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[Assistant] These seasonal variations matter more for established viruses. But because no one is yet immune to a new virus, it has so many potential hosts that it doesn't need ideal conditions to spread.


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[Assistant] In the body, the protein spikes embed in the host cells and fuse with them, enabling the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery to replicate its own genes.


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[Assistant] Coronaviruses store their genes on RNA. All viruses are either RNA viruses or DNA viruses. RNA viruses tend to be smaller, with fewer genes, meaning they infect many hosts and replicate quickly in those hosts.


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[Assistant] In general, RNA viruses don't have a proofreading mechanism, whereas DNA viruses do.


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[Assistant] So when an RNA virus replicates, it's much more likely to have mistakes called mutations.


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[Assistant] Epidemics often occur when a virus jumps from animals to humans.


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[Assistant] This is true of the RNA viruses that cause the Ebola, Zika and SARS epidemics and the COVID-19 pandemic.


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[Assistant] Once in humans, the virus still mutates, usually not enough to create a new virus, but enough to create variations or strains of the original one.


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[Assistant] Corona viruses have a few key differences from most RNA viruses. They're some of the largest, meaning they have the most genes. That creates more opportunity for harmful mutations.


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[Assistant] To counteract this risk, coronaviruses have a unique feature, an enzyme that checks for replication errors and corrects mistakes. This makes coronaviruses much more stable with a slower mutation rate than other RNA viruses.


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[Assistant] While this may sound formidable, the slow mutation rate is actually a promising sign when it comes to disarming them.


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[Assistant] After an infection, our immune systems can recognize germs and destroy them more quickly if they infect us again, so they don't make us sick.


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[Assistant] But mutations can make a virus less recognizable to our immune systems, and therefore more difficult to fight off.


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[Assistant] They can also make antiviral drugs and vaccines less effective because they're tailored very specifically to a virus. That's why we need a new flu vaccine every year.


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[Assistant] The influenza virus mutates so quickly that new strains pop up constantly. The slower mutation rate of coronaviruses means our immune systems, drugs and vaccines might be able to recognise them for longer after infection and therefore protect us better.


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[Assistant] Still, we don't know how long our bodies remain immune to different coronaviruses. There's never been an approved treatment or vaccine for a coronavirus. We haven't focused on treating the ones that cause colds. And though scientists began developing treatments for SARS and MERS, the epidemics ended before those treatments completed clinical trials.


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[Assistant] As we continue to encroach on other animals' habitats, some scientists say a new coronavirus jumping to humans is inevitable.


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[Assistant] Students and teachers all over the world did their part to help slow the spread of COVID-19 by staying home. But what about their graduation ceremonies?


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[Assistant] Learn more about TED's global campaign to celebrate and elevate the hopes and ideas of an entire generation. Get involved at TED.com slash graduation.


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[Assistant] Timmy, how are you going mate? Yeah, alright. Just got my baby chicken in the oven. Butter and some of that indigenous basil. And then gonna do a jus, beetroot and some fried kale and mushrooms. Nice and bright. As long as that basil flavour comes through. Toss him.


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[Assistant] My chicken's in the oven, roasting away. Uhm, I've got my chicken jus there. And now I'm just gonna get onto my roasted beetroot and fried tail.


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[Assistant] And the ingredient today was native basil. I've made roast chicken, beetroot, mushrooms with native basil throughout. Made a salt out of it as well.


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[Assistant] Since I was a child, I've been exposed to fig trees. My grandmother grows them. I love the smell of fig leaves. It brings back so many memories. I really want to use that flavour in my ice cream today.


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[Assistant] Matt's very concerned if I don't have enough fig leaf flavour in my ice cream, it will just taste like a basic vanilla ice cream. I've infused it with a lot of fig leaf.


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[Assistant] I feel like this big leaf on glaze is a very delicate flavour.


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[Assistant] I have a taste of my fig leaf infusion. I'm really happy with the flavor there. So I put that in my ice cream cheddar. Come on Larissa! Now I've got to get onto my filet pastry crumbs.


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[Assistant] I'm frying up my cones and I'm really happy with the cones at the moment. They are looking really beautiful, bubbly and flaky.


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[Assistant] I'm really freaking out right now. So I've put in as much big leaves as I can. I'm really worried I don't have enough big leaf flavor there.


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[Assistant] I'm really freaking out right now. I'm really worried I don't have enough ugly flavor there.


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[Assistant] It's fig leaf ice cream in a filo pastry cone and fig leaf and the sticker dusting on top.


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[Assistant] Open your, shut your. Window handbag table box book. Open your, shut your.


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[Assistant] Window handbag table box book. Put on your. Take off. Clothes shirt watch shoes cold suit. Put on your. Take off.


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[Assistant] Clothes, shirt, watch, shoes, coat, sew, turn on the, turn off.


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[Assistant] Switch stereo television light faucet cooker. Turn on the, turn off.


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[Assistant] Switch stereo television light faucet cooker. Sweep the floor. Cleanser.


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[Assistant] Book magazine newspaper. Read this. Book magazine newspaper. Sharpen these pencil knives. Sharpen these pencil knives.


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[Assistant] This is the Q Train. It runs from here in Queenscliff up to Drysdale and back again. It specialises in showcasing the amazing produce from the Bellarine. Today, it's gonna be serving a four-course


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[Assistant] Right, so Anoushka and Larissa, you will be cooking the first course and you will be the purple team.


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[Assistant] Christina, Nicole, you'll be doing the second course, you'll be the yellow team. Tessa, Tim, you'll be doing the third course, you'll be the burgundy team.


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[Assistant] Here we go, guys. Well, here's the yellow team's dish. That's Nicole and Christina.


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[Assistant] Tessa and Tim, Middle Eastern eggplant, veteran style.


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[Assistant] I think if you're going to go down the route of making it middle eastern, just putting dukkur on it doesn't make it middle eastern for me. Genuinely, not a great dish.


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[Assistant] What a great challenge, cooking on railway platforms, serving up on the Q train, and using some of the best produce in Australia for right here in the Bellarine.


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[Assistant] Look, Tessa, Tim, I think the problem with your dish is it lacked freshness, but the real problem was the slow-cooked egg, the white was runny and it kind of dissolved into the plate and the yolk, certainly my yolk, was almost cured.


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[Assistant] Gorgeous, but we've had some amazing fig dishes this year and that just wasn't quite there.


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[Assistant] Tessa, Tim, Derek and Simon are in tomorrow's elimination where, as you know, the weakest cook will go home.


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[Assistant] My husband will love this because he loves curry too. I'm excited to know what my husband thinks about my dish because obviously all of us are home cooks and we have come this far, we learned so much and hopefully we are able to impress everyone tonight. Here you go, enjoy it.


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[Assistant] What else do you need, Tina? Uhm, we really need to check we got everything. How long is she? Keep going.


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[Assistant] Lesson 25 Mrs. Smith's Kitchen


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[Assistant] Lesson 25. Mrs Smith's Kitchen.


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[Assistant] If you visit a museum with a collection of modern and contemporary art, you're likely to see works that sometimes elicit the response, my cat could make that, so how is it art?


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[Assistant] A movement called abstract expressionism, also known as the New York School, gets this reaction particularly often.


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[Assistant] Abstract Expressionism started in 1943 and developed after the end of World War II.


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[Assistant] It's characterized by large, primarily abstract paintings, all over compositions without clear focal points, and sweeping swaths of paint embodying and eliciting emotions.


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[Assistant] The group of artists who are considered abstract expressionists includes Barnett Newman, with his existential zips. William de Kooning, famous for his travestied women.


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[Assistant] Helen Frankenthaler, who created soak stains, and others.


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[Assistant] But perhaps the most famous, influential, and head-scratching one was Jackson Pollock. Most of his paintings are immediately recognizable. They feature tangled messes of lines of paint bouncing around in every direction on the canvas.


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[Assistant] Didn't he just drip the paint at random? Can't anyone do that?


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[Assistant] While Pollock implemented a technique anyone is technically capable of regardless of artistic training, only he could have made his paintings.


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[Assistant] This paradox relates to his work's roots in the surrealist automatic drawings of Andre Masson and others. These surrealists supposedly drew directly from the unconscious to reveal truths hidden within their minds.


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[Assistant] Occasionally, instead of picturing something and then drawing it, they let their hands move automatically and would later tease out familiar figures that appeared in the scribbles.


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[Assistant] And after Pollock moved away from representation, he made drip or action paintings, following a similar premise.


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[Assistant] Then, in a controlled dance, he stepped all around the canvas, dripping industrial paint onto it from stirrers and other tools, changing speed and direction to control how the paint made contact with the surface.


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[Assistant] These movements, like the surrealist scribbles, were supposedly born out of Pollock's subconscious.


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[Assistant] But unlike the surrealists, whose pictures represented the mind's hidden contents, Pollock supposedly made physical manifestations of his psyche. His paintings are themselves signatures of his mind.


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[Assistant] In theory, anyone could make a painting that is an imprint of their mind. So why is Pollock so special?


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[Assistant] Well, it's important to remember that while anyone could have done what he did, he and the rest of the New York school were the ones who actually did it.


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[Assistant] They destroyed conventions of painting that had stood for centuries, forcing the art world to rethink them entirely.


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[Assistant] But one last reason why Jackson Pollock's work has stayed prominent stems from the specific objects he made, which embody fascinating contradictions.


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[Assistant] For instance, while Pollock's process resulted in radically flat painted surfaces, the web of painted lines can create the illusion of an infinite layered depth when examined up close.


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[Assistant] And the chaos of this tangled mess seems to defy all control, but it's actually the product of a deliberate, though not pre-planned process.


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[Assistant] These characteristics made Pollock into a celebrity, and within art history, they also elevated him to the mythified status of the genius artist as hero.


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[Assistant] So rather than evening the playing field for all creative minds, his work unfortunately reinforced a long-standing elitist aspect of art.


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[Assistant] Elitist, innovative, whatever you choose to call it, the history embedded in abstract expressionism is one that no cat, however talented, can claim.


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[Assistant] We're going to have to give it some real thought, because really, if we desire peace, we're gonna have to think about the rest of the world too.


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[Assistant] But I believe we're still able to make our own choices. Although we can't change the past, we can change the future. Into the world we desire.


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[Assistant] If there's some misunderstanding and then new fighting breaks out, I'm sure they'll return.


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[Assistant] Even if they have to take all the contradictions upon themselves.


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[Assistant] Enabling a better future is what Pacific Life does.


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[Assistant] And their support of a healthy ocean benefits all of us, whales as well as people.


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[Assistant] I really want to become my father's favorite, but I just feel he loves Harry more. I just hope he doesn't inherit the throne instead of me.


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[Assistant] Oh dear. You are the only one who understands me.


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[Assistant] Once I become the king, I promise to make you my queen.


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[Assistant] Father, he does not care. He doesn't care about you, me, or the kingdom.


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[Assistant] I suggest we put him behind the bars for some time to teach him a lesson.


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[Assistant] Arrest him immediately and put him behind bars. But brother!


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[Assistant] What have? You deserve no explanation.


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[Assistant] What have you given? My father is ailing again! You wretched woman, you deceived me!


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[Assistant] Thank you, son. I'm feeling better. What is it that you have given me?


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[Assistant] Forgive me son, for I misunderstood you.


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[Assistant] Oh brother, forgive me too, for I was under the spell of the witch and did not know what I was doing.


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[Assistant] Master, I think you've helped transform the way people around the world think about Italian food, but now you're stepping that on, you're doing that around the world. Talk to us about your current obsession.


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[Assistant] Go hungry every day. And what we throw in the bin


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[Assistant] Is so much feedback. Each Australian household, for example.


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[Assistant] Waste over a thousand dollars worth of stuff they bought. So think of that.


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[Assistant] Over 7 million houses, that's 8 billion dollars a year going in the bin.


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[Assistant] Would you be excited? That's sort of where Larissa at the back of the room. That's sort of where she's going, which is exciting. Really?


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[Assistant] You can put that on anything, Gary. You can put it on gravel and it would taste tasty.


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[Assistant] Those mushrooms, you can just imagine those gnarly mushrooms, those awful mushrooms at the bottom of your fridge being treated that way and they become almost meaty or tempeh-like in that salad. That's how we should use LFG.


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[Assistant] You know, he uses the duck, the ingredient that I think probably we all hoped he wouldn't use, and he's balled it up.


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[Assistant] It's rubbery, it's undercooked. And that's the ultimate sin.


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[Assistant] But the pity is that actually that radicchio has been cooked beautifully. Sadly, the duck is a total waste.


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[Assistant] Make no mistake, that was a really tough...


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[Assistant] Challenge today. You absolutely had to engage your cook's brain. You had to think, you had to analyze, you had to taste, and then you had to bring us the delicious dish. Three of you did just that. You not only nailed the brief, but you also brought us unbelievably delicious dishes that would stand


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[Assistant] On their own, regardless of what the status of the produce was. And those three dishes were TARTY!


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[Assistant] Tati, Simon, Larissa, you're safe. Please join the others.


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[Assistant] Next time, bring us a dish inspired by a moment in time.


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[Assistant] Instead of teeth, humpback whales have baleen. It's a kind of strainer that hangs from the roof of their mouth.


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[Assistant] But allows them to trap these tasty morsels like the fish in the krill.


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[Assistant] When we're trying to locate big feeding pods, it's almost like you're coming home to family.


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[Assistant] I've really come to know him over the past 20 years. From studying his behaviors, and even sketching him.


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[Assistant] I often see melancholy with another male, who we call vulture.


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[Assistant] But Mel and Kali and his crew have learned a really cool strategy. They can capture more fish by working together as a team.


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[Assistant] When we hear the feeding calls and see the whales group together, we know we're in for quite a show.


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[Assistant] What happens next is one of the most incredible and complex animal behaviors ever observed.


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[Assistant] Underneath the school of herring to drive them up towards the surface. With their long pectoral flippers, they can out maneuver fast moving prey.


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[Assistant] Forming a spiraling wall of air that acts like a net to keep the fish from getting away.


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[Assistant] Melancholy, vulture, and all the other whales begin to leave.


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[Assistant] They'll travel thousands of miles down to their warm water breeding areas like Costa Rica, Mexico, and Hawaii.


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[Assistant] We are allowed to go home once a year. We'll be going to Castle tomorrow. Would you like to join us?


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[Assistant] It must be used for some magic. I had a doubt that you're a witch, and I've proven it, your highness.


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[Assistant] PS had suffered a stroke that damaged the right side of her brain, leaving her unaware of everything on her left side.


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[Assistant] But though she could discern no difference between the houses, when researchers asked her which she would prefer to live in, she chose the house that wasn't burning. Not once, but again and again.


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[Assistant] PS's brain was still processing information from her whole field of vision. She could see both images and tell the difference between them. She just didn't know it.


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[Assistant] If someone threw a ball at her left side, she might duck, but she wouldn't have any awareness of the ball or any idea why she ducked.


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[Assistant] PS's condition, known as hemispatial neglect, reveals an important distinction between the brain's processing of information and our experience of that processing. That experience is what we call consciousness.


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[Assistant] We are conscious of both the external world and our internal selves. We are aware of an image in much the same way we are aware of ourselves looking at an image, or our inner thoughts and emotions.


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[Assistant] But where does consciousness come from? Scientists, theologians, and philosophers have been trying to get to the bottom of this question for centuries without reaching any consensus.


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[Assistant] One recent theory is that consciousness is the brain's imperfect picture of its own activity.


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[Assistant] To understand this theory, it helps to have a clear idea of one important way the brain processes information from our senses. Based on sensory input, it builds models which are continuously updating simplified descriptions of objects and events in the world.


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[Assistant] Everything we know is based on these models. They never capture every detail of the things they describe, just enough for the brain to determine appropriate responses.


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[Assistant] For instance, one model built deep into the visual system codes white light as brightness without color. In reality, white light includes wavelengths that correspond to all the different colors we can see. Our perception of white light is wrong and oversimplified, but good enough for us to function.


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[Assistant] Likewise, the brain's model of the physical body keeps track of the configuration of our limbs, but not of individual cells or even muscles, because that level of information isn't needed to plan movement.


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[Assistant] If it didn't have the model keeping track of the body's size, shape, and how it is moving at any moment, we would quickly injure ourselves.


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[Assistant] The brain also needs models of itself. For example, the brain has the ability to pay attention to specific objects and events.


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[Assistant] It also controls that focus, shifting it from one thing to another, internal and external, according to our needs. Without the ability to direct our focus, we wouldn't be able to assess threats, finish a meal, or function at all.


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[Assistant] To control focus effectively, the brain has to construct a model of its own attention. With 86 billion neurons constantly interacting with each other, there's no way the brain's model of its own information processing can be perfectly self-descriptive.


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[Assistant] But like the model of the body or our conception of white light, it doesn't have to be.


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[Assistant] Our certainty that we have a metaphysical, subjective experience may come from one of the brain's models, a cut-corner description of what it means to process information in a focused and deep manner.


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[Assistant] Scientists have already begun trying to figure out how the brain creates that self-model.


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[Assistant] MRI studies are a promising avenue for pinpointing the networks involved.


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[Assistant] These studies compare patterns of neural activation when someone is and isn't conscious of a sensory stimulus, like an image.


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[Assistant] The results show that the areas needed for visual processing are activated whether or not the participant is aware of the image, but a whole additional network lights up only when they are conscious of seeing the image.


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[Assistant] Patients with hemispatial neglect, like PS, typically have damage to one particular part of this network.


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[Assistant] More extensive damage to the network can sometimes lead to a vegetative state with no sign of consciousness.


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[Assistant] Evidence like this brings us closer to understanding how consciousness is built into the brain. But there's still much more to learn.


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[Assistant] For instance, the way neurons in the networks related to consciousness compute specific pieces of information is outside the scope of our current technology. As we approach questions of consciousness with science, we'll open new lines of inquiry into human identity.


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[Assistant] To continue exploring life's big questions, check out this playlist.


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[Assistant] Our ancestors were really good at reading people because if they didn't know who was friend or who was foe, they would be dead. It's as simple as that.


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[Assistant] When I look at people, I look at the whole person. I don't just look at one thing.


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[Assistant] One of the things I look for is how close do the couple stand to one another.


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[Assistant] Also, how are their toes pointed? If your toes are pointed in the direction of your partner, chances are that you're in good shape.


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[Assistant] What I'm doing is very systematic, but you may do it automatically. How many times have you said, eh, I don't like that person? Or you turn on the television, eh, they're lying. I can't stand them. I would build a great wall and nobody builds walls better than me. Believe me. Donald Trump.


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[Assistant] Whether you love him or you hate him, the bottom line is, he is a great communicator.


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[Assistant] And that's what's coming across. There's not phoniness that we've seen so much in our politicians where they're gesturing like this. Trump gestures like this.


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[Assistant] And that emotion tells you, uh-uh, that's not right, uh, he's full of it. Oh, he's telling the truth. So that emotion tells you, and that's called your gut level communication.


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[Assistant] The body doesn't lie and neither does the face because the face is connected with a lot of facial nerves and 12 cranial nerves. And when you have an emotion, these nerves fire and muscles start moving. They're a sores muscle. You're either smile or you're frowning.


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[Assistant] The masseter muscles, if you're angry, something happens here in your jaw.


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[Assistant] Let's say for example, somebody walks in the room and you can't stand them, but you're going to smile at them anyway because it's your boss. So you go, hi. You automatically have that snarl, but you don't see that snarl. It happens really fast.


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[Assistant] Only eight of you left. There's no hiding in the middle anymore. You're either at the top or at the bottom.


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[Assistant] And if you do find yourself at the bottom, cause you will have a bad day, this could save you.


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[Assistant] That's the style that you're cooking in. Pick a knife. Don't pull it out yet. Yep. Okay. Gently. Don't cut. Maybe I say go, alright?


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[Assistant] Thanks. Next up, Simply Spanish Simon to the Tasting Table.


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[Assistant] Adam, let's code your dish a 6 out of 10.


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[Assistant] Your kitchens are set up at stops on the Q train route.


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[Assistant] Australia has no shortage of talented chefs, but when we want something extraordinary, something spectacular,


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[Assistant] When we want something that makes you go, wow, in the world of desserts.


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[Assistant] There is only one person for the job.


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[Assistant] Kirsten, the dishes that you brought us over the years have a couple of things in common, don't they? Diabolical. Detail. The need for...


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[Assistant] Absolutely razor sharp technique. How does what's under that cloche stack up?


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[Assistant] Tim, how far out of your comfort zone was that cook? Ah, it was right up there, man.


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[Assistant] What are you worried about in terms of there's always a couple of nagging things.


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[Assistant] Obviously there are a few flaws like the caramel leaking out. Pity she hadn't sprayed the top with the chocolate.


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[Assistant] Anushka Tati, that means it comes down to the, to a view and it comes down to the dishes that you cook today. Anushka, yours was the best looking apple pie of the lot. But your crumble on the top, overcooked. Tati, your crumble was also overcooked. But you also taking your caramel too far and that bitterness overpowered the dish. And that's why I'm sorry Tati.


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[Assistant] It's just a lovely combination. I mean that's the sort of dish that, you know, everybody would love.


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[Assistant] Today's team challenge is going to start the same way as every other team challenge does. We'll divide into teams. You'll plan your dish with your team. You'll visit the pantry with your team.


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[Assistant] Because today, you're cooking in pairs.


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[Assistant] And you've only got to make two plates of food. A sweet dish. One plate each.


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[Assistant] But those plates need to be absolutely identical.


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[Assistant] You've got to stay on your side of the wall. The only communication you will have during the cook.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I think the panna cotta's an excellent job. Maybe Vince is marginally softer, but in terms of the basil flavour, I know we were concerned about that. Both got really strong, bright basil flavours.


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[Assistant] Lots of things that they've done really, really well and maybe the sorbets and a couple of differences in look, the only thing keeping them away from a perfect mark.


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[Assistant] Anushka, I don't think we've heard you be so in control. It was wonderful. You were. You were the boss and it was brilliant to see. Did you have any problem with Derek?


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[Assistant] You were both very meticulous from choosing cutters right down to that ruler at the end. Do you think you've got close to mimicking each other's dish?


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[Assistant] Some great things to love about each dish, but sadly, they're not the same things. Anoushka's mousse's got better aeration, it's lighter.


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[Assistant] Sorbet's a bit sweeter, uhm, but Anushka's true.


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[Assistant] But they're both good, I mean, I think although Tati's shortbread is blonder, it's still a really good shortbread.


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[Assistant] For me, the real, the real flaw with this dish is, is Tati's brulee. It's got that really kind of stewed flavour.


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[Assistant] How good's the colour of the crumb, of the caramel, of the pastry? Just wonderful. It's marginally more generous, but that's about it. I'm absolutely drawn to the pastry, it looks really beautiful, very thin.


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[Assistant] Are they close? Not really. This one is more spread out and not enough nuts and the fruit's up there.


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[Assistant] At the end of tomorrow's challenge, five of you.


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[Assistant] We'll be joining those guys in this year's top 10. This is the time to dig deep.


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[Assistant] And give it absolutely everything that you have got.


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[Assistant] Whether an object is heavy or light, all objects accelerate at the same rate towards the earth. That is, at 9.8 meters per second squared. This means all objects should fall at the same speed, right? Absolutely.


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[Assistant] However, this happens only when there is vacuum. A scientist named Robert Boyle placed a coin in a feather in a big glass jar and removed all the air from it, thus creating a vacuum.


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[Assistant] He then inverted the jar and observed that both the objects fell to the bottom at the same time. But this doesn't happen on earth. Because here the speed of falling objects depends upon their surface area and air resistance. The feather has more surface area as compared to the coin.


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[Assistant] Hence, more air pushes against the feather due to which it experiences greater air resistance and thus, the feather falls slower as compared to the coin.


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[Assistant] Through evolution, it appears that there's been an arms race between reading other people and other people controlling what


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[Assistant] Liars or insincere individuals are expected to fidget a lot, uh, they're expected to look very nervous, maybe shift around in their seat, and scientifically, the real tells are the opposite of that.


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[Assistant] If we look at his non-verbal behavior as well as his verbal behavior during that claim, he comes across as extremely convincing, as extremely sincere.


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[Assistant] He's using this thing we call an illustrator very, very effectively. And I need to go back to work for the American people. It's an intimidation tactic, it's a power and control thing, and it's an attention grabber.


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[Assistant] So our research group decided to undertake the largest scale study of high stakes deception ever conducted.


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[Assistant] And that entailed collecting videos from all over the world of people


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[Assistant] Pleading for the return of a missing relative. So in 2008, Carissa Boudreaux in Nova Scotia went missing. And her mother Penny Boudreaux gave an impassioned plea to the public to try to assist in finding her missing daughter.


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[Assistant] So the interesting thing about the Penny Boudreau video is that she shows a classic sign of emotional deception.


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[Assistant] She is attempting to appear distressed because her daughter is missing, but she's not showing an engagement of the distressed muscles, which are the corrugators.


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[Assistant] In between the eyes, which generally when somebody is distressed they go together and


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[Assistant] The deceptive pleaders generally are unable to engage those muscles and they end up looking more like a deer in the headlights. They look surprised.


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[Assistant] In this frame and a couple frames after it, Penny displays hostility both in her facial expression and in the words she uses and her tone of voice.


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[Assistant] Indicating that she's still very upset, angry with Carissa for one reason or another. She doesn't want the world to know that she's feeling that, but it's coming out involuntarily.


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[Assistant] She knows that her daughter is dead. The interviewer is asking questions that are getting a little too close to home.


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[Assistant] Eventually they got information that she had in fact murdered her daughter because her boyfriend, the suspect, had mentioned one day he didn't think he was ready to be a father.


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[Assistant] One thing that I've learned that, that really surprised me was the extent, the magnitude of information that we're conveying.


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[Assistant] Any moment, uh, via our body language, our facial expressions, and what we're saying. Even psychopathic liars who are, you know, some of the best around us.


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[Assistant] Aren't able to control, quote unquote, leakage via at least one of these different communication channels.


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[Assistant] I'm really excited about the developing technologies, but I also believe that the old-fashioned observation, human observational approach is a critical component. That being able to closely observe holistically, you have an advantage that machines never will.


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[Assistant] It will cost you not less than one gold coin


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[Assistant] Right in the heart of the Swan Valley, and only 25 minutes from Perth's Central Business District. It is beautiful, and I think the perfect time of the year. Just feels gorgeous here, doesn't it? Beautiful. Yeah.


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[Assistant] One of you is about to earn their place in finals week. Imagine that.


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[Assistant] Well, what a great cook. I think you've done brilliantly well. We need to bring you out to beautiful locations more often when we get this kind of food. Shall we taste? First up, Anoushka.


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[Assistant] I'm actually thinking that myself. I think the biscuits look great. Maybe not enough biscuit. We shall see. What was your hero ingredient?


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[Assistant] Chocolate tart and that beautiful complex candy flavour, the bubblegum flavour of the fujoah is just an absolutely brilliant combination.


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[Assistant] The last dish we'd like to taste belongs to Nicole. Up you go.


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[Assistant] I think they're both very clever, I think they could sit beautifully on any restaurant table. I think you know my favourite. It's Tessa, for sure.


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[Assistant] You know what fellas, I can eat well cooked leeks and fish all day. It's just such a lovely combination. And that is perfectly cooked fish and leeks. So I'm very, very happy. It puts a massive smile on your face.


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[Assistant] What she was saying there was we were just getting in the way and throwing our two Bobsworths in and typical Tessa style, she's going, I've got a good idea, leave me alone.


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[Assistant] We like it when you do that. You stick to your guns. So you've stuck to your guns, you've made what you wanted to make, right?


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[Assistant] But the problem is what we were really genuinely trying to coax her into doing was having some clarity with that broth. Because you get all these odd competing flavours. A lot of steak. Should we go and tell them? Let's do it.


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[Assistant] What we know is that some emotions are tied very closely to certain body expressions and that that works in both directions because it's hardwired.


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[Assistant] Your body and your mind are constantly in conversation with each other. And your body is largely driving that conversation. Why not take control of that? Why not have your body tell your mind that you're safe and powerful?


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[Assistant] So if you take non-human primates, I mean, you see them expand their chests, uh, pound their chests. They do things to make themselves appear bigger than the other individuals in their hierarchy.


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[Assistant] You see this kind of body language across the animal kingdom. And similarly, when animals feel powerless, they do exactly the opposite. They make themselves tiny.


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[Assistant] Humans are animals as well, and we do the same kinds of things.


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[Assistant] In the classical ballets, the female lead character is usually either dead or half dead.


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[Assistant] In more contemporary ballet, you see a lot more expansiveness in the female lead characters.


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[Assistant] I think it's a really dangerous message that we send to our daughters that femininity is tied to being fragile and frail and, and, you know, wrapping oneself up.


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[Assistant] Is that it's really not primarily about intimidating the other side. It is primarily about preparing themselves for a challenging situation.


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[Assistant] When we walk and we're sad, we walk in this slouched way. And when we walk and we're happy, we're walking in a more erect posture and we're, you know, swinging our arms more and, you know, our stride is longer. So getting people to walk in a happy way makes them feel happier, even if they have no idea what they're doing.


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[Assistant] This is a really new area of research that some people call embodiment and I don't think we know exactly what the mechanism is. I think what we know is that some emotions are tied very closely to certain body expressions and that that works in both directions because it's hardwired.


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[Assistant] I think some of the most promising applications of this work, and we're just at the beginning of this now, uh, that are in the area of treating people with things like post-traumatic stress.


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[Assistant] Are maybe less likely to want to talk about.


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[Assistant] Teaching people to sit upright and open their chest and breathe more deeply is in fact calming the nervous system. It is communicating through the vagus nerve.


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[Assistant] I'm really hopeful that we're gonna learn more about how to use body-based interventions to treat, uh, psychological disorders. I think that there is a lot of potential there.


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[Assistant] Amidst the magic of Margaret River, a team challenge that could determine their f-


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[Assistant] Well, here, boy, the food we try to create is uhm...


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[Assistant] Inspired by the season and for the great products of the region, uhm, that's been a pretty spoil here in Malibu River.


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[Assistant] So today, you will be cooking my...


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[Assistant] Quail, callops, shiitake, cauliflower, and arugula.


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[Assistant] Absolutely bring me my pressure. Today, you also will be making my...


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[Assistant] Yeah. Then we have a quail leg, WA scallops, miso and rose cauliflower puree. And then we make a jus. Do you want to taste? Absolutely.


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[Assistant] So we have a chocolate marquise, gold caramel and caramelized banana mousse. Finish with a glaze.


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[Assistant] Remember the final product, because that will give you an indication of what you're looking after.


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[Assistant] The skull looks red done perfectly well. The quail as well, still pink.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so you get that sourness from the finger limes. I wanna make a little finger lime chutney out of the skin. I wanna do a French toast that'll sit on the bottom. So, I'm just trying to decide which cheese would be best.


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[Assistant] Okay. Is that enough? I think so. I'm really excited about my dish.


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[Assistant] Today I'm doing french toast with beer wash rind cheese and finger lime chutney. It's a simple dish because I just want to really highlight these finger limes and have three or four things on the plate that just do them really really well. Uhm. I'm starting to get a little bit worried with this chutney. The finger lime's been cooking down for quite a while now.


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[Assistant] They're still quite unpalatable, taste very, very bitter.


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[Assistant] Today I'm choosing to do a toastie inspired dish with a finger lime syrup. I taste the syrup and I'm really happy with it. It's, it's sweet and I can definitely still taste the finger limes. So I think it's


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[Assistant] Tim, are you ready to go mate? Alright, just frying off my toast. Alright, as quick as possible mate. No problem. Time to start frying off my French toast. I get lots of butter in the pan, get my bread in the pan, and then cook that till it's nice and brown on both sides.


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[Assistant] Rest my beautiful french toast on top, which is topped with the cheese.


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[Assistant] Yeah. I give that a little blowtorch so it softens a little bit. Yeah, that's good mate. The fresh finger lime goes on top.


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[Assistant] Right, one spot left in tomorrow's challenge. Only one spot left in that special cook. I want it so bad. That goes to...


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[Assistant] This is Christina's first pressure test. She's fallen behind, but she's managed to pick herself back up. She just needs to keep on top of that recipe 100%.


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[Assistant] Were they real tears? Of course they were, they were wiping them.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you got a point there. She was wiping him right off. Her voice was cracking. Yeah, very true. It was really sad. She was exhausted. I don't think you would go on national TV if you were lying. Like, I just don't think you would.


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[Assistant] I can't type this letter. I can't read it.


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[Assistant] I can't type this letter. I can't read it.


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[Assistant] What nationality are they? Where do they come from?


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[Assistant] I am American, I come from the US.


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[Assistant] I am American. I come from the US. He's Brazilian.


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[Assistant] They are French. They come from France.


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[Assistant] They're French, they come from France. You're German, you come from Germany. He's Greek, he comes from Greece.


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[Assistant] We are Norwegian, we come from Norway. They are Russian, they come from Russia. They are Russian, they come from Russia.


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[Assistant] Iguanodon knew immediately what kind of dinosaur the little one was.


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[Assistant] Finally, baby T-Rex found his mother. Sharp teeth, strong legs, and short arms. What do you think? Do they look alike?


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[Assistant] Wow, the stars are shining so brightly! Great night to go fishing! The boys.


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[Assistant] Depression is the leading cause of disability in the world. In the United States, close to 10% of adults struggle with depression.


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[Assistant] But because it's a mental illness, it can be a lot harder to understand than, say, high cholesterol.


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[Assistant] One major source of confusion is the difference between having depression and just feeling depressed.


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[Assistant] Almost everyone feels down from time to time, getting a bad grade, losing a job, having an argument. Even a rainy day can bring on feelings of sadness. Sometimes there's no trigger at all, it just pops up out of the blue. Then circumstances change, and those sad feelings disappear.


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[Assistant] Clinical depression is different. It's a medical disorder, and it won't go away just because you want it to. It lingers for at least two consecutive weeks and significantly interferes with one's ability to work, play, or love.


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[Assistant] Depression can have a lot of different symptoms. A low mood, loss of interest in things you'd normally enjoy, changes in appetite, feeling worthless or excessively guilty, sleeping either too much or too little.


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[Assistant] And it's not just behavioral symptoms. Depression has physical manifestations inside the brain.


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[Assistant] First of all, there are changes that could be seen with the naked eye and x-ray vision. These include smaller frontal lobes and hippocampal volumes.


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[Assistant] On a more micro scale, depression is associated with a few things. The abnormal transmission or depletion of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.


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[Assistant] Blunted circadian rhythms, or specific changes in the REM and slow wave parts of your sleep cycle, and hormone abnormalities, such as high cortisol and deregulation of thyroid hormones.


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[Assistant] But neuroscientists still don't have a complete picture of what causes depression. It seems to have to do with a complex interaction between genes and environment. But we don't have a diagnostic tool that can accurately predict where or when it will show up.


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[Assistant] And because depression symptoms are intangible, it's hard to know who might look fine but is actually struggling. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, it takes the average person suffering with a mental illness over 10 years to ask for help.


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[Assistant] But there are very effective treatments. Medications and therapy complement each other to boost brain chemicals. In extreme cases, electroconvulsive therapy, which is like a controlled seizure in the patient's brain, is also very helpful.


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[Assistant] Other promising treatments, like transcranial magnetic stimulation, are being investigated too.


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[Assistant] So if you know someone struggling with depression, encourage them, gently, to seek out some of these options. You might even offer to help with specific tasks, like looking up therapists in the area or making a list of questions to ask a doctor. To someone with depression, these first steps can seem insurmountable.


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[Assistant] If they feel guilty or ashamed, point out that depression is a medical condition, just like asthma or diabetes. It's not a weakness or a personality trait, and they shouldn't expect themselves to just get over it any more than they could will themselves to get over a broken arm.


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[Assistant] If you haven't experienced depression yourself, avoid comparing it to times you've felt down. Comparing what they're experiencing to normal, temporary feelings of sadness can make them feel guilty for struggling. Even just talking about depression openly can help.


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[Assistant] For example, research shows that asking someone about suicidal thoughts actually reduces their suicide risk. Open conversations about mental illness help erode stigma and make it easier for people to ask for help. And the more patients seek treatment, the more scientists will learn about depression, and the better the treatments will get.


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[Assistant] He constructs the dome at a time where the technology should not have permitted it. It just should not have been possible.


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[Assistant] He constructs the dome at a time where the technology should not have permitted it. How is it possible that he built the thing when he did? It just should not have been possible.


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[Assistant] They were really presenting themselves with a serious problem because in enlarging the church, what they're also enlarging is the crossing area of the church, right, essentially where the two arms would intersect.


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[Assistant] They eventually create a crossing space which measured 143 feet 6 inches across.


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[Assistant] Today, in the 21st century, it would be difficult for us to cover, to roof such a vast space.


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[Assistant] In the middle ages, if we're building a vault, okay, we build that wooden framework, we put our blocks, our bricks on top of it, we wait for the masonry to dry, then we make the sign of the cross, pull the wooden framework away and run like hell, because the failure rate on most of these vaults was about 50%.


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[Assistant] I mean, for me the most extraordinary thing about the construction of the cathedral is undertaking a project that you knew fully well you did not have the technology to complete.


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[Assistant] The financial advantage of that must have been extraordinary, but the skepticism was probably even greater in the sense that how could that be possible? What will prevent that structure from simply sliding out and caving in as we're building it?


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[Assistant] When they get to that final piece, I mean, this is really the climax of the entire two-century construction history of the church. Who is this man working in jewelry who now steps forward and says, look, I have the credentials, I have the know-how, I have the inspiration to actually design the structure, and would you have trusted him?


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[Assistant] Technologically, the means did not exist. Up until Brunelski's time, lifting devices were referred to generically as the Rotamania, or as the Great Wheel.


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[Assistant] Which was a large wooden wheel that looked very much like a modern gerbil cage, inside of which human beings would walk, causing the wheel to turn, and as that wheel turned, it would coil a rope.


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[Assistant] And that coiling would gradually then lift an object based on the lifting power of the people who were actually walking inside.


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[Assistant] This is really Brunelleschi as the engineer, Brunelleschi as the inventor. They're turning a wheel that would turn a vertical shaft.


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[Assistant] And it in turn, uh, would have a series of cog wheels that would then interlock with other cog wheels. And so as the oxen are moving in one direction, they could of course lift weight upward. Okay.


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[Assistant] But more importantly, Bernalaski realized we're not gonna have to only lift weights up, we're gonna have to lower those weights as well. And so he introduces what is the first ever reverse gear in history.


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[Assistant] By simply changing which of the wheels,


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[Assistant] The command to fire will be given from my rifle firing the first shot, okay? At that point we're going to start killing.


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[Assistant] Okay, you can't walk in time, can you? Nope. Okay, uhm, you're done, go. Do you wanna stick around? I'm not gonna put you in at all, so you're done as well. Rest of you, focus on me. Okay, Rick Taylor, go there. Drill Squad is, mostly it's hard work, leadership and threats.


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[Assistant] You can lie with me, yea. That's good, okay. Actually, I kinda like you two, you're alright. Stay there, face that way and be quiet.


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[Assistant] Who didn't turn to the right? Which way are you going to turn next time?


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[Assistant] Do we have team huddle? No, this is close enough. Uhm, you guys really need to focus on being able to march in time with the person next to you above all else. Once you've got that, we'll be sorted at least with you through, okay? I can work on other problems, but you guys need to just meet me here, okay? Sure. Good, get this right. See you later.


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[Assistant] No, everyone got measured and everyone should have the right size kit. Uh, we do have some spare stuff if, if it needs be, uhm, but I'm, I'm reasonably confident that everyone's kit will fit.


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[Assistant] There's testimony from the house play. I am not good at remembering lines. I'm terrible at it. Uhm, you better take this and just hold, uhm, check it, get everything right.


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[Assistant] Okay, well we got some wise words from our brave leader. Uhm, I think we've got faith, I think we guys can, we can qualify. I've been practicing, I think I can get us through this. Uhm, let's do our best, okay? Okay guys, this is it.


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[Assistant] I felt I'd let everybody down. That I hadn't performed well enough because everyone else had been working hard and I'd been making people work hard. I'd been getting them up in the morning and taking them down to practice on the playground in the evening. Uhm, and so to sort of mess up on, because of me rather than because of them, I was angry.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, uhm, we qualified. That's good! Uhm, we're gonna have to, uhm, step it up a bit now.


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[Assistant] And I took the enemy to put what they'd learned into perspective.


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[Assistant] Finally having to do this in front of people like Mr. Page and the head of core and all that kind of stuff.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but definitely it was a train crash.


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[Assistant] You know, people, people have joked about this and were saying, oh yeaah, we practice, we know it, we know it, and then...


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[Assistant] Lesson 35 Our village. This is a photograph of our village. Our village is in a valley.


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[Assistant] This is the school building. It is beside a park.


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[Assistant] Some of them are going into the park.


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[Assistant] Lesson 35 Our Village This is a photograph of our village.


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[Assistant] This is the school building. It is beside a park.


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[Assistant] Some of them are going into the park.


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[Assistant] I didn't go to bed before one o'clock in the morning for the whole first half of this term because I was working and marking, organising fixtures and, you know, organising more of the United Nations trips and writing this to parents and whatever it might be and also trying to have a life at the same time.


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[Assistant] The boys don't, I don't think, recognise the amount of time and effort that goes into these things.


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[Assistant] There is a, there is discernible herovian psyche. Uhm, it's what, uhm, has been termed in the past as arrogance. Uhm, not, not something that the school prides itself on. But actually, it's not arrogance. I think most boys here are possessed of, of, of an important self-confidence.


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[Assistant] Harry was a school of 830 barristers basically. Every boy knows everything and knows better about everything.


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[Assistant] And they decided that other cities in Tuscany, other cities in Italy had grander temples than they did. And so they wanted to compete with them and more especially they wanted to outdo them.


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[Assistant] There's no question it's going to be spectacular. There's just one catch. No one knows how they're going to build it.


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[Assistant] The problem with the wooden centering for Santa Maria del Fiore was that it was going to be unprecedented in scale if they built it. It would have been enormously expensive.


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[Assistant] To us in the 21st century, that may seem a slightly odd way to get your start in architecture. But in fact, you could have had no better training in the 15th century to become an architect or a sculptor or the designer of any sort.


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[Assistant] They work with gold, they work with silver, they use their minds as well as their hands. They had to figure out how to make things work both practically and also aesthetically.


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[Assistant] And Filippo Brunelleschi being very ambitious and very talented threw his hat into the ring.


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[Assistant] The competition involved casting a trial panel, making an experimental piece to show what you could do. So everyone was given the same amount of bronze and told


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[Assistant] Losing the commission to Lorenzo Ghiberti, I think there's no question, hurt Brunelleschi very badly and in many ways shaped his career and the way that he proceeded after that.


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[Assistant] They realize that building has got to the point where they cannot put off any longer how they're going to build this. And so they put forth a competition saying


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[Assistant] Uh, that whoever has any ideas about how on earth we can do this, uh, we're open. It's sort of answers on a postcard, please.


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[Assistant] Filippo, being extremely secretive and not wanting anyone else to know his plan, said, I'll show you how to do it when you give me the job. Give me the job and I'll begin doing it.


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[Assistant] Imagine all of these eminent master masons from all over Europe trying to get it to stand upright on its own. All of them fail.


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[Assistant] And Brunelleschi says, yes, and you would be able to build the dome if you know what I know.


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[Assistant] Had he told the assembled company his secret, it would have been something that they wouldn't have understood. A special brick pattern, a special kind of brickwork that he was going to use in the interior of the dome.


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[Assistant] If he ever was going to have a moment of doubt, I think that would have been the one. Because he would have seen...


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[Assistant] Up close and personal, the magnitude of the task that literally lay before him at that point, because he would have looked across this chasm, this yawning gap. He must have at some level gulped and thought, am I going to be able to do this?


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[Assistant] In 3000 years of engineering, no one had ever done that. He pushed beyond a boundary that no one else had crossed. No one else had even got to that boundary. Brunelleschi crossed over it.


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[Assistant] That's the point in the building where support of some sort was always needed. And Brunelleschi had to begin using this special pattern of laying bricks that he himself seems to have invented


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[Assistant] Around about 220, 230 feet in the air and they were literally hanging over an empty space where if they fell it was certain death. And so Brunelleschi certainly needed to have his men have faith in him and they needed to believe that Brunelleschi knew what he was doing.


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[Assistant] And do you think Brunelleschi stood here and said, this is how I'm going to do it. This is the secret to building the dome.


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[Assistant] That if you look at the dates of the building, 1420 to 1436, 16 years, that's the blink of an eye. That's very, very quick.


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[Assistant] And it's wonderful to think that he saw it completed. He was able to look at it. He was able to walk past.


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[Assistant] The building and think to himself, I built that, I did that.


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[Assistant] Well, I'm just sort of inspecting them from top to bottom, really. First thing, have they got the hat on? Is it in good repair? And then just work their way down. Is their blower smart? Is their top button done up? Need to put your hats on, gentlemen, before you park me? I spotted you three miles away. Where's your hat? Get some polish on your shoes, shall we? Come on.


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[Assistant] When they get up in the morning, I don't think they realise there's a mirror in the bedroom. I think they get dressed in the dark after them.


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[Assistant] I think it's probably my military background, 23 years in the Welsh Guards and being inspected every day and then as I got senior in my rank, you know, inspecting other people.


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[Assistant] I think it just comes naturally to just check them over as soon as they come past. I'll have him for a dirty boot.


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[Assistant] We're teaching computers to understand the body language of humans.


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[Assistant] So the focus of Cycork is mainly on recognizing the signals that come from your face. And of course you can use this signal for many different applications.


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[Assistant] Imagine that you can target your advertisement depending on who is in front of it. That's a very interesting return of investment for the advertiser.


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[Assistant] We can see that the commercial switches to a female advertisement and we can go back in.


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[Assistant] It switches back to a mail advertisement. The computer needs to understand the human in order to be able to deliver to the human.


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[Assistant] So not only understand the human in terms of, you know, voice recognition, but also gestures and facial expressions.


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[Assistant] We can also apply this into direct human-computer interaction, but human-robot interaction. For instance, a robot will be able to understand body language.


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[Assistant] So to really establish a much more natural form of communication.


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[Assistant] So far, computers have not really tapped in this kind of information and...


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[Assistant] A summer's day, 17 million years ago.


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[Assistant] The Arctic. But not the barren, icy landscape we know.


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[Assistant] The earth is a much warmer place, and in summer, round the clock sunlight supercharges the forest vegetation.


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[Assistant] A fertile feast for some of the planet's biggest and hungriest creatures.


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[Assistant] There are thousands of vegetarians here, all making the most of the boundless food.


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[Assistant] Others are more sociable, herd animals who eat together, like these Edmontasois.


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[Assistant] This is one of the youngest members of the herd. We'll call him Scar, a name he'll earn soon enough.


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[Assistant] Since he hatched in the spring, the sun hasn't stopped shining.


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[Assistant] For now. But this will all change for Scar.


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[Assistant] And 24 hour night will take its place.


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[Assistant] There are already signs that summer is letting go. That dark times are coming. For everyone.


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[Assistant] This carnivore has feasted all summer on baby Edmontosaurus.


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[Assistant] Unfortunately for him, his favorite food is now bigger than he is.


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[Assistant] As dinosaurs go, Troodon are clever, born to hunt and kill, so Patch has natural talent, but as yet, not much clue how to use it.


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[Assistant] What goes in, must come out. That much Patch gets.


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[Assistant] But he hasn't learned to cover all the exits.


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[Assistant] A hungry and frustrated Patch needs to get his act together. And quickly.


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[Assistant] Scar now has to deal with something completely alien, unexpected, and very, very dangerous.


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[Assistant] Caught out. Scar can't see danger coming.


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[Assistant] This is no time to be away from the herd.


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[Assistant] Scar is wounded, but at least now he's safely back in the herd.


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[Assistant] But the coming winter will steal a little more light from every day.


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[Assistant] Soon, the sun will disappear completely.


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[Assistant] Then the herd must leave on a great march south to find enough food and light to survive the winter.


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[Assistant] As the weeks pass, the forest begins to wither and die. This is no longer a land of plenty.


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[Assistant] The competition for what food is left is about to get much tougher.


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[Assistant] The Edmontosaurus males bellow a warning. Something is coming.


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[Assistant] The brains inside these thick skulls are no bigger than a bird's, but their reinforced heads make excellent battering rams, which they'll use against anything that gets between them and their food.


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[Assistant] While he is well equipped to survive a cold, dark winter, he still has to eat.


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[Assistant] His reactions are so fast, it's as if he sees in slow motion.


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[Assistant] Time is running out. If he doesn't get the hang of this soon, he'll starve.


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[Assistant] With the cupboard bear, Scar must hunt out every last scrap of nourishment.


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[Assistant] The grubs and insect larvae inside, providing a little extra protein to keep this three-ton vegetarian on the move.


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[Assistant] Scar, reared on a diet of soft leaves and plants, must develop a taste for this new, harsher diet.


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[Assistant] The warm summer paradise is a distant memory.


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[Assistant] As every night stretches longer than the last, it's the predators that have the upper hand.


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[Assistant] The adults corral their young, using their own bodies as a last line of defense against the Night Stalkers.


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[Assistant] After his terrifying narrow escape, Scar is wary. Nothing will entice him to venture beyond the Herd's protection.


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[Assistant] Nothing, except perhaps a scrap of food.


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[Assistant] Fear finally holds Scar back, but for one young female, the compulsion to eat is more than she can bear.


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[Assistant] Gorgosaurus. At 30 foot long and 2 tons, this is the T-Rex of the North Pole.


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[Assistant] Equipped with highly sensitive night vision, he is the consummate nocturnal killer.


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[Assistant] The young dinosaur never stood a chance.


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[Assistant] The ever-shortening day finally signals to the herd the onset of the great annual migration.


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[Assistant] It's time to head south towards the sun in a grueling 1,000 mile trek to find food, light, and safety.


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[Assistant] Only the herds dead will remain. Life-giving sustenance for the predators who will stay here throughout the Arctic winter.


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[Assistant] The three month Odyssey will lead Scar and the other youngsters through perilous terrain. But with the herd to guide them, many will see it through.


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[Assistant] Across the Arctic, Edmontosaurus hear the call. Coming together for safety in numbers.


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[Assistant] The march of the dinosaurs has begun.


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[Assistant] This is the start of a journey which will take the migrating dinosaurs through what is now northwestern Canada.


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[Assistant] To the fertile coast of the inland sea that divides North America.


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[Assistant] They will face perils every bit as daunting as those they leave behind. Many of them will not survive.


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[Assistant] But not every herbivore is making the journey.


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[Assistant] Our female ankylosaur is too cumbersome and heavy for the 2,000 mile round trip.


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[Assistant] She will tuff it out here at the pole and endure the ravages of the arctic winter.


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[Assistant] Troodon are well adapted to survive the winter. But Patch must still learn how.


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[Assistant] Feeding from the Gorgosaurus' kill is a risky business.


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[Assistant] But this could be their last decent meal for months, so it's a risk they need to take.


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[Assistant] Patch knows he's well done the pecking order.


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[Assistant] Will not stand for anyone stealing his food.


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[Assistant] But in winter, a fresh carcass is worth putting your life on the line for.


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[Assistant] A reckless Troodon inflicts a savage bite.


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[Assistant] Donald's face was so incredibly serious. It was so incredibly just, he just put on a poker face.


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[Assistant] Every critic. Every detractor.


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[Assistant] We'll have to bow down to President Trump. It's everyone who's ever doubted Donald, whoever disagreed, whoever challenged him.


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[Assistant] It is the ultimate revenge to become the most powerful man in the universe.


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[Assistant] They aspired to be just like him. They wanted to see all this affluence. And he let them see it. He let them into every aspect of what it meant to be successful in America.


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[Assistant] As the sun sinks, they deepen and glorify beyond any possibility of putting on paper.


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[Assistant] These colored pages are with one and the same intent. To make you see.


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[Assistant] Take the very hardest thing in your life. The place of difficulty, outward or inward.


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[Assistant] Just there he can bring your soul into blossom.


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[Assistant] The true ideal flower is the one that uses its gifts as a means to an end.


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[Assistant] They are but to attract the bees and the butterflies that will fertilize and make it fruitful. For it is more blessed to give than to receive.


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[Assistant] Please understand that it is not from vanity that I tell you. At least I think not.


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[Assistant] Because I have no more to do with my gifts than with the color of my hair.


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[Assistant] But because I need prayer to seek God's way more clearly.


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[Assistant] It seems as if I'd lived years in just those few days.


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[Assistant] At first I could only rush about in the woods, as if in a dream.


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[Assistant] I cannot give myself to painting in the way that he means and continue still to seek first the kingdom of God.


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[Assistant] Is there anyone in this room whom God is calling for North Africa? It's me, I said, rising. He's calling me.


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[Assistant] I said to a sad-eyed woman, you love that little girl? Yes, she answered. I am a widow and she is my eyes. That is the way God loves you, I said.


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[Assistant] The village lay silent in the sunlight and a woman glided out of the door and asked what I wanted. I answered that I loved the Arabs and had come to talk to her.


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[Assistant] Immediately she led me through dark, twisting passages. Then, one by one, a dozen women gathered.


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[Assistant] The next day was a battling on in simple endurance through a blinding blizzard of sound.


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[Assistant] And I have such a feeling that it will have some ray for you that I can't help sending it.


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[Assistant] Always yours, with grateful and loving memories, Lilius Trotter.


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[Assistant] There is a peculiar loveliness about the art of saints and a peculiar joy for the artist more than other men.


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[Assistant] He was hovering among some blackberry sprays, just touching flowers here and there. Yet all unconsciously, life, life, life was left behind.


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[Assistant] You can never tell to what untold glories a little humble path may lead, if you follow far enough.


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[Assistant] Measure thy life by loss, not by gain.


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[Assistant] Not by the wine drunk, but by the wine poured forth.


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[Assistant] And in the sense that we are working for the future and its coming day. We are dreamers, dreaming greatly.


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[Assistant] In order to avoid any problem and just to put it to rest, I will...


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[Assistant] Cold. He was not a warm person. I see his father at the beach even with a suit and a tie and a hat clipped very kind of military mustache and simply being correct.


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[Assistant] We were in a culture of hazing at the military school. Everyone, I mean, that's just the way it was.


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[Assistant] In fact, our biggest advice in, you know, our lives came from Playboy magazine. That's how we learned about women. So that was all of my adolescence.


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[Assistant] And that's why getting out of military school was difficult. You had to realize that you couldn't just follow the Playboy philosophy.


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[Assistant] What do they usually do? Dusts.


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[Assistant] And I just think it's very good to, to discover that there was a band of women, single women, who felt that God was calling them


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[Assistant] She wasn't physically strong as she wrote in her diary. No doctor would have passed us fit for this work. If God wanted weakness, He had it.


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[Assistant] One Arab lady leaned out from her upstairs window and spoke to an Arab lady across the sort of narrow corridor and she said, Nobody ever loved us like this. Nobody ever loved us like this.


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[Assistant] One never has the impression with, uh, Lilius Trotter that this was a lack or anything she perceived as a lack. Her life was full and rich.


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[Assistant] And when you see a mother carrying its baby, it's, it's charming. But when you see this huge King Kong-like figure carrying this tiny little male orphan around, it's lovely.


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[Assistant] Lesson 61. A Bad Cold.


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[Assistant] Can you remember the doctor's telephone number?


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[Assistant] Open your mouth, Jimmy. Show me your tongue. Say, ah.


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[Assistant] He has a bad cold, Mr. Williams. So he must stay in bed for a week.


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[Assistant] Good news? Why? Because he doesn't like school.


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[Assistant] Lesson 61. A Bad Cold.


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[Assistant] Where's Jimmy? He's in bed. What's the matter with him?


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[Assistant] Can you remember the doctor's telephone number?


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[Assistant] Open your mouth, Jimmy. Show me your tongue. Say, ah.


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[Assistant] What's the matter with him, Doctor? He has a bad cold, Mr. Williams, so he must stay in bed for a week.


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[Assistant] Good news? Why? Because he doesn't like school.


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[Assistant] When I learned that I had passed in Arkansas but failed in DC, I thought that maybe my test scores were telling me something.


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[Assistant] And sign up for our newsletter at pbs.org slash frontline.


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[Assistant] For more on this and other Frontline programs, visit our website at pbs.org.


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[Assistant] To order, visit shoppbs.org or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS. Frontline is also available for download on iTunes.


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[Assistant] Ugh, this place smells so disgusting. It's smelling of dirty farm animals. I shall find my friend's house soon.


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[Assistant] I'm all good. I thought of surprising you.


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[Assistant] Ugh, there's so little water. My city is so much better.


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[Assistant] It is time for me to leave. Thank you. I had a great time. See you in town soon!


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[Assistant] Welcome. Welcome, dear friend. Welcome to my house.


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[Assistant] Come on, my friend. The food is ready. Let's go.


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[Assistant] Come, I'll show you a place where you get all types of food.


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[Assistant] Whaaat? What is that? The famous department store.


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[Assistant] Well, I don't know how to explain it to you, but the minute you try to grab the cheese inside, you get stuck, and you can never come out.


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[Assistant] The large size please. Do you have any writing paper?


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[Assistant] Yes, please. And I want some glue.


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[Assistant] And I want a large box of chalk too.


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[Assistant] The large size please. Do you have any writing paper?


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[Assistant] And I want a large box of chalk too.


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[Assistant] One o'clock, a quarter past one, half past one. One o'clock, a quarter past one, half past one.


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[Assistant] A quarter to two. Two o'clock. A quarter past two. A quarter to two. Two o'clock. A quarter past two.


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[Assistant] Half past two, a quarter to three, three o'clock.


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[Assistant] Half past two, a quarter to three, three o'clock.


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[Assistant] A quarter past three, half past three, a quarter to four. A quarter past three, half past three, a quarter to four.


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[Assistant] Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. Enjoy yourself. Enjoy yourself.


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[Assistant] Enjoy yourself. I always enjoy myself.


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[Assistant] Enjoy yourself. I always enjoy myself.


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[Assistant] We are enjoying ourselves, they are enjoying themselves.


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[Assistant] We are enjoying ourselves. They are enjoying themselves. He's enjoying himself. He's enjoying himself.


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[Assistant] excited happy hungry sad


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[Assistant] scared shy sleepy


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[Assistant] tired worried


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[Assistant] I saw a real problem. I didn't think that the company could cover its interest expenses on that debt plus the payroll was enormous because of the scope of the property.


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[Assistant] Donald Trump was trying to send a message to other people on Wall Street.


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[Assistant] Lesson 69 The Car Race


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[Assistant] There is a car race near our town every year. In 1995, there was a very big race. There were hundreds of people there. My wife and I were at the race.


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[Assistant] Our friends, Julie and Jack were there too. You can see us in the crowd. We are standing on the left.


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[Assistant] There were English cars, French cars, German cars.


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[Assistant] Italian cars, American cars, and Japanese cars. It was an exciting finish. The winner was Billy Stewart. He was in car number 15. Five other cars were just behind him.


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[Assistant] Don't drive so quickly. You're not Billy Stewart.


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[Assistant] Lesson 69 The Car Race


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[Assistant] There is a car race near our town every year. In 1995, there was a very big race. There were hundreds of people there. My wife and I were at the race.


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[Assistant] Our friends, Julie and Jack, were there too. You can see us in the crowd. We are standing on the left.


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[Assistant] There were twenty cars in the race. There were English cars, French cars, German cars.


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[Assistant] Italian cars, American cars, and Japanese cars. It was an exciting finish. The winner was Billy Stewart. He was in car number 15. Five other cars were just behind him. On the way home, my wife said to me, Don't drive so quickly. You're not Billy Stewart.


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[Assistant] I have the honor of giving you welcome to our force and of condoning with you on the calamity that has brought you among us. It would be an impertinence elsewhere, but it is not so here. May I ask your name and condition?


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[Assistant] A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.


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[Assistant] Adapted by Nick Mercati in 7 episodes. Episode 4, Beginnings.


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[Assistant] A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.


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[Assistant] I understand the discovery to be in respect of the small property of my poor father. You will know that I never saw him so long dead.


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[Assistant] I understood I had to go to Paris and to talk there with a gentleman from the bank.


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[Assistant] If I might be permitted to place myself just for the journey under that gentleman's... your protection. I hope you have no objection.


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[Assistant] I have grown used to it, of course. I was a child, a baby when I first came here.


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[Assistant] This is my father's story, sir. And I begin to think I do know your face. I'm sure of it.


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[Assistant] Mr. Lorry, this is no longer business if you please. My dear, dear. Oh, my poor, poor dear.


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[Assistant] Just a bitter taste that poor cattle have in their mouths, and hard lives, Jack.


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[Assistant] So if we want to sound more British, we want to sound clearer, we want to sound good when we speak English, especially if we're learning British English, we need to first learn how to be lazy.


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[Assistant] And we need it. We need to learn how to add this lazy sound into our spoken English to sound more fluent and more like a native. So firstly, just so we understand why we use the schwa sound. And this is my favourite sound in English. It's my favourite sound to teach because it's so easy to teach. But, but.


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[Assistant] It is a little bit difficult because we don't always know when it's going to happen.


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[Assistant] About. The stress is on the second syllable. Bout. Bout. I'm saying it's strong, my pitch is going up, and it's becoming a little bit longer. What about that letter A at the beginning? I'm not saying about.


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[Assistant] Remember it's not stressed, it's a weak syllable, so we still need to keep it relaxed. About. About.


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[Assistant] You should notice that more power is going into the bout and the uh is just there to help you carry the word. This happens in lots and lots of different words. Now, just very quickly, to pronounce the schwa sound, the tongue should be relaxed in the middle of the mouth, just floating relaxed in the middle of the mouth. And we just open our mouth like we're breathing. Uh, uh. Now practice that word with me. About.


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[Assistant] So yes, it can replace every vowel in English. It can replace every vowel in English, but not always. So this is why it's important to always have a dictionary with you, which can show you how to pronounce the words you're learning. Let's just take a look at a few more words which have the schwa replacing the letter A in a weak syllable. Amazing.


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[Assistant] And we have this weak syllable in the middle of the word where the A is. We're going to replace it with a schwa sound. Vitamin.


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[Assistant] But we have to know when, we just have to listen to people.


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[Assistant] We finish with zunt, z, present.


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[Assistant] This one's a little bit tricky because there are a lot of syllables in this word. Experiment.


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[Assistant] Schwa is at the end. Munt. Experiment. Now always remember that schwa is not in a stressed syllable, so we say it fast, we say it relaxed. Tongue is just chilling, it's just relaxing in the middle of the mouth. We don't need to do much to pronounce the schwa sound. Confident. Confident. Celebrate.


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[Assistant] Celebrate. Celebrate. Now sometimes with the letter i it has a regional variation. But if you look it up in the Cambridge Dictionary the pronunciation of cousin would be with an uh. Cousin. Cousin. Cousin.


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[Assistant] Remember that stress is on the first syllable, so it's stronger, more power on that first syllable. Cousin, cousin.


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[Assistant] Now this one's also tricky because lots of people have problems with that final uh sound. It's actually a very similar position to where we put the tongue for the schwa, and the mouth position is also very similar, but it's longer.


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[Assistant] So we've got the schwa in the first syllable, k, continue.


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[Assistant] Big word coming up now, collaborate.


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[Assistant] We have two schwa's here, so this is a great way to practice it. Co-la-berate. Co-la-berate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where's the stress? It's on lab. Collaborate. And we can also use the schwa to replace the letter u. For example, support. Support.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stress is on port, so we're relaxing the first syllable, support.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Polite, like you're not bored. You want the person listening to think that you're enjoying the experience, right? So the sound you'd probably be making would be a little bit like this. Uh, uh, uh. Now put that on the end of a word. Teacher. Uh. Teacher.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The red, I think. The dark wine, I think.


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[Assistant] Never. I am quite sure, Mr. Cruncher, sure that you will never do whatever it is. I beg you not to think it necessary to mention more particularly what it is.


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[Assistant] Her eyes followed me as I slammed shut the doors of the room. Time. Gain time. Face this woman who hates us all and gain time for my precious. Oh, she shall not get the better of me.


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[Assistant] I left that deaf arse woman. Took up my bonnet and cloak. Locked the door. Took the key.


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[Assistant] I write the truth as I shall answer for these my last recorded words of the eternal judgment seat.


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[Assistant] I was walking on a retired part of the key by the same. I stood aside to let the carriage pass.


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[Assistant] A head was put out of the window and a voice called to the driver.


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[Assistant] It'd be so good as to join us in the carry.


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[Assistant] What is the nature of the case to which I'm summoned? Your doctor, we are men of position. Get into the carriage. I could do nothing but comply, and I entered in silence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally stopped maybe two thirds of a league from the North Barrier.


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[Assistant] We walked by a damp footpath towards a solitary house in a garden, where a neglected fountain had overflowed.


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[Assistant] A handsome peasant boy, seventeen at the most. His right hand clenched to his breast, his glaring eyes looking straight upward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He stood for an instant with the finger raised. I laid him down dead.


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[Assistant] There is prestigious strength, sir, in sorrow and despair. Oh, you're a sentimentalist, doctor.


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[Assistant] There are things not to be spoken of here, doctor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She told me, she said it was her wish that everything she left to her dear Charles should be his duty to bestow upon the injured family of the dead girl and her brother. I never saw her more.