(S (S (NP (BASENP (DT These) (NNS changes)) (PRN (COMMA ,) (NP (BASENP (DT a) (NN reaction)) (PP (TO to) (NP (BASENP (JJ increased) (NN e-trading) (NN competition)) (CC and) (BASENP (DT a) (VBN changed) (JJ regulatory) (NN environment))))) (COMMA ,))) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB result) (PP (IN in) (S (S (BASENP (NNP NASDAQ) (CC and) (NNP NYSE)) (VP (VP (VBG trading) (NP (BASENP (DT each) (NN other) (POS 's)) (NNS shares))) (CC and) (VP (VBG attempting) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB grab) (BASENP (NN market) (NN share)))))))) (COMMA ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (BASENP (JJ many)) (VP (VBP hope) (SBAR (S (VP (MD will) (VP (VP (VP (VB drive) (PRT (RP down))) (BASENP (NN transaction) (NNS costs))) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB ultimately)) (VP (VB benefit) (BASENP (NNS consumers)))))))))))))))) (PERIOD .))