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[Assistant] Erasmus was too responsible and too tolerant to please most of the enemies of the church. They were waiting for a leader of a more robust nature. He came, and his name was Martin Luther. Luther was a North German peasant with a first-class brain and possessed of great personal courage. He was a university man, a master of arts of the University of Erfurt. Afterwards, he joined a Dominican monastery.


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[Assistant] He had a lot of spare time, and this he used to study the original texts of the Old and New Testaments.


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[Assistant] Soon he began to see the great difference which existed between the words of Christ and those that were preached by the popes and the bishops.


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[Assistant] In the year 1511, he visited Rome on official business. Alexander VI of the family of Borgia


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[Assistant] The gigantic church of St. Peter, which Pope Julius had wished upon his innocent successors, although only half begun, was already in need of repair.


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[Assistant] Leo X, who succeeded Julius in the year 1513, was on the verge of bankruptcy. He reverted to an old method of raising ready cash. He began to sell indulgences. An indulgence was a piece of parchment, which, in return for a certain sum of money,


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[Assistant] Since the church had the power to forgive the sins of those who truly repented before they died, the church also had the right to shorten, through its intercession with the saints, the time during which the soul must be purified in the shadowy realms of purgatory.


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[Assistant] It was unfortunate that these indulgences must be sold for money, but they offered an easy form of revenue, and besides, those who were too poor to pay received theirs for nothing.


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[Assistant] That the exclusive territory for the sale of indulgences in Saxony was given to a Dominican monk by the name of Johann Tetzel. Brother Johann was a hustling salesman. To tell the truth, he was a little too eager.


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[Assistant] His business methods outraged the pious people of the little duchy. And Luther, who was an honest fellow, got so angry that he did a rash thing.


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[Assistant] At that moment when the whole world had begun to take an interest in the religious affairs of the day, it was utterly impossible to discuss anything.


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[Assistant] In less than two months, all Europe was discussing the 95 Theses of the Saxon Monk. Everyone must take sides.


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[Assistant] Every obscure little theologian must print his own opinion. The papal authorities began to be alarmed


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[Assistant] Without any desire on his part, Luther had become the leader of a vast army of discontented Christians. German patriots like Ulrich von Hutten rushed to his defense. The students of Wittenberg and Erfurt and Leipzig


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[Assistant] No harm would befall Luther as long as he stayed on Saxon ground. All this happened in the year 1520. Charles V was 20 years old, and as the ruler of half the world, was forced to remain on pleasant terms with the Pope. He sent out calls for a diet.


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[Assistant] Or to read a single word of the books which the dastardly heretic had written. But the great reformer was in no danger. By the majority of the Germans of the north,


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[Assistant] By translating the entire Bible into the German language, that all the people might read and know the word of God for themselves.


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[Assistant] By this time, the Reformation was no longer a spiritual and religious affair.


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[Assistant] Used this period of unrest to attack and destroy what they did not like because they did not understand it.


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[Assistant] Impoverished knights tried to make up for past losses by grabbing the territory which belonged to the monasteries.


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[Assistant] The starving peasants following the leadership of half-crazy agitators


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[Assistant] Made the best of the opportunity and attacked the castles of their masters and plundered and murdered and burned with the zeal of the old crusaders.


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[Assistant] A veritable reign of disorder broke loose throughout the empire. Some princes became Protestants as the protesting adherents of Luther were called and persecuted their Catholic subjects.


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[Assistant] Others remained Catholic and hanged their Protestant subjects. The Diet of Speyer of the year 1526


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[Assistant] This turned Germany into a checkerboard of a thousand hostile little duchies and principalities.


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[Assistant] Luther died and was put to rest in the same church where 29 years before


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[Assistant] The indifferent, joking, and laughing world of the Renaissance had been transformed into the arguing, quarreling,


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[Assistant] And the whole of Western Europe was turned into a battlefield.


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[Assistant] Which are as incomprehensible to the present generation as the mysterious inscriptions of the ancient Etruscans.


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[Assistant] End of chapter 43, read by Kara Schallenberg.


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[Assistant] One, two, three, four, five, six, seven days. And as many times he came out of the house and Clarice was there somewhere in the world.


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[Assistant] Once he saw her shaking a walnut tree, once he saw her sitting on the lawn knitting a blue sweater, three or four times he found a bouquet of late flowers on his porch, or a handful of chestnuts in a little sack.


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[Assistant] Or some autumn leaves neatly pinned to a sheet of white paper and thumbtacked to his door.


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[Assistant] Every day Clarisse walked him to the corner. One day it was raining, the next it was clear, the day after that the wind blew strong, and the day after that it was mild and calm. And the day after that calm day was a day like the furnace of summer, and Clarisse with her face all sunburnt by late afternoon.


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[Assistant] Why is it, he said one time at the subway entrance, I feel I've known you so many years. Because I like you, she said. And I don't want anything from you. And because we know each other.


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[Assistant] Now you explain, she said, why you haven't any daughters like me, if you love children so much. I don't know. You're joking.


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[Assistant] I mean, he stopped and shook his head. Well, my wife she...


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[Assistant] Well she just never wanted any children at all. The girl stopped smiling.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, I really thought you were having fun at my expense. I'm a fool. No no, he said, it was a good question.


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[Assistant] It's been a long time since anyone cared enough to ask a good question.


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[Assistant] Let's talk about something else. Have you ever smelled old leaves? Don't they smell like cinnamon? Here, smell.


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[Assistant] Yes, it is like cinnamon, in a way. She looked at him with her clear dark eyes. You always seem shocked. It just,


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[Assistant] I haven't had time. Did you look at the stretched out billboards like I told you?


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[Assistant] Your laugh sounds much nicer than it did, does it? Much more relaxed.


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[Assistant] Oh, they don't miss me. She said I'm anti-social, they say. I don't mix. It's so strange. I'm very social indeed. It all depends on what you mean by social, doesn't it? Social to me means talking to you about things like this.


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[Assistant] She rattled some chestnuts that had fallen off the tree in the front yard, or talking about how strange the world is. Being with people is nice, but I don't think it's social to get a bunch of people together and then not let them talk, do you?


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[Assistant] An hour of TV class, an hour of basketball, or baseball, or running, and another hour of transcription history.


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[Assistant] Painting pictures and more sports, but you know?


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[Assistant] We never ask questions, or at least most don't.


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[Assistant] They just run the answers at you, bing, bing, bing, and thus sitting there for four more hours of a film teacher. That's not social to me at all. It's a lot of fun.


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[Assistant] Lot of water poured down the spout and out the bottom, and them telling us his wine when it's not.


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[Assistant] They run us so ragged by the end of the day we can't do anything but go to bed or-


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[Assistant] Go out in the cars and race on the streets trying to see how close you can get to the lamppost playing chicken and knock hubcaps.


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[Assistant] I guess I'm everything they say I am alright. I, I have any friends, that's supposed to prove I'm abnormal, but everyone I know is either shouting or


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[Assistant] Dancing around like wild or beating up on one another. Do you notice how people hurt each other nowadays? You sound so very old.


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[Assistant] Sometimes, I'm ancient. I'm afraid of children my own age. They kill each other. Did it always used to be this way?


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[Assistant] My uncle says no. Six of my friends have been shot in the last year alone. Ten of them died in car wrecks. I'm afraid of them and they don't like me because I'm afraid.


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[Assistant] My uncle says his grandfather remembered when children didn't kill each other, but that was a long time ago when they had things different.


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[Assistant] They believed in responsibility, my uncle says. You know, I'm responsible. I was spanked when I needed it years ago.


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[Assistant] And I do all the shopping and house cleaning by hand. But most of all, she said,


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[Assistant] I like to watch people. Sometimes I ride the subway all day and look at them and listen to them. I just want to figure out who they are and what they want and where they're going.


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[Assistant] Sometimes I even go to the fun parks and ride in the jet cars when they race on the edge of town at midnight and the police don't care as long as they're insured.


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[Assistant] As long as everyone has 10,000 insurance, everyone's happy.


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[Assistant] Sometimes I sneak around and listen in subways or I listen at soda fountains and do you know what? What? People don't talk about anything. Oh, they must.


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[Assistant] No, no, not anything. They name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming pools mostly and say how swell.


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[Assistant] But they all say the same things and nobody says anything different from anyone else.


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[Assistant] And most of the time in the caves they had the joke boxes on, and the same jokes most of the time, or the musical wallets, and all the colored patterns running up and down, but it's only color, and all abstract. And at the museums, have you ever been all abstract? That's all there is now. My uncle says it was different once. A long time back sometimes pictures said things, or even showed people.


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[Assistant] Your uncle said, Your uncle said, Your uncle must be a remarkable man. He says, Oh, he certainly is. Well, I gotta be going. Good-bye, Mr. Montag. Good-bye. Good-bye.


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[Assistant] One, two, three, four, five, six, seven days, the firehouse. Montag, you shin that pole like a bird of a tree. Third day.


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[Assistant] Montag, I see you came in the back door this time. The hound bother you? No, no. Fourth day. Montag, a funny thing. Heard tell this morning.


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[Assistant] Fireman in Seattle purposely set a mechanical hound to his own chemical complex and let it loose. What kind of a suicide would you call that? Five, six, seven days. And then Clarisse was gone.


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[Assistant] He didn't know what there was about the afternoon, but it was not seeing her somewhere in the world. The lawn was empty, the trees empty, the street empty. And while at first he did not even know he missed her or was even looking for her, the fact was that by the time he reached the subway, there were vague stirrings of disease in him. Something was the matter. His routine had been disturbed. A simple routine, true.


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[Assistant] He almost turned back to make the walk again, to give her time to appear. He was certain if he tried the same route, everything would work out fine. But it was late, and the arrival of his train put a stop to his plan.


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[Assistant] This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.


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[Assistant] Why the people of the 10th century prayed the Lord to protect them from the fury of the Norsemen.


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[Assistant] In the third and fourth centuries, the Germanic tribes of central Europe had broken through the defenses of the empire that they might plunder Rome and live on the fat of the land.


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[Assistant] In the 8th century, it became the turn of the Germans to be the plundered ones. They did not like this at all.


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[Assistant] Even if their enemies were their first cousins, the Norsemen, who lived in Denmark and Sweden and Norway.


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[Assistant] What forced these hardy sailors to turn pirate we do not know. But once they had discovered the advantages and pleasures of a buccaneering career, there was no one who could stop them.


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[Assistant] They would suddenly descend upon a peaceful, Frankish, or Frisian village situated on the mouth of a river. They would kill all the men and steal all the women. Then they would sail away in their fast-sailing ships, and when the soldiers of the king or emperor arrived upon the scene,


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[Assistant] Their fleets made raids upon every country, and their sailors established small independent kingdoms along the coast of Holland and France and England and Germany, and they even found their way into Italy.


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[Assistant] The Norsemen were very intelligent. They soon learned to speak the language of their subjects, and gave up the uncivilized ways of the early Vikings, or Sea Kings, who had been very picturesque, but also very unwashed and terribly cruel.


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[Assistant] Here you see a picture of the home of the Norsemen, which is a small lake surrounded by mountains and trees.


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[Assistant] Early in the 10th century, a viking by the name of Rollo had repeatedly attacked the coast of France. The king of France, too weak to resist these northern robbers, tried to bribe them into being good.


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[Assistant] He offered them the province of Normandy, if they would promise to stop bothering the rest of his domains.


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[Assistant] Rollo accepted this bargain and became Duke of Normandy.


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[Assistant] Here you see a picture of one of the Norseman ships, and the title of the picture is The Norseman Go to Russia.


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[Assistant] But the passion of conquest was strong in the blood of his children. Across the channel, only a few hours away from the European mainland, they could see the white cliffs and green fields of England.


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[Assistant] Poor England had passed through difficult days. For two hundred years it had been a Roman colony.


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[Assistant] After the Romans left, it had been conquered by the Angles and the Saxons, two German tribes from Schleswig. Next, the Danes had taken the greater part of the country and had established the kingdom of Knut.


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[Assistant] The Danes had been driven away, and now, it was early in the 11th century, another Saxon king, Edward the Confessor, was on the throne.


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[Assistant] But Edward was not expected to live long, and he had no children. The circumstances favored the ambitious dukes of Normandy. Here you have a picture of a tower on the cliffs overlooking the channel, and it's titled The Normans Look Across the Channel.


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[Assistant] In 1066, Edward died. Immediately William of Normandy crossed the channel, defeated and killed Harold of Wessex, who had taken the crown.


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[Assistant] At the Battle of Hastings, and proclaimed himself King of England.


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[Assistant] In another chapter, I have told you how in the year 800, a German chieftain had become a Roman Emperor. Now, in the year 1066, the grandson of a Norse pirate was recognized as King of England.


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[Assistant] Why should we ever read fairy stories when the truth of history is so much more interesting and entertaining?


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[Assistant] Finally you see a picture of a map of Europe and the north part of Africa and it's called the World of the Norsemen and it shows all the places that they took over.


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[Assistant] End of chapter 30, recorded by Michelle Crandall, Fremont, California, April 2009


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[Assistant] Chapter 62 of The Story of Mankind. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.


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[Assistant] A chapter which ought to give you a great deal of political information about the last fifty years, but which really contains several explanations and a few apologies.


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[Assistant] If I had known how difficult it was to write a history of the world, I should never have undertaken the task.


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[Assistant] And now that I have almost finished, I discover that certain chapters gallop, that others wade slowly through the dreary sands of long-forgotten ages, that a few parts do not make any progress at all, while still others indulge in a veritable jazz of action and romance,


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[Assistant] I did not like this, and I suggested that we destroy the whole manuscript and begin once more from the beginning. This, however, the publishers would not allow.


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[Assistant] As the next best solution of my difficulties, I took the typewritten pages to a number of charitable friends and asked them to read what I had said and give me the benefit of their advice. The experience was rather disheartening.


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[Assistant] Each and every man had his own prejudices and his own hobbies and preferences. They all wanted to know why, where, and how I dared to omit their pet nation, their pet statesmen, or even their most beloved criminal.


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[Assistant] With some of them, Napoleon and Genghis Khan were candidates for high honors.


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[Assistant] But that in my estimation he was greatly inferior to such men as George Washington, Gustavus Vassa, Augustus, Hammurabi, or Lincoln, and a score of others, all of whom were obliged to content themselves with a few paragraphs from sheer lack of space.


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[Assistant] As for Genghis Khan, I only recognized his superior ability in the field of wholesale murder, and I did not intend to give him any more publicity than I could help.


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[Assistant] Here you see a picture of a log cabin with a single man walking up to it and it's entitled The Pioneer.


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[Assistant] This is very well as far as it goes, said the next critic. But how about the Puritans? We are celebrating the terse and tenery of their arrival at Plymouth. They ought to have more space.


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[Assistant] The Puritans would get fully one half of the first twelve chapters. That however, this was a history of mankind.


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[Assistant] That the United States had been founded by thirteen colonies and not by a single one.


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[Assistant] From Pennsylvania and from the island of Nevis, rather than from Massachusetts.


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[Assistant] Next came the prehistoric specialist. Why in the name of the great Tyrannosaur had I not devoted more space to the wonderful race of Cro-Magnon men, who had developed such a high stage of civilization ten thousand years ago?


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[Assistant] Indeed, and why not? The reason is simple. I do not take as much stock in the perfection of these early races as some of our most noted anthropologists seem to do. Rousseau and the philosophers of the 18th century created the noble savage who was supposed to have dwelt in a state of perfect happiness during the beginning of time.


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[Assistant] Our modern scientists have discarded the noble savage so dearly beloved by our grandfathers, and they have replaced him by the splendid savage of the French valleys, who 35,000 years ago made an end to the universal rule of the low-browed and low-living brutes of the Neanderthal and other Germanic neighborhoods.


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[Assistant] They have shown us the elephants the Cro-Magnon painted and the statues he carved and they have surrounded him with much glory. I do not mean to say that they are wrong.


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[Assistant] But I hold that we know by far too little of this entire period to reconstruct that early West European society with any degree, however humble, of accuracy.


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[Assistant] And I would rather not state certain things that run the risk of stating certain things that were not so.


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[Assistant] Then there were other critics, who accused me of direct unfairness. Why did I leave out such countries as Ireland and Bulgaria and Siam, while I dragged in such other countries as Holland and Iceland and Switzerland?


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[Assistant] My answer was that I did not drag in any countries. They pushed themselves in by main force of circumstances, and I simply could not keep them out. And, in order that my point may be understood, let me state the basis upon which active membership to this book of history was considered. There was but one rule.


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[Assistant] Did the country or the person in question produce a new idea or perform an original act without which the history of the entire human race would have been different?


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[Assistant] It was not a question of personal taste. It was a matter of cool, almost mathematical, judgment. No race ever played a more picturesque role in history than the Mongolians. And no race, from the point of view of achievement or intelligent progress, was of less value to the rest of mankind.


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[Assistant] The career of Tigloth Pilazar, the Osirian, is full of dramatic episodes. But, as far as we are concerned, he might just as well never have existed at all.


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[Assistant] In the same way, the history of the Dutch Republic is not interesting.


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[Assistant] Offered a hospitable asylum to all sorts of strange people who had all sorts of queer ideas upon all sorts of very unpopular subjects.


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[Assistant] It is quite true that Athens or Florence, during the heyday of their glory, had only one-tenth of the population of Kansas City. But our present civilization would be very different had neither of these two little cities of the Mediterranean basin existed.


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[Assistant] And the same, with due apologies to the good people of Wyandotte County, can hardly be said of this busy metropolis on the Missouri River.


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[Assistant] When we visit a doctor, we find out beforehand whether he is a surgeon, or a diagnostician, or a homeopath, or a faith healer, for we want to know from what angle he will look at our complaint.


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[Assistant] We ought to be as careful in the choice of our historians as we are in the selection of our physicians. We think, oh well, history is history, and let it go at that.


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[Assistant] But the writer who was educated in a strictly Presbyterian household somewhere in the backwoods of Scotland


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[Assistant] We'll look differently upon every question of human relationships from his neighbor.


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[Assistant] Who as a child was dragged to listen to the brilliant exhortations of Robert Ingersoll, the enemy of all revealed devils. In due course of time, both men may forget their early training and never again visit either church or lecture hall.


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[Assistant] I told you that I should not be an infallible guide, and now that we have almost reached the end I repeat the warning.


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[Assistant] I was born and educated in an atmosphere of the old-fashioned liberalism which had followed the discoveries of Darwin and the other pioneers of the 19th century.


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[Assistant] As a child, I happened to spend most of my waking hours with an uncle who was a great collector of the books written by Montaigne, the great French essayist of the 16th century.


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[Assistant] Because I was born in Rotterdam and educated in the city of Gouda, I ran continually across Erasmus, and for some unknown reason this great exponent of tolerance took hold of my intolerant self.


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[Assistant] Later, I discovered Anatoly, France, and my first experience with the English language came about through an accidental encounter with Thackeray's Henry Esmond.


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[Assistant] A story which made more impression upon me than any other book in the English language.


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[Assistant] If I had been born in a pleasant Middle Western city, I probably should have a certain affection for the hems which I had learned in my childhood.


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[Assistant] But my earliest recollection of music goes back to the afternoon when my mother took me to hear nothing less than a Bach fugue.


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[Assistant] And the mathematical perfection of the great Protestant master.


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[Assistant] Influence me to such an extent that I cannot hear the usual hymns of our prayer meeting without a feeling of intense agony and direct pain.


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[Assistant] Again, if I had been born in Italy, and had been warmed by the sunshine of the happy valley of the Arno, I might love many colorful and sunny pictures which now leave me indifferent.


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[Assistant] Upon the rain soaked land with almost cruel brutality and throws everything into violent contrasts of dark and light.


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[Assistant] I state these few facts deliberately that you may know the personal bias of the man who wrote this history and may understand his point of view.


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[Assistant] The bibliography at the end of this book, which represents all sorts of opinions and views, will allow you to compare my ideas with those of other people.


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[Assistant] Here you see a picture of a very large covered wagon in a desert setting titled Conquest of the West.


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[Assistant] After this short but necessary excursion, we return to the history of the last fifty years. Many things happened during this period, but very little occurred which at the time seemed to be of paramount importance.


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[Assistant] The majority of the greater powers ceased to be mere political agencies and became large business enterprises. They built railroads. They founded and subsidized steamship lines to all parts of the world.


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[Assistant] They connected their different possessions with telegraph wires, and they steadily increased their holdings in other continents.


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[Assistant] Every available bit of African or Asiatic territory was claimed by one of the rival powers.


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[Assistant] Germany claimed parts of southwest and east Africa, built settlements in Cameroon on the west coast of Africa and in New Guinea and many of the islands of the Pacific, and used the murder of a few missionaries as a welcome excuse to take the harbor of Kosokau in the Yellow Sea in China.


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[Assistant] Italy tried her luck in Abyssinia, was disastrously defeated by the soldiers of the Negus, and consoled herself by occupying the Turkish possessions in Tripoli in northern Africa. Russia, having occupied all of Siberia, took Port Arthur away from China.


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[Assistant] She performed this task most efficiently and to the great material benefit of that much neglected country, which ever since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1868 had been threatened with a foreign invasion.


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[Assistant] During the next thirty years, she fought a number of colonial wars in different parts of the world, and in 1902, after three years of bitter fighting, she conquered the independent Boer Republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, she had encouraged Cecil Rhodes to lay the foundations for a great African state which reached from the Cape almost to the mouth of the Nile, and had faithfully picked up such islands or provinces as had been left without a European owner.


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[Assistant] Use the discoveries of Henry Staley to found the Congo Free State in the year 1885.


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[Assistant] Originally, this gigantic tropical empire was an absolute monarchy.


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[Assistant] But after many years of scandalous mismanagement, it was annexed by the Belgian people who made it a colony in the year 1908, and abolished the terrible abuses which had been tolerated by this very unscrupulous majesty, who cared nothing for the fate of the natives as long as he got his ivory in rubber.


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[Assistant] As for the United States, they had so much land that they desired no further territory.


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[Assistant] But the terrible misrule of Cuba, one of the last of the Spanish possessions in the western hemisphere,


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[Assistant] Practically force the Washington government to take action.


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[Assistant] After a short and rather uneventful war, the Spaniards were driven out of Cuba and Puerto Rico and the Philippines, and the two latter became colonies of the United States.


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[Assistant] The increasing number of factories in England and France and Germany needed an ever increasing amount of raw materials. And the equally increasing number of European workers needed an ever increasing amount of food.


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[Assistant] Everywhere the cry was for more and for richer markets, for more easily accessible coal mines and iron mines and rubber plantations and oil wells, for greater supplies of wheat and grain.


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[Assistant] The purely political events of the European continent dwindled to mere insignificance in the eyes of men who were making plans for steamboat lines on Victoria Nianza or for railroads through the interior of Shantung.


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[Assistant] They knew that many European questions still remained to be settled, but they did not bother, and through sheer indifference and carelessness, they bestowed upon their descendants a terrible inheritance of hate and misery.


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[Assistant] For untold centuries, the southeastern corner of Europe had been the scene of rebellion and bloodshed.


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[Assistant] During the 70s of the last century, the people of Serbia and Bulgaria and Montenegro and Romania were once more trying to gain their freedom, and the Turks, with the support of many of the Western powers, were trying to prevent this.


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[Assistant] After a period of particularly atrocious massacres in Bulgaria in the year 1876, the Russian people lost all patience. The government was forced to intervene just as President McKinley was obliged to go to Cuba and stop the shooting squads of General Weiler in Havana.


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[Assistant] In April of the year 1877, the Russian armies crossed the Danube, stormed the Shipka Pass, and after the capture of Plevna, marched southward until they reached the gates of Constantinople.


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[Assistant] Turkey appealed for help to England. There were many English people who denounced their government when it took the side of the Sultan, but Disraeli, who had just made Queen Victoria Empress of India and who loved the picturesque Turks while he hated the Russians, who were brutally cruel to the Jewish people within their frontiers, decided to interfere.


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[Assistant] Russia was forced to conclude the Peace of San Stefano, 1878, and the question of the Balkans was left to a Congress, which convened at Berlin in June and July of the same year.


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[Assistant] This famous conference was entirely dominated by the personality of Dezreli.


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[Assistant] Even Bismarck feared the clever old man with his well-oiled curly hair and his supreme arrogance, tempered by a cynical sense of humor and a marvelous gift for flattery.


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[Assistant] At Berlin, the British Prime Minister carefully watched over the fate of his friends, the Turks.


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[Assistant] Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania were recognized as independent kingdoms.


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[Assistant] The Principality of Bulgaria was given a semi-independent status under Prince Alexander of Battenberg, a nephew of Tsar Alexander II.


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[Assistant] But none of those countries were given the chance to develop their powers and their resources as they would have been able to do had England been less anxious about the fate of the Sultan.


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[Assistant] The Congress allowed Austria to take Bosnia and Herzegovina away from the Turks to be administered as part of the Habsburg domains.


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[Assistant] It is true that Austria made an excellent job of it. The neglected provinces were as well managed as the best of the British colonies, and that is saying a great deal.


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[Assistant] Who early in the 14th century had defended Western Europe against the invasions of the Turks, and whose capital of Uskub had been a center of civilization 150 years before Columbus discovered the new lands of the West.


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[Assistant] They resented the presence of the Austrians in two provinces which so they felt were theirs by every rite of tradition.


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[Assistant] And it was in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, that the Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was murdered on June 28th of the year 1914.


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[Assistant] The assassin was a Serbian student who had acted from purely patriotic motives.


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[Assistant] But the blame for this terrible catastrophe, which was the immediate, though not the only cause of the Great World War, did not lie with the half-crazy Serbian boy or his Austrian victim.


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[Assistant] It must be traced back to the days of the famous Berlin Conference when Europe was too busy building a material civilization to care about the aspirations and the dreams of a forgotten race in a dreary corner of the old Balkan peninsula.


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[Assistant] Tellson's Bank by Temple Bar was an old-fashioned place, even in the year 1780.


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[Assistant] It was very small, very dark, very ugly, very incommodious.


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[Assistant] It was an old-fashioned place, moreover, in the model attribute that the partners in the house were proud of its smallness, proud of its darkness, proud of its ugliness, proud of its incomodiousness.


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[Assistant] They were even boastful of its eminence in those particulars and were fired by an express conviction that if it were less objectionable, it would be less respectable.


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[Assistant] This was no passive belief, but an active weapon which they flashed at more convenient places of business.


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[Assistant] Tellsons, they said, wanted no elbow room. Tellsons wanted no light. Tellsons wanted no embellishment.


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[Assistant] Noakes and companies might, or Snooks brothers might, but Telsons, thank heaven.


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[Assistant] Any one of these partners would have disinherited his son on the question of rebuilding Telsons.


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[Assistant] In this respect, the house was much on a par with the country, which did very often disinherit its sons for suggesting improvements in laws and customs that had long been highly objectionable but were only the more respectable.


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[Assistant] Thus it had come to pass that Tellson's was the triumphant perfection of inconvenience.


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[Assistant] After bursting open a door of idiotic obstinacy with a weak rattle in its throat, you fell into Telson's down two steps and came to your senses in a miserable little shop with two little counters.


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[Assistant] Where the oldest of men made your check shake as if the wind rustled it, while they examined the signature by the dingiest of windows, which were always under a shower-bath of mud from Fleet Street.


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[Assistant] And which were made the dingier by their own iron bars proper and the heavy shadow of Temple Bar.


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[Assistant] Your money came out of or went into wormy old wooden drawers, particles of which flew up your nose and down your throat when they were opened and shut.


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[Assistant] Your banknotes had a musty odor, as if they were fast decomposing into rags again.


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[Assistant] Your plate was stowed away among the neighboring cesspools and evil communications corrupted its good polish in a day or two.


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[Assistant] Your deeds got into extemporized strong rooms made of kitchens and sculleries and fretted all the fat out of their parchments into the banking house air.


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[Assistant] And where, even in the year 1780, the first letters written to you by your old love or by your little children were but newly released from the horror of being ogled through the windows by the heads exposed on Temple Bar with an insensitive brutality and ferocity worthy of Abyssinia or Ashanti.


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[Assistant] But indeed, at that time, putting to death was a recipe much in vogue with all trades and professions, and not least of all with Telsons.


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[Assistant] Death is nature's remedy for all things, and why not legislations? Accordingly, the forger was put to death. The utterer of a bad note was put to death.


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[Assistant] The unlawful opener of a letter was put to death. The parlor note of forty shillings and sixpence was put to death.


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[Assistant] The holder of horse at Telson's door, who made off with it, was put to death. The coiner of a bad shilling was put to death.


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[Assistant] The sounders of three-fourths of the notes in the whole gamut of crime were put to death.


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[Assistant] Not that it did the least good in the way of prevention.


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[Assistant] It might almost have been worth remarking that the fact was exactly the reverse, but it cleared off, as to this world, the trouble of each particular case and left nothing else connected with it to be looked after.


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[Assistant] Thus, Towson's, in its day, like greater places of business, its contemporaries, had taken so many lives that if the heads laid low before it had been ranged on Temple Bar instead of being privately disposed of, they would probably have excluded what little light the ground floor had in a rather significant manner.


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[Assistant] Cramped in all kinds of dim cupboards and hutches at Tellson's, the oldest of men carried on the business gravely.


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[Assistant] When they took a young man into Telson's London house, they hid him somewhere till he was old.


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[Assistant] They kept him in a dark place, like a cheese, until he had the full telson flavor and blue mold upon him.


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[Assistant] Then only was he permitted to be seen spectacularly poring over large books and casting his britches and gators into the general weight of the establishment.


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[Assistant] Outside, Tellson's, never by any means in it unless called in, was an odd job man, an occasional porter and messenger, who served as the live sign of the house.


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[Assistant] He was never absent during business hours unless upon an errand, and then he was represented by his son.


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[Assistant] A grizzly urchin of twelve, who was his express image.


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[Assistant] People understood that Telson's in a stately way tolerated the odd job man.


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[Assistant] The house had always tolerated some person in that capacity, and time and tide had drifted this person to the post. His surname was Cruncher.


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[Assistant] And on the youthful occasion of his renouncing by proxy the works of darkness in the easterly parish church of Hound's Ditch, he had received the added appellation of Jerry.


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[Assistant] The scene was Mr. Crunch's private lodging in Hanging Sword Alley, Whitefriars. The time, half past seven of the clock on a windy March morning, Anno Domini, 1780.


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[Assistant] Mr. Cruncher himself always spoke of the year of our Lord as Anna Dominoes, apparently under the impression that the Christian era dated from the invention of a popular game by a lady who had bestowed her name upon it.


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[Assistant] Mr. Crunch's apartments were not in a savory neighborhood and were but two in number.


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[Assistant] Even if a closet with a single pane of glass in it might be counted as one. But they were very decently kept.


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[Assistant] Early as it was on the windy March morning, the room in which he lay a bed was already scrubbed throughout, and between the cups and saucers arranged for breakfast and the lumbering deal table, a very clean white cloth was spread.


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[Assistant] Mr. Cruncher reposed under a patchwork counterpane like a harlequin at home.


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[Assistant] At first he slept heavily, but by degrees began to roll and surge in bed, until he rose above the surface with his spiky hair, looking as if it must tear the sheets to ribbons, at which juncture he exclaimed in a voice of dire exasperation,


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[Assistant] A woman of orderly and industrious appearance rose from her knees in a corner with sufficient haste and trepidation to show that she was the person referred to. What? said Mr. Cruncher, looking out of bed for a boot. You're at it again, are you?


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[Assistant] After hailing the morn with this second salutation, he threw a boot at the woman as a third.


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[Assistant] It was a very muddy boot and may introduce the odd circumstance connected with Mr. Crunch's domestic economy.


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[Assistant] That whereas he often came home after banking hours with clean boots,


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[Assistant] He often got up next morning to find the same boots covered with clay.


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[Assistant] Saying your prayers. You're a nice woman. What do you mean by flopping yourself down and praying again me?


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[Assistant] I was not praying against you I was praying for you.


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[Assistant] You've got a religious mother you have, my boy. Going flopping herself down and praying that the bread and butter may be snatched out of the mouth of her only child.


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[Assistant] Master Cruncher, who was in his shirt, took this very ill, and turning to his mother strongly deprecated any praying away of his personal board.


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[Assistant] And what do you suppose, you conceited female," said Mr. Cruncher, with unconscious inconsistency, that the worth of your prayers may be. Name the price that you put your prayers at. They only come from the heart, Jerry. They are worth no more than that. Worth no more than that, repeated Mr. Cruncher. They ain't worth much, then.


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[Assistant] Whether or no, I won't be prayed again, I tell ya. I can't afford it.


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[Assistant] I'm not going to be made unlucky by your sneaking.


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[Assistant] If you must go flopping yourself down, flop in favor of your husband and child and not in opposition to him.


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[Assistant] If I had had any but an unnatural wife, and this poor boy had had any but an unnatural mother, I might have made some money last week instead of being counter-prayed and counter-mind and religiously circumvented into the worst of luck. BAST ME! said Mr. Cruncher.


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[Assistant] Young Jerry, dress yourself, my boy. And while I clean my boots, keep an eye upon your mother now and then. And if you see any signs are more flopping, give me a call. For I tell you, here he addressed his wife once more, I won't be gone again in this manner.


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[Assistant] I am as rickety as a hackney coach. I'm as sleepy as Lordenham. My lines is strained to that degree that I shouldn't know if it wasn't for the pain in them, which was me and which somebody else. Yet I'm none the better for it in pocket.


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[Assistant] And it's my suspicion that you've been at it from morning to night to prevent me from being the better for it in pocket.


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[Assistant] And I won't put up with it, aggravator. And what do you say now?


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[Assistant] Growling in addition such phrases as, Ah, yes, you're religious too. You wouldn't put yourself in opposition to the interests of your husband and child, would you? Not you. And throwing off other sarcastic sparks from the whirling grindstone of his indignation, Mr. Cruncher betook himself to his boot cleaning and his general preparations for business.


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[Assistant] In the meantime, his son, whose head was garnished with tenderer spikes and whose young eyes stood close by one another as his father's did, kept the required watch upon his mother.


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[Assistant] He greatly disturbed that poor woman at intervals by darting out of his sleeping closet where he made his toilet with a suppressed cry of, You are going to flop, mother!


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[Assistant] Mr. Crunch's temper was not at all improved when he came to his breakfast.


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[Assistant] He resented Mrs. Crunch's saying grace with particular animosity.


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[Assistant] Now, Aggravate R, what are you up to? Add it again?


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[Assistant] His wife explained that she had merely asked a blessing. Don't do it!


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[Assistant] Said Mr. Cruncher, looking about, as if he rather expected to see the loaf disappear under the efficacy of his wife's petitions.


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[Assistant] I ain't going to be blessed out of house and home. I won't have my villas blessed off my table. Keep still.


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[Assistant] Exceedingly red-eyed and grim, as if he had been up all night at a party which had taken anything but a convivial turn.


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[Assistant] Jerry Cruncher worried his breakfast rather than eat it.


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[Assistant] Towards nine o'clock, he smoothed his ruffled aspect, and, presenting as respectful and businesslike an exterior as he could overlay his natural self with, issued forth to the occupation of the day.


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[Assistant] It could scarcely be called a trade, in spite of his favorite description of himself as,


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[Assistant] His stock consisted of a wooden stool made of a broken-backed chair cut down, which stool young Jerry, walking at his father's side, carried every morning to beneath the banking house window that was nearest Temple Bar.


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[Assistant] Where with the addition of the first handful of straw that could be gleaned from any passing vehicle to keep the cold and wet from the odd job man's feet, it formed the encampment for the day.


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[Assistant] On this post of his, Mr. Cruncher was as well known to Fleet Street and the temple as the bar itself, and was almost as ill-looking.


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[Assistant] Encamped at a quarter before nine, in good time to touch his three-cornet hat to the oldest of men as they passed into Telsons,


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[Assistant] Jerry took up his station on this windy March morning, with young Jerry standing by him when not engaged in making forays through the bar to inflict bodily and mental injuries of an acute description on passing boys who were small enough for his amiable purpose.


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[Assistant] Father and son, extremely like each other, looking silently on at the morning traffic in Fleet Street, with their two heads as near to one another as the two eyes of each were.


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[Assistant] Board a considerable resemblance to a pair of monkeys.


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[Assistant] The resemblance was not lessened by the accidental circumstance that the mature Jerry bit and spat out straw, while the twinkling eyes of the youthful Jerry were as restlessly watchful of him as of everything else in Fleet Street.


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[Assistant] The head of one of the regular indoor messengers attached to Tellson's establishment was put through the door and the word was given. Porter wanted, Array father, here are an early job to begin with.


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[Assistant] Having thus given his parent godspeed, young Jerry seated himself on the stool, entered on his reversionary interest in the straw his father had been chewing, and cogitated. Always rusty. His fingers is always rusty, muttered young Jerry. Where does my father get all that iron rust from? He don't get no iron rust here.


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[Assistant] You know the old Bailey well, no doubt," said one of the oldest of clerks to Jerry the messenger.


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[Assistant] Return Jerry in something of a dogged manner. I do know the Bailey. Just so. And you know Mr. Lorry.


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[Assistant] I know Mr. Lorry, sir, much better than I know the Bailey.


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[Assistant] Much better, said Jerry, not unlike a reluctant witness at the establishment in question, than I, as a honest tradesman, wish to know the Bailey.


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[Assistant] Very well. Find the door where the witnesses go in and show the doorkeeper this note for Mr. Lorry. He will then let you in. Into the court, sir. Into the court.


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[Assistant] Mr. Crunch's eyes seemed to get a little closer to one another, and to interchange the inquiry, What do you think of this? Am I to wait in the court, sir? he asked as the result of that conference.


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[Assistant] I am going to tell you. The doorkeeper will pass the note to Mr. Laurie. And do you make any gesture that will attract Mr. Laurie's attention and show him where you stand?


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[Assistant] Then what you have to do is to remain there until he wants you. Is that all, sir?


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[Assistant] That's all. He wishes to have a messenger at hand. This is to tell him you are there.


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[Assistant] As the ancient clerk deliberately folded and superscribed the note.


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[Assistant] Mr. Cruncher, after surveying him in silence until he came to the blotting paper stage, remarked, I suppose they'll be trying forgeries this morning. Treason. That's quartering, said Jerry Barbarous. It is the law.


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[Assistant] Remarked the ancient clerk, turning his surprised spectacles upon him. It is the law. It's hard in the law to spy a man, I think.


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[Assistant] It's hard enough to kill him, but it's very hard to spile him, sir. Not at all, returned the ancient clerk.


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[Assistant] Speak well of the law. Take care of your chest and voice, my good friend, and leave the law to take care of itself. I give you that advice.


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[Assistant] It's a damp, sir, what settles on my chest and voice, said Jerry. I leave you to judge what a damp way of earning a living mine is. Well, well, said the old clerk.


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[Assistant] We all have our various ways of gaining a livelihood.


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[Assistant] Some of us have damp ways and some of us have dry ways. Here is the letter. Go along.


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[Assistant] Jerry took the letter and remarking to himself with less internal deference than he made an outward show of, You are a lean old one, too.


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[Assistant] Made his bow, informed his son in passing of his destination, and went his way.


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[Assistant] They hanged at Tyburn in those days, so the street outside Yuget had not obtained one infamous notoriety that has since attached to it.


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[Assistant] But the jail was a vile place in which most kinds of debauchery and villainy were practiced and where dire diseases were bred that came into court with the prisoners and sometimes rushed straight from the dock at my Lord Chief Justice himself and pulled him off the bench.


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[Assistant] It had more than once happened that the judge in the black cap pronounced his own doom, as certainly as the prisoners, and even died before him.


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[Assistant] For the rest, the Old Bailey was famous as a kind of deadly inn yard from which pale travelers set out continually in carts and coaches on a violent passage into the other world, traversing some two miles and a half of public street and road and shaming few good citizens, if any.


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[Assistant] So powerful is use, and so desirable to be good use in the beginning.


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[Assistant] It was famous too for the pillory, a wise old institution that inflicted a punishment of which no one could foresee the extent.


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[Assistant] Also for the whipping post. Another dear old institution, very humanizing and softening to behold in action.


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[Assistant] Also for extensive transactions in blood money, another fragment of ancestral wisdom, systematically leading to the most frightful mercenary crimes that could be committed under heaven.


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[Assistant] Altogether, the old Bailey at that date was a choice illustration of the precept that whatever is, is right. An aphorism that would be as final as it is lazy. Did it not include the troublesome consequence that nothing that ever was, was wrong?


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[Assistant] Making his way through the tainted crowd, dispersed up and down this hideous scene of action, with the skill of a man accustomed to make his way quietly.


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[Assistant] The messenger found out the door he sought and handed in his letter through a trap in


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[Assistant] For people then paid to see the play at the Old Bailey, just as they paid to see the play in Bedlam. Only the former entertainment was much the dearer. Therefore, all the Old Bailey doors were well guarded.


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[Assistant] Except, indeed, the social doors by which the criminals got there, and those were always left wide open.


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[Assistant] The door grudgingly turned on its hinges in a very little way and allowed Mr. Jerry Cruncher to squeeze himself into court. What's on? He asked in a whisper of the man he found himself next to. Nothing yet. What's coming on? The treason case. The quarter in one, eh?


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[Assistant] Oh, they'll find him guilty, said the other. Don't you be afraid of that.


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[Assistant] Mr. Crunch's attention was here diverted to the doorkeeper, whom he saw making his way to Mr. Lorry, with a note in his hand.


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[Assistant] Mr. Lorry sat at a table among the gentlemen in wigs, not far from a wig gentleman, the prisoner's counsel, who had a great bundle of papers before him, and nearly opposite another wig gentleman with his hands in his pockets.


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[Assistant] Whose whole attention, when Mr. Cruncher looked at him then or afterwards, seemed to be concentrated on the ceiling of the court.


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[Assistant] After some gruff coughing and rubbing of his chin and signing with his hand, Jerry attracted the notice of Mr. Lorry, who had stood up to look for him, and who quietly nodded and sat down again. What's he got to do with the case? asked the man he had spoken with. Blessed if I know, said Jerry.


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[Assistant] What have you got to do with it then if a person may inquire? Blessed if I know that either, said Jerry.


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[Assistant] The entrance of the judge and a consequent great stir and settling down in the court stopped the dialogue.


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[Assistant] Presently, the doc became the central point of interest.


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[Assistant] Two jailers who had been standing there went out, and the prisoner was brought in and put to the bar.


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[Assistant] Everybody present except the one wigged gentleman who looked at the ceiling stared at him.


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[Assistant] All the human breath in the place rolled at him like a seed or a wind or a fire.


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[Assistant] Eager faces strained round pillars and corners to get a sight of him Spectators in back rows stood up not to miss a hair of him


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[Assistant] People on the floor of the court laid their hands on the shoulders of the people before them to help themselves at anybody's cost to a view of him.


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[Assistant] Stood a tiptoe, got upon ledges, stood upon necks to nothing, to see every inch of him.


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[Assistant] Conspicuous among these latter, like an animated bit of the spiked wall of Nuget, Jerry stood.


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[Assistant] Aiming at the prisoner, the beery breath of a wet he had taken as he came along.


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[Assistant] And discharging it to mingle with the waves of other beer and gin and tea and coffee and whatnot that flowed at him and already broke upon the great windows behind him in an impure mist and rain.


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[Assistant] The object of all this staring and blaring was a young man of about five and twenty, well grown and well looking, with a sunburned cheek and a dark eye. His condition was that of a young gentleman.


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[Assistant] As an emotion of the mind will express itself through any covering of the body, so the paleness which his situation engendered came through the brown upon his cheek, showing the soul to be stronger than the sun. He was otherwise quite self-possessed, bowed to the judge, and stood quiet.


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[Assistant] The sort of interest with which this man was stared and breathed at was not a sort that elevated humanity.


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[Assistant] Had he stood in peril of a less horrible sentence, had there been a chance of any one of its savage details being spared, by just so much would he have lost in his fascination.


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[Assistant] The immortal creature that was to be so butchered and torn asunder yielded the sensation.


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[Assistant] Whatever gloss the various spectators put upon the interest, according to their several arts and powers of self-deceit, the interest was, at the root of it, ogreish. Silence in the Court


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[Assistant] Charles Darnay had yesterday pleaded not guilty to an indictment denouncing him with infinite jingle and jangle, for that he was a false traitor to our serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth prince, our Lord the King.


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[Assistant] By reason of his having on divers occasions, and by divers means and ways, assisted Louis, the French king, in his wars against our said serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth,


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[Assistant] That was to say, by coming and going between the dominions of our said serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth,


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[Assistant] And those of the said French Louis, and wickedly, falsely, traitorously, and otherwise evil adverbiously, revealing to the said French Louis what forces our said serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth, had in preparation to send to Canada and North America.


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[Assistant] This much, Jerry, with his head becoming more and more spiky as the law terms bristled it, made out with huge satisfaction, and so arrived circuitously at the understanding that the aforesaid, and over and over again aforesaid, Charles Darnay, stood there before him upon his trial.


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[Assistant] The accused who was and who knew he was being mentally hanged, beheaded, and quartered by everybody there neither flinched from the situation nor assumed any theatrical air in it. He was quiet and attentive.


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[Assistant] Watched the opening proceeding with a grave interest.


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[Assistant] And stood with his hands resting on the slab of wood before him so composedly that they had not displaced a leaf of the herbs with which it was strewn.


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[Assistant] The court was all bestrewed with herbs and sprinkled with vinegar as a precaution against jail air and jail fever.


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[Assistant] Over the prisoner's head there was a mirror to throw the light down upon him.


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[Assistant] Crowds of the wicked and the wretched had been reflected in it and had passed from its surface and this earth's together.


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[Assistant] Haunted in a most ghastly manner that abominable place would have been if the glass could ever have rendered back its reflections as the ocean is one day to give up its dead.


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[Assistant] Some passing thought of the infamy and disgrace for which it had been reserved may have struck the prisoner's mind.


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[Assistant] Be that as it may, a change in his position making him conscious of a bar of light across his face, he looked up.


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[Assistant] And when he saw the glass, his face flushed and his right hand pushed the herbs away.


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[Assistant] It happened that the action turned his face to that side of the court, which was on his left.


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[Assistant] About on a level with his eyes, there sat in that corner of the judge's bench.


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[Assistant] Two persons upon whom his look immediately rested.


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[Assistant] So immediately and so much to the changing of his aspect.


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[Assistant] That all the eyes that were turned upon him turned to them.


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[Assistant] The spectators saw in the two figures a young lady of little more than twenty and a gentleman who was evidently her father.


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[Assistant] A man of very remarkable appearance in respect of the absolute whiteness of his hair and a certain indescribable intensity of face.


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[Assistant] Not of an active kind, but pondering and self-commuting. When this expression was upon him, he looked as if he were old.


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[Assistant] But when it was stirred and broken up, as it was now in a moment on his speaking to his daughter, he became a handsome man, not past the prime of life.


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[Assistant] His daughter had one of her hands drawn through his arm as she sat by him and the other pressed upon it.


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[Assistant] She had drawn close to him in her dread of the scene and in her pity for the prisoner.


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[Assistant] Her forehead had been strikingly expressive of an engrossing terror and compassion that saw nothing but the peril of the accused.


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[Assistant] This had been so very noticeable, so very powerfully and naturally shown, that stares, who had had no pity for him, were touched by her, and the whisper went about, Who are they?


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[Assistant] Jerry the messenger who had made his own observations in his own manner, and who had been sucking the rust off his fingers in his absorption, stretched his neck to hear who they were.


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[Assistant] The crowd about him had pressed and passed the inquiry on to the nearest attendant.


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[Assistant] The judge whose eyes had gone in the general direction recalled them, leaned back in his seat, and looked steadily at the man whose life was in his hand, as Mr. Attorney General rose to spin the rope


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[Assistant] Grind the axe and hammer the nails into the scaffold.


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[Assistant] Mr. Attorney General had to inform the jury that the prisoner before them, though young in years, was old in the treasonable practices which claimed the forfeit of his life.


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[Assistant] That this correspondence with the public enemy was not a correspondence of today or of yesterday or even of last year or of the year before.


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[Assistant] That it was certain the prisoner had, for longer than that, been in the habit of passing and repassing between France and England on secret business of which he could give no honest account.


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[Assistant] That if it were in the nature of traitorous ways to thrive, which happily it never was, the real wickedness and guilt of his business might have remained undiscovered.


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[Assistant] That his position and attitude were, on the whole, sublime.


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[Assistant] That he had been the prisoner's friend, but at once in an auspicious and an evil hour, detecting his infamy, had resolved to immolate the traitor he could no longer cherish in his bosom on the sacred altar of his country.


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[Assistant] That if statues were decreed in Britain, as in ancient Greece and Rome, to public benefactors, this shining citizen would assuredly have had one.


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[Assistant] That, as they were not so decreed, he probably would not have one.


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[Assistant] That virtue, as had been observed by the poets, in many passages which he well knew the jury would have word for word at the tips of their tongues, whereat the jury's countenances displayed a guilty consciousness that they knew nothing about the passages, was in a manner contagious.


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[Assistant] More especially the bright virtue known as patriotism or love of country.


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[Assistant] That the lofty example of this immaculate and unimpeachable witness for the crown, to refer to whom however unworthily was an honor, had communicated itself to the prisoner's servant and had engendered in him a holy determination to examine his master's table-draws and pockets and secrete his papers. That he, Mr. Attorney General,


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[Assistant] Was prepared to hear some disparagement attempted of this admirable servant. But that in a general way,


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[Assistant] He preferred him to his, Mr. Attorney General's, brothers and sisters, and honored him more than his, Mr. Attorney General's, father and mother.


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[Assistant] That, he called with confidence on the jury to come and do likewise.


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[Assistant] That the evidence of these two witnesses coupled with the documents of their discovering that would be produced.


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[Assistant] would show the prisoner to have been furnished with lists of his majesty's forces and of their disposition and preparation, both by sea and land, and would leave no doubt that he had habitually conveyed such information to a hostile power.


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[Assistant] That these lists could not be proved to be in the prisoner's handwriting, but that it was all the same. That indeed, it was rather the better for the prosecution as showing the prisoner to be artful in his precautions.


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[Assistant] That the proof would go back five years and would show the prisoner already engaged in these pernicious missions within a few weeks before the date of the very first action fought between the British troops and the Americans.


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[Assistant] That, for these reasons, the jury being a loyal jury, as he knew they were, and being a responsible jury, as they knew they were, must positively find the prisoner guilty and make an end of him, whether they liked it or not.


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[Assistant] That they never could lay their heads upon their pillows, that they never could tolerate the idea of their wives laying their heads upon their pillows, that they never could endure the notion of their children laying their heads upon their pillows, in short.


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[Assistant] That there never more could be for them or theirs any laying of heads upon pillows at all unless the prisoner's head was taken off.


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[Assistant] That head Mr. Attorney General concluded by demanding of them, in the name of everything he could think of with a round turn in it, and on the faith of his solemn asseveration that he already considered the prisoner as good as dead and gone.


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[Assistant] When the attorney general ceased, a buzz arose in the court as if a cloud of great blueflies were swarming about the prisoner in anticipation of what he was soon to become.


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[Assistant] When tones down again, the unimpeachable patriot appeared in the witness box.


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[Assistant] Mr. Solicitor General then, following his leader's lead, examined the patriot. John Barsad, gentleman by name.


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[Assistant] The story of his pure soul was exactly what Mr. Attorney General had described it to be.


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[Assistant] Perhaps if it had a fault, a little too, exactly.


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[Assistant] Having released his noble bosom of its burden, he would have modestly withdrawn himself.


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[Assistant] But that the wigged gentleman with the papers before him, sitting not far from Mr. Laurie, begged to ask him a few questions.


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[Assistant] The wig gentleman sitting opposite, still looking at the ceiling of the court. Had he ever been a spy himself? No, he scorned the base insinuation. What did he live upon? His property. Where was his property? He didn't precisely remember where it was. What was it? No business of anybody's. Had he inherited it? Yes, he had. From whom? Distant relation. Very distant?


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[Assistant] Rather, ever been in prison? Certainly not. Never in a debtor's prison? Didn't see what that had to do with it. Never in a debtor's prison? Come once again. Never? Yes. How many times? Two or three times? Not five or six? Perhaps. Of what profession? Gentlemen. Ever been kicked? Might have been. Frequently? No.


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[Assistant] Ever kicked downstairs? Decidedly not.


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[Assistant] Once received a kick on the top of a staircase and fell downstairs of his own accord. Kicked on that occasion for cheating a dice?


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[Assistant] Something to that effect was said by the intoxicated liar who committed the assault, but it was not true. Swear it was not true? Positively. Ever live by cheating at play? Never. Ever live by play? Not more than other gentlemen do. Ever borrow money of the prisoner? Yes. Ever pay him?


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[Assistant] Was not this intimacy with the prisoner, in reality a very slight one, forced upon the prisoner in coaches, inns, and packets? No.


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[Assistant] Sure he saw the prisoner with these lists? Certain. Knew no more about the lists? No. Had not procured them himself, for instance.


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[Assistant] Not in regular government pay and employment to lay traps. Oh dear no. Or to do anything. Oh dear no. Swear that. Over and over again. No motives but motives of sheer patriotism. None whatever.


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[Assistant] The virtuous servant, Roger Clice, wore his way through the case at a great rate.


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[Assistant] He had taken service with the prisoner in good faith and simplicity four years ago.


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[Assistant] He had asked the prisoner aboard the Calais packet if he wanted a handy fellow, and the prisoner had engaged him.


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[Assistant] He had not asked the prisoner to take the handy fellow as an act of charity. Never thought of such a thing.


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[Assistant] He began to have suspicions of the prisoner and to keep an eye upon him soon afterwards.


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[Assistant] In arranging his clothes while traveling, he had seen similar lists to these in the prisoner's pockets over and over again. He had taken these lists from the drawer of the prisoner's desk. He had not put them there first.


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[Assistant] He had seen the prisoner show these identical lists to French gentlemen at Calais.


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[Assistant] And similar lists to French gentlemen both at Calais and Boulogne.


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[Assistant] He loved his country and couldn't bear it and had given information. He had never been suspected of stealing a silver teapot.


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[Assistant] He had been maligned, respecting a mustard pot, but it turned out to be only a plated one.


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[Assistant] He had known the last witness seven or eight years. That was merely a coincidence.


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[Assistant] He didn't call it a particularly curious coincidence. Most coincidences were curious.


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[Assistant] Neither did he call it a curious coincidence that true patriotism was his only motive too. He was a true Briton and hoped there were many like him.


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[Assistant] I cannot undertake to say that he was.


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[Assistant] Does he resemble either of these two passengers?


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[Assistant] Both were so wrapped up and the night was so dark and we were all so reserved.


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[Assistant] That I cannot undertake to say even that. Mr. Lore, look again upon the prisoner.


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[Assistant] Supposing him wrapped up as those two passengers were, is there anything in his bulk and stature to render it unlikely that he was one of them? No.


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[Assistant] You will not swear, Mr. Lorry, that he was not one of them. No. So at least you say he may have been one of them.


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[Assistant] Yes, except that I remember them both to have been, like myself, timorous of highwaymen, and the prisoner has not a timorous air.


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[Assistant] Did you ever see a counterfeit of timidity, Mr. Lorry? I certainly have seen that. Mr. Lorry, look once more upon the prisoner.


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[Assistant] I was returning from France a few days afterwards and at Calais.


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[Assistant] The prisoner came on board the packet ship in which I returned and made the voyage with me. At what hour did he come on board? At a little after midnight. In the dead of the night.


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[Assistant] Was he the only passenger who came on board at that untimely hour? He happened to be the only one.


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[Assistant] Never mind about happening, Mr. Lolly. He was the only passenger who came on board in the dead of the night. He was.


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[Assistant] Were you traveling alone, Mr. Lottie, or with any companions?


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[Assistant] With two companions, a gentleman and lady. They are here.


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[Assistant] They are here. Had you any conversation with the prisoner? Hardly any.


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[Assistant] The young lady to whom all eyes had been turned before, and were now turned again, stood up where she had sat.


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[Assistant] To be confronted with such pity and such earnest youth and beauty was far more trying to the accused than to be confronted with all the crowd.


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[Assistant] Standing as it were apart with her on the edge of his grave, not all the staring curiosity that looked on could, for the moment, nerve him to remain quite still.


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[Assistant] His hurried right hand parceled out the herbs before him into imaginary beds of flowers in a garden.


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[Assistant] On board of the package ship just now referred to, sir, and on the same occasion. You are the young lady now referred to. Oh, most unhappily I am.


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[Assistant] The plaintive tone of her compassion merged into the less musical voice of the judge, as he said something fiercely.


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[Assistant] Answer the questions put to you and make no remark upon them.


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[Assistant] Miss Manette, had you any conversation with the prisoner on that passage across the channel? Yes, sir. Recall it.


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[Assistant] In the midst of a profound stillness, she faintly began, When the gentleman came on board, Do you mean the prisoner? inquired the judge, knitting his brows. Yes, my lord. Then say, the prisoner. When the prisoner came on board, he noticed that my father,


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[Assistant] Turning her eyes lovingly to him as he stood beside her was much fatigued and in a very weak state of health.


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[Assistant] My father was so reduced that I was afraid to take him out of the air, and I had made a bed for him on the deck near the cabin steps, and I sat on the deck at his side to take care of him.


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[Assistant] Was so good as to beg permission to advise me how I could shelter my father from the wind and weather better than I had done.


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[Assistant] I had not known how to do it well, not understanding how the wind would set when we were out of the harbor. He did it for me.


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[Assistant] He expressed great gentleness and kindness for my father's state, and I am sure he felt it. That was the manner of our beginning to speak together. Let me interrupt you for a moment. Had he come on board alone? No. How many were with him? Two French gentlemen. Had they conferred together?


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[Assistant] They had conferred together until the last moment, when it was necessary for the French gentleman to be landed in their boat.


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[Assistant] Had any papers been handed about among them similar to these lists?


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[Assistant] Some papers had been handed about among them, but I don't know what papers. Like these in shape and size?


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[Assistant] Possibly, but indeed I don't know, although they stood whispering very near to me.


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[Assistant] Because they stood at the top of the cabin steps to have the light of the lamp that was hanging there. It was a dull lamp and they spoke very low


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[Assistant] And I did not hear what they said, and saw only that they looked at papers. Now, to the prisoner's conversation, Miss Manet.


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[Assistant] Miss Manette, if the prisoner does not perfectly understand that you give the evidence which it is your duty to give, which you must give, and which you cannot escape from giving, with great unwillingness, he is the only person present in that condition. Please, to go on.


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[Assistant] He told me that he was traveling on business of a delicate and difficult nature, which might get people into trouble and that he was therefore traveling under an assumed name. He said that this business had within a few days taken him to France and might at intervals take him backwards and forwards between France and England for a long time to come.


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[Assistant] Did he say anything about America, Miss Manette? Be particular.


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[Assistant] He tried to explain to me how that quarrel had arisen, and he said that so far as he could judge, it was a wrong and foolish one on England's part. He added in a jesting way that perhaps George Washington might gain almost as great a name in history as George III. But there was no harm in his way of saying this.


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[Assistant] It was said laughingly and to beguile the time.


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[Assistant] Any strongly marked expression of face on the part of a chief actor in a scene of great interest to whom many eyes are directed will be unconsciously imitated by the spectators.


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[Assistant] Her forehead was painfully anxious and intent as she gave this evidence, and in the pauses when she stopped for the judge to write it down, watched its effect upon the counsel for and against.


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[Assistant] Among the lookers on, there was the same expression in all quarters of the court.


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[Assistant] In so much that a great majority of the forwards there might have been mirrors reflecting the witness when the judge looked up from his notes to glare at that tremendous heresy about George Washington.


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[Assistant] Mr. Attorney General now signified to my lord that he deemed it necessary as a matter of precaution and form to call the young lady's father, Dr. Manette, who was called accordingly. Dr. Manette, look upon the prisoner. Have you ever seen him before? Once.


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[Assistant] When he called at my lodgings in London, some three years or three years and a half ago,


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[Assistant] Can you identify him as your fellow passenger onboard the packet or speak to his conversation with your daughter? Sir, I can do neither.


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[Assistant] Is there any particular and special reason for your being unable to do either? He answered in a low voice. There is.


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[Assistant] Has it been your misfortune to undergo a long imprisonment without trial or even accusation in your native country, Dr. Manette? He answered in a tone that went to every heart. A long imprisonment.


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[Assistant] But I am quite unable even to say how she had become familiar. I have no remembrance of the process.


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[Assistant] Mr. Attorney General sat down and the father and daughter sat down together.


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[Assistant] A singular circumstance then arose in the case.


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[Assistant] The object in hand being to show that the prisoner went down with some fellow plotter untracked in the Dover mail on that Friday night in November five years ago.


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[Assistant] And got out of the mail in the night as a blind.


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[Assistant] At a place where he did not remain, but from which he traveled back some dozen miles or more, to a garrison and dockyard, and there collected information.


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[Assistant] A witness was called to identify him as having been at the precise time required in the coffee room of an hotel in that garrison and dockyard town, waiting for another person.


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[Assistant] The prisoner's counsel was cross-examining this witness with no result, except that he had never seen the prisoner on any other occasion when the wigged gentleman, who had all this time been looking at the ceiling of the court,


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[Assistant] Wrote a word or two on a little piece of paper, screwed it up, and tossed it to him.


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[Assistant] Opening this piece of paper in the next pause, the council looked with great attention and curiosity at the prisoner. You say again you are quite sure that it was the prisoner. The witness was quite sure.


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[Assistant] Did you ever see anybody very like the prisoner?


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[Assistant] Not so like, the witness said, as that he could be mistaken.


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[Assistant] Look well upon that gentleman, my learned friend there, pointing to him who had tossed the paper over. And then look well upon the prisoner. How say you? Are they very like each other?


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[Assistant] Allowing for my learned friend's appearance being careless and slovenly, if not debauched, they were sufficiently like each other to surprise not only the witness, but everybody present, when they were thus brought into comparison.


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[Assistant] My lord, being prayed to bid my learned friend lay aside his wig, and giving no very gracious consent, the likeness became much more remarkable.


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[Assistant] My lord inquired of Mr. Stryver, the prisoner's counsel, whether they were next to try Mr. Carton, name of my learned friend, for treason. But Mr. Stryver replied to my lord,


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[Assistant] But he would ask the witness to tell him whether what happened once might happen twice.


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[Assistant] Whether he would have been so confident if he had seen this illustration of his rashness sooner, whether he would be so confident having seen it, and more.


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[Assistant] The upshot of which was to smash this witness like a crockery vessel and shiver his part of the case to useless lumber.


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[Assistant] Mr. Cruncher had by this time taken quite a lunch of rust off his fingers in his following of the evidence.


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[Assistant] He had now to attend while Mr. Stryver fitted the prisoner's case on the jury, like a compact suit of clothes.


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[Assistant] Showing them how the patriot, Bassad, was a hired spy and traitor, an unblushing trafficker in blood, and one of the greatest scoundrels upon this earth since accursed Judas, which he certainly did look rather like.


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[Assistant] How the virtuous servant Cly was his friend and partner and was worthy to be.


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[Assistant] He being of French extraction did require his making those passages across the channel, though what those affairs were a consideration for others who were near and dear to him, for bad him, even for his life, to disclose.


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[Assistant] How the evidence that had been warped and wrested from the young lady, whose anguish in giving it they had witnessed, came to nothing, involving the mere little innocent gallantries and politenesses likely to pass between any young gentleman and young lady so thrown together.


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[Assistant] With the exception of that reference to George Washington, which was altogether too extravagant and impossible to be regarded in any other light than as a monstrous joke.


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[Assistant] How it would be a weakness in the government to break down in this attempt to practice for popularity on the lowest national antipathies and fears,


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[Assistant] And therefore, Mr. Attorney General had made the most of it.


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[Assistant] How, nevertheless, it rested upon nothing save that vile and infamous character of evidence too often disfiguring such cases, and of which the state trials of this country were full.


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[Assistant] But there my lord interposed, with his grave aface as if it had not been true, saying that he could not sit upon that bench and suffer those allusions.


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[Assistant] Mr. Stryver then called his few witnesses, and Mr. Cruncher had next to attend. While Mr. Attorney General turned the whole suit of clothes, Mr. Stryver had fitted on the jury inside out.


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[Assistant] Showing how Bassad and Clyde were even a hundred times better than he had thought them, and the prisoner a hundred times worse.


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[Assistant] Lastly came my lord himself, turning the suit of clothes, now inside out, now outside in, but on the whole decidedly trimming and shaping them into grave clothes for the prisoner.


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[Assistant] And now the jury turned to consider, and the great flies swarmed again.


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[Assistant] Mr. Carton, who had so long sat looking at the ceiling of the court, changed neither his place nor his attitude, even in this excitement.


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[Assistant] While his learned friend, Mr. Stryver, massing his papers before him, whispered with those who sat near, and from time to time glanced anxiously at the jury.


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[Assistant] While all the spectators moved, more or less, and grouped themselves anew.


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[Assistant] While even my lord himself arose from his seat and slowly paced up and down his platform, not unattended by a suspicion in the minds of the audience that his state was feverish, this one man sat leaning back.


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[Assistant] With his torn gown half off him, his untidy wig put on just as it happened to light on his head after its removal, his hands in his pockets, and his eyes on the ceiling as they had been all day.


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[Assistant] Something especially reckless in his demeanor not only gave him a disreputable look.


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[Assistant] But so diminished the strong resemblance he undoubtedly bore to the prisoner, which his momentary earnestness when they were compared together had strengthened.


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[Assistant] That many of the lookers on taking note of him now said to one another they would hardly have thought the two were so alike.


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[Assistant] Mr. Cruncher made the observation to his next neighbour and added,


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[Assistant] I'd hold off a guinea that he don't get no law work to do. Don't look like the sort of one to get any, do he?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yet this Mr. Carton took in more of the details of the scene than he appeared to take in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For now, when Miss Manette's head dropped upon her father's breast, he was the first to see it and to say audibly, Officer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look to that young lady, help the gentleman to take her out, don't you see she will fall. There was much commiseration for her as she was removed, and much sympathy with her father. It had evidently been a great distress to him, to have the days of his imprisonment recalled.