[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that's it for today. Now go and practice and please feel free to review today's session again if you like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you for watching. I'm Paul Gruber for the Pronunciation Workshop and I'll see you at our next session. Goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, welcome back. Again, my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshop's sixth training session.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this session we will cover word endings. Often people who speak English as a second language drop the endings or final sounds off of their words or they do not pronounce these final sounds correctly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If this is done consistently in conversation, chances are you will not be understood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've noticed that the majority of my clients clip off the endings of words without even realizing that they are doing this. What I mean by clip off is when saying words, a common mistake that foreign speakers make is that they drop off the last sound in a word, especially those words that end in a B, P, D, or a T.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, in the word job, you may be saying job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Without a B sound. Or the B is so weak, you don't even hear it. I have a good job. You see that? You did not hear the B sound. For cap. You may be saying cap. I am wearing a cap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you don't hear the P sound for bed. You may be saying bet. I sleep in a bed and there's no D.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the word plate, you may be saying plate. I eat on a plate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you don't hear the T sound. The problem is your listener is not hearing that last consonant sound. And if the person you're speaking with does not hear what the last sound is in your words, they'll constantly be guessing as to what you're trying to say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Therefore don't drop off the endings. Make sure that the final sounds come through clearly and fully. Do not shorten them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's practice these following sentences and be aware not to drop the endings off. We're going to start with words ending with P. I hope the group will sleep on the ship


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The soda pop spilled out of the cup, over the map, and onto her lap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was the egg drop soup cheap?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. Now, another mistake that foreign speakers make is unvoicing a sound when it should be voiced. For example, job ends in a B which is a voiced sound. Job. It's not job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With an unvoiced P. Keep the voicing going throughout the whole word. Job. With a voiced B ending. Same thing with robe. Also has a voiced B ending. It's not rope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With an unvoiced P, it's robe. Okay? Let's go over these sentences ending with B's.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We cleaned the cobweb from the doorknob near the bathtub.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rob broke his golf club when he slipped on the ice cube.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The crab was under the cement slab at the yacht club.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The ticket stub was found in the taxi cab.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now T endings. Make sure that T's come through clearly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kate left her cat on the mat as she flew a kite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sailboat came into the port to join the fleet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What bait will make the fish bite?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A cricket or a piece of meat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. Now also remember to add voicing towards with D endings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bed has a voiced D ending. It's not bet with an unvoiced T. It's bed with a voiced D. Road also has a voiced D ending. Road. It's not wrote unvoiced. It's road. The whole word is voiced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's go over these sentences ending with voiced D's.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fred will decide which sled should be painted red.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] David tried to send a refund back to England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He could not hide his report card behind the chalkboard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. Okay, now let's talk about ED endings. Many verbs that are in the past tense end with ED.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, clean. Today I clean. Yesterday I cleaned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now ED endings have similar rules as the S and Z endings that we discussed in the second session.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's the first rule, and probably you already do this correctly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If a word ends in an unvoiced consonant, all we do is add an unvoiced T.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's look at the word jump. For example, the final sound in jump.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is a P, which is unvoiced. So when you put it in the past tense, all you do is add a T. So jump becomes jumped with a T sound at the end. Jumped.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course the word is spelled with an E-D ending, it's just pronounced as a T. Jump. Like that. The word walk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which has an unvoiced K sound at the end. Walk becomes walked. Yesterday I walked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for example, the word rub ends with a voiced B. Rub. Today I rub, yesterday I rubbed. All I did was add a voiced D sound at the end. Rubbed. It's not rubbed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With an unvoiced T, it's rubbed like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's another example. Clean ends with a voiced N. So today I clean. Yesterday I cleaned. I cleaned the kitchen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pour becomes poured. I poured the milk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Scrub becomes scrubbed. I scrubbed the floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tag becomes tagged. I tagged the clothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Spill ends with a voiced L sound. Spill. So it becomes spilled. I spilled the juice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trim becomes trimmed. I trimmed the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Move has that voiced V sound. Move. So it becomes moved. I moved to California.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Buzz becomes buzzed. The clock buzzed all night. Okay, so that's the second rule. Here is the third rule.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If a word ends in a T or a D sound,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We add the ending id, which is a vowel followed by a D, which is voiced id. So for example, the word lift.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lift ends with an unvoiced T. Lift. So today I lift the ball. Yesterday I lifted the ball. Lift becomes lifted. And remember in the third session we talked about when a T falls between two vowels, turns into a D, like in the word water, water becomes water. Remember that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, the same thing happens here when the T comes between two vowels. So look at this next word, heat. The verb to heat becomes heated. I heated up my dinner. Vote becomes voted. He voted this morning. Hand becomes handed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He handed me his report. Trade becomes traded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She added some information.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now let's go over these exercises with ED endings. You'll notice that I put a line under all the endings that are voiced to help you remember to add voicing. Here we go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bob raked the leaves and then started to wash his car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He then loaded up the dishwasher


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finished washing his dishes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Susan spilled her drink on the spotted rug.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She cleaned it up with a napkin, which wasted a lot of time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He thanked me and offered me money if I picked up the used equipment. Very good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now let's talk about words that end in NG.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people who speak English as a second language have gotten into the bad habit of adding a K release sound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like that after an NG ending. For example, in the word ring, it becomes ring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The word walking becomes walking. The word talking becomes talking like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is not right. The problem is, there's just this little kkkk sound at the end of the ing sound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't do this. It is not right and it does not sound good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's talk about the NG sound. There are three nasal sounds in English. Nasal sounds are sounds which come out of your nose. Those three nasal sounds are M, mmm, N.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me show you something. Try to say the M sound while closing off your nose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see, you cannot do it because the M sound comes out of your nose. It's a nasal sound. Same thing with the NG sound. Ing comes out of your nose. It's a combination of an N and a G and it is found at the ends of words like ring and sing. And I want you to realize that there is not a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's practice these sentences with NG endings. Here we go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a feeling that she is working too much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She has been wearing a hearing aid so that she could sing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is it for today's session. I hope that you've been enjoying this program so far and are beginning to notice some improvements in the way you are speaking English. I'll bet you are sounding much better already.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have fun practicing those ending sounds and I'll see you at the next session. I'm Paul Gruber with the Pronunciation Workshop. Goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got the fried chicken dinner, which means I'm cooking against Samira. Yeah, I've had a TV dinner before. Last time I had one was when I had a breakup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I'm gonna do is cook the chicken on the crown and roast it. I'm gonna make a salsa with some chorizo, capsicum, and then make like a parsley oil as well and a chicken shoe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanna get onto the sauce straight away. The dish will have a really intense, robust chicken sauce. So I take the backbone out of the chicken with the wings and I cut them down to small cubes and put them in a pan with some shallots and carrots and start to brown them all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got the fried chicken dinner and this TV dinner is basically meat and tree veg and I grew up on like meat and tree veg so I suppose I can do this. I'm gonna roast the chicken on the crown and serve the chicken breast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've put a mixture of butter tarragon and parsley under the skin and as that's roasting that will start to cook and make the skin really crispy and the meat really tender.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, yes, yes. The starch in the corn thickens up the corn juice and it'll turn into custard as soon as it's heated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've taken the chicken out of the oven and there's all these really nice juices at the bottom of the tray and I don't want to waste that so I deglaze the tray with some wine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The chicken's been resting. It's so important my chicken's cooked nice and tender. And I cut into it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really happy with this dish. There's quite a bit of technique in there. I just hope that the chicken's cooked perfectly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it's quite a reduced chicken stuff. Ooh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, and welcome back. Again, my name is Paul Gruber, and this is the Pronunciation Workshop's 13th training session. In this session, we will cover phrase reductions and intonation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, what do I mean by phrase reductions? Well, in conversational English, words are often broken down or not fully pronunciated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two and three words are sometimes squeezed together to create easy to say phrases. I'll show you what I mean. Look at this phrase. Going to try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we reduce the phrase, it becomes gonna try. All we do is combine the words. I'm gonna try to finish this book. Repeat it with me. Gonna try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Want to eat becomes wanna eat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you wanna eat at 7 o'clock? Repeat with me. Wanna eat?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have to start becomes have to start. I really have to start studying for that test. Repeat. Have to start.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has to try becomes


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has to try. He has to try harder. Repeat. Has to try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Becomes, gotta leave. I really gotta leave in 15 minutes. Repeat, gotta leave.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ought to believe becomes...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oughta believe. She really oughta believe what he is saying. Repeat, oughta believe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Out of bed becomes out of bed. I got out of bed when I heard the alarm clock. Repeat. Out of bed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did you go? becomes Did you go? Did you go to the store? Repeat. Did you go? Would he help you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would he help me move the furniture? Repeat, would he help?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Won't you play becomes woncha play. And don't forget about that correct O sound in the word won't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Won't you play one more song on the piano? Repeat, won't you play? Didn't you know becomes


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Didn't you know? Didn't you know that she was coming home tomorrow? Repeat. Didn't you know? Is he becomes is he? Is he the one that called? Repeat. Is he?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do you want becomes what do you want? Repeat. What do you want? Give it to me becomes give it to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give it to me right now. Repeat. Give it to me. Very good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll find the better you get at speaking English, the more you will be using these phrase reductions. The key is to still be easily understood. You'll find that almost all of the rules that I have taught you, especially the ones having to do with voicing remain the same. In the last example,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give it to me. The only big change comes from the T's being pronounced as D's. And this happens because the T's fall between two vowel sounds. If you remember in American pronunciation, when T's fall between two vowels, they become voiced and are pronounced as D's.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now even though you may at times speak quickly and use these reduced phrases in your conversations, you will still be easily understood as long as you continue to use the pronunciation rules that I've been showing you throughout this program. Okay, now we are going to talk about intonation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] English is a very musical language. As we speak, our words and phrases go all the way up and then they come all the way down. Much like music does. Now as you can see, I'm trying to give you a good example of intonation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This keeps our speech interesting and it helps to get our message across. Now, listen to this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many foreign born speakers of English use a flat intonation pattern or a monotone. This can create uninteresting and misunderstood speech. Everything is very flat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I hope you can see from that example what I'm talking about. Monotone speech can be very boring and difficult to listen to. Use correct intonation to make people want to listen to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's generally easy to guess what country a speaker is from just by their accent. Each language has its own characteristic rhythm and melody. Some languages use a wide range of tones and changes in pitch, with the melody going up and coming down, and other languages sound very flat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These characteristics of a language are called intonation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even though they distinguish one language from another, they are rarely taught.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now in American English, words that carry the highest informational value in a sentence are given more emphasis with increased loudness, a higher pitch, and sometimes a longer duration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Listen to my intonation and notice how I slowly step up and then I work my way down again.