title:
An XML Driven Graphical User Interface and Application Management
  Toolkit

abstract:
  In the past, the features of a user interface were limited by those available
in the existing graphical widgets it used. Now, improvements in processor speed
have fostered the emergence of interpreted languages, in which the appropriate
method to render a given data object can be loaded at runtime. XML can be used
to precisely describe the association of data types with their graphical
handling (beans), and Java provides an especially rich environment for
programming the graphics. We present a graphical user interface builder based
on Java Beans and XML, in which the graphical screens are described textually
(in files or a database) in terms of their screen components. Each component
may be a simple text read back, or a complex plot. The programming model
provides for dynamic data pertaining to a component to be forwarded
synchronously or asynchronously, to the appropriate handler, which may be a
built-in method, or a complex applet. This work was initially motivated by the
need to move the legacy VMS display interface of the SLAC Control Program to
another platform while preserving all of its existing functionality. However
the model allows us a powerful and generic system for adding new kinds of
graphics, such as Matlab, data sources, such as EPICS, middleware, such as
AIDA[1], and transport, such as XML and SOAP. The system will also include a
management console, which will be able to report on the present usage of the
system, for instance who is running it where and connected to which channels.


title: Quantum catastrophe of slow light

abstract:
  Catastrophes are at the heart of many fascinating optical phenomena. The
rainbow, for example, is a ray catastrophe where light rays become infinitely
intense. The wave nature of light resolves the infinities of ray catastrophes
while drawing delicate interference patterns such as the supernumerary arcs of
the rainbow. Black holes cause wave singularities. Waves oscillate with
infinitely small wave lengths at the event horizon where time stands still. The
quantum nature of light avoids this higher level of catastrophic behaviour
while producing a quantum phenomenon known as Hawking radiation. As this letter
describes, light brought to a standstill in laboratory experiments can suffer a
similar wave singularity caused by a parabolic profile of the group velocity.
In turn, the quantum vacuum is forced to create photon pairs with a
characteristic spectrum. The idea may initiate a theory of quantum
catastrophes, in addition to classical catastrophe theory, and the proposed
experiment may lead to the first direct observation of a phenomenon related to
Hawking radiation.


title: Toward a Reliable Gigabit Network - an Upgrade of the Spring-8 Network

abstract:
  The SPring-8 controls network has maintained accelerator operations in high
reliability and shown good performance during the past years. To cope with the
increase of loads on the network due to faster data acquisition and the
addition of equipment data, networking hardware has been installed in the last
few years. The upgraded network replaces the original FDDI backbone and
switches with mixed FDDI/gigabit ethernet and Layer-3 switches. It is necessary
to keep the double ring topology for the FDDI and introduce link aggregation
technology for the gigabit ethernet to maintain the full redundancy and
bandwidth of the system. This paper will discuss the network performance of the
gigabit ethernet including its latency and redundancy. We also discuss a future
plan for the network including Quality-of-Service over the gigabit ethernet.


title: Re-Engineering of the GSI Control System

abstract:
  After more than 12 years of operation without substantial revision a
modernization of the control system at GSI is overdue. A strategy to adapt the
system to future needs is outlined. The system has to support a specific
environment of which the main features are described. More flexibility than in
the current system can be achieved while still using many parts of the actual
system.


title: Orbit Feedback System for the Storage Ring of SRRC

abstract:
  Orbit feedback system plays crucial roles for the operation of the 3rd
generation light source. There are various issues in orbit feedback system
should be addressed to achieve ultimate performance. The orbit feedback system
in SRRC is upgraded recently to satisfy the requirement of demanding users.
Based upon operational experiences of the last few years, new system was
designed with more robustness and flexibility. Performance analysis tools are
also developed to monitor system performance. Algorithms for feedback control,
data acquisition and analysis are described and measurement is also presented.


title: GPIB Address Converter

abstract:
  A GPIB address converter (GAC) has been constructed. This paper reports on
the function and test results. The GAC has two GPIB connectors (upper and lower
ports). The upper port has a GPIB primary address, and connected to a GPIB
system controller. The lower port acts as a GPIB controller of the lower side
GPIB line. The GPIB system controller can access the lower side GPIB devices
through the GAC by using an extended two-byte address function. The two-byte
address (primary + secondary) is shown in the combination of the GAC address
and the address of the lower side device. The GAC converts the secondary
address into the primary address of the lower side GPIB device. By using 30
GACs, the GPIB system controller can access 930 devices assigned only primary
address.


title:
The National Ignition Facility: Status and Plans for Laser Fusion and
  High-Energy-Density Experimental Studies

abstract:
  The National Ignition Facility (NIF) currently under construction at the
University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a
192-beam, 1.8-megajoule, 500-terawatt, 351-nm laser for inertial confinement
fusion (ICF) and high-energy-density experimental studies. NIF is being built
by the Department of Energy and the National Nuclear Security Agency (NNSA) to
provide an experimental test bed for the U.S. Stockpile Stewardship Program to
ensure the country's nuclear deterrent without underground nuclear testing. The
experimental program will encompass a wide range of physical phenomena from
fusion energy production to materials science. Of the roughly 700 shots
available per year, about 10% will be dedicated to basic science research.
Laser hardware is modularized into line replaceable units (LRUs) such as
deformable mirrors, amplifiers, and multi-function sensor packages that are
operated by a distributed computer control system of nearly 60,000 control
points. The supervisory control room presents facility-wide status and
orchestrates experiments using operating parameters predicted by physics
models. A network of several hundred front-end processors (FEPs) implements
device control. The object-oriented software system is implemented in the Ada
and Java languages and emphasizes CORBA distribution of reusable software
objects. NIF is currently scheduled to provide first light in 2004 and will be
completed in 2008.


title: An EPICS to TINE Translator

abstract:
  Accelerator control at DESY has in the past been hampered by the
'many-control-systems' syndrome, where different subsystems were controlled by
completely different means offering no possibility of intercommunication.
Today, practically all subsystems of HERA are controlled by TINE. Important
exceptions include the Proton Vacuum(DOOCS), cryogenics control(D3), and the
super-conducting electron RF cavities and the power and cooling subsystems, the
latter two of which are controlled by EPICS IOCs. A step toward integrating the
EPICS IOCs into the HERA mainstream has been taken in that an EPICS to TINE
translator process has been written, which runs directly on the EPICS IOC and
offers a TINE view of the hardware control to the rest of the control system.
This in effect renders the EPICS IOC into a bi-lingual server, and highlights
the principal difference between a 'translator' and a 'gateway'. Details of
this translator are presented in this paper.


title:
A Relational Database Model for Managing Accelerator Control System
  Software At Jefferson Lab

abstract:
  The operations software group at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
Facility faces a number of challenges common to facilities managing a large
body of software developed in-house. Developers include members of the software
group, operators, hardware engineers and accelerator physicists. One management
problem has been ensuring that all software has an identified maintainer who is
still working at the lab. In some cases, locating source code for 'orphaned'
software has also proven to be difficult. Other challenges include enforcing
minimal standards for versioning and documentation, segregating test software
from operational software, encouraging better code reuse, consolidating
input/output file storage and management, and tracking software dependencies.
This paper will describe a relational database model for tracking the
information necessary to solve the problems above. The instantiation of that
database model provides the foundation for various productivity- and
consistency- enhancing tools for automated (or at least assisted) building,
versioning, documenting and installation of software.


title: Model Driven Ramp Control at RHIC

abstract:
  At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), magnets are ramped from
injection energy to storage energy in several min utes where it is to remain
for several hours. The path up the ramp is marked by 'StepStones' where the the
optics of the ma chine, which can change dramatically when we perform a
beta*-squeeze, is given in units like Quadrupole focusing strengt h or
Corrector-Dipole angle. The machine is tuned at these Stepstones, and at
Injection or Storage, by specifying physic s properties like Tunes and
Chromaticities. An on-line model server handles conversion to magnet strengths,
and predicts the optics along the whole ramp.
  We will describe the underlying principles, the client-server environment,
including on-line model servers, Ramp Manager and Editor, and present
operational experience with the system.


title: Integration of a New Knobbox in the PSI Control Systems ACS and EPICS

abstract:
  Integration of a new Knob-Box in the PSI Control Systems ACS and Epics.
  Operation of the PSI cyclotrons has always relied heavily on manual control.
Tuning of our high intensity beams for minimum losses is an art still depending
on personal skill. An ergonomically good design of the knob box is therefore
essential for good operation. The age of the previous design, and the request,
to implement the ACS knob box in the SLS control system based on EPICS, was an
opportunity for a redesign. The new knob box is an autonomous node in the
system. It is based on industrial pc104 hardware with LINUX as the operating
system. CDEV and ACS-communication provide the interface to the respective
control systems.


title: The Control System Modeling Language

abstract:
  The well-known Unified Modeling Language (UML) describes software entities,
such as interfaces, classes, operations and attributes, as well as
relationships among them, e.g. inheritance, containment and dependency. The
power of UML lies in Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools such as
Rational Rose, which are also capable of generating software structures from
visual object definitions and relations. UML also allows add-ons that define
specific structures and patterns in order to steer and automate the design
process. We have developed an add-on called Control System Modeling Language
(CSML). It introduces entities and relationships that we know from control
systems, such as "property" representing a single controllable point/channel,
or an "event" specifying that a device is capable of notifying its clients
through events. Entities can also possess CSML-specific characteristics, such
as physical units and valid ranges for input parameters. CSML is independent of
any specific language or technology and generic such that any control system
can be described with it. Simple transformation scripts map CSML defined
structures to APIs and tools such as EPICS, CDEV, SCADA, Abeans, BACI and
generate the appropriate database or source files. Advantages of control system
development with CSML are discussed on a concrete example of a bending magnet's
power supply in a synchrotron accelerator.


title:
Incoherent charge transport through molecular wires: interplay of
  Coulomb interaction and wire population

abstract:
  The influence of Coulomb interaction on the electron transport through
molecular wires is studied in the regime of incoherent tunneling. In the limit
of strong Coulomb repulsion, the current for spinless electrons is determined.
It is shown that the voltage profile along the wire crucially influences the
dependence of the current on the wire length. Upon inclusion of the spin degree
of freedom one finds a blocking effect which depends both on the interaction
strength and on the population of the wire. For finite Coulomb interaction, the
temperature dependence of the blocking is studied and it is shown that several
regimes with different blocking strength may exist.


title:
Spatial diffusion in a periodic optical lattice: revisiting the Sisyphus
  effect

abstract:
  We numerically study the spatial diffusion of an atomic cloud experiencing
Sisyphus cooling in a three-dimensional lin$\bot$lin optical lattice in a broad
range of lattice parameters. In particular, we investigate the dependence on
the size of the lattice sites which changes with the angle between the laser
beams. We show that the steady-state temperature is largely independent of the
lattice angle, but that the spatial diffusion changes significantly. It is
shown that the numerical results fulfil the Einstein relations of Brownian
motion in the jumping regime as well as in the oscillating regime. We finally
derive an effective Brownian motion model from first principles which gives
good agreement with the simulations.


title: Precision geometric parameter gage for synchrotron radiation

abstract:
  This article includes the description of the geometric parameter gage device
prototype for synchrotron radiation of HERA collider (DESY). The system
construction which capable to measure photo current, caused by such a radiation
in a refractory metal, described here. The system component parts are:
measuring heads and photo current measuring electronics designed by IHEP,
stepper motor by Vacuum Generators with HEDS-550X encoder by Hewlett Packard,
PCI-STEP-4CX 4-Axis Closed Loop Step controller by National Instruments. The
device is controlled by means of Microsoft Visual Basic program using Value
Motion Windows Libraries. The device prototype was tested in the beam of the
DORIS storage ring.


title: On New Physical Reality (on Psi--ether)

abstract:
  It is shown that there exists a new physical reality -- the $\Psi$--ether.
All the achievements of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory are due to
the fact that both the theories include the influence of $\Psi$--ether on the
physical processes occurring in the Universe. Physics of the XXth century was
first of all the physics of $\Psi$--ether.


title: Design of the MPRI Control System

abstract:
  The Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF) is in the process of
building the Midwest Proton Radiation Institute (MPRI). This involves
refurbishing the 200MeV cyclotron and building new facilities for the purpose
of providing clinical treatment of human cancer tumors. First patients are
expected in the Spring of 2003. This paper presents the design and
implementation to date of the controls, hardware and software, for both
accelerator and treatment areas. Particular attention is placed on issues of
personnel safety and control system security, development of inexpensive VMEbus
boards with emphasis on the use of MicroChip PIC processors, beam diagnostics
and monitoring and the use of commercial robots and vision systems for patient
positioning.


title: Online Model Server for the Jefferson Lab accelerator

abstract:
  A beam physics model server (Art++) has been developed for the Jefferson Lab
accelerator. This online model server is a redesign of the ARTEMIS model
server. The need arose from an impedance mismatch between the current
requirements and ARTEMIS capabilities. The purpose of the model server is to
grant access to both static (machine lattice parameters) and dynamic (actual
machine settings) data using a single programming interface. A set of useful
optics calculations (R-matrix, orbit fit, etc.) has also been implemented and
can be invoked by clients via the model interface. Clients may also register
their own dynamic models in the server. The server interacts with clients using
the CDEV protocol and data integrity is guaranteed by a relational database
(Oracle8i) accessed through a persistence layer. By providing a centralized
repository for both data and optics calculations, the following benefits were
achieved: optimal use of network consumption, software reuse, and ease of
maintenance.


title:
Plans for the Spallation Neutron Source Integrated Control System
  Network

abstract:
  The SNS control system communication network will take advantage of new,
commercially available network switch features to increase reliability and
reduce cost. A standard structured cable system will be installed. The
decreasing cost of network switches will enable SNS to push the edge switches
out near the networked devices and to run high-speed fiber communications all
the way to the edge switches. Virtual Local Area Network VLAN) technology will
be used to group network devices into logical subnets while minimizing the
number of switches required. Commercially available single-board computers with
TCP/IP interfaces will be used to provide terminal service plus remote power
reboot service.


title: Acclerator Operators and Software Development

abstract:
  This paper summarizes the how the unique knowledge of accelerator operators
has contributed to the success of the Jefferson Lab Control System.


title: An Overview of the LIGO Control and Data Acquisition System

abstract:
  The LIGO Control and Data system (CDS) features a tightly coupled and highly
integrated control and data acquisition system. Control of the interferometers
requires many Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) control loops closed both
locally and across the 4-kilometer interferometer arm lengths. In addition to
providing the closed loop control, the control systems front end processors act
as Data Collection Units (DCU) for the data acquisition system. Data collected
by these front ends and the data acquisition system must be collected and time
stamped to an accuracy of 1 microsecond and made available to on-line analysis
tools such as the Global Diagnostics System (GDS)[1]. Data is also sent to the
LIGO Data Analysis System (LDAS)[2] for long-term storage and off-line
analysis. Data rates exceed 5 Mbytes per second per interferometer continuous.
Connection between the various front end processors and the data acquisition
system is achieved using fiber optic reflective memory networks. Both controls
and data acquisition systems use VME hardware and VxWorks operating systems.
This paper will present an overview of the LIGO CDS and discuss key aspects of
its design.


title: Using A Nameserver to Enhance Control System Efficiency

abstract:
  The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) control
system uses a nameserver to reduce system response time and to minimize the
impact of client name resolution on front-end computers. The control system is
based on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS), which
uses name-based broadcasts to initiate data communication. By default, when
EPICS process variables (PV) are requested by client applications, all
front-end computers receive the broadcasts and perform name resolution
processing against local channel name lists. The nameserver is used to offload
the name resolution task to a single node. This processing, formerly done on
all front-end computers, is now done only by the nameserver. In a control
system with heavily loaded front-end computers and high peak client connection
loads, a significant performance improvement is seen. This paper describes the
name server in more detail, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of
making name resolution a centralized service.


title:
Control System Design Philosophy for Effective Operations and
  Maintenance

abstract:
  A well-designed control system facilitates the functions of machine
operation, maintenance and development. In addition, the overall effectiveness
of the control system can be greatly enhanced by providing reliable mechanisms
for coordination and communication, ensuring that these functions work in
concert. For good operability, the information presented to operators should be
consistent, easy to understand and customizable. A maintainable system is
segmented appropriately, allowing a broken element to be quickly identified and
repaired while leaving the balance of the system available. In a research and
development environment, the control system must meet the frequently changing
requirements of a variety of customers. This means the system must be flexible
enough to allow for ongoing modifications with minimal disruptions to
operations. Beyond the hardware and software elements of the control system,
appropriate workflow processes must be in place to maximize system uptime and
allow people to work efficiently. Processes that provide automatic electronic
communication ensure that information is not lost and reaches its destination
in a timely fashion. This paper discusses how these control system design and
quality issues have been applied at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
Facility.


title: Upgrading of the beam diagnostic system of U-70 beam transfer lines

abstract:
  The beam diagnostic system of U-70 beam transfer lines (beam profiles,
intensity and beam losses measurements) was designed in the beginning of 80-th
on the base of 8-bit microprocessor, SUMMA hardware and home made serial
communication link. Because of the maintenance problems the decision was taken
to upgrade the hardware and software parts of the system.


title: Laser Stabilization Controls for the ISAC Beam Polarizer

abstract:
  The ISAC polarized beam facility uses a Ti:Sapphire laser for producing
spin-polarized beams of short-lived radioactive isotopes, initially 7Li. The
laser power and spectral content must be tightly controlled and monitored. The
control system to accomplish this task uses techniques that combine operator
interface, data reduction, and closed loop automation. The laser stabilization
application uses input data acquired from a spectrum analyzer, in the form of a
waveform array repetitively acquired from a GPIB-interfaced oscilloscope. A
Labview based operator interface allows the selection of features from within
the waveform, which are then used as the basis for closed loop control, in
concert with the existing EPICS control system software and related hardware.
Part of the challenge stems from using input data which are subject to human
interpretation and require distillation into a hard numeric format suitable for
use in a control system.


title: Toward a General Theory of Control Knobs

abstract:
  Experience using hardware knobs as an operator interface for controlling
equipment has varied considerably at different facilities. Reactions have
ranged from "indispensable" at some facilities, to "virtually useless" at
others. In this paper, we will attempt to outline some basic principles for
successful knob implementation. These principles derive from our own experience
with control knobs at the LANSCE Accelerator Complex and our recent effort to
adapt our control knobs to EPICS. Topics to be covered include what the
operator needs the knob to do, what the knob needs to know about the device it
is controlling, and knob scaling issues. Advanced topics such as closed-loop,
PID, and aggregate knobs are left as topics for future papers.


title: Resonance Control Cooling System for a Proto-Type Coupled Cavity Linac

abstract:
  Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is designing a coupled cavity linac
(CCL) for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) being built at Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL). As part of the design process, a proto-type, Hot Model,
consisting of two segments of the SNS CCL was manufactured and installed at
LANL. An RF source was applied to the Hot Model to determine the success of the
cavity design, the effectiveness of the control algorithms and cooling systems,
and the validity of the Resonance Control Cooling System (RCCS) model used
during the Hot Model design. From a system controls perspective, an overview of
the hot model, a description of the RCCS, and the pertinent data from the RF
tests will be presented.


title: Decision Support System for the APS Control System

abstract:
  The Advanced Photon Source is now in its fifth year of routine beam
production. The EPICS-based [1] control system has entered the phase in its
life cycle where new control algorithms must be implemented under increasingly
stringent operational and reliability requirements. The sheer volume of the
control system (~270,000 records, ~145 VME-based input-output controllers
(IOCs), and ~7,000,000 lines of EPICS ASCII configuration code), presents a
daunting challenge for code maintenance.
  The present work describes a relational database that provides an integrated
view of the interacting components of the entire APS control system, including
the IOC low-level logic, the physical wiring documentation, and high-level
client applications. The database is extracted (booted) from the same
operational CVS repository as that used to load the active IOCs. It provides
site-wide decision support facilities to inspect and trace control flow and to
identify client (e.g., user interface) programs involved at any selected point
in the front-end logic. The relational database forms a basis for generalized
documentation of global control logic and its connection with both the physical
I/O and with external high-level applications.


title: Technology Update of a Control System Trough Corba Bus

abstract:
  After more than 10 years of activity, FTU (Frascati Tokamak Upgrade) has to
face the problem of taking advantage of the new hardware and software
technology saving all the investments yet done. So, for example, the 20 years
old Westinghouse PLCs (communicating only through a serial line) have to be
leaved in operation while a web-based tool has to be released for plan
monitoring purpose. CORBA bus has been demonstrated to be the answer to set up
the communication between old and new hardware and software blocks. On FTU the
control system is based on Basestar, a Digital/Compaq software suite. We will
describe how the real time database of Basestar is now accessed by Java graphic
tools, LabView and, in principle, any package accepting external routines. An
account will be also done in the data acquisition area where a Camac serial
highway driver has been integrated in the new architecture still through the
CORBA bus


title:
Conjugated donor-acceptor chromophores in solution: non-linearity at
  work

abstract:
  We propose a model that, accounting for the intrinsic non-linearity of the
electronic system, is able to rationalize steady-state electronic and
vibrational spectra of polar chromophores in solution, as well as time-resolved
experiments.


title:
A Distributed Feedback System for Rapid Stabilization of Arbitrary
  Process Variables

abstract:
  In large process control systems it frequently becomes desirable to establish
feedback relationships that were not anticipated during the design phase of the
project. The "Generic Lock" architecture discussed in this paper makes it
possible for system operators to implement new feedback loops between arbitrary
process variables quickly and with no disturbance to the underlying control
system. Any available process variables may be selected for the input and
output of the loops so created, regardless of their physical or logical
separation. The system allows multiple user interface points distributed
through the control system while ensuring consistency among the feedback loops.
This system can be used to quickly prototype and test new control philosophies
or to control temporary hardware arrangements without any new software
development. It is implemented at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
Facility using the Common Device (CDEV) framework on top of the Experimental
Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). This paper discusses the
architecture, implementation, and early usage of the system.


title: What are the Controls Requirements for the Global Accelerator Network?

abstract:
  The Global Accelerator Network is a proposed model for remote operation of a
future large accelerator by the partners of an international collaboration. The
remote functionality would include not only routine operation and machine
studies, but also hardware diagnostic tests and software maintenance and
development, so the control system must offer both high and low level remote
access to the accelerator and its components. We discuss in this paper some of
the special requirements, and how they might be satisfied using current or
developing technology, such as web-based applications and industrial automation
standards. The choices made must be acceptable to the collaboration, but will
also have a strong influence on its effectiveness. The biggest technical
challenge is likely to be the middle layer software which is responsible for
system integration, automation, and presentation of the machine state to the
operating staff.


title: New Abeans for TINE Java Control Applications

abstract:
  Abeans [1] (wide-interface accelerator Java beans developed at JSI) have in
the past been used with great success in control applications at ANKA and ESO
and on test cases at the SLS and Riken. At DESY, TINE [2] is used as the
principal control system for HERA as well as the intercommunication protocol
among the HERA experiments. To date, most TINE-based client-side applications
have been written using ACOP [3] (a narrow-interface accelerator component) in
Visual Basic (VB), which has provided a remarkably powerful developing
environment for generating professional control applications. Currently,
however, VB control applications can only run on Windows-based desktop machines
and consoles. As it is often desirable to provide certain control applications
on non-Windows platforms (or indeed over the Web), we have created an equally
powerful developing environment based on Java and the next release of Abeans,
where an ACOP-like narrow-interface bean has been developed. Like ACOP, the
Abean itself accepts plugs from various communication protocols, but was
brought to fruition at DESY using the TINE Java class. Details concerning
matching Abeans and TINE, as well as the pros and cons of wide versus narrow
interfaces will be presented below. Several applications will also presented
along with the results of benchmarking against similar VB applications.


title:
Zettawatt-Exawatt Lasers and Their Applications in Ultrastrong-Field
  Physics: High Energy Front

abstract:
  Since its birth, the laser has been extraordinarily effective in the study
and applications of laser-matter interaction at the atomic and molecular level
and in the nonlinear optics of the bound electron. In its early life, the laser
was associated with the physics of electron volts and of the chemical bond.
Over the past fifteen years, however, we have seen a surge in our ability to
produce high intensities, five to six orders of magnitude higher than was
possible before. At these intensities, particles, electrons and protons,
acquire kinetic energy in the mega-electron-volt range through interaction with
intense laser fields. This opens a new age for the laser, the age of nonlinear
relativistic optics coupling even with nuclear physics. We suggest a path to
reach an extremely high-intensity level $10^{26-28} $W/cm$^2$ in the coming
decade, much beyond the current and near future intensity regime $10^{23}
$W/cm$^2$, taking advantage of the megajoule laser facilities. Such a laser at
extreme high intensity could accelerate particles to frontiers of high energy,
tera-electron-volt and peta-electron-volt, and would become a tool of
fundamental physics encompassing particle physics, gravitational physics,
nonlinear field theory, ultrahigh-pressure physics, astrophysics, and
cosmology. We focus our attention on high-energy applications in particular and
the possibility of merged reinforcement of high-energy physics and ultraintense
laser.


title: Optimized Filling of the ALS Storage Ring

abstract:
  The Storage Ring at the Advanced Light Source is capable of being filled in
selectable buckets. Typically, 276 consecutive buckets out of 328 possible are
selected. It has been found that the amount of charge injected is not uniform
bucket-to-bucket, sometimes varying by 100% or more. This variability causes
problems with beam stability, and it may shorten the beam lifetime. We have
devised a feedback system that allows for beam filling in an orderly manner,
yielding bunch heights uniform to within 17%. At fill time, multiple bunches
are injected into the Storage ring first, then, using feedback, selected single
bunches are used to top off the fill.


title:
On the "barcode" functionality of the DNA, or The phenomenon of Life in
  the physical Universe

abstract:
  The information contained in the genome is insufficient for the control of
organism development. Thus, the whereabouts of actual operational directives
and workings of the genome remain obscure. In this work, it is suggested that
the genome information plays a role of a "barcode". The DNA structure presents
a pseudo-random number(PRN)with classification tags, so organisms are
characterized by DNA as library books are characterized by catalogue numbers.
Elaboration of the "barcode" interpretation of DNA implicates the
infrastructure of the physical Universe as a seat of biological information
processing. Thanks to the PRNs provided by DNA, biological objects can share
these facilities in the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) mode, similarly to
cellular phone communications. Figuratively speaking, populations of biological
objects in the physical Universe can be seen as a community of users on the
Internet with a wireless CDMA connection. The phenomenon of Life as a
collective information processing activity has little to do with physics and is
to be treated with the methodology of engineering design. The concept of the
"barcode" functionality of DNA confronts the descriptive scientific doctrines
with a unique operational scheme of biological information control. Recognition
of this concept would require sacrificing the worldview of contemporary
cosmology.


title:
Automated Checking and Visualization of Interlocks in the ISAC Control
  System

abstract:
  The EPICS based control system of the ISAC radioactive beam facility
supervises several sub-systems, which are controlled by PLCs. Most of the
devices are protected by non-trivial interlocks, which are implemented with
ladder-logic software. Detailed information on interlock state and the
individual interlock conditions are accessible for each device at the EPICS
operator interface level. With the increasing number of ISAC devices, the
interactive generation and maintenance of these displays with standard EPICS
tools was too labor-intensive and error-prone. Software was developed, which
uses a printout of the PLC program as well as reports from the ISAC device
database to a) check the interlock implementation in the PLC against interlock
specifications in natural language and b) generate device displays with a
graphical representation of interlock state and details of interlock
conditions.


title: Status Update on the ISAC Control System

abstract:
  Implementation and commissioning of the EPICS based control system for the
ISAC radioactive beam facility was completed. The target ion source, mass
separator, and low-energy beam-lines started beam production for experiments.
In parallel, controls for the accelerator system, a radio-frequency quadrupole
followed by a drift-tube linac, and several high-energy beam-lines were
implemented and commissioned. The number of controlled devices more than
doubled since the last report. An overview of relational database usage,
software engineering and quality control methods used will be given.


title: A Prototype of the UAL 2.0 Application Toolkit

abstract:
  The paper presents a prototype of the accelerator commissioning and
simulation application toolkit based on the Unified Accelerator Libraries (UAL)
framework. The existing UAL 1.x environment has been implemented as an open
collection of C++ and Perl packages that address various tasks of accelerator
physics. The UAL 2.0 application toolkit has been developing on the top of the
Java infrastructure for integrating it with distributed accelerator control
systems. The core part of the toolkit is composed of the Common Accelerator
Objects (such as Accelerator, Algorithms, etc.) that form the framework for
developing project-specific applications. The toolkit environment is not only
limited to Java applications, but also supports the development and integration
of high-level scripting codes (e.g. Java Python scripts) and existing C/C++
libraries. The configuration and navigation of the project-specific application
system is provided by the XML-based Application Manager.


title:
Status of the Control Sytem for the Front-End of the Spallation Neutron
  Source

abstract:
  The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is a partnership between six
laboratories. To ensure a truly integrated control system, many standards have
been agreed upon, including the use of EPICS as the basic toolkit. However,
unique within the partnership is the requirement for Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, responsible for constructing the Front End, to operate it locally before
shipping it to the Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) site. Thus, its control system
must be finished in 2001, well before the SNS completion date of 2006.
Consequently many decisions regarding interface hardware, operator screen
layout, equipment types, and so forth had to be made before the other five
partners had completed their designs. In some cases the Front-End has defined a
standard by default; in others an upgrade to a new standard is anticipated by
ORNL later. Nearly all Front-End devices have been commissioned with the EPICS
control system. Of the approximately 1500 signals required, about 60% are now
under daily operational use. The control system is based on "standard
architecture"; however, it has a field-bus dominated layout. This paper will
discuss some unique interface requirements that led to adding new device
families into the EPICS repertoire. It will also describe the choices and
trade-offs made for all major areas.


title:
A Discrete Four Stroke Quantum Heat Engine Exploring the Origin of
  Friction

abstract:
  The optimal power performance of a first principle quantum heat engine model
shows friction-like phenomena when the internal fluid Hamiltonian does not
commute with the external control field. The model is based on interacting
two-level-systems where the external magnetic field serves as a control
variable.


title:
Pulsed electron source characterization with the modified three gradient
  method

abstract:
  Results from the Modified Three Gradient Method (MTGM), applied to a pulsed
high intensity electron source, are presented. The MTGM makes possible the
non-destructive determination of beam emittance in the space charge presence
[1]. We apply the MTGM to an experimental system equipped with a Pierce
convergent diode, working in pulse mode, and having a directly heated cathode
as electron source. This choice was mainly motivated by the availability of an
analytical characterization of this source type [2], as well as the extended
use of the Pierce type sources in linear accelerators. The experimental data
are processed with a numerical matching program, based on the K-V equation for
an axially symmetric configuration [3], to determine the emittance and object
cross-over position and diameter. The variation of these parameters is further
investigated with respect to both electrical and constructive characteristics
of the source: cathode heating current, extraction voltage, and cathode-anode
distance.


title:
Intermanifold similarities in partial photoionization cross sections of
  helium

abstract:
  Using the eigenchannel R-matrix method we calculate partial photoionization
cross sections from the ground state of the helium atom for incident photon
energies up to the N=9 manifold. The wide energy range covered by our
calculations permits a thorough investigation of general patterns in the cross
sections which were first discussed by Menzel and co-workers [Phys. Rev. A {\bf
54}, 2080 (1996)]. The existence of these patterns can easily be understood in
terms of propensity rules for autoionization. As the photon energy is increased
the regular patterns are locally interrupted by perturber states until they
fade out indicating the progressive break-down of the propensity rules and the
underlying approximate quantum numbers. We demonstrate that the destructive
influence of isolated perturbers can be compensated with an energy-dependent
quantum defect.


title: Advanced Computer Analyst

abstract:
  The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) vacuum instrumentation and control
systems are being designed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL),
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
facility (TJNAF) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Each participating
lab is responsible for a different section of the machine: LBNL for the
Front-End section, LANL for the warm LINAC section, TJNAF for the cold LINAC
section and BNL for the Ring and transfer line sections. The vacuum
instrumentation and control systems are scheduled to be installed and be in
operation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 2004 or 2005. Although the
requirements vary for different sections of the machine, a collaborative effort
has been made to standardize vacuum instrumentation components and the global
control system interfaces. This paper summarizes the design of each sub-section
of vacuum instrumentation and control system and discusses SNS standards for
Ion Pump and Gauge controllers, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) interfaces,
Ladder Logic programming and the SNS global control system interfaces.


title: Timing System of SPring-8 Booster Synchrotron

abstract:
  The timing system of SPring-8 booster synchrotron generates various timing
signals concerning beam injection, acceleration from 1 GeV to 8 GeV and
ejection. We have improved the timing system of the synchrotron giving it
better stability and flexibility. This improvement results the other merits of
advanced operations, for example, storing electron beam in the synchrotron,
changing the injection cycle from 1 Hz to the slower frequency to increase the
RF knock-out (RF-KO) operation period and ejecting the low energy beam during
ramping up.


title: Effect of nonstationarities on detrended fluctuation analysis

abstract:
  Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is a scaling analysis method used to
quantify long-range power-law correlations in signals. Many physical and
biological signals are ``noisy'', heterogeneous and exhibit different types of
nonstationarities, which can affect the correlation properties of these
signals. We systematically study the effects of three types of
nonstationarities often encountered in real data. Specifically, we consider
nonstationary sequences formed in three ways: (i) stitching together segments
of data obtained from discontinuous experimental recordings, or removing some
noisy and unreliable parts from continuous recordings and stitching together
the remaining parts -- a ``cutting'' procedure commonly used in preparing data
prior to signal analysis; (ii) adding to a signal with known correlations a
tunable concentration of random outliers or spikes with different amplitude,
and (iii) generating a signal comprised of segments with different properties
-- e.g. different standard deviations or different correlation exponents. We
compare the difference between the scaling results obtained for stationary
correlated signals and correlated signals with these three types of
nonstationarities.


title: The Wavefront Control System for the National Ignition Facility

abstract:
  The National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires that pulses from each of the
192 laser beams be positioned on target with an accuracy of 50 um rms. Beam
quality must be sufficient to focus a total of 1.8 MJ of 0.351-um light into a
600-um-diameter volume. An optimally flat beam wavefront can achieve this
pointing and focusing accuracy. The control system corrects wavefront
aberrations by performing closed-loop compensation during laser alignment to
correct for gas density variations. Static compensation of flashlamp-induced
thermal distortion is established just prior to the laser shot. The control
system compensates each laser beam at 10 Hz by measuring the wavefront with a
77-lenslet Hartmann sensor and applying corrections with a 39-actuator
deformable mirror. The distributed architecture utilizes SPARC AXi computers
running Solaris to perform real-time image processing of sensor data and
PowerPC-based computers running VxWorks to compute mirror commands. A single
pair of SPARC and PowerPC processors accomplishes wavefront control for a group
of eight beams. The software design uses proven adaptive optic control
algorithms that are implemented in a multi-tasking environment to economically
control the beam wavefronts in parallel. Prototype tests have achieved a
closed-loop residual error of 0.03 waves rms.


title: A Prototype of Upgrading Bepc Control System

abstract:
  We will use EPICS toolkit [1] to build a prototype for upgrading BEPC control
system. The purposes are for the following three aspects: (1) Setup a network
based distributed control system with EPICS. (2) Study some front-end control
technology. (3) Merge the existing control systems into EPICS. The hardware
architecture consists of three physical layers. The front-end layer is VME
crate, PowerPC, VME I/O modules and interface boards (VME-CAMAC and Fieldbus).
The back-end layer is SUN workstation, which is used as application
development. The two layers are connected via the middle layer which is 100M
Ethernet. In order to preserve our investment in the hardware, the existing
CAMAC hardware will remain. The CAMAC will be connected to the VME via CAMAC
serial highway [2]. The operator interface will be developed with EPICS DM2K.
High-level accelerator control applications will be studied as well with EPICS
channel access and archive access.


title: Polarization transfer in SIDIS for Lambda production

abstract:
  Polarization transfer from the longitudinally polarized positron to the
final-state quark is considered for the underlying QCD subprocesses giving rise
to the reaction e+(pol) + p --> e+ + Lambda(pol) + X at the HERMES energy.


title: Wavelet Analysis of Vortex Tubes in Experimental Turbulence

abstract:
  This report proposes a new method to study vortex tubes in one-dimensional
velocity data of experimental turbulence. Vortex tubes are detected as local
maxima on the scale-space plot of wavelet transforms of the velocity data. Then
it is possible to extract a typical velocity pattern. The result for data
obtained in a wind tunnel is consistent with those of three-dimensional direct
numerical simulations.


title: Distances in plane membranes

abstract:
  A flat membrane with given shape is displayed; two points in the membrane are
randomly selected; the probability that the separation between the points have
a specified value is sought. A simple method to evaluate the probability
density is developed, and is easily extended to spaces with more dimensions.


title: Mind-Body Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

abstract:
  The wave-particle duality is a mind-body one. In the real 3D-space there
exists only the particle, the wave exists in its consciousness. If there are
many particles, their distribution in accordance with the wave function
represents a real wave in real space. Many worlds, Schroedinger cat, etc.,
exist only as mental constructions. The "waves of matter" are non-material.
Feynman et al. taught quantum world "is like neither". Alas, they forgot living
matter.


title:
Metastability in simple climate models: Pathwise analysis of slowly
  driven Langevin equations

abstract:
  We consider simple stochastic climate models, described by slowly
time-dependent Langevin equations. We show that when the noise intensity is not
too large, these systems can spend substantial amounts of time in metastable
equilibrium, instead of adiabatically following the stationary distribution of
the frozen system. This behaviour can be characterized by describing the
location of typical paths, and bounding the probability of atypical paths. We
illustrate this approach by giving a quantitative description of phenomena
associated with bistability, for three famous examples of simple climate
models: Stochastic resonance in an energy balance model describing Ice Ages;
hysteresis in a box model for the Atlantic thermohaline circulation; and
bifurcation delay in the case of the Lorenz model for Rayleigh-B'enard
convection.


title: Stability of three-and four-charge systems

abstract:
  A brief review is presented of the stability domain of three- and four-charge
ground-states when the constituent masses vary. Rigorous results are presented,
based on the scaling behavior and the convexity properties deduced from the
variational principle. They are supplemented by accurate numerical
computations.


title: Description of the RHIC Sequencer System

abstract:
  The movement of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) through its
various states (eg. injection, acceleration, storage, collisions) is controlled
by an application called the Sequencer. This program orchestrates most magnet
and instrumentation systems and is responsible for the coordinated acquisition
and saving of data from various systems. The Sequencer system, its software
infrastructure, support programs, and the language used to drive it are
discussed in this paper. Initial operational experience is also described.


title: PLC Based Upgrades for the CAMD Linac and Storage Ring Control System

abstract:
  Louisiana State University Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices
(CAMD) began a control system upgrade project in early 1997. At the time, the
storage ring was controlled by a VAX/VMS system, primarily using CAMAC for I/O.
The injector Linac was controlled by a separate VME/OS/9 system using custom
I/O components. The storage ring control system has been replaced with a
PC/Linux based system, utilizing the existing CAMAC subsystem [1]. In an effort
to both migrate channels away from CAMAC, and integrate the Linac controls with
the storage ring controls, a design for upgrades utilizing AutomationDirect.com
PLCs was presented [2]. This paper will discuss the detailed design for the
Linac PLC based control system, and discuss the status of PLC upgrades for the
Vacuum system, Kicker controls, 2nd RF system, and utilities monitoring.


title: Laboratory Modelling of the Earth Radiation Belt

abstract:
  Method of the laboratory modeling of the Earth radiation belt is presented.
Method can be used for the estimation of consequences of global energetic and
communication projects realizations.


title: Giant Quantum Reflection of Neon Atoms from a Ridged Silicon Surface

abstract:
  The specular reflectivity of slow, metastable neon atoms from a silicon
surface was found to increase markedly when the flat surface was replaced by a
grating structure with parallel narrow ridges. For a surface with ridges that
have a sufficiently narrow top, the reflectivity was found to increase more
than two orders of magnitude at the incident angle of 10 mRad from the surface.
The slope of the reflectivity vs the incident angle near zero was found to be
nearly an order of magnitude smaller than that of a flat surface. A grating
with 6.5% efficiency for the first-order diffraction was fabricated by using
the ridged surface structure.


title:
Corrector Power Supplies with a DAC Resolution up to 24 Bits based on 16
  Bit DAC Devices

abstract:
  At BESSY the standard 16 bit resolution of the corrector power supplies was
insufficient for the continous orbit drift correction. A new sophisticated
design of the analog/digital I/O board increases the resolution of the analog
output up to 24 bits without suffering on losses in the long term stability or
the dynamic range of the correctors. This is achieved by a cost-efficient
boarddesign using standard 16 bit DAC devices in an range-overlapping
fine/coarse architecture.


title:
Shape reconstruction in X-ray tomography from a small number of
  projections using deformable models

abstract:
  X-ray tomographic image reconstruction consists of determining an object
function from its projections. In many applications such as non-destructive
testing, we look for a fault region (air) in a homogeneous, known background
(metal). The image reconstruction problem then becomes the determination of the
shape of the default region. Two approaches can be used: modeling the image as
a binary Markov random field and estimating the pixels of the image, or
modeling the shape of the fault and estimating it directly from the
projections. In this work we model the fault shape by a deformable polygonal
disc or a deformable polyhedral volume and propose a new method for directly
estimating the coordinates of its vertices from a very limited number of its
projections. The basic idea is not new, but in other competing methods, in
general, the fault shape is modeled by a small number of parameters (polygonal
shapes with very small number of vertices, snakes and deformable templates) and
these parameters are estimated either by least squares or by maximum likelihood
methods. We propose modeling the shape of the fault region by a polygon with a
large number of vertices, allowing modeling of nearly any shape and estimation
of its vertices' coordinates directly from the projections by defining the
solution as the minimizer of an appropriate regularized criterion. This
formulation can also be interpreted as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate in
a Bayesian estimation framework. To optimize this criterion we use either a
simulated annealing or a special purpose deterministic algorithm based on
iterated conditional modes (ICM). The simulated results are very encouraging,
especially when the number and the angles of projections are very limited.


title: Probabilistic methods for data fusion

abstract:
  The main object of this paper is to show how we can use classical
probabilistic methods such as Maximum Entropy (ME), maximum likelihood (ML)
and/or Bayesian (BAYES) approaches to do microscopic and macroscopic data
fusion. Actually ME can be used to assign a probability law to an unknown
quantity when we have macroscopic data (expectations) on it. ML can be used to
estimate the parameters of a probability law when we have microscopic data
(direct observation). BAYES can be used to update a prior probability law when
we have microscopic data through the likelihood. When we have both microscopic
and macroscopic data we can use first ME to assign a prior and then use BAYES
to update it to the posterior law thus doing the desired data fusion. However,
in practical data fusion applications, we may still need some engineering
feeling to propose realistic data fusion solutions. Some simple examples in
sensor data fusion and image reconstruction using different kind of data are
presented to illustrate these ideas. Keywords: Data fusion, Maximum entropy,
Maximum likelihood, Bayesian data fusion, EM algorithm.


title:
A Bayesian Approach for the Determination of the Charge Density from
  Elastic Electron Scattering Data

abstract:
  The problem of the determination of the charge density from limited
information about the charge form factor is an ill-posed inverse problem. A
Bayesian probabilistic approach to this problem which permits to take into
account both errors and prior information about the solution is presented. We
will show that many classical methods can be considered as special cases of the
proposed approach. We address also the problem of the basis function choice for
the discretization and the uncertainty of the solution. Some numerical results
for an analytical model are presented to show the performance of the proposed
method.


title:
A Bayesian Approach to Shape Reconstruction of a Compact Object from a
  Few Number of Projections

abstract:
  Image reconstruction in X ray tomography consists in determining an object
from its projections. In many applications such as non destructive testing, we
look for an image who has a constant value inside a region (default) and
another constant value outside that region (homogeneous region surrounding the
default). The image reconstruction problem becomes then the determination of
the shape of that region. In this work we model the object (the default region)
as a polygonal disc and propose a new method for the estimation of the
coordinates of its vertices directly from a very limited number of its
projections. Keywords: Computed Imaging, Tomography, Shape reconstruction, Non
destructive testing, Regularization, Bayesian estimation, Deformable contours.


title:
New Advances in Bayesian Calculation for Linear and Nonlinear Inverse
  Problems

abstract:
  The Bayesian approach has proved to be a coherent approach to handle ill
posed Inverse problems. However, the Bayesian calculations need either an
optimization or an integral calculation. The maximum a posteriori (MAP)
estimation requires the minimization of a compound criterion which, in general,
has two parts: a data fitting part and a prior part. In many situations the
criterion to be minimized becomes multimodal. The cost of the Simulated
Annealing (SA) based techniques is in general huge for inverse problems.
Recently a deterministic optimization technique, based on Graduated Non
Convexity (GNC), have been proposed to overcome this difficulty. The objective
of this paper is to show two specific implementations of this technique for the
following situations: -- Linear inverse problems where the solution is modeled
as a piecewise continuous function. The non convexity of the criterion is then
due to the special choice of the prior; -- A nonlinear inverse problem which
arises in inverse scattering where the non convexity of the criterion is due to
the likelihood part. Keywords: Inverse problems, Regularization, Bayesian
calculation, Global optimization, Graduated Non Convexity.


title:
A Comparison of Two Approaches: Maximum Entropy on the Mean (MEM) and
  Bayesian Estimation (BAYES) for Inverse Problems

abstract:
  To handle with inverse problems, two probabilistic approaches have been
proposed: the maximum entropy on the mean (MEM) and the Bayesian estimation
(BAYES). The main object of this presentation is to compare these two
approaches which are in fact two different inference procedures to define the
solution of an inverse problem as the optimizer of a compound criterion.
Keywords: Inverse problems, Maximum Entropy on the Mean, Bayesian inference,
Convex analysis.


title: A full Bayesian approach for inverse problems

abstract:
  The main object of this paper is to present some general concepts of Bayesian
inference and more specifically the estimation of the hyperparameters in
inverse problems. We consider a general linear situation where we are given
some data $\yb$ related to the unknown parameters $\xb$ by $\yb=\Ab \xb+\nb$
and where we can assign the probability laws $p(\xb|\thetab)$,
$p(\yb|\xb,\betab)$, $p(\betab)$ and $p(\thetab)$. The main discussion is then
how to infer $\xb$, $\thetab$ and $\betab$ either individually or any
combinations of them. Different situations are considered and discussed. As an
important example, we consider the case where $\theta$ and $\beta$ are the
precision parameters of the Gaussian laws to whom we assign Gamma priors and we
propose some new and practical algorithms to estimate them simultaneously.
Comparisons and links with other classical methods such as maximum likelihood
are presented. Keywords: Bayesian inference, Hyperparameter estimation, Inverse
problems, Maximum likelihood.


title:
Scale Invariant Markov Models for Bayesian Inversion of Linear Inverse
  Problems

abstract:
  In a Bayesian approach for solving linear inverse problems one needs to
specify the prior laws for calculation of the posterior law. A cost function
can also be defined in order to have a common tool for various Bayesian
estimators which depend on the data and the hyperparameters. The Gaussian case
excepted, these estimators are not linear and so depend on the scale of the
measurements. In this paper a weaker property than linearity is imposed on the
Bayesian estimator, namely the scale invariance property (SIP).First, we state
some results on linear estimation and then we introduce and justify a scale
invariance axiom. We show that arbitrary choice of scale measurement can be
avoided if the estimator has this SIP. Some examples of classical
regularization procedures are shown to be scale invariant. Then we investigate
general conditions on classes of Bayesian estimators which satisfy this SIP, as
well as their consequences on the cost function and prior laws. We also show
that classical methods for hyperparameters estimation (i.e., Maximum Likelihood
and Generalized Maximum Likelihood) can be introduced for hyperparameters
estimation, and we verify the SIP property for them. Finally we discuss how to
choose the prior laws to obtain scale invariant Bayesian estimators. For this,
we consider two cases of prior laws: {\em entropic prior laws} and {\em
first-order Markov models}. In related preceding works
[Mohammad-Djafari90,Mohammad-Djafari93], the SIP constraints have been studied
for the case of entropic prior laws. In this paper extension to the case of
first-order Markov models is provided. KEYWORDS: Bayesian estimation, Scale
invariance, Markov modelling, Inverse Problems, Image reconstruction, Prior
model selection


title: A scale invariant Bayesian method to solve linear inverse problems

abstract:
  In this paper we propose a new Bayesian estimation method to solve linear
inverse problems in signal and image restoration and reconstruction problems
which has the property to be scale invariant. In general, Bayesian estimators
are {\em nonlinear} functions of the observed data. The only exception is the
Gaussian case. When dealing with linear inverse problems the linearity is
sometimes a too strong property, while {\em scale invariance} often remains a
desirable property. As everybody knows one of the main difficulties with using
the Bayesian approach in real applications is the assignment of the direct
(prior) probability laws before applying the Bayes' rule. We discuss here how
to choose prior laws to obtain scale invariant Bayesian estimators. In this
paper we discuss and propose a familly of generalized exponential probability
distributions functions for the direct probabilities (the prior $p(\xb)$ and
the likelihood $p(\yb|\xb)$), for which the posterior $p(\xb|\yb)$, and,
consequently, the main posterior estimators are scale invariant. Among many
properties, generalized exponential can be considered as the maximum entropy
probability distributions subject to the knowledge of a finite set of
expectation values of some knwon functions.


title: A Matlab Program to Calculate the Maximum Entropy Distributions

abstract:
  The classical Maximum Entropy (ME) problem consists of determining a
probability distribution function (pdf) from a finite set of expectations of
known functions. The solution depends on $N+1$ Lagrange multipliers which are
determined by solving the set of nonlinear equations formed by the $N$ data
constraints and the normalization constraint. In this short communication we
give three Matlab programs to calculate these Lagrange multipliers. The first
considers the general case where the functions can be any functions. The second
considers the special case of power functions $x^n$. In this case the data are
the geometrical moments of $p(x)$. The third considers the special case of
Fourier series functions $\exp(-j n \omega x)$. In this case the data are the
trigonometrical moments of $p(x)$. Some examples are also given to illustrate
the usefullness of these programs.


title:
A Cost-Efficient PC Based Frame Grabber as Beam Diagnostic Tool in an
  EPICS Environment

abstract:
  Analysis of video images is a common way to determine the properties of an
electron or synchrotron radiation beam. At BESSY a cost-efficient frame grabber
hardware controlled by a Windows PC allows one to perform such an analysis in
real-time. Live video images on the PC monitor give operators a direct view of
the beam, optionally enhanced by artificial coloring and graphical overlays.
The application software has been integrated into the EPICS environment by
including a Channel Access (CA) server. Thus the numerical results and the
application's control commands are accessible over a network through CA Process
Variables. A newly developed C++ class library is used to provide the variables
with the usual attributes required by advanced CA clients such as graphical
display managers.


title: The Timing Synchronization System at Jefferson Lab

abstract:
  This paper presents the requirements and design of a Timing Synchronization
System (TSS) for the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF)
control system at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. A clock
module has been designed which resides in a VME crate. The clock module can be
a communications master or a slave depending on its configuration, which is
software and jumper selectable. As a master, the clock module sends out
messages in response to an external synchronization signal over a serial fiber
optic line. As a slave, it receives the messages and interrupts an associated
computer in its VME crate. The application that motivated the development of
the TSS, the Accelerator 30 Hz Measurement System, will be described.
Operational experience with the TSS will also be discussed.


title: Constructing Fresnel reflection coefficients by ruler and compass

abstract:
  A simple and intuitive geometical method to analyze Fresnel formulas is
presented. It applies to transparent media and is valid for perpendicular and
parallel polarizations. The approach gives a graphical characterization
particularly simple of the critical and Brewster angles. It also provides an
interpretation of the relation between the reflection coefficients for both
basic polarizations as a symmetry in the plane.


title: Data Acquisition System with Shared Memory Network

abstract:
  The SPring-8 control system provides data acquisition software called
Poller/Collector for periodic data taking. Its polling scheme does not support
taking data synchronized with an event, and simultaneity in the data from the
different VME systems is not guaranteed. Recently, requirement for fast and
event-driven data acquisition has increased, and the synchronization of a set
of data from the different VME systems is requested. We added new data-taking
software to the standard framework with a shared memory network. We designed
the software on the VME by updating the original framework that was already
used for feedback control. The data filling process on a PC stores sets of the
synchronized data on a shared memory board to the database. The shared memory
boards provide 250Mbit/s transmission rate and are linked with optical fiber
cables. We will install the system to the linac beam position monitors data
acquisition as the first application.


title: Upgrade of Linac Control System with New Vme Controllers at Spring-8

abstract:
  We integrated an injector linac control system to the SPring-8 standard
system on September 2000. As a result of this integration, the SPring-8
accelerator complex was controlled by one unified system. Because the linac was
continuously running as the electron beam injector not only for the SPring-8
storage ring but also for New SUBARU, we had to minimize the hardware
modification to reduce the time for the development and testing of the new
control system. The integration method was almost the same as that of the
integration of the booster synchrotron. We report here on the integration of
the linac control system with emphasis on the upgrade of the VMEbus controllers
and software involving the operating system Solaris 7 as the real-time OS.


title:
Radiation forces on an absorbing micrometer-sized sphere in an
  evanescent field

abstract:
  The vertical radiation force on an absorbing micrometer-sized dielectric
sphere situated in an evanescent field is calculated, using electromagnetic
wave theory. The present work is a continuation of an earlier paper [E. Almaas
and I. Brevik, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B {\bf 12}, 2429 (1995)], in which both the
horizontal and the vertical radiation forces were calculated with the
constraint that the sphere was nonabsorbing. Whereas the horizontal force can
be well accounted for within this constraint, there is no possibility to
describe the {\it repulsiveness} of the vertical force, so distinctly
demonstrated in the Kawata-Sugiura experiment [Opt. Lett. {\bf 17}, 772
(1992)], unless a departure from the theory of pure nondispersive dielectrics
is made in some way. Introduction of absorption, i.e. a complex refractive
index, is one natural way of generalizing the previous theory. We work out
general expressions for the vertical force for this case and illustrate the
calculations by numerical computations. It turns out that, when applied to the
Kawata-Sugiura case, the repulsive radiation force caused by absorption is {\it
not} strong enough to account for the actual lifting of the polystyrene latex
or glass spheres. The physical reason for the experimental outcome is, in this
case, most probably the presence of surfactants making the surface of the
spheres partially conducting.


title:
A characteristic frequency of two mutually interacting gas bubbles in an
  acoustic field

abstract:
  Transition frequencies of two spherical gas bubbles interacting in an
acoustic field are discussed theoretically. In the present study, transition
frequency is defined as the frequency of external sound for which the phase
difference between a bubble's pulsation and the external sound is $\pi / 2$. It
is shown by a linear theory that a bubble interacting with a neighboring bubble
has three (or fewer) transition frequencies but only two natural frequencies.
This result means that the bubble has a characteristic frequency besides the
natural frequencies.


title: Photons, Clocks, Gravity and the Concept of Mass

abstract:
  Transparencies of the 18th Henry Primakoff lecture at the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA, April 11, 2001 and of the Special lecture
given at the 7th International Workshop on Topics in Astroparticle and
Underground Physics, TAUP 2001, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy,
September 9, 2001; to be published by Elsevier Nucl. Phys. B (Proceedings
supplements).
  Various aspects of the concept of mass in modern physics are discussed: 1.
Mass in Special Relativity, 2. Atoms in Static Gravity, 3. Photons in Static
Gravity, 4. Misleading Terminology, 5. Unsolved Problems of mass.


title:
Numerical studies of left-handed materials and arrays of split ring
  resonators

abstract:
  We present numerical results on the transmission properties of the
left-handed materials (LHM) and split-ring resonators (SRR). The simulation
resultsare in qualitative agreement with experiments. The dependence of the
transmission through LHM on the real and imaginary part of the electric
permittivity of the metal, the length of the system, and the size of the unit
cell are presented. We also study the dependence of the resonance frequency of
the array of SRR on the ring thickness, inner diameter, radial and azimuthal
gap, as well as on the electrical permittivity of the board and the embedding
medium, where SRR resides. Qualitatively good agreement with previously
published analytical results is obtained.


title:
Introducing I/O Channels into the Device Database Opens New
  Potentialities for Configuration Management

abstract:
  The reference RDBMS for BESSY II has been set up with a device oriented data
model. This has proven adequate for e.g. template based RTDB generation,
modelling etc. But since assigned I/O channels have been stored outside the
database (a) numerous specific conditions had to be maintained within the
scripts generating configuration files and (b) several generic applications
could not be set up automatically by scripts. In a larger re-design effort the
I/O channels are introduced into the RDBMS. That modification allows to
generate a larger set of RTDBs, map specific conditions into database relations
and maintain application configurations by relatively simple extraction
scripts.


title: Intercellular Communication Via Intracellular Calcium Oscillations

abstract:
  In this letter we present the results of a simple model for intercellular
communication via calcium oscillations, motivated in part by a recent
experimental study. The model describes two cells (a "donor" and "sensor")
whose intracellular dynamics involve a calcium-induced, calcium release
process. The cells are coupled by assuming that the the input of the sensor
cell is proportional to the output of the donor cell. As one varies the
frequency of calcium oscillations of the donor cell, the sensor cell passes
through a sequence of N:M phase locked regimes and exhibits a "Devil's
staircase" behavior. Such a phase locked response has been seen experimentally
in pulsatile stimulation of single cells. We also study a stochastic version of
the coupled two cell model. We find that phase locking holds for realistic
choices for the cell volume.


title:
Investigation of transition frequencies of two acoustically coupled
  bubbles using a direct numerical simulation technique

abstract:
  The theoretical results regarding the ``transition frequencies'' of two
acoustically interacting bubbles have been verified numerically. The theory
provided by Ida [Phys. Lett. A 297 (2002) 210] predicted the existence of three
transition frequencies per bubble, each of which has the phase difference of
$\pi /2$ between a bubble's pulsation and the external sound field, while
previous theories predicted only two natural frequencies which cause such phase
shifts. Namely, two of the three transition frequencies correspond to the
natural frequencies, while the remaining does not. In a subsequent paper [M.
Ida, Phys. Rev. E 67 (2003) 056617], it was shown theoretically that transition
frequencies other than the natural frequencies may cause the sign reversal of
the secondary Bjerknes force acting between pulsating bubbles. In the present
study, we employ a direct numerical simulation technique that uses the
compressible Navier-Stokes equations with a surface-tension term as the
governing equations to investigate the transition frequencies of two coupled
bubbles by observing their pulsation amplitudes and directions of translational
motion, both of which change as the driving frequency changes. The numerical
results reproduce the recent theoretical predictions, validating the existence
of the transition frequencies not corresponding to the natural frequency.


title:
A Generalization of Abel Inversion to non axisymmetric density
  distribution

abstract:
  Abel Inversion is currently used in laser-plasma studies in order to estimate
the electronic density $n_e$ from the phase-shift map $\delta \phi$ obtained
via interferometry. The main limitation of the Abel method is due to the
assumption of axial symmetry of the electronic density, which is often hardly
fulfilled. In this paper we present an improvement to the Abel inversion
technique in which the axial symmetry condition is relaxed by means of a
truncated Legendre Polinomial expansion in the azimutal angle. With the help of
simulated interferograms, we will show that the generalized Abel inversion
generates accurate densities maps when applied to non axisymmetric density
sources.


title:
Analyzing laser-plasma interferograms with a Continuous Wavelet
  Transform Ridge Extraction technique: the method

abstract:
  Laser-plasma interferograms are currently analyzed by extracting the
phase-shift map with FFT techniques (K.A.Nugent, Applied Optics {\bf 18}, 3101
(1985)). This methodology works well when interferograms are only marginally
affected by noise and reduction of fringe visibility, but it can fail in
producing accurate phase-shifts maps when dealing with low-quality images.
  In this paper we will present a novel procedure for the phase-shift map
computation which makes an extensive use of the Ridge Extraction in the
Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) framework. The CWT tool is {\it flexible}
because of the wide adaptability of the analyzing basis and it can be very {\it
accurate} because of the intrinsic noise reduction in the Ridge Extraction.
  A comparative analysis of the accuracy performances of the new tool and the
FFT-based one shows that the CWT-based tool phase maps are considerably less
noisy and it can better resolve local inhomogeneties.


title:
Application of novel techniques for interferogram analysis to
  laser-plasma femtosecond probing

abstract:
  Recently, two novel techniques for the extraction of the phase-shift map
(Tomassini {\it et.~al.}, Applied Optics {\bf 40} 35 (2001)) and the electronic
density map estimation (Tomassini P. and Giulietti A., Optics Communication
{\bf 199}, pp 143-148 (2001)) have been proposed. In this paper we apply both
methods to a sample laser-plasma interferogram obtained with femtoseconds probe
pulse, in an experimental setup devoted to laser particle acceleration studies.


title: EPICS Software Development for SNS VME-based Timing and RTDL System

abstract:
  The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) timing and Real Time Data Link (RTDL)
systems are being designed and developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory
(BNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and other SNS collaborating labs
[1]. The VME-based SNS timing system is comprised of a phase locked loop (PLL)
to generate a 120 Hz power line locked clock, a master timing system including
up to 4 16-event input modules (V101) and a timing system encoder module
(V123S), distribution system to all equipment locations, and a timing system
receiver module (V124S). The VME-based SNS RTDL system includes an encoder
module (V105), up to 10 8-inputs modules (V206) and an RTDL receiver module.
The EPICS [2] software support for the timing and RTDL master VME boards has
been developed at BNL while the software and hardware of the SNS utility module
are undertaken at LANL. The software is currently under the beta test at the
SNS collaborating labs. This paper describes the design and the implementation
of the software.


title: Steep sharp-crested gravity waves on deep water

abstract:
  A new type of steady steep two-dimensional irrotational symmetric periodic
gravity waves on inviscid incompressible fluid of infinite depth is revealed.
We demonstrate that these waves have sharper crests in comparison with the
Stokes waves of the same wavelength and steepness. The speed of a fluid
particle at the crest of new waves is greater than their phase speed.


title:
Replacement of Magnet Power Supplies, Control and Field-Bus for the Psi
  Cyclotron Accelerators

abstract:
  Magnet power supplies in the PSI accelerator complex with their control and
field-bus are old. Some components are more then 30 years old. To guarantee
further maintenance and to meet the more demanding specifications for operation
with the 2mA beam, they have to be replaced. The switched power supplies,
developed for SLS, will be used. This implies a major redesign of part of the
accelerator control system, which is now based on CAMAC, ROAD-C and other in
house developed hardware including the machine protection system. The modified
control for the new set-up will be based on VME and alternatively CAMAC, with
dedicated processors for the functionality of the machine protection system.


title: Updating the Near-Earth Neutral Line Model

abstract:
  In the past thirty years the Near-Earth Neutral Line model for substorms has
been proven to be correct in its basic assumption, i.e., that a new neutral
line is created near the Earth during substorm onset. Yet there have also been
numerous changes and additions to this model, which were necessary to give a
more complete and deeper understanding of the substorm process. This process is
still continuing.


title: An Integrated Enterprise Accelerator Database for the SLC Control System

abstract:
  Since its inception in the early 1980's, the SLC control system has been
driven by a highly structured memory resident real-time database. While
efficient, its rigid structure and file-based sources makes it difficult to
maintain and extract relevant information. The goal of transforming the sources
for this database into a relational form is to enable it to be part of a
Control System Enterprise Database that is an integrated central repository for
SLC accelerator device and control system data with links to other associated
databases.


title: Linux-Based Toolkit in the VEPP-4 Control System

abstract:
  The control system of the VEPP-4 facility was designed more than fifteen
years ago and based on the home-developed CAMAC-embedded minicomputers Odrenok
[1]. Five years ago, all computers were connected via Ethernet network. This
step allowed us to force an integration of PCs into the VEPP-4 control system.
This paper reviews new tools running on the PCs under Linux. The beam
diagnostics tool described in this paper provides the data about position and
dimensions of e-/e+ beams from CCD matrix controller via 100-Mbit Ethernet. The
next tool provides measuring of beam energy at the VEPP-4M collider using a
well-known method of resonance depolarization by the observation of the
polarization degree on the effect of internal scattering of particles. Data
visualization tools are based on CERN ROOT framework. Hardware and software
aspects of the systems are presented in this paper.


title: Database and Channel Access on the VEPP-4

abstract:
  The VEPP-4 control system was designed almost 20 years ago as CAMAC-based
distributed control system. Today the main peculiarity of the upgraded VEPP-4
control system is the employment of obsolete CAMAC-embedded 24-bit Odrenok
computers in the middle (process) level. The communication software is
developed to provide an effective interaction between user (operator)
applications on the high level and executive programs in the middle level. The
communication software is Linux-based and includes the Application Server and
Device Servers. The Application Server provides channel and database access for
user applications. The Device Servers provide interaction with the hardware.
The backend database server is based on PostgreSQL. This paper describes the
structure of the VEPP-4 control system database and data/channel access
procedures.


title: Evolution of Ultracold, Neutral Plasmas

abstract:
  We present the first large-scale simulations of an ultracold, neutral plasma,
produced by photoionization of laser-cooled xenon atoms, from creation to
initial expansion, using classical molecular dynamics methods with open
boundary conditions. We reproduce many of the experimental findings such as the
trapping efficiency of electrons with increased ion number, a minimum electron
temperature achieved on approach to the photoionization threshold, and
recombination into Rydberg states of anomalously-low principal quantum number.
In addition, many of these effects establish themselves very early in the
plasma evolution ($\sim$ ns) before present experimental observations begin.


title: DIAMOND Control System Outline Design

abstract:
  DIAMOND is a new synchrotron light source currently being designed in the UK.
The control system for DIAMOND will be a site wide monitoring and control
system for the accelerators, beamlines and conventional facilities. Initial
work on the control system has selected EPICS as the basis for the control
system design. The requirements of the control system are presented. The
technical solutions being considered to interface EPICS to the equipment being
controlled are discussed together with the requirements for configuration and
management of a large EPICS installation. Options being considered for the
procurement, installation and commissioning of the control system are also
presented.


title: Use of EPICS for High-Level Control of SNS Conventional Facilities

abstract:
  The SNS Project intends to integrate Conventional Facility Controls with its
EPICS-based Accelerator and Target Control Systems. EPICS will therefore be
used to provide distributed high-level access to all subsystems of the SNS
conventional facilities, including cooling water towers, chilled water,
de-ionized water, HVAC, waste processing, and power monitoring. EPICS will
provide operator displays and high-level control for more than 1000 process
variables. EPICS support will be provided by four IOCs using PowerPC-based
VMEbus controllers . Low-level control will be provided by Allen-Bradley
ControlLogix PLCs that will communicate among themselves using ControlNet and
with EPICS using EtherNet/IP [2]. Both the PLC layer and the EPICS layer will
be implemented by an industrial supplier. File server support will be
Linux-based and Concurrent Versions System (CVS) will be used to manage version
control, both for EPICS and for PLC program and configuration files. All system
process variable names, hardware, software, and database configuration
properties will be maintained in a master Oracle database which will be used to
generate and maintain EPICS and PLC databases for the entire project.


title: The tunnel effect in electromagnetic propagation

abstract:
  The tunnel effect is considered here within the framework of electromagnetic
propagation. The classical problem of a plane gap of dielectric, surrounded on
both sides by a medium with larger refraction index, is studied in the case in
which an electromagnetic plane wave impinges into the gap with an incidence
angle larger than the critical angle. In this condition (total reflection), the
gap acts as a classically forbidden region and behaves like a tunnel. The field
inside the forbidden gap consists of two evanescent waves, each one having its
wavefronts normal to the interface. In the present paper we study the total
field derived as a superposition of two such evanescent waves, its wavefronts,
and the directions of propagation of both phase and energy.


title:
Information-Control Software for Handling Serial Devices in an EPICS
  Environment

abstract:
  Each accelerator control system has a variety of measurement devices. One of
the most common types of instrument interfaces used for their control is a
serial (RS-232) bus. It is inexpensive and adequate for relatively simple
measurement and control devices such as switchers, amplifiers, voltmeters, and
steppermotors. Since the RS-232 specification is very broad and does not
require uniformity above the basic communication protocol level, one of the
major problems associated with the use of RS-232 is that the command protocol
for each device is unique. This makes it difficult to design generic drivers
for RS-232 and also hampers efforts to design generic troubleshooting methods.
This paper presents software developed independently at three other labs and
integrated into a single system at Jefferson Lab to handle serial devices in a
generic manner. The software is based on the EPICS toolkit and uses a 3-tier
architecture including a common serial driver at the bottom, a top-level
protocol to specify individual device commands in a generic manner, and a
mid-level of software to "glue" the two together.


title: Evolution of the SPS Power Converter Controls towards the LHC Era

abstract:
  By the end of the nineties, the power converter control system (Mugef) of the
CERN proton accelerator (SPS) had undergone a complete modernization. This
resulted in newly developed hardware for function generation, measurement and
I/O in a VME environment, under the LynxOS real-time operating system. This has
provided a platform on which extensions can be developed for future operation
in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) era. This paper describes some of these
extensions, in particular a fast Surveillance and Interlock system for
monitoring the power converter output currents. This will be mandatory for the
safe operation of the SPS transfer lines TI2 & TI8 to LHC and for similar
applications in the future. The strategies employed to cope with various
failure modes of the power converters and the timely activation of the
interlock are outlined. The new SPS controls infrastructure now under
development, will give rise to new modes of operation for the Mugef systems.
Integration with the proposed middleware must be undertaken in a structured
evolution, while retaining compatibility with the current usage.


title: Control System Design for the LIGO Pre-stabilized Laser

abstract:
  To meet the strain sensitivity requirements [1], [2] of the Laser
Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), the laser frequency and
amplitude noise must initially be reduced by a factor of 1000 in the
pre-stabilized portion of the interferometer [3]. A control system was
implemented to provide laser noise suppression, data acquisition interfaces,
diagnostics, and operator control inputs. This paper describes the VME-based
analog and digital controls used in the LIGO Pre-stabilized Laser (PSL).


title: Kinetic temperature gradient driven modes in inhomogeneous plasmas

abstract:
  New unstable temperature gradient driven modes in an inhomogeneous plasma are
identified. These modes represent transient $\omega \simeq k_{\Vert
}v_{th}^{(e,i)}$ sound oscillations in magnetized plasma that are kinetically
destabilized via Landau interactions. Electron and ion sound branches are
unstable for large values of the Larmor radius parameter $% k_{\bot}\rho
_{e,i}\gg 1,$ respectively. The instability occurs due to a specific plasma
response that significantly deviates from Boltzmann distribution in the region
$k_{\bot}\rho_{i,e}\gg 1$ . Pacs: 52.35 Kt, 52.35 Qz


title: Interpreting Compton anisotropy of ice Ih: a cluster partitioning method

abstract:
  We propose a simple cluster-based method with application to calculations of
Compton profile anisotropies of ice. The convergence of the method is checked
with respect to Crystal95 results. Increasing both basis-set quality and
cluster sizes results in a decrease of the magnitude of theoretical Compton
anisotropies. The agreement with experimental data is therefore improved
towards previously calculated anisotropies. Moreover, analyzing directional
autocorrelation functions shows an evidence for both anti-bonding and
polarization effects.

categories: physics.chem-ph cond-mat.mtrl-sci physics.atm-clus physics.atom-ph physics.comp-ph


title: SNS Application Programming Plan

abstract:
  The architecture for Spallation Neutron Source accelerator physics
application programs is presented. These high level applications involve
processing and managing information from the diagnostic instruments, the
machine control system, models and static databases; they will be used to
investigate and control beam behavior. Primary components include an SNS global
database and Java-based Application Toolkit, called XAL. A key element in the
SNS application programs is time synchronization of data used in these
applications, due to the short pulse length (1 ms), pulsed (60 Hz) nature of
the device. The data synchronization progress is also presented.


title: Post Mortem System - Playback of the RHIC Collider

abstract:
  A Post Mortem System was developed for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at
Brookhaven National Laboratory to provide a playback of the collider state at
the time of a beam abort, quench, or other failure event. Post Mortem data is
used to provide diagnostics about the failure and to improve future stores.
This data is read from hardware buffers and is written directly to the main
file system by Accelerator Device Objects in the front-end computers. The Post
Mortem System has facilitated analysis of loss monitor and power supply data,
such as beam loss during magnet quenches, dump kicker misfires and power supply
malfunctions. System details and recent operating experience will be discussed.


title: Fresnel laws at curved dielectric interfaces of microresonators

abstract:
  We discuss curvature corrections to Fresnel's laws for the reflection and
transmission of light at a non-planar refractive-index boundary. The reflection
coefficients are obtained from the resonances of a dielectric disk within a
sequential-reflection model. The Goos-H\"anchen effect for curved light fronts
at a planar interface can be adapted to provide a qualitative and quantitative
extension of the ray model which explains the observed deviations from
Fresnel's laws.


title: The NLC Software Requirements Methodology

abstract:
  We describe the software requirements and development methodology developed
for the NLC control system. Given the longevity of that project, and the likely
geographical distribution of the collaborating engineers, the planned
requirements management process is somewhat more formal than the norm in high
energy physics projects. The short term goals of the requirements process are
to accurately estimate costs, to decompose the problem, and to determine likely
technologies. The long term goal is to enable a smooth transition from high
level functional requirements to specific subsystem and component requirements
for individual programmers, and to support distributed development. The
methodology covers both ends of that life cycle. It covers both the analytical
and documentary tools for software engineering, and project management support.


title: Status Report for the RHIC Control System*

abstract:
  The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven has completed nearly
two years of successful commissioning and operation. The control system is
briefly reviewed and its contribution to the RHIC effort is analyzed, with
emphasis on special challenges and innovative design: continuing efforts are
also discussed.


title: RHIC Power Supply Ramp Diagnostics*

abstract:
  Reliable and reproducible performance of the more than 800 Relativistic Heavy
Ion Collider (RHIC) magnet power supplies is essential to successful RHIC
operation. In order to support power supply commissioning, a system was
developed to capture detailed power supply measurements from all the RHIC ring
power supplies during acceleration ramps. Diagnostic tools were developed to
allow experts to assess ramp reproducibility and rapidly identify problems. The
system has now become a routine part of RHIC operations, with data captured for
every acceleration ramp. This paper describes the RHIC power supply ramp
diagnostic system and considers its impact on RHIC operations.


title:
SAN/AFS: Developments in Storage Data Systems on Frascati Tokamak
  Upgrade

abstract:
  In the last three years, the architecture of Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU)
experimental database has undergone meaningful modifications, data and codes
have been moved from mainframe to UNIX platforms and AFS (Andrew File System)
has been adopted as distributed file system. Further improvement we have added
regards data storage system; the choice of SAN (Storage Area Network) over
Fiber Channel, combined with power and flexibility of AFS, has made data
management over FTU very reliable. Performance tests have been done, showing
better transfer rate than previous system, based on JBOD modules with SCSI
connection.


title:
Coupled Electron Pair Approximation Calculation of the Electric Dipole
  Moment of Atomic Yb

abstract:
  The existence of a finite electric dipole moment (EDM) d_a of the
closed-shell atom Yb implies parity and time reversal violations involving the
nuclear sector. An important effect which can contribute to the Yb EDM is the
tensor-pseudotensor electron-nucleus interaction characterized by the coupling
constant C_T. Within the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics C_T=0, as this
form of interaction is not allowed. If a finite d_a of Yb is observed in
experiments, then an estimate of C_T can be obtained by combining with the
theoretical calculations. A non-zero C_T implies physics beyond the standard
model. In this paper we present the result of our ab initio calculation of the
EDM Yb using different many-body methods.


title: Remote Device Access in the New CERN Accelerator Controls Middleware

abstract:
  This paper presents the Remote Device Access (RDA) package developed at CERN
in the framework of the joint PS/SL Controls Middleware project. The package
design reflects the Accelerator Device Model in which devices, named entities
in the control system, can be controlled via properties. RDA implements this
model in a distributed environment with devices residing in servers that can
run anywhere in the controls network. It provides a location-independent and
reliable access to the devices from control programs. By invoking the device
access methods, clients can read, write and subscribe to device property
values. We describe the architecture and design of RDA, its API, and
CORBA-based implementations in Java and C++. First applications of RDA in the
CERN accelerator control systems are described as well.


title: Majorana solution of the Thomas-Fermi equation

abstract:
  We report on an original method, due to Majorana, leading to a
semi-analytical series solution of the Thomas-Fermi equation, with appropriate
boundary conditions, in terms of only one quadrature. We also deduce a general
formula for such a solution which avoids numerical integration, but is
expressed in terms of the roots of a given polynomial equation.

categories: physics.atom-ph hep-ph nucl-th physics.gen-ph physics.hist-ph