[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, this condition that we just described here will be evaluated before each iteration of the loop. Now if the condition is true, then the next loop iteration will run. But as soon as this condition is false, then the loop stops. And so no more code will then be executed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically, the loop will keep running while this condition stays true. And this is really important to realize, and let me actually write that down here for you. So for loop keeps running while condition is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and so now, uh, I hope it makes sense that we have this condition. Because in each iteration of the loop, the rep counter will get increased. And so at a certain point, it will reach 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And with 10, this condition is still true. So 10 is still less or equal than 10. But then, after that, it will be 11. And so then, repetition is no longer less or equal 11, and then the loop will stop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at that point, we will have printed these 10 strings, basically.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's continue writing this so that in the end we actually make that work. So speaking of increasing the counter, that is actually the third part of the for statement. So another semicolon here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now here we actually update the counter after each iteration. So that's necessary because right now the counter would just stay at 1 forever. And so this condition here would never be false. So what we do here is to now increase the counter by 1 after each iteration. So we can say rep equal rep plus 1. But does this look familiar to you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically increasing the value by just one. Remember that in the last section we actually learned about a special operator which does just this, but in a much simpler way. So instead of writing rep equal rep plus one, we can simply write rep


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's say 1, and then it will print this string 10 times. So let's start with that, and then afterwards I will show you how we can actually update this number here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for now, let's try this out. And actually let's comment this code out, so that it doesn't get in our way. So command slash for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And indeed, we see that the string was printed 10 times. That's what this 10 here stands for. So the DevTools will not print the same string 10 times. It will simply put this 10 here. But what matters is that this logic here actually worked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now let's actually use this counter variable that we created here to actually increase the number in the string that we're printing out. So how do you think we will do that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, it's actually simple. All we have to do is to replace this number here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the current value of the counter. Because this variable that we defined here, so this rep variable, it's just a normal variable. And it's going to be available here inside of this code block.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, let's transform this to a template string, so that we can then insert that variable into the string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we get rid of the hard-coded value, and now we basically dynamically build the string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so here, all we need to do is to put the wrap variable. And now...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we get exactly what we wrote here manually in the beginning. Right? So, that works. And so let's recap exactly what we did here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we wanted to log our string here, so a string like this, ten times. But of course, it could be any other repetitive operation. Again, we're just using console.log here, so that we can see the result in the developer console.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, in order to solve this problem of not having to repeat the same code over and over again, we used a for loop. And so we initialized the counter of the loop at 1,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So right here, we created this new rep variable, and rep again stands for repetition, but it could be any other variable name, of course. And so we started at 1, because, well, we wanted to start at repetition number 1. But we could also start, of course, at repetition 5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's see how that looks like. And then, as you might have expected, the first repetition that's printed is the number 5. Okay, but let's put it back to 1 now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after each iteration of the loop, we then increase this counter value by exactly 1. And this happens by the end of the iteration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in the first iteration, this, uh, string here is logged to the console with the current repetition, which stands at 1. So this here will be replaced by a 1, and then afterwards the repcounter will be updated to 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, in the next iteration, this same string here is printed, but now with rep at number 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then rep is updated from 2 to 3, and so on and so forth. And these loops keep running while the rep variable is less or equal 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically, while this condition here is true. And that's how we achieve exactly 10 repetitions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What the loop does is to verify before each repetition if our condition here still holds true. And only if it does, it will keep running the loop. So it will execute the next iteration, and so it will execute this block of code here one more time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course we could change it to something else. Let's put it at 30. And then we should get...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Indeed, 30 repetitions of the same string where only this counter here is changed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All right. And in a nutshell, that's how the for loop works in JavaScript. In the next few videos, we will see some more useful applications of the for loop and also talk about another type of loop that we have in JavaScript.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cancer is like a car crash. Your body typically regulates the speed at which your cells divide. But sometimes cancer cuts the brake lines and your cells divide too quickly, accumulating mutations that cause them to veer away from their original function, form dangerous tumors and land you in the hospital.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In turn, these tumors may interfere with the natural processes of the body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Such as digestion and respiration, potentially leading to death.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of these genes is BRCA1, which stands for breast cancer susceptibility gene 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] BRCA1 belongs to a class of genes called tumor suppressor genes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tumor suppressor genes are involved in regulating how fast a cell divides.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Normally cell division follows an orderly process called the cell cycle, which is basically the life cycle of a cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Within the cell cycle is a series of checkpoints where proteins, such as the one produced by BRCA1, regulate how fast the cell may proceed. How does it do this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If your DNA is damaged, BRCA1 keeps the cell from dividing until the mutation is repaired.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One copy you inherited from mom, the other from dad. This redundancy is a good thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's important to note that while these copies have a similar function, they're not necessarily the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, there are hundreds of variations or alleles of BRCA1. Some regulate the cell cycle more effectively than others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other words, some people are born with better regulating and repair mechanisms than others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in some cases, mutations may render BRCA1 ineffective.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When this happens, cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As they divide, these cells may accumulate additional mutations. These mutations may cause the cell to become less specialized and stop performing its original function in the tissue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If this occurs, then there's a greater chance they'll develop into cancer cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While we all have the genes such as BRCA1 that can cause cancer,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's only when these genes fail at their function that problems develop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having an ineffective or mutated version of BRCA1 can increase your susceptibility to cancer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Much like driving with bad brakes increases the risk of an accident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Josh is attempting gnocchi within an hour and I'm just a bit concerned it's a bit of a risk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Home cooking week was all about cooking simple. So it'd be really, really great to see the judges show us how far we can take simple cooking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've been studying and playing for days, but you still don't feel ready for either. So what can you do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sleep occupies nearly a third of our lives, but many of us give surprisingly little attention and care to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead, it's a critical function during which your body balances and regulates its vital systems, effecting respiration and regulating everything from circulation to growth and immune response.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's great, but you can worry about all those things after this test, right? Well, not so fast. It turns out that sleep is also crucial for your brain, with a fifth of your body's circulatory blood being channeled to it as you drift off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what goes on in your brain while you sleep is an intensely active period of restructuring that's crucial for how our memory works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At first glance, our ability to remember things doesn't seem very impressive at all. 19th century psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus demonstrated that we normally forget 40% of new material within the first 20 minutes, a phenomenon known as the forgetting curve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this loss can be prevented through memory consolidation, the process by which information is moved from our fleeting short-term memory to our more durable long-term memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This consolidation occurs with the help of a major part of the brain, known as the hippocampus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Its role in long-term memory formation was demonstrated in the 1950s by Brenda Milner in her research with a patient known as HM.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After having his hippocampus removed, HM's ability to form new short-term memories was damaged.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But he was able to learn physical tasks through repetition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Due to the removal of his hippocampus, HM's ability to form long-term memories was also damaged.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What this case revealed, among other things, was that the hippocampus was specifically involved in the consolidation of long-term declarative memory, such as the facts and concepts you need to remember for that test, rather than procedural memory, such as the finger movements you need to master for that recital.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Milner's findings, along with work by Eric Kandel in the 90s, have given us our current model of how this consolidation process works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sensory data is initially transcribed and temporarily recorded in the neurons as short-term memory. From there, it travels to the hippocampus, which strengthens and enhances the neurons in that cortical area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks to the phenomenon of neuroplasticity, new synaptic buds are formed, allowing new connections between neurons and strengthening the neural network where the information will be returned as long-term memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sleep is composed of four stages, the deepest of which are known as slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] EEG machines monitoring people during these stages have shown electrical impulses moving between the brainstem, hippocampus, thalamus, and cortex, which serve as relay stations of memory formation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the different stages of sleep have been shown to help consolidate different types of memories. During the non-REM slow wave sleep, declarative memory is encoded into a temporary store in the anterior part of the hippocampus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Through a continuing dialogue between the cortex and hippocampus, it is then repeatedly reactivated, driving its gradual redistribution to long-term storage in the cortex.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] REM sleep, on the other hand, with its similarity to waking brain activity, is associated with the consolidation of procedural memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So based on the studies, going to sleep three hours after memorizing your formulas and one hour after practicing your scales would be the most ideal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So hopefully you can see now that skimping on sleep not only harms your long-term health, but actually makes it less likely that you'll retain all that knowledge and practice from the previous night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of which just goes to affirm the wisdom of the phrase sleep on it. When you think about all the internal restructuring and forming of new connections that occurs while you slumber, you could even say that proper sleep will have you waking up every morning with a new and improved brain, ready to face the challenges ahead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the top layer of the cake, we've got the torched meringue. You're gonna have a drip of salted caramel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the bavar, you don't want to mess up the bavar. If you put the cream in, it's the anglaise mix. Too hot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It'll be runny, you won't be able to create nice layers. It'll just want to run to wherever it wants to, it won't hold. If you put it in when it's too cold, the mousse will start setting before you can make the cake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Obviously the cake itself is very important. You don't want it to be too dry. Don't overcook it. Don't undercook it. It's really yum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the final one, which is very important, is the actual meringue itself. It gives the overall flair of the cake. If you under whip it, it'll be too soft.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, Ray? He's doing okay? He's doing okay. I probably would have not put all the oil in at the same time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's actually done really well with a lot of the elements, but obviously you can clearly see that there's bulges on the sides of it, and the actual crumb at the base itself, I found that quite hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, I think she's actually done a fantastic job. It looks slightly different to what I do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I kind of feel that the Meringue is quite grainy. It's very soft.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the tough bit. So we've got tempered chocolate cone, we've got a semi-fredo bowl covered in chocolate, and a sugar balloon. Brilliant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm here to challenge myself and I'm here to experience everything I possibly can. What better way than to make Chrissy's ice cream float? First thing on the recipe today is the semi-fredo. Chrissy's semi-fredo, it tastes like the most perfectly churned ice cream you've ever had. It's the centerpiece of this dish and it needs to be in a nice consistent brown shape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The nerves are coming in, the butterflies have been set free inside of me. I don't cook a lot of desserts, it's not my forte, but I'm so determined to get through this pressure test. It's gonna be a matter of just knuckling down, sticking to the recipe and going as fast as I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need yellow food colouring for the semi-frotto bowl covered in chocolate, red for the tempered chocolate cone, and pink food colouring for the spiral.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My first balloon pops in front of my face.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right guys, these ingredients here, we've got beautiful artichokes, coriander, ginger, cherries. These ingredients will cost you 10 minutes each.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You chose cherries, vanilla bean, sugar, and pistachios. Yeah? Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, alright. It's a, it's a, it's a lot to do, isn't it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today, we ask you to deliver a delicious dish like we always do. But,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You had to decide, do you favor time or ingredients?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of you definitely spent your time wisely. Others, didn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Real Life Lore has been creating quick, educational videos that explain some very complicated or interesting subjects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These types of videos give as much accurate information as possible in a fun and quick way with pretty pictures and animations. And that's really great, but the videos only come out maybe two to three times a month because each video takes a lot of time to finish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love making these videos, but it's sometimes difficult to justify the time spent on making each video when the pay on YouTube by the hour is not very good. YouTube revenue is perfect for quickly made videos that can come out once per day, but not so much for carefully researched, in-depth content that comes out far less often as a result.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is why RealLifeLore now has a Patreon, which means that you can pledge a certain amount of money to support the channel with each month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In return, you can get early ad-free access to videos, behind-the-scenes production updates, completed scripts with all of my notes and research links, and even voting power on certain upcoming videos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the most important thing that you'll get is better videos on this channel that are produced more often. Your support directly translates into better equipment and software, less reliance on ads, and will hopefully give me the ability to transition producing for this channel full time. This also means that videos will be produced for you, and not for YouTube.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With your support, RealLifeLore can create the videos that you want to see, whatever the content may be about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Regardless of what happens on Patreon, videos will still be coming to YouTube and remain freely available here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you'd like to see better quality content that comes out more frequently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you value the content that is produced on real life lore,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please pledge whatever you think that this content is worth to you at patreon.com slash real life lore. Thank you very much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are you scared of? Well they look innocent, but I don't think any of them are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Let's see how you win. In order to get an immunity pin today, I have to beat Reynolds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've gotta say something to you all. I looked around and I saw you were starting to cook and prepare your dishes. I was uncertain but I've been really surprised how


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the next dish that we'll be looking at is Samuels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a very delightful, agreeable dish. Thanks Dave. For a sausage roll.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Please tell me what this is. A hot and sour crab soup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But equally so, having problems, having difficulties as you embark upon your career is exactly what you need, because that is the process of learning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take no notice of anybody else but yourself when it comes to your cooking. Because it is your voice that makes you rather unique. And on that I say adieu.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I just wanna make sure this jam thickens. That's it. Yeah, I'll put it in the call room. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry, Ray. That's incorrect. Take your blindfold off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright Jess, I'm coming for ya. Bring it on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, now mortgages are, uh, house, mortgages owned by households was recently $13.2 trillion. And recently there were 48 million in the United States, 48 million mortgaged homes. But that's one for every six or seven people. Some, a lot of people still rent and live in apartments, but there's 48 million mortgaged homes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, there are also problems in the mortgage industry because in 2012, right after the financial crisis, when the housing market bottomed,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There were almost 11 million homes that were quote underwater, which means the value of the home was less than the value of the mortgage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's quite a startling number. So it was one in five homes. Uh, what would benefit people who lived in those homes would be to abandon the house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's called Jingle Mail. You put your keys in an envelope and you sign a short letter to the lending bank. I'm outta here. Take my house. And you go and you rent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, now that only works legally in what are called non-recourse states.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So some states are recourse, they can go after you and try to get your money anywhere, even beyond the house. But many of our states are non-recourse. And even if they are recourse states, they won't actually often go after you because it's too expensive and you don't have anything else typically. So why bother? They just write it off as a loss.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But most people don't, most people keep paying. They live in the house, maybe they have some ethical concerns, you know, I promise to pay this, I'll pay it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have nothing more, virtually nothing more than their house. And if it goes underwater, that means their personal net worth is negative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so we had, you know, like 10 million families with negative, something like that, negative saving. Uh, and that, that's what killed the economy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They didn't want to spend money when they don't have anything, less than nothing. So they just sat in their house and they continued to pay the mortgage and they didn't spend. So the whole economy went down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the 1920s and before, there weren't as many mortgages. The industry wasn't as developed. But the mortgages that you got were typically five-year term loans, or less. You might get a two-year loan or a three-year loan to buy a house. Now, of course, you're going to live in it more than two or three years, or often would anyway, uh, but uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, how do you deal with it? We have to just come back and refinance. The bank says, no problem. In your mortgage, we're giving you a two-year mortgage to buy a house. In two years, come back and we'll, uh, renew, give you a new loan at the then prevailing interest rate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the problem was, in the 1930s, we had the Great Depression.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it involved a crash in home prices, because everyone was poor, they couldn't pay as much to buy a house anymore. And secondly, it produced 25% unemployment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You go back to the bank and say, I'd like to renew my mortgage. And the bank would say, no way. You don't have a job. Your house isn't worth as much as the mortgage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they would just foreclose on you. So millions of houses were foreclosed in the early 1930s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That led to the, uh, the Roosevelt administration. They created the Federal Housing Administration in 1934 that would insure mortgages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is insure the bank against your default. So the government was taking on


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's because the whole thing was a total mess. Houses were worth much less. Nobody could buy them. They were crashing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, that made banks fearful of lending to anybody. So Roosevelt took a big gamble. He said, we're going to just insure them, we the government, and if there's further defaults and further crashes, well, we're going to take it out of taxpayers and we're going to, we'll pay you off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so the bank started lending again and it brought the housing market back up. The other thing that Roosevelt did in 1934 was to require 15-year loans. Any FHA loans had to be 15 years to maturity or longer. This whole idea of giving you a two-year mortgage, uh, seemed like a bad idea in 1934.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's establish a trend toward long-term mortgages. As time went on, it became


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Standard in the United States to have long term mortgages. And, uh, now typically it's 30 years. At least if you're a younger person, you typically get a 30 year mortgage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so they've raised their, uh, insurance premium, uh, from a half a percent a year to 1.5 percent a year, which is hurting, has been hurting real estate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a question especially for certain cities like Detroit or Baltimore where places have, well I don't know if they've fallen much in Baltimore, maybe incidentally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They hit zero and, uh, they're abandoned and then they become a hazard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I guess it's like anything else, you have to judge whether they're being devalued for a good reason or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Detroit is coming back now. So it might have been a smart move to go in and buy them, uh, recently and you could get them really cheaply. Uh, and then, uh, maybe they will come back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you have to judge whether there's a prospect of them coming back. Uh, I'm sure there's a good, there's a strategy for doing that. Maybe I'll, I'll buy some property in Baltimore. You said you're from Baltimore. Yeah, so this thing about mean reversion, when something gets really cheap,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's, has a better chance of coming back, but not necessarily. It's a somewhat risky investment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But yeaah, homes, uh, homes, uh, there are a number of places where some people argue price has fallen well below construction cost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and so there won't be any new construction if the houses are selling for less than it costs to build them. So those might be, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, those might be good investments in the longer run. If, uh, it, uh, the city gets rediscovered, new jobs start coming into the city and then suddenly those properties would take off. And they're protected against


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] New construction. See, if, if homes are selling well above construction costs, there's a kind of a cap on their appreciation. I don't know if a lot of people realize this. They can't appreciate too much because builders will come in and build more of them and dump new supply on the market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've baked a few batches of the shoe buns and the macarons, but we haven't got any of the shoe rocks filled with any of the pastry cream or the lemon curd, and we still have a lot more to make.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The judges are about to taste our desserts. I am so happy with our greenhouse. My team did such a great job. I just hope that the judges like it, that they see the effort gone into it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially like it's kind of a given every time he goes out with his friends. I'm like, you know, I just sleep there easier for him, you know, easier for me. I just sleep out of the way for him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I thought it was a good opportunity for me to film, uhm, and show you guys what I eat, alone basically, and uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of able to. I was more, you know, I was a little bit more flexible with what I ate. You know, ever since I got, ever since we got married,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I just feel like, not just myself, I guess like, we were really in need of our own time, uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but my own. But if you guys watch this video, you guys will notice that I really didn't do anything productive or like anything that can be considered as healing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it's not a very productive video. Like 80% of my enjoyment, uhm, passed 24 hours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's something that like you have to kind of like meet in the middle. Especially like Dong being a night person and I'm being like a morning person. Uhm, so definitely, just by sleeping on my own time and waking up on my own time was a good healing for me. I did try to include


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, meal ideas, I don't want to call it a recipe because it's really not, because it's just more of a throwing things in a one pot.


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[Assistant] Uh, you know, being on YouTube for like, what, three, four years and like, kind of focusing on food, they are, they will become repetitive, but they are my comfort food.


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[Assistant] And let me know what you guys like to do to heal.


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[Assistant] Uhm, or like what you guys to- what you guys make out of your own time. So make sure to give this video a thumbs up and subscribe for more videos and, uh, enjoy the video. Bye!


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[Assistant] So he left not too long ago, and tomorrow I am going to pick him up for dinner. I'm gonna grab dinner together. But until then, uh, I am going to kinda show you guys what I'm, you know, just doing for the rest of the day, rest of the night, and tomorrow morning and afternoon. Uh, so I'm kinda excited. Just kind of, I haven't been alone.


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[Assistant] Like alone alone for a while. Yeaah, right now, uhm, just finishing up laundry. I just, uh, walked Ame. The last walk of the day.


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[Assistant] Enough water for all the vegetables to go in. So it's not like too little. I hope it's not going to be too bland. If anything, I could add more, uh, pepper flakes.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I think I'm gonna go walk in and then make myself some smoothie.


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[Assistant] Do some, uh, I probably won't go to the gym, but maybe I'll do something like stretches and stuff in the house. You're welcome. Hanna, you're welcome.


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[Assistant] I'm going to make some features right now. I have uh, pre-made features. This is


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[Assistant] So I have my toast, going to eat it with the oselok, cream cheese bread. Uhm, this one I got it on Amazon and


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[Assistant] Who got like a rubber claw of it or something similar for much cheaper price. So I'm going to try to do that. If not, I don't know.


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[Assistant] So this one is, uhm, whole, whole grain white bread.


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[Assistant] Emma, you already had one though. Uh-uh. What about me?


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[Assistant] You know, chilli and cheese go brilliantly together, but I also want to put some beautiful crispy prosciutto into that mac and cheese today.


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[Assistant] MasterChef can just be life changing. I'm not afraid to say now I wanna win this competition and that pin's gonna get me there.


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[Assistant] Yep. I think that a beautiful rosemary broth with plenty of garlic and ginger is going to elevate my dish today. But time is really running out. Get as much flavour into that broth as you can.


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[Assistant] I check on my chicken skin from the oven. Oh, that looks gooood. And it looks perfect and beautiful golden brown.


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[Assistant] Shannon, what was it like in the kitchen? I really would like to be a judge today because I like to give two pins away. Extremely proud.


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[Assistant] Plus, the staples under your bench. Very clear? Yep. Great. Your time starts now.


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[Assistant] In the cook that I always remind our professional chefs that


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[Assistant] I was impressed with, uh, Carly's composure and there's a real passion there and there's a great smile while she's cooking. So I thoroughly enjoyed myself and I hope, uh, both of you did.


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[Assistant] Oh man, he was too fly, you understand me? Talk to talk, walk to walk, he dressed the part, played it, you know what I'm sayin'?


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[Assistant] Having difficulties with death row records and sugar night, there was a lot of call for violence and action.


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[Assistant] And the message that I received from Clarence was just to be me and to think about those kids that's looking up to me and the youth that are inspired by me. So one action that I create could be a million actions that'll be followed. You know, I was young and


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[Assistant] Considered gangster or thug or whatever you wanna call it. And I didn't really wanna hear it, but I had to reevaluate the conversation and say, well, this man is a legend, an icon. If he's taking his time to deliver this message to me, he must see something in me. So it just made me take on a...


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[Assistant] A stance of peace and to always be about peace and be about love and to confront violence with love.


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[Assistant] I think we had at one time about 70% of all the black talent in America to book.


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[Assistant] We would talk about people who came in the office, how bright they were, how dumb they were, did they belong with us, uh, did, did we want to be around them.


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[Assistant] And, uh, Clarence is one of the favorite guys.


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[Assistant] Clarence became the manager of Little Willie John and later on Jimmy Smith.


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[Assistant] Because when you got into TV and television, there was big money. And Mr. Glazer thought Lalo had what it takes.


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[Assistant] Lalo's probably the main guy who set him up in the publishing world, where he learned that a copyright is a gold mine.


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[Assistant] He came a long way in a short time.


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[Assistant] This tradition began in the 8th century CE, during the early history of Islam, when craftsmen took pre-existing motifs from Roman and Persian cultures and developed them into new forms of visual expression.


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[Assistant] This period of history was a golden age of Islamic culture, during which many achievements of previous civilizations were preserved and further developed, resulting in fundamental advancements in scientific study and mathematics.


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[Assistant] Accompanying this was an increasingly sophisticated use of abstraction and complex geometry in Islamic art, from intricate floral motifs adorning carpets and textiles to patterns of tile work that seemed to repeat infinitely, inspiring wonder and contemplation of eternal order.


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[Assistant] Despite the remarkable complexity of these designs, they can be created with just a compass to draw circles and a ruler to make lines within them.


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[Assistant] And from these simple tools emerges a kaleidoscopic multiplicity of patterns. So how does that work?


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[Assistant] Most patterns split the circle into four, five, or six equal sections, and each division gives rise to distinctive patterns.


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[Assistant] There's an easy way to determine whether any pattern is based on four-fold, five-fold, or six-fold symmetry. Most contain stars surrounded by petal shapes.


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[Assistant] Counting the number of rays on a starburst, or the number of petals around it, tells us what category the pattern falls into. A star with six rays, or surrounded by six petals, belongs in the sixfold category.


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[Assistant] There's another secret ingredient in these designs, an underlying grid. Invisible but essential to every pattern, the grid helps determine the scale of the composition before work begins, keeps the pattern accurate, and facilitates the invention of incredible new patterns.


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[Assistant] We'll start with a circle within a square and divide it into eight equal parts. We can then draw a pair of criss-crossing lines and overlay them with another two.


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[Assistant] These lines are called construction lines, and by choosing a set of their segments, we'll form the basis of our repeating pattern.


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[Assistant] Many different designs are possible from the same construction lines just by picking different segments.


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[Assistant] And the full pattern finally emerges when we create a grid with many repetitions of this one tile in a process called tessellation.


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[Assistant] By choosing a different set of construction lines, we might have created this pattern. Or this one.


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[Assistant] The possibilities are virtually endless. We can follow the same steps to create sixfold patterns. By drawing construction lines over a circle divided into six parts and then tessellating it, we can make something like this.


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[Assistant] Here's another six-fold pattern that has appeared across the centuries and all over the Islamic world, including Marrakech, Agra, Konya, and the Alhambra. Four-fold patterns fit in a square grid, and six-fold patterns in a hexagonal grid.


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[Assistant] Five-fold patterns, however, are more challenging to tessellate because pentagons don't neatly fill a surface.


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[Assistant] So instead of just creating a pattern in a pentagon, other shapes have to be added to make something that is repeatable, resulting in patterns that may seem confoundingly complex but are still relatively simple to create.


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[Assistant] Also, tessellation is not constrained to simple geometric shapes, as M.C. Escher's work demonstrates. And while the Islamic geometric design tradition doesn't tend to employ elements like fish and faces, it does sometimes make use of multiple shapes to craft complex patterns.


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[Assistant] This more than 1,000 year old tradition has wielded basic geometry to produce works that are intricate, decorative, and pleasing to the eye. And these craftsmen prove just how much is possible with some artistic intuition, creativity, dedication, and a great compass and ruler.


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[Assistant] The most celebrated telescope on Earth never touches the planet.


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[Assistant] We are Hubble's only chance for survival, but a mission to save the telescope can be perilous.


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[Assistant] Astronomers suspected that the Eagle Nebula might provide clues, but even the most powerful Earth-bound telescopes couldn't get a clear view.


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[Assistant] Spring 1995. HESTA aims Hubble Space Telescope toward the Eagle Nebula.


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[Assistant] HESTA calls the clumps evaporating gaseous globules. Eggs for short.


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[Assistant] In the photograph, the eggs appear small, but our entire solar system could fit comfortably inside each one.


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[Assistant] These hot clumps of gas are the first stage of the formation of a star. And the towers where they hang are rightfully called the Pillars of Creation.


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[Assistant] What it doesn't show is the next stage. How stars hatch from eggs.


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[Assistant] When scientists closely examine this image, they discover tiny dark spots.


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[Assistant] Flatten discs of gas and dust spots created by recently hatched eggs. The spots are called protoplanetary discs. Proplids, for short.


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[Assistant] This squeezes the matter in the centre of the clump. The pressure grows. The clump heats up.


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[Assistant] But some of this loose matter remains in orbit around the newborn star.


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[Assistant] Over time, the debris gathers into more knots and clumps, growing and evolving into a planet.


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[Assistant] Beyond the Eagle and Orion nebulae, even larger star-forming regions lie within the plane of the Milky Way.


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[Assistant] The Carina Nebula, one of the largest star-forming regions in the sky. But the raw data sent by Hubble looks nothing like this.


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[Assistant] Creating images that help scientists unlock the mysteries with this data, falls to imaging expert Zolt Lieve.


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[Assistant] I have an emotional attachment to that image, not only because of its aesthetic value, but because of the amount of time I spent on it.


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[Assistant] Levy works for about a year to produce the full mosaic out of 48 separate pictures.


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[Assistant] Hubble's image of Carina shows a region over 50 light-years across.


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[Assistant] Here too are the eggs that will one day become stars encircled by planets.


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[Assistant] Among the thousands of newborn stars, Lexa Surprise.


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[Assistant] For scientists, a dying star is an opportunity to see the future of our own solar system.


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[Assistant] What these Hubble images show are shelves of gas that serve as tombstones.


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[Assistant] These walls of color are the outer layers of a star much like our sun.


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[Assistant] As a star runs out of fuel, these layers expand until the gravity of the star can no longer hold them. Eventually they are released into space.


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[Assistant] In 2004, Hubble captures an image that gives us a glimpse of our eventual demise. The Helix Nebula.


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[Assistant] As these outer layers of star expand, they leave behind a searing hot ball of solidified oxygen and carbon astronomers call a white dwarf.


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[Assistant] Someday, the same thing will happen to our own sun. The sun will run out of fuel, and that will cause it to expand into a giant red star.


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[Assistant] That's bad news for our world. The temperature on the surface of our planet will rise over a thousand degrees.


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[Assistant] A wall of hot gas will sweep over the Earth, through our solar system, and into space.


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[Assistant] The bigger the star, the shorter its life, and the more violent its death.


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[Assistant] Every star is carefully balanced between the inward pull of its gravity and the outward pressure of the heat it generates from nuclear fusion. When it runs out of fuel, the pressure needed for balance is gone.


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[Assistant] If the star was near enough to Earth, a wave of deadly gamma and x-rays would flood towards us. It could knock out satellite communications and cause global power outages.


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[Assistant] The expanding debris from this thousand-year-old supernova is still moving into space at about five million kilometers per hour.


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[Assistant] For scientists, the interconnected web-like filaments offer a clue as to the nature of life itself.


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[Assistant] When the stars explode, these fundamental elements are scattered throughout the universe, seeding distant nebular clouds which give birth to new planets and new life.


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[Assistant] Although Eta Carina is a young star, its huge mass makes it unstable. This star will not survive for long.


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[Assistant] When Eater Karina goes, it will become one of the most devastating supernovae ever recorded.


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[Assistant] The fireworks will begin when the star runs out of fuel. The gigantic star will destroy itself in just a few seconds.


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[Assistant] When that happens, it will leave behind one outer space phenomenon that has long captured the imagination of stargazers.


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[Assistant] The mysterious black hole phenomenon is the product of the violent and powerful explosion of a supernova. At least in theory.


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[Assistant] Before Hubble, there was no conclusive proof that black holes existed at all.


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[Assistant] A singularity is an object with no length, width or height, yet it retains most of the gravity of the original star.


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[Assistant] One of the primary goals for Hubble was to prove once and for all whether or not black holes exist.


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[Assistant] But how does one search for an invisible point? Astronomers decide to direct Hubble to examine the exact centers of galaxies.


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[Assistant] What they discover is that the stars close to the center of galaxies zoom around at very high speeds.


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[Assistant] But down in the central hub of galaxies, stars are being thrown around by the gravity of something that is massive, yet ultra compact. There can only be one cause for this effect. The fabled black hole.


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[Assistant] Further evidence of black holes comes from Hubble's images of a mysterious jet some 5,000 light years long. The jet is piercing the heart of a giant elliptical galaxy called M87.


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[Assistant] The jet in the Galaxy M87 is caused by enormous amounts of gas and dust piling onto the black hole.


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[Assistant] There's so much material that a traffic jam occurs. The gas and dust back up, forming a disc.


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[Assistant] The black hole is showing itself with a parade of light.


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[Assistant] The connection between a galaxy and the black hole in its heart is not yet well understood.


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[Assistant] But astronomers believe that black holes play a part in the formation of galaxies.


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[Assistant] Before Hubble, black holes were merely a concept, an unproven part of astronomical lore. Hubble Space Telescope has changed that forever.


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[Assistant] Then, SL9 breaks apart. The fragments spread into a long single line, which Hubble showed in an image called the String of Pearls.


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[Assistant] So planetary astronomer Heidi Hammel submits a proposal to NASA.


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[Assistant] Shoemaker Levy 9 would show that such collisions are not just part of the past, but the present, and maybe the future.


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[Assistant] The first image of Shoemaker Levy 9 came in. It seemed to show no signs of impact.


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[Assistant] Hubble's pictures of the comet impact prove that the kind of violence that formed our planet billions of years ago continues through this day.


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[Assistant] Shoemaker-Levy 9 shows a devastating day on nearby Jupiter.


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[Assistant] But when Hubble turns toward an empty patch of distant sky, what it finds will rock the scientific community.


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[Assistant] Hubble's powerful gaze locks onto this single region of space for 10 consecutive days, creating a series of exposures that would be known as the Hubble Deep Field.


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[Assistant] Every smudge of light in this Hubble picture is a galaxy containing billions of stars. These galaxies are captured at various stages of evolution.


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[Assistant] From a time near the birth of the cosmos, to the rise of spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way, scattered here and there, in the Hubble Deep Field are the smash-ups of space.


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[Assistant] The entire history of growth and change in galaxies is written in this single image of the Hubble Deep Field.


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[Assistant] Something with so much power, it holds the entire universe together.


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[Assistant] The arms of spiral galaxies seem to move faster than the laws of physics would allow. Astronomers spotted other oddities as well.


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[Assistant] Astronomers hypothesize that galaxies are surrounded by a halo of unknown forms of matter.


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[Assistant] This matter acts like a glue that holds the universe together. They call it Dark Matter.


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[Assistant] The survey revealed that stars and galaxies are born from ordinary matter, trapped by gravity inside clouds of dark matter.


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[Assistant] This 3D plot of dark matter clouds, charted by Hubble for the first time in history, shows how dark matter forms the very structure of our universe.


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[Assistant] Soon after the Big Bang, the gravitational scaffolding of dark matter formed the basis for evolutionary change throughout the cosmos.


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[Assistant] As important as it is to our very existence, astronomers so far have no idea what dark matter is.


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[Assistant] This table shows us every element in the universe that we commonly experience on a daily basis.


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[Assistant] All of the physical matter that we can see, touch, taste or feel is on this table. But not dark matter.


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[Assistant] But even if we add all the dark matter to all the physical matter that forms stars and planets and people, it turns out that we are still missing about two thirds of the universe. So what is the rest of the universe made of?


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[Assistant] Once again, scientists turn to Hubble for answers.


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[Assistant] The Hubble telescope is changing our understanding of reality.


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[Assistant] Since the 1920s, astronomers have known that the universe is expanding.


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[Assistant] They assumed that gravity would one day slow the expansion down, and perhaps even cause the universe to halt.


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[Assistant] The answer to this question would settle the debate about the age and fate of the universe. And it became a race.


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[Assistant] The way to check comes from Hubble. It finds supernova explosions in remote galaxies and uses the light from the explosion as a yardstick to measure the distance from Earth to the galaxy.


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[Assistant] But Hubble's findings do not fit the accepted model for the expansion of the universe.


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[Assistant] The galaxies with supernovae are not just moving away, they're moving at an accelerated rate.


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[Assistant] Hubble's results convinces astronomers that they must think of the universe in an entirely new way.


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[Assistant] According to Hubble's evidence, the universe is expanding more and more quickly. The only explanation is as simple as it is unlikely. Something is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. An unseen force called Dark Energy.


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[Assistant] But the darkest part of this mysterious force is its future. Over time, it will grow in strength.


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[Assistant] This means that one day, dark energy will become stronger than gravity.


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[Assistant] Our universe, it seems, is living on borrowed time. The universe will one day end in a cosmic apocalypse that scientists call The Big Rip.


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[Assistant] And one day we discover the ocean. We find to our surprise that three quarters of the world is covered by the ocean.


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[Assistant] But we have no clue what is in the ocean or what the ocean does. This is where we are today with Dark Energy.


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[Assistant] Nearly 20 years after its launch, the Hubble Space Telescope is still learning new tricks.


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[Assistant] When the shuttle Atlantis undocks at the end of the servicing mission, a new wide-field planetary camera 3 will become functional, widening Hubble's range.


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[Assistant] On the day that happens, the telescope will receive one last command to shut down and return to Earth.


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[Assistant] The web will take science beyond Hubble's range, but the Hubble will always be the first.


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[Assistant] It has circled the Earth thousands of times, whirling around us again and again.


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[Assistant] Hubble has been the wide eyes of some very curious beings.


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[Assistant] He goes his own way. He doesn't feel the need to fold himself into a pretzel to be popular.


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[Assistant] Welcome back. Now it's time to finally build our first project with a visual user interface. And actually, we'll build not one, but three beautiful projects in this section so that you can learn the basics of so-called DOM manipulation.


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[Assistant] So up until this point, we have only learned about the language itself. But now we will take it to the next level and actually make JavaScript interact with real webpages.


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[Assistant] So for the first time now, we will finally see a real project come to life. And so that's going to be a lot of fun and really exciting.


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[Assistant] Okay, thank you. I've taken a lot on and I know I have.


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[Assistant] The best part about this week is that we have year 10 for the whole week. I'm gonna push myself to the absolute max.


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[Assistant] Oh my god. Today I'm making a po-bali risotto that's gonna be stuffed in a, uhm, a squid. I'm really pushing it.


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[Assistant] I am still under the pump. Today I definitely tried to step outside the box. I'm giving it my 110%.


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[Assistant] Uh, pearl barley and herb risotto stuffed in a spice squid.


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[Assistant] Tsunamis are some of the most powerful and deadliest forces of nature. Within recent memory, you may recall both the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and 2011 Japan Tsunami, both of which resulted in catastrophic damage and loss of life.


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[Assistant] The Indian Ocean tsunami happened after a massive earthquake struck here in the Indian Ocean.


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[Assistant] The earthquake itself released more energy than every single explosive detonated in the entire Second World War, including the nuclear bombs. This enormous amount of energy created a tsunami that reached heights of 30 meters high in some places, or about the height of 17 people stacked on top of each other.


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[Assistant] The waves smashed into Indonesia, South Asia, and the east coast of Africa, punching as deep as two kilometers inland from the coast in some places. As you can see from photos like this one, the damage in these places was often extensive.


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[Assistant] The tragedy claimed the lives of around 250,000 people, making it the deadliest tsunami in all of history, while the 2011 Japan tsunami was the costliest in terms of damage.


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[Assistant] That tsunami was also generated by an earthquake that created waves as high as 40.5 meters, just about 5 meters shorter than the Statue of Liberty, that came slamming into the Japanese East Coast, traveling up to 10 kilometers inland away from the coast.


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[Assistant] As you can see from photos like this that look like something straight out of a Hollywood blockbuster with what used to be a road stretching out into the endless ocean, the economic cost to Japan was enormous. An estimated 300 billion dollars in damages was done.


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[Assistant] More than the entire GDP of South Africa. But these are what are called regular tsunamis, and there is an entire other class of gigantic waves that are simply called mega tsunamis.


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[Assistant] The most tragic and possibly terrifying instance of this happening in recent times was back in 1963, here in Italy, just 100 kilometers north of Venice.


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[Assistant] The Italian government and a construction company were building what at the time was going to be the largest dam on earth. The only problem was that they were building this dam with a huge water reservoir the size of a large lake right next to one of the most unstable mountains on the planet.


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[Assistant] The only problem was, the landslide ended up being over ten times more powerful than what their calculations had predicted. This is a view of that mountain today. This right here used to be the reservoir, and all the land that's there now came crashing off the mountain from these areas that are now exposed white rock.


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[Assistant] This tremendous amount of earth and rock fell into the reservoir in a matter of seconds, completely filled the entire reservoir, and generated a wave 250 meters high that flew over the top of the dam and into the villages below.


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[Assistant] The wave was almost the same height as the Transamerica building in San Francisco for some reference, and caused an impact crater 60 meters deep and 80 meters wide when it slammed into the ground on the other side of the dam.


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[Assistant] If you were standing from this angle, looking up at the dam at the exact moment that the wave came over it, the entire sky that you see in this picture would be completely covered by water.


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[Assistant] This photo was taken in the town of Longarone, which before the mega tsunami looked like this, but afterwards looked like this, completely destroyed. Around 2,000 people lost their lives in the accident, but it's not actually the largest mega tsunami even in recent history.


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[Assistant] That distinction would have to go to Omega Tsunami that happened here in Lituya Bay, Alaska back in 1958. A powerful earthquake caused a massive landslide to occur here at the backside of the bay.


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[Assistant] Completely went over it and smashed into the other side here, causing huge amounts of damage to the rest of the bay and destroying millions of trees.


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[Assistant] The height of this wave was over 100 meters higher than the tip of the Empire State Building, and just 16 meters short of the recently built One World Trade Center in New York City. But even this is tiny in comparison to some prehistoric megatsunamis.


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[Assistant] The largest tsunami generated from a landslide happened around 1.5 million years ago in Hawaii, on the specific island of Malakai.


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[Assistant] At some point around that time, about one third of the northern portion of the volcano collapsed into the ocean and generated a wave 600 meters high, which would have completely inundated the entire island of Malaccai and wreaked havoc on the rest of the island chain.


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[Assistant] This wave would have been about the height of four great pyramids of Giza stacked on top of each other, but even that pales in comparison to the largest ever known mega tsunami, which was caused by an asteroid.


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[Assistant] About 66 million years ago, the same asteroid that likely killed the dinosaurs also caused possibly the largest megatsunami in all of Earth's history when it crashed into the modern-day Gulf of Mexico. The asteroid was 10 kilometers in diameter and released an unbelievable 100 teratons of TNT worth of energy.


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[Assistant] For comparison, the Tsar Bomba, which is the largest nuclear bomb ever detonated, released only one two millionth of that same amount of energy.


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[Assistant] These waves were so big that if they were to have happened in the Indian Ocean, the entire island of Madagascar would have been completely submerged underwater for a time. Imagine being on an island the size of Madagascar in this scenario, with absolutely no escape from the clutches of the ocean's waves no matter how high on the land that you can get to.


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[Assistant] It's a weird thought, but at least it happened 66 million years ago, and there's really no fear of something like that ever happening again, right?


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[Assistant] Unless the 0.00001% chance of one of the Canary Islands collapsing into the ocean during your lifetime happens, which would cause a tsunami about one kilometer high and would probably wipe out the entire east coast of the United States, unless that happens, then no.


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[Assistant] This video has been brought to you by audible.com, with over 180,000 audiobooks in almost every genre you can imagine.


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[Assistant] I didn't have enough time to cover every tsunami-related story in this short video, so give it a listen with your free 30-day trial by going to audible.com slash real-life lore.


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[Assistant] Audible has a near endless library of interesting things to listen to, so if you'd rather listen to something else for free with this, then that's completely fine too.


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[Assistant] Thanks to Audible for supporting the channel, and if you'd like to watch another video about natural disasters, you can go check out this video by Second Thought here on YouTube. You can subscribe to my channel by clicking here, and you can visit my Patreon by clicking here. Thanks so much for watching, and we'll see you next time.


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[Assistant] We have known for many, many decades that collisions are an incredibly important part of solar system evolution. You look at the moon and you see craters. So you know that collisions are important. Even on the earth, we've known for decades that collisions have played a big role.


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[Assistant] But we never have had an opportunity to see a collision.


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[Assistant] We didn't know what was going to happen when Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter. And it was really possible that nothing would happen at all.


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[Assistant] The planet had rotated enough that the impact site was visible on the disk. And it was huge.


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[Assistant] We calculated the heights of these explosive plumes out of Jupiter.


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[Assistant] To rising something like 3,000 kilometers out of Jupiter's atmospheres. It's huge. It's planetary wide scale. What there was left was clouds that had been seriously disturbed over thousands and thousands of miles, seriously disturbed up to temperatures of tens of thousands of degrees. So if an object like SL9 had hit the earth, it would have been a bad day.


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[Assistant] It'll be a poignant moment for those of us who have used Hubble. It's just been such a fabulous part of our lives and allowed us to do so much wonderful work. But I think at the same time we're looking forward.


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[Assistant] Are you serious? We've been friends for years. We can't just change that overnight.


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[Assistant] In order to follow the project in the next section and also the other projects in this course, it's going to be very helpful to be familiar with the basics of HTML and CSS.


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[Assistant] And so that's what this section is all about. It's a very simple crash course in HTML and CSS just to get you started with these technologies.


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[Assistant] Now, if you already know HTML and CSS, then please just skip this section. But if not, then let's now move on.


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[Assistant] The dish I'm making is a carrot surprise. The dish comes out just looking like a plain old plate of grated carrots. As you eat into it, you get to what's underneath and you go, oh wow, this is more than just carrots.


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[Assistant] He had a lunch with me and he was in financial trouble.


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[Assistant] Told us he was gonna have to fold the company, and we've proved to be here come Santa Claus. And he was forever grateful.


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[Assistant] Because it bailed him out of a hole that he possibly would lose everything he had.


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[Assistant] Really, he's been a mentor and someone, uh, and not just in business, in life. He actually probably saved my life.


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[Assistant] From one of the most, would have been one of the biggest mistakes I ever made. I was thinking about doing something different in my marriage, like, ending it basically. And I called Clarence and he's like, what's going on? I said, hey man, you know, I don't think I'm, I think I'm gonna get a divorce. And he says, a what?


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[Assistant] That says divorce and, and you know, when you're talking to another guy, you think that he's, that's guy talk.


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[Assistant] I know what you're going through, distance and lists, you'll be alright. That's what I was expecting. What I got was, God damn it! God damn it, John! What is wrong with you? You're different!


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[Assistant] You're not supposed to be like those other guys. And I mean, he cussed me up one side and down the other. And he said, get your shit together. And, and he started crying on the phone and he's like, I'm hanging up. And he hung up and.


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[Assistant] It blew me away, because that was the total opposite, uhm, reaction that I expected. And he made me think.


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[Assistant] And about a week later, we were at breakfast and he was like, so how's it going, kid? And uhm, I'm telling him, I was like, you know, it just feels like it's all falling apart. And it just flowed out of me. And uhm, he grabbed my hand and said, you're gonna be alright, kid. Just, just take a step back. And you deal with one thing at a time.


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[Assistant] Saved my marriage, saved my life, and humbled me very quickly. Uhm, my wife got pregnant, and then it was a bigger surprise that we were having twins.


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[Assistant] What was from a, uh, he wasn't even a senator yet, was for Barack Obama.


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[Assistant] I was then a young lawyer fresh out of law school working at CBS records in the law department.


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[Assistant] Universal Pictures released a film called E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial.


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[Assistant] Universal decided that they would put out a storybook box set album to be produced by Quincy Jones, executive produced by Steven Spielberg, narrated by Michael Jackson.


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[Assistant] The only problem was Michael Jackson wasn't signed to Universal. Michael Jackson was signed to CBS.


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[Assistant] He sued Universal, got a temporary restraining order to stop the album.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and all of us end up in a big conference room.


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[Assistant] All of us would go to him from time to time to ask about how to get someone that we wanted, how to make sure we didn't lose someone that we wanted to keep. Because you see,


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[Assistant] We give all the thanks to Allah and Jimmy and Terry, which came in the nick of time.


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[Assistant] They have to pretty much explode out of the pan in the oven. They've gotta rise, they've gotta be beautiful and golden. Worst case scenario is a soggy, sunken Yorkshire pudding.


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[Assistant] How did you go? How about you? Oh, it's beautiful. Oh wow.


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[Assistant] Today, I've been inspired by Japanese cold noodle soup. It's a beautiful fish, so I didn't want to do too much to it.


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[Assistant] This episode was filmed on April 2nd, 2021. For our most up-to-date coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic, be sure to check out the playlist linked in the description.


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[Assistant] Even though scientists have learned a whole lot about COVID-19, this pandemic has also highlighted the fact that there's a lot we don't know about our immune systems. Like, one thing that's really throwing researchers for a loop is that a fair number of people who catch the SARS-CoV-2 virus just


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[Assistant] It could be milder signs like a duller sense of taste or smell, all the way to life-threatening breathing difficulties or heart problems.


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[Assistant] Doesn't matter where a person falls on that spectrum, even mild symptoms make a case count as a symptomatic infection. It's also important to note that having an asymptomatic case of COVID-19


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[Assistant] Clearly lessens the odds of requiring emergency medical care off the bat. And one thing that stands out right away is that some groups of people tend to be less prone to severe cases.


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[Assistant] Like, kids. As a group, people under the age of 18 and between the ages of 2 and 13 in particular seem to be less likely to contract COVID-19 and less likely to experience symptoms.


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[Assistant] If they do. And this might be because once a child's immune system is established,


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[Assistant] Kids seem to have some advantages that help them clear it more quickly and efficiently, often before they feel symptoms. The thing is, we're not really sure yet what those advantages are.


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[Assistant] There hasn't been enough research on how immune systems change with age to pinpoint exactly what might be at play. Though, we might know a lot more in the coming years, as lots of researchers have been inspired by COVID-19 to look more closely at this. That said, one thing that does seem to change with age, which is very relevant to this virus in particular,


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[Assistant] is the distribution of ACE2 receptors. Those are the proteins that the SARS-CoV-2 virus uses to unlock and infect our cells. They can be found in tissues throughout the body. But their presence in the nasopharynx is especially important.


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[Assistant] Now, other studies, which as of yet have not been peer-reviewed, have suggested that ACE2 in the nasal cavities drops again beyond the age of 60. So if those findings hold, this wouldn't explain why that group tends to show more severe symptoms.


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[Assistant] But even in older people, the expression of ACE2 is highly dependent on environmental factors. For instance,


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[Assistant] May influence their likelihood of having an asymptomatic infection. And it's not just about ACE2. Studies suggest the virus needs the help of another cell surface protein called Temporis II to infect cells. And kids also have fewer of those proteins in their nasal passages. This actually leads really well into some of the ideas researchers have for why some adults never show symptoms.


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[Assistant] Potentially to levels more like the amount seen in kids. So they may stay asymptomatic simply because the virus can't get a good foothold in them. And when it comes to the nose and throat,


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[Assistant] There are a lot of things that can affect whether a virus establishes itself. Like, the authors of a November 2020 paper in Frontiers in Immunology hypothesized that some people do a better job of creating a defensive coating of mucus in their nasopharynx. Mucus might act as a physical barrier between viruses and cells,


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[Assistant] So the viruses don't get a chance to latch onto the cells in the first place. It also seems likely that a person's frontline immune defenses, or innate immunity,


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[Assistant] Plays a big role in whether or not they end up developing symptoms. Studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is able to fly in under the radar of some people's innate immune systems. Essentially, the virus might be able to buy itself enough time to set up shop before the immune system catches on to its presence. Meanwhile, in asymptomatic people,


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[Assistant] Innate immune cells seem to be better at clearing out the virus quickly. Like, studies have found that a significant number of patients with life-threatening COVID-19 have problems with their interferons.


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[Assistant] Also, probably plays a role in whether or not an infected person shows symptoms. One way adaptive immunity might do this is by being primed to attack a virus because of previous exposure to other, similar viruses.


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[Assistant] May look enough like these other viruses that people who've had infections, especially recently,


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[Assistant] have a bit of preloaded adaptive response that helps them clear the virus out faster. And there's been some evidence to back this hypothesis. For instance, one small study found that COVID patients who had recently had a cold-causing coronavirus infection


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[Assistant] So, clearly we have more to learn. Still, there are other ways the adaptive immune system could be suppressing a person's symptoms. Like, research also suggests that T cells stay cooler under pressure in asymptomatic individuals. While they send up a loud alert, they also send out


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[Assistant] So basically, they tell the immune system, there's a problem here, but don't freak out, okay?


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[Assistant] We got this. And that, too, could be a clue as to why some people don't show symptoms. See, a lot of the symptoms of a viral infection have less to do with the virus than the immune response to it. Just look at cold and flu viruses.


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[Assistant] Some people who catch them don't feel a thing, while others get knocked out for days. And that could have more to do with their immune systems than the strain they caught. For instance, in a 2016 study published in Clinical and Experimental Immunology,


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[Assistant] That's the term immunologists use to describe the degree of pushing back against a pathogen that the immune system does. People whose innate and adaptive immune systems go ham on a pathogen tend to end up with more severe symptoms.


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[Assistant] Balance seems to be key. As we talked about earlier, not having an effective immune response can let a pathogen get a foothold and make it harder to oust later on. And having an immune system that's well-primed for attack, like from a previous infection, can help you clear out an invader quickly and quietly. But too strongly resisting a pathogen


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[Assistant] And this goes back to those cool under-pressure T-cells. It may be that many parts of the immune system of people with asymptomatic COVID-19


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[Assistant] We don't have a lot of specifics as to what that looks like on the cellular level. Immune systems are really complex.


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[Assistant] One thing is clear. There isn't just one answer as to why some people don't get visibly sick. It might even seem like we're turning up more questions than answers.


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[Assistant] But that isn't a bad thing. This mystery about asymptomatic COVID-19 has spurred a ton of research into the inner workings of our immune system.


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[Assistant] As with all kinds of science, figuring out the right questions to ask is the first step


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow! If you have any follow-up questions about immunity or COVID-19, or just random questions about science, feel free to ask them in the comments. We love hearing what you want to know more about.


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[Assistant] All of that is just a facade. In the middle of all that, M. Effin is an extraordinary, elegant man.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil. And I'm Rob. Now, Rob, can you complete this saying? Love and marriage go together like…


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[Assistant] Indeed, and according to recent statistics, marriage in the UK is getting rarer too.


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[Assistant] Not as rare as seeing a horse and carriage, but the numbers are falling. Before we look at this topic in a bit more detail, a little quiz for our listeners.


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[Assistant] I have no idea but I'm going to have a guess and I'm going to say a 239,000.


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[Assistant] So why might this be? Are we falling out of love with marriage? Let's hear from a couple of people with different views. First, here's Tom from BBC Learning English. What doesn't he like about the idea or concept of getting married?


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[Assistant] But that's not true for everyone. Here's Dan, also from BBC Learning English. What's his view of marriage?


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[Assistant] And he also sees it as a way to say to everyone that you have a strong relationship. You are with the one person you love.


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[Assistant] Well, there could be lots of reasons. In some countries, the way society is changing means that there is less pressure to get married or stay married. As a result, there are more divorces. So perhaps children of divorced parents are less likely to get married themselves.


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[Assistant] Right, well, before we go, let's recap the vocabulary we highlighted today. The first word was trend.


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[Assistant] Ah, that's very nice of you. You're very kind. The next two words were an archaic concept. Archaic is an adjective for something dated or old-fashioned. A bit like your fashion sense.


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[Assistant] We use this phrase to talk about someone who's scared of the idea of a long-term relationship because they see it as giving up some freedoms.


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[Assistant] You're obviously a compliment-phobe. You're afraid of saying nice things about someone, so you always have to say something nasty as well, eh? I said I was sorry. And finally, we had the adjective stabilising. Something that is stable is strong,


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[Assistant] And something that makes something strong can be described as stabilising. Dan expressed his belief that marriage had a stabilising effect on society.


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[Assistant] Well, that's it for this programme. For more, find us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and our YouTube pages and of course our website bbclearningenglish.com where you can find all kinds of other activities and videos and quizzes and things to help you improve your English. Thanks for joining us and goodbye. Bye bye.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, sir. Airline policy only allows two pieces of checked luggage. At 20 kilograms each, plus one piece of carry-on luggage. I will have to charge you extra for the additional suitcase. What? Why?


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[Assistant] I'm sorry sir, there's nothing I can do. You cannot board the flight with that large bag either. Carry-on bags must fit in the overhead compartment or under your seat. That bag is clearly too big.


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[Assistant] Next please. Hello sir. May I see your passport please?


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, sir. Airline policy allows only two pieces of checked luggage, at 20 kilograms each, plus one piece of carry-on luggage. I will have to charge you extra for the additional suitcase.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, sir. There's nothing I can do. You cannot board the flight with that large bag either. Carry-on bags must fit in the overhead compartment or under your seat. That bag is clearly too big.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, sir. Airline policy only allows two pieces of checked luggage at 20 kilograms each plus one piece of carry-on luggage. I will have to charge you extra for the additional suitcase. What? Why?


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[Assistant] I'm sorry sir, there's nothing I can do. You cannot board the flight with that large bag either. Carry-on bags must fit in the overhead compartment or under your seat. That bag is clearly too big.


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[Assistant] So the experiment we're going to do today is actually quite fun. One, two, three.


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[Assistant] Hello English learners, welcome back to EnglishPod, my name is Marco. And I'm Erica. And today we are going to be teaching you a very important technique, especially for the guys if you want to have good luck with the ladies, right? Oh Marco.


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[Assistant] Alright, on vocabulary preview today, we have two small words, so the first one is bar exam.


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[Assistant] Right, so it's that final exam in order to finally become a lawyer.


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[Assistant] Okay, so something can be obnoxious. Or someone. Or someone. Okay, very good. So now we have these two words that we're going to listen to in the dialogue. And now let's listen to two people as they flatter each other in our dialogue.


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[Assistant] I think it's very common. It's very hard to argue against this because I think everyone does it or at least you've heard maybe your mother or somebody talk to her friends like this, right?


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[Assistant] Alright, no I'm not, but we can take a look at some of this great language, very rich language that we found in this dialogue, Influency Builder.


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[Assistant] Right, so let's get started. In the very first part of the dialogue, we heard Valerie say, I love what you've done with your hair.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, if somebody says this, basically they're saying,


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[Assistant] Okay, or I can say, I love what you've done with your garden. It looks so beautiful.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now she is saying that she hasn't gotten any older.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this is a very common way of telling somebody you look great. That's right.


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[Assistant] Alright, very good. So now why don't we combine the two phrases that we've just heard. I love what you've done with and he is such a, and let's listen to some examples.


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[Assistant] Right, he's, she says he gets his looks from his mother of course.


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[Assistant] Okay, so when she says he gets his looks from, she's saying his appearance.


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[Assistant] Right, his good looks. Okay, so now we can change the noun, and I can say, he gets his intelligence from his father.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now typically you would say his mother, his father, or maybe one of the grandparents, right?


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[Assistant] Right, but it kind of gives you that idea that she regrets not talking to her for such a long time.


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[Assistant] Right, by the way, I heard your son recently graduated.


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[Assistant] Exactly. And now when she says, I heard your son recently graduated.


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[Assistant] Right? Or also, you are demonstrating interest about a certain topic or a news event that you would like to know about.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this is a very common way of talking to someone or getting some more information from a person. So let's listen to some more examples of by the way.


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[Assistant] Right, so, it's like, well, it's been great talking to you, but I have to get going.


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[Assistant] Exactly. Now, she says, I have to get going. What does it mean, get going? That doesn't make much sense.


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[Assistant] Okay, so if you have any other questions or comments or if you want to share some other phrases that you use to flatter people, come to our website at EnglishPod.com and leave them in our comments section.


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[Assistant] Yes, my little Paul is finally a doctor. They grow up so fast, you know.


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[Assistant] I hope my Paul is lucky enough to find a girl like that someday.


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[Assistant] I cannot stand that woman or her obnoxious daughter.


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[Assistant] Thanks. I went to that hair salon you told me about, but enough about me. Look at you! God, you haven't aged a day! What is your secret?


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[Assistant] Yes, my little Paul is finally a doctor. They grow up so fast, you know.


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[Assistant] What about your daughter Pamela? I heard she passed the bar exam and married recently.


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[Assistant] I cannot stand that woman or her obnoxious daughter.


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[Assistant] What about your daughter Pamela? I heard she passed the bar exam and married recently.


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[Assistant] I hope my Paul is lucky enough to find a girl like that someday.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to Crash Course Literature, the best of all possible Crash Courses. Today we're discussing the best of all possible novels here on the best of all possible sets.


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[Assistant] I am the best of all possible John Greens, which is saying something because there are a lot of us. Today we're discussing Candide or Optimism, a work of fiction by the Enlightenment philosopher Francois-Marie Arouette, who went by the name Voltaire, because, you know, wouldn't you if you could pull off the one-name thing? I'm feeling incredibly optimistic about today's video, so let's get started.


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[Assistant] So Voltaire was born in Paris in 1694. His dad wanted him to be a lawyer. Voltaire wanted to be a writer. And not for the last time, Voltaire won the argument. Voltaire wrote a lot, like hundreds and hundreds of books and pamphlets. And okay, pamphlets are very short books, but even so, he wrote essays and poems and dramas, much of it very satirical. He had a hilarious verse, for instance, accusing the king's regent of incest with his own daughter, which landed Voltaire in the Bastille prison for nearly a year.


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[Assistant] Voltaire was big on two beliefs, empiricism and religious tolerance. Empiricism is the argument that knowledge of the world is discovered through experience and evidence as opposed to philosophical speculation. And religious tolerance is self-explanatory, although it was not self-explanatory in 18th century France. Voltaire himself subscribed to the religion of deism, the belief that God is kind of a clockmaker who set the world in motion and then stood back to watch it tick.


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[Assistant] written in 1759 and published anonymously because, you know, Voltaire didn't want to go back to the Bastille.


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[Assistant] And also his tutor, Dr. Pangloss, who insists that Candide is enjoying the best of all possible worlds. When Cunegon catches her chambermaid scoodily pooping with Pangloss, she decides to kiss Candide, and that gets Candide kicked off the estate, forced into military service, beaten, and nearly killed.


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[Assistant] Until Candide and Cunegonde realize that maybe the best thing to do is just farm the land they have. Candide says we must go and work in the garden, and then the weeding begins. Thanks, Thought Bubble.


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[Assistant] Although at the same time, it's kind of an anti-Picaresque novel because


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[Assistant] As you may have noticed, Candide is not terribly wily and it ends not with an ongoing adventure,


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[Assistant] A big part of Voltaire's satire involves adopting all these different forms that he's trying to mock and then turning them inside out. To that point, Candide is also an enlightenment novel that's deeply critical of a lot of enlightenment philosophy. It's a parody of the classic romance, boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl back.


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[Assistant] But now she's been disemboweled. Also, they probably don't live happily ever after. So how seriously should we take this book? Is it just a series of potty humor parodies or is it a real intellectual inquiry?


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[Assistant] I would argue it's both, just like the Captain Underpants movie. I mean, the book is definitely funny and extremely rude. When it was first published, it was banned in a bunch of countries because of the way it mocks politics and religion. Even people who didn't want it banned thought that its humor was too dark. And that's certainly one justifiable way to read the book, but I think there's more going on here than just jokes about disembowelments.


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[Assistant] Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to disembowelment. Oh, but first let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, look at that.


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[Assistant] Hanged or beheaded. Because you could get burned alive or disemboweled or both, by comparison, the guillotine seemed humane. In fact, it was designed to be humane. In short, disembowelment, when it comes to you, I'm with Voltaire. I just don't think you have any role to play in the best of all possible worlds.


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[Assistant] How do we understand evil in the world and what are we gonna do about it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Difficult questions, and also among the oldest and most important for religion and for literature. And even though Voltaire was very smart and deeply opinionated, he doesn't pretend to have an answer, but he does want to negate what he sees as bad answers. Candide is a direct response to Gottfried Wilhelm Liebniz's philosophical optimism, a strand of philosophy arguing that since God is good, everything must be for the best in this