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[Assistant] Consider two small solids, which are comprised of six atomic bonds each.


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[Assistant] In this model, the energy in each solid is stored in the bonds.


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[Assistant] Those can be thought of as simple containers, which can hold indivisible units of energy, known as quanta.


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[Assistant] The more energy a solid has, the hotter it is.


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[Assistant] It turns out that there are numerous ways that the energy can be distributed in the two solids and still have the same total energy in each.


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[Assistant] Each of these options is called a microstate.


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[Assistant] Of course, there are other ways our eight quanta of energy can be arranged. For example, all of the energy could be in solid A and none in B, or half in A and half in B.


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[Assistant] If we assume that each microstate is equally likely, we can see that some of the energy configurations have a higher probability of occurring than others. That's due to their greater number of microstates.


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[Assistant] Entropy is a direct measure of each energy configuration's probability.


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[Assistant] What we see is that the energy configuration in which the energy is most spread out between the solids has the highest entropy.


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[Assistant] So in a general sense, entropy can be thought of as a measurement of this energy spread.


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[Assistant] Low entropy means the energy is concentrated. High entropy means it's spread out.


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[Assistant] To see why entropy is useful for explaining spontaneous processes, like hot objects cooling down, we need to look at a dynamic system, where the energy moves.


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[Assistant] In reality, energy doesn't stay put. It continuously moves between neighboring bonds.


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[Assistant] As the energy moves, the energy configuration can change. Because of the distribution of microstates, there's a 21% chance that the system will later be in the configuration in which the energy is maximally spread out.


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[Assistant] Again, we see that because there are more ways to have dispersed energy and high entropy than concentrated energy, the energy tends to spread out. That's why if you put a hot object next to a cold one, the cold one will warm up and the hot one will cool down.


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[Assistant] But even in that example, there is an 8% chance that the hot object would get hotter. Why doesn't this ever happen in real life?


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[Assistant] It's all about the size of the system. Our hypothetical solids only had six bonds each.


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[Assistant] Let's scale the solids up to 6,000 bonds and 8,000 units of energy, and again start the system with three quarters of the energy in A and one quarter in B.


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[Assistant] Now we find that the chance of A spontaneously acquiring more energy is this tiny number.


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[Assistant] Familiar everyday objects have many, many times more particles than this. The chance of a hot object in the real world getting hotter is so absurdly small, it just never happens.


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[Assistant] Ice melts, cream mixes in, and tires deflate because these states have more dispersed energy than the originals.


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[Assistant] There's no mysterious force nudging the system towards higher entropy. It's just that higher entropy is always statistically more likely.


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[Assistant] That's why entropy has been called Time's Arrow.


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[Assistant] If energy has the opportunity to spread out, it will.


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[Assistant] Our ancestors were really good at reading people because if they didn't know who was friend or who was foe, they would be dead. It's as simple as that.


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[Assistant] When I look at people, I look at the whole person. I don't just look at one thing.


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[Assistant] One of the things I look for is how close do the couple stand to one another.


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[Assistant] Also, how are their toes pointed? If your toes are pointed in the direction of your partner, chances are that you're in good shape.


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[Assistant] Whether you love him or you hate him, the bottom line is, he is a great communicator.


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[Assistant] Are you not running? His body language, he doesn't care, he makes facial expressions, but he's real. What is our country coming to?


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[Assistant] And that emotion tells you, uh-uh, that's not right, uh, he's full of it. Oh, he's telling the truth. So that emotion tells you, and that's called your gut level communication.


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[Assistant] The body doesn't lie and neither does the face because the face is connected with a lot of facial nerves and 12 cranial nerves. And when you have an emotion, these nerves fire and muscles start moving. They're a sores muscle. You're either smile or you're frowning.


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[Assistant] The masseter muscles, if you're angry, something happens here in your jaw.


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[Assistant] Let's say for example, somebody walks in the room and you can't stand them, but you're going to smile at them anyway because it's your boss. So you go, hi. You automatically have that snarl, but you don't see that snarl. It happens really fast.


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[Assistant] Can you imagine if you had to do two of Santi's dishes?


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[Assistant] The difficulty is going to lie in boning out that quail to perfection, not, you know, putting any holes in it. It's just being super diligent, careful and caring. Dessert, taste the way.


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[Assistant] In terms of your preparation, they're gonna have to be working on the quail, working on stuff for the dessert.


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[Assistant] Two dish pressure test. One savoury, one sweet. But not just any dish. Two fine dining dishes. So, let's find out who got that final spot.


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[Assistant] It's marron with a gelatin wax dressing and an emulsion made of egg yolk and the coral.


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[Assistant] Thank you. Well here's Larissa's dish. It's plum and ginger bomb Alaska.


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[Assistant] It's kind of a plum and ginger bombed out Alaska. It's all the makings but without the coating.


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[Assistant] Dear Larissa, we are so incredibly proud of all that you have achieved and the sheer determination that has brought you this far.


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[Assistant] But also because it was a way to bring a little of home to you, la boys, mum and dad.


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[Assistant] To see how proud they are of me and see how much they know I love food just tells me that I should be pushing as hard as I can.


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[Assistant] My dad loves to eat black olives with lemon juice with a bit of bread. And that's kinda given me inspiration to pair lemons and black olives in a dessert.


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[Assistant] In my head, I feel like lemons and black cloves would make sense. Obviously, I've only seen this flavor combination in a savory context, so I'm definitely taking a major risk, but I'm gonna make sure it's gonna work.


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[Assistant] Two minutes to go, I've got my lemon parfait in the freezer, my poppy seed cream is done, and now it's time to bake those black olive madeleines so that they're fresh for the judges.


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[Assistant] I place my parfait in the center of the plate. I do a spoonful of the poppy seed cream on top of the parfait. I place one of those melons right on top of the parfait. And then I spoon the lemon with the black olives around the parfait and let that olive oil drip onto the plate.


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[Assistant] It just looks absolutely beautiful. I think I've taken a risk by pairing lemons and black olives into a dessert, but I'm really confident with the flavour combination.


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[Assistant] I am putting flavours in there that don't really make sense in dessert. That could be my downfall. I know the flavours are there for me, but it might not be there for them, so I'm really nervous to see how they react to this dish.


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[Assistant] Na-na-na-na-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo


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[Assistant] I can put my hat on, but I can't put my coat on.


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[Assistant] I can put my hat on, but I can't put my coat on. Five thousand. Five thousand.


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[Assistant] I can see that aeroplane, but I can't see a bird. I can see that aeroplane, but I can't see a bird. Ten thousand. Ten thousand.


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[Assistant] I can paint this bookcase, but I can't paint this room.


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[Assistant] I can lift that chair, but I can't lift this table.


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[Assistant] I can lift that chair, but I can't lift this table.


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[Assistant] I can read this book, but I can't read that magazine.


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[Assistant] I can make cakes, but I can't make biscuits.


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[Assistant] I can make cakes, but I can't make biscuits.


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[Assistant] I can put the vase on this table, but I can't put it on that shelf.


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[Assistant] I can put the vase on this table, but I can't put it on that shelf.


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[Assistant] It's interesting fact time. At the end of this video, you will learn something about a hamster that will blow your mind.


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[Assistant] Did you know that hamsters can keep food in their cheek pouches for days?


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[Assistant] If you know something more about this fact, leave a comment on our video and join in the fun!


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[Assistant] The rocks are moving! Uh, hello. I'm Stegosaurus. Would you mind getting off my back?


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[Assistant] Hold on to the plates on my back and climb down carefully. Hey, thanks.


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[Assistant] My babies are born with these plates.


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[Assistant] I hope you find her.


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[Assistant] Oh well. I'll give it a try again.


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[Assistant] Easy to understand teachings, which I've always admired in these books. I've always loved the way things are explained in this book. It makes grammar easy. The other great thing about it is it can be purchased with an interactive ebook. You're able to do lots with this ebook.


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[Assistant] You can highlight sections, you can bookmark pages, you can even listen to some examples which are included in the ebook. I always find that at some point,


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[Assistant] An English learner, even if they're very advanced, they, they need help with grammar. There's always going to be some small mistakes that they make. And sometimes there's not a teacher available.


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[Assistant] You'll learn things, you'll have some example explanations in the book, and there are lots of exercises which you can do to actively use what you learn, which is the most important part of learning grammar, using it, and it gives you that. So generally this book is aimed for intermediate levels of grammar, so if you have


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[Assistant] In the comments and I will select at random one person to win this book. I will send it directly to you with a little message from me and I will announce the winner in one week on the 31st of January.


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[Assistant] And you can win one of these. If not, there is a link below where you can buy the book and find out more about it. Please feel free to if you are really interested in improving your grammar. Okay. So that's that done. Now.


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[Assistant] Let's talk about some phrasal verbs. And the first one I want to mention is be off. Now sometimes we'll actually just use the word off. And it basically means to go.


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[Assistant] So I know this sounds weird, but for example, if I said to one of my friends, I'm off to Paris tomorrow. I'm off to Paris tomorrow.


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[Assistant] But doing something. So walk off. Let's say I was having a conversation with someone and then I walked off. Or I crashed my car and then I drove off.


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[Assistant] Meaning drove away, exited the area, left the area. I find that that one's really useful in stories. So I could be telling a story, for example, about a time when somebody crashed into my car. And I could say, I was driving and suddenly someone crashed into my car. And obviously usually when we


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[Assistant] Crash cars, we're supposed to get out and talk to each other, share our insurance details, uhm, and organise some kind of payment for the damage. However,


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[Assistant] He just drove off. And that means he left. So we use this a lot when we're telling stories. Really, really useful one, that. So just using an activity. Driving, walking, running with the word off. And what about go on? For example, what's going on? Very, very simple question. But what does it mean? What's going on?


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[Assistant] It basically means happening, what's happening. So maybe I'm meeting with some of my friends and they are already together and they're doing something. I could walk up to them and just say, alright guys, what's going on? And that just means


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[Assistant] What are you doing? What's happening? I could also use go on to tell somebody to continue talking.


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[Assistant] So if someone's talking to me, and then maybe I accidentally interrupt them, I stop their speech by interrupting, I could then say, sorry, sorry, go on. And that just means, continue.


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[Assistant] To doze off. My dad says this one a lot.


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[Assistant] Uhm, to doze off is very simple, it just means to fall asleep. So...


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[Assistant] Ah, I was taking a break from work, I just had some lunch, sat in my chair, and I dozed off. I fell asleep. Dosed off. There are a few other ones we can use as well.


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[Assistant] Use them next time you tell someone that you fell asleep. See what happens.


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[Assistant] Now I used to get told off a lot in school. I know I'm a teacher now, but when I was in school,


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[Assistant] I wasn't the biggest fan of school, let's say. So I used to not listen to my teachers. I used to sit there very, very bored all the time and, uh, talk to my friends. And my teachers, they would tell me off.


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[Assistant] I used to get told off a lot. If someone tells you off, they're simply shouting at you or complaining about something you're doing. I get told off a lot by my girlfriend for leaving milk out of the fridge by accident sometimes or leaving a door open.


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[Assistant] Or, uh, there's so many things I get told off for, okay? Uhm, I'm sure many people who are in relationships can relate to this situation of getting told off for things you do. Now write in the comments, did you used to get told off a lot in school? Or were you a bit of a goody two shoes?


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[Assistant] Goody two shoes means that you were very sensible. You did everything correctly and never got in trouble. So were you a goody two shoes or did you used to get told off quite a lot, like me? And there you go. There are some useful phrasal verbs for you. Don't forget, if you want your free grammar book,


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[Assistant] Major funding for NOVA is provided by the following.


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[Assistant] This Nova program is available on DVD. To order, visit shoppbs.org or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS. Nova is also available for download on iTunes.


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[Assistant] I've never felt that I am here as a servant or as a skivvy.


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[Assistant] Today we'll probably do about 3,000 shirts.


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[Assistant] And I have, couldn't tell you how much of the clothing we have at the time, but we wash about 86,000 garments a week. So quite a considerable amount of laundry.


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[Assistant] We have lots of male anatomy drawn on shirts every now and then, which can be quite amusing. We always know when it's exam time.


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[Assistant] Because tail shirts and cuffs normally have answers on them. But we never, we never, we never tell. We never kiss and tell.


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[Assistant] I've never felt that I am here as a servant or as a skivvy.


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[Assistant] I don't, you know, I mean we all have a job to do and we're all a big cog that makes this school work, whether you're academic or you support staff.


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[Assistant] We do get some boys that have been on Custos Parade that have been naughty that will come and work here as a punishment.


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[Assistant] For one, they're a great help to us. They have to have life skills as well. You can't just educate them well. They have to know how to be able to look after themselves in the real world. Because this isn't the real world. This is Harrow School. They've got to step out of here at the age of 18. It is, I think. Good idea.


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[Assistant] It is one of the greatest engineering feats of all time.


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[Assistant] Build 600 years ago by a goldsmith with no training as an architect who dared to attempt the impossible.


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[Assistant] Constructed of over 4 million bricks, weighing 40,000 tons, it's the largest masonry dome the world has ever known. Yet the methods used to build it remain a mystery.


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[Assistant] Right now, on this NOVA National Geographic special.


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[Assistant] For centuries, travelers have been coming here to gaze at the wonders of the Renaissance.


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[Assistant] Six hundred years ago, this city experienced a creative explosion unlike any other.


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[Assistant] Visionaries like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.


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[Assistant] Built 60 years before Columbus sailed the Atlantic, without the use of modern machines or materials, the dome is still the largest of its kind in the world. It's an icon shrouded in mystery.


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[Assistant] It's in the shape of a pointed arch with eight sides rising to a central point, topped by an enormous marble lantern. But there is more to it than meets the eye.


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[Assistant] Questions about how the dome was built persist to this day.


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[Assistant] Six centuries ago, how could builders work at such great heights?


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[Assistant] How could they know the eight sides would meet in the center? And how did the steep brick walls hold together without collapsing?


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[Assistant] Trained as a goldsmith, he had no experience in architecture or building. Yet he took on what seemed to be impossible.


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[Assistant] Keeping 40,000 tons of masonry curving through the air without caving in to the floor below.


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[Assistant] Experts are still trying to understand how he managed to defy gravity.


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[Assistant] By all accounts, Filippo Brunelleschi was a suspicious and secretive man.


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[Assistant] Unlike Leonardo, he left behind no notebooks, no drawings, no blueprints for later generations to study.


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[Assistant] So for centuries, scholars have been trying to uncover the secret of Brunelleschi's dome.


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi is so revered in Florence, they hold a parade every year on the anniversary of his death.


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[Assistant] His tomb within the great cathedral itself.


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[Assistant] Professor of Architecture and Engineering at the University of Florence.


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[Assistant] Ricci has spent 40 years of his life trying to understand the master's methods.


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[Assistant] For Rigi, Brunelleschi has become an obsession.


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[Assistant] That for nearly 25 years, Ricci's been building a dome of his own.


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[Assistant] In a park, in a residential neighborhood in Florence, employing what he believes to be Brunelleschi's methods.


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[Assistant] Now, Ricci's experiment is at a crucial point in the process. With over 400 tons of masonry in place, the walls are beginning to bend inward.


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[Assistant] The pull of gravity is unrelenting, and the danger of collapse is very real.


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[Assistant] Soon it could be too risky for students to continue the work.


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[Assistant] Ricci is convinced that the secret to the dome has something to do with a special way Brunelleschi used rope lines to establish how each brick should fit into place.


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[Assistant] Begins in the years just before the Renaissance.


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[Assistant] At the dawn of the 14th century, a kind of medieval arms race is raging between Florence and other emerging city-states, like Siena and Pisa.


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[Assistant] Each trying to outdo the other by building bigger and bigger cathedrals.


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[Assistant] In 1293, the city leaders of Florence form a committee to oversee the construction of a new cathedral. They want theirs to be different from any other.


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[Assistant] Florentines dislike the look of the Gothic cathedrals that have been spreading across Europe for over a hundred years.


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[Assistant] They consider them too cluttered, with their walls propped up by flying buttresses and their many tall pointed spires.


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[Assistant] For inspiration, the committee looks to ancient Rome.


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[Assistant] In particular, to the classical temple honoring all Roman gods, the Pantheon.


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[Assistant] It was famed for its unrivaled dome, made of poured concrete.


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[Assistant] But such engineering technology had been completely erased by centuries of war.


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[Assistant] And it's the accepted wisdom of the time that no culture will ever rival the Romans in the building arts.


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[Assistant] The Cathedral Committee's vision for Santa Maria del Fiore keeps expanding. Longer. Wider. Higher.


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[Assistant] Like many cathedrals, Santa Maria del Fiore is in the shape of a cross. The larger the church, the larger the area over the altar place needed to be covered by the dome.


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[Assistant] A mural depicting the cathedral years before the dome was begun shows what the committee had in mind.


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[Assistant] An enormous pointed dome with eight sides


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[Assistant] After all, a dome is nothing more than an arch, rotated 360 degrees.


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[Assistant] And by 1300, Gothic cathedrals had been using arches and vaulting for over a hundred years. How did they do it?


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[Assistant] Medieval technology relies on wooden frameworks to hold the masonry until the final piece is put in place.


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[Assistant] The two sides pushing against each other allow the structure to stand on its own. This method is known as centric.


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[Assistant] The cathedral has already been under construction for 80 years.


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi spends his youth being trained not as an architect or stonemason, but in a trade that continues to flourish in Florence to this day.


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[Assistant] It's a path followed in later years by many artists, including Donatello and Leonardo da Vinci.


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi first attracts public attention in the year 1401.


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[Assistant] Just 23, he enters a competition to decorate the most revered building in all of Florence, the Baptist tree.


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[Assistant] For centuries, Florentines, including Dante, and the Medici's have been baptized here.


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[Assistant] But Brunelleschi's vision may have been too far ahead of its time. The commission goes to Lorenzo Ghiberti.


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[Assistant] Following the competition, the disappointed Brunelleschi leaves Florence. Little is known about his life for the next fifteen years, but it's clear he spends time in Rome, studying the ancient monuments.


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[Assistant] With the walls increasing in height, Ricci is concerned about having his students continue the work.


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[Assistant] So a new team has arrived in town to help push Ricci's experiment forward.


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[Assistant] Each one has more than 20 years on the job. Not in Florence for the food or the works of art. They are here to lay some bread.


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[Assistant] The eight corners of the dome, where the walls meet, act like the ribs of the dome.


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[Assistant] Once these corner ribs meet at the top, they form powerful arches. Together with smaller interior arches, this goes a long way toward holding the 40,000 ton mass together.


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[Assistant] Working on the model, the Americans will be confronting the key mystery of the dome. Until the curving walls connect at the top, what keeps them from falling to the ground?


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[Assistant] And what magic did Brunelleschi use to defy gravity?


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[Assistant] Their first task will be to literally learn the ropes and begin to understand Ricci's theory.


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[Assistant] It is in danger of becoming the world's largest joke.


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[Assistant] Proposals for the dome come pouring into the committee, but they all share a fatal flaw.


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[Assistant] Only one candidate promises to build a freestanding, self-sustaining dome. Filippo Brunelleschi.


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[Assistant] He tells the committee he has figured out a way for the dome to stand on its own, even as it is curving inward.


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[Assistant] The 41-year-old Brunelleschi has never built anything.


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[Assistant] Perhaps Brunelleschi's supreme self-confidence impresses the committee because he clearly does not have all of the problems worked out in advance.


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[Assistant] 17 years earlier, his radical vision may have cost him the competition for the baptistry doors. This time,


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi keeps his idea secret for as long as possible, asking the committee to trust him.


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[Assistant] In April 1420, the committee comes to a decision.


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[Assistant] They choose Brunelleschi, along with two others, including his old rival Geberti, to build the dome.


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi quickly emerges as the leader and takes on his first challenge.


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi realizes that the old method could not be used in a project this large and a work site this high.


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[Assistant] He invents a hoist that uses oxen rather than people to raise and lower the loads.


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[Assistant] The hoist raises or lowers material depending on which of two horizontal wheels locks into a vertical wheel on the drum holding the rope.


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[Assistant] When a load needs lifting, the bottom wheel engages, and the drum gathers rope in.


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[Assistant] When a load needs lowering, the top wheel is set in place to turn the drum in the opposite direction.


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi had solved the problem of lifting nearly 40,000 tons of material up to the work site.


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[Assistant] Now, the former goldsmith has an even bigger challenge.


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[Assistant] Connecting eight massive walls together to form the world's largest dome.


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[Assistant] Florence holds its breath as the walls begin to rise.


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[Assistant] Around 1425, five years into the project, the bricks, by design, start to curve inward.


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[Assistant] Without a wooden framework to hold the weight, the project is entering dangerous, uncharted territory.


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[Assistant] The old methods of bricklaying would no longer work.


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[Assistant] Most walls are built by simply laying bricks along straight lines, one after another, layer upon layer.


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[Assistant] Russell Gentry, a professor of engineering at Georgia Tech, has studied Brunelleschi's methods.


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[Assistant] The time had come for Brunelleschi to share part of his secret plan with the world.


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[Assistant] Horizontal bricks are interrupted by others set vertically.


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[Assistant] Instead of continuing in one straight line, the bricks zigzag.


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[Assistant] In the area between the two domes, that pattern is visible today, but only in small patches that remain unplastered. In Italian, the design is called spina pesce, spine of the fish. English speakers call it herringbone.


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[Assistant] The herringbone design is even easier to spot in Massimo Ricci's dome. The pattern is simple.


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[Assistant] They lay the vertical bricks first. These are the spines.


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[Assistant] Once the spines are set, the horizontal bricks are then wedged in between the spines, row after row.


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[Assistant] In all their years of working, the Americans have never seen bricks laid quite this way.


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[Assistant] The vertical bricks in the Spina Pesce pattern block the mortar's planes of weakness. This prevents large sections of wall from separating or shearing and tumbling to the ground.


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[Assistant] The herringbone brick pattern is so untested at the time, Brunelleschi has had to convince the cathedral board and the workers to allow him to use it.


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[Assistant] Once again, Brunelleschi is going against convention.


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[Assistant] He's also asking his workers to trust him with their lives.


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi must have done something to convince the workers to trust this new method. But what?


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[Assistant] It was built as a theater in the 1800s.


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[Assistant] While renovations were going on to build a new wing of the Cathedral Museum, archaeologists dug out centuries of landfill and discovered buried treasure.


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[Assistant] would have been a freestanding structure in the 15th century. The remains of a dome, perhaps left there by Brunelleschi himself.


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[Assistant] The top has been lost to time, but the inward curve of the walls remains.


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[Assistant] The little dome's base is constructed of sandstone.


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[Assistant] This proportion mirrors exactly the design of the cathedral dome.


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[Assistant] But the new Discovery features one obvious difference. It's round.


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[Assistant] Why the cathedral dome appears to have eight individual walls.


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[Assistant] Brunelleschi uses the Spina Pesce pattern to create a dome that looks like an octagon but is actually one continuous spiral.


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[Assistant] By simply turning some bricks on their sides, Brunelleschi establishes a new pattern and achieves two important goals. Preventing cracks from spreading


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[Assistant] And binding the eight walls into one unified mass.


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[Assistant] The spiral form resists the forces of gravity more effectively than an eight-sided dome. For many, Spina Pasha is the secret of the dome.


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[Assistant] But the construction of the dome involved many secrets.


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[Assistant] After two weeks on the job, they're ready to compare their work to the real thing.


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[Assistant] The interior dome is completely covered by a religious mural.


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[Assistant] But the Americans recognize its significance from Massimo Ricci.


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[Assistant] The important feature barely visible in Brunelleschi's dome becomes clear in Ricci's model.


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[Assistant] The tops of the walls don't follow a straight line as they go up. They dip from corner to corner.


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[Assistant] Within each wall, this creates an inverted arch, one of the most stable forms in architecture.


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[Assistant] These arches combined with the spina pesce pattern keep the bricks firmly in place.


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[Assistant] And Ricci struggled for years to figure out how Brunelleschi made it work.


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[Assistant] And how he ensured that the walls all met perfectly at the top, nearly 300 feet above the ground.


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[Assistant] Ricci was sure the answer lay in one of the primary building technologies of the time. Rope lines.


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[Assistant] If Ricci could figure out how Brunelleschi set up his ropes, he could unveil one of the dome's most overlooked secrets.


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[Assistant] He knew the guide ropes must have been attached to a large platform built into the base of the dome. But in what pattern?


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[Assistant] Ricci sketched out hundreds of possible designs, trying to unlock Brunelleschi's secret.


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[Assistant] About five years after work on the dome began.


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[Assistant] It's the only surviving eyewitness sketch of the dome's construction.


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[Assistant] The critic, named Giovanni Di Prato, detailed what he considered to be Brunelleschi's mistakes. The dome, he warned, was doomed to collapse.


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[Assistant] De Prato may not have understood Brunelleschi's system, but he was thorough in his observations.


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[Assistant] More importantly for Ricci, Di Prato also drew the work platform to which the ropes were attached. Here, Ricci noticed something unusual. A thin line curving around the platform. To Ricci, it looked like a flower.


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[Assistant] Ricci incorporated the flower into the work platform of his model, using it to guide each wall's construction.


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[Assistant] Rope lines are important building tools even today, and the Americans catch on quickly to reach a system.


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[Assistant] One worker stationed on the platform hooks a line to the flower.


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[Assistant] Another on the top of the wall handles the other end of the rope.


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[Assistant] The rope controls the angle and the height of the bricks.


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[Assistant] As the platform worker moves the line along the flower, the rope transfers the curve of the flower to the wall.


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[Assistant] But for the dome to work, they must meet together at the top.


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[Assistant] How could Brunelleschi know his dome was on the right track? The answer is in the lines.


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[Assistant] And before any rope line guides a brick into place, it must pass through that center.


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[Assistant] Brick by brick, the walls of Brunelleschi's dome rise until they meet at the top. Nearly 300 feet in the sky, and the dome is complete.


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[Assistant] After two weeks of working on Ricci's dome, the Americans seem convinced by his experiment.


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[Assistant] Massimo Ricci has now been working on his dome longer than it took Brunelleschi to build the original.


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[Assistant] His model will remain an open laboratory for those studying Brunelleschi's methods, and as an argument for the importance of the flower. It's possible that Ricci, unlike his hero, will never see his work finished.


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[Assistant] You know what, Tim's gnocchi's actually looking quite good, but my concern is his lamb. Cooking out here, you're not gonna get the same intense heat you're gonna get in the MasterChef kitchen.


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[Assistant] With Larissa, how is that weekend taste? No, you haven't cooked it before, you know, is it just gonna be meh? If it's meh, you gotta live with it.


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[Assistant] The flavor of the juice is gonna be the flavor that's gonna go into the grain, isn't it?


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[Assistant] What an absolutely wonderful way to start off our week in Western Australia. Taking nine of the very best products that this state has to offer. Now remember, all that matters today is being the one, the best dish. Because if you are, you go through


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[Assistant] Understated, sophisticated place at Free Barissa. I love it. Love it. And the fish is perfectly cooked.


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[Assistant] What I'm lacking is some freshness. And there was just a little bit of mandarin juice and we need some more brightness. Just to lift everything.


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[Assistant] Anoushka, you've been tasted four times before in a mystery box, but you have never won until now. And there is no better time to win than when that chance of cooking your way into finals week is beckoning later on this week in WA. So well done, congratulations! Good job.


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[Assistant] Western Australia has over 12 and a half thousand kilometres of coastline. That's more than Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria put together. And 40% of that land is dedicated to grazing. All that land.


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[Assistant] Uhm, today we want you to bring us surf and turf. Not the kind of old, you know, steak lobster tail. Beef carpet bagger. Beef carpet bagger.


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[Assistant] We want surf and turf 2.0. We want beef and reef 2.0.


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[Assistant] Perfect word for that dish, but it doesn't look hearty.


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[Assistant] It looks delicate and refined and not really your sort of food, but the moment you taste the apple purée and all that crackling, those beautifully burnished scallops, I love it. It makes me happy. A true representation of


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[Assistant] You don't have to take a dish from, you know, the traditional to the modern. You don't have to do a lot.


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[Assistant] I love it when you know you're on a winner and that's how you presented the dish. I love the fact that the fish sauce works so brilliantly with both the scallops and the lamb.


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[Assistant] It's such an odd combination of flavours that work so perfectly.


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[Assistant] No. Wow. That's the way to start a week in the West is with dishes like that. It should sit in the first three pages of your cookbook because it's beautiful.


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[Assistant] It's so hard to break your brains out of a dish that's almost a cliché, surf and turf, and bring us something that's surf and turf 2.0. Uhm, but I think we've seen some absolute rippers in that tasting. It's gonna be a hard pick to decide which of those dishes takes its maker through to that.


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[Assistant] All important cook where the ultimate prize of a place in finals week awaits. So while we make that decision, please come forward.


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[Assistant] Three of you, I think we all agree, absolutely nailed this idea of a surf and turf dish for right here, right now, and that was Tim, Simon and Tessa. Great dishes, great flavour, creative, intelligent, surprising, beautiful to look at.


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[Assistant] Ridiculous to find something that good. And that was your dish. Tessa, well done.


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[Assistant] Surf and turf. I know a lot about surf and turf. Being from Queensland, we love it up there. So I'm really excited to be cooking with both meat and seafood.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so the dish is lamb and scallops with cauliflower, uhm, and laksa sauce.


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[Assistant] I wanna do sort of a fusion of spices in this dish, uhm, but show that they work, you know?


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[Assistant] The judges have never just walked away from me before, so it's a little bit concerning. But I'm just gonna go with my gut. This is not your regular surf and turf dish. Come on, Hissa. Yeah.


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[Assistant] I'm going. I know that I need to take a risk with my creativity if I wanna produce something that will hopefully win me this challenge.


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[Assistant] How are we looking? Smells amazing, Chris. It's a little bit different, you know, to your usual Italian root, um, but I know that these flavours work really well together and I'm pretty confident that this is gonna work.


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[Assistant] It's, you know, really flavour packed. The proteins are cooked beautifully and it's something that I'm really proud to serve the judges.


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[Assistant] Are there any? Is there any? Bread on the table. Bread on the table. Hammers behind that box. Hammers behind that box. Milk in front of the door. Milk in front of the door. Soap on the cupboard. Soap on the cupboard.


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[Assistant] Newspapers behind that vase. Water in those glasses.


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[Assistant] Water in those glasses. Tea in those cups. Tea in those cups. Cups in front of that kettle.


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[Assistant] Cups in front of that kettle, chocolate behind that book.


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[Assistant] chocolate behind that book teapots in the cupboard teapots in the cupboard cars in front of that building


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[Assistant] Move to the left entries. Left turn!


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[Assistant] Squad, uhm. Squad, move to the right in threes, A-Bout!


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[Assistant] This is a demonstration of an error casting application.


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[Assistant] Once, not long ago, in deepest Africa, a great rainforest. A wild, magical land, barely touched by humankind.


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[Assistant] There's a new life. A precious baby boy named Oscar. What's so special about this little guy? Well, something truly amazing will transform his life. And that's what our story is all about.


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[Assistant] Beneath this rainforest canopy is a world that you or I may never set eyes on.


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[Assistant] It's a world with few people, but still, it's full of drama, sadness, and joy.


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[Assistant] About three months have passed since little Oscar brought light into his mother's life. Isha couldn't be happier with her new baby boy.


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[Assistant] But there are 35 other chimpanzees in his group that make a kind of extended family. And they're never far away.


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[Assistant] Perhaps one day Oscar will become an old-timer like Grandpa. He'll turn 50 this year.


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[Assistant] But there are other kids too. They'll become Oscars playmates.


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[Assistant] Now Oscar won't be in his prime until he's over 20. But one day, he'll look like this big guy. This is Freddy. And he's large and in charge. His white beard shows his years of wisdom and experience.


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[Assistant] Right now, Freddy is untouchable. Like most alpha males.


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[Assistant] He couldn't care less about the young upstarts who would just love to take over his job someday.


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[Assistant] You need brains to make a living in this forest. The jungle toolbox can help, but only if you're bright enough to use it.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it just takes a little homeschooling. Available from your friends and family.


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[Assistant] See? Like this. Right there.


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[Assistant] For Isha's little boy, this is Independence Day. Independence comes one step at a time.


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[Assistant] Oscar's Forest Home is a prime piece of chimpanzee real estate that appears rich and lush, but it's a hard place to make a living.


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[Assistant] The jungle itself is a living, breathing thing that doesn't want to be eaten.


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[Assistant] Finding food here is a full-time job that involves the whole family, including Oscar. Now that he's grown up a little, he can start to explore on his own.


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[Assistant] But he's not above catching a lift when he can. Really. Why walk when you can hitch a ride? Keep it moving, Mom.


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[Assistant] Freddy leads a search for breakfast. It helps to have someone who knows where they're going. Especially when the restaurant is never in the same place.


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[Assistant] Today, the diner isn't even in the same neighborhood. To find the fruit they'll need, they'll have to travel much further and take a risk.


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[Assistant] Freddy knows the only fruit available now is on the far side of their kingdom. Out of their safe zone.


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[Assistant] Everyone is on maximum alert and treads as quietly as possible.


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[Assistant] This ridge marks the start of territory owned by a group of rival chimpanzees.


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[Assistant] Freddie sees his team are outnumbered two to one.


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[Assistant] The enemy has a formidable leader. Scar.


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[Assistant] He and his team have had Freddy in their sights for years.


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[Assistant] Oscar clings to Isha. They dare not make a move.


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[Assistant] Scar's drum is a threat. For Isha, it's run or die.


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[Assistant] By running off Freddy's group, their enemies have claimed a small victory. But that's just the beginning. Scar and his troops are intent on winning the war. Not just a single battle.


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[Assistant] The prize, a grove of nut trees in the center of Freddy's land.


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[Assistant] The Grove is an oasis of food in this difficult forest, and one that Scar's army has to conquer if they're going to survive and thrive.


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[Assistant] Isha knows that Scar is the greatest threat to little Oscar. And the run-in was too close for comfort. She'll do everything possible to keep her son safe.


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[Assistant] Oscar will rely on his mother's milk for a good while yet. And to keep that milk flowing, Isha relies on the rich nuts in Freddy's kingdom.


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[Assistant] So sought after by Scar, thrive here because of the rich soil and another magic ingredient. Life giving water.


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[Assistant] Beneath the waterfall, in the heart of Freddy's territory.


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[Assistant] The nuts are coming into season and it's time for a feast.


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[Assistant] But how do you carry them without a bag? You've got to be creative. Hmm. Put them over in this hand. Anybody watching this?


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[Assistant] The ripest nuts can be sniffed out. But these are also the hardest to break into.


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[Assistant] They require the right tool for the right job.


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[Assistant] It looks easier than it is. And the technique takes these guys many years to master.


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[Assistant] This is defective. They just don't make logs like they used to.


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[Assistant] Whoa, whoa, hold on. They're using rocks? No one said anything about rocks. Oh, I get it. They must be harder than wood.


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[Assistant] Now Oscar's out of nuts. He'll have to leave his hammer to stock up.


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[Assistant] After all those nuts, nobody's swinging through the trees. Yes, it's time to rest and digest. Even our boy Oscar's knocked out.


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[Assistant] It can take hours to sleep off a big meal, but the jungle never rests.


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[Assistant] A million trees in this forest, and you have to play over me.


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[Assistant] I'm sleeping. I'm still sleeping.


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[Assistant] Poor Isha. Just look at her. She really does have her hands full with Oscar. But her patience never seems to run out. Oscar's one lucky young chimp.


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[Assistant] Food is still scarce in their territory. If nothing changes, they'll be forced to make a move on the nutgroves.


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[Assistant] If they succeed, Freddy and his group will be exiled from their homeland forever.


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[Assistant] Grooming helps hold this volatile team together and reminds everyone who's boss. Without it, there would be anarchy.


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[Assistant] This hierarchy may hold in the short term, but how long can Scar count on his men?


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[Assistant] Far to the west, a special fruit is coming to season beneath the waterfall. Sacaglottis. Try saying that three times fast.


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[Assistant] Freddy knows the fruit is a real bonus, so it's best to make the most of it.


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[Assistant] Once washed, the fruit is chewed to a pulp so all the goodness can be sucked out. You can do it without teeth. No wonder Grandpa likes them. That's a good look. Not a lot of family photos with Grandpa. Very appetizing.


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[Assistant] When the fruit is so dry, rinse and repeat.


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[Assistant] Wow, that is some good cycle glasses.


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[Assistant] Finally, this is something Oscar can eat without his mother's help.


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[Assistant] With the fruit running low, Freddy's family resorts to another source of food.


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[Assistant] Like us, they eat fruits, vegetables and meat.


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[Assistant] But their choice in meat is something that just might surprise you.


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[Assistant] The males take up the hunt. They split up. Vanning out through the forest, they take up their places. Freddy is at center stage.


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[Assistant] Smaller and lighter than the chimpanzees. They can run on thinner branches. This makes the hunt much more challenging.


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[Assistant] This operation requires planning and everyone has a role to play.


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[Assistant] They're supposed to be seen and take a position in clear view.


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[Assistant] Another blocker. Another escape route closed.


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[Assistant] Freddy climbs carefully. He must not be seen.


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[Assistant] As ambusher, Freddy will stay hidden until he makes the grab.


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[Assistant] For Oscar, it's time to try to win a seat at the adult table.


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[Assistant] It's always good to add a little fiber to your diet. So don't forget the side salad.


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[Assistant] As usual, Oscar was last in line, so he missed the main course. He'll have to settle for his mother's milk. He may not be the most popular little boy with everyone, but his mother's love is something he can count on.


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[Assistant] With dusk approaching, leopards will soon prowl the forest floor. If Isha and Oscar want to sleep safely, the only way is up.


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[Assistant] Young, flexible branches can be woven into a platform.


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[Assistant] Finally, Isha's little rascal hits the sack.


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[Assistant] Even if the kids let you sleep, there's a good chance the neighbors will keep you awake.


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[Assistant] Is the best time of day to strengthen friendships with a little grooming.


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[Assistant] The bonds between Freddie's team are more important than ever.


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[Assistant] The group is far smaller than Scar's rival army and teamwork.


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[Assistant] Is there best chance of protecting the nutgroves for the next generation?


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[Assistant] A fig tree comes into fruit and is an instant hit with everyone.


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[Assistant] Figs are a life plan in the forest, often fruiting when there's nothing else to eat.


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[Assistant] They've wiped out the fruit in their own territory and have crossed the border to satisfy their hunger. All other animals scatter.


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[Assistant] This is just a stepping stone. When the moment is right,


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[Assistant] They will try to take over the real prize, the nut groves.


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[Assistant] Scar's raid on the eastern border goes unnoticed by Freddy's group. A new kind of nut is ripening in the nut groves. These are far tougher than the last ones. It's time to bring in the heavy equipment.


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[Assistant] And Freddy is an expert at this. But man is he tough on his tools. These things are a community resource. So can you please try not to break them?


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[Assistant] Safety first. So please keep hands and feet clear of rocks at all times.


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[Assistant] Chimps have gathered here to crack nuts for over four thousand years.


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[Assistant] Learning for Oscar will be a slow process. It will be years before he could even lift a rock like this.


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[Assistant] Day after day, it takes a committed mom to teach him how to make a living in the jungle.


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[Assistant] It'll be many years before Isha's son can fend for himself.


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[Assistant] For Freddy's gang, the rain is less welcome. Chimps just hate getting wet.


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[Assistant] Isha has been injured and separated from the group by Scar's gang. She will struggle to get back safely.


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[Assistant] Several of Isha's friends have been lost to leopards, often when they have strayed from the safety of the group.


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[Assistant] Isha will never return to her family. Or her son.


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[Assistant] Oscar doesn't know about his mother's death. And he searches for her everywhere.


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[Assistant] With every hour that slips by, he becomes more desperate.


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[Assistant] Oscar's growing body needs constant food. He tries to remember what his mom did to make their living. But nothing comes easily without her.


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[Assistant] Hours turn into days. Oscar must spend less time searching and more time focusing on his survival.


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[Assistant] Hunger drives Oscar to a bee's nest. Honey is good food, but he's always relied on his mom to collect it.


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[Assistant] Honey's too deep for small arms to reach and the bees are not happy.


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[Assistant] The boss takes the biggest piece of honeycomb, but there's enough left for everyone else, except the little boy who found it.


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[Assistant] The forest seems an increasingly hostile place for a young, hungry chimpanzee.


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[Assistant] It's ingenious. They'll bite your lips, but at least the rest of you is safe.


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[Assistant] Oscar keeps his distance. Maybe it's safer just to pick up tips for another time.


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[Assistant] Oscar is losing weight quickly. And with no one to groom him, it's becoming harder to keep ticks and other bugs from his skin.


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[Assistant] But sadly for him, most of the females have kids of their own and are unable to help.


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[Assistant] Scar and his men may have taken more than one life that day.


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[Assistant] Oscar has tried everything, but he's still alone.


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[Assistant] There's only one chimp he hasn't approached. Freddy.


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[Assistant] Oscar will at least find the best food and work out what's safe to eat. Right now, survival is all that matters.


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[Assistant] Freddy is not known for his tolerance. But Oscar isn't a challenger. This will be a new experience for them both.


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[Assistant] A gentle acceptance is more than Oscar could have hoped for.


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[Assistant] Being at Freddy's side should allow him to pick up some tips on food preparation.


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[Assistant] Maybe the big guy's table manners don't set the best example, but who's gonna tell him off? Or pick a fight with a friend sitting next to him.


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[Assistant] As the days pass, Freddy and Oscar's relationship begins to change. Until something extraordinary happens. Freddy allows Oscar to ride on his back, as usually only a mother would.


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[Assistant] Just being led to these nuts would not help Oscar. But now Freddy steps up.


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[Assistant] And gives his new friend first pick of everyone he cracks, just as his mother once did. The bond between them is growing.


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[Assistant] The group is waiting for their leader, but Freddy has a new project.


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[Assistant] The learning that stops short when Oscar was orphaned is starting again.


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[Assistant] He's with a wise and skilled chimpanzee who has much to offer.


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[Assistant] But his commitment to Oscar has left him no time to patrol his borders.


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[Assistant] They would not usually get this deep into Freddy's land without opposition, and they intend to take full advantage.


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[Assistant] The troops need to refuel before they push on. The grand fig tree is being pillaged


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[Assistant] But there is growing descent in the ranks. The physical power of this army is beyond question. But the unity of a team can be fragile. Scar needs to watch his back.


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[Assistant] Freddie has become completely devoted to Oscar. The highest ranking male, grooming the lowest. It's an astonishing turn of events.


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[Assistant] A few weeks ago, Oscar had nothing. And now he's well fed and completely adored, and his savior is the last one anyone could have expected.


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[Assistant] The time for a full invasion has arrived.


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[Assistant] He knows there is trouble approaching, and for the first time in weeks, he appears nervous.


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[Assistant] Friendships need investment, and his attention has been elsewhere.


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[Assistant] Freddie must reassure his team that he is still the boss and has the strength to unite them and lead them.


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[Assistant] The group is now thriving, unchallenged in their ownership of the precious nut groves.


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[Assistant] The cracking school continues, but some students never seem to catch on.


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[Assistant] Grandpa has lived to see Scar dealt a blow from which he may never recover.


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[Assistant] But now, he's fully accepted by the group and seems to be everyone's new friend.


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[Assistant] Oscar and Freddie have been transformed by the turmoil of the last few months. For Oscar, the loss of his mother could have meant the end. Instead, it's a new beginning with the most unlikely foster parent in the forest.


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[Assistant] You discovered a softer side that must have been there all along.


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[Assistant] Secure in Freddy's arms. The future finally looks bright for Oscar.


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[Assistant] I was two tables away from Trump, the conventional way in Washington.


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[Assistant] ...of absorbing a joke at the White House Correspondents Dinner.


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[Assistant] Is to keep your chin up and at least pretend to have a sense of humor about it, even if you go cry into your pillow that night. Trump was steaming.


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[Assistant] His face was all locked in, he was not having a good time.


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[Assistant] The youngest governor in the United States now, young governor Clinton of the state of...


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[Assistant] When she had to begin to change her appearance, dye her hair, lose a lot of weight, get rid of her glasses,


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[Assistant] Not speak up, not be as, as much who she was. That hurt all of us. We all felt bad about that. It was, it was hard. It was hard on us, it was hard on her.


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[Assistant] Senator Brooke basically told us that the people who are protesting are kind of like elite, uh, ne'er-do-wells. So I can remember sitting in my seat.


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[Assistant] Uhm, just fuming. I mean, this is my college graduation and I am just fuming. And, you know, we're just, all of us, we're just ready to pop. Hillary was scribbling notes all through his speech.


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[Assistant] Utterly, uhm, articulate rebuttal of everything Senator Brookhead said.


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[Assistant] She was going to say what we all wanted to say.


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[Assistant] Obsession earlier with Lilius Trotter and I, I had this image suddenly of a terrier.


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[Assistant] That just goes down that rabbit hole determined to get the prey.


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[Assistant] If Miriam had not spent 30 years researching Lilius Trotter, she would have been forgotten. I think lost to the sands of time.


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[Assistant] She knew they existed, it was an obsession, looking for these things, and it takes obsession to doggedly look and look and look.


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[Assistant] It did raise eyebrows that a woman, especially of her breeding, didn't just mingle with but embraced people of a far lower estate and in terrible, terrible conditions. I think a lot of people thought she was risking.


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[Assistant] Her own safety and her own health to be doing this.


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[Assistant] When she said no to Ruskin, she was turning her back on the possibility of fame and embracing obscurity. It's a very rare thing to do.


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[Assistant] To turn down the kind of renown she might have known and the


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[Assistant] In order to do something that garnered no praise at that time, no fame, almost


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[Assistant] Her passion was to reach out to the downtrodden.


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[Assistant] She used all of her imagination to create environments.


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[Assistant] For these people where they could be treated with respect and as, as worthy human beings.


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[Assistant] To go into an obscure and dangerous land really is a, is a wild choice. It's especially for a woman at that time.


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[Assistant] It's almost unimaginable. It's difficult to do today.


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[Assistant] She was really turning her back on everything that was familiar and everything that was comfortable.


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[Assistant] What most impressed me about her work in Algeria was the almost thankless nature of it. Because so much of her vast energies were like water.


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[Assistant] Really poured out her life, turned on her, or would leave. And yet, she was so committed.


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[Assistant] I think Lilius is an iconoclast. I don't think she was hedged in at all by cultural boundaries. Dictates as a woman.


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[Assistant] As a Christian, as an artist, she defied all the categories.


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[Assistant] listen, listen. cleanse, cleanse.


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[Assistant] Washes Washes


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[Assistant] Don Jones is good looking, he was young, he was just contrary to everything that we'd ever had in church, any church, right?


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[Assistant] It was at the Chicago Sunday Evening Club, you know, which was, still is at the Symphony Hall in Chicago.


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[Assistant] There was something very deep inside Martin Luther King that is not just moving, but life-altering. And the words that came out were so profoundly affecting that you left


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[Assistant] Feeling more fulfilled in many ways and more empty in many ways than you had before.


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[Assistant] Our mothers that we were going to the movies. And we drove my family station wagon down, down.


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[Assistant] She was there volunteering, patching up heads, and said, you gotta be aware of this and everything that's going on. It was chaotic, it was mayhem, but it was also almost beautiful in its portrayal of like, opened up this road and said, this is where you're going, and this is why.


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[Assistant] She knew she was going to go back to Wellesley and she would find people like thinking of, of this war has to end.


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[Assistant] They bite you in the most remarkable places. These sweat peas are driving me nuts.


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[Assistant] What's the matter with them? What must they do?


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[Assistant] George has an earache, so he must see a doctor.


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[Assistant] George has an earache, so he must see a doctor.


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[Assistant] He has a toothache, so he must see a dentist.


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[Assistant] He has a toothache, so he must see a dentist. Jane has a stomachache, so she must take some medicine.


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[Assistant] Jane has a stomach ache, so she must take some medicine. Sam has a temperature, so he must go to bed.


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[Assistant] Sam has a temperature, so he must go to bed. Dave has flu, so he must stay in bed.


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[Assistant] Dave has flu, so he must stay in bed. Jimmy has measles, so we must call the doctor.


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[Assistant] She said, I'm going to Arkansas to be with my boyfriend.


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[Assistant] Because she had a tremendous future, and at first she was a star. I thought, she's going down there to Arkansas and nobody goes to Arkansas. I said, you're not going to go down there. They don't have French bread. They don't have breed. What are you going to do down there?


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[Assistant] Uh, a mascot and they were saying, sui, sui, pig, pig, pig and I began to cry. Very sad.


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[Assistant] One o'clock, five past one, ten past one.


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[Assistant] One o'clock, five past one, ten past one.


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[Assistant] A quarter to two, ten to two, five to two.


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[Assistant] A quarter to two, ten to two, five to two.


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[Assistant] Half past one, thirty-five past one, forty past one.


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[Assistant] Half past one, thirty-five past one, forty past one.


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[Assistant] Where were you on? When were you at? Sunday January 1st, church.


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[Assistant] Monday, February 2nd, school Monday, February 2nd, school


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[Assistant] Tuesday March 3rd, the office.


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[Assistant] Wednesday, April 4th, the butchers. Thursday, May 5th, the hairdressers.


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[Assistant] Thursday, May 5th. The hairdressers. Friday, June 6th. The bakers. Friday, June 6th. The bakers.


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[Assistant] Saturday July 7th, the dairy. Sunday August 8th, home.


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[Assistant] Monday, September 9th, The Grocers. Tuesday, October 10th, The Green Grocers.


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[Assistant] What's the time? What's the time?


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[Assistant] 10 o'clock. 11 o'clock. 12 o'clock.


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[Assistant] 10 o'clock, 11 o'clock, 12 o'clock. Do you have any? Do you have any? Cheese butter eggs. Cheese butter eggs. Jam honey bread. Jam honey bread. Peas beans cabbages. Peas beans cabbages.


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[Assistant] Lettuce is banana's grapes. Lettuce is banana's grapes. Peaches thick means, Peaches thick means chicken whiskey beer.


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[Assistant] I'm probably more of a morning person, you know? I don't do fancy meals. I try and help out at home whenever I can. Actually no, I don't. I don't, that's a lie.


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[Assistant] Sweaty shirts. Dirty trousers. It's not nice. It's not a nice story.


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[Assistant] You're gonna have to ask Hugh. I can't remember. It's so hard. It's really, it's, I'm just thankful that I have it done, to be honest. It's really quite difficult. So don't, don't, don't say, how hard is it to do a belt? Because it's really hard. That's how hard it is.


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[Assistant] No, no funny jokes, nothing, you just have to answer, you know, sincerely.


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[Assistant] Jack-O-Lantern. That is a Jack-O-Lantern.


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[Assistant] Once the cold winds blow from October to February, it won't make it. The market just isn't there.


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[Assistant] Yeah, the saying, so many books, so little time, actually is kind of macabre.


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[Assistant] If you think about it. Anyway, at the beginning of the year 2021 I actually already made kind of like a list for myself of books that I wanted to read in my lifetime. Kind of like a book bucket list, if you will. And I never really shared it in a video or anything. And since then I've also added a bunch of books to it. Haven't really been crossing off any books, to be honest. So I thought it would be fun to just make a video about it.


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[Assistant] This is a part of the pile. I have more. Most of the books that I want to read in my lifetime I don't actually own yet, but this is part of it. So a pile like this is a little bit different from just books that I really want to read. There are way more books that I want to be reading in like


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[Assistant] The upcoming year or few months, but the bucket list really is for books that I know that I still want to read.


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[Assistant] Even in ten years, even if my taste in book changes.


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[Assistant] These are still books that I want to get through. So I have a bunch. Let's start with uhm, yeaah. Let's start with some English classic literature. The thing with these books, uh, when I was making this book list is I tried to get a lot of inspiration from those.


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[Assistant] 100 books you have to read before you die lists that are all over the internet and the thing is they all kind of have the same kind of books and I don't think that you should


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[Assistant] Of course it's fine that if you see a list that's like full of these great American novels but you're not interested in that at all, you don't have to read that.


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[Assistant] If you're not into fantasy or sci-fi, there's no need for you to read sci-fi classics, for example. Read the books that actually interest you, you know? So for English classics, the ones that I'm particularly interested in are the kind of 18th, 19th century gothic romantic ones. So, the first one that


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[Assistant] And that is Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. So a funny story about this book actually is that when I was in secondary school, I was about 16 or 17 years old. We had to do presentations for English class and you could pick any topic. So I decided to choose a book as my topic because I thought that would be like the most fun and also


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[Assistant] Not too difficult, because you could just talk about synopsis. And I decided to do my presentation about Frankenstein. I didn't read the book.


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[Assistant] Obviously, I don't know, the teacher kind of expected it, but I was not about to read a whole book just for like a short presentation. The most important part is that I just looked up the synopsis and some background information and talked about that, and I don't remember anything.


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[Assistant] About this book, even though I did a presentation on it, the only thing that I remember is that a lot of characters die, because when I was doing the presentation, giving the synopsis, it was basically just


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[Assistant] Oh, and then that character died, and then that character died, and then that character died. That's all I remember about this book. But I really do feel like we're about to come full circle when I finally do read this book. It was where I was headed, you know, eight years ago when I did my presentation about this book. But this is, you know, the gothic story about


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[Assistant] Dr. Frankenstein, the monster he makes. I just really like these kind of books about like ambition.


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[Assistant] Empowering science, gothic vibe, kinda scary.


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[Assistant] Psychological, horror-ish vibe is something that I really vibe with. So I feel like I should just really get into Edgar Allan Poe's literature. Somehow I haven't yet, so that's why it's on bliss. They kind of remind me, like,


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[Assistant] I would prefer to just maybe have like a small, cute, not very flashy paperback because I can actually take that with me. Having those beautiful gilded edges special edition of a book.


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[Assistant] I have on my list Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. I just want to have read something by Jane Austen. I think Pride and Prejudice is our most well-known one. Just like most of the books on my bucket list.


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[Assistant] I'm a little intimidated by them, I don't know why, I feel like I lack the literature skills to be able to understand a book like this, even though I had it in English class in secondary school.


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[Assistant] Uhm, we just didn't have to read it. And I'm also afraid that I'm not gonna...


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[Assistant] Understand the humor in it, because it's very much like...


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[Assistant] 19th century humor that is probably very context based on like the historical context, but I am really excited to read this because like many of the other books that are also on this list,


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[Assistant] We did get them in English class, we just didn't have to read them because it was probably a little too high level English for like secondary school Dutch people. So I am really excited to get around to this someday and finally understand the Jane Austen hype. Same thing with another book that I still haven't read.


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[Assistant] That is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. I also remember learning about this in English class and being really intrigued by it, like,


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[Assistant] These three sisters, the Bronte sisters, that all just wrote beautiful literature that was very influential. If I remember correctly, Jane Eyre kind of introduced the idea of writing from a first-person perspective, which I also really enjoy, and I have loved


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[Assistant] Except the 500 page classic that I'm about to read. I'm just really excited to just dive into a big story like this about this defiant, clever woman, the melancholic, broody vibe of it all. It's on the bucket list. Talking about the Bronte sisters, I also really want to read Wuthering Heights by... Is that one Emily Bronte? Oh. And then The Tenant of Wildflower Hall is Anne Bronte, if I'm correct?


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[Assistant] In these kind of romance-y, Wattpet-esque stories, also like Twilight, Wuthering Heights is often read by the main characters and maybe by the love interest as well, and they present it as this like beautiful romance story, even though


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[Assistant] I'm pretty sure that Wuthering Heights is supposedly more like a very tragic story about a toxic relationship.


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[Assistant] And I just want to have read it so I can understand what these kind of teen romance books are referencing as super romantic.


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[Assistant] Moving on, we have a bunch of more philosophical books, both nonfiction and fiction. This is the kind of book that I always want to read more of because I get a lot out of it and it's like satisfying and I enjoy reading it.


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[Assistant] Don't really end up reaching it very often because it's just a lot easier to just reach for an easy to read book, especially when I'm tired from the day and I just wanna


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[Assistant] Read a book that's not like, too difficult to read, so I tend to only read these kind of books during holidays or when I have a lot of free time, because then I have the energy to like, dive into it and really make sure I understand it.


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[Assistant] But I am putting them all on the bucket list to kind of remind myself that I do really want to read these books because these are the type of books that I do enjoy and get a lot out of. So the first one that I do already own


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[Assistant] Is Symposium and the Death of Socrates by Plato. This is one of the books that's always mentioned as a good introduction into philosophy. What it's known for is kind of


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[Assistant] A bunch of people talking at a table about love. The theme of the symposium was mostly about love and platonic love. And also this one includes the death of Socrates because Socrates was sentenced to death because


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[Assistant] I just find it really interesting that the people who lived so long ago wrote down these ideas and thoughts and philosophies that we can still read today and that are still very interesting to read about today, so.


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[Assistant] I wanna have read this at least some time in my life. Another one that I want to read is Beyond Good and Evil by Friedrich Nietzsche. I know this is like...


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[Assistant] You know what it's all about. I still don't know what the best book is to read when you first want to get into Nietzsche, because different sources say different things, but if I'm correct, most people recommend to start with Beyond Good and Evil, so.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so this one is mostly focused on morality and ethics and, I mean, as the title suggests, beyond good and evil, about this idea that we should move beyond the idea that some things are good and some things are evil. And I'm sure that he will explain in his book how we should move beyond that and then what that is that exists beyond that.


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[Assistant] Interesting. I wanna read it. Then another book that I really wanna get to soon is A Room in One Zone by Virginia Woolf. This is the non- I mean, Virginia Woolf is known for her fiction, her literature. Like, I've read, uh, Miss Dalloway and To the Lighthouse, but she's also written a very


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[Assistant] famous essay thing called A Room of One's Own.


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[Assistant] Which is like a feminist story, a feminist essay where she kind of talks about this idea that women need a room of their own, without any men in it, in order to fully come to fruition and actually be able to write things that are completely for themselves, about themselves and about women.


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[Assistant] Without being influenced by the men in their lives, and usually because a lot of women don't have that space for themselves, they don't have a room of their own. I mean, you know, back in the day when this was written, when women were just like the housekeepers taking care of the children, taking care of their husband.


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[Assistant] And focus on their thoughts and their ideas, and that that is stopping a lot of women from writing good stories and sharing their thoughts with the world, and that's why people don't think women seriously. At least that's what I think it's about, I'm-


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[Assistant] Becoming aware that I'm giving all these explanations of what these books are about, but I haven't read them yet, so I might be wrong in some cases. But it's been an influential feminist text, and I wanna read it.


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[Assistant] We love feminism here. Talking about feminism, another book that I really want to read is Sister Outsider by Audrey Lord. Another very influential feminist text.


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[Assistant] You may know Audre Lorde from, or at least that's what I know her from, from the saying the master's tools will never dismantle the master's house, which I think is also the name of one of the essays in Sister Outsider, that in order to like break down oppressive systems you have to work


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[Assistant] Outside of that oppressive system and you can never break the oppressive system using the oppressive system.


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[Assistant] Then some fiction philosophy things. I really wanna read The Plague by Albert Camus. I've read The Myth of Sisyphus and The Outsider, which I think are his most well-known books. But I also wanna read The Plague, especially now that we have gone through a pandemic, I think reading a book


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[Assistant] Whatcha gonna do about it? You're gonna die. Whatcha gonna do about it? You can't do anything about it. Better just enjoy your life. That's a really reductive way of, uh, explaining his philosophy, but that's kinda the gist. To combat the sweet, sweet existential dread. And then the last book


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[Assistant] Often, it's just a little difficult to get through because it just has that very different from modern day of writing.


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[Assistant] Writing style, and it's pretty dense, it's very long, but it is like a- an interesting story about a man who kills someone, kind of out of necessity.


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[Assistant] And then, for most of the book, just deals with the consequences, not necessarily like the external consequences, but the internal consequences, and like the psychological consequences.


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[Assistant] Of having to deal with the fact that he just killed someone. It's very focused on like the psychology of the character and like the morality of everything, the ethics. Interesting, good stuff. I really wanna read it and get through it someday, because I know that I will enjoy that. It's just that I haven't really found a good moment.


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[Assistant] Then moving on to the last little subsection, and that is fantasy sci-fi classics that I really want to read, starting off with, of course, The Lord of the Rings. I have not read a single Tolkien book in my life. I know.


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[Assistant] Fake fantasy fan right here. Even though I really love fantasy, I will admit that the kind of Tolkien-esque fantasy with elves and dwarves and this kind of medieval European fantasy setting has never been my favorite and I don't tend to read books.


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[Assistant] That are clear, you know, like a lot of epic fantasy books are clearly taken inspiration from Tolkien.


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[Assistant] As they should, you know, it was a good thing to be taking inspiration from, but those usually aren't the epic fantasy books that I like to read, so because of that I've also never really had the urge to be like, ooh, I wanna read


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[Assistant] The book that these are all inspired by, because I don't tend to enjoy books like that, but I do think I will, despite that, enjoy The Lord of the Rings because it's just...


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[Assistant] Then for a sci-fi classic that I really want to read, it is The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. May come a little bit as a surprise since I don't really read that much sci-fi, and I


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[Assistant] I definitely don't read any kind of humorous books, ever, but I've recently come to the conclusion that some of my favorite pieces of media are the kind of TV shows or movies that combine genre


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[Assistant] With comedy, for example, I love how Screamtweens combines comedy with horror or Knives Out that combines the typical detective.


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[Assistant] With some humor in it. So I think I might actually really enjoy this type of book that just combines like


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[Assistant] Classic sci-fi with comedy. So I wanna, I wanna get around to reading this. Again, one of those books that I don't think I will get to anytime soon, but one day in my life.


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[Assistant] I might read it. Also, another thing that I've been noticing in my coding classes is that oftentimes when you look up codes like on the internet to see what other people have done and when people need to choose a random number, oftentimes these people choose 42.


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[Assistant] Any magical realism, I think. But it feels like something I would really enjoy. So, magical realism, it's different from fantasy or supernatural things. It's where


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[Assistant] Mysterious magical things happen, but it's not seen as like, something that shouldn't be there. You know, in like a supernatural book, magical things happen, and the characters are like, oh my god, that's magic, woah.


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[Assistant] In magical realism, it's just part of the reality, and it's not really questioned, and it's just a little surrealist. It's usually there to add to the theme and the analogies used in the book, it's there to add to the emotion.


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[Assistant] That is then fully explored, basically using the formula of going to another planet and exploring that planet and how the people live there.


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[Assistant] And there are no authorities or hierarchical structures.


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[Assistant] So, I'm really interested in that. And then the other book by her that I really want to read is The Left Hand of Darkness. This one is about someone going to a planet where the people can choose and change their gender.


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[Assistant] And again, it's about how that influences the society and the way people think about gender. So those are the books that are on my book bucket list as of right now. I just quickly want to go over


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[Assistant] I'll just, I feel like I've been talking for hours, so I won't dwell on them for too long. These are just books that I think everyone should have read. The first one is kind of an open door, but they are


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[Assistant] What a shocker. Especially 1984, which gets referenced so often by politicians and online people and very often you can clearly tell.


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[Assistant] If you wanna start with something philosophy, I recommend the myth of Sisyphus. You know how this video is about death?


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[Assistant] So is this book. Like I explained earlier, Albert Camus is known for his philosophy of absurdism, which in very reductive terms is just about the idea that there is no meaning to life, and it's


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[Assistant] For young people. I feel like it really coincides with how a lot of young people actually look at the meaning of life and death, etc. Would recommend looking up a little bit about his philosophy first before jumping into this one, because it does have quite some


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[Assistant] Philosophical jargon. Not too much, but still, if you've never read a philosophy book, it's good to kind of read in on it. Then a few nonfiction books that I think everyone should read. I've mentioned them before, so I'll go over them quickly.


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[Assistant] Safians, if you wanna understand society and look at the world a little bit differently and kind of get a bird's eye view of the history of humanity so you can kind of look at it in perspective.


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[Assistant] I think everyone should read this. And the other one that I recommend is Man's Search for Meaning by Victor E. Frenkel. This is about World War II and about Victor E. Frenkel's experience in a concentration camp and how he came up with his philosophy and also his psychological methodology based on how he found meaning.


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[Assistant] In these extremely dire situations. On the one hand, really good for everyone to read to kind of get like a closer look of really how


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[Assistant] Bad it was in the second world war. And secondly, because it gives a lot of interesting insights on how to look at life. Then, if you're a fantasy fan, like me, I would recommend you read at least once in your lifetime.


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[Assistant] It's so much fun to read, especially if it kind of coincides with the kind of stories that you grew up with learning about. It's so fun to read like the original stories. So it's like nostalgic in one way, and at the same time,


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[Assistant] Really fun to kind of see how the original stories differ from like the movies that were made out of them. And the last one that I think everyone should read before they die is Dune by Frank Herbert. If you're a fan of fantasy or sci-fi, especially if you're a fan of Star Wars, I highly recommend reading this book just because you're going to see


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[Assistant] Kind of like, for the same reason a lot of people read Lord of the Rings, I think you should also read Dune.


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[Assistant] Crawl into the earth. I hope I will read the books on this list soon, so I can talk about what I actually think about them. But until then,