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[Assistant] Right, so you go ahead, get a preheated pan, pop a little bit of oil,


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[Assistant] In that pan. Like a good tablespoon or so.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna go ahead and pop my potatoes in. The key to doing beautiful crispy potatoes is making sure you space them out. You don't wanna overcrowd your pan because then what'll end up happening is your potatoes will start to steam, right? So you wanna sort of fry slash roast and we're gonna drop those in the oven. But let's have a look at the steak.


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[Assistant] See how we've got just a tiny bit of caramelization working there? That's what you're looking for because if you get too much caramelization the first time when you bring it back later, it's gonna get too dark.


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[Assistant] And you can see that little flare up. That's actually from the fat that's rendering out of the steak as it cooks. Okay, so we take our potatoes.


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[Assistant] Drop them back in the oven. Again, really nice high temperature. We've already par cooked them. So now we're really looking for crispiness. So 230 degrees or 210 if it's fan forced. So that's now had about a minute on this side. So we're going to pick that up and bring it over here for its first rest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well that's happening. Our potatoes are in. Uhm, we've got our stock working. I'm gonna teach you how to make this delicious sauce. You start off with a pan over a moderate heat. And then what we're gonna do is sweat some shallots. Okay, so you take just a little bit of oil. You could use butter as well, but I like to use just a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Half tablespoon of oil. We're not gonna sweat them till we get color, we're just gonna sweat them to that point before they start to caramelize. Okay, so keep your eye on those. And then the ingredients that we're gonna use are mustard, we've got some white port, we've got some tarragon vinegar,


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[Assistant] Some fresh tarragon and a little thyme. Okay, so our steak's been resting about six minutes now, right? So it's time for that to go back on for its second grill.


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[Assistant] Once you're ready, you stick that back on the heat. We want to take this all the way up to medium rare.


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[Assistant] Once that's had about a minute, you're going to turn that over.


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[Assistant] Here's the stock that's been chilled and you can see the fat has all sort of set on the top of that. So what I'm going to do is remove some of that fat, right? And you can literally pick it up in sheets like that and remove it. And then we're going to use that beautiful demi glace or stock in our sauce. Okay.


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[Assistant] Once your, uhm, shallots and white port have come right down to a glaze, you can start to flavor, uhm, your sauce. So I've got a little bit of fresh tarragon. I've also got some thyme. I'm gonna toss that in. We're gonna remove that later on, but I'm putting that in now.


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[Assistant] Okay, so I'm gonna actually take these potatoes out and then throw in some of the other ingredients that we're gonna finish this off with. So we've got some cloves of garlic. Then I'm gonna take a little bit of rosemary, and I just tear this up into little pieces.


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[Assistant] I've also got a little bit of butter that's going to turn nice and brown and also add a little bit more flavor to my potatoes. And they go right on back into the oven.


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[Assistant] Alright, so depending on how thick we cut our steaks to begin,


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[Assistant] Will depend on how much time you need to cook them, right? So again, you just come back over here to that barometer. You see I've given this a really nice rest. These are like right on medium rare right now. So I wouldn't take them any further. If they're a little thicker, they might need a little longer to cook, but I think they're pretty good just as they are.


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[Assistant] Always remember, when you're cutting a steak, just go straight across.


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[Assistant] It might not look quite as pretty, I don't care. It tastes way better when you cut it like this.


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[Assistant] You can now see how these potatoes are getting quite foamy. That butter's started to go slightly brown and really nutty. The potatoes are beautiful and crispy. If you wanted them ultra golden, you could give them another five minutes. If you want them lightly golden like this, they're pretty much good right now. I'm going to put a little bit of salt.


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[Assistant] A little crushed chilli and some fresh parsley. This is it. It is time for the final plate up. How cool do they look? Now, I also love


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[Assistant] Now you can strain it all out. I actually like keeping a little bit of the shallot in. I just pull the herbs, the tarragon and the thyme to one side. Pick it up and you get to see all that beautiful grainy mustard. Look at that, right beside the steak.


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[Assistant] What is the smallest positive integer for which when we multiply it with 540, we get a perfect square?


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[Assistant] This is an example of a question 17 type of difficulty on an AMC-8. But it's also a nice problem about number theory.


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[Assistant] Number theory, because we're talking about perfect square. Perfect square means it's like 49, 7 times 7. Or like 64, 8 times 8.


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[Assistant] How do you do this? I don't recommend just trying to multiply by integer. Don't try to do 1 times 540, doesn't work. 2 times 540, doesn't work. No, I don't recommend doing this because this kind of question is one where there should be a good method.


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[Assistant] For example, when you look at this, maybe you're familiar with what happens to zeros at the end of perfect squares.


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[Assistant] And that's because in order to end in zero, it's something that ends in zero squared.


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[Assistant] So maybe you might even think that the first thing to try is to take 540 times 10 to do 5,400.


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[Assistant] But what I want to say is that that's actually not the right way to go.


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[Assistant] And the way to see that is to talk a little bit about prime factorization.


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[Assistant] The best way to do this kind of question is to think that perfect squares come when every prime factor comes the right number of times. Let me show you. So let's prime factorize 540.


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[Assistant] I see a 2. If I take a 2 out, I have 270. If I- I see another 2, because it's even, 135. I see a 5 very easily, because it ends with a 5. 5 times 2 is 10. Here's a 7. I know what 7 is. 7 is 3 times 3 times 3, so I'll take- oh, 27 is 3 times 3 times 3. Take them all out.


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[Assistant] And what I have now, I see I have two squares.


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[Assistant] Times 3 cubed times 5 to the first power.


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[Assistant] And now I look and I see if I have the right number of primes.


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[Assistant] Two 2s, three 3s, and a 5. Two different ways. Whenever you do a question, if you can do everything in two ways quickly, then you will make sure you don't have a mistake. But now,


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[Assistant] I'm actually interested in taking this number 540 and multiplying it by something else.


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[Assistant] And my goal is to make a perfect square. Square means something to the power 2.


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[Assistant] Actually, if I have any perfect square, I will need to have the powers of the primes to all be even.


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[Assistant] And once you make that observation, you say 2 squared is already even, uh, the power is already even, 3 cubed needs another 3, 5 to the 1st needs another 5,


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[Assistant] And so if I multiply by 3 times 5, then I will get a perfect square.


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[Assistant] And that's also the smallest one that I can use, because I have to multiply by a 3 to make an even power of 3, and I have to multiply by a 5 to make an even power of 5.


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[Assistant] So this is the smallest thing that you can use, 15, in order to take 540 and multiply it by a number and make a perfect square. The question actually had a second question.


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[Assistant] How about a perfect cube? What if I want to have the result be something cube?


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[Assistant] The same idea works. The same idea is that now I need that when I multiply, all of these exponents are multiples of 3.


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[Assistant] So, let's just finish that off. If I have 2 squared times 3 cubed times 5 to the first,


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[Assistant] What do I need to multiply it by to get a perfect cube? I need another 2. And I also need 2 more 5's. 2 times 5 squared is 50.


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[Assistant] So this question is a little bit of a joke in some sense.


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[Assistant] If I want to take 540 and multiply it by something to get a perfect square, it's 15. And if I want to get a perfect cube, it's 50. 15, 50. They sound similar. It's actually quite a nice coincidence.


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[Assistant] Has a lot of these interesting coincidences when you get to know the numbers. Number theory is about making friends with all of these whole numbers and integers.


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[Assistant] So that you recognize patterns, and in the end, you can find nice surprises, like what it takes to multiply by 540 to get a perfect square or a perfect cube.


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[Assistant] After all, Bajie, you're a large talking pig. Wujing, you're big and purple. And Wukong, you're scary sometimes.


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[Assistant] I'm wondering if you could spare some food for my companions and me.


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[Assistant] I, uhm, I'm going to the western paradise to-


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[Assistant] So Sashi, how would a place in the finals week feel? Uh, that would be amazing. Finals week is something that I'm looking forward to go since top 10. So I put my benchmark as final week.


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[Assistant] As I'm looking around the garden, I see some beautiful pomegranate. Couple of nice vegetables over there that I can use. So I'm gonna come with some kind of roast vegetables, with some purees. This is what running through my mind right at this moment. There's some curry leaves.


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[Assistant] I got some, uh, carrots, eggplants, turmeric, lemon, capsicum. Yum.


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[Assistant] Today I'm making some roast eggplant and carrot with capsicum and eggplant puree. First thing I've got to do,


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[Assistant] It's to grill my vegetables like eggplant, capsicum and chilli over the flame.


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[Assistant] Grilling the vegetables over a flame, we're gonna give them a nice charred taste, a smoky charredness. Gonna give an amazing flavor.


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[Assistant] It's gonna be a mix of, uh, spices. More like an Indian, mediterranean kind of fusion. Yeah.


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[Assistant] It's gonna be a slight variation from how I cook. Hope it works.


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[Assistant] Gary and George, they like the ideas of flavors, but they're not sure how it's gonna come together.


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[Assistant] So I need to make sure all these vegetables and puree works together well.


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[Assistant] Khanh is an amazing cook. He has so much flavors in him. So he's a man to look out for.


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[Assistant] Today I'm making some roast eggplant and carrot with capsicum and eggplant puree.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna add more flavors to the roasted eggplants. So I blend some onion, chili and turmeric to give some nice flavors to it.


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[Assistant] Saute them over, uh, some oil. Put the eggplants together with them. Cook it for a couple of minutes. And cook until it's soft and juicy.


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[Assistant] Half an hour until I cook. The judges don't feel that it's a complete dish.


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[Assistant] You need something to swipe up all the puree and juice. I need to think of something.


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[Assistant] The judges feel that I need something more than vegetables on my plate. Something to scoop up all the purees and juice. So now I need to think of something.


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[Assistant] Less than 20 minutes left in the cook. I thought might as well, you know, I give judges what they love. They love roti.


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[Assistant] But I don't have a lot of ingredients. I need for the roti. I don't have yogurt.


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[Assistant] To mix them up into a wet dough, because I want the bread to be light and fluffy.


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[Assistant] Finally, my first roti is done. So I'm cooking my second one. I need at least two rotis on the plate for the judges. But I'm running out of time. I need to start plating up.


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[Assistant] I have both my purees on the plate. Put some carrots across both the purees.


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[Assistant] Arrange the eggplants around the puree and the carrot. Drizzle some ricotta dressing. I take the bread and, uh, I am not very happy with it. I'm not sure whether the roti is a good idea.


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[Assistant] I'm feeling a bit shaky because it's not a best dish. I don't think I've got a good chance.


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[Assistant] This is what we are looking forward to also in future. We want to be something like them.


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[Assistant] I definitely think Khan's got a great chance today. He's been cooking like his pants are on fire and put up a great dessert this morning. But Matt is gonna give Khan a real good run for his money today.


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[Assistant] Now, let's guess the title of my next video.


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[Assistant] And, 100 degrees Celsius. Get ready, water droplets.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's cross 200 degrees, guys.


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[Assistant] They are pushing the droplet around making it daaance. This is called the Leidenfrost effect.


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[Assistant] Obviously, cause whenever I eat spicy food, my mouth seems to be on fire.


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[Assistant] Woah, woah, woah. Trust me. Everything just went over my head.


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[Assistant] Previously on MasterChef Australia.


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[Assistant] Faster, faster, faster. Benny, I'm watching you. Come on, this is real, mate.


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[Assistant] And there's the word winter on another two knives. If you get summer, you need to bring us a summer dish. If you get winter, you need to bring us a winter inspired dish. You battle off against each other.


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[Assistant] Jess, you're battling it off with Ben with the theme Winter.


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[Assistant] This Grenada has melted so quickly.


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[Assistant] Yeah, which is a shame, because I love that ice cream. It screams summer.


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[Assistant] That broth is yum. Thank you. This is a summer dish. Makes me happy.


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[Assistant] And you're so calm at the stove. There's no panic. You've just got it. The switch is on and you're going. Keep going, brother, because you never know what might happen. Ooh, wow. Well done. Thank you very much.


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[Assistant] I don't know, I stand here going, I love that, I love that. Protein, protein, amazing. Puree, puree, amazing. Sauce, sauce, amazing. Guys, I don't know, it's tastiness, it's everything that we wish and hope for every single day.


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[Assistant] You ready to find out what your advantage is? Yes. So you get to choose.


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[Assistant] Chef Monty is killing it there. So strap in, it's gonna be awesome.


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[Assistant] Go home, pack your bags, maybe your bucket, your spade, your bathers, but above all, your A-game, cause you're gonna need it. It's gonna be awesome. See you in Sydney. Off you go.


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[Assistant] Topic, cheese. Why does swiss cheese have holes? Those are not holes.


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[Assistant] They are eyes of the cheese. No. Cheese is made from milk. Milk contains a sugar called lactose which is very important in the formation of cheese.


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[Assistant] Now, while making swiss cheese, bacteria like S. thermophilus, lactobacillus and P. shermani are added to milk.


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[Assistant] Then after undergoing certain processes, when the curd is kept for maturing,


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[Assistant] The P. shermani bacteria consumes the lactic acid and releases carbon dioxide gas.


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[Assistant] The Wind in the Willows Episode 61 Sea Rat Tales


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[Assistant] You're right, said Rat dreamily. He went straight home to pack. At home, Rat found his backpack. He picked up his stick and coat.


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[Assistant] Still strange, isn't it? Walking into the clapping hands of two people.


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[Assistant] But for the two of you that survive, you'll join Ben and Khan in tomorrow's challenge for that game-changing advantage.


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[Assistant] Right, some rules. You've got four hours and forty-five minutes to recreate Ashley Armawat's Sherrid Marron.


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[Assistant] Seems like a long time, but believe us, you're going to need every single second and every ounce of concentration. You know what's at stake? You're placing this competition and you're shot at winning the title of MasterChef 2018. Ashley, do you want to kick him off? Good luck everyone.


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[Assistant] When we approach you to come up with a dish that's going to challenge the contestants, I don't think we even imagine that it's going to be as complicated as the one that you delivered. There's so many processes and four hours and 45 minutes is not only a challenge mentally but physically too.


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[Assistant] I like the tartare, I think the tartare's really interesting. Lovely balance of yuzu, lots of the little brunoise inside. The cauliflower's great, the broth is really complex, deep kind of fungusy flavour which I love.


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[Assistant] Ooh, you've got your serious head on. Sashi? You stressed?


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[Assistant] I am definitely a bit stressed with this dish.


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[Assistant] Areas, you know, like plenty of enoki, lots of shiitake, lots of the greens. So there's more complexity, I think, than some of the others. It's just lacking some of that refinement.


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[Assistant] Wow. I know it's terrifying being dressed in black, but you're allowed to crack a little smile because that was a mammoth challenge today. And it was always going to be because it was an Ashley Palmer Watts pressure test.


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[Assistant] Four hours and 45 minutes. Test the brain and test the strength of the body as well. Ashley?


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[Assistant] Bought us a dish that was the most refined and the most complete and closest to Ashley's original dish.


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[Assistant] Sashi's got a great caramelization on his mushrooms, uhm, compared to Chloe's that are just looking a little bit blonder. This is the foundation of the consomme and they need to get those initial flavors right so it, uh, imparts right through the consomme.


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[Assistant] Watching Chloe on the Consume, you can really tell she knows what she's doing. We had to do one in the Mat Arbe Elimination, so she knows just how careful she needs to be with the Raft.


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[Assistant] I don't know what it says in the recipe, but I'm a bit worried for Jess. Both Chloe and Sashi have their raft done, but I look at Jess' bench and she's got nothing going. I hope she's got it right and she's read the recipe.


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[Assistant] How you feeling? It's looking good. Nice and clean. Hey, look at that!


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[Assistant] And because I'm really dedicated to social justice and equity.


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[Assistant] Chapter 1 Mystery Girl


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[Assistant] It all began on a beautiful spring morning in a village called Whistler in Canada. A pretty little village in the mountains of British Columbia.


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[Assistant] There was a cafe in the village with tables outside and at one of these tables sat a young man.


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[Assistant] He finished his breakfast, drank his coffee, looked up into the blue sky, and felt the warm sun on his face. Nick Lortz was a happy man. The waiter came up to his table. More coffee, he asked. Yeaah, great, said Nick.


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[Assistant] He gave the waiter his coffee cup. The waiter looked at the camera on the table. On vacation, he said. Where are you from? San Francisco, Nick said. He laughed. But I'm not on vacation. I'm working. I'm a travel rider.


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[Assistant] And I'm doing a book on mountains in North America. I've got some great pictures of your mountain.


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[Assistant] The two men looked up at Whistler Mountain behind the village. It looked very beautiful in the morning sun. Do you travel a lot, then? asked the waiter. All the time, Nick said. I write books. And I write for travel magazines. I write about everything.


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[Assistant] Different countries, towns, villages, rivers, mountains, people. The waiter looked over Nick's head. There's a girl across the street, he said. Do you know her? Nick turned his head and looked. No, I don't. Well.


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[Assistant] She knows you, I think, the waiter said. She's watching you very carefully. He gave Nick a smile. Have a nice day. He went away, back into the cafe.


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[Assistant] Nick looked at the girl across the street. She was about 25, and she was very pretty. She is watching me, Nick thought. Then the girl turned and looked in one of the shop windows. After a second or two, she looked back at Nick again. Nick watched her.


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[Assistant] She looks worried, he thought. What's she doing? Is she waiting for somebody?


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[Assistant] Suddenly the girl smiled. Then she walked across the street, came up to Nick's table, and sat down. She put her bag down on the table. The bag was half open. Hi, I'm Jan, she said. Do you remember me? We met at a party in Toronto.


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[Assistant] Hi, Jan, said Nick. He smiled. I'm Nick.


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[Assistant] But we didn't meet at a party in Toronto. I don't go to parties very often. And never in Toronto. Oh, the girl said. But she didn't get up or move away.


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[Assistant] The story about the party in Toronto wasn't true, but it was a beautiful morning, and she was a pretty girl. Maybe it was a party in Montreal, or New York. The girl laughed. Okay, maybe it was. And yes, I'd love some coffee.


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[Assistant] When she had her coffee, Nick asked, What are you doing in Whistler? Or do you live here? Oh, no, she said. I'm just, uh, just traveling through. And what are you doing here? I'm a travel rider, Nick said.


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[Assistant] And I'm writing a book about famous mountains. That's interesting, she said. But her face was worried, not interested. And she looked across the road again.


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[Assistant] A man with very short white hair walked across the road. He was about sixty years old, and he was tall and thin. The girl watched him. Are you waiting for someone? asked Nick. No, she said quickly. Then she asked, Where are you going next?


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[Assistant] Nick? To Vancouver, for three or four days, he said. When are you going? she asked. Later this morning, he said.


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[Assistant] There was a letter in the top of the girl's half open bag. Nick could see some of the writing. And he read it because he saw the word Vancouver.


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[Assistant] And we can meet at the Empress Hotel, Victoria, Vancouver Island, on Friday afternoon. So she's going to Vancouver too, he thought. Suddenly the girl said, Do you like movies? Movies? Yes, I love movies, he said. Why?


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[Assistant] I know a man, and he, he loves movies, and going to the cinema, she said slowly. People call him Mr. Hollywood. She smiled at Nick.


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[Assistant] Can I call you Mr. Hollywood too? Nick laughed. Okay, he said. And what can I call you? She smiled again. Call me mystery girl, she said.


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[Assistant] That's a good name for you, said Nick.


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[Assistant] The man with white hair came into the cafe. He did not look at Nick or the girl, but he sat at a table near them. He asked the waiter for some breakfast


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[Assistant] The girl looked the man, then quickly looked away again. Do you know him? Nick asked her. No, she said.


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[Assistant] She finished her coffee quickly and got up. I must go now, she said. Nick stood up too. Nice to, he began.


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[Assistant] But the girl suddenly took his face between her hands and kissed him on the mouth.


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[Assistant] Drive carefully, Mr. Hollywood. Goodbye, she said, with a big, beautiful smile.


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[Assistant] Then she turned and walked quickly away.


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[Assistant] Nick sat down again and watched her. She walked down the road and into a big hotel. Now what, thought Nick, was that all about?


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[Assistant] The man with white hair watched Nick and waited. After four or five minutes, Nick finished his coffee, took his books and his camera, and left the cafe.


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[Assistant] His car was just outside the girl's hotel, and he walked slowly along the street to it.


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[Assistant] The man with white hair waited a second, then quickly followed Nick.


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[Assistant] From a window high up in the hotel, the girl looked down into the road. She saw Nick and the man with white hair about fifty yards behind him. Nick got into his car and the man with white hair walked


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[Assistant] Quickly to a red car across the street.


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[Assistant] Five seconds later, Nick drove away in his blue car, and the red car began to follow him.


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[Assistant] When the girl saw this, she smiled.


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[Assistant] Then went to put some things in her travel bag.


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[Assistant] Well, no more! I'll go into that cave and rescue my friends! When the demons attack, I'll clobber them with my iron bar!


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[Assistant] Even if they cry and promise not to hurt us, I won't believe them.


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[Assistant] I'm so glad you're all okay. Right back at ya. Hmph. We're lucky you didn't crush us.


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[Assistant] Somewhere near you, an animal is defecating. In fact, each day, the animal kingdom produces roughly enough dung to match the volume of water pouring over the Victoria Falls. So why isn't the planet covered in this stuff?


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[Assistant] Over 7,000 known species of dung beetle run cleanup duty across six continents, everywhere except Antarctica.


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[Assistant] A dung beetle's first task is to locate dung. Some live on the anal regions of larger animals, ready to leap off when they defecate. Others sniff out feces that animals leave behind.


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[Assistant] A pile of elephant dung can attract 4,000 beetles in 15 minutes. So once a beetle finds dung, it must work quickly to secure some of the bounty for itself.


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[Assistant] Once it's been buried, the female lays a single egg within the dung ball.


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[Assistant] Tunnelers have a different approach. Digging underneath a pad, some drag dung down into the soil and pack it into clumps known as brood balls, dung balls, or dung sausages, depending on their shape and size.


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[Assistant] Male tunnelers sport a spectacular array of horns to fight each other for control of these tunnels, which they then defend until the females laid her egg.


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[Assistant] The third group of dung beetles, dwellers, take the most straightforward approach, laying their eggs directly into a dung pad.


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[Assistant] This makes their offspring more vulnerable to predation than those of the tunnellers and rollers.


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[Assistant] As the larvae feed, they riddle the dungpat with tunnels, leaving remains that are quickly colonized by bacteria and fungi and weathered away.


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[Assistant] Inside a tunnel, ball, or pat, once the larvae hatch, they consume the dung before metamorphosing into a pupa and then an adult beetle.


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[Assistant] Besides clearing dung, the actions of these beetles have considerable ecological importance.


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[Assistant] For one, they serve as secondary seed dispersers. Young from monkeys, wild pigs, and other animals is riddled with seeds from the fruits they eat.


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[Assistant] When beetles bury their dung balls, they inadvertently protect these seeds from predators and increase the likelihood they'll germinate.


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[Assistant] The advantage is so great that one South African plant has evolved to produce seeds that look and smell like dung to trick beetles into burying them.


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[Assistant] Dung beetles also play important roles in agricultural systems. Livestock like cows and sheep produce huge amounts of dung, which contains nutrients that can benefit plants.


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[Assistant] The beetles break up the dung and tunnel it deep into the soil, bringing the nutrients into close contact with plant roots.


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[Assistant] Dung beetles can even help us battle global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with farming.


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[Assistant] But beetles oxygenate paths when they tunnel into them, preventing the microbes from producing methane.


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[Assistant] The dung beetle spreads seeds, helps farmers, and fights climate change, and accomplishes it all simply by doing its business.


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[Assistant] Maybe next time you come across some dung in the forest or a field, you'll be tempted to take a closer look.


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[Assistant] If you want to learn more about nature's pooper-scoopers, we highly recommend Animal Weapons by Douglas J. Emlin.


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[Assistant] This book includes more wildly fascinating facts about dung beetles and digs deep into the survival strategies of animals around the world.


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[Assistant] Is to both face the reality that we have been talking about this semester. The realities of widening inequality of income and wealth and race.


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[Assistant] So today we're going to be talking about where do we and you go from here.


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[Assistant] Of the vicious cycle of inequality that we are finding ourselves in.


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[Assistant] And then, uh, talk a little bit about reset and renewal. And what does that mean? How do we begin to reset and renew the system?


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[Assistant] Uh, and then I want to talk about leadership and positive social change.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, I want to talk about you, because you are very much central.


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[Assistant] To this story. Uh, the system, and the cartoon summary, and that says uhm, they got rid of the balances, now it's a system of checks and checks. Well, that's a cynical cartoon.


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[Assistant] The vicious cycle of widening inequality is that people with the right assets


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[Assistant] In terms of education, race, ethnicity, gender, skills, connections, family wealth and health, uh, they get higher incomes in our system and increased wealth. Not all of them.


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[Assistant] But enough of them do that they affect the system and this higher, these higher incomes and increased wealth mean they have more political influence, including more political influence over how the market is organized. And again and again we've talked in this class


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[Assistant] About how the key political decisions and the key economic decisions are intricately connected


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[Assistant] Because the market itself does not exist out in nature, it is a function of human beings, decisions. And those decisions are decisions usually by people who have some authority, judges, justices, people who are


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[Assistant] Secretaries of cabinet departments, people who are presidents, people who are members of congress, people who are legislators, all of them continuously are making decisions that shape and change the market.


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[Assistant] But they are subject to the political power and the political influence of great wealth. Not directly always, but we talked about it in various ways. The market pre-distributes


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[Assistant] To people who often have a lot of power, and the richest withdraw their support for public investment and social insurance.


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[Assistant] People without the right assets, that is education, race, etc., they get lower incomes, lower wealth, indebtedness, and less social protection.


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[Assistant] Uh, and many face barriers of systemic racism. And others become angry at what they consider to be a rigged system. And in the ways we've been talking about it, of course, the system is rigged.


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[Assistant] And some become susceptible to the politics of resentment of racism, xenophobia, and demagoguery because they are trapped, because they are angry or anxious or frustrated.


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[Assistant] To all institutions, this is a vicious cycle. And I don't want any of you in this class


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[Assistant] An explanation is not a justification, and a description of what is, is not a description of what could be.


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[Assistant] The way you get out of a vicious cycle, the way nations do, the way this nation, this culture, this society, any does, is reset and renewal and reform and change. And we're gonna talk today about what that actually means. Nice words.


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[Assistant] There is, in our society, in our culture, a tradition of positive social change.


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[Assistant] There are three elements. Now we've talked a little bit about this before.


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[Assistant] But I want to go over them again. There are three critical elements of positive social change.


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[Assistant] One is a growing dissonance between the ideals and everyday reality.


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[Assistant] That is, you have some ideals about what a decent society looks like, feels like, but you walk


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[Assistant] That tension between what you understand is a decent world, a decent society.


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[Assistant] And what you experience in your daily life, that


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[Assistant] Is the stuff out of which social change can occur, but it's not enough.


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[Assistant] There has to be widespread awareness of this growing dissonance. If only you or a few people are aware of it, it's not going to happen. Nothing's going to happen.


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[Assistant] And we'll talk today a little bit about widespread awareness.


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[Assistant] But that's also not enough. There's a third element of positive social change.


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[Assistant] And if you look at the history of positive social change, you see that third element is very critical and that third element is a sense of efficacy. A capacity to narrow the gap between ideal and reality. A feeling that you have and that others have that it is possible to create a better world.


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[Assistant] We have lived, I have lived, I'm old enough, I've had lived through several of these. We call them movements. That's a sloppy word. I'm gonna use it because we don't have a better word.


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[Assistant] But they are times and places where people join together. They organize, they mobilize, they energize.


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[Assistant] To make changes. The movement against systemic racism.


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[Assistant] Is a movement in the sense that people have continued to work. And they've continued to work hard on it. As I think I've shared with many of you.


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[Assistant] My introduction to much of what we've been talking about this semester happened when I was a freshman in college. And one of the young men


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[Assistant] Who had been my protector when I was about eight years old. He was a couple of, he was about five years older than me. You know, I was very short, I was picked on, I was bullied. He had been my protector. And then I discovered, although I had lost track of him for years,


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[Assistant] That by the time I got in college, I found out that he had been registering voters in Mississippi in 1964.


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[Assistant] Didn't want black people registered to vote.


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[Assistant] And so my protector when I was a much younger kid, Michael Schwerner, along with two other civil rights workers, they were


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[Assistant] And when I found out that the person who had protected me from the bullies


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[Assistant] Had been killed by the real bullies.


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[Assistant] It changed my life because I, I began to see bullying all around.


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[Assistant] Racial bullying, ethnic bullying, the bullying of men versus women, the bullying of transgender


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[Assistant] Of anybody who's different, who's other, who doesn't have the power.


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[Assistant] But these movements, the movement against racism, here is Lyndon Johnson with Martin Luther King Jr. behind him, signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964.


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[Assistant] And you go on and on and on and the thing that is so important, this is the fight for gender equality. The thing that's so important to understand is that these fights don't end.


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[Assistant] The gap between our ideal and reality has already been overcome. Women have equal rights. No, they don't.


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[Assistant] Women, 120 years ago, 130 years ago, they started fighting.


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[Assistant] For equal rights. And they have continued to fight for equal rights.


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[Assistant] Glass ceilings are broken, maybe, but there are new ceilings.


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[Assistant] Workers' rights. I was secretary of labor, I got very close to this.


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[Assistant] But I kept on seeing that, for example, child labor, which I thought we had outlawed years ago,


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[Assistant] But there were still examples of employers who were hiring children when children needed to be in school.


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[Assistant] There were still examples of so many workers who were being economically abused and they needed to form unions. And it was hard. It was difficult for them.


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[Assistant] It is hard for us to know and understand that just a few decades ago,


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[Assistant] If you were gay, you were violating the law. You could be arrested, and many people were arrested.


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[Assistant] And they weren't just arrested, they were assaulted, they were killed, they still are being assaulted. They still are being killed.


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[Assistant] The movement toward a society that is not corrupt.


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[Assistant] Now I remember just a few years ago, the Occupy movement.


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[Assistant] On the left, and the Tea Party movement on the right, we're saying much the same.


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[Assistant] They were talking about corporate welfare, about money.


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[Assistant] Going to big corporations because those corporations had a great deal of political power. And who was it who in


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[Assistant] 2014, 2015, 2016 began to point all this out and began to attract a lot of support.


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[Assistant] labor union leaders and people who had been in unions and people who I'd met 30 years before when I was labor secretary. Who did I hear constantly brought up? Bernie Sanders and


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[Assistant] Donald Trump, it is no accidents if you don't see


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[Assistant] The history, if you don't understand the frustrations, if you don't understand the anger,


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[Assistant] If you don't see the gap between our goals,


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[Assistant] Our ideals and the reality, and all of this seems surprising.


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[Assistant] Is a consequence of where we were.


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[Assistant] Overall, when I'm being very honest with myself, I'm A, pessimistic about the future of America and the world, although I'm optimistic about my own future, or B, I'm optimistic about the future of America and the world, although I'm pessimistic about my own future, or C, I'm pessimistic about both. Go.


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[Assistant] Most of you say that you are pessimistic about the future of America and the world, although you are optimistic about your own future. And the next largest group of you are pessimistic about both. Pessimism is fine.


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[Assistant] Is long, but it bends toward justice. That's what Martin Luther King Jr. Told us.


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[Assistant] Leadership and Positive Social Change Every one of the movements


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[Assistant] That I described for you, showed you photos of, was marked by and led by people who understood something.


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[Assistant] And I want to just spend a couple of minutes on what they understood.


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[Assistant] Now, there are some, a lot of, there's a great deal of confusion about what leadership actually means, and it's a word that we use all the time, but we use it in very fundamental ways. There's a myth of the natural born leader. We say, well, he or she or they, they


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[Assistant] They are natural. They, they just came that way. They were, they always had that kind of quality of, of charisma. They always had the ability to mobilize. Let me be very clear because I have spent


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[Assistant] With people who were leaders, some of them formal leaders, some of them informal leaders, they were not born that way.


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[Assistant] There are not natural born leaders. Leadership comes from somewhere else.


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[Assistant] There's also this notion that if you have a lot of followers, and I don't mean on social media,


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[Assistant] Although that could be one place where you have followers. But if you've got a lot of followers you are by definition a leader. I mean a leader has followers. So anybody who has a huge number of followers is by this


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[Assistant] Crazy reductionist definition, a leader.


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[Assistant] But that drains any moral concept from the notion of leadership.


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[Assistant] Adolf Hitler was a leader. He had a lot of followers. Mussolini. Saman.


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[Assistant] And you could go through the list of some of the worst people in the world, in the history of the world. Who had a lot of followers.


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[Assistant] But they had no leadership in the moral sense of the term. Which I want to get to in a moment.


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[Assistant] The leadership myth that you have to have formal authority, you've got to...


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[Assistant] You've got to be a president, or you've got to be a cabinet member, or you've got to be a member of Congress, or whatever drapes you in authority. Well, stop right there.


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[Assistant] Have had no formal authority at all.


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[Assistant] Martin Luther King Jr. Many of the others who did change the arc of the universe, they had no formal office or authority.


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[Assistant] So that can't be it either. Well, what is it? Is there a moral definition of leadership?


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[Assistant] Going back to what I talked about, the three elements of social change. That is, you have ideals.


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[Assistant] A society has ideals and there is a gap between the ideal and reality that's widely understood.


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[Assistant] And people then feel efficacious in terms of doing something about that gap.


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[Assistant] Leadership is helping people do the hard work.


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[Assistant] Of making positive social change. Overcoming work avoidance.


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[Assistant] Now let me just say something about work avoidance.


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[Assistant] Now let me make that quite clear. You see homeless people and you immediately


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[Assistant] Put up a work avoidance mechanism because you cannot be human and


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[Assistant] Be receiving so much that is so difficult to accept.


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[Assistant] A major problem, let's say it's a problem with


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[Assistant] With his girlfriend or an eating disorder or a...


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[Assistant] A problem with her parents, or their sister is dying, or whatever it is. You want to be helpful, but you also have to set some boundaries.


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[Assistant] In terms of not doing the work.


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[Assistant] of responding to every single need that is out there is necessary.


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[Assistant] will help people overcome their work avoidance mechanisms with regard to critically important work that needs to be done if a society is going to survive.


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[Assistant] We'll help people overcome their denial so that they are capable of doing the work that needs to be done. For example, Martin Luther King Jr., and again, I'm old enough to remember in the 50s,


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[Assistant] There was huge denial. In fact, there was denial mostly in the North.


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[Assistant] No, I lived in northern New York state, and we heard that there was prejudice and bigotry around, but, and it was in the south, and we said, well it was in the south, and it's not really there, but black people in the south are not really that bad off, I mean they, we, we just used whatever excuses we could for not participating, for not getting involved. And Martin Luther King, what he did over and over again,


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[Assistant] Sheriffs and Ku Klux Klan members were doing to black people in the south, but other places as well. He showed us the brutality.


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[Assistant] Not all of us, but some of us. Or to take another example, and this is somebody who I knew, was a friend, Betty Friedan. Some of you may have heard of her.


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[Assistant] But she began the National Organization of Women, she was


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[Assistant] A marvelously effective advocate for women's rights, the Equal Rights Amendment. She was not only visible, but she was an educator.


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[Assistant] She helped us overcome our denial. Those of us who said, women are fine. Women have already got, you know, they have the right to vote. Women now, they have the right to do so many other things. There's not a problem.


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[Assistant] People can say, look, I'm not denying. I'm not in denying. I'm not in denial. I, I, I understand global warming is a problem. I understand, uh, that inequality is widening. I, I, I get it. I get it. I, I, I know my friends have certain issues and needs, but it doesn't affect me or anybody I love.


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[Assistant] The true leader helps people overcome their escapism.


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[Assistant] The true leader says, in effect, you cannot escape from global climate change. You can't escape from it.


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[Assistant] You can have the best air conditioning system. You can have the best system of fire prevention. You can have a lot of insurance. You cannot escape.


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[Assistant] She is, and she has this wonderful sense of humor. That's something else I want to talk to you about. The farm workers.


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[Assistant] Basically said to people, you can't escape. If we are being treated badly, you are being treated badly.


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[Assistant] We are in all of this. All of us are in this together. We are all workers. Not all of us, but we are so many of us. Working people. And to allow the farm workers to be treated as they were being treated.


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[Assistant] To gay people around the country. Come out. Come out.


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[Assistant] Because when you come out, your parents, your brothers, your sisters, your children will see that we are everywhere. We will understand that you can't escape from the prejudice against gay people because that prejudice hurts all of us. That bigotry hurts all of us.


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[Assistant] And you can say, I'm not denying it, I am not escaping it.


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[Assistant] You know, it's really their fault. It's their problem. They brought it on themselves.


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[Assistant] And how many times have you felt yourself or heard somebody else say, well, the reason that those people, you know, they're trying to get in the United States, they are


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[Assistant] They are, they are undocumented workers here in the United States. They are people who are very poor. They are, are falling into deeper and deeper poverty. They are on the streets. They are mentally ill. They, they, they, they, you know, they brought it on themselves. It's their problem. It's too bad, but it's their problem.


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[Assistant] A leader who wants to overcome that gap between the ideal and the reality.


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[Assistant] A d- a leader will make sure that we overcome scapegoating.


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[Assistant] Who, as a Japanese American, was interred, jailed, during the Second World War. For doing nothing except being a Japanese American.


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[Assistant] Fred Teramatsu would not stop fighting that injustice.


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[Assistant] And he made sure that we did not scapegoat.


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[Assistant] Japanese Americans. But we understood that their rights were our rights, and if we locked them up and could get away with locking them up, then none of us was safe.


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[Assistant] A doctor named Paul Farmer went around the world


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[Assistant] Making sure that as many people as possible were inoculated against tuberculosis and other diseases. But what he really told us


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[Assistant] It was you can't scapegoat those poor people who have those diseases. It is not their fault. We are in this together. And finally, as I've suggested to you, the fourth


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[Assistant] Work avoidance mechanism, which I personally find the worst, the most insidious, the hardest to eradicate.


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[Assistant] Look, I'm not denying that there's global warming, or I'm not denying that there is widening inequality, I'm not denying any of these problems, and I'm not indulging in escapism, I know that they are my problems too, and I'm not scapegoating anybody, I know that they are not responsible for them, but nothing can be done.


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[Assistant] Are we wedded to our own narrow view of, what, political feasibility?


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[Assistant] If that's what we are wedded to, that little Overton window, nothing will be done.


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[Assistant] I want to introduce you just, not personally, but one of my students in this class, in this class a few years ago.


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[Assistant] She as a teenager had been trafficked. That is, she had been trafficked for sexual purposes.


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[Assistant] She was Vietnamese. She was a new immigrant. She didn't understand what was happening to her.


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[Assistant] When, with tears running down her cheeks, she said, it wasn't until I got to Berkeley that I understood what was happening to me. What had happened to me.


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[Assistant] Some people say there's nothing you can do about trafficking of children. Mindang, right now, she is


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[Assistant] The leader of one of the most important anti-trafficking groups working in the United States and spreading around the world.


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[Assistant] Another person who was in this class, not long ago.


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[Assistant] Wanted to go into politics. I said to him, you know,


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[Assistant] If you go into politics, this is a very, very hard road. He said, I wanna do it.


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[Assistant] Andrew ran for the city council in Seattle.


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[Assistant] Now when Amazon in Seattle is against you.


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[Assistant] He used it to his advantage, and he got elected.


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[Assistant] And I saw him Monday night. And he was doing wonderful things.


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[Assistant] I've got to pause here and just tell you that when I was Secretary of Labor, the Labor Department building is on Constitution Avenue, and very often I would feel run down, almost burnt out,


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[Assistant] I'd say to myself, you know, I'm never going to get done what I want to get done.


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[Assistant] Constitution Avenue to the National Gallery of Art, but very, very close. And I would find there were four paintings in one little room. And I'd sit there. Those four paintings were called The Voyage of Life.


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[Assistant] And there were such hokey paintings, kind of romantic, 19th century. Nobody really liked the paintings very much. I don't even think they're there anymore at the National Gallery. But I loved them. And the fact that nobody liked them meant I could be in this room alone.


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[Assistant] Because we're all on a voyage. Whether we know it or not. They were painted by Thomas Cole, a 19th century, again, a romantic painter. I want to share them with you. Because the first one is called The Early Years. And I don't know if you can see the detail, but there's this little baby. And the little baby is coming out of a cave. And there's a guardian angel.


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[Assistant] And everything is promising. I mean, it is beautiful. Look at the flowers. Look at the, look at the blue sky. Look at, look at everything in front of this little baby. You were one of these people once. I was too.


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[Assistant] Whether we knew it or not. Whether we had a guardian angel or not.


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[Assistant] We had life in front of us. We had all that promise in front of us. Help me here.


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[Assistant] You would describe your early years as, A, blissful, blessed, extraordinary, and fortunate. Or B, uneventful, normal, even boring.


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[Assistant] We're seeing a struggle, extremely hard, amazing, I made it through. This is anonymous. Go.


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[Assistant] And let's see. Well most of you are extraordinarily blessed and fortunate. Because 60% of you say blissful, blessed, extraordinarily beautiful, wonderful, but there are 100 of you, almost 100 of you, 21% of you who say a struggle, extremely hard, amazing you got through.


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[Assistant] The next painting that I used to contemplate as I sat in this little room was the moment that you are on your own. This is the, the painting.


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[Assistant] Thomas Cole's painting. And you can see the guardian angel said goodbye. Goodbye!


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[Assistant] And you, uh, you have your hand on the tiller, you're in control, you're heading down this very beautiful place, the river is very clear.


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[Assistant] Just gorgeous. There are all sorts of possibilities in the future. I mean, you have dreams. You have dreams and aspirations. It is a wonderful time. It is a wonderful, blissful vision. Even if you had a very hard time before, you now are graduating from Berkeley. And you are almost on your own.


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[Assistant] I'd describe myself, that is you, as, now, hopeful and upbeat, with quite a good idea of where I'm heading and what I want to do. Or, you're hopeful, but no real clue where you're heading, or what I'll be doing, or see anxious and worried about what the future holds for me. Go.


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[Assistant] Most of you are hopeful, but you don't have a clue what you'll be doing.


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[Assistant] Some of you are right on target, and then we've got a lot of you, 23%, you're anxious and worried, which is understandable. And then comes the third painting.


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[Assistant] I can't tell you why it gave me comfort, because I was their secretary of labor, but I felt like it was speaking to me.


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[Assistant] You see, there's no guardian angel. There's not even a tiller. I mean, you have no control.


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[Assistant] Tumult, craziness, random accident.


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[Assistant] You're failing, you're not failing, you're failing. And by the way, if I haven't said it before, I will say it now. You will fail.


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[Assistant] What you want is resilience from the failure. You want to learn from the failure. You will fail. I was failing. I looked at this painting. I was secretary of labor and I can't tell you how many times I said to myself, that is me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I describe myself as flexible and resilient, easily able to bounce back from defeats or be reasonably steady but can get thrown by setbacks or failures and take a while to regain my footing or be I'm incredibly hard on myself. I take every downturn very personally and I absolutely hate to fail. No! And let's take a look at what you think.


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[Assistant] Well, you're a little bit all over the place, but about 45% of you say reasonably steady, you can get thrown.


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[Assistant] But about a third, almost a third of you are incredibly hard on yourself.


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[Assistant] And a setback of failure really, really hurt.


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[Assistant] And finally, the end. Not necessarily the end of your life.


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[Assistant] Look at, look at, I mean there's almost nothing left of your little vessel. It's calm, you have something to look forward to, but not necessarily on the earth. Well, I didn't really contemplate this very much. When I was watching and looking, I don't know if you know Mary Oliver, she's a poet, one of my favorite poets.


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[Assistant] Mary Oliver, tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?


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[Assistant] And you are in a rarefied, extraordinarily successful environment and place. You would not have made it if you weren't good at mastering some domain of information and knowledge. You can do that. You know how to do that. You may not always want to do it, but you can do it. You're really good at it. You're also good at jumping through hoops. If somebody assigns you a task, boy, are you good at it. You don't always do it.


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[Assistant] You are great at jumping over hoops. You're champion hoop jumpers.


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[Assistant] And you're also good at getting standard feedback, tests, appraisals, evaluations. You've got them all your entire life. You're good at this.


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[Assistant] Increasingly, you will need more self-knowledge. Now you already have quite a lot, I expect.


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[Assistant] And also your own hoops. I remember when I was


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[Assistant] I had just got out of college and I was in my first or second job and I realized


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[Assistant] Nobody was giving me any hoops.


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[Assistant] I mean, there were some hoops, but the most important hoops I had to create, I had to invent.


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[Assistant] You have to be able to invent your own hoops.


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[Assistant] And feedback is not gonna come naturally. Yes, you'll have a boss and maybe you'll get some formal piece of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Response, but you're not going to get the kind of feedback you need.


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[Assistant] And especially as Labor Secretary, the higher you go in a hierarchy, the less accurate and less valuable the feedback you are going to get. People don't tell you anything. Everything is wonderful. Oh, Mr. Secretary, fabulous job on that interview, Mr. Secretary. Mr. Secretary, you are just so articulate. Mr. Secretary, you are the best writer. Oh, Mr. Secretary. Bullshit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People from the Labor Department who said, oh wonderful, blah, blah, blah. And then from the back of the elevator came a voice, a little voice, of somebody who had just been hired. A young woman who said, Mr. Secretary. I said yes. You used your hands too much and you spoke too fast. I whipped around. Everybody got very silent.


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[Assistant] Important thing you can get. Accurate, good, solid, useful, trusting feedback. But also, your own hoops and your own self-knowledge. Uh, the old career ladder, by the way.


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[Assistant] Where you moved ideally upward through a sequence of fairly predictable steps within the same organization, industry, or skill sets, adding responsibilities and widening spans of control. That's gone! We're going. It's disappearing.


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[Assistant] It's ideally you're going to spiral upward but occasionally downward through different roles in different organizations and different skill sets and adding judgment and insights and hopefully self-knowledge along the way.


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[Assistant] And speaking of self-knowledge, let me just ask you to be as bitterly, candidly clear with yourself as you were before. I most enjoy negotiating.


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[Assistant] That is getting to an agreement. Or I most enjoy thinking, analyzing hard problems. Or I most enjoy advocating, selling, making a case. Or I most enjoy organizing, getting into the details and operationalizing. Or I most enjoy inspiring, mobilizing and energizing. Take a moment.


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[Assistant] Very much enjoy thinking and analyzing hard problems.


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[Assistant] But do you think that's because that's what you are good at and that's what you've been trained to do here at Berkeley?


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[Assistant] Many of you like organizing and getting to the details and operationalizing. Well, there's no right answer here. It's just important that you develop


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[Assistant] Over time, your self-knowledge of what you really deeply, deeply enjoy


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[Assistant] Where but here. It's not gonna go to a future employer, but you are worst at saluting.


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[Assistant] And respecting authority. You don't do that. You don't like to do that. You're terrible at it. Or, B, getting things done on time.


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[Assistant] But these are the kinds of things that you want to be asking yourself as you move through your voyage of life.


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[Assistant] The last one has to do with something I call a personality drug.


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[Assistant] Let me define a personality drug for you. A personality drug is something that you love


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[Assistant] So much, you can't get enough, you have an insatiable desire for it.


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[Assistant] And by tripping you up, I mean that because you can't get enough, because you need it so much, because you have an insatiable desire for it, you make bad judgements.


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[Assistant] Is, I want to be in control, eh.


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[Assistant] I wanna be the smartest person in the room. Now remember, number one, insatiable desire. Number two, trips you up, gets you in trouble. Or, C, I wanna be loved.


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[Assistant] These are the most common personality drugs. This doesn't exhaust the list of personality drugs. These are just the most common, again, insatiable need and gets you in trouble. Go.


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[Assistant] The reason I suggest that you know your personality drug


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[Assistant] Is not because you're going to get rid of it. I mean you could choose to spend


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[Assistant] Hundreds of thousands of dollars on therapy over the next 20 years, but I don't, I think


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[Assistant] Is really a much more practical reason for knowing your personality drug, and that is you know when you're getting into situations where your vulnerability might be triggered.


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[Assistant] And try to be aware. That's what self-knowledge is all about. That's why we're talking about self-knowledge.


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[Assistant] You are great at knowledge. You are great at facts. You're great at information. You're great at analysis. But self-knowledge, I want to suggest to you, is a quest.


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[Assistant] But to be completely honest, I think I'll most want to look back on my life and say I was famous and celebrated A. Or B. I made the world a better place.


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[Assistant] Or see, I had wonderful friends and family. Go. Honest. Honest. Honest. Candid. Honest.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's end the bidding there, let's see. Well, not many of you. And again, this is anonymous.


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[Assistant] Not many of you say you want to look back on your life and think you were famous and celebrated, but a lot of you, 42%, want to make the world better and 51% I had wonderful friends and family.


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[Assistant] Is very simple and very direct. I don't know if you remember when we were first together, that first class.


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[Assistant] Which seems a long time ago. I said that there are two goals I had.


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[Assistant] One goal I was very explicit with you about right at the start. I said, I want you to think more deeply about issues of inequality, of income and wealth and race.


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[Assistant] I want you to put aside your prior assumptions.


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[Assistant] That was goal number one. I said I'd get to goal number two at the end.


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[Assistant] My second goal has to do with your lives.


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[Assistant] There are many other things I could have done.


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[Assistant] But I am with you, and I have been with you in this class.


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[Assistant] And by that I mean not that every one of you is going to become


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[Assistant] A president of the United States or a president and prime minister of your country if you are not American. Not that every one of you is going to become


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[Assistant] A cabinet secretary. In fact, you don't need formal authority.


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[Assistant] But I believe in you to the extent that at least some of you


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[Assistant] Are going to devote some of your attention and some of your time and some of your life to making the world better.


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[Assistant] Now this is my last class at Berkeley. It's my last class forever.


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[Assistant] And I have to admit, it is very difficult for me.


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[Assistant] I love teaching and because I, and this is going to sound really hokey. Are you ready for the hokeyest? I love you.


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[Assistant] And speaking of love, I want to ask all of your fabulous, fabulous GSIs to come up on stage with me.


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[Assistant] I want to just say, I want to say something you already know. These guys work so hard and are so dedicated and care so much about you. This course could not have happened without them and you are so indebted as I am to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To all of you, my thanks. So a final benediction.


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[Assistant] May your days be filled with wonder.


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[Assistant] And may you live long and powerful lives. Thank you.


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[Assistant] 54 years later, a similar storm threatened the region. But this time, the Netherlands were ready.


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[Assistant] The first field activation of the maislantketting had been a resounding success.


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[Assistant] As one of the planet's largest mobile structures, this storm surge barrier is a marvel of human engineering. But the myslunt kidding is just one part of a massive, interlocking system of water controls known as the Delta Works.


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[Assistant] The most sophisticated flood prevention project in the world.


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[Assistant] This geography makes the region extremely prone to flooding, so much so that some of the earliest Dutch governing bodies were informal water boards that coordinated flood protection projects.


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[Assistant] But after the storms of 1953, the Dutch government took more official measures. They established the Delta Commission and tasked them with protecting the entire southwestern region.


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[Assistant] Accomplishing this lofty goal required various infrastructure projects along the southwestern coast. The first line of defense was to dam the region's flood-prone estuaries.


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[Assistant] These large inlets fed many of the country's rivers into the North Sea, and during storms, they allowed floodwater to surge inland. Using a series of dams, the Delta Commission transformed these estuaries into expansive lakes that serve as nature preserves and community parks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, this solution wouldn't work for the Nua Vaterve. As the lifeblood of the local shipping industry, this passage had to be kept open in safe conditions and barricaded during storm surges.


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[Assistant] In 1998, the completed myslantkering provided the flexible protection necessary.


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[Assistant] Alongside additional barriers like grassy dikes and concrete seawalls, these fortifications made up the bulk of the Delta Works project, which was primarily focused on holding back ocean storms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in the following decades, the Dutch pursued additional plans to complement the delta works and protect against floods further inland. Under the Room for the River plan, farms and dikes were relocated away from the shore,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This left more space for water to collect in low-lying floodplains, creating reservoirs and habitats for local wildlife.


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[Assistant] This strategic retreat not only decreased flood risk, but allowed for the redeveloped settlements to be built more densely and sustainably. Perhaps no city embodies the Netherlands' multi-pronged approach to water management as much as Rotterdam, a thriving city almost entirely below sea level.


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[Assistant] When a storm threatens, densely populated older districts are protected by traditional dikes.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, newer districts have been artificially elevated, often sporting green roofs that store rainwater.


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[Assistant] Numerous structures around the city transform into water storage facilities, including parking garages and plazas, which normally serve as theaters and sports arenas. Meanwhile, in the harbor, floating pavilions rise with the water level.


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[Assistant] These strategies are just some of the technologies and policies that have put the Netherlands at the cutting edge of water management. The country continues to find new ways to make cities more resilient to natural disasters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as the rising sea levels caused by climate change threaten low-lying cities across the world, the Netherlands offers an exceptional example of how to go with the flow.


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[Assistant] As climate change causes natural disasters to become more, well, disastrous, how can we build smarter, more resilient cities and towns, explore how we use physics to create flexible buildings that can withstand earthquakes, or how scientists are experimenting with a form of concrete that can heal itself?


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[Assistant] The West, Chapter 102. The prisoners are released.


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[Assistant] With tears in her eyes, she told the judge that she had lied the day before.


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[Assistant] The tang monk and his companions are innocent. Please release them. The judge nodded.


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[Assistant] I framed you for killing my husband. She said. Please forgive me. It was a terrible thing to do.


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[Assistant] Can you really do that? Ask Lady Ku. The Tang Monk smiled.


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[Assistant] When Wukong entered the Palace of Darkness, the Judge of the Dead frowned.


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[Assistant] Squire Koo was sitting behind a large desk smiling as he studied some documents.


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[Assistant] The squire looked confused. He glanced at the Bodhisattva.


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[Assistant] The Squire came out from behind his desk and bowed.


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[Assistant] Exactly, so why don't you tell us a little bit about this lesson for today.


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[Assistant] Okay, so the first word that we have is road trip. Road trip. Road trip. Road trip. Okay, so road trips are really fun and interesting, right?


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[Assistant] Alright, we'll talk about that a little bit later on, but now let's take a look at our second word, and it's the car's packed. The car's packed. The car's packed. The car is packed. So, when your car is packed, it means that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so your bags, your food, everything that you need for your trip.


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[Assistant] Perfect. Okay, so those were our two preview words, and now we are ready to listen to the dialogue for the first time.


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[Assistant] Okay great, so now it's time for our language takeaway. We have three words for our language takeaway today.


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[Assistant] For you to get some gas, food, go to the bathroom.


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[Assistant] Great, so now it's time for putting it together.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we have two great phrases for you today. Let's take a look at the first one.


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[Assistant] Okay, it's clear now, but you can use this in a lot of different situations, right?


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[Assistant] Perfect. Alright, now let's take a look at our second phrase and it's, let's get going.


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[Assistant] Alright, so when you say let's get going, it just means...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's start, let's go. Yeah. Okay. But the interesting thing about this phrase is you can change it a little bit and it means something different.


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[Assistant] Let's get down to business, let's listen to the dialogue one more time, but this time,


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[Assistant] Yeah, you can definitely understand better about what we've been talking about.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now it's time to look at Fluency Builder. Erica, why don't you explain what Fluency Builder is?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great, so let's look at Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] Exactly. But there's another way that we can say this, and we heard it in our dialogue, so let's listen.


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[Assistant] Yes, and we're all set to listen to this dialogue for a third time, and this time it's gonna be at its normal speed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Erica, you said you've been on a million road trips. What was that all about? Where have you been?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well yeaah. Well, I've been on a different kind of road trip with some, uh, buddies of mine, some friends. We would drive to Las Vegas. Really? Yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's really fun, a bunch of crazy guys in a car going to Las Vegas and then just having fun and talking about everything, so. That's a much different experience than a family road trip.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, 8 hours in a car is not really that boring with all your friends. Alright folks, we're out of time for today, but be sure to visit our website at EnglishPod.com and leave all your questions and comments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You also had the two horses that were stolen from his stable! We got everything from the real robbers!


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[Assistant] Buddha doesn't allow killers in the western paradise. Killers?


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[Assistant] What are you talking about? You killed Squire Cools!


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[Assistant] I wonder what happened to Bajie though. I hope he's okay.


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[Assistant] After you chased him down the slope, he returned and... Where's Master?


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[Assistant] Oh! A present for my sister! It's a pan flute! Just like the ones we played together when we were kids.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chapter 7 At the Police Station


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[Assistant] It was seven thirty p.m. Nick and Meg were in a room at the police station. The man called Vickers was in a different room with three detectives.


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[Assistant] The door opened and a detective came in with two cups of coffee. He put them down on the table and turned to go out again. Detective Edmonds, Meg said, did the hospital call? Is Craig going to be all right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Winters, Detective Edmonds said. Yes, he's going to be okay. Can I call the hospital now? asked Meg. I'd like you to wait, said Edmonds.


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[Assistant] Detective Keet is going to be here in a minute. He's just coming from the airport and...


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[Assistant] He looked through the open door. Ah, here he is now.


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[Assistant] A second detective came into the room, and behind him was a tall man with dark hair. Meg stood up quickly. Daddy! she cried. What are you doing here? The police called me, said Howard Hudson, and I flew here at once.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Detective Keat met me at the airport. Now sit down, Meg. I want you to listen to me. He did not look at Nick.


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[Assistant] Meg sat down and her father took her hands. Meg, last week Johnny Vickers came to my house. He wanted to talk about his daughter. You remember Anna, Meg? Three months ago, she jumped off a bridge in Boston and died.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She was young, beautiful, rich, and she didn't want to live. Why? Because she loved a man, and the man took her money, ran away, and left her. And the man was called, No! said Meg. No! Yes, Meg. Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was called Mr. Hollywood. No! shouted Meg. She began to cry. That's right, Miss Hudson, said Detective Keat quietly. To you, he gave the name Craig Winters. When Anna Vickers knew him, he was Carl Windsor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But he liked all his, uh, girlfriends to call him Mr. Hollywood.


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[Assistant] He took nearly fifty thousand dollars from Anna Vickers, and there was a girl before that. No, it's not true! Meg shouted.


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[Assistant] It is true, Meg, said her father.


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[Assistant] Winters, Windsor gets all his money from rich men's daughters. Johnny Vickers loved his daughter.


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[Assistant] He went to her house in Boston after she died. He read her letters and learned about the money and the name Mr. Hollywood. And when he came to my house, I told him about you, Meg. I said, my daughter's got a new boyfriend and she calls him Mr. Hollywood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't like him, but I can't stop her.


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[Assistant] She's going away to meet him next week, I think. What can I do? Johnny put his hand on my arm, and he said, Don't be afraid for your daughter. I'm going to find that man. And stop him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meg said nothing. Her face was very white. For a minute or two nobody spoke. Then Detective Edmonds said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vickers told us all about it, Miss Hudson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He followed you to Whistler and saw you with... Nick began to understand. With me! In the cafe!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Meg called me Mr. Hollywood. Howard Hudson looked at Nick. You're the travel rider guy, right? Lortz. Nick Lortz, said Nick. Vickers nearly killed me. He shot at me twice and


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[Assistant] But Howard Hudson was not very interested in Nick. He looked at his daughter again. How much money did you give him, Meg? he said.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I, I gave him twenty-five thousand dollars, said Meg. Only for two or three months, he said. Then he, she began to cry again. Well, you can say goodbye to that money, said Hudson angrily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's going to happen to Vickers? Nick asked Detective Edmonds. Hospital, I think, said Edmonds. Okay, he shot at you and about 50 people saw him. But he's not a well man. The doctors are going to put him away in a hospital.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Howard Hudson stood up. Okay, Meg. I'm going to take you home. My plane is waiting at the airport.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meg followed her father to the door. Then she remembered Nick, and turned. I'm sorry, she said. I got you into all this. I called you Mr. Hollywood. That was wrong. But I didn't know. It's okay, said Nick. You know everything now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And not later. Fifty thousand dollars later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because they wear anti-freezing socks. Nah. Penguins live in very cold climates and walk on ice. Hence, penguins have developed certain adaptations to avoid losing body heat and to protect their feet from freezing. One of the adaptations includes a mechanism called countercurrent heat exchange. What is that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, when warm blood flows through the arteries to the feet, much of the heat from the warm blood gets transferred to the cold blood in veins, which is carrying blood away from the feet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, wanna broaden your artistic horizons? Loveless is playing here. And... I got us tickets!


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[Assistant] I don't understand. I cannot. But, please be safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't wait to start bragging. I'm friends with a famous singer.


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[Assistant] Well, the night's still young, right? What say we check it out?


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[Assistant] I think it's a little more complicated than that.


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[Assistant] I was just looking at the list of challenges he's faced.


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[Assistant] He must face one more challenge to become a Buddha.


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[Assistant] No, I'm still working on it. This menu's not even in English. What's good here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For you sir, I would recommend spaghetti and meatballs. Does it come with coke and fries?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, I'm still working on it. This menu's not even in English. What's good here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For you sir, I would recommend spaghetti and meatballs. Does it come with coke and fries?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll go with the spaghetti and meatballs, salad and the wine. Excellent choice. Your order will be ready soon. How soon is soon?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know, piloting this big complicated collection of cells and tissues we each inhabit


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can be daunting. But over the years, we here at SciShow have compiled quite a few tips and tricks, enough to put together a user's guide to the human body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An actual user's guide would probably fill several textbooks, so maybe this is more of a quick start guide. Crash course, if you like. Either way, here's what we can tell you. First, you may be aware that you need to maintain your human body at a consistent temperature. 37 degrees Celsius, to be exact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give or take a few. But why is our body's temperature requirement so demanding?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so consistent from person to person. Part of the reason might be fending off fungal infections. Here's me with much, much shorter hair to explain.


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[Assistant] If you pulled out a thermometer and took your temperature right now, you'd probably get a reading around 37 degrees Celsius. That number may vary a little from day to day, or even hour to hour, but overall, your body temperature is pretty consistent. If you get too hot, your blood vessels will expand, and you'll sweat to cool down. If you get too cold, your blood vessels will contract, and you'll shiver to warm up. And if you stray more than a couple degrees in either direction, like with a really bad fever or in freezing weather, your proteins and cells will stop working,


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[Assistant] Well, one major theory suggests it's all about keeping out fungus. Scientists have found that certain animals like reptiles and amphibians


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[Assistant] Get a lot of different fungal diseases. And they're all ectotherms. They depend on external heat sources to stay warm. Specifically, they get way more fungal infections than their endotherm counterparts, like mammals, which generate body heat internally. Researchers from Yeshiva University wanted to find out why.


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[Assistant] They tested the heat tolerance of different species of fungus starting at a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. They found that every one degree increase in temperature caused a 6% decrease in the number of fungal species that are able to infect an animal host. So if you're a frog, depending on sunlight to warm you up, you've got to worry about tens of thousands of fungal species that can infect you and cause life-threatening disease. But if you're a mammal, hovering around 37 degrees,


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[Assistant] Then again, you don't want to be too hot. After all, it takes a whole lot of energy to maintain a high body temperature. You don't want to spend all of your time finding food and eating it. You want to find a perfect balance. And guess what? When these researchers ran some mathematical models, weighing the benefits of protecting against fungi versus the cost of extra food consumption, they calculated an ideal body temperature


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[Assistant] Of 36.7 degrees celsius. Which is right around our toasty 37 degrees. In fact, these scientists even think that maintaining this warm body temperature helped mammals thrive as the dinosaurs went extinct, even though it's energy intensive. It's possible early mammals started to beat out reptiles simply because we were more resistant to fungus. So, I guess our hotness helped us survive.


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[Assistant] I stand by that line. We're hot, and that's a good thing. Now, you also need to put your human body into rest mode periodically to maintain optimal performance. Yes, I know it sounds strange, but stay with me. We really do need to sleep sometimes. The question is whether it's possible to spend too long in this powered-down state. Research suggests that might be the case. Here's Olivia to explain how.


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[Assistant] Oversleeping might be a sign it's time for some maintenance by a physician. It's also possible that, at times, your human body might request maintenance in the form of input of specific foodstuffs. Cravings, I mean. Sometimes you just get a hankering for Taco Bell, and nothing but a cheesy gordita crunch with extra jalapeno sauce will make it go away. Here's me again to explain why that happens.


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[Assistant] A gentle whisper in your ear. You're working hard so you push the thought away, but soon it comes back louder and more urgent.


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[Assistant] Until you cave in and give it exactly what it wants.


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[Assistant] Sound familiar? You're not alone. Maybe it was bacon, or pizza, or a chai latte, but nearly everyone has felt food cravings at some point. But why?


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[Assistant] It isn't about specific flavors, it's about survival. When your stomach is empty and your blood sugar levels are dropping, your body starts secreting ghrelin, otherwise known as the hunger hormone. The ghrelin tells the hypothalamus in your brain that you need to eat.