of the prayers that the Nalakur Maniguru offer after they are liberated, they say is that,


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[Assistant] You know, maybe we could do a, in future a podcast on the Bhakti Sutras and their significance because that's not a very prominently referred to book within, within our movement. And when I read it, it was like, I felt that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So preparatory bhakti you could say is more like the first two sages of Shraddha Sadhusanga.


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[Assistant] In connecting that Krishna calling all souls, we could say that when we are meeting people,


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[Assistant] And then we will be able to help them. Like the earlier example you gave of drugs. That's the dramatic example that you could say drugs is just a person going into tamoguna. But in other ways, okay, it is.


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[Assistant] It's interesting that even Krishna himself says, don't care about that too much.


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[Assistant] So in one second Krishna is talking about all those processes.


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[Assistant] So we can say that to those degrees, their consciousness has become parasmipada.


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[Assistant] Where people just, there is this whole trend that sometimes people start hating humanity.


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[Assistant] And discussing how the Gita is different from other sacred texts. That was our original topic, but what we focused on is the theme of, uh,


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[Assistant] Multiple levels of relationships in the Gita. So whereas in the


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[Assistant] So the Socratic dialogues, it's more of a, the dialogue itself is profound, but the relationship is fairly flat, teacher and student.


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[Assistant] So in one sense, Krishna is right in front of Arjuna, but Arjuna has to go through this evolutionary process to realize that this is Bhagawan. And in the Gita,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the difference is Madhuriya and Sringar. Sringar is more of conjugal.


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[Assistant] Like say the Brahm, the Virat Rupa is for Karma Yoga and then the Brahman is for Gyan Yoga, Paramatma is for Dhyan Yoga, Bhagwan is for Bhakti Yoga. But on the other level, it's integrated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even what can open people to Krishna, even like drugs can open people to Krishna because it just opens their worldview to some, that there's something more to the world than what I view.


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[Assistant] Then there is effective little bhakti and there is contemplative you can add it as related to dhyana. So all these faculties are there for us.


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[Assistant] And to the extent we remain transparent.


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[Assistant] To that extent we will be able to connect Krishna or Krishna, the Krishna connection will flow through us to others and that means both


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where is there, the opening of their conscious, there is this curiosity coming, that atmaipada and parasmaipada, that where there is uhm,


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[Assistant] So Shraddha Atmali Pada means self-centered or ego-centered. I think I like the word ego-centered more than self-centered because in one sense we are always centered on the self.


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[Assistant] That, that journey can happen for all of us.


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[Assistant] And for that journey to happen, we can prompt it by, for others by seeing where their heart is opening for ourselves. If we are reading the Gita and we find one verse that speaks to us.


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[Assistant] Then we relish that, cherish that, keep it with us, write it down and then meditate on it, come back to it and see that this is Krishna calling us through that verse.


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[Assistant] Whatever we are conscious of is also Krishna, but we are not conscious it is Krishna. Like that Krishna is embracing us already, but we need to return that embrace. Beautiful.


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[Assistant] This is the most expensive fountain pen in Japan. It costs 15 million yen.


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[Assistant] Gonna cost him an extra grand if he wants my pocket bumped off.


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[Assistant] Listen, I said it ain't for sale. I also said I wanted to talk to the kid privately. And that's just what I'm gonna do. On your feet. Let's find a place where there ain't so much noise. See you later animal.


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[Assistant] My lady, I've agreed to meet you in this place and your company has given me great pleasure. But you ask too much.


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[Assistant] What matters most to Jay? Uh, his family. He is a big family man. What matters most to me? My family, my safety, your safety.


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[Assistant] The king will come out of his quarters at the most opportune moment.


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[Assistant] One of the first things Peter did next day was to measure Wendy and John and Michael for hollow trees.


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[Assistant] Hook, you remember, had sneered at the boys for thinking they needed a tree apiece. But this was ignorance, for unless your tree fitted you, it was difficult to go up and down. And no two of the boys were quite the same size.


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[Assistant] Once you fitted, you drew in your breath at the top, and down you went at exactly the right speed. While to ascend, you drew in and let out alternately, and so wriggled up.


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[Assistant] Of course, when you have mastered the action you're able to do these things without thinking of them, and then nothing can be more graceful.


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[Assistant] But you simply must fit, and Peter measures you for your tree as carefully as for a suit of clothes. The only difference being that the clothes are made to fit you, while you have to be made to fit the tree.


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[Assistant] Usually it is done quite easily, as by your wearing too many garments, or too few. But if you are bumpy in awkward places, or the only available tree is an odd shape, Peter does some things to you. And after that, you fit.


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[Assistant] Once you fit, great care must be taken to go on fitting, and this, as Wendy was to discover to her delight, keeps a whole family in perfect condition.


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[Assistant] Wendy and Michael fitted their trees at the first try, but John had to be altered a little.


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[Assistant] After a few days practice, they could go up and down as gaily as buckets in a well, and how ardently they grew to love their home under the ground, especially Wendy.


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[Assistant] It consisted of one large room, as all houses should do, with a floor in which you could dig if you wanted to go fishing. And in this floor grew stout mushrooms of a charming color which were used as stools.


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[Assistant] Another tree tried hard to grow in the center of the room, but every morning they sawed the trunk through, level with the floor. By tea time it was always about two feet high, and then they put a door on top of it, the hole thus becoming a table. As soon as they cleared away, they sawed off the trunk again, and thus there was more room to play.


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[Assistant] There was an enormous fireplace which was in almost any part of the room where you cared to light it. And across this, Wendy stretched strings made of fiber from which she suspended her washing.


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[Assistant] The bed was tilted against the wall by day and let down at six thirty when it filled nearly half the room and all the boys slept in it except Michael lying like sardines in a tin.


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[Assistant] There was a strict rule against turning round until one gave the signal when all turned at once. Michael should have used it also, but Wendy would have a baby, and he was the littlest, and you know what women are, and the short and the long of it is that he was hung up in a basket.


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[Assistant] It was rough and simple, and not unlike what baby bears would have made of an underground house in the same circumstances. But there was one recess in the wall no larger than a birdcage, which was the private apartment of Tinkerbell.


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[Assistant] It could be shut off from the rest of the home by a tiny curtain, which Tink, who was most facidious, always kept drawn when dressing or undressing.


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[Assistant] No woman, however large, could have had a more exquisite boudoir and bed chamber combined. The couch, as she always called it, was a genuine queen mab, with club legs, and she varied the bedspreads according to what fruit blossom was in season.


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[Assistant] Her mirror was a puss in boots, of which there are now only three. Unchipped, known to the fairy dealers.


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[Assistant] The washstand was pie crust and reversible. The chest of drawers, an authentic charming the sixths. And the carpet and rugs of the best, the early period of Margaery and Robin.


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[Assistant] Tink was very contemptuous of the rest of the house, as indeed was perhaps inevitable, and her chamber, though beautiful, looked rather conceited, having the appearance of a nose permanently turned up.


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[Assistant] I suppose it was all especially entrancing to Wendy because those rampages boys of hers gave her so much to do.


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[Assistant] Really there were whole weeks when, except perhaps with a stocking in the evening, she was never above ground. The cooking, I can tell you, kept her nose to the pot. And even if there was nothing in it, even though there was no pot, she had to keep watching that it came a boil just the same.


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[Assistant] You never exactly knew whether there would be a real meal or just a make believe. It all depended upon Peter's whim. He could eat, really eat, if it was part of a game, but he could not stodge just to feel stodgy, which is what most children like better than anything else. The next best thing being to talk about it.


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[Assistant] Make believe was so real to him, that during a meal of it, you could see him getting rounder. Of course, it was trying, but you simply had to follow his lead, and if you could prove to him that you were getting loose for your tree, he'd let you stodge.


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[Assistant] And every night at 11 on What's Next, you can rely on us.


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[Assistant] Seeing, knowing, and understanding Northeast Ohio is something we take very seriously.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody, welcome to Life and Death Twilight Reimagined by Stephanie Meyer.


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[Assistant] I could hear the sound of quiet voices speaking too quickly, and I figured that was what had woken me.


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[Assistant] I lay still on the couch for a minute waiting for my eyes and ears to adjust.


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[Assistant] I realized that it was strange that they were talking loud enough to wake me, and I sat up.


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[Assistant] Archie was leaning over the desk, Jessamine next to him with her hand on his back. He was sketching again. I got up and walked over to them. Neither one of them looked up, too engrossed in Archie's work. I went around to see Archie's other side to see. He saw something else, I said quietly to Jessamine. Some things brought the track back to the room with the VCR. But it's light now, she answered.


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[Assistant] I watched as RT drew a square room with dark beams across its low ceiling. The walls were paneled in wood, a little too dark, out of date. The floor had a dark carpet with a pattern in it.


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[Assistant] There was a large window against the south wall, and an opening through the west wall to the living room. One side of that entrance was stone.


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[Assistant] A large tan stone fireplace that was open to both rooms.


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[Assistant] The focus of the room from this perspective, the TV and VCR, balanced on a too small wooden stand, or in the southwest corner of the room. An old sectional sofa curved around in front of the TV, a round coffee table in front of it.


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[Assistant] The phone goes there, I whispered, pointing. They both stared at me. That's my mom's house.


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[Assistant] Archie was across the room, phone in hand, dialing. I stared at the faithful rendering of my family room.


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[Assistant] Uncharacteristically, Jessamine slid closer to me. She lightly touched her hand to my shoulder.


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[Assistant] Bo, he said. I looked at him numbly. Bo, Edith is coming. She and Eleanor and Kareen are gonna take you somewhere, hide you for a while. Edith is coming? Yes, she's catching the first flight out of Seattle. We'll meet her at the airport and you'll leave with her. But, my mom! She came here for my mom, Archie!


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[Assistant] Even with Jessamine touching me, I could still feel the panic seizing up my chest. Jess and I will stay till she's safe again.


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[Assistant] We can't win, Archie, you can't guard everyone I know forever. Don't you see what she's doing?


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[Assistant] A heavy fog of exhaustion washed over me and my eyes closed without my permission. I struggled against the fog, knowing what was happening. I forced my eyes open and stepped away from Jessamine's hand. I don't need sleep, I snapped. I went back to the bedroom, slamming the door behind me.


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[Assistant] Archie didn't follow me, the way I half expected him to. Maybe he could see what his reception would be.


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[Assistant] For almost four hours, I sat on the floor and stared at the wall, my hands clenched into fists.


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[Assistant] My mind went around in circles trying to come up with some way out of this nightmare. I couldn't see any escape, just one possible end. The only question was how many other people would get hurt before I reached it. The only hope I had left was knowing that I would see Edith soon. Maybe if I could see her face again, I would be able to see a solution too. Things were always clearer when we were together. When the phone rang, I went back to the front room, a little ashamed of my behavior. I hoped I hadn't offended anyone.


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[Assistant] I hoped they realized that I was nothing but grateful for the sacrifices they were making for me. Archie was talking at a high speed into the phone again. I looked around, but Jessamine was gone. The clock said it was 5.30 in the morning. They're just boarding their plane, Archie told me. They'll land at 9.45.


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[Assistant] Just a few more hours to keep myself together till she was here. Where's Jessamine? She went to check out. You aren't staying here? No, we're relocating closer to your mother's house.


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[Assistant] It was my mom's voice, that familiar tone I'd heard a thousand times in my childhood anytime I'd gotten too close to the edge of the sidewalk or straight out of her sight in a crowded place. It was the sound of panic.


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[Assistant] Calm down, Mom, I said in my most soothing voice, walking slowly away from Archie back to the bedroom.


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[Assistant] I wasn't sure if I could lie convincingly with him watching. Everything's fine, okay? Just give me a minute and I'll explain everything, I promise. I paused, surprised that she hadn't interrupted me yet. Mom? Be very careful not to say anything until I tell you to.


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[Assistant] The voice I heard now is as unfamiliar as it was unexpected. It was a woman's voice, but not my mom's.


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[Assistant] It was a soft alto voice, a very pleasant, generic voice, the kind of voice that you heard in the background of luxury car commercials. She spoke quickly. Now, I don't NEED to hurt your mother, so please do exactly as I say and she'll be fine. She paused for a minute while I listened in mute horror. That's very good, she congratulated. Now repeat after me and do try to sound natural. Please say, No mom, stay where you are.


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[Assistant] No mom, stay where you are. My voice was barely more than a whisper.


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[Assistant] I can see this is going to be difficult. The voice was amused, still light and friendly.


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[Assistant] Why don't you walk into another room now so your face doesn't ruin everything? There's no reason for your mother to suffer. As you're walking, say, Mom, please listen to me. Say it now.


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[Assistant] I walked slowly through the bedroom door, feeling Archie's worried stare on my back.


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[Assistant] I shut the door behind me, trying to think clearly through the terror that immobilized my brain.


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[Assistant] There now. Are you alone? Just answer yes or no. Yes. But they can still hear you, I'm sure.


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[Assistant] This worked out rather better than I expected. I was prepared to wait. But your mother arrived ahead of schedule. It's easier this way, isn't it? Less suspense. Less anxiety for you. I waited. Now I want you to listen very carefully.


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[Assistant] I'm going to need you to get away from your friends. Do you think you can do that? Answer yes or no. No. I'm sorry to hear that. I was hoping you would be a little more creative. Do you think you could get away from them if your mother's life depended on it? Answer yes or no. Somehow there had to be a way. Yes, I said through my teeth. Very good, Bo. Now, this is what you have to do. I want you to go to your mother's house.


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[Assistant] Next to the phone there, there will be a number. Call it, and I'll tell you where to go from there.


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[Assistant] Ah, be careful now, Bo. Wait until I ask you to speak, please. I waited.


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[Assistant] It's important that you don't make your friends suspicious when you go back to them. Tell them that your mother called, and that you talked her out of coming home for the time being.


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[Assistant] Thank you, Mom. It was hard to understand the words. My throat was closing up.


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[Assistant] Say, I love you, Mom. I'll see you soon. Say it now. I love you, Mom. I choked out. I'll see you soon. I promised. Goodbye, Belle. I look forward to seeing you again. She hung up. I held the phone to my ear. My joints were frozen with horror. I couldn't unbend my fingers to drop it. I knew I had to think, but my head was filled with the sound of my mother's panic. Seconds ticked by while I fought for control.


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[Assistant] Slowly my thoughts started to break past that brick wall of pain. To plan. Because I had no choices now but one. To go to the mirrored room and die. I had no guarantees that doing what she wanted would keep my mother alive. I could only hope that Joss would be satisfied with winning the game. That beating Edith would be enough.


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[Assistant] Despair was like a noose pulling tight around my neck. There was no way to bargain. Nothing I could offer or withhold that would influence her. But I still had no choice. I had to try. I pushed the terror back as well as I could. My decision was made. It did no good to waste time agonizing over it.


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[Assistant] I had to think clearly because Archie and Jessamine were waiting for me and deceiving them was absolutely essential and absolutely impossible. I was suddenly grateful that Jessamine was gone.


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[Assistant] If she had been here to feel my anguish in the last five minutes, how could I have kept them in the dark? I fought back the fear, the horror, tried to force a lid on it all. I couldn't afford to feel now. I didn't know when she would be back. I tried to concentrate on my escape, then immediately realized that I couldn't plan anything. I had to be undecided. No doubt Archie would see the change soon if he hadn't already. I couldn't let him see how it happened, if it happened. How could I get away?


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[Assistant] Especially when I couldn't even think about it. I wanted to go see what Archie had made of all this. If he'd seen any changes yet. But I knew I had to deal with one more thing alone before Jessamine got back. I had to accept that I would never see Edith again. Not one last look at her face to take with me to the mirror room. I was going to hurt her, and I couldn't say goodbye. It was like being tortured. I burned it in for a minute, let it break me. And then I had to pull my shell together to go face Archie.


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[Assistant] The only expression I could manage was a blank, dead look, but I felt like that was understandable. I walked into the living room, my script ready to go.


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[Assistant] Archie, I said dully. He didn't react when I called his name. His head rocked slowly from side to side. His expression brought the panic back again. Maybe this wasn't about me. Maybe he was watching my mother. I took another step forward, reaching out to touch his arm. Archie! Jessamine's voice whipped from the door. And then she was right behind Archie, her hands curling over his, loosening them from their grip on the table. Across the room, the door swung shut with a low click.


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[Assistant] His head twisted, his eyes locked on mine, their expressions still blank. I realized that he hadn't been speaking to me. He'd been answering Jessamine's question.


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[Assistant] Very short chapter, but that is the end of that chapter. Come back next time.


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[Assistant] A scent of lavender water emanated from the neat part of the grizzled head bent over my palm. She stared into my hand for quite a long time.


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[Assistant] Now and then tracing one of the lines with a finger, as though following a map whose roads all petered out in sandy washes and deserted wastes. Well, what is it? I asked, trying to maintain a light air. Or is my fate too horrible to be revealed?


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[Assistant] Mrs Graham raised quizzical eyes and looked thoughtfully at my face, but retained her hold on my hand. She shook her head, pursing her lips. Oh, oh, my dear. It's not your fate is in your hand, only the seed of it.


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[Assistant] The bird-like head cocked to one side, considering. The lines in your hand change, you know.


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[Assistant] At another point in your life, they may be quite different than they are now. I didn't know that. I thought you were born with them, and that was that. I was repressing an urge to jerk my hand away. What's the point of palm reading then? I didn't wish to sound rude, but I found this scrutiny a bit unsettling, especially following on the heels of that tea leaf reading.


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[Assistant] Mrs. Graham smiled unexpectedly and folded my fingers closed over my palm. Why, the lines of your palm show what you are, dear. That's why they change, or should. They don't in some people, those unlucky enough never to change in themselves. But there are few like that. She gave my folded hand a squeeze and patted it. I doubt that you're one of those.


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[Assistant] Your hand shows quite a lot of change already for one so young. That would likely be the war, of course, she said, as though to herself. I was curious again, and opened my palm voluntarily. What am I then, according to my hand? Mrs. Graham frowned, but didn't pick up my hand again. I kind of just see.


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[Assistant] It's odd, for most hands have a likeness to them.


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[Assistant] Mind I'd no just say that it's C1 you've seen them all, but it's often like that. There are patterns, you know.


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[Assistant] She smiled suddenly, an oddly engaging grin displaying very white and patently false teeth. That's how a fortune teller works, you know.


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[Assistant] I do it for the church fete every year, or did before the war. Suppose I'll do it again now.


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[Assistant] But a girl comes into the tent, and there am I, done up in a turban with a peacock feather borrowed from Mr. Donaldson, and robes of oriental splendour. That's the vicar's dressing-gown, all over peacocks it is, and yellow as the sun. Anyway, I look her over while I pretend to be watching her hand.


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[Assistant] And I see she's got her blouse cut down to her breakfast, cheap scent and earrings down to her shoulders.


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[Assistant] Needn't have a crystal ball to be telling her she'll have a child before the next year's fit.


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[Assistant] This is grey and paused. Grey eyes are light with mischief. Though if the hand you're holding is bare, it's tactful to predict first that she'll marry soon.


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[Assistant] Making his Saints debut more than 300 yards passing and the team gets the win. If you look at that squad right now, how far can Derek Carr lead them?


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[Assistant] We talk a lot about Aaron Rodgers making a fresh start in New York. Don't forget about Derek Carr in New Orleans. Maybe just what his career needs to get a fresh start there in New Orleans. And Herm says, hey, they're getting an MC Championship game this season. We'll see what happens.


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[Assistant] I'll be. This is where the Mirage Shrine was.


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[Assistant] Sure we got this? I've never been so sure about anything. Just use that mighty deck and we'll be fine. Just don't let your guard down.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna reluctantly say something in support of Jay's point, and that is this. I've been thinking about this, and it really does, if you take a step back, we look at it, obviously it's a football situation, I hate when dudes call into the station and be like,


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[Assistant] He's proven. Now, yes, is it going to make some of the guys sad and uncomfortable that he's out there? Is it confusing and whatnot? Yea, but go out and do your job if that's the best person to go out and do your job for a few games.


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[Assistant] I actually think obviously Drew Brees has the proven track record. If in this hypothetical we actually had access to him, you get rid of all of your Baker headaches, obviously. I think that he's probably smart enough to pick up on our system very quickly. And yes, of course, if I have the option of having a future Hall of Famer in Drew Brees, who's not that far away from retirement, uh, I would rather have him.


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[Assistant] Of course, and this is why, like, I'm sort of like a jock-nerd hybrid that can walk between both worlds. You guys don't know what you're talking about.


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[Assistant] That's a great point. He's a don. That's true. And that's another reason to pick him. Or a woman. I'm picking a superhero named Nightcrawler from, uh, the Marvel universe. Because. He's a little obscure though. Wait, who said he couldn't be obscure?


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[Assistant] Regardless, he can't, none of that stuff applies to the actual game. He can't be using like bat hooks and stuff like that to stop people. That's illegal.


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[Assistant] It is. I have one more that was actually mentioned earlier that I think we overlook, uh, just in its simplicity it enrages me, and that's touchdown Tommy Bardell. Terrible. Yeah. Terrible. Well, he just didn't live up to it. But no, but was that like the very first thing anyone thought of? They're like, we got some alliteration going, he's running back, it's like, I don't know, touchdown Tommy? Terrible.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's another one. That's a pretty bad one. Especially if you're talking like in a panel like with Booger and something serious about like the Deshaun Watson thing. That's a great point Booger, but if we could just take women's needs into consideration.


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[Assistant] Lot of faces. Some more memorable than others. Lot of people have actually started too. We're not just talking backups. We've had a lot of starting quarterbacks. What if Pittsburgh had like two over the last 37 years? Something like that. We've had several.


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[Assistant] Is that a former Brown starting quarterback, or is that a McCann? That's a quarterback, I can't- is that Connor Cook? Let's take a look!


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[Assistant] Oh, okay, okay. I'm not saying the name anymore. Okay, that's good. Moving on, let's take a look at the next one. This is for Dee.


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[Assistant] Or a quarterback, Aditi. What do you think? They're usually better looking. G Bush, what do you think? Is that a former bronze quarterback? Or is that a stock photo mechanic?


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[Assistant] We only have a few more. All right, moving on. Jay, you're up. Okay, here we go. What do you think?


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[Assistant] There you go. All right. Very good. All right. We just like a couple more. This is not defeated so far. Go read it. We all know. I want to keep it going. Is that a former Browns quarterback?


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[Assistant] Alright, just a couple more. Here we go. This is Bulls. What do you think? Oh, that's quarterback. That's uhm.


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[Assistant] Uhm, okay, my thing, my final thought is a quick one. It's to, uh, it's disappointment. I'm disappointed in Anderson Vergeot.


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[Assistant] We, look, we, we love you. You're fun. You're floppy hair. You were a flopper and you were a very, you were like another mascot for the team and we love you for that.


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[Assistant] But you really screwed the pooch on this one. You went out there with the worst case scenario that could have happened was coming back with the 14th pick. You came back with the 14th pick. Now I want to give you credit because you were such a great Cav for such a long time. Obviously you were great. You were with us that year that we won the championship. Oh wait, you weren't. You were on the Golden State Warriors.


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[Assistant] There's always a clip to. There's always a clip to, just so you know, of uh, like knuckle dragon meathead dudes screaming at a woman ref.


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[Assistant] Which in turn produces this silky, glossy coat. I take pleasure in calling to your attention.


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[Assistant] Well, I await the name of the assassin. I give him my solemn word, my lord, that not one of our tribes killed him.


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[Assistant] You believe I killed him? Will someone kill Count Orson?


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[Assistant] What I mean to say is that, that there's no one there except my son and one of our girls. Of course, if you'd like to touch some of the other wagons, why...


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[Assistant] Could he come here? Oh no, me capitano. He would not dare come here. You know, if we lay our hands on him, we turn him over to you.


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[Assistant] I thought to save him for the last to leave you and your guests in the best of spirits. Our spirits need lifting at the moment. You will bring the clown before us. It shall be as you wish. The clown first.


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[Assistant] What can I do? Why don't you try sleeping? The soldiers thought you were funny while you slept.


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[Assistant] Night Patrol, one prisoner. Open the gate.


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[Assistant] Told the Lord before today if I went back to the podium.


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[Assistant] That I would, uh, make sure that I praised him the proper way. Uhm.


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[Assistant] The last time I was up here, uhm, God did an extraordinary work through me. Uhm, it exceeded past myself, uhm, and into and around the country. And,


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[Assistant] With that, I owe proper praises to God.


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[Assistant] It had nothing to do, very little to do with me and everything to do with him. So I have to be obedient. So first I will update everybody on my daughter. She had a phenomenal week. She's doing great.


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[Assistant] Uh, full bill of health. Uh, she's doing phenomenal.


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[Assistant] As I said before, that knock at the door was answered.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and God came in and did a wonderful work in my family. Uh, the reality is when you see a message go around, uh, that strong, it's a lot of people that are out there hurting. And it's a lot of people who are waiting on a knock. And I want to continue to reiterate, uhm, your knock may not come right, your knock may not come right away.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but to be patient and to, uh, wait on the Lord and He will do what He said He'll do. Another thing was,


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[Assistant] It was an overwhelming support, amount of support just from, uh, fellow believers and Christians around the country.


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[Assistant] I want to thank them for that. Uhm, and I think the phrase that is used oftentimes is, man, that's awesome what you're doing with that platform that you have. Uhm.


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[Assistant] But at the end of the day, that's what we are to be doing as Christians. That's what we are to be doing as believers is sharing the gospel, preach the gospel. The word says, for I am unashamed of the gospel.


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[Assistant] For is the power of God to bring salvation to all who believe. It's the power of God.


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[Assistant] And that's what our world is needing. That's not just talking about salvation for the spirit. That's talking about salvation for the soul. People who are hurting. People who are going through present day situations who need healing and need God in their life. And only the power of God can save them.


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[Assistant] So what I want to encourage every Christian, not just Christians with a platform, preach the gospel, share the gospel. In our schools, our schools need God. Share the gospel. In our courtrooms, our courtrooms need God. Share the gospel. In the hospitals, our hospitals need God. Share the gospel. Preach the gospel.


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[Assistant] It is the power of God that will bring salvation. And I can't be the only person that feels like our nation needs salvation.


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[Assistant] And I think that's why that message was so powerful and spread is because people are looking for salvation.


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[Assistant] So share the gospel. So unfortunately we'll be doing this again. I'll be sharing about football later in the week. Thank y'all for y'all time. Blessings.


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[Assistant] Drive faster, Tony, come on! I'm going as fast as you'll go! Can I just get one day without my Spidey-Sense tingling? Spider-Man's coming, boss! Well, do something and get rid of him! Ya fuck! Gotta make my entrance look cool, and... Throw the, uh, secret weapon! Huh.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's a fuckin' jackhammer, so what? Fuck you. Whatever you say, boss. HEP FUUU-


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[Assistant] What are we gonna do? Well, I guess someone's gonna have to be the new Spider-Man.


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[Assistant] I will be the new Spider-Man. Look how evil he is. You can't be Spider-Man. You don't even have powers. Yeah, and you're bald. Man. Fuck you guys. I'm actually wearing your panties today.


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[Assistant] You know, I'm always doing that to people. I'm gonna go back in there and I'm gonna apologize. Hey guys, sorry, I didn't mean to interrupt your little party, you guys. HOLY FUCKING SPIDER-MAN! Hold on a sec, this doesn't look like a party at all.


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[Assistant] The overall vibe is way too rapey. Uh, hey Spider-Man, I'm not really a part of this. I'm just a janitor, you see?


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[Assistant] Well, looks like I took out the janitor, which means I pretty much took out the trash, and am I forgetting something?


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[Assistant] That man needs help! You'll never take me alive, coppers! Oh look, the bat signal. Fuck it, I'll just take this one.


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[Assistant] That's great man, I'm glad to hear it, but you know who else is glad to hear it? Who? That cop right behind you! You're under arrest! Fuck me.


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[Assistant] The horses there.


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[Assistant] Una población de caballos en el parque nacional Cotopaxi.


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[Assistant] We are here for you every step of the way. Go weekday mornings 430 to 7 a.m.


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[Assistant] This is the fourth tutorial in the spinal pathways series, and we're going to be discussing the corticospinal tract.


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[Assistant] The corticospinal tract is the pathway which conveys axial and limb motor control. In plain English,


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[Assistant] This is the pathway that lets the brain control the movement of muscles.


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[Assistant] So this pathway begins in the pre-central gyrus, which is the primary motor cortex.


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[Assistant] Just to clarify, the last two pathways we discussed, the dorsal column medial amniscis and the spinothalamic tract, projected onto the post-central gyrus.


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[Assistant] This pathway, however, arises from the pre-central gyrus.


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[Assistant] See the handwritten tutorials on brain anatomy for more information on these two gyri. So our journey begins with two neurons.


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[Assistant] One will ultimately innovate the axial muscles, and the other will innovate the limb muscles.


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[Assistant] They leave the cortex by descending through the internal capsule and into the brain stem. So I'll draw the brain stem here.


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[Assistant] Here is the thalamus, which is not involved in this pathway, the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.


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[Assistant] This decoration is one of the biggest decorations, so it's worth looking at it further.


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[Assistant] If we take a cross section through the medulla here, we will see something like this. The fibers cross to the other side of the medulla. And we call this the decussation of the pyramids.


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[Assistant] The pyramids are the corticospinal tracts as they run through the medulla.


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[Assistant] For this reason, the corticospinal tract is sometimes called the pyramidal tract.


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[Assistant] After leaving the brain stem, the fibers run down through the two corticospinal tracts that we saw in the first video in the series. These are the anterior corticospinal tract and the lateral corticospinal tract. When they get to their target level, the fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract


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[Assistant] Finally, decussate through the anterior white commissure.


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[Assistant] Before synapsing to a neuron in the anterior horn of the gray matter.


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[Assistant] Conversely, the fibres of the lateral corticospinal tract have already decussated at the level of the pyramids. As such, when they get to the appropriate level,


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[Assistant] They just synapse onto a neuron in the anterior horn.


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[Assistant] It's worth noting that the neurons in the cortex are known as upper motor neurons.


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[Assistant] And a lesion anywhere in these fibers from the cortex all the way down to the anterior horn are known as upper motor neuron lesions.


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[Assistant] This is very important clinically, but beyond the scope of this tutorial.


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[Assistant] These neurons in the anterior horn, which are intuitively called anterior horn cells,


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[Assistant] Then project to the limb muscles and to the axial muscles.


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[Assistant] Again, I'll just point out that these neurons are known as lower motor neurons.


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[Assistant] And the muscles would be known as a lower motor neuron lesion. So in summary, the corticospinal tract is a two neuron pathway. There is an upper motor neuron,


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[Assistant] Which arises in the cortex and a lower motor neuron which arises in the anterior horn.


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[Assistant] The limb pathway decussates at the pyramids in the medulla.


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[Assistant] And the axial pathway decussates through the anterior white commissure in the spinal cord.


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[Assistant] And that concludes this tutorial on the corticospinal tract. If you've enjoyed this tutorial,


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[Assistant] Please help us produce more by making a donation at www.handwrittentutorials.com


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[Assistant] That's right, Joe. The radical terrorists had secretly teamed up with the so-called judges who stopped Trump's bigly safe travel ban. The president used his impressively sized hands to swap the bombs out of the bad guys' comparatively smaller hands. He then unleashed a deep masculine yell that made them scared. Too scared to be judges and terrorists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The aim of the diet is to restrict your FODMAPs in your diet for a short period of time or assess your symptoms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't think I've ever done this before. I've done, you know, all the bowling stuff on Wii Sports but not Wii Sports Resort. When you're bowling, do not release B. Okay, I guess that's a safety precaution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] God, I wanna release B, okay? I don't, I don't like that. I can't, I can't do this and not release B. See, look how much better I bowl when I let go of, when I let go of B. Why am I doing it this way? Why did I go on the right side of the thing to hit the left pins?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't, I don't think very far ahead, do I? This is a, this is a great split right here, I love this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I cannot believe that worked out for me. There's a lot of difficulties in this one. Dammit, I thought you were moving faster than that. Pretty sure that thing slowed down just when I threw it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on now, that thing might as well be in ESPN's top 10. 133, I'd like to see anyone try to beat that. I don't know how many times I can play this. Hold up. If, if my control...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna try just a normal game of bowling on here, and seeing if I can bowl better on this, because unlike Wii Sports, Wii Sports Resort uses Wii Motion Plus, that is inside of my toad Wii Remote with Wii Motion Plus inside,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where you going that time, ball? That's not what I was doing with my Wii Remote, but okay, whatever. Do whatever the fuck you want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I did not do that. I'm not trying to be a funny guy right now, I'm just trying to bowl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fuck you, pins. We're gonna get on this frickin' train again of restarting the game every five seconds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't stand this bowling. I can't get strikes every time. It's just not possible for me. I think I'd rather go cycling than play


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know what? No, I do not want to ride a fucking bike on a video game. That sounds awful, to be honest. I think I need to play table tennis. I think this is, uh... This is where I belong right now. I can't stand bowling pins. Bowling pins...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just bewilder me too much. I'd rather poop on someone's life in ping pong than


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Freaking get trolled by bowling pins. Okay, I'm getting pretty close to Lucia too, so. I think, I think this could be the day. BeatBoss, what, what was that swing? Let's get an instant replay of this one, BeatBoss. What, what were you thinking with that? Not so fast! Oh. Not so fast! Not so fast!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dammit, I had golden opportunities to end the game. And I didn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course I do that. I had two speed balls to end the game and we couldn't do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, that first game didn't count, that was a warm up. So don't even try to look at me like that, Soda. Like, like you didn't just get stolen a win.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, right in your kisser. His eyebrows are just humongous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are on drugs, and now it's 4-3, we're up what, 4-0?