[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this was a very common philosophical understanding at the time, even though, you know, it seems a little bit ludicrous to us. I mean, the great thing about philosophical optimism is that it solved the problem of what scholars of religious traditions call theodicy, the problem of evil in a world that is ostensibly overseen by an all-powerful and all-knowing God. Pangloss's teachings are straight-up leibniz. Pangloss's name, by the way, literally means all-knowing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This optimistic determinism was a big problem for Voltaire, so he made it a big problem for Candide. Quick pause for a bit of history. So in 1755, there was an enormous earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal, followed by a tsunami, followed by a fire, and the disasters killed an estimated 60,000 people, nearly a third of the city. Voltaire, of course, used this in Candide. He also wrote about it in a poem called


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you think this universe would be worse without the pit that swallowed Lisbon? And in the novel, Candide experiences similar disillusionment, part of it in Lisbon. But good old Pangloss, half-dead from syphilis, is still arguing that his syphilis is part of this best of all possible worlds. Christopher Columbus, after all, brought syphilis, a New World disease, back to Europe, and Pangloss argues


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That if Columbus hadn't gone to the New World and caught this disease, which poisons the source of generations,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We wouldn't have chocolate, a new world food. Now I like chocolate, I also like lots of other new world foods like tomatoes and corn and peppers and so on.


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[Assistant] But I don't think any of that justifies the horrible parts of the Colombian exchange, and syphilis is just


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[Assistant] Voltaire proves this point, that we don't seem to be living in the best of all possible worlds.


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[Assistant] Over and over in the novel, arguably too often. He probably makes it most explicit when one of the novel's few really good characters, James, drowns, saving a terrible person. And yet, I don't think Voltaire is arguing for mere pessimism. Like, the old woman, a companion of Cunegon's, tells a really harrowing life story, which climaxes with one of her buttocks being cut off. Because of course it does. But she ends it


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[Assistant] The novel acknowledges and embraces that humans love life. And it also acknowledges that there is plenty to love about life, like candied fruit and pistachio nuts. Just don't get carried away thinking that you're in a full-on benevolent universe or anything. Tangentially related, Voltaire did not believe, like the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau did, that the real source of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the final jab at the best of all possible worlds thing comes late in the novel when Voltaire takes us to El Dorado, the famed city of gold, where the streets are lined with jewels, no one is hungry, no one is poor, no one is oppressed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The king is nice to everyone, the enlightened citizens just love philosophy and science. And guess what?


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[Assistant] It's extremely boring. Candide cannot wait to leave. This novel is so dystopian that even the utopia sucks. At the end of the book, Candide is miraculously reunited with all of his friends, and together they buy a little farm, but again, they're very bored. They go visit a famous wise man in the hopes that he can explain the meaning of life to them, but he slams the door in their faces, and then, on the way back, they meet a farmer who seems happy enough, and his daughters make everyone sherbet drinks, and then, drinking their sherbet, Candide realizes


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then comes the famous last line, we should go and work in our garden. Or possibly, depending on your translation, let us go and cultivate our garden. It's the our garden that's the important part. Like, we should stop worrying about everyone else's garden. And I guess that seems sensible enough. A lot of people would probably feel better if instead of worrying themselves sick about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The problem of evil in their lives and other people's lives. They just, like, grew some tomatoes and worked on embroidery. But as a conclusion to this particular novel, it does seem weirdly conservative. I mean, the ending is a return to a garden. What's more biblical than that? And there's also the selfishness of the choice. Our choice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, there's this huge earthquake in the novel, but most of the suffering is inflicted not by a higher power, but by humans upon one another. These humans rape and kill and disembowel each other, and growing tomatoes may be a way of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm personally opting out of those social problems, but I'm not convinced it does much to fix them. I guess Voltaire thinks those problems are unfixable and that people will be evil no matter what, but should we succumb to that pessimism or should we try to work to change and improve this not yet best of all possible worlds? Is it enough to tend your own garden or do we have a responsibility to help our neighbors tend their gardens as well?


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[Assistant] I don't know, but I do think we should at least share our vegetables. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next time.


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[Assistant] Crash Course is filmed here in the Chad and Stacey Emigholz Studio in Indianapolis and it's made possible by your support at Patreon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Patreon's a voluntary subscription service where you can support Crash Course directly through a monthly donation to help us keep it free for everyone, forever. You can also get great perks. Thank you to all of our patrons and to all of you for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.


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[Assistant] Your girl says who? Says me, pipsqueak.


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[Assistant] Your girl says who? Says me, Piff Squeak.


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[Assistant] Like my ears. Yes we do. Yes it's true. Well secretly I like them too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't really experience emotions, you know, it's either or things, you know, it's not black or white.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's perfectly reasonable that we could genuinely commiserate with someone else's misfortune at the same time as a terrible sly smile spreading across our lips because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, something that we've envied about them has turned out to not work out so well or whatever it is. You know, we have a much deeper ability to hold contradictory emotions in mind, much more so than your average moral philosopher would allow.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna jack up that oven to 250 degrees and just hope that they work out in time. Yep.


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[Assistant] Aaron, who would have thought at the beginning of that challenge that you'd be able to put up that dessert? I certainly didn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, absolutely. You can see the obvious mistake spilled out.


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[Assistant] Gee, how fine is that temper work on the chocolate? Beautiful, isn't it? If I walked into a pastry shop to buy it, then the answer is yes, it looks great. Shall we? Shall we cut it open?


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[Assistant] Dennis, I think I know which one, uh, is gonna send their maker home. You guys? Oh yea, I've already made my mind up. I think so too. Great, let's get em in and tell em.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, what an amazing challenge. And you had the pleasure and the pain of recreating Dennis' passion for caramel tart.


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[Assistant] So you've got a little gift, haven't you? Yeah, I certainly have, and I love my vegetables, and I know your team does as well, so keep eating your vegetables, make sure they take centre plate, and have a great competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aha, of course not. I'm British. I never complain. Even when I get terrible service, it's just too embarrassing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just going to guess at the goats. Someone bought a load of goats and fewer were delivered than were bought. That sounds good, but it's just a guess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He says that public services, telecoms, transport and the service sector have most problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well some sectors, by their nature, are more complicated and more likely to cause problems for customers. Public services, for example, often don't have enough money or enough staff. Telecommunication systems, such as your internet connection, are very complicated and sometimes go wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And bad weather can affect transport and so on. So an inherent problem is a problem that is part of the nature of the thing itself.


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[Assistant] Actually, no. He says that phoning or writing a letter are still dominant. This means they are still the main, most used methods for making a complaint.


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[Assistant] When you escalate a complaint, you take it to a higher level. Putting your complaint on social media means that a lot more people are going to see it and it might encourage a company to deal with the complaint.


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[Assistant] Something that is inherent is a natural part of something. It's usually used to describe a problem or risk that is an unavoidable part of something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if a company doesn't deal with or try to fix a problem, the customer might take the complaint to the next level on social media, which would mean an escalation.


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[Assistant] That's right, an advanced lesson for all you physics lovers out there. And even for those of you who maybe don't love physics so much, there's still some great language here.


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[Assistant] That's right. So we've got some physics language, but we've also got some really tough words that I bet many of our users have never seen before, which we're going to look at those in this lesson.


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[Assistant] We've got, uh, four words we've heard in the dialogue that are all related to physics. So let's start with the first one, which is matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, like, let's paint a picture here. Imagine you've got a beach, and all the pieces of sand are particles of the beach.


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[Assistant] Now, the next one is a little bit difficult for me, I don't understand this. Antiparticles.


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[Assistant] Now we also heard them talk about the drift of matter.


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[Assistant] That's right, but we've also got some non-physics related language that we want to look at now in Language Takeaway Part 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I want to look at the phrase thus advancing notions.


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[Assistant] And so when you advance notions or advance ideas, uhm, you help them make progress. You help them go forward and become known.


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[Assistant] That's right. Now let's move on to our next word. So they were talking about people who go around touting theories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well basically, when you tout something, uhm, you talk about it in a positive way, uhm, so as to almost like sell that thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for example, we can say, uhm, the company is touting the many benefits of its product.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we heard, uhm, two related words in a dialogue. Uhm, they were talking about where's the rigor in these theories and rigorous testing.


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[Assistant] Rigor is the state of being very clear and careful and exact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and rigorous is just the adjective. Clear, careful, attention to detail and exact.


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[Assistant] Yep, so for example we could say, uhm, the job candidat-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We could say, when asked about his experience, the job candidate equivocated.


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[Assistant] Or even the presidential nominee did not equivocate when he explained his tax policy.


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[Assistant] That's right, so let's continue with our education by listening to the dialogue one last time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there's something that is uncontroversial that I did want to talk about now that we heard in the dialogue. There's a lot of really interesting sort of slang words here in the dialogue, isn't there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. But this is where we can use positively as well, can't we?


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's a pretty, uh, pretty neat phrase. And one, one more. Um, we heard them say, duh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, when we say this, we're just saying like, you should know this, stupid.


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[Assistant] That's right. Uhm, if you have any questions about the language in this dialogue or any thoughts on physics or the Big Bang Theory, come and check out our website at EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not really that excited. It's just too much hype about nothing really. The World Cup is a great event if you are into football, but I'm not, so can't be really bothered.


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[Assistant] Thank you, Dick. Today we are going to talk about the movie Lion King. Tell me, what is your impression of this film? Well...


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[Assistant] I think otherwise. Even though the animation was technically strong, and as you say, the score and songs performed by Elton John were great, the film lacks certain originality. It lacked heart. And I would dare to say, it was too predictable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It did have some very dramatic and intense scenes. For example, when Mufasa dies, or the dark grim portrayal of Scar. Even so, the film is linear. Mufasa dies, Simba runs away thinking it's his fault, falls in love and returns to retake what's rightfully his. It's just too cliché.


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[Assistant] Open your heart, Dave. Don't shut us out. Anyway, that's all for today, folks. Join us next time as we talk about how to lose a guy in 10 days. I'm sure you'll love that one, Dick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you, Dick. Today we are going to talk about the movie Lion King. Tell me, what is your impression of this film? Well...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think otherwise. Even though the animation was technically strong, and as you say, the score and songs performed by Elton John were great, the film lacks certain originality. It lacked heart. And I would dare to say, it was too predictable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It did have some very dramatic and intense scenes. For example, when Mufasa dies, or the dark grim portrayal of Scar. Even so, the film is linear. Mufasa dies, Simba runs away thinking it's his fault, falls in love and returns to retake what's rightfully his. It's just too cliché.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Open your heart, Dave. Don't shut us out. Anyway, that's all for today, folks. Join us next time as we talk about how to lose a guy in 10 days. I'm sure you'll love that one, Dick.


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[Assistant] I told him to be sure not to do anything stupid, but he did.


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[Assistant] They tend to have a longer what's called response latency, which is the time between the end of the question and the beginning of the answer.


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[Assistant] And there also tends to be an emotional distance in the lie. So the words me, my, I, all those things tend to drop away in lies. And it's much, much harder for lies to control what they're saying and how they're saying it. So focus your attention there. You become a better lie detector.


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[Assistant] Got me thinking how that all ended. Long time ago now.


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[Assistant] I ain't never been to a ball in my life. Nor have I, if I am being honest. I used to quite often.


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[Assistant] Hmm. I might have an idea. Let me think on it.


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[Assistant] Interesting times. I guess. So what's next? Dancing lessons?


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[Assistant] Deportment? More along the lines of armed robbery.


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[Assistant] Jose is handling reconnaissance on the bank. He and Abigail are gonna run some distractions. See how the law reacts. Good.


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[Assistant] Oh, and I spoke to Evelyn Miller. Fine man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here helping the Indian chief we saw. Yeaah, I'm at him too.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna go investigate this trolley thing ol' Bronte was talking about. Okay.


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[Assistant] Goodbye, gentlemen. I guess it's just you and me now, friend. Yes, it is. Time to see if you're really the man you seem to think you are. Likewise, Mr. Plath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why, I gotta watch. Look at you.


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[Assistant] An expensive one. Real fine. Swiss. A Reutlinger no less. It's in the safe upstairs. It's worth more than you.


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[Assistant] There he is. Now don't be a sore loser, friend. There's something I don't like about the pair of you.


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[Assistant] My lord, a few more like her, we could take over the whole world!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Except for Karen here. Ugh. Poor kid. Mr. Swanson?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would you take this boy and bury him someplace near, but not too near? Of course. Charles, help me with the body.


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[Assistant] We need to get moving away from here. So we should start looking for another camp. You ain't thinking big enough, Arthur. You ain't seeing the vastness of our problems and our opportunities. I'm not sure I get you. You will, son. You will. Meet me near the trolley station. We got work.


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[Assistant] Couple of days in this place you turned into some clock watching city boy. What's the urgency? We need to leave. Forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've been doing well, making money, but for us all to leave together, we need enough for a boat. Now I found a friendly ship captain. He's willing to take us to Australia or Tahiti. We just need to pay for passage and give him money for land when we get there. No questions asked. We will disappear.


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[Assistant] What do you think? This seems like a good time for sarcasm to you, Arthur. What are we gonna do, gentlemen? Something! Neutrality. Neutrality!


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[Assistant] That's not damn discretion. Seemed like a good lead. I know, but- Well, we made it. Thanks to you. Don't mention it. Yeaah, you're a good kid. And we each got fifteen dollars. Oh, and a quarter. Don't forget the quarter. Shut up, Arthur. He set us up. Played me like a yokel. Put the law on us.


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[Assistant] We just need money. One more decent take and we're gone. The bank is our bet. Jose agrees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you just gotta bash on the head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We take an insult and scurry off like cockroaches?


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[Assistant] We need that money. This is it. This is the last job that we are ever gonna pull before the year is out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can I call in that favor? What do you need? You know Angelo Bronte. Well, exactly. We need to make a social call.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's rob this bastard. Everyone get some rest. We ride out in the morning. Look smart. Travel light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What now? I don't know. I don't. This whole town is filled with cops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well how long we gonna stay here? A few hours? We go back to camp? They're gonna get every last one of us. I know they're gonna be watching the roads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I got it. A boat. What you mean?


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[Assistant] We stay here till nightfall, then we sneak on down to the docks, we get ourselves outta here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm guessing it's the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, follow me, and keep your heads down.


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[Assistant] This boat ain't going to Tahiti by any chance. I don't know. John. Lenny. Jose. That wasn't good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like a shifty no good killer on the run from the law. Ain't that the truth?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Excuse me, sir. Hey, who are you? Forgive me. A stowaway. Can I see the captain, please? I come in peace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's gonna take a little more gold, but I think we're gonna be okay. This captain, he is a fine fella. A New Englander from the Cape. The rest of the ship is Frenchmen. They're heading down to the islands, taking some Pennsylvania coal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, apparently we're gonna be able to slip ashore in northern Cuba in a couple of days. Not so. Apparently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are we gonna do in Cuba, Dutch? Hold up for a while, then hurry back, gather up the rest of our family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At least we got some money now. Money and loyalty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are on the island of Guam.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yeah, that's the local. It's a old sugar plantation island. Second island, east of Cuba. Is it anywhere near Australia or Tahiti? It's on the way, I guess. So, what next? I don't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, next I guess we're gonna get shot. Gentlemen, this is quite a welcome. Who are you? Señor, por favor, we are no one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the storm? Is that so? No, I'm in the habit of looking like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you help us get back our friend and get out of here, we will do everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll go scope the entrance to that cave, Orcster. I need to get some rest. Well, you're right. We all need to relax. What a mess. I am so sorry, boys. Get some sleep, Dutch. Micah, guard this spot. Bill, do some more scouting. Carefully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's been real hard, Dutch. We- We've been surviving, but only just. What we gonna do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey! Somebody's coming! Looks like it's Dutch. Hey everybody, Dutch is back!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're over here. Ms. O'Shea will show you the way. Mr. Morgan, we put you in a room over here. Thank you, Ms. Grimshaw. Mr. Bell, you're with the fellas over there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is not a task we take lightly. It is not a task we enjoy. But it is a task we must carry out if our civilization is to prosper. Gentlemen, are we ready?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] May God, in his infinite wisdom, have mercy upon your soul.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think people who say they're foodies, buy the books, watch TV and we'll cook a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My idea of a foodie is the very European idea that people go and shop every day. They understand one end of a pig from another. And maybe that's a bit romantic, but I look at my mother and I look at my grandmother and our background, you know, they made food, they knew about what was expensive, they knew about quality and stuff like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think we think we're foodies, but I think food is expensive in this country. I don't think it's affordable for lots of people. And I think we are in danger of not knowing, you know, how to cook anymore, how to make a meal for a family of four for five pounds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, can people hear me? Uh, thumbs up in the back if you can hear me well. Thumbs up? Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're gonna now, like, shift gears. So we're gonna talk about design, UI, UX, and Figma. So first we're gonna define what design UI, UX is, uhm, and then we're gonna go through some examples. And then we're gonna have, uhm, we're gonna explain what Figma is, and then we're gonna do a mini workshop, uhm, so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But before we get started, uhm, so, if you guys don't know, we're being sponsored by Moby, and Moby really helps us, uhm, really feed you guys every lecture, and like, really help us run. So, uhm, part...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, like our appreciation for them is like sharing what they do. So Moby builds technologies that expand the human ability to navigate the world. And Moby's core ability is to model decision-making through a planning platform to solve complex problems for the individual and at scale that the human brain cannot solve alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mobi's AI planning platform integrates robust data sets capable of fleet efficiency optimization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Business process automation as well as guiding travelers to the tastiest meal and off the beaten path experiences worldwide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While UI and UX are often paired together when talking about design, there is a distinction. So UI is like user interface, so you're talking about the visual display of your app. So this is like font, colors, layout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then UX is the user experience. So this is about like, is it intuitive to the user? Uhm, is it like a good experience for them in general? So like, is it solving the problem that they're going there for? Uhm, and this involves like user research and like, uh, demoing and like testing with users.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now, uh, we're gonna go over some examples of user interface. Uhm, but like I said again, it's like the visual component. So like as we go through the examples, think in mind, keep in mind like the fonts, what colors they're using and shapes and layout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is like a student example from like a couple years ago. So they wanted to make a website where like students can see what classes their friends are taking. So you see the first version is like a very rough draft and then they have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Version 1, version 2, version 3, so they are iterating a lot and like iterating is such an important, uhm, and powerful part of the design experience. And then eventually they have this very like clean and simple, modern looking website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can see that the colors are much more simplified uhm, and also the layout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are some, like, powerful things to keep in mind. Uhm, especially, like, if you try...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're like, keeping up with like, UI trends, then you'll have a website that looks much more approachable and cleaner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's like Airbnb's old website, uhm, and we can see like now there's like dark mode UI and then also like YouTube and Google and like Apple. We see like previously uhm, what was the trend was like these like hyper realistic like 3D uhm, like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, icons with like a lot of like reflection and like a lot of different colors, but now it's much more flat and simpler.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're not gonna go over this entirely, but like you can go to this link uhm later if you want to do like a step by step, but like essentially they show how like very simple changes can like give you such a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice, like much more approachable looking login button. Uhm, so like keep in mind things like alignment and like font, uhm, and shapes, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now we're gonna just like touch on like responsive design. So like when you open your web, like a web app on your laptop and then you open it on your phone, it's like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very different, right? It's like, uh, differently laid out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is called responsive design because we don't want the same layout for like all devices. So one thing you can do to like check is like if you go open a website on your phone and laptop, you can click this device toolbar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you can like change different dimensions to be like different, uhm, devices. So it could be like your laptop or a iPhone. And it's like pretty cool to like test out your website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, between these two ketchup bottles, what do you think provides a better user experience? Like, show with a towel of hands, like one or two?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, obviously like 2 takes in uhm, more account of like the use case, right? You don't wanna be like struggling with a ketchup bottle trying to get like the remains out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then there's these, like, two different, like, parking signs. So the one on, uh, the left is clearly, like, hard to, like, parse and understand. You have to, like, read it for, like, quite a bit. But now these new parking schedules are much more cleaner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, using like simple- symbols, concepts, and colors that are commonly understood across cultures are very useful. So, cute like-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's an exercise, like, would this sign be as intuitive if like the free parking times were red and the no parking times were green?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's another example of a good UX. It's very simple with just two choices. You can either download or open in your browser.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here is, like, Facebook's old website. So previously, like, creating an account was front and center. And so maybe back then, like, more people were creating accounts than just logging in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now it's much more simpler and logging in is like front and center when you go to the homepage. So now creating account is delegated to a button because like when you go on Facebook, now you just intend to log in. You're not wanting to create an account every time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is like what good UX looks like and some examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we're gonna go into wireframing. So what is wireframing? It's just like a very, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So essentially it's just a rough draft of what your web app will look like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So how do you make a wireframe? Uh, like we've seen in, like, the first example, you can just, like, draw it on a pen paper, or you can use Google Slides, uhm, but we're gonna be using Figma in this class. Additionally, there's prototyping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's just like a working replication of a product that has to be engineered. And oftentimes it goes through the cycle of getting customer feedback, um, and then refining your prototype and then testing again and getting more feedback. So this is like the iteration process of design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The main benefits is obviously you can have improved UI UX and like understand, uhm, what is required of your web app through prototyping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it will very much like, a good prototype will look like the real thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we're going to go into Figma, which we can use for both wireframing and prototyping. And we're going to have like a mini workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I know exactly who gave you your orders. Old Sheriff Grey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know what? I don't want it. In fact sir, now you can do me a favor. There's an extra ten bucks if you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You boys come back sometime and tell me how you made out. Maybe we'll play a little cribbage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, your friend, the other liquor vendor. Hello.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Apparently. So this one. He is big and as dumb as he looks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My sons gave him to Angelo Bronte. So my guess is Saint Denis. Either there...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to not look back like I said.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You Mr. Geddes? No, sir. I'm Mr. Dickens, his overseer. Jim Milton.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I don't know. Married hands. It's a lot of trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Get the hell outta here. No.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mind if I enjoy one of these apples? Put that down! Delicious. Oh!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When's uh, boss man gonna sell this place, boy? I don't think there's any plans for that. You boys wanna drink? It's some fine scotch whiskey. Put that down!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those boys are out of Laramie. Work for Mr. Abel. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does Mr. Getty's need with a boy? Just another mouth to feed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, makes me wonder just who would have robbed you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, we'll give you a chance. I'll let Mr. Gettys know when him and his wife return tomorrow. Thank you, Mr. Dickens. I'll go get my wife. Nah, no, you stay here. It's getting late. We'll go get her in Strawberry. We'll bring her here tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need you around, in case any more of them Laramie boys turns up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a little cabin out yonder past the ranch house. If things work out, y'all can stay there. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. Well get yourself settled. Well I've worked for you tomorrow when Mr. Geddes returns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You hear that, John Jim? Extra hard. Hey. Hey! Get over here. Mr. Dickens?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go find ol' Jim Milton here somethin' to do. Make sure he works extra hard. Sure, Mr. Dickens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, Milton. Can you give me a hand with this fence? Sure. Know much about fence building?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sounds awful, but I guess I don't believe a word of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See you later, Jim Milton. We'll make a rancher of you yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meldon! Meldon, ma'am.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mr. Gettys needs you to head over to Strawberry in the wagon and collect some mail for him at the post office. Sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, you're back! You did real well, Mr. Milton. This man can really fight. Saved the whole place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, she's out? I saw her leaving with the boy. And the bags. What's going on? You married Mr. Dickens? No.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What'd she do? Catch you with a showgirl? Or hear about you shootin' more fellas over by a strawberry? Just who are you, Jim Milton?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Probably. Keep yourself busy. Take your mind off it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I heard you had some trouble with your welcome, but you kept your nerve and protected my property. Nah, it was nothing, sir.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Boy has a family. Lucky man, then you better work extra hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go get your guns and head out. Guns? Oh don't play coy with me son, we need your help. I don't care what you used to do or what your, your, your name is. This is the land of second chances.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take my advice, Milton. Take your money and go buy passage on a boat. Go to Brazil and forget all about family. I'm just joking, son.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just make sure you deal with Ansel Atherton at the bank. He's a distant cousin. Use my name. Tell him to ask me direct himself. You'll get what you need. Thank you, sir. I was young and dumb once too. You'll get her back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That ain't my point. These ignorant fools are weapon dealers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in their dealings sometimes sit on a decent pile of cash. They have been selling weapons to Cuba and South America for years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, the old boy I was talking to reckoned there might be a bunch of cash just sitting around. And failing that? Maybe a nice stash of weapons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was my thinking. Said it was at someplace called Shady Bear, deep in the woods. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you go left, I go right. On three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not sure. Probably. A fella came by the farm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who are these two? Guns for hire. This skin is about we need him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The best myth around is that Norwegian fella up there. Yeah, so they say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You think they'll be back? Maybe, but I doubt it. We must have killed most of them. This is your land. Was it theirs once? I don't think so. I met a fella who said the Skinners were down about two years ago. They're just angry men on a rampage, and we got in their way. Sort of like we used to be? Yeah, exactly like we used to be. Maybe we should take up torture. We got Uncle Singin' instead of torture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna be safe here, John, hm? You, your family, you all be safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We saw that consumers know a lot of their online activity is tracked, but they don't always feel comfortable with their browser behavior data being shared and used for advertising. Some consumers will take action as a result of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a marketing analyst, it's good to know how consumers can take control of their own data and content as it helps you understand the limits of the data you will get to work with. Let's explore it in this video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, we'll look at tools that help consumers remain anonymous online.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next, we'll look at device settings that consumers can use to increase their personal data privacy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, we'll walk through some platform-specific privacy settings a user can manage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are a number of tools a consumer can use to limit the information they share about themselves online, or how that information can be used.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three of the most common and most readily available are ad blockers, cookie blockers, and VPNs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ad blockers do what the name implies. They block ads. Ad blockers are a piece of software designed to prevent advertisements from appearing on a webpage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most often these tools are plugins that you can install in your web browser.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They will then block ads from appearing on the sites a consumer is visiting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, two popular ad blockers are adblockplus and ublockorigin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are both plugins that can be added to the most commonly used web browsers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Consumers appreciate the ad-free browsing experience, but, as we covered in the previous video, a huge percentage of sites, content publishers and creators rely on ads to fund the work that they do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both of these tools allow the consumer to whitelist particular sites. Whitelisting allows ads to show on certain sites while still blocking ads on other sites.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some publishers and websites are very transparent about this process and they'll directly ask the user to turn off the ad blocker or whitelist their site so that they can earn ad revenue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another tool consumers can use to limit how much information they share are cookie blockers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Generally, cookie blockers operate in a similar way to ad blockers. They can be added as a plugin on a browser.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, what they do is somewhat different. Rather than blocking ads entirely, these tools will prevent storing data through cookies in your browser.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Without that data, it's hard for publishers and advertisers to track your browsing behavior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you may still see an ad for a new cat food, but a cookie blocker will limit or remove entirely the information that an advertiser receives back about you and your browsing habits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two of the most popular cookie blockers are Privacy Badger and Ghostery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like the ad blockers, these are plugins that can be added to a browser.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As we saw earlier, the use and usefulness of cookies is changing as browsers and devices are changing settings and acceptance of cookies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a result, their value to advertisers is changing, and over time, consumers may feel less of a need to block them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anonymizes all traffic leaving a consumer's device by sending all traffic through an intermediary server.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This hides a consumer's IP address, location, and personal information, but does still leave room for tracking based on browsing habits and patterns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are many VPN options available. Some are free and some paid. Some are even built into devices and browsers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Regardless, the basics functionality of all VPNs is the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next, let's look at an overview of some of the settings consumers can change on their devices to improve their privacy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you've ever looked at the settings on your phone, you know that there are many specific settings and privacy preferences available on all major devices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the modern day devices that can track a consumer's location. Cellphones, tablets, laptops, smartwatches, the list goes on. On each of these devices, you can choose how, when, and to whom this location data is accessible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most often these settings can be found under location services.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These settings are less universal, but in Apple's iOS, for instance, you can find a tracking menu under the privacy settings, which allows you to specify which apps can track you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, on most devices, permissions is an umbrella term that allows a user to fine-tune what information or which functions apps and websites can access.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For instance, you might want your favorite photo sharing app to have access to your camera.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you might not need to give that same permission to a grocery shopping app.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As with device settings, there are lots of different privacy controls that different platforms online provide. We can't cover them all, but let's take a look at some examples for social media platforms. On social media, users have some control over their content, communication and interactions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can usually delete a post, turn off incoming messages, and customize what sort personal information is readily available to the public.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These specific controls work in tandem with the site's privacy policy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sites and apps that have access to data about you are required to have a privacy policy and you can usually find it with the terms of service for a website, app or service.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Social media platforms recognize that it's important for consumers to have control over their privacy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Facebook, for instance, tries to make it easy for its users to control their settings through the privacy checkup tool in their app.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, advertising is a big component of social media platforms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the data you share on these platforms will often determine the types of ads you see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aside from controlling who can see what you post and who can interact with you, most social media platforms also let you determine the extent to which your data is used for advertising purposes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On Facebook, you can find these controls in your personal settings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a consumer online, you have a lot of control when it comes to who and what information you share.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, you may wonder why I would walk you through all the ways you can block or control the data you share in a course on marketing analytics. After all, don't we marketers want to prevent people from limiting the data they share?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, you're right. Marketers usually like to have access to more rather than less data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, they also understand that it's important to keep the trust of the user. And I believe that for a marketing analyst, it's really important to know that there are some limits and gaps in the data you'll get to work with and why those limits exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you have a better sense of some of the data limitations resulting from consumer controls.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, who's gonna tell him we ain't got nothing for the pot? Oh, let me think. The fella that spooked the game, I reckon. I'm gonna drain it. I'll catch up. No, we ain't gonna fall for that. We're gonna wait so you can tell him yourself. Yeah, yeah, yeah. If anyone's actually gonna shoot the messenger, it'd be that mean, son of a bitch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm afraid it's a bit late for that Ramon. You've been a real bad boy. Me and my boys are gonna ride you in the sand to knee and watch them hang you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, okay, if you think so mister. Oh, I know so Ramon. Take a seat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sure. I spent years cleaning up this town. Last thing I need is fools like this thinking they can take us back to the bad old days. Well you did a good job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Me and the boys will ride him to sand a knee right away this time. Come along, Cortez. Sheriff, before you go. I'll pay you when I deliver him. Plus seventy-five dollars. Exactly. Now goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dutch? Miss O'Shea? Well, feels like we are finally getting back on our feet. You, uh, find a buyer for them bonds we stole? Not yet, but Jose is working on it. When we heading west?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I say we do nothing just yet. They're just trying to scare us into doing something stupid. We have turned a corner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you shake- Leopold, my good friend, as long as you're here, why don't you and John go make sure there ain't no funny business? Of course. Gentlemen? Drink? Sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please, gentlemen, this is a terrible mistake. This is a case of mistaken identity. What is worse than admonishing a man


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You make sure nobody's following us. We'll get back to camp. We're gonna gather the troops and get them to start packing up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You were right. Oh, this place. Oh, it'll be perfect for us. Hello Arthur! Dutch!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is quite some country you have here. We like it well enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, allow us to help, my friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's been a price on my head for thirteen years. It'll take a month to find us down here, and it seems like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, of course. And here is my dear friend, Arthur Callahan. Boy is a hunter. Boy is a killer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Arthur, you've met but not been introduced to Mr. Oh, I'm so sorry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You are in safe hands now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Forgive me, but me and my men must return to our lives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seems like we failed to destroy the last of the moonshine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not one of those gentlemen trying to protect his riding clothes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I heard one of the old Driscoll boys yapping about it while I was inside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd say we're golden here, Morgan. Look at that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hoagie McIntosh, at your service. Lee Gray, this is my deputy Archibald McGregor. It is good to meet you. You a Scot?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. I told you Arthur would deliver. Man has a passion for justice. That's wonder. So, uh, about my friend here? Your idiot friend is free to go. But no more trouble from you, partner. I promise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll pretend to appreciate that. Mr. McIntosh, it has been a real pleasure. The mostly good citizens of Rhodes, we welcome you. Well, we're just honored to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come along now. I will keep this fellow on the straight and narrow. Well, come back and see us sometime soon. Excuse me, gentlemen. Bo?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These better be ugly rumors. Is it true you were seen talking to that wretched Penelope Braithwaite?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel you were hard done by losing your employment like that. But still, here in Rhodes, we have work enough for honest men.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is shine in them woods though, and it is cost in this county it's good name, and the state a whole lot of income.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You boys wouldn't mind rooting it out. Maybe we'll make you permanent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners. Welcome back to another podcast here with us at EnglishPod. My name is Marco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today we're bringing you another part of our sports series, and this time it's an advanced lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we're gonna be learning about skiing, a winter sport, and very popular throughout the world. So before we get started, why don't we take a look at a couple of words in vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the best kind. Alright, so, fresh powder. What about our next phrase?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, a four time giant slalom champion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When, you probably see it on TV when they go down the hill and they have to go through these red or blue flags, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is an interesting way of saying that somebody did something many times. Right. So I can say, the three time Nobel Prize winner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, on language takeaway today, let's take a look at the first word. We have some bindings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, those are the bindings. I guess it comes from the verb to bind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and another piece of skiing equipment, and very important, is goggles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mhm. So, it makes people kinda look like flies. Yes. They have these huge glasses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so goggles basically protect your eyes from snow, from the sun, from anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bumps, okay, so they're kinda like mini little hills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they're very difficult to ski over, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, so, but you don't say good gnarly. No. You say gnarly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now, sick means to be sick, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so basically, gnarly and sick, they mean that it's amazing, it was cool. It's awesome. Awesome. Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these two words are very, very informal. It's slang.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gnarly dudes. Okay, so, okay, so that's all the words we have for language takeaway, but we have some great phrases that we want to take a look at before we listen to the dialogue again. So it's time now for Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now, we want to hit the slopes. What does that mean?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's go skiing. Let's go to the mountain. Now we can change the noun slope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for example, instead of saying, that little girl was riding her bike and she fell, I can say, that little girl was riding her bike and she took a bad spill. Yep. Okay. So, to take a spill. You have to use the verb take though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, am I catching something? How am I catching air? That's impossible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, okay, so I'm in the air for a very long time maybe?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so they finished skiing, they were kind of tired, and he said, well, let's call it a day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really good phrases and some amazing vocabulary. Let's listen to this dialogue one last time and then we'll come back and talk a little bit more about this really fun sport.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, usually you would have parties after skiing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, so it's popular for families to go to a ski resort and stay there for a couple of days. So this is when you would do this with your friends or family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so it sounds fun, and next time maybe if you go skiing with your friends and you guys are speaking English now, you can use all these great phrases and maybe surprise your friends if you tell them, let's go grab some freshies or something like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so that's all the time we have for today. Be sure to check out our website, EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well first off, let's get those boots on. You're gonna wanna make sure your boots fit snugly. That's right. Now snap them into your bindings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're also gonna want a good pair of goggles to protect your eyes. It's a bright day today, so there's gonna be a lot of glare out there on the slopes. We don't want you hitting any of those moguls.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's get those boots on. You're gonna wanna make sure your boots fit snugly. That's right. Now snap them into your bindings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Easy there, Rick. Well let's head over onto the chair lift and test your skills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, call me Molly, would ya? Arthur, how is Dutch? I mean, how does he seem to you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I, I really love him, you know. But if he... Like he always says, loyalty is everything, so... Arthur!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Arthur, how you doing? Nervous? But, I've been nervous for a while. I had a lot of time to think in that jail, and I feel like I just don't know Dutch no more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Killing in cold blood, revenge. We all do bad things, but he seems to enjoy it now. It's like he just wants to create more enemies. More chaos. Yea, I know. I mean, I love Dutch. He saved me a long time ago. I feel like in Saint Denis, when I got arrested, maybe he could have done something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Abigail thinks she might know where some of that money is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because he thinks it's right. Because he thinks Monroe is a patsy. Or a spy. He's convinced he has something to do with those vaccines getting stolen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He thinks Monroe is gonna force him into making a concession with the Indians. So he removes Monroe. Removes how? He favors once him tried for treason and hanged.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Without John, she's just bait. Got a bunch of money, Dutch. She's just a girl. They won't do nothing to her. But, me and the boys know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need to keep riding on this one, Dutch. You know it. Every man here knows it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In mythological ancient Greece, soaring above Crete on wings made from wax and feathers, Icarus, the son of Daedalus, defied the laws of both man and nature.


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[Assistant] Ignoring the warnings of his father, he rose higher and higher. To witnesses on the ground, he looked like a god. And as he peered down from above, he felt like one, too.


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[Assistant] But in mythological ancient Greece, the line that separated God from man was absolute, and the punishment for mortals who attempted to cross it was severe. Such was the case for Icarus and Daedalus.


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[Assistant] Years before Icarus was born, his father Daedalus was highly regarded as a genius inventor, craftsman, and sculptor in his homeland of Athens.


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[Assistant] He invented carpentry and all the tools used for it.


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[Assistant] He made sculptures so lifelike that Hercules mistook them for actual men.


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[Assistant] Worry that his nephew was a more skillful craftsman, Daedalus murdered him.


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[Assistant] As punishment, Daedalus was banished from Athens and made his way to Crete.


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[Assistant] Preceded by his storied reputation, Daedalus was welcomed with open arms by Crete's King Minos. There, acting as the palace technical advisor, Daedalus continued to push the boundaries.


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[Assistant] For the king's children, he made mechanically animated toys that seemed alive.


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[Assistant] He invented the ship's sail and mast, which gave humans control over the wind.


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[Assistant] With every creation, Daedalus challenged human limitations that had so far kept mortals separate from gods, until finally he broke right through.


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[Assistant] King Minos' wife, Pasiphae, had been cursed by the god Poseidon to fall in love with the king's prized bull.


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[Assistant] Under this spell, she asked Daedalus to help her seduce it. With characteristic audacity, he agreed.


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[Assistant] Daedalus constructed a hollow wooden cow, so realistic that it fooled the bull.


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[Assistant] With Pasiphae hiding inside Daedalus's creation, she conceived and gave birth to the half-human, half-bull Minotaur.


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[Assistant] This, of course, enraged the king, who blamed Daedalus for enabling such a horrible perversion of natural law.


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[Assistant] As punishment, Daedalus was forced to construct an inescapable labyrinth beneath the palace for the Minotaur.


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[Assistant] When it was finished, Minos then imprisoned Daedalus and his only son Icarus within the top of the tallest tower on the island, where they were to remain for the rest of their lives.


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[Assistant] But Daedalus was still a genius inventor. While observing the birds that circled his prison, the means for escape became clear.


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[Assistant] He and Icarus would fly away from their prison as only birds or gods could do.


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[Assistant] Using feathers from the flocks that perched on the tower and the wax from candles, Daedalus constructed two pairs of giant wings.


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[Assistant] As he strapped the wings to his son Icarus, he gave a warning.


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[Assistant] Flying too near the ocean would dampen the wings and make them too heavy to use.


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[Assistant] Flying too near the sun, the heat would melt the wax, and the wings would disintegrate. In either case, they surely would die.


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[Assistant] Therefore, the key to their escape would be in keeping to the middle.


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[Assistant] With the instructions clear, both men leapt from the tower. They were the first mortals ever to fly.


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[Assistant] While Daedalus stayed carefully to the midway course, Icarus was overwhelmed with the ecstasy of flight and overcome with the feeling of divine power that came with it.


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[Assistant] Daedalus could only watch in horror as Icarus ascended higher and higher, powerless to change his son's dire fate.


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[Assistant] When the heat from the sun melted the wax on his wings, Icarus fell from the sky.


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[Assistant] Just as Daedalus had many times ignored the consequences of defying the natural laws of mortal men in the service of his ego.


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[Assistant] In the end, both men paid for their departure from the path of moderation dearly.


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[Assistant] Icarus with his life and Daedalus with his regret.


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[Assistant] Beauty is a curse, Psyche thought, as she looked over the cliff's edge where she'd been abandoned by her father.


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[Assistant] She'd been born with a physical perfection, so complete.


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[Assistant] That she was worshipped as a new incarnation of Venus, the goddess of love.


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[Assistant] But real-life human lovers were too intimidated even to approach her.


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[Assistant] When her father asked for guidance from the oracle of Apollo, the god of light, reason, and prophecy, he was told to abandon his daughter on a rocky crag.


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[Assistant] Where she would marry a cruel and savage, serpent-like winged evil.


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[Assistant] Alone on the crag, Psyche felt Zephyr, the west wind, gently lifting her into the air. It set her down before a palace. You are home, she heard an unseen voice say. Your husband awaits you in the bedroom, if you dare to meet him. She was brave enough, Psyche told herself.


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[Assistant] The bedroom was so dark that she couldn't see her husband. But he didn't feel serpent-like at all.


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[Assistant] His skin was soft, and his voice and manner were gentle.


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[Assistant] She asked him who he was but he told her this was the one question he could never answer. If she loved him, she would not need to know.


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[Assistant] His visits continued night after night. Before long, Psyche was pregnant. She rejoiced, but was also conflicted. How could she raise her baby with a man she'd never seen?


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[Assistant] That night Psyche approached her sleeping husband, holding an oil lamp. What she found was the god Cupid.


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[Assistant] Who set gods and humans lusting after each other with the pinpricks of his arrows. Psyche dropped her lamp, burning Cupid with hot oil.


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[Assistant] He said he'd been in love with Psyche ever since his jealous mother, Venus, asked him to embarrass the young woman by pricking her with an arrow. But taken with Psyche's beauty, Cupid used the arrow on himself.


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[Assistant] He didn't believe, however, that gods and humans could love as equals. Now that she knew his true form, their hopes for happiness were dashed. So he flew away. Psyche was left in despair until the unseen voice returned and told her that it was indeed possible for her and Cupid to love each other as equals. Encouraged, she set out to find him.


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[Assistant] But Venus intercepted Psyche and said she and Cupid could only wed if she completed a series of impossible tasks.


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[Assistant] First, Psyche was told to sort a huge messy pile of seeds in a single night.


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[Assistant] Just as she was abandoning hope, an ant colony took pity on her and helped with the work.


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[Assistant] Successfully passing the first trial, Psyche next had to bring Venus, the fleece of the golden sheep.


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[Assistant] Who had a reputation for disemboweling stray adventurers.


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[Assistant] But a river god showed her how to collect the fleece the sheep had snagged on briars. And she succeeded.


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[Assistant] Finally, Psyche had to travel to the underworld.


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[Assistant] And convince Proserpina, Queen of the Dead.


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[Assistant] Put a drop of her beauty in a box for Venus.


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[Assistant] Once again, the unseen voice came to Psyche's aid.


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[Assistant] It told her to bring barley cakes for Cerberus, the guard dog to the underworld, and coins to pay the boatman Charon to ferry her across the river Styx.


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[Assistant] With her third and final task complete, Psyche returned to the land of the living.


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[Assistant] Now recovered from his wounds, flew to his sleeping bride. He told her he'd been wrong and foolish. Her fearlessness in the face of the unknown proved that she was more than his equal.


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[Assistant] Cupid gave Psyche Ambrosia, the nectar of the gods, making her immortal. Shortly after, Psyche bore their daughter. They named her Pleasure.


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[Assistant] Have been complicating people's love lives ever since.


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[Assistant] Hello English learners, welcome back to another podcast with us here at EnglishPod. My name is Marco.


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[Assistant] Right, so you have a mobile phone, you need to get a plan, or you need to do something in order to, to make it work, right?


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[Assistant] So maybe you have to buy a card and then you can use maybe 20 minutes or 30 minutes or 100 minutes. Exactly. And then when you run out of money or you use all your minutes, you can buy another card and like that.


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[Assistant] So the monthly rate plan you have to pay each month. Right, at the end of each month. At the end of each month. And what do you pay?


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[Assistant] Okay, so very interesting. These are the ways that mobile phone plans usually work. And well, now it's time for us to listen to this dialogue for the first time. We are going to be listening as a shopper is looking to buy maybe a mobile phone or get a mobile phone plan.


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[Assistant] Roll over. A roll over option. So what is this roll over option about?


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[Assistant] Okay, or we also had emergency services fee.


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[Assistant] Okay, so if I go to the store, I don't say, what is the fee of this bottle of water?


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[Assistant] Alright, very good. So I think it's time for us to listen to this dialogue again. We're gonna slow it down because it was a little bit fast and then we'll come back and look at some great phrases.


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[Assistant] Alright, great, so let's take a look at these phrases in Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] Okay, the first phrase that we have on Fluency Builder today was the problem that she had with her mobile phone was that it wasn't compatible with a 3G network.


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[Assistant] Okay, great example, so compatible with, very clear, and it's very useful. That's right. Now, what about the next phrase?


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[Assistant] Okay, so if somebody offers me a new car, they say you can have this new for free.


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[Assistant] The catch is that I can only drive it at night.


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[Assistant] So maybe you're looking for a very special bottle of wine for dinner tonight. Yep, it's very rare. Okay, and you go into this little store and all of a sudden you're in luck. You found it there.


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[Assistant] Okay, so you can say, if you buy this house, I'll throw in the dog, the dog for free, right? So to throw in, to include for free. Right. Okay. All right. So great phrases and I think we understand them now. So let's listen to this dialogue for the very last time.


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[Assistant] Mobile phones. This is very common in the United States, right? These monthly plans.


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[Assistant] Right? So if you don't have a credit card or maybe you're 18, you can't get a monthly plan, so you gotta do this prepaid plan.


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[Assistant] But here, I guess, or in other countries, maybe they don't have that option, so they need to answer every call.


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[Assistant] To screen a call. So come to our website EnglishPod.com. Let us know what your mobile phone habits are and also if you have any questions or doubts.


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[Assistant] Ryan! I'll give her a left arm to get back into the competition. I really want to show what I've learnt and I want to show them I'm a new person. Uhm, what are you gonna pick? Ginger, please.


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[Assistant] Thanks to Nature's Find for sponsoring this episode. We teamed up with Nature's Find to explain the science behind phi, their nutritional fungi protein. Check out the link in the description to learn more.


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[Assistant] Scientists have known for some time that certain animals breathe.


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[Assistant] Yes, that's right, mammals can breathe out of their butts, technically out of their intestines. But if you thought we were going to make as many butt jokes as possible, I don't know.


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[Assistant] What show you've been watching. In their paper published last week in the journal Med, not only do these researchers outline how this is possible using a sort of


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[Assistant] And scrubbed the intestines of some of them to try to thin out the mucus layer.


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[Assistant] Sounds very unpleasant. The mice were then subjected to dangerously low oxygen levels while having pure, compressed oxygen gas injected into their intestines.


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[Assistant] Maybe for the best. So researchers replaced the oxygen gas with an inert oxygenated liquid known as perfluorodecalin. This type of liquid is able to carry large amounts of oxygen, and it's already in use in some human medicine. It's sometimes used


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[Assistant] As a substitute for blood during surgeries. The researchers exposed mice and pigs to life-threateningly low oxygen conditions and flushed some of their intestines with this liquid, while the control group only received a saline solution. While the control group's oxygen levels crashed, those that received the oxygen enema


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[Assistant] They stabilize. The researchers say their findings not only demonstrate that mammals are capable of absorbing oxygen through their intestines, but also that this new method may be a safe treatment for humans in respiratory distress. And, like, ideally, after so many mice and pigs have, like, you know,


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[Assistant] Been through it! It would need to go through additional safety testing and clinical trials, but the researchers believe it could be used in situations where ventilators aren't readily available. And there have already been severe ventilator shortages worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic. If approved for human use, this treatment could be a life-saving tool for patients in respiratory distress. Now speaking of gas,


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[Assistant] In other news, researchers in Washington state have developed a new method for turning waste plastics into something useful.


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[Assistant] Plastic recycling is complicated. We have the best intentions when we toss a bottle in that bin. But it's expensive, and it takes a lot of time and heat and energy to recycle. And it alters the plastic in such a way that it needs to be mixed with new plastic in order to create a similar product.


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[Assistant] And that's not even going into all the different kinds of plastic. As a result, only 9% of the plastic produced in the US is recycled every year.


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[Assistant] Yikes. But new research published this week in the journal Chem Catalysis


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[Assistant] It might open up some new endpoints for that milk jug in your fridge. But chemically breaking down plastic can also be a challenge in that it can require a catalyst, which is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction,


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[Assistant] Plus, high temperatures, ranging from 300 to 900 degrees Celsius. This new procedure uses a catalyst that's a combination of ruthenium metal and carbon, which turns out to be particularly effective at breaking the bonds within the plastic. The reaction also doesn't require as much heat compared with other methods. It works at just 220 degrees Celsius. Plus, it's fairly speedy. Once the researchers had perfected the method, around 90% of the plastic was broken down in just an hour.


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[Assistant] In order to fine-tune what type of products were produced at the end, including higher dollar items,


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[Assistant] Like, jet fuel. And they believe that this same process will work on other types of plastic as well. Now, we can safely assume that the gases left over after the jet fuel burns are still going to end up in the atmosphere, but the plastic will not end up in a landfill this way. And you can definitely argue that giving this


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[Assistant] Nature's Find makes delicious vegan foods that all started with a microbe with origins in Yellowstone National Park. From a NASA-backed research project through their novel fermentation technology, foods made with phy, their nutritional fungi protein, are making their way to your table. And I mean it when I say it tastes great. I got to have their fungi-based cream cheese.


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[Assistant] Which, I was like, okay, I'll eat fungi-based cream cheese, but then, I-


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[Assistant] And need it! I need more! If you want to learn more about nature's find and the science behind their meatless and dairy-free foods, click on the link in the description.


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[Assistant] And then to denote the Gaussian distribution, we're sometimes going to write


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[Assistant] So this script n stands for normal, since Gaussian and normal distribution, they mean the same thing. So synonyms.


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[Assistant] And a Gaussian distribution is parameterized by two parameters, by a mean parameter.


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[Assistant] If we plot the Gaussian distribution, the Gaussian probability density, it'll look like the bell-shaped curve, which you may have seen before.


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[Assistant] And so this bell-shaped curve is parameterized by those two parameters, mu and sigma. And the location, or the center of this bell-shaped curve is the mean, mu, and the width of this bell-shaped curve is mu.


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[Assistant] So roughly that is the, uhm, this parameter sigma is also called one standard deviation. And so this specifies the probability of x taking on different values. So x taking on values, you know, in the middle here is pretty high since the Gaussian density here is pretty high.


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[Assistant] Whereas x taking on values further and further away will be diminishing in probability.


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[Assistant] Finally, just to completeness, let me write out the formula for the Gaussian distribution. So the probability of x, and I'll use, I'll sometimes write this instead of p of x, I'm going to write this as p of x semicolon mu comma sigma squared. And so this denotes that the probability of x is parameterized by the two parameters mu and sigma squared.


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[Assistant] And so that figure on the left, that is what you get if you take a fixed value of mu and take a fixed value of sigma and you plot p of x. So this curve here, this is really p of x plotted as a function of x, you know, for a fixed value of mu and of sigma squared.


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[Assistant] And it, uh, sort of specifies the width of this Gaussian probability density, whereas the square of sigma, so the sigma square is called the variance.


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[Assistant] Let's look at some examples of what the Gaussian distribution looks like.


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[Assistant] If mu is equal to zero and sigma equals one, then that corresponds to a Gaussian distribution that is centered at zero, since mu is zero and the width of this Gaussian is, uh,


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[Assistant] Govind was controlled by sigma, by that variance parameter sigma. Here's another example.


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[Assistant] Let's say mu is equal to zero and sigma is equal to one half. So the standard deviation is one half and the variance sigma squared would therefore be the square of 0.5 would be 0.25.


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[Assistant] And in that case, the Gaussian distribution, the Gaussian probability density, looks like this. Uhm, it's also centered at zero, but now the width of this is much smaller, because the smaller variance, the width of this Gaussian density is roughly half as wide.


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[Assistant] But because this is a probability distribution, the area under the curve, that is the shaded area there, that area must integrate to 1. This is a property of probability distributions. And so, you know, this is a much taller Gaussian density because it's half as wide with half the standard deviation, but it's twice as tall. Another example, if


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[Assistant] Sigma is equal to 2, then you get a much fatter, a much wider Gaussian density. And so here the sigma parameter controls that this Gaussian density has a wider width.


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[Assistant] And finally, one last example would be if we now change the mu parameter as well, then instead of being centered at 0, we now have a Gaussian distribution that's centered at 3, because this shifts over the entire Gaussian distribution.


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[Assistant] Next let's talk about the parameter estimation problem. So what's the parameter estimation problem?


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[Assistant] Let's say we have a data set of m examples, so x1 through xm, and let's say each of these examples is a real number. Here in the figure, I plotted an example of a data set, so the horizontal axis is the x axis, and you know, I have a range of examples of x, and I've just plotted them on this figure here. And the parameter estimation problem is,


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[Assistant] Let's say I suspect that these examples came from a Gaussian distribution. So let's say I suspect that each of my examples, Xi, was distributed, that's what this tilde thing means. Let's say I suspect that each of these examples was distributed according to a normal distribution or a Gaussian distribution with some parameter mu and some parameter sigma squared. But I don't know what the values of these parameters are. The problem with parameter estimation is


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[Assistant] Uhm, if I estimate what Gaussian distribution the data came from, maybe that might be roughly the Gaussian distribution it came from, with, uhm, mu being the center of the distribution and


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[Assistant] Being in the central region, uh, low, low probability of being further out, even low probability of being further out and so on. So maybe this is a reasonable estimate of mu and of sigma squared. That is if it corresponds to a Gaussian distribution that looks like this.


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[Assistant] Our estimate, or the way we're going to estimate mu is going to be just the average.


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[Assistant] Of my example. So mu is the mean parameter. Just take my training set, take my m examples and average them. And that, you know, gives me the center of this distribution.


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[Assistant] How about sigma squared? Well, the variance, I'll just write out the standard formula again. I'm going to estimate as sum over 1 through m of xi minus mu squared. And so this mu here is actually the mu that I compute over here using this formula. And what the variance is, the one interpretation of the variance is that if you look at this term,


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[Assistant] That's the square difference between the value I got in my example minus the mean, minus the center, minus the mean of the distribution. So the variance I'm gonna estimate as just the average of the square differences between my examples minus the mean.


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[Assistant] And, uh, as a side comment only for those of you that are experts in statistics, uhm, if you're an expert in statistics and you've, if you've heard of maximum likelihood estimation,


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[Assistant] Then these parameters, these estimates are actually the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters mu and sigma squared. But if you haven't heard of that before, don't worry about it. All you need to know is that these are the two standard formulas.


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[Assistant] Finally, one last side comment. Again, only for those of you that have maybe taken a statistics class before. I believe if you've taken a statistics class before, some of you may have seen the formula here where, you know, this is m minus 1 instead of m. So, so this first term becomes 1 over m minus 1 instead of 1 over m.


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[Assistant] So just in case you saw, you've seen this other version before. In either version, it works just about equally well, uh, but in machine learning, most people tend to use 1 over m in this one.


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[Assistant] And the two versions have slightly different theoretical properties, slightly different mathematical properties, but in practice it really makes a very little difference.


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[Assistant] So hopefully you now have a good sense of what the Gaussian distribution looks like as well as how to estimate the parameters mu and sigma squared of a Gaussian distribution if you're given a training set that is if you're given a set of data that you suspect comes from a Gaussian distribution with unknown parameters mu and sigma squared.


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[Assistant] But the problem is that most of it isn't biodegradable. That's a word that describes something that can decay naturally without harming anything. Each year, 400 million tonnes of plastic is produced and 40% of that is single use. So why don't we stop using it?


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[Assistant] She mentioned the word psychological. That's something that affects or involves our mind. So here, psychological attachment means that in our mind, we feel we have to use plastic. We're addicted.


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[Assistant] Maybe in an ideal world the best thing to do is go plastic free, but that isn't


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[Assistant] But there's no doubt plastic is useful for many things, so it will be a long time before it disappears altogether.


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[Assistant] I may have got that wrong but hopefully I'll have more success recapping some of today's vocabulary, starting with decay, which describes the natural process of something being destroyed or breaking down into small particles, which plastic takes a long time to


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[Assistant] And then we mentioned activism. That's taking action to change something. We also mentioned the phrase a big push which means people are strongly encouraged or persuaded to do something, usually by force.


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[Assistant] Thanks, Neil. Now, remember you can find more Learning English programmes and materials on our website at bbclearningenglish.com. That's it for now, but please join us next time for 6 Minute English. Goodbye. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] The way we're going to address anomaly detection is we're going to model p of x from this data set. So we'll try to figure out what are high probability features and what are low probability types of features.


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[Assistant] X is a vector and, uh, what we're going to do is model P of X as probability of X1, that is of the first component of X.


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[Assistant] Times the probability of x2, so the probability of the second feature, times the probability of the third feature, and so on.


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[Assistant] Up to the probability of the final feature xn. I'm leaving space here because I'll phone someone in a minute.


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[Assistant] So how do we model each of these terms, p of x1, p of x2, and so on?


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[Assistant] What we're going to use, what we're going to do is assume that the feature x1 is distributed according to a Gaussian distribution with some mean.


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[Assistant] She's going to write as mu 1 and some variance, which she's going to write as sigma squared 1.


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[Assistant] And so p of x1 is going to be a Gaussian probability distribution with mean mu1 and variance sigma squared 1.


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[Assistant] And similarly, I'm going to assume that x2 is distributed Gaussian. That's what this little tilde stands for. That means distributed. It's distributed Gaussian with mean mu2 and sigma squared 2. So it's distributed according to a different Gaussian, which has a different set of parameters, mu2, sigma squared 2. And similarly, you know, x3 is, uh, yet another Gaussian. And so this can have a different


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[Assistant] That's mean and a different standard deviation than the other features and so on up to xn. And so that's my model.


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[Assistant] This is actually a capital Greek alphabet pi. That funny symbol there corresponds to taking the product of a set of values. And so, you know, you're familiar with the summation notation. So we write sum from i equals 1 through n, you know, of i. This means 1 plus 2 plus 3 plus dot dot dot.


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[Assistant] Whereas, uh, this, this funny symbol here, this product symbol, product from i equals 1 through n of i.


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[Assistant] Then this means that it's just a summation except that we're now multiplying. So this becomes 1 times 2 times 3 times dot dot dot.


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[Assistant] Up to n. And so, you know, using this product notation, this product from j equals 1 through n of this expression, that's just a more compact, like a shorter way of writing out this huge product of all of these terms up there.


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[Assistant] Since we're taking these p of xj given mu j comma sigma squared j terms and we're multiplying them together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Choose features XI that, uh, you think might take on unusually large values or unusually small values for, uhm, what an anomalous example might look like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That describe general properties of the things that you're collecting data on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Average value of the j feature, right? So mu j goes in this term p of xj, which is parameterized by mu j and sigma squared j. And so this says, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I just want to mention that you do this, you, you, uhm, compute these formulas for j equals 1 through n. So use these formulas to estimate mu 1, to estimate mu 2, and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Up to mu n, and similarly for sigma squared. And, uh, it's also possible to come up with vectorized versions of these. So if you think of mu as a vector, so if mu is a vector, there's mu 1, mu 2, down to mu n, then a vectorized version of that set of parameters can be written like so. Sum from y equals 1 through n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So p of x is equal to this product, and what you implement, what you compute is this formula. And, uh, we're over here, you know, this thing here is just a formula for the Gaussian probability. And so you compute this thing, and finally if this probability is very small, you then flag this thing as an anomaly. Here's an example of an application of this method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say we have this dataset plotted on the upper left of this slide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you look at this, well let's look at the features of X1. If you look at this data set, it looks like on average the features of X1 has a mean of about 5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, the standard deviation, if you look at just the x1 values of this data set, it has a standard deviation of maybe 2. So that's sigma 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, looks like, you know, the x2, the values of the features as measured on the vertical axis, it looks like that has an average value of about 3 and a standard deviation of about 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you take this data set and if you estimate, you know, mu 1, mu 2, sigma 1, sigma 2, uh, this is what you get. And again, I'm writing sigma here, I'm thinking of standard deviations, but the formula on the previous slide actually gave estimates for the squares of these things, right? So sigma squared 1 and sigma squared 2. So just be careful whether you're using sigma 1, sigma 2 or sigma squared 1 or sigma squared 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in pictures what p of x 1 parameterized by mu 1 and sigma squared 1 and p of x 2 parameterized by mu 2 and sigma squared 2, that would look like these two distributions over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out that if you were to plot, you know, p of x, right, which is the product of these two things, you can actually get a surface plot that looks like this. So this is a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is how we fit the parameters to this data. Let's say we have a couple new examples. Maybe we have a new example there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we call the second example, you know, x2 tests. What we do is we then compute


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's greater than or equal to epsilon, so this is a pretty high probability, at least bigger than epsilon, so we'll say that x1 test is not an anomaly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whereas if you compute p of x 2 test, well that's just a much smaller value. So this is less than epsilon and so we'll say that that is indeed an anomaly because it's much smaller than that epsilon that we chose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, is saying that all the values of x1 and x2 that have a high height above the surface corresponds to a non-anomalous or sort of an okay or normal example, whereas all the points far out here, you know, all the points out here,