[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, before wrapping up, there's just one last thing I want to say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is that, it was maybe not so long ago that I was still a student myself, and even today, you know, I still try to take different classes when I have time to try to learn new things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It took the time to go through the review questions and that many of you took the time to even work through the programming exercises and long and complicated programming exercises. Uhm, I wanted to say thank you for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, I know that many of you have worked hard on this cause, that many of you have put a lot of time into this cause, that many of you have put a lot of yourselves into this cause.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I hope that you also got a lot out of this class and I wanted to say thank you very much for having been a student in this class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, generally not too bad, hopefully move pretty quick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hopefully, mentally nimble, and yeaah. See how we go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Capability Brown's Grecian Valley and it's remarkable to think that there was 24,000 tonnes of topsoil removed from this valley.


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[Assistant] But we're also right on the edge of the landscape garden at Stowe and you can tell by the ornate nature of the gate lodges here and the enormity of that avenue that goes off into the distance that you're also on the edge of something really, really significant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The trees are marshalling your way onto the property. You know, you can't wander off peace, can you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see that the columns of the portico of the main house are beyond. So you're still not there yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By keeping it so formal, it's really, really impressive. You know, and quite intimidating at times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can look at it in quite simple terms about how majestic trees like this cedar get. They also, in a strange kind of way, help you orientate yourself. Because this cedar you can see from all over the landscape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Feels like the tree starts welcoming you as you clop it into the canopy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is like coming up and opening the stage curtains on a fantastic performance, you know, because that's what it is. I can see the house and the axis and the view to the arch in the distance associated with the view to the Temple of the Worthies behind and suddenly there's two or three different elements of the landscape coming together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seeing the trees in the distance and they actually looked like shrubs. You know, so when we're gardening nowadays, we're choosing shrubs to create the same effect that they were using full scale trees. That really is gardening on a very, very grand scale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's elements of Charles Bridgman's formality, one of the great gardeners that worked at Stowe, laid out before us. And, over my other shoulder, William Kent, another great gardener from the 18th century who worked at Stowe, performing, you know, to my right hand side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being up here, seeing the different elements, the Kent, the Bridgman, the formal, the less formal. The distinction was being blurred, you know, between parklands and gardens. And then it was really Brown that further naturalized the landscape, kind of, they referred to it as calling in the countryside. So you welcome the countryside into the landscape garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Capability Brown's Grecian Valley and it really is a remarkable achievement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You look to the left and you can see some of the darker trees, you can see some of the scotch pine reaching out the top of the canopy. You look to the right and you start seeing the old characters like that lovely sweet chestnut there. They're framing the valley, they're creating a stage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the magnificent temple in the distance. For the temple of concord and victory. Capability Brown's ambition was to flood it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I suppose in a way, in my opinion, thankfully, we're left with this beautiful, sweeping, dog-legged valley.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That almost connects, connects the garden into the landscape in the distance. And the temple on top of the hill remains, it remains the focal point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you've been led up the valley, the Grecian valley, to the temple of concord and victory. And what you get at this point...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is really precise view out through the trees to the obelisk in the distance. So precise that the trees frame it. You know, you have a really narrow frame through it. And then you sweep across the valley again, very open. And up to another very precise view to Cobham's column.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, framed like a picture frame created with the trees. And Cobham's overlooking this great work that he had done. It's all put together in this area wonderfully, I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It does look quite simple, it looks quite, quite natural actually, which is perfect, which is what the ambition was.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These limes are really old characters here in the garden, aren't they? And they've just got the end of autumn hanging on the edge of their branches. And it's just like a shadow of colour on the edge of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a group of trees here to bring you from the house down to this viewing point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You were almost compelled to explore the garden and explore the landscape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a real big, strong feature. It's compelling, it draws you towards it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here he is. This is Capability Brown at his best. So it's all there, the whole story, his bridge, his lake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, the hills we see, the rolling hills that we see the trees planted on, they were adjusted or improved as they would say in the 18th century. I love that term. You know, the improvements that were made.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were massive alterations. It's an amazing feat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's an amazing spot this, isn't it? We really get to reap the benefits of...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It just makes you happy that people like Brown did work like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the critical transformations that takes place in the life of this garden is the change from high Victoriana into Edwardian style gardens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the time the Edwardian era came along, it was about compartmentalization. Creating spaces that were usable. They were human. They were spaces in which to entertain. They were spaces in which to socialize.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It endured despite the fact that almost every conceivable disaster and challenge was thrown at it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The appeal to Ludwig for coming to this space must in part have been its proximity to London, but also its relative remoteness, the idea that when we sit in this landscape,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't see any towns or villages, so you do feel as though you are pioneering in that way. And in fact, he was pioneering with his design ideas, with his horticultural ideas and his horticultural passion. So it fits perfectly that he ended up here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ludwig was undoubtedly a horticultural entrepreneur. He was one of those individuals who wanted to create something slightly different. He was very much on trend, following fashions, leading fashions. And the greatest example, possibly in this garden, the first example, is the Heathgarden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it was that pioneering spirit that meant that only he was able to do it. He had the knack of being able to spot something different, deploy it in the garden, and then give it space to breathe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can't be an accident that a man who was so keen to not only stamp his credentials haughtily culturally, but stamp his credentials from a social and cultural perspective ended up in a neighborhood surrounded by people who he must have admired.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The gardens in this particular part of England are hugely notorious. They are trendsetters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a great deal of competition between these gardens and, and to, to gain that extra notch up to get a slightly improved cultivar. And if you could name it after perhaps the gardener or the landowner, the designer, the garden itself, then so much the better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the key to successes really in creating a garden, especially a garden from scratch, is that you have to ally yourself with someone who really knows the business and knows what to do to cope with the conditions. And so Ludwig allied himself with Coomba who was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A man who understood how to get plants to perform. So what we see is a relationship where you have one person full of ideas and ambition and drive, and the other is the facilitator. And that is the great secret in a garden like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Influential individual, somewhat curmudgeonly, very clear in his opinions on how gardens should be presented. He wanted to reintroduce nature. He wanted to really allow nature to sweep right into the heart of the garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He wanted the informality of trees and woodland and meadow to offer that curtain, that backdrop to the border.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's that marriage between informality and relative formality which Robinson was so carefully crafting at that time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the 1890s, one of the critical elements of a garden on the tick list


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of ingredients was undoubtedly the herbaceous border.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a very new concept, it's a new idea. Putting plants together, weaving them, creating a tapestry, using plants from around the empire. But it becomes the ultimate expression of control, manipulation and artistry within the confines of horticulture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it is that impact, that high impact and drama that was demanded. That was the role of the herbaceous border, to draw you through the site. And it's, it is like a theatrical performance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 1890, when Mesel first came here and set out his plans for a grand landscape and grand park and garden, I don't think he would ever have contemplated that a few years hence, it would be open to the public and it would be treated as a public park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sure he would have appreciated how many people come in through the gates and marvel at what he was able to achieve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really makes this garden stand out from any other. The bravery to say, this isn't working, but this piece is. Let's change this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a great deal of celebration attached to the gardens and the plants associated with the messels. And of course many are hugely valuable in the horticultural world today and persist in our garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be accepted by any royal society is a great mark of one's achievement, climbing socially. And to be accepted by the Royal Horticultural Society, well it was the ultimate, ultimate accolade. They've made it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If their aim and ambition was to create a piece of the gothic ruin, a piece of gothic romanticism,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A baroque castle. And what better way of demonstrating it than a genuine ruin? And so rather perversely, the fire is also responsible for heightening the romance that they so much sought.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Restorations of gardens like this are key to their survival. Restoration doesn't mean that you're halting progress, at least not in the sense of nymans. Restoration means that you're being consistent and you're remaining pure to the original ethos, philosophy and concept of the designer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So how many of the plants that you've utilized in here would messel have tried previously on this site?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And much more familiar to us today than it would of course have been in his day. I think one of the lovely things about these gardens is that it gives you permission to create really quite brash, colourful combinations as you do in the herbaceous board, as Muriel would have been very familiar with in the herbaceous board. And here you are reintroducing colour combinations that on paper shouldn't work together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For me, the legacy of Nymans is very much the principle of understanding the celebratory nature in which the garden was established. That sense of fun and theatre and enjoyment and romanticism. And that's what we see crafted out of the landscape before us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's wonderful to see the family today, even though they're slightly more distant, maintaining a close interest in how this garden continues to move forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So guys, all the ingredients in the mystery box today have been especially chosen by Heston himself and inspired by water. They all come from the Murray catchment, except for one. Show us what you've chosen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a beautiful respect for ingredients, and I think if you travel around the world and you talk to a lot of the top chefs,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eloise, you're much who is a mess. Why don't you board us instead?


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[Assistant] The last dish we want to taste. Oh, so many great contenders.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The last dish we want to taste. Oh, so many great contenders.


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[Assistant] And I think because of the care, the precision, and above all the downright tastiness.


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[Assistant] Unbelievable flavour. And wasabi leaf as well.


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[Assistant] Love the flavor of the dressing, think that the use of the wasabi leaf just gives you just enough heat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great flavour, but what it's lacking probably is a bit of a wettiness. But for 18 minutes, impressive stuff. You are a very... I'm so word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well what a fantastic day's cooking. Some really great inventive cooking for our first Invention Test in Japan ever. Three dishes really caught our imagination and our eye. If I call your name please step forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know how important communication is cooking in a commercial kitchen. And today it's everything. Great food, great restaurants are all about consistency every single day and night. If you don't communicate clearly, you're not going to succeed. You're going to be in trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't see each other, obviously. But, you can hear each other. You got me?


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[Assistant] 45, 50 seconds, or a little bit longer. And seconds are the difference. Let's find out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First up, let me just say the rest of you did an amazing job. So this is where it gets a little bit interesting.


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[Assistant] Gary's vote went to Tamara and Sarah.


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[Assistant] Matt's vote went to Aram and Eliza.


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[Assistant] So for us at Nymans, we've got a certain amount but nothing like what's here. I'm interested in Anne and to have her sketches and see them and also to see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The finished article, either in the garden or in the house, is just amazing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, not really, but I know for some people it can be quite a serious problem. Natural selection? You mean the principle behind evolution?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over many, many years. So why have anxiety? That seems like a negative rather than a positive thing to develop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I'm pretty sure I know this one, so I'm not going to give away the answer just yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He says that he did that for 40 years, but it was only after about 20 years or so that he realised that we suffer from anxiety for a good reason. We'll find out that reason shortly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what is anxiety? Well, it's your body reacting to danger, like an emergency response, a warning. In really dangerous situations, which could harm you or even kill you, which Dr Nessie describes as life-threatening situations, it's a useful response to warn you to take action or to prepare for action. But some people experience anxiety.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dr Nessie suggests that anxiety is a result of natural selection. This is the principle of evolution whereby random changes in the biology of a living thing can make it more likely to survive in a particular environment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A life-threatening situation is a very dangerous situation which could cause serious injury or even death.


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[Assistant] That's exactly what happened to Jane Goodall, who shot to fame in 1965 when she appeared on the cover of National Geographic magazine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jane introduced the world to the social and emotional lives of the wild chimpanzees of Gombe in eastern Tanzania.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this program we'll be hearing from the iconic environmentalist Jane Goodall. She reflects on how attitudes have changed as science has uncovered the deep connections between humans and the great apes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Large primates including chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans who are closely related to humans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As well as Dr Goodall, the National Geographic Photographs also made the chimpanzees of Gombe famous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People around the world became interested in the lives of a family of chimps living in a remote corner of Africa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By stripping away the leaves from twigs and using them to collect ants and termites to eat, Greybeard had made a tool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An instrument or simple piece of equipment, for example a knife or hammer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That you hold in your hands and use for a particular job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Holding hands, embracing and kissing were some of the chimpanzee's gestures, movements made with hands, arms or head to express ideas and feelings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just as I would hug a friend to reassure them, the chimps used physical contact to alleviate stress, make pain or problems less intense or severe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this program we've been hearing about legendary zoologist and activist Jane Goodall and her experiences living among great apes, primates like chimpanzees who are humans closest animal relatives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Body movements made to communicate and express emotions like kissing and patting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Touching someone gently and repeatedly with a flat hand were almost human.


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[Assistant] The Japan's most popular apple, and they love that crunch. That texture is so crucial. Or... Shiranui?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also known as Decapon, or sometimes called Sumo Citrus. Butus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three great dishes, but one decision. Which two of you will make it through to round two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think there are very rare moments in your life as a cook where everything you've tasted, everything you've learnt, everything you strive for previously comes together in one dish. And this is one of those very rare moments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Knowledge, love of Cantonese and Chinese food, the skill you've picked up here, it's all expressed in that one bowl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Carly, Sarah, we asked you to cook us a dish that celebrated Japanese tea. You both did that, and so much more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And British Gardens in Time, the BBC book to accompany the series, is available now. Still to come tonight on BBC4 though, counteracting hectic modern life with green, wide open spaces. Dan Cruickshank delves into the lungs of the city to uncover Britain's park story. Next.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have sixteen items. Cut me some slack, will ya?


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[Assistant] Our 30 minutes was mental. This cook was very, very intense. Having said that, I do feel proud of myself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the rise of digital technologies and their growing importance to daily life, the amount of data being generated and collected is growing exponentially. You might have heard of data informed decisions or data driven companies or even database advertising.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of these phrases stress the importance of data in common business actions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as I'm sure you can imagine, the sheer volume of data we have access to can also be a bit overwhelming. So it's a good idea to start with a clear goal and a framework that will help to approach the data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's what we will focus on in this first week of our intro to data analytics course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, we'll define what data analytics is, and we'll take a closer look at the job of a data analyst. We'll also distinguish data analytics from data science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And next we're going to focus on the O S E M N framework. We'll pronounce this as awesome framework. We will highlight how we will first define the goals for any data analytics project. And then we will discuss how the awesome framework can help us approach any data analytics task.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the end of the week, you'll have a concrete understanding of how data analytics projects are structured, as well as questions to consider while conducting a project. And hopefully you'll see some of the awesomeness of the framework. So let's get started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell me Sam, do you think Neil Armstrong really landed on the moon in 1969? I mean, that must be fake news.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And who shot John F. Kennedy? Surely the CIA were involved, unless it was the giant lizards controlling the government.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It seems that during times of crisis, as people feel uncertain and fearful, they actively look for information to feel more secure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Somebody who's the target of many conspiracy theories is Microsoft's Bill Gates, and our BBC fact-checkers have been busy debunking – or exposing – some of the more bizarre accusations made against him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what strange behaviour has Bill Gates been accused of recently? That's my quiz question for today.


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[Assistant] Is it A, being a member of the Chinese Communist Party? B, being an alien lizard?


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[Assistant] Or, see, being involved in the assassination of John F Kennedy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay Sam, if you say so, we'll find out the answer later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, I'm not the only one who's been doing some internet research. Ever since the outbreak of the Covid pandemic,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's been an avalanche of online conspiracies linking Bill Gates to the coronavirus.


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[Assistant] Here's Marianna Spring, presenter of BBC World Service programme Trending, to tell us more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Claims like these are described as bonkers, an informal way to say silly, stupid or crazy, and should therefore be treated with disdain, disliking something because you feel it does not deserve your attention or respect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So how would you deal with someone spreading baseless conspiracies about Covid vaccines or Bill Gates?


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[Assistant] Senior psychology lecturer with the Open University about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's BBC Trending's presenter Marianna Spring, again to sum up Dr Byford's advice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A good way to engage people in discussion is to avoid sweeping claims or statements speaking or writing about things in a way


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is too general and does not carefully consider all the relevant facts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah yes, you mean our quiz question. I asked you what Bill Gates has recently been accused of by conspiracy theorists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, the answer was C, being a member of the Chinese Communist Party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These can be treated with disdain, dislike, because they are unworthy of our attention or respect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's important to get to the bottom of these theories, discover the real but hidden reason behind them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've got two hours to prepare three different dishes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which means the least impressive team will go into tomorrow's elimination. And you know what happens from there? Someone is going home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's now see the rules of how the disk keyword is defined in action.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's start by taking a look at the disk keyword outside of any function whatsoever. So just outside here in the global scope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we get that the disk keyword in the global scope is simply the window object. So that's the global object that we just saw before. Remember? And now let's do the same, but inside of just a regular function call.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we're gonna use our old friend colq-h here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's log to the console, just the usual result.


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[Assistant] So that we're actually doing something here. But then what we're really interested in is taking a look at this disk keyword. So let's now call this function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now the result of taking a look, so at logging the disk keyword is, uh, undefined. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so what that means is that inside this just regular function call here, the disk keyword will be undefined.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's because we are in strict mode. Remember that in sloppy mode, it would be also the global object. So in this case, the window object. But you already know that you always should use strict mode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so then, in a regular function call like this, the this keyword will simply point to undefined.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And with a regular function call, I simply mean a call of this function without the function being attached to any object. So without having an owner, so to say. But now let's see what happens if this function here was an arrow function. So let's just copy this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's call this one with a different value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now, uh, think about the rules that we learned in the last video. So what do you think the disk keyword will be if this function is an arrow function? And actually we still need to do that. So birth year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now it is a legit arrow function. And so once more, what do you think this keyword will now be? Think hard about it and then let's check. And so it is window.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's a little bit weird, maybe, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So why is that? Why is the disk keyword undefined in this function, but window in this function?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, it is because the arrow function does not get its own disk keyword. So instead, the arrow function simply uses the lexical disk keyword, which means that it uses the disk keyword of its parent function, or of its parent scope, so to say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in this case, what is the lexical disk keyword? So what is the disk keyword in the parent scope of this function? Well, it is window, because window is the disk keyword here in the global scope. So, right here. Okay, that's why I started by showing you this one here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this case, this disk keyword here will simply point to the disk keyword in the global scope. And so therefore, it will point to window.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And like here in this normal function, which does actually get its own disk keywords.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It simply is undefined here, but it is its own disk keyword. While this one here in the arrow function is actually not the disk keyword of this function here. Okay, it is simply the disk keyword of the parent scope. And that happens to be the window object in this case.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the next video, we will see some more real world implications of the fact that the arrow function does not get its own disk keyword.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now next up, let's try to use the disk keyword inside of a method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's quickly create a Jonas object here. Just with a birth year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so remember that this is basically now a function expression that we need to write here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now let's lock the disk keyword here. And then let's call actually the corkH function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For now, just to see what the disk keyword will look like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my hope is that you can guess already what it should look like. So let's save it to see the results. And indeed, it is the Jonas object. So exactly this object with calc age and year.


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[Assistant] And so it means that's exactly this object. And that's exactly the rule that I told you in the previous lecture. So when we have a method call, the disk keyword inside of the method will be the object that is calling the method. And in this case, that's the Jonas object.


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[Assistant] So, Jonas here is basically the owner of the method. That's another way of saying it. And therefore, inside of ColqH, this is Jonas.


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[Assistant] And then we can use that to our advantage to calculate the age here based on the data that is already in this object. And so that's one of the big use cases for the disk keyword.


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[Assistant] Right, because then we don't have to pass in this data here again. So instead of having to do this again, we can simply use the birth year that is already in the object itself. And so we can use the disk keyword to reference that object.


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[Assistant] And so this should now give us our usual value here of 46. Great. So that's pretty important stuff.


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[Assistant] And now let's move on just to one final example here in this lecture.


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[Assistant] I keep saying that the disk keyword will point to the object that is calling the method. Right? And that means that the disk keyword will not simply point at the object in which we wrote the method.


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[Assistant] So here we wrote the cork-h method inside of the Jonas object. And so we might think that that is the reason why the disk keyword points to Jonas.


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[Assistant] That is not true. The reason that the disk keyword, uh, will point to Jonas in this case is because Jonas was the object calling that method. And that's a subtle, but very important difference. And let me now show you why that is.


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[Assistant] So let's create a new object, which I'm going to call Matilda.


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[Assistant] And let's create a first name. Or actually we don't need a name. Let's just say year.


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[Assistant] So basically, here we simply copy the colchH method from Jonas to Matilda. And so now when we take a look at Matilda here,


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[Assistant] Then we see that the corkH function is also in here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course it's still also in Jonas, but now we copied it from one object to the other. And this is called method borrowing. So we have basically borrowed here the method from one object to the other, and so we don't have to write it in a duplicate way. So now let's say matilda.cogH. And what do you think


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[Assistant] The disk keyword will look like now. And let's get rid of some of these before so that they don't clutter or output here.


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[Assistant] And you can then of course take them back if you want to see them in your own code. But now let me save this and see what the result of this colgate will be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, the age of Matila gave us the correct result.


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[Assistant] So here, as we log to this keyword, uhm, we see that it's actually the Matilda object, because of this birth here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so this proves exactly what I was just telling you before, which is the fact that the disk keyword always points to the object it is calling the method.


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[Assistant] And so here, we are calling the method on Matilda, right? And so therefore, the disk keyword will point to Matilda, which was the object which called the method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So even though the method is written here inside of the Jonas object, the disk keyword will still point to Matilda if it is Matilda who calls the method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and so that's really important to understand and it's the reason why I said in the last video that the disk keyword is really dynamic. It's not static and it depends on how the function is called.


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[Assistant] And we can take this even further by basically, uh, completely taking the function out of the Jonas object.


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[Assistant] So let's create just a variable called f for function and then say jonas.cog


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[Assistant] And not call it, of course. So we just want to copy now the function into a new variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so once more that is possible because a function is just a value. So we take this value here and copy it here. And of course, without calling it. Okay. Just like here where we copied the method from one place to the other, but we did not call it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here we can take a look at f in the console. And so you will see that it's actually this function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now what implications is this going to have for the disk keyword? Well, let's just try to call the f function, which remember is the code of jonas.cogh. And so now the disk keyword should be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Undefined. And therefore we also get this error that it cannot read year of undefined. So that's coming from here. Because the disk keyword is now undefined. And so undefined.year does of course not exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, this happens because this f function here is now just a regular function call. Right? It is not attached to any object. There is no owner of this f function anymore here at this point. And therefore, it is just a regular function call just like here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so therefore, uh, the disk keyword is then also undefined. Just like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, here in this function, which was also a regular function call, just like our f function is now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so again, that's a subtle difference in our code, but it makes all the difference in the result that we then get.


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[Assistant] And for sure, the diskey word is a subject that confuses many beginners in JavaScript. But hopefully this lecture and the previous one made it a little bit more clear.


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[Assistant] Now we didn't talk about the event handler functions here that I also showed you in the last video, so on the slide there, but I'm leaving that for the advanced DOM section where we will come back to this.


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[Assistant] But for now, in the next video, we need to take an even more closer look at regular function versus error functions.


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[Assistant] Here we have an exquisite orchid. It was the first orchid I was ever given at the age of six, seven by my inspirational granny. It's a naturally occurring hybrid called the Common Spotted Orchid and Southern Marsh Orchid Cross.


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[Assistant] Very exotic, and it's a naturally occurring orchid.


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[Assistant] There I was, seeing plants in the wild that these people would have seen back in pre-Victorian era in some cases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Through all kids, I got into the situation.


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[Assistant] And what I've got here, I haven't, well, I don't often show, show this, I have to say. In this golden bag, it's full of Colombian, Panamanian, kidnapped paraphernalia. And at the top of it, the absolute star of the show, my little James Bateman address book with illustrations inspired from the most, I think, most famous botanical book ever produced. Look at those illustrations. You can smell the Colombian air getting up your nose.


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[Assistant] A life-changing experience having this book. I haven't read this since being captive 13 years ago.


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[Assistant] And to think that this little book in the times of sheer hell, to be honest with you, sheer darkness.


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[Assistant] Seeing this inspired me to stay sane and to think about the positive botanical delights in life rather than a big M16 by the temple of your head.


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[Assistant] In a very strange way, Mr. James Bateman, basically, however indirectly it might be, saved my life.


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[Assistant] People need a rule. We need to observe the rules of the pool. Uhm, and I'm very keen on that. Most other swimmers will suffer from lane rage if people are in the wrong lane of the pool and don't know how to observe the rules of that lane.


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[Assistant] Well, I hate to say it, but it is quite often that gentlemen quite often misjudge their speed and think they're slightly faster than they are.


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[Assistant] They quite often don't like it if there's a woman swimming faster than them, so very often they'll go in the slightly faster lane and should be gently encouraged by a wetter cut to get into the correct lane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the toastiness level, the rice is probably at the lower end. It's just got a little bit of brown around the outside, but not too brown.


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[Assistant] In a ideal world, I'd probably let it go a little bit longer to get as much toastiness I can out of it, but because the challenge is 75 minutes, I really don't have time for that. What's up, Cal? Let's go, Cal.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna reinvent sushi, and I'm gonna turn it into a dessert. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm making a roasted rice ice cream. Yum. I've got some sweet nori in the oven. Yep. I'm gonna do some salmon crumb.


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[Assistant] Cal, keep an eye on your oven yet. I've got most of the elements done for my reinvented sushi dessert. Oh, that looks so good, Cal. Taking risks to try something new and inventive is just the way I like to cook, and I taste some candied nori.


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[Assistant] Looking at the dish, I don't think I could be any more proud. I think it encompasses where I've come from and where I want to be. But an idea like this is absolutely crazy and so out there that it's either going to be an absolute hit or an absolute miss.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's me, that's what I wanna do. Uhm, sitting in that bowl. If I was to go home today, I couldn't be more happy with the dish that I put up.


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[Assistant] Interestingly enough, for science, for biology,


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[Assistant] Maybe instead of slides, I'd be pumping scented gases into this room.


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[Assistant] If we were a room full of sentient snakes, maybe what we would have done, we would have handed out cards.


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[Assistant] So that even though they are so different in scale, nevertheless we can visualize these things and begin to understand them.


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[Assistant] Unlike Audubon, where we cannot, for example, go and simply paint Blue Jays, these are not animals, these are not organisms, but these are in fact proteins. Complex chemical macromolecules that allow life to exist. And how do we communicate what they're like?


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[Assistant] But similarly, when we try to communicate science, and frankly when we try to teach science, which is something I spend a lot of time thinking about, we need to build scaffolds.


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[Assistant] And indeed, what we need to do is to use the scaffolds that you already have.


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[Assistant] And so what we can do is start to understand things that we cannot see and would never be able to see by relating them to things that we are familiar with.


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[Assistant] At the same time, we can also think about visualizations that really depend on our understanding of the environment and the natural sort of spaces that we are accustomed to. So that one can explore


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[Assistant] Triggering that lightning storm in your blood vessels, in your veins, that makes you want to do something. That allows you to realize something about the world, and that makes you care about something in the world. Be it war, or be it the destruction of the environment.


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[Assistant] Hi honey. What's wrong? Why do you have that look on your face?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No. I said I was gonna cut down, which is very different. You can't just expect me to go cold turkey overnight.


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[Assistant] I know, I know. I really am trying, but I don't have the willpower to just quit. I can't fight with the urge to reach for my pack of smokes in the morning with coffee or after lunch. Please understand.


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[Assistant] My doctor told me I need to cut down on fatty foods because of my heart condition.


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[Assistant] Hi honey. What's wrong? Why do you have that look on your face?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I said I was going to cut down, which is very different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't just expect me to go cold turkey overnight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't fight with the urge to reach for my pack of smokes in the morning with coffee or after lunch. Please understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi honey. What's wrong? Why do you have that look on your face?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No. I said I was gonna cut down, which is very different. You can't just expect me to go cold turkey overnight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know, I know. I really am trying, but I don't have the willpower to just quit. I can't fight with the urge to reach for my pack of smokes in the morning with coffee or after lunch. Please understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am being extra careful with this third one. I draw out some of the yolk. Okay. Beautiful. I insert some of the caramel. This one has to work.


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[Assistant] Professor Blitzstein is a professor of the practice of statistics.


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[Assistant] He is known for teaching the popular class, Stat 110, Introduction to Probability, which holds over 300 students each fall.


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[Assistant] His research interests focus on statistical inference for complex networks.


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[Assistant] Professor Blitstein also enjoys chess and advises the Harvard Chess Club. Please join us in welcoming Professor Blitstein.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, tricky question. I've done many risky things, but probably the most risky thing is bungee jumping in New Zealand. Oh wow, bungee jumping.


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[Assistant] Absolutely not. No, I don't trust anybody's driving, even a computer, so no, I wouldn't go in a driverless car. Okay, I won't offer you


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[Assistant] The first group was those who are risk-averse. If you are averse to something, you're against it. You don't like it. So risk-averse people don't like to take


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The third group he mentioned are those who are risk seeking. If you seek something, you actively look for it. You try to find it. So risk seekers are those who enjoy risk and want to take risks in their life.


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[Assistant] Financial planning. He says that financial advisors, who are people that give advice on what to do with our money, would find this information very useful. It would help them to assess what to do with your money, which means it would help them to decide to make an intelligent decision about your money in certain situations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've also used an interesting expression there – to put your money away, which means save your money. Put it somewhere where you can't spend it and where it can grow.


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[Assistant] You know, I think my financial planner could just ask me about how I feel about risk rather than giving me a brain scan. I heard brain scans can be risky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, right. First, we had three words describing different attitudes to risk.


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[Assistant] There was risk averse for people who don't like risk. People who don't mind risk are risk tolerant. And people who


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Often really struggle to learn more than two thousand, three thousand words after many years of study. So for example, there was a study in Taiwan recently that showed that after nine years of study,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, with English, uh, I would suggest if you learn the, the 800 most frequent lemmas, which is, uh, a word and its inflections,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That will account for about 75% of all of the English language. So that learning those 800 words first will provide the foundation for which you may be able to learn the lower frequency words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. So I think this lesson is going to be a little bit different than most of our lessons, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so we're actually, we're gonna teach you a few, uhm, pretty hilarious jokes, but we're also gonna teach you some language related to jokes, funny things, and uhm, that sort of stuff.


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[Assistant] Two of these words you'll hear in the dialogue, but one you won't, but you still need to know this word so you can understand the jokes.


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[Assistant] Yep. Alright, so we all know now that that's what cows say.


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[Assistant] Okay, now another word that you need to understand is a damn.


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[Assistant] Well, it's a wall in water that stops the river from flowing.


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[Assistant] That's right, and, and we might hear someone say, oh damn!


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[Assistant] But you know what? They did use quite a lot of really interesting language, so why don't we look at that now in Language Takeaway.


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[Assistant] Now an open mic night is a chance where anyone can come up and talk into the microphone.


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[Assistant] A comic doesn't wear a red nose and a crazy- A costume. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, uhm, and I think we'll talk a little bit more about that at the end of the lesson, but why don't we move on to our next word, which is routine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well I guess a routine is like a series or a collection of jokes or maybe movements that you use in a performance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, well we're not really focusing on new phrases for you here, but we thought it would be helpful to talk a little bit about the jokes to help you understand them, right? Because they are, well, I think pretty funny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh dear. Okay, so, uh, the dog obviously didn't go anywhere and so that's why you find it where you left it. Exactly.


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[Assistant] And then the answer was, they rent mooovies.


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[Assistant] Now my personal favorite joke is, the guy says, what does a fish say when it runs into a wall?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, cause, I mean, if you, if you, if you're a person and you run into a wall, damn, like, you know, just like, oh no, yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But a fish is swimming under the water and like we saw, a dam is actually like a wall in the water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, well I think we need to hear them one more time in context so uhm, you can all know how funny or maybe not so funny they are.


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[Assistant] Now if you have any good jokes of your own, why don't you come to our website and tell us about them?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Rob.


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[Assistant] When it comes to US presidential elections, some are more dramatic than others.


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[Assistant] In America, where many votes are cast digitally, there is a risk of cyber attacks on election day, and with so much depending on the result, US election officials are worried.


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[Assistant] And hackers are people who break into computer systems without permission in order to find information or do something illegal.


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[Assistant] In 2000, the presidential race between Al Gore and George W Bush ended in recounts and disputes over missing votes. George Bush became the first modern president to win the election despite gaining fewer popular votes than his opponent. But how many fewer?


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[Assistant] That's our quiz question. How many fewer votes did Bush win than Gore in the 2000 American presidential election? Was it a, half a million votes, b, a million votes, or c, two million votes?


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[Assistant] Now the project Sam mentioned where official administrators team up with expert volunteers to keep the election secure is called the Election Cyber Surge.


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[Assistant] You can only vote in an election if you're eligible, qualified by having the necessary requirements, for example being a US citizen who's aged 18 or over.


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[Assistant] The CyberSurge project, to put expert volunteers in touch with local officials, aims to prevent these risks. It covers everything from making sure administrators are using the latest antivirus software to more serious threats from troublemakers.


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[Assistant] That's a good question, Sam, and one that BBC World Service programme Digital Planet put to Maya Worman.


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[Assistant] Volunteers share their expert advice by talking with election officials. They won't be given access to sensitive information, so they won't have the keys to the castle, an idiom meaning to possess information or knowledge, which gives the possessor access to power.


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[Assistant] I asked you how many fewer votes Bush won than Al Gore that year.


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[Assistant] But in fact, it was even closer – just a half a million votes in Florida.


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[Assistant] The Cyber Surge project aims to put officials in touch with volunteers, people who work for free, who also happen to be expert hackers, people who break into computer systems without permission.


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[Assistant] The project was set up because the November 2020 election has become so high profile, attracting a lot of attention and interest from the public and the media.


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[Assistant] What's certain is that the world will be watching this election, so if you're eligible, remember to vote.


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[Assistant] Humans love to make perfumes and fragrances from the weirdest sources, from endangered plants to extremely expensive marine poop.


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[Assistant] To the crotch glands of rare animals. And historically, people have gotten so excited over these strange sources of scent that we've exploited them to near extinction. So, chemists trying to protect the environment had to come up with synthetic ways to reproduce natural fragrance compounds.


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[Assistant] Now, that's harder than you might think, because we can't just 3D print any molecule we like, at least not yet. It's a complex puzzle requiring just the right ingredients, and it's different for every chemical. And often, the synthetic solution to one sustainability disaster creates new trouble of its own, from health problems to environmental contamination. So here are four stories of how humans exploited a source of natural fragrance, then tried to save it through synthetics,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then had to save themselves from the chemicals that they made. If you take a whiff of perfumes like Light Blue by Dolce & Gabbana or Midnight Poison by Christian Dior, you might detect a subtle musky aroma.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some have likened it to the wood in old churches. But it comes from ambergris. In addition to smelling nice, it fixes perfume on the skin so the scent lasts longer. Ambergris looks like a yellow-gray rock that washes up on beaches. And for millennia, people used it for medicine, incense, and perfume.


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[Assistant] Without knowing what it was, perfumers theorized it might be anything from petrified lynx urine to a kind of amber.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hence the French name ambergris, meaning gray amber. But we eventually figured out its true nature. It's sperm whale poop. A sperm whale eats around 400 kilograms of squid per day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it can't digest their beaks. Researchers think the whale produces compounds in its gut to help protect itself from those hard, pokey beaks. And we think those anti-beak


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Compounds are what go into making ambergris. Once expelled, this block of feces floats through the ocean.


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[Assistant] Ambergris also contains light-sensitive substances called porphyrins. When porphyrins absorb light, the energy from that reaction creates super unstable oxygen compounds,


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[Assistant] Across the world. Now, another musky-scented animal discharge is musk. This earthy, animalistic odor has been used in perfumes for thousands of years.


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[Assistant] It's also been used as an aphrodisiac on the basis that some animals use it to attract mates. See, undiluted musk is a pee-smelling secretion from the scent glands of some mammals. There are other animals that make musk, but in the perfume industry, musk usually refers specifically to secretions from a gland near the genitals of the male musk deer. And because musk was so desirable, people hunted the deer nearly to extinction.


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[Assistant] Clearly, chemists needed to invent an alternative. But as it turned out, the first synthetic musk was produced by accident.


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[Assistant] In 1888, a researcher trying to create better explosives accidentally made something that smelled like musk. Soon after, the synthetic nitro musk craze exploded. And nitro musks have formed a big part of most perfumes, including the famous Chanel No. 5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And since that can cause cancer, the use of nitro musks in cosmetic products has been banned in many countries. The perfume industry has largely replaced them with polycyclic musks.


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[Assistant] Which account for 90% of all musky scents used in the perfume industry. But it turns out that was a little bit of an oopsie, because polycyclic musks have been found to accumulate in environments and organisms basically as much as their nitro cousins. And early research suggests they can be toxic to marine life. So it turns out that's not the alternative we were looking for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One does exist, and it involves something that doesn't just smell like musk.


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[Assistant] It's actually part of musk. Back in 1906, scientists isolated the main aromatic compound in deer musk and called it musco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, it's possible to use citronella oil as a starting point. Muskone is a type of macrocyclic musk, which are much more expensive and complicated to synthesize than their polycyclic cousins. But in theory, they should have less environmental impact because they break down more easily, so they shouldn't accumulate so much. Plus, their price is expected to come down as our technology improves and we get better at making them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, not every fragrant compound involves animal excretions. Sometimes, we derive scents from plants. And one of the most legendary is sandalwood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And commercial planting was forbidden. Sandalwood trees became really hard to come by, driving the price so high that sandalwood oil is sometimes called liquid gold. In addition, sandalwood suffered decades of devastating fires, disease, and smuggling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it'll be a while before the new plantations can top off the shortage. Meanwhile, most of the perfume industry chooses the synthetic option. Researchers identified the structure of santalol, the main aromatic compound in sandalwood, in 1921. But it wasn't until 1991 that scientists discovered that the true essence of sandalwood


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An isomer is a version of a compound that has the same number of the same atoms, but they're arranged differently. With this discovery, chemists were able to more accurately synthesize the scent of sandalwood, but they still had to deal with the environmental impacts of the process. Santalol is synthesized from pine resin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which can be extracted without killing the tree. But the synthesis generates a lot of chemical waste that needs to be treated and stored


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it can also contaminate soil and water. So, researchers are working on new catalysts that would limit the environmental impact of synthetic sandalwood production until the trees can bounce back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another aromatic plant that's a victim of its own popularity is vanilla.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a type of orchid native to Mexico, and it was highly valued by the ancient Aztecs, who used it to flavor their chocolate drinks. Today, it's mainly grown in Madagascar in Indonesia, and because it's been exploited and its habitat has been destroyed, vanilla is a protected species in the wild. But even in industrial conditions,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cultivating it is a difficult process. See, when colonizers took vanilla plants from Mexico to other countries, they didn't take their pollinators along for the ride. So vanilla flowers need to be pollinated manually, one by one. And it takes 600 pollinated flowers to make a kilogram of vanilla beans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because consumers prefer to see the label natural on vanilla-flavored products. But this growing desire for all-natural ingredients jacks up the price of vanilla, which has risen by 2000% since 2012.


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[Assistant] And comes close to the price of silver. That's why around 90% of the world's vanilla flavor comes from synthetic vanillin. Vanillin was first synthesized in 1874 from coniferol alcohol, which is obtained from pine bark.


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[Assistant] The waste from paper production. This method uses lignin, the main ingredient of wood. Lignin naturally degrades to vanillin, giving second-hand bookstores that classic sweet smell. Most vanillin came from lignin until the early 1990s, when a change in how paper is produced made that cheap waste product less available.


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[Assistant] And they noticed that, even though reusing industrial waste sounded sustainable, making vanillin from lignin generates 160 tons of highly corrosive waste per one ton of vanillin. These days, more than 90% of vanillin is synthesized from petroleum.


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[Assistant] The process generates little waste compared to the earlier methods. Vanillin is used in around 2% of all food products, in multiple perfumes and colognes,


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[Assistant] And in the pharmaceutical synthesis of drugs like levodopa, one of the main treatments for Parkinson's disease. So because vanillin is everywhere, even tiny steps towards making its synthesis greener go a long way towards preserving the environment. But we can definitely still do better. Because, as we mentioned, vanillin comes from petroleum, which ties it to the oil trade.


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[Assistant] In this case, glands on a beaver's butt. So synthetic versions of natural fragrances have a lot of advantages. They can protect vulnerable species, and they generally don't involve animal butts. Also, manufacturers can be sure that they don't contain unwanted allergens, which can happen with natural fragrances.


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[Assistant] Let's be honest, a lot of companies that turn to synthetics are trying to save money.


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[Assistant] How it's made and where that stuff comes from. And it's a reminder that even when we fix something that we were doing wrong, we can often still do better.


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[Assistant] And smell great while we're at it. Thank you for watching this episode of SciShow, and thanks to this month's president of science, Matthew Brant, for helping us make it happen. Your support means a lot to us. And so do all of our patrons, so thanks to you, too! If you want to get involved and help us make SciShow, you can head over to patreon.com slash SciShow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I just started my training today, and I'm not sure where to begin.


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[Assistant] Well, I don't want to be ripped like you, I just want a good physique with weights and cardio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I just started my training today. I'm not really sure where to begin.


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[Assistant] Well, is that the weight you're lifting? My goodness, that's a lot of weight.


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[Assistant] We got the octopus as a very special evolutionary product. Uh, it's an animal that's removed from us by a lot of evolutionary distance. The common ancestor that we share with an octopus lived about 600 million years ago, or actually even a bit longer than that.


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[Assistant] But it has a large nervous system in a range comparable to vertebrates.


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[Assistant] The sensory world of an octopus has, uh, in some ways it's recognizable. They're very visual animals, they're, they're, they're very...


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[Assistant] So taste-oriented animals, and those things make sense to us. But the absence of hard parts, the protean nature of the body and the...


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[Assistant] The sort of extent of the sensitivity makes it a hard thing to think about.


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[Assistant] When confronted with a data analytics question, you might have different data sources to turn to. In this video, I'll give you a glimpse at what exists. Of course, I won't cover all the sources of data, but I will help you think about how to categorize the data available, which helps to explore different routes to obtaining your data.


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[Assistant] I'm going to categorize the data sources I cover in this video into three different buckets. Freely accessible open source databases.


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[Assistant] Data specific to your company, which is not freely accessible and data you intentionally collect to solve your problem.


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[Assistant] Depending on your analysis objective, you might be able to find the data you need in databases that are free and open for all to use, like government websites and open source repositories.


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[Assistant] These resources provide a wealth of information and can be accessed easily.


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[Assistant] They contain all kinds of social economic data, like population demographics.


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[Assistant] Government institutions provide reliable and up-to-date data, so if the data you're looking for is part of these databases, you should feel comfortable using them.


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[Assistant] Let's explore an example. Eurostat is a database that provides access to official statistics from the European Union and is an excellent resource for economic and social data.


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[Assistant] You can access data for different countries over many years filter it and download the specific data you need.


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[Assistant] The OECD is another organization that provides a large catalog of databases you can use for free.


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[Assistant] OECD stands for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. And it's an international organization that works to build better policies for better lives.


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[Assistant] Like Eurostat, they offer access to up-to-date data on a variety of socio-economic topics. You can browse, filter and download the data to use for your own analysis.


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[Assistant] These resources can provide a wealth of information on a range of topics, including demographics, economics and social issues.


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[Assistant] I have added a reading later in this lesson with references to these and other free data sources.


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[Assistant] Of course, this isn't an exhaustive list, but I suggest you check out the data available and take a look at the many different graphs and analysis these organizations offer to get a sense of what's possible when you delve into the world of data analytics.


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[Assistant] And if you're confronted with an analytics question for which you don't immediately know of available free data, I suggest you do an online search to see whether the data you're looking for happens to be available.


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[Assistant] Aside from large free databases, you might also have access to data that's specific to the company you work for.


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[Assistant] This data might have varying degrees of accessibility depending on the nature of the information, and it will not be openly available to the public.


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[Assistant] Company specific data can take a couple of different forms. For instance, you might have data that your company stores in a specific system that registers all sales. In other words, data that the company itself collects. Or you might have access to databases your company subscribes to.


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[Assistant] Let's say you work for a company that sells clothes online through a website. The company might use software like Google Analytics to monitor how people use the website.


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[Assistant] Which pages they visit, how often they visit, which products they add to their shopping cart, and so on. But the data collected with such software is specific to your company and cannot be accessed by data analysts in other companies.


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[Assistant] We'll talk more about Google Analytics later in this program. It's used by many companies with an online presence to better understand what happens on their websites and mobile applications.


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[Assistant] Another example of a proprietary data system could be the data that a telephone company has about its customers, like how many calls they make, how many are local or international, or how much data their customers use and so on.


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[Assistant] If you were an analyst at a telephone company, you might have access to that data, but it's not for public consumption.


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[Assistant] Aside from data that companies collect themselves, they will often also subscribe to relevant databases for their industry. They might do that because they want to understand the competition or just because it helps them to do business.


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[Assistant] You might have heard of Nielsen data, data about people's media usage habits, like how much TV they watch, which channels they tune into and which programs they watch for how long.


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[Assistant] They also monitor which websites people visit, how much time they spend there, and so on.


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[Assistant] They track the behavior of people who agreed to be tracked and then they provide that data to subscribers.


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[Assistant] TV channels or websites will use the data to inform their advertisers. In their sales pitches to brands of sneakers, they might refer to how many sports fans are watching their programs, for instance, enticing the sneaker brand to advertise with them.


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[Assistant] Another popular data product you might have heard of is the Bloomberg terminal, a database system that provides financial companies with access to important financial information at a cost.


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[Assistant] These are just a few examples of databases companies can buy or subscribe to.


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[Assistant] Depending on your industry, there are many more. My advice? Explore the different databases your company has access to so you understand what data is available to you. It will help you when you're updating data to answer your analytics questions.


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[Assistant] Of course, there might be instances when the data you need to answer an important business question isn't available.


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[Assistant] And in that case, you might need to intentionally collect the right data.


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[Assistant] This could mean that you create a questionnaire, that you organize interviews with customers, or that you observe people while they're using your product and record what you see. This will of course require some planning, but it could help to get you the exact data you need to answer your questions.


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[Assistant] Creating a survey or a questionnaire to collect data is a very common method for data collection. And there are many easily accessible tools you can use to help you with this.


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[Assistant] SurveyMonkey is one such tool that you can use to create a questionnaire to help you collect the data you need. They even have a few templates to get you started.


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[Assistant] Google Forms is another tool that lets you collect data quickly with online questionnaires. There are many more ways to collect the data you need. As we progress through this program, we will highlight a few others.


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[Assistant] When you're starting your analytics project, take some time to reflect on how you will obtain the data.


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[Assistant] Research whether three data sources are available. Check the data sources your company has access to. And if the right data isn't available, create a plan to collect the data you need.


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[Assistant] Hello! And today we're talking about fraud.


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[Assistant] There are many ways to do this and much of it is happening online these days.


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[Assistant] Well, I imagine it's quite a lot, so I'll say £120 million.


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[Assistant] To fall for means to believe something that is a trick or a lie to be true. This year, for example, thousands of people in the UK fell for a fraudulent or fake email requesting that people update their direct debit details for paying their TV licence. That's a payment we have to make in the UK to fund the BBC.


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[Assistant] As Shari said, the criminals get you to metaphorically look over there whilst they rifle your pockets. Rifle means search something in order to steal from it. So, to steal from your pocket. Very dishonest.


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[Assistant] But banks do warn us not to give away our financial details online and to change our passwords regularly.


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[Assistant] So Jenny Radcliffe is talking about sophisticated fraud. That means it's clever and often complicated, so it can confuse us.


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[Assistant] And as Jenny says, for the victims of fraud, the consequences, the outcome, can be very bad, especially if somebody loses all their hard-earned savings. It can be devastating.


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[Assistant] And I said B, £120 million. That's a lot of money.


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[Assistant] Well, it certainly is a serious issue, but hopefully we haven't deceived you with the vocabulary we've discussed today.


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[Assistant] Next we had scam, which is an illegal or dishonest way of making money by tricking someone. The people who do it are scammers.


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[Assistant] Then we heard about sleight of hand, which means use of clever skill to gain something dishonestly and rifle, which means search something in order to steal from it.


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[Assistant] And my name is Katherine and today Marco and I get to share with you the thrilling conclusion to the, well, very popular I must say series. I'm sorry, I love you.


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[Assistant] If I guess, you're just gonna get angry at me because I actually know how it ends, but let's just say I hope that it ends well for our protagonists.


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[Assistant] Absolutely, so we're gonna, well, keep our fingers crossed for Stephen and Veronica, and check out this dialogue one time.


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[Assistant] I also have some little secrets that I haven't told you about, but we can discuss that later.


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[Assistant] I realized that I was just scared. Scared of how much I love you and...


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[Assistant] Of the commitment that marriage requires. I'm here now. Now, there's something I want to ask you. Steven, will you marry me?


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[Assistant] Absolutely, I was glad to see that it was a happy ending. I have to say if it had been a sad ending, I would have been a little bit disappointed because, well, Veronica and I...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first couple of phrases I want to talk about here have to do with maybe catching up and talking about family or gossip because we're talking to


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[Assistant] Stephen's Indian family we haven't seen for a long long time. And the first thing he's talking to his brother about his brother and his wife. So, Gulam and Nisha are expecting we find out.


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[Assistant] Aha, yeaah, so here we go. I'm expecting, it's a very common English way of saying, I'm going to have a baby, I'm pregnant.


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[Assistant] Exactly, when it's only expecting, when it's not a thing afterwards, I'm expecting means I'm pregnant, or she's expecting. She's gonna have a baby.


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[Assistant] So the Shalini, some girl that Stephen used to know when he was living in India, she's pining after you.


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[Assistant] Well, pine has many different meanings in English, but in this sense, we're talking about having a crush on or being in love with.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so she, she stands by the door every day waiting the letter that doesn't come. She's pining away for her dear love, Thomas, or whatever.


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[Assistant] There is a way to describe this, it's called Petrarchan love.


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[Assistant] It's this kind of traditional idea in poetry where you have a love that's never consummated, that's never filled. You never get to be with the person that you love, that you desire. And so it's a way, yeaah, it's a way of distinguishing the two different kinds of love. One where you're with the person and the other where you always want them, but you can never have.


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[Assistant] Exactly, but if you do pine away or you pine after someone, uhm, you have to hope that one day you'll get over that person.


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[Assistant] Okay, this is a good question because, you know, we're talking here not about actually getting up on top of a fence or a wall, we're talking about emotions, so getting over someone, so


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[Assistant] I have to get over him means that I have to stop feeling so sad about what happened, right? Because usually you say this when someone's sad or angry.


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[Assistant] We're gonna move on here too to the last word in today's language takeaway, which is incorrigible.


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[Assistant] Alright, incorrigible. What could this mean? Well, let's look at a sentence where we find it. You are incorrigible.


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[Assistant] Where there's an argument between Stephen and Gulab. So they're brothers. And Stephen says, I don't want to get married. I don't want to marry her. Uh, uh, uh.


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[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, exactly. And we hear this phrase a lot, uhm, together, so you're incorrigible, right? So this is often just kind of a, it's a, it's not an insult, but it's a way for us to kind of be sarcastic or to make fun of someone.


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[Assistant] Alright, this first phrase is something that parents often use, and grandparents as well, because obviously parents and grandparents, they're very proud of their children, their grandchildren, so they describe something as being their pride and joy.


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[Assistant] His Porsche Boxster is his pride and joy. He goes out every morning and he washes it, he changes the oil, he checks the gas, checks the tires, so it's his pride and joy.


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[Assistant] Alright, so this might sound a little strange because normally we say, how have you been? It's been a long time. How are you?


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[Assistant] Yes, I haven't seen you in a long time. You look, you look happy and healthy, so what's new with you? Oh, I got married, I got a new car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so, you know, I got a new house, got a new job, what's new with you?


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[Assistant] What about you? So it's a nice, very relaxed, informal way of asking someone for news in their life.


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[Assistant] Right, so this is news. He was supposed to get married. He didn't get married. What's going on? His brother, his mother, they all want to know what's going on. And we find out that wedding, that girl, he just couldn't go through with it.


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[Assistant] Okay, this past tense, so he's saying, before I came to India with this girl, I couldn't go through with it.


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[Assistant] And going through with what here? We've got it, so this kind of magical, strange word, it. What could this be?


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[Assistant] Maybe we loved each other, but I couldn't go through with it. I couldn't go to the finish line.


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[Assistant] Great, so really good phrase. I can't go through with it. He couldn't go through with it.


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[Assistant] And, uh, we find out that, well, not such a bad thing. Steven, he's very popular in India. The girls love him. We've got a great phrase for describing having lots of girls who love you.


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[Assistant] Alright, so many, many girls, they will, they will follow you, they'll want to be in a relationship with you, they like you, so he's saying, listen.


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[Assistant] Right, so this is, uh, this is something we say about both genders, boys and girls. You could say, oh god, all the boys were throwing themselves at her. I'm so jealous.


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[Assistant] It's not like a, it's not a bad thing, but sometimes it's too much attention so it can be kind of negative.


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[Assistant] I also have some little secrets that I haven't told you about, but we can discuss that later.


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[Assistant] I realized that I was just scared. Scared of how much I love you and...


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[Assistant] Of the commitment that marriage requires. I'm here now. Now, there's something I want to ask you. Steven, will you marry me?


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[Assistant] He was being strained with all of these secret trips to save people.


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[Assistant] Maybe we should open it up. What did you like? What didn't you like? And what kind of genre?


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[Assistant] Are you interested in, because you know, there's tons of different kinds of stories we could tell.


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[Assistant] And please get in touch with us, leave comments and questions at our website, EnglishPod.com. We like to check those and answer you. So, uh, yeaah, get in touch with us and have a great day.


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[Assistant] As you know, several weeks ago in our first encounter,


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[Assistant] Hey, how did it go? I got my job back. Really? What happened? I'm not quite sure.


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[Assistant] But when I tasted, the flavour's still a bit subtle.


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[Assistant] If I won the lottery, I would buy two tickets for a trip around the world. If you buy me a ticket, I will go with you for sure.


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[Assistant] My dad would freak out if I even mention a trip like that.


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[Assistant] Yeah, we're gonna be on the road, but we're gonna encounter a little bit of, uh, car problems.


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[Assistant] I think it's happened to everyone. You're on the road or maybe you're coming back from work. You get a flat tire or something happens to your car, right?


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[Assistant] Alright, so we're gonna take a look at two words, uhm, they're kind of strange, uh, I don't know, kind of difficult to understand, so that's what we're gonna explain them. Uhm, the first one is spew, to spew.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's not very nice. No. So basically it's to like, expel or to... Shoot out. Shoot out from, uh, your mouth or something liquid. So in the case of a person, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, a volcano is spewing lava. Now, uh, for the next word that we have, it's, uhm, it's an informal way of saying that something is broken.


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[Assistant] So it's an informal way, very popular, very common I would say, uh, to describe that something is not working. I don't think many people actually say, well, it's broken or it's damaged.


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[Assistant] Or even, like, for example, your arm. Oh, he's got a busted arm.


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[Assistant] Alright, so let's listen to our dialogue for the first time. Let's see what's going on with this car trouble and then we'll come back and explain something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's a, well maybe it's a little bit stereotypical that we put it as a, as a girl because guys and girls, so many people don't know anything about cars or mechanics.


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[Assistant] Alright, so we're gonna take a look at very specific words related to cars and the engines and everything. So uhm, let's start with the first one. Radiator. Radiator. Alright, so the radiator of the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you live in a place that's very hot, the radiator keeps your engine cool because it has water in it. So if it overheats or maybe you didn't put enough water in there, then it'll start spewing steam like in this dialogue.


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[Assistant] Which is why this is important. Exactly, and that's what happened in this dialogue. So a radiator. Now because the radiator wasn't working well, it overheated the engine and he said they had some busted pistons.


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[Assistant] Right, so inside your engine you have many explosions and the pistons move up and down and that's what actually moves your car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Air or something like that. Very good. So that's a piston. And well, another very common mechanic term is the transmission.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You basically can't move, or maybe you only have one gear or two gears.


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[Assistant] So this is the part of the car that transfers energy or the power to actually move the car.


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[Assistant] Spare parts. So this is where you go to the mechanic to get some spare parts and get them installed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so, spare parts. And the last word that we're going to take a look at is a fuel pump.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's basically a device that pushes gasoline into the engine so you can start. And that's the same thing with the water pump. It's a device that pushes water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so a fuel pump, water pump, etc.


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[Assistant] Yeah, apparently we do, see? Alright, so, uh, now that we've taken a look at all of these, uh, great words, uh, let's move on to a couple of phrases in Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and the first one is, the car suddenly died on me.


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[Assistant] That means that it doesn't work anymore. And it's not only for cards, right? You can say my MP3 player died on me today.


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[Assistant] So I think this phrase is a good one to give some other examples, so let's listen.


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[Assistant] Exactly. So you can say, open the hood, but the most common one is pop the hood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, or you can also say the trunk, right, the back part of the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's brand new. Is that more new than new? It's like newer newer than new.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's brand new. It's very, very new. Did you see my brand new watch? Wow, it is nice. You get it. Alright, so brand new. And uh, well the last phrase that we have for you today is to take apart something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I used to do that a lot when I was a kid. I used to take apart any electronic device to kind of see how it works and then I would try to put it back together again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so uhm, we've taken a look at a lot of great words and phrases, so let's listen to this dialogue for the last time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so car trouble. Have you ever had like any very serious car trouble or like something weird happen to your car?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, that's a good story because usually people are too afraid or maybe a little bit reluctant to stop and see if you're okay or if you need a ride or something because, you know, you can't really trust people these days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, but it's good. I once I saw somebody on the side of the road and had a flat tire. It was two girls and they didn't know what to do. So I was like passing by. It was actually raining.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I was like, hey, do you guys need a hand? And they're like, yeah, please, man, we can't, we can't, uh, locate my dad or whatever. So I was like, changing the tire. It's not a big deal, right? And then they're like, oh, I think, and they wanted to tip me. They wanted to give me some money. They're like, oh, please say this. You're so kind, your time and you're all wet. And I'm like, no, no, don't worry about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well maybe you guys have some cool or maybe some interesting stories of what's happened with your card or maybe you've helped somebody out. So come to our website at EnglishPod.com and let us know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so if everyone could run, uh, give yourself a heart and get checkout w10-step2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or you could just follow along on screen up to here. Uhm, it is a fast workshop. So don't worry about like live coding with us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, anyway, so this should be step three, not step two. Oh yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh wait, the slides went backwards for some reason. Alright, anyway. Alright, so again, check out step three, uh, W10 step three, and then in this one, we're gonna be trying to eat food. So before we start, can anyone like tell me,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something that we might need to implement in order to like have food in our game. It can be anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, exactly. So the answer was like checking to see if a player and a food are on the same like tile or the same area. And we'll define like a helper function later for that to like check if a player can eat a food. Any other ideas? Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, exactly, spawning food into the game. Uhm, another idea?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, another thing is like actually rendering the food on the canvas, so we need to do some work on the front end for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so we're gonna do all that in this step. So we're gonna add like spawning food. Uhm, we're gonna add some checks to see if a player can eat food. Uh, we're gonna increase the radius of the player once the player eats the food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's sort of like what it might look like at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The food is kind of small, so you might not be able to see it that clearly on the board, but essentially we have like the food, which is like two pixels wide and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, when the player hovers over the food, it gets absorbed into its mess, and the food gets removed from the game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next step, we want to be able to remove food from the game whenever we want.