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[Assistant] Yet I cannot ask you to renounce your country and friends to fulfill this task.


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[Assistant] And now that you are returning to England, you will have little chance of meeting with him.


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[Assistant] But the consideration of these points, and the well balancing of what you may esteem your duties, I leave to you.


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[Assistant] My judgment and ideas are already disturbed by the near approach of death. I dare not ask you to do what I think right, for I may still be misled by passion. That he should live to be an instrument of mischief disturbs me.


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[Assistant] His voice became fainter as he spoke, and at length, exhausted by his effort, he sank into silence.


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[Assistant] About half an hour afterwards he attempted again to speak but was unable. He pressed my hand feebly, and his eyes closed forever.


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[Assistant] While the irradiation of a gentle smile passed away from his lips.


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[Assistant] What comment can I make on the untimely extinction of this glorious spirit?


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[Assistant] All that I should express would be inadequate and feeble.


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[Assistant] My tears flow, my mind is overshadowed by a cloud of disappointment, but I journey towards England, and I may there find consolation. I am interrupted. What do these sounds portend? It is midnight.


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[Assistant] The breeze blows fairly and the watch on deck scarcely stir. Again there is a sound as of a human voice, but hoarser.


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[Assistant] It comes from the cabin where the remains of Frankenstein still lie. I must arise and examine. Good night, my sister. Great God, what a scene has just taken place! I am yet dizzy with the remembrance of it. I hardly know whether I shall have the power to detail it.


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[Assistant] Yet the tale which I have recorded would be incomplete without this final and wonderful catastrophe.


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[Assistant] Over him hung a form which I cannot find words to describe, gigantic in stature,


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[Assistant] Yet uncouth and distorted in its proportions.


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[Assistant] As he hung over the coffin, his face was concealed by long locks of ragged hair.


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[Assistant] But one vast hand was extended, in colour and apparent texture like that of a mummy.


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[Assistant] When he heard the sound of my approach, he ceased to utter exclamations of grief and horror and sprung towards the window.


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[Assistant] Never did I behold a vision so horrible as his face, of such loathsome, yet appalling hideousness.


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[Assistant] I shut my eyes involuntarily and endeavored to recollect what were my duties with regard to this destroyer. I called on him to stay. He paused.


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[Assistant] In his murder, my crimes are consummated.


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[Assistant] The miserable series of my being is wound to its close. Oh, Frankenstein!


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[Assistant] Generous and self-devoted being.


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[Assistant] I who irretrievably destroyed thee by destroying all thou lovets. Alas, he is cold. He cannot answer me.


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[Assistant] His voice seemed suffocated, and my first impulses, which had suggested to me the duty of obeying the dying request of my friend in destroying his enemy, were now suspended by a mixture of curiosity and compassion. I approached this tremendous being. I dared not again raise my eyes to his face. There was something so scaring and unearthly in his ugliness. I attempted to speak, but the words died away on my lips.


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[Assistant] The monster continued to utter wild and incoherent self-reproaches.


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[Assistant] That I was then dead to agony and remorse. He, he continued pointing to the corpse.


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[Assistant] Oh, not the ten thousandth portion of the anguish that was mine during the lingering detail of its execution. A frightful selfishness hurried me on while my heart was poisoned with remorse.


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[Assistant] Thank you that the groans of Clareval were music to my ears. My heart was fashioned


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[Assistant] After the merger of Clareval, I returned to Switzerland, heart broken and overcome. I pitied Frankenstein. My pity amounted to horror. I abhorred myself. But when I discovered that he


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[Assistant] The author at once of my existence and of its unspeakable torment dared to hope for happiness.


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[Assistant] That while he accumulated wretchedness and despair upon me, he sought his own enjoyment in feelings and passions from the indulgence of which I was forever barred. Then impotent envy and bitter indignation filled me with an insatiable thirst for vengeance.


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[Assistant] I recollected my threat and resolved that it should be accomplished.


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[Assistant] I knew that I was preparing for myself a deadly torture. That I was the slave.


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[Assistant] Not a master of an impulse which I detested yet could not disobey. Yet, when she died. Nay, then I was not miserable.


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[Assistant] I had cast off all feeling, subdued all anguish to riot in the excess of my despair.


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[Assistant] I had no choice but to adapt my nature to an element which I had willingly chosen.


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[Assistant] The completion of my demoniacal design became an insatiable passion. And now it is ended.


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[Assistant] I was at first touched by the expressions of his misery.


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[Assistant] And when I again cast my eyes on the lifeless form of my friend, indignation was rekindled within me. Wretch! I said.


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[Assistant] It is well that you come here to whine over the desolation that you have made.


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[Assistant] You throw a torch into a pile of buildings and when they are consumed, you sit among the ruins and lament the fall. Hypocritical fiend.


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[Assistant] If he whom you mourn still lived, still would he be the object, again would he become the prey of your accursed vengeance. It is not pity that you feel.


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[Assistant] You lament only because the victim of your malignity is withdrawn from your power. Oh, it is not thus. Not thus!


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[Assistant] Interrupted the being. Yet such must be the impression conveyed to you by what appears to be the purport of my actions.


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[Assistant] Yet I seek not a fellow feeling in my misery. No sympathy may I ever find. When I first sought it, it was a love of virtue.


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[Assistant] The feelings of happiness and affection with which my whole being overflowed that I wished to be participated.


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[Assistant] And that happiness and affection are turned into bitter and loathing despair.


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[Assistant] I am content to suffer alone while my sufferings shall endure. When I die, I am well satisfied.


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[Assistant] Once my fancy was soothed with dreams of virtue, of fame, and of enjoyment.


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[Assistant] Once I falsely hoped to meet with beings who, pardoning my outward form, would love me for the excellent qualities which I was capable of unfolding. I was nourished with high thoughts of honor and devotion.


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[Assistant] But now crime has degraded me beneath the meanest animal. No guilt.


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[Assistant] No mischief, no malignity, no misery can be found comparable to mine.


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[Assistant] When I run over the frightful catalogue of my sins,


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[Assistant] I cannot believe that I am the same creature whose thoughts were once filled with sublime and transcendent visions of the beauty and the majesty of goodness. But it is even so.


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[Assistant] Yet even that enemy of God and man had friends and associates in his desolation. I am alone. You who call Frankenstein your friend.


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[Assistant] We sailed at the first light of day. I was more tired than ever before. But everything was so new and interesting. I would not leave the deck.


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[Assistant] Fifteen men on the dead man's chest. And the whole crew joined with him.


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[Assistant] Even at that exciting moment, I remembered the old Admiral Bembo, and I seemed to hear the voice of old Bill, the seaman, singing with them.


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[Assistant] And the land and other ships moved past on each side. The Hispaniola.


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[Assistant] had begun her voyage to Treasure Island.


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[Assistant] I am not going to describe the voyage in detail. The ship was indeed a good ship. The crew were good seaman. And the captain knew his business well. But Mr. Arrow was even worse than the captain had feared.


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[Assistant] The men did as they pleased with him. And after a day or two at sea, he began to drink too much. Where he got the drink was a mystery, and if we asked him, he would only laugh.


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[Assistant] Then one wild dark night with a rough sea, he disappeared and was seen no more.


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[Assistant] Fallen overboard, said the captain. Gentlemen, we'll do better without him. But we were without a first officer. Mr. Trelawney had been to sea before, and knew enough to be useful. And one of the men, Israel Hands, was a careful and experienced seaman, who was able to help with almost anything.


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[Assistant] All the crew liked and even obeyed Silver. And he was always pleased to see me in the kitchen, which he kept as clean as a new pin. He kept his parrot in a cage in the corner.


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[Assistant] I call him Captain Flint, he told me, after the famous pirate. And the parrot used to scream, Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight! The captain and Mr. Trelawney still did not like each other, and the squire didn't try to hide it. The captain spoke few words.


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[Assistant] But agreed that the crew were better than he'd hoped for, and that the ship was a fine one.


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[Assistant] The crew seemed happy, which was not really surprising.


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[Assistant] No ship's company was ever so well looked after, with plenty to eat and drink, and a barrel of apples open for any man to take one. And it was the apple barrel that saved our lives.


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[Assistant] It was the day before we expected to see Treasure Island. The sun had gone down. All my work was done, and I thought I should like an apple.


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[Assistant] The barrel was nearly empty, and I had to climb right inside to get my apple.


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[Assistant] As I sat there in the dark, the ship moving gently in the water, I almost fell asleep. Suddenly the barrel shook.


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[Assistant] As a heavy man sat down and rested his shoulders against it, the man began to speak, and it was Silva's voice.


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[Assistant] Before I had heard a dozen words I was trembling with fear. I understood from those words.


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[Assistant] That the lives of all honest men on the ship depended on me alone.


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[Assistant] Flint was captain, not me, said Silver. In the same battle that I lost my leg, old Pew lost his sight.


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[Assistant] But I got two thousand when I sailed with Flint. And it's all safe in the bank at home.


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[Assistant] But what if you don't live to get home again? asked another, doubtful voice.


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[Assistant] I recognize the voice of the youngest seaman aboard. Pirates live rough, agreed Silver. They live dangerously.


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[Assistant] And some get caught and die by the law. But they eat and drink the best. And when the voyage is done, it's hundreds of pounds.


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[Assistant] I didn't like this job. Until this talk with you, John, said the young seaman. But I'm with you now. They shook hands so hard.


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[Assistant] Silver gave a quiet call, and a third man came and sat down with them. Dick's with us, said Silver. I knew Dick was all right, replied the voice of Israel hands. But how long are we going to wait? I've had enough of Captain Smollett. Until the last moment, cried Silver.


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[Assistant] Captain Smollett's a first-class seaman, and the Squire and Doctor have the map. Let them find the treasure, and bring it aboard. Then we'll see.


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[Assistant] I'd rather have Captain Smollett sail us halfway home before I moved.


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[Assistant] So I'll finish with the captain and the others at the island.


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[Assistant] But what do we do with them? asked Dick. They must die, said Silver. We don't want them coming home later to tell what happened. Now Dick, get me an apple. I'm thirsty.


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[Assistant] Silver sent Dick to fetch the rum. Then Israel said something to the cook in a low voice. And I heard only a word or two. But they were important words. Not another man will join.


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[Assistant] So there were still some honest men on board?


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[Assistant] I looked up and saw the moon had risen. At the same time, the voice of one of the crew shouted, Land! There was the sound of many feet running across the deck.


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[Assistant] I quickly got out of the barrel and was in time to join Hunter and Dr. Livesey and the rest at the side of the ship.


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[Assistant] Away to the southwest, we saw two hills. Rising behind one of them was a third hill, even higher, and with its top still hidden in fog. Captain Smollett gave orders, and the Hispaniola turned, so that the ship would sail just clear of the island on the east.


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[Assistant] Has anyone seen that land before? He said. I have sir, said Silver. I was cook on a ship that stopped here once.


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[Assistant] There's a safe place to anchor in the south.


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[Assistant] Behind a little island called Skeleton Island.


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[Assistant] Those three hills we can see are on the big island. They're in a row running south.


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[Assistant] The biggest is called Spyglass. Thank you, said Captain Smollett. Later on I'll ask you to give us some help. You may go now.


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[Assistant] He went across and spoke to the other two. Then the three of them went below. Soon after, a message came that I was wanted in the cabin.


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[Assistant] I told them in as few words as possible what Silver and the others had said and they listened without speaking. It was a warm night and I saw the moon shining on the sea as I told my story.


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[Assistant] Captain? said the Squire, when I'd finished. You were right, and I was wrong.


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[Assistant] Planning to mutiny that did not show some sign of it before, said the captain. That's silver, said the doctor. He's a very clever man.


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[Assistant] He'd look very clever with a rope around his neck, sir, replied the captain. But we must make a plan. We can't go back, or they would know at once.


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[Assistant] But we have some time before the treasure is found. And there are some honest men among the crew. Your men, Squire? As honest as myself. Agreed, Mr. Trelawney. And ourselves, said the captain. That's seven. With young Hawkins here. Now, what other honest men are there?


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[Assistant] Trelawney chose before he met Silver, said the doctor. No, said the squire. Hands was one of them. Well, gentlemen, said the captain, we must wait and watch carefully until we know our men


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[Assistant] What do you do? Go around trying everything once? He asked. Sometimes twice.


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[Assistant] I didn't think I'd find one on the lawn this late.


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[Assistant] Have you ever heard of rubbing it under your chin? Look. She touched her chin with the flower, laughing. Why?


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[Assistant] If it rubs off, it means I'm in love. Has it? He could hardly do anything else, but look. Well, she said, you're yellow under there. Fine, let's try you now. It won't work for me. Here.


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[Assistant] Before he could move, she had put the dandelion under his chin. He drew back and she laughed. Hold still. She peered under his chin and frowned. Well, he said. What a shame, she said. You're not in love with anyone. Yes, I am. It doesn't show. I am very much in love. He tried to conjure up a face to fit the words, but there was no face. I am. Oh, please don't look that way.


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[Assistant] It's that dandelion he said. You've used it all up on yourself. That's why it won't work for me.


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[Assistant] Of course, that must be it. Oh, now I've upset you. I can see I have. I'm sorry, really I am. She touched his elbow. No, no, he said quickly, I'm all right. I've got to be going, so say you forgive me.


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[Assistant] I don't want you angry with me. I'm not angry, upset, yes.


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[Assistant] I've gotta go see my psychiatrist now. They make me go. I make up things to say. I don't know what he thinks of me. He says I'm a regular onion. I keep him busy peeling away the layers.


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[Assistant] I'm inclined to believe you need that psychiatrist, said Montag. You don't mean that.


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[Assistant] He took a breath and let it out and I said, no, I don't mean that.


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[Assistant] The psychiatrist wants to know why I go out and hike around in the forest and watch the birds and collect butterflies. I'll show you my collection some day. Good.


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[Assistant] They want to know what I do with my time. I tell them that sometimes I just sit and think. But I won't tell them what. I've got them running. And sometimes I tell them I like to put my head back like this and let the rain fall on my mouth. It tastes just like wine. Have you ever tried it? No, I... You have forgiven me, haven't you? Yes. You thought about it.


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[Assistant] You're peculiar, you're aggravating, yet you're easy to forgive.


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[Assistant] And my wife 30 and yet you seem so much older at times. I can't get over it.


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[Assistant] You're peculiar yourself, Mr. Montag. Sometimes I even forget you're a fireman. Now, may I make you angry again? Go ahead. How did it start?


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[Assistant] How did you get into it? How did you pick your work and how did you happen to think to take the job you have?


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[Assistant] You're not like the others. I've seen a few. I know. When I talk, you look at me.


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[Assistant] When I said something about the moon you, you looked at the moon last night. The others would never do that. The others would walk off and leave me talking or, or threaten me. No one has time anymore for anyone else. You're one of the few who put up with me. That's why I think so strange you're a fireman. It doesn't seem right for you somehow.


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[Assistant] He felt his body divide into a hotness and a coldness, a softness and a hardness, a trembling and a not trembling, the two halves grinding one upon the other.


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[Assistant] You'd better run out to your appointment, he said. He ran off and left him standing there in the rain. Only after a long time did he move. And then, very slowly, as he walked, he tilted his head back in the rain for just a few moments and opened his mouth.


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[Assistant] Half an hour later, cold and moving carefully on the tracks, fully aware of his entire body, his face, his mouth, his eyes stuffed with blackness, his ears stuffed with sound, his legs prickled with burrs and nettles, he saw the fire ahead. The fire was gone, then back again, like a winking eye. He stopped, afraid he might blow the fire rod with a


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[Assistant] A single breath, but the fire was there, and he approached warily from a long way off. He took the better part of fifteen minutes before he drew very close indeed to it, and then he stood looking at it from cover. That small motion, the white and red color, a strange fire because it meant a different thing to him. It was not burning, it was warming.


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[Assistant] He saw many hands held to its warmth, hands without arms, hidden in darkness. Above the hands, motionless faces that were only moved and tossed and flickered with firelight. He hadn't known fire could look this way. He had never thought in his life that it could give as well as take. Even its smell was different. How long he stood, he did not know.


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[Assistant] But there was a foolish and yet delicious sense of knowing himself as an animal come from the forest, drawn by the fire. He was a thing of brush and liquid eye, of fur and muzzle and hoof. He was a thing of horn and blood that would smell like autumn if you bled it out on the ground. He stood a long, long time listening to the warm crackle of the flames.


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[Assistant] There was a silence gathered all about that fire, and the silence was in the men's faces, and time was there. Time enough to sit by this rusting track under the trees, and look at the world, and turn it over with the eyes. As if it were held to the center of the bonfire, a piece of steel these men were all shaping. It was not only the fire that was different, it was the silence. Montague moved toward this


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[Assistant] Special silence that was concerned with all of the world. And then the voices began, and they were talking, and he could hear nothing of what the voices said, but the sound rose and fell quietly, and the voices were turning the world over and looking at it. The voices knew the land and the trees and the city which lay down the track by the river.


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[Assistant] The voices talked of everything. There was nothing they could not talk about, he knew, from the very cadence and motion and continual stir of curiosity and wonder in them. And then one of the men looked up and saw him, for the first or perhaps the seventh time, in a voice called to Montag. All right, you can come out now. Montag stepped back in the shadows.


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[Assistant] It's alright, the voice said. You're welcome here.


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[Assistant] Montag walked slowly toward the fire, and the five old men sitting there dressed in the dark blue denim pants and jackets and dark blue shirts, he did not know what to say to them.


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[Assistant] Sit down, said the man who seemed to be the leader of the small group. Have some coffee. He watched the dark steaming mixture pour into a collapsible tin cup which was headed him straight off. He sipped it gingerly and felt them looking at him with curiosity. His lips were scalded, but that was good. The faces around him were bearded, but the beards were clean, neat,


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[Assistant] And their hands were clean. They had stood up as if to welcome a guest, and now they sat down again. Montag sipped. Thanks, he said. Thanks very much. You're welcome, Montag. My name's Granger. He held out a small bottle of colorless fluid. Drink this, too. It'll change the chemical index of your perspiration. Half an hour from now you'll


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[Assistant] Smell like two other people. With a hound after you, the best thing is, bottom's up. Montag drank the bitter fluid. You'll stink like a bobcap, but that's all right, said Granger. You know my name, said Montag. Granger nodded to a portable battery TV set by the fire. We've watched the chase. Figured you'd wind up south along the river.


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[Assistant] When we heard you plunging around out in the forest like a drunken elk, we didn't hide as we usually do.


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[Assistant] We figured you were in the river when the helicopter cameras swung back in over the city. Something funny there, the chase is still running. The other way, though. The other way? Let's have a look. Granger snapped the portable viewer on. The picture was a nightmare condensed, easily passed from hand to hand in the forest, all wearing color in flight. A voice cried


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[Assistant] Police helicopters are converging on Avenue 87 in Elm Grove Park. Granger nodded. They're faking. You threw them off at the river. They can't admit it. They know they can hold their audience only so long. The show's got to have a snap ending quick.


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[Assistant] If they started searching the whole damn river it might take all night. So they're sniffing for a scapegoat to end things with a bang. Watch. They'll catch Montag in the next five minutes. But how? Watch. The camera hovering in the belly of a helicopter now swung down at an empty street. See that? whispered Granger. It'll be you. Right up at the end of that street is our victim.


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[Assistant] See how our camera is coming in? Building a scene. Suspense. Long shot. Right now, some poor fellow is out for a walk. A rarity. An odd one. Don't think the police don't know the habits of queer ducks like that. Men who walk mornings for the hell of it. Or for reasons of insomnia. Anyway, the police have had them charted for months. Years. Never know when that sort of information might be handy. And today it turns out


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[Assistant] The mechanical hound rushed forward into the viewer suddenly.


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[Assistant] The helicopter lights shot down a dozen brilliant pillars that built a cage all about the man. A voice cried, There's Montag! The search is done!


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[Assistant] The innocent man stood bewildered, a cigarette burning in his hand. He stared at the hound, not knowing what it was. He probably never knew. He glanced up at the sky, and awaiting sirens, the camera rushed down


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[Assistant] The hound leapt up into the air with a rhythm and a sense of timing that was incredibly beautiful. Its needle shot out. It was suspended for a moment in their gaze.


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[Assistant] As if to give the vast audience time to appreciate everything, the raw look of the victim's face, the empty street, the steel animal, a bullet nosing the target. Montag, don't move! said a voice from the sky. The camera fell upon the victim as did the hound. Both reached him simultaneously.


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[Assistant] The victim was seized by hound and camera in a great spidering clenching grip.


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[Assistant] Montag is dead. A crime against society has been avenged. Darkness.


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[Assistant] We now take you to the Sky Room of the Hotel Lux at a half hour of just before dawn a program of Granger turned it off. They didn't show the man's face in focus, did you notice? Even your best friends couldn't tell if it was you.


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[Assistant] They scramble it just enough to let the imagination take over. Hell, he whispered. Hell. Montag said nothing, but now, looking back, sat with his eyes fixed to the blank screen, trembling.


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[Assistant] Granger touched Montag's arm. Welcome back from the dead. Montag nodded. Granger went on. You might as well know all of us now. This is Fred Clement, former occupant of the Thomas Hardy Chair at Cambridge, in the years before it became an atomic engineering school. This other is Dr. Simmons from UCLA, a specialist in Ortega e Gosset.


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[Assistant] Professor West here did quite a bit for ethics, an ancient study now, for Columbia University quite some years ago. Reverend Padover here gave a few lectures thirty years ago and lost his flock between one Sunday and the next for his use. He's been bumming with us some time now. Myself, I wrote a book called The Fingers and the Glove, the proper relationship between the individual


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[Assistant] In society. And here I am. Welcome, Montag. I don't belong with you, said Montag at last slowly. I've been an idiot all the way. And we're used to that. We all made the right kind of mistakes or we wouldn't be here.


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[Assistant] I struck a fireman when he came to burn my library years ago. I've been running ever since. You want to join us, Montag? Yes. What have you to offer? Nothing. I thought I had part of the Book of Ecclesiastes and maybe a little of Revelations, but I haven't even that now. The Book of Ecclesiastes would be fine. Where was it? Here.


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[Assistant] Montag touched his head. Ah! Granger smiled and nodded. What's wrong? Isn't that all right? said Montag. Better than all right. Perfect! Granger turned to the Reverend. Do we have a book of Ecclesiastes? One, a man named Harris in Youngstown. Montag, Granger took Montag's shoulder firmly. Walk carefully. Guard your health. If anything should happen to


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[Assistant] You are the Book of Ecclesiastes. See how important you've become in the last minute? But I've forgotten. No. Nothing's ever lost. We have ways to shake down your clinkers for you. But I tried to remember. Don't try. It'll come when we need it. All of us have photographic memories, but spend a lifetime learning how to block off the things that are really in there. Simmons here has


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[Assistant] Now we've got the method down to where we can recall anything that's been read at once. Would you like some day, Montag, to read Plato's Republic? Of course. I am Plato's Republic. Like to read Marcus Aurelius? Mr. Simmons is Marcus. How do you do, said Mr. Simmons? Hello, said Montag. I want you to meet Jonathan Swift, the


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[Assistant] Author of that evil political book, Gullery's Travels, and this other fellow is Charles Darwin, and this one is Schopenhauer, and this one is Einstein, and this one here at my elbow is Mr. Albert Schweitzer, a very kind philosopher indeed. Here we all are, Montag, Aristophanes, and Mahatma Gandhi.


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[Assistant] And Gautama Buddha, and Confucius, and Thomas Love Peacock, and Thomas Jefferson, and Mr. Lincoln, if you please. We are also Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John." Everyone laughed quietly. "'It can't be,' said Montag. "'It is,' replied Granger, smiling. "'Were book burners, too. We read the books and burnt them. Afraid they'd be found. Microfilming didn't pay off.


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[Assistant] We were always traveling. We didn't want to bury the film and come back later. Always the chance of discovery. Better to keep it in the old heads where no one can see it or suspect it.


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[Assistant] We are all bits and pieces of history and literature and international law. Byron, Tom Paine, Machiavelli, or Christ, is here. And the hour is late, and the war has begun. And we are out here, and the city is there, all wrapped up in its own coat of a thousand colors. What do you think, Montague? I, uh, I think I was blind trying to go with things my way.


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[Assistant] Plenty books at farmers houses and sending in alarms. You did what you had to do.


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[Assistant] Carried out on a national scale, it might have worked beautifully, but our way is simpler and we think better. All we want to do is keep the knowledge we think we will need intact and safe.


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[Assistant] We're not out to incite or anger anyone yet, for if we are destroyed, the knowledge is dead, perhaps for good. We are modern citizens in our own special way. We walk the old tracks, we lie on the hills at night, and the city people let us be. We're stopped and searched occasionally, but there's nothing on our prisons to incriminate us.


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[Assistant] The organization is flexible, very loose and fragmentary. Some of us have had plastic surgery on our faces and fingerprints. Right now we have a horrible job. We're waiting for the war to begin and as quickly end. It's not pleasant, but then we're not in control. We're the odd minority crying in the wilderness. When the war is over, perhaps we can be of some use in the world.


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[Assistant] Do you really think they'll listen then? If not, we'll just have to wait. We'll pass the books on to our children by word of mouth and let our children wait and turn on the other people. A lot will be lost that way, of course. But you can't make people listen. They have to come round in their own time, wondering what happened and why the world grew up under them. It can't last. How many of you are there?


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[Assistant] Thousands on the road, the abandoned rail tracks tonight, bums on the outside, libraries inside. It wasn't planned at first. Each man had a book he wanted to remember and did. Then over a period of twenty years or so we met each other traveling and got the loose network together and set out a plan. Most important single thing we had to pound into ourselves is that we're not important


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[Assistant] We mustn't be pedants. We are not to feel superior to anyone else in the world. We're nothing more than dust-jackets for books, of no significance otherwise. Some of us live in small towns. Chapter One of Thoreau's Walden in Green River. Chapter Two in Willow Farm, Maine. Why, there's one town in Maryland, only twenty-seven people, no, don't bumble ever touch that town, is the complete essays


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[Assistant] We might have to do the whole damn thing over again. But that's the wonderful thing about man. He never gets so discouraged or disgusted that he gives up doing it all over again because he knows very well it is important and worth the doing. What do we do tonight? asked Montag. Wait, said Ranger, and move downstream a little ways just in case. He began throwing dust and dirt in the fire.


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[Assistant] The other man helped and Montag helped and there in the wilderness the men all moved their hands, putting out the fire together.


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[Assistant] The Story of Mankind by Hendrik van Loon Chapter 7 Mesopotamia


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[Assistant] Mesopotamia, the second center of Eastern civilization.


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[Assistant] I am going to take you to the top of the highest pyramid, and I am going to ask that you imagine yourself possessed of the eyes of a hawk.


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[Assistant] Way, way off in the distance, far beyond the yellow sands of the desert, you will see something green and shimmering. It is a valley situated between two rivers. It is the paradise of the Old Testament.


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[Assistant] It is the land of mystery and wonder which the Greeks called Mesopotamia, the country between the rivers. The names of the two rivers are the Euphrates, which the Babylonians called the Poratu, and the Tigris, which was known as the Diklat.


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[Assistant] They begin their course amidst the snows of the mountains of Armenia, where Noah's Ark found a resting place, and slowly they flow through the southern plain until they reach the muddy banks of the Persian Gulf.


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[Assistant] They perform a very useful service. They turn the arid regions of Western Asia into a fertile garden


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[Assistant] The Valley of the Nile had attracted people because it had offered them food upon fairly easy terms. The land between the rivers was popular for the same reason.


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[Assistant] It was a country full of promise, and both the inhabitants of the northern mountains and the tribes which roamed through the southern deserts tried to claim this territory as their own and most exclusive possession.


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[Assistant] Only the strongest and the bravest could hope to survive, and that will explain why Mesopotamia became the home of a very strong race of men, who were capable of creating a civilization which was in every respect as important as that of Egypt.


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[Assistant] We modern people love the sound of the word big.


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[Assistant] We pride ourselves upon the fact that we belong to the biggest country in the world and possess the biggest navy and grow the biggest oranges and potatoes. And we love to live in cities of millions of inhabitants. And when we are dead, we are buried in the biggest cemetery of the whole state.


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[Assistant] A citizen of ancient Greece, could he have heard us talk, would not have known what we meant.


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[Assistant] Moderation in all things was the ideal of his life, and mere bulk did not impress him at all.


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[Assistant] And this love of moderation was not merely a hollow phrase used upon special occasions. It influenced the life of the Greeks from the day of their birth to the hour of their death.


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[Assistant] It was part of their literature and it made them build small but perfect temples. It found expression in the clothes which the men wore and in the rings and the bracelets of their wives. It followed the crowds that went to the theater and made them hoot down any playwright who dared to sin against the iron law of good taste or good sense.


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[Assistant] Here you see a picture of Mount Olympus where the gods lived. It is a two peaked mountain with a bowl in the middle.


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[Assistant] The Greeks even insisted upon this quality in their politicians and in their most popular athletes. When a powerful runner came to Sparta and boasted that he could stand longer on one foot than any other man in Hellas,


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[Assistant] The people drove him from the city because he prided himself upon an accomplishment at which he could be beaten by any common goose.


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[Assistant] That is all very well, you will say, and no doubt it is a great virtue to care so much for moderation and perfection.


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[Assistant] But why should the Greeks have been the only people to develop this quality in olden times? For an answer, I shall point to the way in which the Greeks lived.


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[Assistant] The people of Egypt or Mesopotamia had been the subjects of a mysterious supreme ruler who lived miles and miles away in a dark palace and who is rarely seen by the masses of the population.


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[Assistant] The Greeks, on the other hand, were free citizens of a hundred independent little cities, the largest of which counted fewer inhabitants than a large modern village.


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[Assistant] When a peasant, who lived in Ur, said that he was a Babylonian, he meant that he was one of millions of other people who paid tribute to the king, who at that particular moment happened to be a master of Western Asia.


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[Assistant] But when a Greek said proudly that he was an Athenian or a Theban, he spoke of a small town, which was both his home and his country, and which recognized no master but the will of the people in the marketplace.


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[Assistant] To the Greek, his fatherland was the place where he was born, where he had spent his earliest years playing hide and seek amidst the forbidden rocks of the Acropolis, where he had grown into manhood with a thousand other boys and girls whose nicknames were as familiar to him as those of your own schoolmates.


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[Assistant] His fatherland was the holy soil where his father and mother lay buried. It was the small house within the high city walls where his wife and children lived in safety.


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[Assistant] It was a complete world which covered no more than four or five acres of rocky land.


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[Assistant] The people of Babylon and Assyria and Egypt had been part of a vast mob. They had been lost in the multitude. The Greek, on the other hand, had never lost touch with his immediate surroundings.


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[Assistant] He never ceased to be a part of the little town where everybody knew everyone else. He felt that his intelligent neighbors were watching him.


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[Assistant] Whatever he did, whether he wrote plays or made statues out of marble or composed songs, he remembered that his efforts were going to be judged by all the freeborn citizens of his hometown who knew about such things.


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[Assistant] This knowledge forced him to strive after perfection, and perfection as he had been taught from childhood was not possible without moderation.


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[Assistant] In this hard school the Greeks learned to excel in many things. They created new forms of government, and new forms of literature, and new ideals in art which we have never been able to surpass.


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[Assistant] They performed these miracles in little villages that covered less ground than four or five modern city blocks.


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[Assistant] And look what finally happened. In the fourth century before our era, Alexander of Macedonia conquered the world.


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[Assistant] As soon as he had done with fighting, Alexander decided that he must bestow the benefits of the true Greek genius upon all mankind. He took it away from the little cities and the little villages, and tried to make it blossom and bear fruit amidst the vast royal residences of his newly acquired empire.


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[Assistant] That the Greeks, removed from the familiar sight of their own temples, removed from the well-known sounds and smells of their own crooked streets, at once lost the cheerful joy and the marvellous sense of moderation which had inspired the work of their hands and brains while they laboured for the glory of their old city-states.


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[Assistant] They became cheap artisans, content with second rate work.


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[Assistant] The day the little city-states of old Hellas lost their independence and were forced to become part of a big nation, the old Greek spirit died. And it has been dead ever since.


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[Assistant] This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information and to find out how you can volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org.


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[Assistant] To shatter and destroy it is not so good. So too it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment, or a company entire than to destroy them.


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[Assistant] Hence, to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence. Supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.


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[Assistant] Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans. The next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces. The next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field. And the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.


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[Assistant] The rule is not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided.


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[Assistant] The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war.


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[Assistant] We'll take up three whole months and the piling up of mounds against the walls will take three months more.


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[Assistant] the general unable to control his irritation


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[Assistant] We'll launch his men to the assault like swarming ants.


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[Assistant] With the result that one third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.


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[Assistant] Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting. He captures their cities without laying siege to them. He overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.


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[Assistant] With his forces intact, he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.


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[Assistant] It is the rule in war if our forces are ten to the enemy's one to surround him, if five to one to attack him, if twice as numerous to divide our army into two. If equally matched we can offer battle.


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[Assistant] If slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy.


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[Assistant] If quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.


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[Assistant] Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force. Now the general is the bulwark of the state. If the bulwark is complete at all points, the state will be strong. If the bulwark is defective, the state will be weak.


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[Assistant] There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army.


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[Assistant] One, by commanding the army to advance or to retreat being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.


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[Assistant] Two, by attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds.


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[Assistant] Three. By employing the officers of his army without discrimination through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances, this shakes the confidence of the soldiers.


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[Assistant] But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army and flinging victory away.


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[Assistant] He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.


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[Assistant] He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks. Four. He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared. Five. He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.


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[Assistant] Hence the saying, if you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself, but not the enemy,


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[Assistant] For every victory gained, you will also suffer a defeat.


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[Assistant] Sun Tzu said, the good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.


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[Assistant] To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself. Thus, the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy. Hence the saying, one may know how to conquer without being able to do it.


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[Assistant] Security against defeat implies defensive tactics. Ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength. Attacking, a superabundance of strength.


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[Assistant] The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth. He who is skilled and attacked flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves, on the other a victory that is complete.


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[Assistant] To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.


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[Assistant] Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer, and the whole empire says, Well done!


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[Assistant] To lift an autumn hare is no sign of great strength. To see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight.


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[Assistant] To hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.


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[Assistant] What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.


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[Assistant] Hence, his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage.


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[Assistant] He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.


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[Assistant] Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.


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[Assistant] Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.


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[Assistant] The consummate leader cultivates the moral law and strictly adheres to method and discipline. Thus it is in his power to control success.


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[Assistant] In respect of military method, we have firstly, measurement, secondly, estimation of quantity, thirdly, calculation, fourthly, balancing of chances, fifthly, victory.


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[Assistant] Measurement owes its existence to Earth. Estimation of quantity to measurement, calculation to estimation of quantity, balancing of chances to calculation, and victory to balancing of chances.


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[Assistant] A victorious army opposed to a routed one is as a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.


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[Assistant] The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.


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[Assistant] Chapter 10 Inside the Stockade


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[Assistant] We followed the noise of the fighting and came to a hill. There stood a strong wooden house big enough for forty people and with holes for guns on every side. All around the house was a wide open piece of land and around that was a fence two meters high with no doors or openings


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[Assistant] And too strong to pull down easily.


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[Assistant] As soon as Ben Gunn saw the English flag flying over the house, he said, There are your friends. More likely to be the pirates, I answered. Silver would put up the pirate's flag. The Jolly Roger, said Ben. No. There's been a fight, and your friends have won.


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[Assistant] They're inside the stockade that Flint made years ago. Then I must hurry and join them, I said.


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[Assistant] He wouldn't come with me. I won't come!


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[Assistant] Until you've seen your gentleman and got his promise. You know where to find me, Jim. And if the pirates sleep on shore tonight, one of them might have an unpleasant surprise.


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[Assistant] The ship's gun boomed, and the shot fell only a hundred meters away.


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[Assistant] Ben Gunn and I each ran our different ways. The firing continued for another hour, and I moved quietly through the trees to the shore. There I saw the Hispaniola in the bay, but the Jolly Roger was flying over her.


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[Assistant] The pirates were breaking up the captain's little boat with axes. When the ship's gun stopped firing, I went back to the stockade. Doctor! I shouted. Squire! Captain! Hello, Hunter? Is that you?


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[Assistant] Dr. Livesey came out of the house in time to see me climbing into the stockade, and my friends welcomed me happily. They gave me supper, although they were worried because there was little food left. As I ate, Dr. Livesey told me their story. We heard you had gone ashore on one of the boats, Jim, he said.


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[Assistant] We never doubted your honesty. But we were afraid you wouldn't be safe.


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[Assistant] Hunter and I came ashore to see what was happening and found the stockade.


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[Assistant] It seemed a good place to defend ourselves against Silva and his men. Because we were sure they would kill us when they returned to the ship. Here, all we needed was enough food and people to watch for enemies. You see, we know that if the Hispaniola


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[Assistant] Hunter brought the captain's little boat round under the cabin window, and Joyce and I put guns and food and my medicine chest in it. Redruth took four guns


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[Assistant] And went on deck with Trelawney and the captain.


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[Assistant] They were able to surprise Israel Hans and the other men, and they managed to persuade one man, Abraham Gray, to join us again.


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[Assistant] So you left five pirates on the ship? I said. Yes, said Dr. Livesey.


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[Assistant] And we dropped the rest of the weapons over the side into the sea before leaving the ship. But we forgot the ship's gun. We were halfway to the island when the pirates fired it at us. I heard it, I told him.


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[Assistant] Tralorni tried to shoot hands, but killed another man instead, said Dr. Livesey. The pirates on the island heard the gun


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[Assistant] And we had only two dry guns out of five.


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[Assistant] Somehow we got ashore and into the stockade, but we knew there was going to be a fight. But you won, I said. Yes, agreed Dr. Livesey. We killed another of their men, badly wounded another, but lost one of our own, poor Tom Redruth.


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[Assistant] After the doctor had finished, I told them my story and about Ben Gunn. Then we began to talk about what to do next. Our best plan was to kill the pirates one by one until the rest ran off or sailed away in the ship.


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[Assistant] I was very tired and fell asleep as the three men talked.


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[Assistant] It was the sound of voices shouting that woke me the next morning. A white flag! I heard someone say. It's silver!


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[Assistant] I rang to a hole in the wall and looked through. Two men were outside the stockade, one waving a white cloth. The other man was silver. It was a very cold morning, the sky bright and without a cloud, but silver and his man were standing in a low mist. What do you want?


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[Assistant] Shouted Captain Smollett. The man beside Silver replied, Captain Silver, sir, to talk about peace. Captain Silver, said the captain, who is he? Long John answered, me, sir.


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[Assistant] The men chose me to be captain, after you deserted the ship.


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[Assistant] We're willing to make peace if we can all agree.


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[Assistant] All I ask is your promise to allow me safely out of the stockade. I don't want to talk to you, said Captain Smollett. But if you want to talk to me, you may come.


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[Assistant] Silver came towards the stockade, threw his crutch over the fence, then climbed after it. With great difficulty, he walked up the hill of soft sand.


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[Assistant] Aren't you going to let me inside? said Long John. It's a cold morning to be outside. If you were an honest man, Silver, said the Captain, you could be in your kitchen. You're either my ship's cook or Captain Silver, a dirty pirate. Now, if you've anything to say, say it.


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[Assistant] Well now, Captain Smollett, said Silver, sitting down in the sand. You were very clever last night.


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[Assistant] One of you is very quick with a knife, isn't he? Some of my men were frightened. And perhaps I was too. Perhaps that's why I'm here now. But you won't do it again by thunder. We'll drink less rum and watch more carefully. I was asleep. But I almost caught you.


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[Assistant] The man you knifed wasn't dead when I reached him. Well, said Captain Smollett, pretending to understand. But I guessed what Silver was talking about. I remembered Ben Gunn's last words to me. Perhaps he had visited the pirates during the night, when they were lying around their fire full of rum.


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[Assistant] We want that treasure, and we'll have it, said Silver. Now, you have a map. Give it to us.


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[Assistant] And stop killing poor seamen when they're asleep and we let you choose what to do. Either come aboard ship with us when we have the treasure and we'll take you to a safe place or stay here on the island. Is that all? asked Captain Smollett. It's my last word by thunder said Silver.


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[Assistant] Refuse, and you'll all die. Now you'll hear me, said the captain.


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[Assistant] If you come up one by one, without weapons,


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[Assistant] I'll take you home to a fair trial in England.


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[Assistant] You can't find the treasure without the map. None of you knows how to sail the ship home. And you can't fight us. Grey got away from five of you. If you say no, the next time I see you, I'll put a bullet in your back. Now, get out of here quickly.


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[Assistant] Silver's eyes were filled with anger. Somebody help me up! He shouted. But none of us moved.


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[Assistant] Swearing angrily, he pulled himself across the sand to the fence.


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[Assistant] He was able to lift himself onto his crutch again, and then climb out of the stockade.


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[Assistant] I'll break your old house like a rum bottle!


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[Assistant] And those that die will be the lucky ones.


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[Assistant] As soon as silver disappeared, we got ready for a battle, placing ourselves around the sides of the stockade.


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[Assistant] The captain went round to check our places and our guns and to see that everything was ready. A minute later, Joyce fired his pistol and the battle had begun.


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[Assistant] Shots came from every side of the stockade, hitting the wooden house, but the bullets did not get through the thick walls. Then there was silence, and the smoke slowly cleared away. Suddenly, guns were fired again.


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[Assistant] And a group of pirates ran from the woods and onto the stockade. They climbed over the fence like monkeys, while the squire and Gray fired at them. In a few seconds, two fell dead, one was running back into the trees, and four were inside the stockade. Fight them in the open! cried the captain.


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[Assistant] More pirates were starting to climb into the stockade. One man, wearing a red cap, and with a knife in his mouth, was already on top of the fence. But in that moment, the fight was over, and we had won. Grey cut down one man with his sword,


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[Assistant] Another was shot as he fired into the house.


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[Assistant] And now lay wounded with his smoking pistol in his hand. The doctor had cut down a third.


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[Assistant] The men on the fence had disappeared back into the trees and of the four who had climbed into the stockade, only one was not wounded and he was climbing out again with the fear of death in him.


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[Assistant] A new people who thus far had lived outside the wild range of forest, mountains, and marshes, which protected the northeastern frontier of the Roman Empire.


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[Assistant] had forced its way into the plains of Western Europe and had taken possession of most of the land. They were restless as all pioneers have been since the beginning of time. They liked to be on the go.


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[Assistant] While they drove their herds across the windswept pastures. When they no longer liked their old homes,


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[Assistant] They pulled up stakes and went away in search of fresh adventures. The weaker ones died.


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[Assistant] The hardy fighters and the courageous women who had followed their men into the wilderness survived. In this way they developed a strong race of men. They cared little for the graces of life.


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[Assistant] And before the middle of the 13th century, a layman who could read and write was regarded as a sissy.


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[Assistant] They were sufficiently loyal to their king or emperor to keep on good terms with those distant but always dangerous potentates.


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[Assistant] In short, they tried to do right and to be fair to their neighbors without being exactly unfair to their own interests. It was not an ideal world in which they found themselves. The greater part of the people were serfs or villains, farmhands, who were as much a part of the soil upon which they lived as the cows and sheep whose stables they shared.


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[Assistant] If he, in his wisdom, had decided that there must be both knights and serfs,


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[Assistant] But if the progress of the world had been left to the serf and his feudal master, we would still be living after the fashion of the 12th century, saying abracadabra when we tried to stop a toothache, and feeling a deep contempt and hatred for the dentist, who offered to help us with his science.


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[Assistant] Which most likely was of Mohammedan or Heathenish origin, and therefore both wicked and useless.


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[Assistant] And they will prove to you by the terrible deeds of some of our own contemporaries that the world does not change.


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[Assistant] It took our ancestors almost a million years to learn how to walk on their hind legs.


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[Assistant] Other centuries had to go by before their animal-like grunts developed into an understandable language. Writing.


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[Assistant] The art of preserving our ideas for the benefit of future generations, without which no progress is possible, was invented only four thousand years ago.


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[Assistant] The idea of turning the forces of nature into the obedient servants of man was quite new in the days of your own grandfather.


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[Assistant] That will change in due course of time and we shall then attack the problems which are not related to health and to wages and plumbing and machinery in general.


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[Assistant] Many people who only see the beautiful churches and the great works of art which the middle ages have left behind grow quite eloquent.


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[Assistant] When they compare our own ugly civilization with its hurry and its noise and the evil smells of backfiring motor trucks with the cities of a thousand years ago.


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[Assistant] Odors of decaying refuse which had been thrown into the street, of pig-sties surrounding the bishop's palace.


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[Assistant] But when you read in the ancient chronicles that the king of France looking out of the windows of his palace


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[Assistant] When an ancient manuscript recounts a few details of an epidemic of the plague or of smallpox, then you begin to understand that progress


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[Assistant] No, the progress of the last six hundred years would not have been possible without the existence of cities.


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[Assistant] I shall therefore have to make this chapter a little longer than many of the others.


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[Assistant] It is too important to be reduced to three or four pages devoted to mere political events.


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[Assistant] The ancient world of Egypt and Babylonia and Assyria had been a world of cities. Greece had been a country of city-states.


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[Assistant] The history of Phoenicia was the history of two cities called Sidon and Tyre. The Roman Empire was the hinterland of a single town.


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[Assistant] Writing, art, science, astronomy, architecture, literature, the theater, the list is endless, have all been products out of the city.


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[Assistant] For almost four thousand years, the wooden beehive, which we call a town, had been the workshop of the world. Then came the great migrations. The Roman Empire was destroyed.


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[Assistant] The cities were burned down, and Europe once more became a land of pastures and little agricultural villages. During the Dark Ages, the fields of civilization had lain fallow. The Crusades had prepared the soil for a new crop. It was time for the harvest.


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[Assistant] I have told you the story of the castles and the monasteries with their heavy stone enclosures.


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[Assistant] You have seen how a few artisans, butchers and bakers, and an occasional candlestick maker, came to live near the castle, to tend to the wats of their masters, and to find protection in case of danger.


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[Assistant] The migrations had driven people from the northeast to the west.


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[Assistant] The Crusades made millions of people travel from the west to the highly civilized regions of the southeast.


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[Assistant] Every time he entered the domains of another lord, he had to pay tolls and taxes. But the business was profitable all the same, and the peddler continued to make his rounds.


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[Assistant] Soon certain energetic merchants discovered that the goods which they had always imported from afar could be made at home. They turned part of their homes into a workshop.


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[Assistant] They ceased to be merchants and became manufacturers. They sold their products not only to the lord of the castle and to the abbot in his monastery, but they exported them to nearby towns.


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[Assistant] But the citizens of distant towns were obliged to pay in cash.


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[Assistant] All day long you carry a pocket full of small disks of metal to pay your way. You need a nickel for the streetcar.


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[Assistant] A dollar for a dinner. Three cents for an evening paper.


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[Assistant] But many people of the early middle ages never saw a piece of coined money from the time they were born to the day of their death.


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[Assistant] The world of the migrations, which had succeeded the empire, was an agricultural world. Every farmer raised enough grain and enough sheep and enough cows for his own use.


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[Assistant] The medieval knight was a country squire and was rarely forced to pay for materials in money.


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[Assistant] Suppose that the Duke of Hildesheim was going to the Holy Land.


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[Assistant] He must travel thousands of miles and he must pay his passage and his hotel bills. At home, he could pay with products of his farm.


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[Assistant] But he could not well take a hundred dozen eggs and a cartload of hams with him to satisfy the greed of the shipping agent of Venice or the innkeeper of the Brenner Pass. These gentlemen insisted upon cash.


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[Assistant] His lordship, therefore, was obliged to take a small quantity of gold with him upon his voyage. Where could he find this gold? He could borrow it from the Lombards, the descendants of the old Longobards,


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[Assistant] Who had turned professional money lenders, who, seated behind their exchange table, commonly known as Banco or Bank,


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[Assistant] We're glad to let His Grace have a few hundred gold pieces.


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[Assistant] Some of the people of the little city which surrounded the castle were said to have money. They had known the young lord all his life. His father and their fathers had been good friends. They would not be unreasonable in their demands. Very well. His lordship's clerk, a monk who could write and keep accounts.


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[Assistant] Send a note to the best known merchants, and ask for a small loan.


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[Assistant] The townspeople met in the workroom of the jeweler who made chalices for the nearby churches and discussed this demand. They could not well refuse. It would serve no purpose to ask for interest.


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[Assistant] And in the second place, it would never be paid except in agricultural products. And of these, the people had enough and to spare.


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[Assistant] But suggested the tailor, who spent his days quietly sitting upon his table, and who was somewhat of a philosopher.


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[Assistant] We are off on to fishing, but his lordship won't let us fish in his brook. Suppose that we let him have a hundred ducats.


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[Assistant] The day his lordship accepted this proposition, it seemed such an easy way of getting a hundred gold pieces, he signed the death warrant of his own power. His clerk drew up the agreement. His lordship made his mark, for he could not sign his name, and departed for the east. Two years later he came back dead broke. The townspeople were fishing in the Calphal pond.


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[Assistant] He told his equity to go and chase the crowd away. They went. But that night a delegation of merchants visited the castle. They were very polite. They congratulated his lordship upon his safe return. They were sorry his lordship had been annoyed by the fishermen.


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[Assistant] And the tailor produced the charter which had been kept in the safe of the jeweler ever since the master had gone to the Holy Land. His lordship was much annoyed, but once more he was in dire need of some money. In Italy he had signed his name to certain documents


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[Assistant] Which were now in the possession of Salvestro de Medici, the well-known banker. These documents were promissory notes and they were due two months from date.


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[Assistant] He called his soldiers and went to the house of the jeweler and asked for the documents which his crafty subjects had cajoled out of him under the pressure of circumstances. He took them away and burned them.


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[Assistant] The townspeople stood by and said nothing, but when next his lordship needed money to pay for the dowry of his daughter, he was unable to get a single penny.


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[Assistant] Before his lordship got the first installment of the stipulated sum, the townspeople were once more in possession of all their old charters and a brand new one which permitted them to build a city hall and a strong tower where all the charters might be kept protected against fire and theft.


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[Assistant] It was a slow process, this gradual shifting of power from the castle to the city. There was some fighting.


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[Assistant] A few tailors and jewelers were killed, and a few castles went up in smoke. But such occurrences were not common.


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[Assistant] Almost imperceptibly the towns grew richer, and the feudal lords grew poorer.


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[Assistant] To maintain themselves, they were forever forced to exchange charters of civic liberty in return for ready cash. The cities grew.


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[Assistant] Where centuries before the barter of eggs and sheep and honey and salt had taken place.


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[Assistant] They offered him a pension if he would come and cover the walls of their chapels and their town hall with scenes from the Holy Scriptures. Meanwhile his lordship, in the dreary and drafty halls of his castle,


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[Assistant] Saw all this upstart splendor and regretted the day when first he had signed away a single one of his sovereign rights and prerogatives. But he was helpless.


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[Assistant] The townspeople with their well-filled strong-boxes snapped their fingers at him. They were free men, fully prepared to hold what they had gained by the sweat of their brow,


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[Assistant] And after a struggle which had lasted for more than ten generations.


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[Assistant] The history of Prussia is the history of a frontier district.


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[Assistant] They had conquered many lands from the heathenish Slavs and Lithuanians who were living in the plain between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathian Mountains.


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[Assistant] And the Franks administered those outlying districts just as the United States used to administer her territories before they achieved the dignity of statehood.


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[Assistant] A succession of noble families exercised the functions of imperial governor in this frontier state. Finally, in the 15th century, the House of Hohenzollern made its appearance, and as electors of Brandenburg


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[Assistant] Who have just been removed from the historical stage by the combined forces of Europe and America came originally from southern Germany. They were of very humble origin.


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[Assistant] In the 12th century, a certain Friedrich of Hohenzollern had made a lucky marriage and had been appointed keeper of the castle of Nuremberg.


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[Assistant] His descendants had used every chance and every opportunity to improve their power, and after several centuries of watchful grabbing, they had been appointed to the dignity of Elector, the name given to those sovereign princes


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[Assistant] During the Reformation, they had taken the side of the Protestants, and the early 17th century found them among the most powerful of the North German princes.


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[Assistant] During the Thirty Years' War, both Protestants and Catholics had plundered Brandenburg and Prussia with equal zeal. But under Frederick William, the great Elector, the damage was quickly repaired.


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[Assistant] Have been entirely absorbed by the interests of the community as a whole. This Prussia dates back to the father of Frederick the Great.


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[Assistant] Frederick William I was a hardworking, parsimonious Prussian sergeant.


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[Assistant] With a great love for bar room stories and strong Dutch tobacco.


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[Assistant] An intense dislike of all frills and feathers, especially if they were of French origin, and possessed of but one idea. That idea was duty.


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[Assistant] Severe with himself, he tolerated no weakness in his subjects, whether they be generals or common soldiers.


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[Assistant] The relation between himself and his son Frederick was never cordial, to say the least.


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[Assistant] The boorish manners of the father offended the finer spirit of the son. The son's love for French manners, literature, philosophy, and music


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[Assistant] Was rejected by the father as a manifestation of sissiness.


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[Assistant] Frederick tried to escape to England. He was caught and court-martialed and forced to witness the decapitation of his best friend who had tried to help him.


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[Assistant] Thereupon, as part of his punishment, the young prince was sent to a little fortress, somewhere in the provinces, to be taught the details of his future business of being a king. It proved a blessing in disguise.


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[Assistant] When Frederick came to the throne in 1740, he knew how his country was managed from the birth certificate of a pauper's son.


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[Assistant] Who had advised his princely pupils to lie and cheat whenever it was necessary to do so for the benefit of their country.


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[Assistant] The ideal ruler in Frederick's volume was the first servant of his people.


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[Assistant] In practice, however, Frederick, while working for his people twenty hours a day, tolerated no one to be near him as a counselor. His ministers were superior clerks. Prussia was his private possession, to be treated according to his own wishes.


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[Assistant] He had tried to make the position of his only daughter, Maria Theresa, secure through a solemn treaty, written black on white, upon a large piece of parchment.


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[Assistant] But no sooner had the old emperor been deposited in the ancestral crypt of the Hapsburg family.


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[Assistant] Then the armies of Frederick were marching towards the Austrian frontier to occupy that part of Silesia for which, together with almost everything else in Central Europe, Prussia clamored


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[Assistant] On account of some ancient and very doubtful rites of claim.


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[Assistant] In a number of wars, Frederick conquered all of Silesia.


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[Assistant] And although he was often very near defeat, he maintained himself in his newly acquired territories against all Austrian counter-attacks.


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[Assistant] In the eighteenth century the Germans were a people who had been ruined by the great religious wars and who were not held in high esteem by anyone. Frederick,


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[Assistant] By an effort as sudden and quite as terrific as that of Peter of Russia,


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[Assistant] The treasury showed an annual surplus instead of a deficit. Torture was abolished. The judiciary system was improved.


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[Assistant] Made the people feel that whatever services were demanded of them, they, to speak the vernacular, got their money's worth.


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[Assistant] After having been for several centuries the battlefield of the French and the Austrians and the Swedes and the Danes and the Poles, Germany


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[Assistant] Encouraged by the example of Prussia, began to regain self-confidence.


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[Assistant] And this was the work of the little old man with his hook nose and his old uniforms covered with snuff.


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[Assistant] And who played the scandalous game of eighteenth-century diplomacy without any regard for the truth, provided he could gain something by his lies. This in spite of his book, Anti Machiavelli. In the year 1786 the end came. His friends were all gone, children he had never had,


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[Assistant] He died alone, tended by a single servant and his faithful dogs,


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[Assistant] They were never ungrateful, and remained true to their friends.


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[Assistant] When I used to recite poetry at school assemblies, I stood like an Egyptian statue of Ramses, hands straight down at my sides and feet close together, flat on the floor.


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[Assistant] Stiff as a poker, my teacher used to say. Can't you take a more natural and easier position? Put one foot back of the other.


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[Assistant] So, I stood like the wooden statue of the schoolmaster of Bula, but still with both feet flat on the floor.


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[Assistant] That was the best that I could do to be natural, and that seemed the best that sculptors were able to do with their standing statues.


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[Assistant] Until along came a Greek named Polykleidis.


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[Assistant] Polykleidis made a statue of an athlete carrying a spear over his shoulder.


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[Assistant] And it was the first time a statue had been made in an easy, natural standing position.


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[Assistant] With the weight resting on one leg, one foot behind the other, and not flat on the ground.


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[Assistant] The Greeks called the spear bearer the perfectly proportioned man. The ideal figure.


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[Assistant] And other sculptors used this statue as a pattern and copied its proportions into statues they made. Indeed.


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[Assistant] Live athletes tried, with exercises, to make their own chests and legs and arms the same size as those of the spear bearer.


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[Assistant] Polykleidis also made a statue of a woman athlete. It was called the Amazon.


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[Assistant] The Amazons were supposed to be a tribe of warlike women who had nothing to do with men.


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[Assistant] Except to fight men in battles, and even in duels.


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[Assistant] Girls nowadays may not consider the figure of the Amazon beautiful. They may think it is too muscular for a woman. But, fashions change.


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[Assistant] I remember when it was the style for women to have very small waists and they wore tight corsets.


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[Assistant] But the old Greek style came back, and now most girls are too sensible to wear corsets at all.


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[Assistant] Other sculptors admired these two statues and made copies of them in marble. It is fortunate for us they did so. For all we have now are the copies.


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[Assistant] The ones that Polykleidis himself made have disappeared and no trace of them is left. What became of them, no one knows.


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[Assistant] Polykleitos made his statues of a metal called bronze.


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[Assistant] The first metal ever discovered was not gold or silver or iron, but copper. Then tin was found. And tin and copper combined made bronze. So bronze is not a pure metal. It is a combination of copper and tin.


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[Assistant] Bronze lasts if kept dry. But when it is exposed to the weather or dampness, it is gradually eaten away.


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[Assistant] This medal could be worked so well that the Greeks loved to make statues and other things of it.


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[Assistant] It does not rust like iron. It is not expensive like gold or silver.


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[Assistant] And as it grows older, it turns a rich brown or greenish color.


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[Assistant] And in the course of time acquires a coding called a patina.


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[Assistant] I have an ancient lamp made of bronze with a beautiful patina, which it perhaps took two thousand years to get.


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[Assistant] Some people try to imitate the real patina by treating bronze with acid.


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[Assistant] But only nature and time can make the real patina.


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[Assistant] Another Greek sculptor, a friend of Polykleitos, was named Myron.


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[Assistant] Myron went farther than Polykleitos in giving naturalness and action to his figures. One of his statues was the Discus Thrower.


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[Assistant] The discus was a heavy disc and discus throwing was a sport in which the object was to see how far the discus could be hurled.


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[Assistant] Underhanded as in bowling, not overhanded as in throwing a ball. It wasn't rolled along the ground, but was hurled into the air.


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[Assistant] The discus thrower is shown just at the moment before the discus is to be hurled from his hand. Notice the toes of the front foot gripping the ground.


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[Assistant] Those are the rear foot being drawn along the ground to balance the body.


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[Assistant] The discus weighed about two and a half pounds and the record throw was less than a hundred feet, which may not seem very far until you try it. Nowadays,


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[Assistant] The discus has been thrown 155 feet.


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[Assistant] And the picture shown here was made from a copy in marble.


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[Assistant] It is one of several copies in marble in European museums.


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[Assistant] Myron also made a bronze cow which was so natural that it is said to have fooled everybody into thinking it a real cow. But this cow too has disappeared and there are not even copies left.


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[Assistant] Bronze statues were entirely eaten away in the course of time.


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[Assistant] Marble statues often were broken, but otherwise, they lasted.


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[Assistant] No, whispered Peter, you first. No, sons of Adam before animals, whispered Mr. Beaver back again. Susan, whispered Peter, what about you, ladies first. No, you're the eldest.


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[Assistant] Do you remember how lazy and sleepy and tired you have sometimes felt on a warm spring day? When you didn't want to study or work or play or even eat? That's one kind of spring fever.


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[Assistant] Then again, do you remember how energetic and healthy and restless you have sometimes felt in spring?


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[Assistant] When you wanted to run and shout and turn hand springs, when sitting still was terrible, when you felt as if you could do anything hard and beat anybody at anything, that's the second kind of spring fever.


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[Assistant] Well, after the middle ages, the whole world got spring fever. And it was the second kind.


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[Assistant] The full of energy spring fever. And it lasted not just a few days in spring, but many years.


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[Assistant] Italy caught the fever first, about 1400.


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[Assistant] Just as life is born again in the spring after the dark winter and blossoms forth in green leaves and bright flowers,


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[Assistant] So new life was born again in painting, architecture, writing, sculpture, exploration, discovery, trade, and everything else, and blossomed forth after the dark of the middle ages.


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[Assistant] One of the germs that had made the world catch this renaissance fever was the interest people began to take in the skill and learning of ancient times.


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[Assistant] Statues and buildings that had been buried in the ground since Roman times were dug up.


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[Assistant] Old Roman and Greek writings were brought to light and read again.


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[Assistant] In learning what the ancients had done in art, the Renaissance people did some great things in art themselves.


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[Assistant] One of the first sculptors to make a thorough study of the Roman statues was named Donatello. He lived in Florence. But when still a very young man, he went to Rome with a friend named Brunelleschi.


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[Assistant] In Rome, the two friends spent their time hunting through the old ruins for any beautiful Roman work they could find. Brunelleschi was more interested in architecture.


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[Assistant] And he measured the old Roman buildings while Donatello looked for sculpture. Soon


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[Assistant] People called them the treasure hunters because they always seemed to be looking for buried treasure. When the two treasure hunters came back to Florence,


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[Assistant] Donatello made a beautiful marble gallery for singers. For the wall at one end of the cathedral.


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[Assistant] The outside of the gallery he filled with sculpture of little children. Who look like cupids. Dancing and singing.


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[Assistant] It is a very wonderful piece of work, full of life and action.


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[Assistant] Donatello's next famous statue was set up on the outside of a church in Florence. It is of Saint George.


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[Assistant] Saint George was a Christian in the Roman army at a time when it was very unsafe to be a Christian.


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[Assistant] To show he was not afraid of being called a Christian.


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[Assistant] He wore on his shield a bright red cross with a white background.


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[Assistant] This has ever since been called the Cross of St. George and is a part of the Flag of England.


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[Assistant] For St. George was adopted by the English as their favorite saint.


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[Assistant] He was a brave man, and when the Roman Emperor began to persecute the Christians, Saint George went to him and asked him to stop.


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[Assistant] For this, and because St. George was a Christian, the emperor had him killed.


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[Assistant] Of course, Donatello didn't know what the real St. George looked like. As he had lived so long before. And so this statue is not a portrait statue.


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[Assistant] Many other people, too, thought this was what St. George ought to look like, that the statue became very famous. It is very lifelike. There is only one trouble with it, someone told Donatello. What is that? asked the sculptor, who was afraid the man had found some fault in the statue. The trouble is, it can't speak, said the man.


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[Assistant] Donatello's most famous work was of a man on horseback. I'll tell you about that in the next chapter, for in this chapter I still have to tell you about a secret. Can you keep a secret? A sculptor who was a friend of Donatello's had a secret. It was a very good secret.


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[Assistant] And he didn't tell anyone except his adopted son. The adopted son had five sons of his own. And when they grew up, they were led into the secret too. It was a family secret.


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[Assistant] The sculptor who had the secret in the first place was named Luca della Robbia. Like Donatello, he lived in Florence. He was a little younger than Donatello.


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[Assistant] And so we call him the second great sculptor of the Renaissance.


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[Assistant] Luca della Robbia made statues in marble and bronze.


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[Assistant] One of his works in marble was a gallery to go on the end wall in the cathedral, opposite Donatello's marble gallery.


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[Assistant] Luca della Robbia carved singing boys on this gallery as Donatello had on the other one. The two galleries are called the singing galleries.


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[Assistant] Luca Della Robbia's looks better than Donatello's when you are close to it because Donatello's is rougher and not so smoothly finished.


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[Assistant] But when you are as far away from the galleries as you would be on the floor of the cathedral,


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[Assistant] Donatello's figures stand out better just because they are rougher. So it's about even between them.


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[Assistant] They are both so valuable that they are now in a museum instead of in the cathedral. But we've almost forgotten about the secret.


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[Assistant] Luca Della Rabia found it took a great deal of time to carve in marble, and marble was very expensive to buy. When he got through and was paid for his work, he generally found he hadn't made much money. Bronze had the same drawbacks.