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[Assistant] A three Michelin star dish from restaurant Gordon Ramsay. Full of process, technique and flavour. Matt, what did you think of the reference in the kitchen?


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[Assistant] You know, Loki, it just goes to show the reaction of all those contestants. We've all loved having you here. And today you made MasterChef history.


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[Assistant] The only contestant ever to go home with an immunity pin. But we want you to keep that pin. Not just as a memento of today.


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[Assistant] But for all the great days you've had in this kitchen.


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[Assistant] Next week. Today's invention test is a little bit different. The challenge they've all been dreading. The team relay.


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[Assistant] Hold on guys! Can you guess the title of my next video?


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[Assistant] Hello English learners and welcome back to another great lesson with EnglishPod. My name is Marco. And I'm Erica. And today we're bringing you a great intermediate lesson with some really useful vocabulary.


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[Assistant] Yes, this is a really common situation when someone asks you what you do.


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[Assistant] And you have to tell them. Exactly. So today's lesson is all about that. So before we jump into our dialogue, let's start with our vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] Well, Fortune Magazine ranks the 500 biggest companies in the US.


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[Assistant] Yeah, Top Gun is one of my all time favorite movies. And Top Gun Pilot, what a cool profession. An excellent profession.


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[Assistant] Okay, great examples, and just in case, to implement means to put into action. Put into action. Great. Exactly. Our second word for language takeaway, policies. Policies. Policies. Policies. So, policies are basically


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[Assistant] Rules and regulations. Exactly. Formal rules. For a company or an organization. Exactly. Policies. Great. Third word? Oversee. Oversee. Oversee. Oversee. So when you oversee operations, it means? Like you watch it.


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[Assistant] And our last word for language takeaway, it's kind of tricky, so let's listen to how it was used in our dialogue.


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[Assistant] Not yet, but you will. Okay. Alright, so with this in mind, we are ready to listen to our dialogue for a second time, and this time it's gonna be slower.


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[Assistant] Yes, especially the first one that we have today is whenever someone talks and talks and talks and just and continuously talks without stopping, you would say,


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[Assistant] Okay, excellent. It's clear now. Yes. Okay, so let's move on to our second phrase for today. And this is a great one to use whenever you meet someone for the first time. Or when you start to talk to someone for the first time. Great.


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[Assistant] Yes, and it's a really common situation.


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[Assistant] Sounds great. That's the way you ask someone what is their job.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we're ready now to listen to our dialogue a last time, and now you are ready to understand everything.


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[Assistant] Okay, so I have a little challenge for our listeners today. What is it? Two challenges actually. Okay. The first one, who performs the song that you heard and what is the song called?


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[Assistant] I'm looking forward to seeing what users do. And the second one is, what is the number one company in the Fortune 500?


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[Assistant] Two great questions, so I expect to see your answers on the comments page, but also we want to know about your profession.


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[Assistant] Great, so we hope to see you there, but we're out of time now, so we'll see everyone at EnglishPod.com, leave all your questions and of course all the comments. And Marco and I are always around to answer your questions. Well, until then, it's


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[Assistant] I put the veggies too early, so I'm trying to fix that up. Get that charred grill brownish on the skin, and then add the vegetables.


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[Assistant] But it is still, you know, it's still hard. You have days when you miss them like crazy.


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[Assistant] Sorry buddy, you were parked in a no parking zone, you were speeding, and you have no ID.


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[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, we've heard that one before. Haven't we, Joe?


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[Assistant] Sorry buddy, you were parked in a no parking zone, you were speeding, and you have no ID.


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[Assistant] Sorry buddy, you were parked in a no parking zone, you were speeding, and you have no ID.


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[Assistant] I was just in a pressure test, so it's kind of annoying that I'm going back so quickly. But I get to cook in the kitchen again.


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[Assistant] I'm here for me. I'm here for a long time. Somebody else is gonna go home today.


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[Assistant] I don't think you can really stress over it because it's done, you've got no more control. What's done is done, you have to learn from it and just focus on the next challenge now.


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[Assistant] I see a coloured twill with stripes. There's a dome on the top. It looks extreme. I'm a little bit scared.


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[Assistant] Now I'm gonna start on my cage. The sugar cage is not something that I've ever done before. If I can't get it to look and taste like Darren's, it could send me home today.


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[Assistant] It's almost the temperature, so I get the other parts of the element ready. I need to grease a ladle and get an ice bar.


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[Assistant] Thank you. I'm really happy with my sugar cage. It looks amazing.


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[Assistant] Next I need to poach my peaches. I grab two peaches and pop them into peach schnapps. Is it permissible to drink the schnapps? And get them poaching with some vanilla beans.


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[Assistant] I really need to make sure I don't boil the liquid and leave them in there for too long.


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[Assistant] Darren's peach tureen was beautiful. It looked like a rose in the garden.


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[Assistant] The twill scares me. I have no idea how to make a stripey one. I guess I'm gonna find out.


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[Assistant] I have to sift the icing sugar and it's really lumpy. I need to take the time to do it right, otherwise I'm gonna have to do it again and I don't have time to do that.


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[Assistant] I want to put a lot on the plate, so I really have to put my skates on today and work fast so that I can get it all on the plate in time. Yeah, that's right, Jo. Just be confident.


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[Assistant] When I pull the twill out of the oven, it looks like a sponge. I've got a problem on my hands. I'm a little bit worried about these bubbles.


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[Assistant] The time is just spinning furiously away.


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[Assistant] But I'm just gonna run until the end and I can't run anymore. Once I get my chocolate done and I'm back on track, I'll be alright.


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[Assistant] If I don't get that on that could cause me some problems.


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[Assistant] I put the mixture for the peach jelly in the mould and get that into the blast chiller that needs to set. Amazing job Jenny.


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[Assistant] It's the only option I've got right now. I have to get this dish up.


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[Assistant] I don't know either. I know it's not how it's supposed to look.


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[Assistant] And it could increase my chances of going home tonight. It is what it is now it's up to the judges.


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[Assistant] If I don't have my chocolate collar on the plate, it could increase my chances of going home tonight.


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[Assistant] I don't think you can really describe it to anyone. You have to kind of live it. It's different to just cooking all day. It's learning. It's getting along with other people. It's learning skills that you never thought you needed to know or wanted to know. And it changes your thinking. It's amazing.


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[Assistant] I hope with all my heart that I've done enough. I know I haven't gotten the chocolate on the plate, but I've tasted all the elements. They taste really great. It's not as perfect as what yours is, uhm, but I never actually thought I'd get that up to be honest. Yeah, so I'm really proud.


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[Assistant] I'm so grateful for the doors that it's gonna open for me and I can't wait to get out there and start opening some doors.


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[Assistant] I'm gobsmacked by this dessert and it looks absolutely incredible. Jess Reese, you wish you were down here?


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[Assistant] I'm kinda jealous of all these guys. They definitely don't want to be an elimination, but the skills they're gonna learn from making this recipe is really, really valuable.


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[Assistant] Jo's doing some really good work with her sugar cage. Like an octopus.


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[Assistant] It's looking really fine and delicate. Probably one of the better ones of the day.


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[Assistant] Jo's twill's thick and has bubbled in the oven. So she's already doing it.


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[Assistant] Lisa skipped over the chocolate collar and moved straight onto the sponge.


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[Assistant] I just hope she's given herself enough time to come back to that collar and get it completed by the end of the dish.


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[Assistant] A colleague of mine about 15 years ago who is also a teacher of writing


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[Assistant] Came up with what he called at the time the five C's of effective claims. I don't know if these are actually the words that he had used with those C's, but I've kind of modified them over the years a little bit, or maybe they're the same words. I'm not sure. So I'll take you through what they mean and then we'll look at some examples and I'll ask you to weigh in on, on what you think about those examples. So compelling.


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[Assistant] Is the claim relatively compelling?


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[Assistant] Uhm, obviously not everything is going to be interesting.


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[Assistant] to every reader out there but there should be at least a reasonable number of people who will find something interesting and meaningful and compelling about your argument.


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[Assistant] Certainly you should find it compelling. If you don't even find it compelling, then probably you want to search to make it a more compelling argument. Secondly, is it connected? And connected means


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[Assistant] In the way I'm using it, is it connected to the work of others? Have you?


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[Assistant] The actual occasion for writing. If someone has asked you to write about a particular thing,


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[Assistant] Then are you actually writing about that thing? And then finally the other version of connected I'm talking about here is, is your claim, is your argument connected to


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[Assistant] The kinds of evidence and the points that you've made throughout the whole project.


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[Assistant] Sometimes people's claims make one assertion and then they actually end up making a different assertion throughout their writing. So you want to have alignment there. Contestable is a good word, but I really want to couch it carefully because I, I'll tell you what I don't mean. What I don't mean is that


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[Assistant] A certain, are there other readers or other scholars who are out there who could make some kind of reasonable


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[Assistant] But how about if we apply it to this situation, what would happen? So is it, is it contestable in that way? You, you want to try as a writer to qualify?


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[Assistant] What you say rather than uhm, presenting an argument that applies to every single situation and every possible


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[Assistant] Complex, uh, that means not obvious.


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[Assistant] How is it that Coyle was trying to make his argument more complex, right, to build beyond the idea that


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[Assistant] And finally, clear. And clear means even at the same time as it's complex, contestable, compelling, and connected, is it relatively can readers, if they're careful readers and they think about what you're writing, will they be able to


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[Assistant] Understand what you're saying and you ultimately do want readers to know what you're saying.


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[Assistant] What are we doing? Today we'll take part in two rounds. The first round you need to win in order to...


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[Assistant] This is your kitchen and not theirs. Do that and you'll win a pin and Shannon will be level with Gordon on two all. What we want you to cook today is one of our favourite things to eat. It's a wonderful, tasty ingredient. We love it when


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[Assistant] The skin's nice and crispy though so bear that in mind. Your job is to bring us an absolutely delicious dish based around


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[Assistant] Oh, is that sweet and sour sauce? Oh yeah, it is! Look at that!


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[Assistant] What I love about this is it's a really elegant, surprising way of bringing us all those classic flavours of a sports bar in one dish. I think it's brilliant and I think it's genius.


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[Assistant] I love it. Chicken could not be cooked better. It could not be juicier.


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[Assistant] Cooking of the chicken, absolutely perfect. Delicious succulent wings. But...


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[Assistant] You tell this in your thing because there's no soul in there, there's no seasoning in the salsa rosso. It's not a disaster. No.


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[Assistant] The voting was split. 2-2. Sarah. And Jess.


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[Assistant] There's a, an issue here in terms of, and this is the barest margin, if you're gonna serve four judges, if you're gonna serve four people, put four things on the plate. And that's why Jess, you've won.


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[Assistant] Jess, congratulations, that means you in round two will cook against a top chef for the chance to win one of those bright shiny pins like Sashi's got.


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[Assistant] The rest of you, well done. It's time to head to the gantry. You know what's coming for you Jess, one of those white shiny jackets.


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[Assistant] Jess, congratulations. Your fight for the pin is not over yet because we have recruited one of Sydney's hottest young guns.


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[Assistant] She's worked with some of our favourite Sydney chefs, with Lauren Murdoch at Felix, and with David Tsarekis at Zanthi. She started as sous chef.


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[Assistant] In just over a year, she became the head chef at what must be one of Sydney's tastiest restaurants. Please welcome, from Nomad, Jackie Challener.


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[Assistant] The secret to a great dessert. No eggs. Well, but you can have quail eggs.


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[Assistant] Look at these king brown mushrooms. They've got teeny weeny ones over there. We've got absolute monsters. Look at those prawns.


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[Assistant] Really just taking two central ingredients, the fennel and the prawn, and letting them sing.


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[Assistant] The sweetness of that fennel with the sweetness of that barely cooked prawn flesh is, is great. A brilliant dish.


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[Assistant] That might be one of the best bits of pastry we've ever had in the competition. That's just spectacular.


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[Assistant] Jackie, you need 26 or more to beat Jess. Jackie, I scored your dish.


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[Assistant] Just taking two ingredients and bringing us basically a dish that we all felt was the definition of where modern Australian cookery is right now. We loved it. Well done.


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[Assistant] And you're going to completely transform your eating habits, right?


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[Assistant] Well, I guess we'll just have to wait and see.


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[Assistant] You have to cut out the salt from your diet. No more chips, no more french fries, no more popcorn.


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[Assistant] And you're going to completely transform your eating habits, right?


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[Assistant] But I know that to get to the top and to win it all, you're gonna be in blacks many, many times. My biggest strength in this competition is my work ethic. I am an extremely driven and ambitious person. I'm the director of a marketing company.


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[Assistant] I feel like I've accomplished a lot in business and I've put all of that on hold to come and pursue my food dream.


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[Assistant] Four dishes to all come up at the same time is a very difficult thing to manage in a kitchen at home, let alone in a pressure test. It's gonna be crazy.


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[Assistant] When I bite into the brownie, there's the crunch of the walnuts, the fudginess of the chocolate, you get a little bit of crisp from the outside. It's beautiful.


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[Assistant] The recipe says three to four tablespoons. I follow it exactly and I make sure I press it down really well so that it's a really thin biscuit base, just like a Nigella's.


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[Assistant] We're working with the rarest chocolate in the world. In every feast there's always a centrepiece and for me I feel like the cheesecake is that so I want to get it spot on for Nigella.


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[Assistant] Today's pressure test is a 75 minute challenge where we have to put up four dishes as a part of Nigella's chocolate feast. The least impressive feast will send its maker home.


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[Assistant] There's definitely a fine balance between precision and speed. I know I need to move quickly, but I do not have any room for error.


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[Assistant] I've got my egg whites for the dark chocolate olive oil mousse in the stand mixer. Firm peaks. Do not over whisk. I grab my melted chocolate, pop it on the scale and I start pouring olive oil into the chocolate. Okay, here we go.


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[Assistant] As a part of Nigella's chocolate feast, one of the dishes is a dark chocolate olive oil mousse. I'm working on it and I've over-whipped my egg whites.


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[Assistant] Every minute is crucial. I know I need to move on to my white chocolate cookie dough pots.


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[Assistant] I want this so badly to be in the competition, to keep going further, you know, to go on to win this. I know I can do it. You've got it, Jen. I'm just gonna give it everything I've got.


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[Assistant] It looks like they underwiped me. But I know I'm on the clock and I haven't started my cookie pods. Frickin' egg whites. Gonna be the death of me.


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[Assistant] I know I've nailed the ruby chocolate cheesecake and the brownies look fantastic, but I'm really scared about the other two.


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[Assistant] I know my mousse isn't great. I'm relying on the taste being good because I know the texture isn't there. And then my white chocolate cookie dough pot didn't bake for long enough. The finer details are so crucial. I mean to have such big dishes with two out of the four of Nadella's chocolate feast, I could be going home.


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[Assistant] Ten minutes ago I didn't think I'd get the fourth dish on, uhm, but I got it on. There's definitely things in each.


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[Assistant] I'm proud of certain elements that I remembered that I did get right.


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[Assistant] So I think I might be a little bit under, uhm, I just, it doesn't have the body, it doesn't have enough air in it.


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[Assistant] If anything, I'd probably say I've done pretty bad since I got here. So my confidence has been pretty low.


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[Assistant] I like, I'm in the habit of saying that I would like it if butterflies could talk, but I've been recently reconsidering that because we already have a pretty loud world. Can you imagine if butterflies were yacking out there all over the place?


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[Assistant] But I would like to ask butterflies one question, which is, what is the meaning of some of the stories that we humans tell about them?


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[Assistant] Who have died wrongly or too soon, and other cultures tell us that butterflies are carrying the souls of our ancestors among us.


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[Assistant] This butterfly is called, uh, Kalina inachis. On one side it looks like a beautiful butterfly, and on the other side it looks like a leaf, and it folds up like a leaf to elude predators. So now you see it, now you don't. Something hidden, something revealed. Maybe we got our ideas about the human soul from this butterfly.


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[Assistant] This is a moth. Moths and butterflies are related. Moths generally fly at night. This is called predicta, because Darwin predicted that it must exist. So today, more than 60 ...


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[Assistant] Species of butterflies are endangered around the world, but even more than that, insects are declining, declining, declining.


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[Assistant] In the last 50 years, we've lost nearly 50 percent of the total number of bodies of insects. Now this is a disaster.


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[Assistant] But they do things for other creatures that we do depend on.


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[Assistant] And that's the same story with all insect life. Insect life is at the very foundation of our life support systems. We can't lose these insects.


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[Assistant] Biodiversity all over the globe is in a vast decline. Habitat loss ...


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[Assistant] It's the worst of times. We are kind of overloaded with our problems. It's also the best of times. There's incredibly good news. We have exactly what we need. We have exactly the platform to save nature. It's called citizen science.


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[Assistant] So citizen science is generally a term used to mean people without a PhD contributing to scientific research.


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[Assistant] purpose of citizen science, which is to do something for our commons together. It's amateur science.


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[Assistant] But it's an ancient practice that people have always practiced. It's amateur science. Professional science has its roots in amateur science.


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[Assistant] Charles Darwin was a citizen scientist. He had no advanced degree, and he worked only for himself.


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[Assistant] So this person showed this to Darwin and said, this proves that evolution does not come about in a natural way. This flower proves that only God can make these incredibly bizarre and tricky-looking creatures on the earth.


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[Assistant] Because no insect could possibly pollinate this. God must reproduce it.


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[Assistant] And Darwin said, no, I'm sure that there is an insect somewhere with a proboscis long enough to pollinate that star orchid. And he was right.


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[Assistant] The monarch does this amazing thing, and over the course of a year, it goes over the entirety of North America. It does this in four or five generations. The first generations only live a couple of weeks. They mate, they lay eggs, and they die. The next generation emerges as butterflies and takes the next leg of the journey.


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[Assistant] Nobody knows how they do it. By the time the fifth generation comes back around and that one lives longer, they overwinter in Mexico and in California, by the time it gets there,


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[Assistant] The reason we know they do this kind of migration and they still have a lot of unanswered questions about the monarch migration is because of citizen science. So for decades, people have made observations about monarch butterflies, where and when they see them, and they've contributed these observations to platforms like Journey North.


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[Assistant] And if you can see, the dots are coded by what time of year those observations were made. So these massive amounts of data come into a place like Journey North, and they can create a map of this time of over a course of a year of where monarchs go.


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[Assistant] So in the 1980s, the overwintering butterflies here in California, there were four million counted. Last year, 30,000.


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[Assistant] Okay, so what are we going to do about it? Well, very organically, nobody really asking anybody to do it.


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[Assistant] People all over the continent are supporting monarch butterflies. The heart of the problem for monarchs is milkweed.


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[Assistant] So another coevolutionary relationship, and here's the story.


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[Assistant] But the monarch developed a different kind of relationship, a different strategy with the milkweed. Not only does it tolerate the toxin,


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[Assistant] Monarch butterflies will only lay their eggs on milkweed and monarch caterpillars will only eat milkweed because they need that toxin to actually create what they are as a species.


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[Assistant] Are planting milkweed all over the country where we have lost milkweed due to habitat destruction, pesticide use, herbicide use and climate change impacts.


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[Assistant] To the level necessary that we need to mobilize to save nature. And this is an example. It's called City Nature Challenge.


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[Assistant] And City Nature Challenge is a project of the California Academy of Sciences and the Los Angeles Museum of Natural History.


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[Assistant] They have more biodiversity than we do. It's kind of an interesting thing what is revealed when you start seeing what are the natural resources where you live. Because as we go forward, you want to live where there's more biodiversity. And by the way, citizen science is a very good tool for social justice.


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[Assistant] And environmental justice goals for helping reach them. You need to have data and you need to show a picture, you need to point to a cause and then you need to have the surgical strike to help support whatever that problem is.


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[Assistant] Geolocates that observation. That's the data. That's the science of citizen science. And then that data is shared.


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[Assistant] And that sharing, that is the soul of citizen science. When we share data, we can see much bigger pictures of what's going on.


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[Assistant] This is a Xerxes blue butterfly, which went extinct when it lost its habitat in Golden Gate Park. It had a coevolutionary relationship with an ant, and that's another story.


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[Assistant] I'll end by asking you please participate in citizen science in some way, shape or form.


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[Assistant] Add that I think butterflies probably really do have enough on their plate without carrying around human souls.


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[Assistant] with butterflies. Certainly, we are connected to butterflies in deeper ways than we currently know. And the mystery of the butterfly will never be revealed if we don't save them. So please join me in helping to save nature now. Thank you.


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[Assistant] It's just so bright. Like it tastes floral, yea it tastes...


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[Assistant] You know what sucks? Is that the difference between


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[Assistant] Walking up there and walking out there is gonna be like the smallest of things.


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[Assistant] Oh, it started pouring olive oil and it's still on zero for some reason. Didn't measure it out. Separately, no.


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[Assistant] Unanimously, we all chose Chloe. She knows her food, she knows her way around the kitchen, so hopefully she will lead us to victory.


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[Assistant] I can't believe it. It seems like only seconds we've walked through those doors and now we have to prep and cook a three course dinner for 50 diners.


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[Assistant] The pressure's on at the moment. Gordon wants the test dish up. My pasta's ready, but we have to wait till the prawn mousse is done and also the bisque is ready.


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[Assistant] Gordon's just tasted the test dish for the entree. It's a disaster. It did not work on the plate. The prawn mousse is not right. The bisque is not right. I've made the pasta. It's ready to go. But we still have to roll and fill 50 tortellini.


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[Assistant] I can't roll unless that's done. Yeah. The diners will be coming through those doors and sitting down very soon and we still haven't started to roll or fill these 50 tortellini. Gina? Yes? Have you got your fillings?


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[Assistant] Diners are going to be arriving very soon and we do not have an entree to put up.


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[Assistant] We ditch the first entree, we're making spaghetti with a light chilli and garlic olive oil with a grilled prawn.


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[Assistant] The pasta dough is ready to go. We just put it into the boiling water, toss it through the olive oil and chilli dressing, and then send it out.


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[Assistant] It's not the dish that we all agreed on to begin with, but it's looking good on the plate, it tastes good, so I'm really happy with the end result.


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[Assistant] Today was so difficult because we didn't work well together as a whole.


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[Assistant] On the other hand, I thought our dishes tasted and looked good. So we don't know which way it's going to go.


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[Assistant] It's quite humbling hearing Gary commend that pasta dish. It made me very, very happy to think that at least that kind of pushed us up to maybe an even playing field.


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[Assistant] Barbecue king prawns, olive oil poached fennel, chilli and lime.


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[Assistant] Khan, cover your dog. He needs to cover his dog.


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[Assistant] For our main, we're going to do a crispy skin salmon with a fennel and watercress salad.


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[Assistant] It's taken a while for us to come up with this dish today, so Ben is still filleting the salmon.


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[Assistant] Today's really hectic because we've only got two hours of prep. The whole team is working on all three courses simultaneously.


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[Assistant] We've changed our entree to chilli oil spaghetti with a grilled prawn. Two machines Chloe!


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[Assistant] For our main we're going to do a crispy skinned salmon with fennel and watercress. Oh I'm worried about this.


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[Assistant] Because today's been so intense, we've all been moving from job to job. So the test plate for the main that we put up for Gordon is just not what we wanted.


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[Assistant] Round one is all about meat, so is round two.


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[Assistant] But we're not going to send you into the butcher's shop alone. We've recruited a very special guest. He's carved out his place in the Los Angeles food scene with both his restaurants named best new restaurant in the year they opened.


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[Assistant] His first celebrates ingredients in all their myriad forms and his second celebrates meat to such a degree that he has his own in-house butcher's shop.


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[Assistant] So Curtis, there's a theory that there's not a big butchery culture.


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[Assistant] Good job. Sarah! 32. What is number 32? Chariso. Well done. Let's go back in line.


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[Assistant] Khan, I reckon your mother's got no fingernails left, come on.


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[Assistant] Jenny, Khan, Aldo and Ben, you're all safe. Head up to the gantry.


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[Assistant] It's a challenge because I would have thought at the beginning today when we said meat two rounds, you would be punching the air and going, fantastic. How would you feel if your, your good friend Beef sent you home?


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[Assistant] The sweetest corn goes so well with the Biden salsa verde. The burnt lime over the top. Delicious combination.


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[Assistant] The salsa verde is beautiful and bright. There's no doubt that the meat on that plate is cooked to perfection.


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[Assistant] What is it that scares you? What is it that, you know, is it the coming to that realization you may go home?


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[Assistant] Salt and acidity are crucial, and sadly that's not there.


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[Assistant] What a day and what a pleasure to have Curtis Stone back in the kitchen with us.


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[Assistant] It's a lovely balance of filling, of the dumpling skin.


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[Assistant] I think the flavour's pretty good, little hint of chilli, and that pasta's nice and tight, it's al dente, it's beautifully made, it's very fine. I think it's more about the panic of putting it together. Yeah.


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[Assistant] Yours is not beautifully good. Well if you look at mine, mine's steaming, right? And I've just cut it up and in fact this is starting to


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[Assistant] To not a bad pasta. Who is responsible for that?


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[Assistant] Funny that one, Gina. But you know what? The pasta was perfectly made. And it still had a little bite to it, which we loved.


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[Assistant] That was a good hint of chilli and perfectly cooked prawns. Well done.


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[Assistant] Your dessert, for all the trouble it caused you, was also delicious.


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[Assistant] You were way behind the eight ball at the start of the service.


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[Assistant] Your timing was completely out and customers waited. On top of that, your salmon was inconsistently cooked.


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[Assistant] And mine was completely overcooked. And to be honest, that's not good enough. And that's why blue team, you're going into tomorrow's elimination.


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[Assistant] We've been behind the eight ball all day and this dish could be our chance to catch up, but we still haven't finalised what's going on on the plate.


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[Assistant] We're running so far behind. We really need some motion now because Aldo and I need to get our dessert ready for service.


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[Assistant] We've been so behind today. I'm just hoping that if we can come home with a strong dessert that that's what the diners and judges will remember.


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[Assistant] I'm going to go number ten. What is it? Lamb shank.


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[Assistant] The chefs are moving quite fast. It's kinda hard for us to keep up with them.


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[Assistant] I think I do have a good memory, like I remember ratios really specifically for desserts so I think that's my strength. So that's the finished dessert.


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[Assistant] Oh wow. That's incredible. I'm trying to take a photograph with my memory of what it looks like because we have to have these dishes exactly the same.


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[Assistant] So the time starts and we have to relay this information to our team as fast as possible. Look, this challenge is all about communication. Lisa and I need to communicate really, really well.


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[Assistant] It's really hard to let Hoor and Samira know exactly how this dish looks and tastes when they haven't tasted or seen it. So I draw a picture of the dish and just put arrows to what each element is so they can start to make a visual understanding of what's on the plate.


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[Assistant] The dessert that we're memorising today is a poached apricot with a meadow sweet mousse and a lemon thyme and grain cluster.


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[Assistant] I've allocated Samira onto the cluster, and with Hura, I'm gonna get her onto the apricot. You need at least 30.


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[Assistant] The main element that I want to work on today is the moose. I'm just getting the moose together. I thought the moose is like the most...


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[Assistant] Well the crucial component of the dish, I'm gonna work on it, just so I know I can replicate it right?


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[Assistant] It tastes like meadow sweet, which I've never tasted before, and it's quite earthy and sweet and very Australian-flavoured, like, if that makes sense.


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[Assistant] I love this, like, I really wanna do a good job of it and I wanna make it really hard for the judges to even decide which one's David's and which one's mine. So I'm gonna set it now.


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[Assistant] The moose is set in the fridge and I'm really, really happy with it. So it's time to move on to helping Huda with these apricots which need to be poached perfectly.


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[Assistant] It looks like a lot more ingredients than what David had on his bench. I think straight away it's wrong.


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[Assistant] Samira's only just getting the second batch of clusters out of the oven. These need to be perfect or we're gonna be in trouble.


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[Assistant] So the first thing to go on the plate is the Quenelle of the Moose. I'm really, really happy with it.


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[Assistant] I think it looks very similar to the dish this morning. Uhm, I just hope it is. Like, it's been a while since I tried it. I've been up in the sky, so I might be a bit confused, but it tastes really good, so I'm happy.


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[Assistant] So I'm just testing every minute or so. They just need to be, uhm, a little soft but still with a little bite to it. Come on guys!


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[Assistant] The Wind in the Willows Episode 85 Jealous Toad


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[Assistant] But Mole was too excited to notice. He kept telling his story.


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[Assistant] Badger patted Mole on the back. Toad could not believe it.


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[Assistant] Definitely our surroundings today should inspire our dishes.


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[Assistant] We're all getting wet today, regardless of where we stand. So we all just need to power through, have a positive attitude, and that's going to get us through this cook.


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[Assistant] So, in today's entree, we're definitely championing a lot of the local Barossa ingredients. We've got the Barossa Goats Curds with the sweet beetroot and these robust grapes and then finishing off with our Shiraz Vinaigrette.


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[Assistant] With the vinaigrette, we definitely want it to be a massive flavour. The wine reduction is what's gonna turn this simple salad into a really classy and complex entree. What are you guys doing right now?


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[Assistant] Well, an hour into this cooking, our pork literally hasn't even started cooking. And that is the number one ingredient in our main dish.


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[Assistant] Over there is some pork fillets and obviously all the condiments to our pork belly work really well with any type of pork. We're making a last minute decision to get some pork bones on because we know we can cook them faster than a belly.


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[Assistant] The other way we're celebrating grapes today is with a red wine vinaigrette.


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[Assistant] We're in the Barossa and I absolutely love wine, especially Shiraz, so we'll be using that in today's entree.


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[Assistant] Everyone has a role in the production line because we think that's going to be the first way to get each course out.


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[Assistant] Hey guys. What have we got? For the entree. You've got the roasted beetroot with the red grapes, which we blitzed in the pan, with the goat's cheese from the brossa, and we finished off with a red wine and grape vinaigrette.


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[Assistant] I'm really happy with how we're going with blue team. Entrez are looking perfect, so really comfortable with that. So now we just need to keep it together and just focus on the main and today's third.


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[Assistant] I really love the sound of Chris and I did. Hopefully we can replicate our surroundings and put up a really delicious dish today.


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[Assistant] This walk has been a nightmare and is stressing Sashi, myself and Sarah out.


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[Assistant] This pork has been an absolute rollercoaster, but we're super proud of both Sarah and Sashi because I think the way that they're able to incorporate the grape and the fennel around that pork were absolutely incredible. So hopefully that will be enough to get us through today.


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[Assistant] So Rhys? For the main we have the brossel pork, so we did the pork fillet. We had some roasted fennel and some roasted grapes in there as well, with a few pickled grapes and finished with some fennel fronds. Alright then, thank you. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Definitely, we hero those grapes big time. The red wine reduction on there is just amazing.


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[Assistant] Fossils can contain a remnants of DNA, and determining the contents of that ancient genetic material can be incredibly useful for understanding evolution. But ancient DNA has a shelf life.


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[Assistant] It's a complex molecule, and it doesn't last forever, though it can stick around for a surprisingly long time. The oldest known DNA dates back hundreds of thousands of years. It's predicted that DNA might be able to survive more than a million years.


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[Assistant] Were both important during the later parts of the last ice age. Woolly mammoths lived in cold, high-latitude regions of North America and Eurasia. Colombian mammoths were much bigger and lived only in North America. But there were many other species before them, including species thought to be their ancestors.


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[Assistant] In this study, researchers examined three mammoth molars from frozen soils in Siberia. One of the teeth comes from a very ancient woolly mammoth.


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[Assistant] While the other two are either from steppe mammoths or something very similar. The three teeth range in age from 700,000 to 1.2 million years old. There was DNA locked up inside these teeth, though the passing of a million years had taken a toll on its integrity.


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[Assistant] However, with some very careful methods, the researchers were able to reconstruct significant chunks of each mammoth's genome. Those chunks included portions that geneticists use


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[Assistant] To trace the descent of evolutionary lineages over time.


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[Assistant] is a huge technical achievement that confirms that DNA can be extracted from fossils over one million years old, but it also


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[Assistant] Shakes up our understanding of mammoth evolution. See, researchers had thought that there was only one group of mammoths in Siberia 1.2 million years ago. However, by comparing the DNA sequences from the two older teeth, the researchers determined that they were different enough to be two separate lineages, which is to say,


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[Assistant] Two related, but apparently distinct groups. According to the DNA, one of those lineages is the ancestor of woolly mammoths, but the second is a whole other lineage of mammoths that we didn't know about. Even more surprisingly, that other separate group was a partial match for Columbian mammoths, and a partial match


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[Assistant] This means that early woolly mammoths must have interbred with this unknown group at some point to produce the Columbian mammoths. They're not descended from a single ancestral species. Instead, they're hybrids.


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[Assistant] Surrounded by it. All around the frozen continent are ice shelves, huge slabs of ice that float on the ocean's surface. As you might imagine, the world beneath an ice shelf is cold.


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[Assistant] And it is dark. So scientists have long suspected that not much animal life could survive down there. All they've found beneath ice sheets so far are a few swimming or crawling critters. But this new study uncovered a big surprise.


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[Assistant] Scientists had believed that type of lifestyle was totally impossible beneath an ice sheet. The researchers drilled holes several hundred meters through the Filchner ice shelf.


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[Assistant] And sent a camera down to see what was below. On the seafloor, 1200 meters beneath the surface, they spotted a big boulder that was covered in animal life. And all those animals were sessiles.


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[Assistant] With the footage they got, the researchers weren't able to identify all the animals they saw, but most of them seemed to be sponges.


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[Assistant] Or sponge-like organisms. Researchers believe these animals are filter feeders. They get their food from nutrients floating in the water. Usually, those floating nutrients drift down from ecosystems higher in the water, thanks to photosynthesizing plankton and the animals that eat them. But photosynthesis?


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[Assistant] Requires sunlight, and there is none of that beneath the ice shelf. The researchers estimate that any nutrients traveling on the local water currents would need to make a journey of up to 1500 kilometers.


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[Assistant] To reach this boulder from the nearest sunlit habitat. It's also possible that the animals could be feeding on nutrients within the sediments melting slowly out of the ice shelf above them.


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[Assistant] What these creatures are eating and how they got here in the first place. It could be that this ecosystem is better connected to the outside world than we realize or that they really are specially adapted for this dark,


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[Assistant] Frigid habitat with nothing to eat. Either way, it means that there's more to life under the ice shelves than we knew.


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[Assistant] So much more that we can stumble on it in places we really don't expect. Thank you for watching this edition of SciShow News. SciShow is brought to you by our amazing, wonderful, fantastic community of patrons. Patrons get access to neat perks from monthly Fancy Facts to our community Discord. If you'd like to join and help us do what we do, check out patreon.com slash SciShow.


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[Assistant] Now, it is hard to cure Alzheimer's because symptoms of the disease begin to show when it has almost irreversibly damaged the brain.


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[Assistant] Also, finding candidates for effective clinical trials is difficult. Because there is no method to identify people with the disease at initial stages. Thus, it is hard to test the medications and check whether they work or not.


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[Assistant] In addition to this, Alzheimer's affects different people in different ways. Hence, a drug which is somewhat effective on a patient suffering from Alzheimer's might not work on another patient.


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[Assistant] Duh, obviously sweat. No. Huh? Sweat is odorless. Oh. What? But how is that possible?


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[Assistant] Our skin contains two types of sweat glands, eccrine glands and apocrine glands. Eccrine glands are present all over our body. They produce sweat which is mostly water.


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[Assistant] Whereas apocrine glands are concentrated in regions such as ear canals, armpits, etc. They produce thicker sweat which has proteins.


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[Assistant] Oh, gross. Just listen. We know that millions of bacteria are normally found all over our skin. When apocrine glands produce sweat, the bacteria on our skin break down the proteins in that sweat. Releasing unpleasant smell, which we call as body odor. How to not cry while cutting onions. Watch a comedy movie.


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[Assistant] However, if we freeze onions before cutting, then the temperature of onions drops. Due to this, the sulfoxides and enzymes react slowly, producing less gas and thus, reducing the amount of crying. We can even wear tight goggles so that the gas doesn't reach our eyes.


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[Assistant] Also, cutting an onion under running water washes away the chemicals. Hence, we can also use this method to reduce crying while cutting onions.


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[Assistant] Vocal fry is a creaky or raspy voice seldom used in speech. I thought it is used by leech.


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[Assistant] When we speak, air from our lungs passes through the vocal folds, making them vibrate.


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[Assistant] However, longitudinally, they are not stretched tightly.


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[Assistant] No, don't use the blunt knife. Use the sharp knife.


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[Assistant] Look, the apple gets cut very easily. Confused, right? Let me explain.


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[Assistant] That means the pressure will be directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to area.


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[Assistant] This is because the area on which the force acted was different. In the case of a blunt knife, the cutting edge is thicker. That means, the area is larger.


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[Assistant] As a result, the force of our hand falls over a larger area of the knife producing less pressure. Hence, it is difficult to cut with a blunt knife.


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[Assistant] When we exercise, our body produces two hormones called adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones attach to specific receptors present on fat cells and help break down the fat.


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[Assistant] Now, our fat cells have two types of receptors, alpha and beta.


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[Assistant] However, alpha receptors don't respond that well, causing the fat to break down slowly.


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[Assistant] Hence, the ratio of the two receptors determines the rate at which the fat will break down. Now, as the fat cells of our face, chest, arms, etc. have more beta receptors than alpha. The fat breakdown is faster and easier.


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[Assistant] However, as the fat cells of our belly, hips, thighs, etc. have more alpha receptors than beta. That breakdown is comparatively slower and harder. Why does our stomach growl?


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[Assistant] Cause there are bears in our stomach. Nah. Growling sound is produced mostly due to movement of gas in the digestive tract. Especially in the intestines. Now gas can either enter or be produced in the intestines. But how?


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[Assistant] Now, as our intestines are hollow tubes, such movement of gases produces growling sounds. Besides this, hunker increases growling.


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[Assistant] Usually, our stomach and brain are constantly communicating with each other with the help of hormones and nerves. So, when our stomach is empty and the glucose level in our blood is low, the stomach produces a hormone called ghrelic.


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[Assistant] Trellin generally travels to the brain through blood and informs the brain that we need to eat and thus, we feel hungry.


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[Assistant] Now, when we eat food to satisfy our hunger, the food enters our stomach, causing its walls to stretch and expand. When this happens, the nerves on the stomach walls detect the expansion and tell the brain that our stomach is full and our hunger is satisfied.


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[Assistant] As mentioned earlier, our stomach and brain constantly communicate with each other with the help of hormones. One of these hormones is Colicistokinin.


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[Assistant] When we begin to eat, nutrients in food stimulate the release of cholecystokinin, which eventually enters the bloodstream. It is the presence of this cholecystokinin in the blood which informs the brain that we are eating food and not just drinking water.


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[Assistant] Now, as we eat more food, more cholecystokinin is released, informing our brain that our stomach is getting full with food, and thus, the brain needs to suppress the desire to eat.


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[Assistant] Butterflies in our stomach are basically caused by our autonomic nervous system, or ANS.


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[Assistant] This means it redirects blood from other parts of the body to mostly our hands and legs so that they get sufficient oxygen and nutrients and thus help us fight or flight.


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[Assistant] It is believed that since blood is redirected from the stomach. Millions of sensory nerves in it detect a sudden decrease in oxygen. Hence, in response to this, the nerve cells create the feeling of butterflies. Also, because of blood redirection, it is thought that the stomach contracts. Thus contributing to the feeling of butterflies.


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[Assistant] Chapter 1 The Dancers Quick! Quick! Close the door! It's him! Annie Sorelli ran into the dressing room, her face white. One of the girls ran and closed the door, and then they all turned to Annie Sorelli. Who? Where? What's the matter? They cried.


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[Assistant] It's the ghost, Annie said. In the passage, I saw him. He came through the wall in front of me. And, and I saw his face. Most of the girls were afraid, but one of them, a tall girl with black hair, laughed. Poo, she said.


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[Assistant] Everybody says they see the opera ghost, but there isn't really a ghost. You saw a shadow on the wall. But she did not open the door or look into the passage.


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[Assistant] Lots of people see him, a second girl said. Joseph Bouquet saw him two days ago. Don't you remember? Then all the girls began to talk at once. Joseph says the ghost is tall and he wears a black evening coat.


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[Assistant] He has the head of a dead man with a yellow face and no nose.


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[Assistant] And no eyes, only black holes. Then, little Maggierie spoke for the first time. Don't talk about him. He doesn't like it. My mother told me. Your mother? The girl with black hair said. What does your mother know about the ghost? She says that Joseph Bouquet is a fool.


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[Assistant] The ghost doesn't like people talking about him. And one day, Joseph Bouquet is going to be sorry. Very sorry. But what does your mother know? Tell us! Tell us! All the girls cried. Oh dear, said Meg. But please don't say a word to anyone.


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[Assistant] You know my mother is the doorkeeper for some of the boxes in the opera house. Well box five is the ghost's box.


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[Assistant] He watches the operas from that box.


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[Assistant] And sometimes he leaves flowers for my mother.


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[Assistant] Ghost has a box and leaves flowers in it.


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[Assistant] Oh Meg, your mother's telling you stories. How can the ghost have a box? It's true, it's true I tell you, Meg said.


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[Assistant] Nobody buys tickets for box five, but the ghost always comes to it on opera nights. So somebody does come there. Why no? The ghost comes, but there is nobody there. The dancers looked at Meg. But how does your mother know? One of them asked. There's no man in a black evening coat.


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[Assistant] With a yellow face. That's all wrong!


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[Assistant] My mother never sees the ghost in box five, but she hears him. He talks to her, but there is nobody there. And he doesn't like people talking about him. But that evening,


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[Assistant] The dancers could not stop talking about the opera ghost. They talked before the opera, all through the opera, and after the opera. But they talked very quietly, and they looked behind them before they spoke.


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[Assistant] When the opera finished, the girls went back to their dressing room. Suddenly, they heard somebody in the passage, and Madame Girry, Meg's mother, ran into the room. She was a fat, motherly woman, with a red, happy face. But tonight, her face was white. Oh, girls! She cried. Joseph Bouquet is dead!


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[Assistant] You know he works a long way down, on the fourth floor under the stage.


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[Assistant] The other stage workers found his dead body there an hour ago, with a rope around his neck. It's the ghost! cried Meggiri. The ghost killed him!


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[Assistant] Right, it's been a hot topic in the U.S., the new president-elect, President Obama.


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[Assistant] The inaugural address is the first speech the president gives at the ceremony when he is officially president.


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[Assistant] Great, so let's take a look at some other words that we're going to find in the dialogue today in vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] Alright, on vocabulary preview today we have two words. The first one is swear in.


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[Assistant] So to swear someone in is to officially give that person a very important position. Usually in government.


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[Assistant] Right, so they promise that they will do their job. Okay, great. So now, let's listen to our dialogue for a first time. Where are we?


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[Assistant] Well, if it does, you heard it first at EnglishPod.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at language takeaway.


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[Assistant] Right, so, for example, there was a party last night and the who's who of the film industry was there.


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[Assistant] Okay, so all the important political figures were at this funeral.


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[Assistant] Okay, we have some great examples so you can understand what this word means, so let's listen.


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[Assistant] Right. Important political or religious figures.


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[Assistant] Alright, now our last word for language takeaway, palpable.


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[Assistant] Okay, so it's a very strong feeling. You can almost touch it.


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[Assistant] Okay, interesting word, palpable. Let's listen to our dialogue again, and now let's try and listen to all these words we just talked about.


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[Assistant] Okay, so if you noticed in our dialogue, we have some really interesting phrases there.


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[Assistant] On Fluency Builder today we're gonna be looking at three phrases that are very interesting because we can change them a little bit and form different patterns.


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[Assistant] Okay so, in a word, this podcast is...


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[Assistant] Amazing. Okay. Okay, let's look at our second phrase today. Go down in history.


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[Assistant] So basically, fellow just means like, dear.


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[Assistant] Yeah. In some way. Sim- well, similar. Similar. Yeah.


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[Assistant] Today in the studio we have JP who's joining us. Hi everyone!


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[Assistant] And he's gonna be talking to us about these, uh, traditions. Oh, ehm, okay.


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[Assistant] Okay? And what about this song, Hail to the Chief? Do you know anything about that?


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[Assistant] Well, you did play for the president, so, you know. That's pretty cool. Yeah, yeah.


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[Assistant] Alright, great. We're definitely gonna take the day off to watch it with JP. And uhm, hopefully you guys can too.


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[Assistant] Yep, that's me. And you're you. And we don't know each other very well. Cool story, bro.


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[Assistant] Guess I can't get too jealous, right? After all, she isn't my Twilight. Not that the other Twilight was mine. But we were... you know.


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[Assistant] Sunset Shimmer? What were you doing behind that door?


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[Assistant] Hey listen, I'm glad I ran into you. I really wanted to thank you. For what? For the tough love. Telling me I should get over Twilight. I needed to hear that. Sure, no problem.


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[Assistant] Come on, Sunset. We used to date. I know when something's bothering you.


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[Assistant] But what I do know is that your friend is lucky to have someone like you to look out for them. Really? Yeah. You know, you've changed a lot since we went out. You're so much nicer.


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[Assistant] Oh my gosh, that's stressful. Time's up and Belisa's gone. I'm not really too sure what's going on.


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[Assistant] I'm really nervous. The only element we have is the ice cream and the creme anglaise is taking a very long time to come up to temperature.


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[Assistant] I need to pop it into the churner so I can start the other elements. Come on Jenny, that looks good.


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[Assistant] It's all over, said Mole. The ferrets outside ran away. They dropped their guns on the grass. HA!


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[Assistant] It results in Tay-Sachs, an incurable disease that progressively shuts down the central nervous system and causes death by age five.


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[Assistant] But I knew something that helped keep me calm when I heard this bombshell about my own biology.


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[Assistant] While the frequency of heterozygotes, individuals who have one normal copy of the gene and one mutated copy, is about one out of 27 people among Jews of Ashkenazi descent, like me,


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[Assistant] But it wasn't until a few years after my daughter was born, when I created and taught a seminar on evolutionary medicine at Harvard,


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[Assistant] Now I'm sure some of you are thinking, I'm sorry, did you just suggest that this disease-causing mutation had beneficial effects? Yeah, I did.


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[Assistant] May have been more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their genetic material, including that mutated gene.


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[Assistant] Evolutionary biologists call this phenomenon heterozygote advantage. And it explains, for example, why carriers of sickle cell anemia are more common among some African and Asian populations or those with ancestry from these tropical regions.


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[Assistant] People with the mutation aren't less likely to get bitten by the mosquitoes that transmit the disease, but they are less likely to get sick or die as a result.


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[Assistant] Carriers are less susceptible to malaria because they make some sickled red blood cells, but they make enough normal red blood cells that they aren't negatively affected by sickle cell anemia.


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[Assistant] Now in my case, the defective gene I carry won't protect me against malaria.


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[Assistant] But the unusual prevalence of the TASACS mutation in Ashkenazi populations may be another example of heterozygote advantage. In this case, increasing resistance to tuberculosis.


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[Assistant] When researchers published data showing that among the Eastern European-born grandparents of a sample of American Ashkenazi children born with Tay-Sachs, tuberculosis was an exceedingly rare cause of death.


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[Assistant] Now on the one hand, these results weren't surprising. People had already recognized that while Jews and non-Jews in Europe had been equally likely to contract TB during this time, the death rate among non-Jews was twice as high.


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[Assistant] But the hypothesis that these Ashkenazi grandparents had been less likely to die of TB, specifically because at least some of them were TSX carriers, was novel and compelling.


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[Assistant] The data hinted that the persistence of the Tay-Sachs mutation among Ashkenazi Jews might be explained by the benefits of being a carrier in an environment where tuberculosis was prevalent. You'll notice though


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[Assistant] Even if the Tasex mutation persisted because carriers were more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genetic material,


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[Assistant] One possibility is that the genes and health of Eastern European Jews were affected not simply by geography, but also by historical and cultural factors.


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[Assistant] Ideal conditions for the tuberculosis bacterium to thrive.


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[Assistant] Those individuals who were not carriers of any genetic protection would have been more likely to die.


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[Assistant] This winnowing effect, together with a strong cultural predilection for marrying and reproducing only within the Ashkenazi community.


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[Assistant] In a nutshell, there are three basic reasons why human bodies, including yours and mine, remain vulnerable to diseases and other health problems today. Natural selection acts slowly, there are limitations to the changes it can make,


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[Assistant] The way the pace of natural selection affects human health is probably most obvious in people's relationship with infectious pathogens.


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[Assistant] Taken to their extremes, though, they cause significant problems.


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[Assistant] This delicate balance highlights the constraints inherent in the human body.


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[Assistant] In many instances, a change that improves survival or reproduction in one sense may have cascading effects that carry their own risk.


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[Assistant] It's also important to remember, when considering our body's vulnerabilities, that from an evolutionary perspective, health isn't the most important currency. Reproduction is.


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[Assistant] Success is measured not by how healthy an individual is, or by how long she lives, but by how many copies of her genes she passes to the next generation.


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[Assistant] The mutation's detrimental effects usually don't appear until after the typical age of reproduction.


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[Assistant] When affected individuals have already passed on their genes.


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[Assistant] As a whole, the biomedical community focuses on proximate explanations and uses them to shape treatment approaches.


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[Assistant] Approximate explanations for health conditions consider the immediate factors, what's going on inside someone's body right now that cause a particular problem.


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[Assistant] Nearsightedness, for example, is usually the result of changes to the shape of the eye and can be easily corrected with glasses.


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[Assistant] Adopting an evolutionary perspective to consider the broader question of why do we have this problem to begin with?


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[Assistant] What evolutionary medicine calls the ultimate perspective.


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[Assistant] Can give us insight into non-immediate factors that affect our health.


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[Assistant] In evolutionary terms, this is a recent change.


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[Assistant] Strains our eyes differently and affects the physical shape of the eye.


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[Assistant] When we put all these pieces together, this ultimate explanation for nearsightedness, that environmental and behavioral change impact the way we use our eyes, helps us better understand the proximate cause. And an inescapable conclusion emerges.


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[Assistant] My mother was right. I probably should have spent a little less time with my nose in a book. This is just one of many possible examples.


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[Assistant] Understanding that your health is affected not just by what's going on in your body right now, but also by your genetic inheritance, culture and history can help you make more informed decisions about predispositions, risks and treatments.


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[Assistant] As for me, I won't claim that an evolutionary medicine perspective has always directly influenced my decisions, such as my choice of spouse.


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[Assistant] It turned out, though, that not following the traditional practice of marrying within the Jewish community ultimately worked in my favor genetically, reducing the odds of me having a baby with Tay-Sachs.


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[Assistant] The experience of learning about my own genes taught me to think differently about health in the long run. And I hope sharing my story inspires you to do the same. Thank you.


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[Assistant] For example, when it rains, the water droplets react with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and form carbonic acid, making rainwater slightly acidic.


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[Assistant] In addition to this, along the mid-ocean ridges, magma rises close to the oceanic crust. Here, when the salty ocean water seeps into the Earth's crust, it gets hot due to magma.


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[Assistant] No. Our lungs help us to exchange gases. They are always moist and warm. Now when we breathe, we inhale oxygen rich air and exhale carbon dioxide rich air. However, as the lungs are warm and moist, the exhaled air is warm and has more moisture in the form of water vapor. Really?


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[Assistant] In cold months, when this warm and moist exhaled air comes in contact with the cool air, the moisture in the exhaled air condenses to form tiny water droplets.


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[Assistant] Thus, we can see these tiny water droplets as cloud or fog in our breath.


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[Assistant] Wait, I'll explain. A sound comprises of several frequencies. However, some people have a greater sensitivity to higher frequencies in a sound. While others have a greater sensitivity to lower frequencies. I have a greater sensitivity towards chocolates.


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[Assistant] Please listen. In this audio clip, the higher frequency forms the sound Yanny and the lower frequency forms Laurel.


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[Assistant] In addition to this, age could also affect the frequencies we hear. This is because as we age, we begin to lose our ability to perceive higher frequencies.


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[Assistant] Hence, older people tend to hear Laurel while younger people hear Yanny.


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[Assistant] No. Our core body temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.


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[Assistant] Now what to do? Now, our brain constricts the blood vessels of our limbs.


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[Assistant] Diverting blood to the vital organs to maintain their core temperature.


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[Assistant] As our limbs don't get sufficient warmth, they start to freeze, giving us frostbite. Frostbite progresses in three stages.


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[Assistant] First is frostnip, in which the surface of our skin freezes. During the second stage, called superficial frostbite, often ice crystals form in the skin.


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[Assistant] During the third stage, that is, deep frostbite, the underlying tissues, blood vessels, bones, etc. Freeze and may get permanently damaged. Topic, speed of sound.


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[Assistant] Now, I bet you that the television will not switch on instantly after you clap.


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[Assistant] Do you know why the sound took more time to reach the television?


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[Assistant] Higher the temperature of the medium, more will be the speed of sound and vice versa. So in this case, what do you think is the medium? Are you kidding me? I don't know. No problem. I will tell you.


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[Assistant] During summer season, the temperature of air increases.


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[Assistant] Hence, they vibrate faster, leading to increase in speed of sound.


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[Assistant] Now, during winter season, the temperature of air decreases.


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[Assistant] With the decrease in temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecules also decreases.


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[Assistant] Hence, the molecules do not vibrate much. As a result, the speed of sound decreases during winter season.


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[Assistant] Chapter 3. Christine Daye. Monsieur Thurmau was right.


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[Assistant] All Paris talked about the new Margarita in Faust. The girl with the beautiful voice. The girl with the voice of an angel. People loved her.


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[Assistant] They laughed and cried and called for more. Daye was wonderful. The best singer in the world.


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[Assistant] Behind the stage, Meg Giri looked at Annie Sorelli.


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[Assistant] Christine Dyer never sang like that before, she said to Annie. Why was she so good tonight? Perhaps she's got a new music teacher, Annie said.


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[Assistant] The noise in the opera house went on for a long time. In box 14, Philippe, the Comte de Chani, turned to his younger brother and smiled. Well, Raoul, what did you think of Daye tonight? Raoul, the Vicomte de Chani, was 21 years old. He had blue eyes and black hair and a wonderful smile.


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[Assistant] And many girls in Paris were in love with the young Vicomte. But Raoul was not interested in them. He smiled back at his brother. What can I say? Christine is an angel, that's all. I'm going to her dressing room to see her tonight. Philippe laughed.


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[Assistant] He was 20 years older than Raoul and was more like a father than a brother. Ah, I understand, he said. You are in love.


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[Assistant] But this is your first night in Paris, your first visit to the opera. How do you know Christine Daye? You remember four years ago when I was on holiday by the sea in Brittany, Raoul said. Well, I met Christine there. I was in love with her then and I'm still in love with her today.


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[Assistant] The Comte de Chagny looked at his brother. Hmm, I see, he said slowly. Well, Raoul, remember she is only an opera singer. We know nothing about her family. But Raoul did not listen. To him, good families were not important, and young men never listened to their older brothers.


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[Assistant] There were many people in Christine Dyer's dressing room that night. But there was a doctor with Christine. And her beautiful face looked white and ill.


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[Assistant] Raoul went quickly across the room and took her hand. Christine, what's the matter? Are you ill? He went down on the floor by her chair. Don't you remember me? Raoul Deschany in Brittany. Christine looked at him and her blue eyes were afraid. She took her hand away. No.


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[Assistant] I don't know you. Please go away. I'm not well. Raoul stood up, his face red. Before he could speak, the doctor said quickly,


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[Assistant] Yes, yes, please go away. Everybody, please leave the room.


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[Assistant] Mademoiselle Dailly needs to be quiet. She is very tired. He moved to the door and soon everybody left the room. Christine Dailly was alone in her dressing room.


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[Assistant] Outside in the passage, the young Vicomte was angry and unhappy. How could Christine forget him? How could she say that to him? He waited for some minutes, then, very quietly and carefully, he went back to the door of her dressing room. But he did not open the door, because just then he heard a man's voice in the room.


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[Assistant] Christine, you must love me, the voice said. Then Raoul heard Christine's voice. How can you talk like that when I sing only for you? Tonight, I gave everything to you, everything. And now I'm so tired. Her voice was unhappy and afraid. You sang like an angel.


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[Assistant] The man's voice said. Raoul walked away. So, that was the answer. Christine Daye had a lover. But why was her voice so unhappy? He waited in the shadows near her room. He wanted to see her lover, his enemy.


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[Assistant] After about ten minutes, Christine came out of her room, alone, and walked away down the passage. Raoul waited, but no man came out after her. There was nobody in the passage, so


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[Assistant] Raoul went quickly up to the door of the dressing room, opened it, and went in. He closed the door quietly behind him, then called out, Where are you? I know you're in here. Come out. There was no answer. Raoul looked everywhere, under the chairs, behind all the clothes, in all the dark corners of the room.


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[Assistant] You may not think much of the desert kangaroo rat. This small animal with its large back legs might seem like a run-of-the-mill rodent at first. But don't let its modest appearance fool you. Kangaroo rats are mighty beasts that don't think twice about kicking deadly rattlesnakes in the face. The kangaroo rat lives a simple life. By day, it builds burrows in the sand. And by night, it forages for seeds to store in those burrows. And when it does, it has to avoid predators. Lots of predators.


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[Assistant] That's because they're ambush predators that lay in wait at the best seed spots. They have thermal vision, sharp fangs, a potent venom,


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[Assistant] Their big tendons and muscles don't act like springs. Jumps are made with pure muscle power. That means more stress to the leg bones and muscles, but the rat doesn't have to get into a particular position to leap. And that allows it to react quickly. An alert kangaroo rat can react in as little as 8 milliseconds and leap its whole body away in about 50.


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[Assistant] Have found a unique way to get around this. You might think they've changed their Nav 1.7 proteins to be resistant to the venom, like scorpion-eating bats have.


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[Assistant] The venom toxins bind to it and shut it down, dulling the mice's pain. So, the venom still turns on the pain pathway by opening NAV 1.7, that signal is just immediately stopped from going anywhere. If that sounds incredible, well, the researchers that discovered it were pretty surprised, too.


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[Assistant] Sometimes he's really productive, but then other times, take last Tuesday for instance, he was 45 minutes late for our morning meeting.


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[Assistant] But that's not the only thing. You know, he really doesn't have the best work ethic. I'm constantly catching him on MSN and Facebook when he should be talking to clients.


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[Assistant] Make it real, Jeff. You would say that, wouldn't you? He is your cousin. Jerk! Look behind you, you stupid useless cousin.


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[Assistant] You promised you would pick me up from work today. You're so unreliable.


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[Assistant] I just wanted to talk to you quickly about our new customer support representative, Jason Huntley.


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[Assistant] Basically, I've got a few concerns about him.


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[Assistant] And the bottom line is I don't think he's a good fit for our company.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, his attitude is great, but he's really unreliable.


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[Assistant] Sometimes, he's really productive. But then other times,


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[Assistant] Take last Tuesday for instance. He was 45 minutes late for our morning meeting.


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[Assistant] You know, he really doesn't have the best work ethic.


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[Assistant] I'm constantly catching him on MSN and Facebook when he should be talking to clients.


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[Assistant] You would say that, wouldn't you? He is your cousin. What a jerk. Make me hire your stupid useless cousin.


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[Assistant] And the bottom line is I don't think he's a good fit for our company.


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[Assistant] And the bottom line is I don't think he's a good fit for our company.


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[Assistant] Basically, I've got a few concerns about him. And the bottom line is, I don't think he's a good fit for our company.


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[Assistant] Sometimes he's really productive, but then other times, take last Tuesday for instance, he was 45 minutes late for our morning meeting.


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[Assistant] But that's not the only thing. You know, he really doesn't have the best work ethic. I'm constantly catching him on MSN and Facebook when he should be talking to clients.


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[Assistant] Make it new, Jeff. You would say that, wouldn't you? He is your cousin, not your jerk. Make me high, you stupid useless cousin.


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[Assistant] Chapter 4 The Phantom is Angry


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[Assistant] That was Tuesday night. On Wednesday morning.


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[Assistant] Monsieur Armand and Monsieur Thurman were happy men. Paris liked the new Margarita. Everything in life was good.


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[Assistant] The next opera night was Friday. It was Faust again, but this time with La Carlotta singing Margarita. By Wednesday afternoon, they were not so happy. A second letter arrived for them from OG. Why don't you listen to me? I am getting angry. Leave box five free for me.


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[Assistant] And where are my 20,000 francs? On Friday, Daye must sing Margarita again. She is now the best singer in Paris. La Carlotta cannot sing. She has a very ugly voice, like a toad. Remember, I am a bad enemy. Oh, gee.


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[Assistant] So, Fermat, is this still a joke? Monsieur Armand shouted. What are we going to do now, eh?


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[Assistant] Is O.G. the director here, or are we? Don't shout, Aman, said Mr. Firmar, tidily. I don't know the answers.


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[Assistant] Let's talk to Madame Girry, the doorkeeper of Box 5. Perhaps she can help us. But Madame Girry was not helpful. Madame Girry was not afraid of ghosts.


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[Assistant] And she was not afraid of directors of opera houses.


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[Assistant] People say that you're a friend of the opera ghost, Madame Girry, Monsieur Armand began. Tell us about him. Some people say he has no head.


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[Assistant] And some people say he has no body, said Monsieur Fromer. What do you say, Madame Giry?


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[Assistant] He stood up and his face was red and angry. Listen to me woman!


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[Assistant] Oh, sit down, Armand, and listen, said Monsieur Fermin. Why do you say that, Madame Girry? Because, Monsieur, the opera ghost is angry with you. When the ghost wants something, he must have it. He is clever and dangerous, this ghost. The old director's before you.


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[Assistant] They knew that, oh yes. At first they tried to stop him. Then there were many accidents in the Opera House. Many strange accidents. And when did these accidents happen? When the Ghost was angry. So, the old directors learnt very quickly. The Ghost wants box five. He can have it every night.


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[Assistant] The ghost wants money? Let's give the money to him at once. Oh yes.


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[Assistant] The old directors understood very well.


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[Assistant] But we are the directors, not the opera ghost. Monsieur Armand shouted. He turned to Monsieur Fermin. This woman is mad. Why do we listen to her?


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[Assistant] On Friday night, La Carlotta is going to sing Margarita, and you and I, Fermin, are going to watch the opera from box five. Well, we can try that, Armand, but we don't want any accidents. Madame Girry came nearer to the two men. Listen to me, she said quietly.


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[Assistant] The two men stared at her. Those words, Monsieur Fermin said slowly.


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[Assistant] Why did you say those words, Madame Girry? Because the ghost says them to me. I never see him, but I often hear him. He has a very nice voice and he doesn't shout at people.


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[Assistant] Yep, that's me. And you're you. And we don't know each other very well. Cool story, bro.


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[Assistant] Guess I can't get too jealous, right? After all, she isn't my Twilight. Not that the other Twilight was mine. But we were... you know.


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[Assistant] Sunset Shimmer? What were you doing behind that door?


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[Assistant] Hey listen, I'm glad I ran into you. I really wanted to thank you. For what? For the tough love. Telling me I should get over Twilight. I needed to hear that. Sure, no problem.


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[Assistant] Is something wrong? What? No. Why? Come on, Sunset. We used to date. I know when something's bothering you.


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[Assistant] But what I do know is that your friend is lucky to have someone like you to look out for them. Really? Yeah. You know, you've changed a lot since we went out. You're so much nicer.


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[Assistant] You weren't ready to have that kind of power. But it's over now.


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[Assistant] And if there's any group that's gonna forgive you for something that happened in the past, trust me, it's this one.


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[Assistant] Maybe lay off bringing up what happened at the friendship games. I think she's still pretty sensitive about it.


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[Assistant] Hey, I know you don't want to, but I really think we need to figure out what's going on with your magic.


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[Assistant] But if letting it go for now is what the rest of you want...


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[Assistant] Oh, I was sleepwalking. Twilight found me and was bringing me back to camp.


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[Assistant] Come on, that's obviously just a spooky story you made up to tell around the campfire.


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[Assistant] Not yet. She's obviously going through a lot right now.


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[Assistant] We should probably be a hundred percent sure before we tell her the guy she likes is a jerk who's trying to run everybody out of camp.


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[Assistant] What? Uhm, nothing. I, uhm, lost an earring. Uh, there it is.


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[Assistant] There's... Equestrian magic here. I can... I can feel it.


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[Assistant] All those things you were doing to make this week the best week ever, every time you used magic to do them, it caused another problem somewhere else.


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[Assistant] Because I have magic too. And so does she. And so do our friends.


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[Assistant] That isn't your sister. It's someone who's been consumed by equestrian magic.


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[Assistant] There is one thing I'm still wondering about though. What's that?


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[Assistant] Huh, oh man, I was having the best dream.


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[Assistant] I take the twill out of the oven and it's looking a little under. It's under.


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[Assistant] The pressure was so immense and now I'm feeling that it's my responsibility if we're going through to the pressure test tomorrow.


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[Assistant] Walking up to the judges, I'm really disappointed in my plating and I'm still not sure


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[Assistant] There's just too many elements on the plate.


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[Assistant] I wasn't trusting my own instincts and was just thinking about


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[Assistant] I feel so responsible. If it's us in the bottom today, I'm just gonna feel so bad, but I've just got my fingers crossed.


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[Assistant] Watching my father raise the pistol to my mother's head, she pleaded with him to put the gun down, but he ignored her.


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[Assistant] When she bolted toward the door, he followed close behind. And once outside, he fired one single shot. I was 12. I remember this moment frame by frame. I remember feeling numb. I remember feeling alone.


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[Assistant] Thank God the bullet missed her. But my family would never be the same. I would never be the same.


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[Assistant] I didn't know then all the ways that my parents on again off again relationship would impact me, but I knew I didn't want to love like theirs. My story would be different.


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[Assistant] But we struggled with some of the same issues my parents had. And after nearly nine years together, we called it quits. We had Seku then. He was only three.


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[Assistant] Though he was too young to really understand what was going on, he was old enough to know that mommy and daddy weren't going to be living in the same house anymore. Our breakup hit me really hard.


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[Assistant] We struggled initially trying to navigate this new space as co-parents.


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[Assistant] I asked myself, how do we raise this beautiful boy full of wonder and promise and so much power in spite of our failures as a couple? The answer for me was simple.


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[Assistant] Either choose fear, fear of being alone, fear of the unknown, or choose love. And I chose love.


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[Assistant] That means seeing the good in you as a father. It means seeing the good in you as a father and not your missteps as a partner. It means putting Sekou first every time even if it means I don't get my way. I know my parents.


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[Assistant] Went back and forth, trying to work things out for my brothers. My brother and I's sake.


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[Assistant] Though I appreciate their effort, I wish they hadn't. I saw too much. I heard too much. I knew I didn't want that to be Sekou's story.


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[Assistant] I wanted Sekou to know what it was like to see two parents who got along, two parents who worked together as a team.


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[Assistant] I wanted him to know what love looks like in its truest form.


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[Assistant] Let's say Kutelit were the best parents in the world. I love that he sees us that way. We made a choice in the beginning to co-parent as allies and not adversaries.