title: Design and Test of a Carbon-Tolerant Alkaline Fuel Cell

abstract:
  This paper presents new results which may constitute a breakthrough in the
effort to develop fuel cells truly suitable for use in cars and trucks. For
decades, researchers have known that the alkaline fuel cell (AFC) is much
cheaper to make, more efficient and more durable than the more popular PEM fuel
cell; however, "carbon poisoning" (either from CO2 in air or from contaminants
in reformed methanol) causes big problems in the kind of oxygen-hydrogen AFC
commonly used in space. This paper reports successful tests of a technique for
coating the electrodes with polystyrene which, in conjunction with older
common-sense techniques, appears to solve the problem. This kind of design is
applicable to cars run on hydrogen fuel, on reformed methanol or even direct
methanol. Developing a test methodology was a major part of the work. A
foreword by one of the sponsors at NSF discusses the larger importance of this
work for energy security and the environment.


title: Risk portofolio management under Zipf analysis based strategies

abstract:
  A so called Zipf analysis portofolio management technique is introduced in
order to comprehend the risk and returns. Two portofoios are built each from a
well known financial index. The portofolio management is based on two
approaches: one called the "equally weighted portofolio", the other the
"confidence parametrized portofolio". A discussion of the (yearly) expected
return, variance, Sharpe ratio and $\beta$ follows. Optimization levels of high
returns or low risks are found.


title:
Mapping the optical properties of slab-type two-dimensional photonic
  crystal waveguides

abstract:
  We report on systematic experimental mapping of the transmission properties
of two-dimensional silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal waveguides for a broad
range of hole radii, slab thicknesses and waveguide lengths for both TE and TM
polarizations. Detailed analysis of numerous spectral features allows a direct
comparison of experimental data with 3D plane wave and finite-difference
time-domain calculations. We find, counter-intuitively, that the bandwidth for
low-loss propagation completely vanishes for structural parameters where the
photonic band gap is maximized. Our results demonstrate that, in order to
maximize the bandwidth of low-loss waveguiding, the hole radius must be
significantly reduced. While the photonic band gap considerably narrows, the
bandwidth of low-loss propagation in PhC waveguides is increased up to 125nm
with losses as low as 8$\pm$2dB/cm.


title: On the Nature of the Relativity Principle

abstract:
  We discuss the nature and a general formulation of the relativity principle
and we show that it can be justified starting from a strictly operational point
of view. We give some remark on the connection with the spacetime symmetry
groups. We also propose that the relativity principle can be considered as a
definition of physics, that distinguishes it from the other scientific
disciplines.


title: Multiplpe Choice Minority Game With Different Publicly Known Histories

abstract:
  In the standard Minority Game, players use historical minority choices as the
sole public information to pick one out of the two alternatives. However,
publishing historical minority choices is not the only way to present global
system information to players when more than two alternatives are available.
Thus, it is instructive to study the dynamics and cooperative behaviors of this
extended game as a function of the global information provided. We numerically
find that although the system dynamics depends on the kind of public
information given to the players, the degree of cooperation follows the same
trend as that of the standard Minority Game. We also explain most of our
findings by the crowd-anticrowd theory.


title: Correlated Gaussian method for dilute bosonic systems

abstract:
  The weakly interacting trapped Bose gases have been customarily described
using the mean-field approximation in the form of the Gross-Pitaevskii
equation. The mean-field approximation, however, has certain limitations, in
particular it can not describe correlations between particles. We introduce
here an alternative variational approach, based on the correlated Gaussian
method, which in its simplest form is as fast and simple as the mean-field
approximation, but which allows successive improvements of the trial
wave-function by including correlations between particles.


title:
Highly optimized tolerance and power laws in dense and sparse resource
  regimes

abstract:
  Power law cumulative frequency $(P)$ vs. event size $(l)$ distributions
$P(\geq l)\sim l^{-\alpha}$ are frequently cited as evidence for complexity and
serve as a starting point for linking theoretical models and mechanisms with
observed data. Systems exhibiting this behavior present fundamental
mathematical challenges in probability and statistics. The broad span of length
and time scales associated with heavy tailed processes often require special
sensitivity to distinctions between discrete and continuous phenomena. A
discrete Highly Optimized Tolerance (HOT) model, referred to as the
Probability, Loss, Resource (PLR) model, gives the exponent $\alpha=1/d$ as a
function of the dimension $d$ of the underlying substrate in the sparse
resource regime. This agrees well with data for wildfires, web file sizes, and
electric power outages. However, another HOT model, based on a continuous
(dense) distribution of resources, predicts $\alpha= 1+ 1/d $. In this paper we
describe and analyze a third model, the cuts model, which exhibits both
behaviors but in different regimes. We use the cuts model to show all three
models agree in the dense resource limit. In the sparse resource regime, the
continuum model breaks down, but in this case, the cuts and PLR models are
described by the same exponent.


title: A stochastic model of wealth distribution

abstract:
  We propose a stochastic model of evolution of wealth in a society of economic
agents. In the model, an agent can be in two states: inactive and active.
Transitions between the states occur at random time intervals. In the active
state, the rate at which wealth increases is greater than that in the inactive
state. In both the states, wealth diminishes at a rate proportional to the
current wealth. The probability density function describing the wealth
distribution in the steady state is found to have the form of a beta
distribution. Wealth distributions for the poor, middle and the rich classes
are obtained separately. In economic literature, beta distribution and its
generalisations, namely, the generalised beta distribution functions have been
proposed to describe the income distributions of different economic societies.
Our stochastic model provides a simple basis for the appearance of beta-type
distributions.


title: Electromagnetic Field Particles in the Classical Theory

abstract:
  This simple analysis shows that photon-like particles are not strange within
the conceptual framework of the classical electromagnetic field theory.
Circular polarized waves lead to photons. Thus, light quantum hypothesis is not
necessary.


title: The deterministic-stochastic flow model

abstract:
  A discrete model of traffic on a multilane road is considered. The traffic is
presented as particles movement with a deterministic component and a stochastic
one. Formulas for the traffic characteristics have been found. The model can
explain theoretically some phenomena that have been discovered earlier on the
basis of the experimental results.


title: Model for Folding and Aggregation in RNA Secondary Structures

abstract:
  We study the statistical mechanics of RNA secondary structures designed to
have an attraction between two different types of structures as a model system
for heteropolymer aggregation. The competition between the branching entropy of
the secondary structure and the energy gained by pairing drives the RNA to
undergo a `temperature independent' second order phase transition from a molten
to an aggregated phase'. The aggregated phase thus obtained has a
macroscopically large number of contacts between different RNAs. The partition
function scaling exponent for this phase is \theta ~ 1/2 and the crossover
exponent of the phase transition is \nu ~ 5/3. The relevance of these
calculations to the aggregation of biological molecules is discussed.


title: Methodical Instructions For Solutions of Problems in Nuclear Physics

abstract:
  This is a set of methodical instructions for solutions of problems in Nuclear
Physics. It is written on the basis of seminars to the course of lectures
on``Nuclear Physics'' delivered at the Physical and Mechanical Faculty of the
St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University for the students of the 4th Course
in ``Technical Physics'' and ``Medical Physics''. The main aim of these
methodical instructions is to develop the experience of students in scientific
approaches to solutions of practical problems in Nuclear Physics.


title: ATLAS Pixel Opto-Electronics

abstract:
  We have developed two radiation-hard ASICs for optical data transmission in
the ATLAS pixel detector at the LHC at CERN: a driver chip for a Vertical
Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) diode for 80 Mbit/s data transmission
from the detector, and a Bi-Phase Mark decoder chip to recover the control data
and 40 MHz clock received optically by a PIN diode. We have successfully
implemented both ASICs in 0.25 micron CMOS technology using enclosed layout
transistors and guard rings for increased radiation hardness. We present
results of the performance of these chips, including irradiation with 24 GeV
protons up to 61 Mrad (2.3 x 10e15 p/cm^2).


title:
The law of large numbers for completely random behavior of market
  participants. Quantum economics

abstract:
  In this paper, we briefly discuss a mathematical concept that can be used in
economics.


title: Review of Equation of Motion in the Static Casimir Effect

abstract:
  According to the experimentally observed theory of the static Casimir effect,
two metal, uncharged, conductive and flat plates attract each other in vacuum
>.Herein, equations of motion of the plates which are influenced by Casimir
potential are derived. Then some guess about experimental configurations that
would provide possibility of observation of consequences of the derived
results, are presented. As a result, frontiers of static and dynamic Casimir
effects are somehow explored.


title: Enhanced optical cooling of particle beams in storage rings

abstract:
  The problem of enhanced optical cooling (EOC) of particle beams in storage
rings beyond the Robinson's damping criterion is discussed.


title:
Smooth/rough layering in liquid-crystalline/gel state of dry
  phospholipid film, in relation to its ability to generate giant vesicles

abstract:
  Morphological changes in a dry phospholipid film on a solid substrate were
studied below and above the main transition temperature, between the gel and
liquid-crystalline phases by phase-contrast microscopy and AFM. A Phospholipid
film in the liquid-crystalline phase exhibits flat, smooth layering, whereas
that in the gel phase shows rough, random layering. These film morphologies are
discussed in relation to the ability to form giant vesicles through the natural
swelling method.


title:
Measurement of the thickness of an insensitive surface layer of a PIN
  photodiode

abstract:
  We measured the thickness of an insensitive surface layer of a PIN
photodiode, Hamamatsu S3590-06, used in the Tokyo Axion Helioscope. We made
alpha-particles impinge on the PIN photodiode in various incidence angles and
measured the pulse height to estimate the thickness of the insensitive surface
layer. This measurement showed its thickness was $0.31 \pm 0.02 \mu m$ on the
assumption that the insensitive layer consisted of Si. We calculated the peak
detection efficiency for low energy x-rays in consideration of the insensitive
layer and escape of x-rays and Auger electrons. This result showed the
efficiency for 4-10keV x-rays was more than 95%.


title: Topographical scattering of waves: a spectral approach

abstract:
  The topographical scattering of gravity waves is investigated using a
spectral energy balance equation that accounts for first order wave-bottom
Bragg scattering. This model represents the bottom topography and surface waves
with spectra, and evaluates a Bragg scattering source term that is
theoretically valid for small bottom and surface slopes and slowly varying
spectral properties. The robustness of the model is tested for a variety of
topographies uniform along one horizontal dimension including nearly
sinusoidal, linear ramp and step profiles. Results are compared with
reflections computed using an accurate method that applies integral matching
along vertical boundaries of a series of steps. For small bottom amplitudes,
the source term representation yields accurate reflection estimates even for a
localized scatterer. This result is proved for small bottom amplitudes $h$
relative to the mean water depth $H$. Wave reflection by small amplitude bottom
topography thus depends primarily on the bottom elevation variance at the Bragg
resonance scales, and is insensitive to the detailed shape of the bottom
profile. Relative errors in the energy reflection coefficient are found to be
typically $2h/H$.


title:
Two-Scale Kirchhoff Theory: Comparison of Experimental Observations With
  Theoretical Prediction

abstract:
  We introduce a non-perturbative two scale Kirchhoff theory, in the context of
light scattering by a rough surface. This is a two scale theory which considers
the roughness both in the wavelength scale (small scale) and in the scales much
larger than the wavelength of the incident light (large scale). The theory can
precisely explain the small peaks which appear at certain scattering angles.
These peaks can not be explained by one scale theories. The theory was assessed
by calculating the light scattering profiles using the Atomic Force Microscope
(AFM) images, as well as surface profilometer scans of a rough surface, and
comparing the results with experiments. The theory is in good agreement with
the experimental results.


title: Investment horizons : A time-dependent measure of asset performance

abstract:
  We review a resent {\em time-dependent} performance measure for economical
time series -- the (optimal) investment horizon approach. For stock indices,
the approach shows a pronounced gain-loss asymmetry that is {\em not} observed
for the individual stocks that comprise the index. This difference may hint
towards an synchronize of the draw downs of the stocks.


title: Fracture Processes Observed with A Cryogenic Detector

abstract:
  In the early stages of running of the CRESST dark matter search using
sapphire detectors at very low temperature, an unexpectedly high rate of signal
pulses appeared. Their origin was finally traced to fracture events in the
sapphire due to the very tight clamping of the detectors. During extensive runs
the energy and time of each event was recorded, providing large data sets for
such phenomena. We believe this is the first time the energy release in
fracture has been directly and accurately measured on a microscopic
event-by-event basis. The energy threshold corresponds to the breaking of only
a few hundred covalent bonds, a sensitivity some orders of magnitude greater
than that of previous technique.
  We report some features of the data, including energy distributions, waiting
time distributions, autocorrelations and the Hurst exponent. The energy
distribution appear to follow a power law, $dN/dE\propto E^{-\beta}$, similar
to the power law for earthquake magnitudes, and after appropriate translation,
with a similar exponent. In the time domain,the waiting time $w$ or gap
distribution between events has a power law behavior at small $w$ and an
exponential fall-off at large $w,$ and can be fit $\propto
w^{-\alpha}e^{-w/w_0}$. The autocorrelation function shows time correlations
lasting for substantial parts of an hour. An asymmetry is found around large
events, with higher count rates after, as opposed to before,the large event .


title: Microfield distributions in strongly coupled two-component plasmas

abstract:
  The electric microfield distribution at charged particles is studied for
two-component electron-ion plasmas using molecular dynamics simulation and
theoretical models. The particles are treated within classical statistical
mechanics using an electron-ion Coulomb potential regularized at distances less
than the de Broglie length to take into account the quantum-diffraction
effects. The potential-of-mean-force (PMF) approximation is deduced from a
canonical ensemble formulation. The resulting probability density of the
electric microfield satisfies exactly the second-moment sum rule without the
use of adjustable parameters. The correlation functions between the charged
radiator and the plasma ions and electrons are calculated using molecular
dynamics simulations and the hypernetted-chain approximation for a
two-component plasma. It is shown that the agreement between the theoretical
models for the microfield distributions and the simulations is quite good in
general.


title:
Kinetic theory models for the distribution of wealth: power law from
  overlap of exponentials

abstract:
  Various multi-agent models of wealth distributions defined by microscopic
laws regulating the trades, with or without a saving criterion, are reviewed.
We discuss and clarify the equilibrium properties of the model with constant
global saving propensity, resulting in Gamma distributions, and their
equivalence to the Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic energy distribution for a system
of molecules in an effective number of dimensions $D_\lambda$, related to the
saving propensity $\lambda$ [M. Patriarca, A. Chakraborti, and K. Kaski, Phys.
Rev. E 70 (2004) 016104]. We use these results to analyze the model in which
the individual saving propensities of the agents are quenched random variables,
and the tail of the equilibrium wealth distribution exhibits a Pareto law $f(x)
\propto x^{-\alpha -1}$ with an exponent $\alpha=1$ [A. Chatterjee, B. K.
Chakrabarti, and S. S. Manna, Physica Scripta T106 (2003) 367]. Here, we show
that the observed Pareto power law can be explained as arising from the overlap
of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions associated to the various agents, which
reach an equilibrium state characterized by their individual Gamma
distributions. We also consider the influence of different types of saving
propensity distributions on the equilibrium state.


title:
The Zel'dovich effect and evolution of atomic Rydberg spectra along the
  Periodic Table

abstract:
  In 1959 Ya. B. Zel'dovich predicted that the bound-state spectrum of the
non-relativistic Coulomb problem distorted at small distances by a short-range
potential undergoes a peculiar reconstruction whenever this potential alone
supports a low-energy scattering resonance. However documented experimental
evidence of this effect has been lacking. Previous theoretical studies of this
phenomenon were confined to the regime where the range of the short-ranged
potential is much smaller than Bohr's radius of the Coulomb field. We go beyond
this limitation by restricting ourselves to highly-excited s states. This
allows us to demonstrate that along the Periodic Table of elements the
Zel'dovich effect manifests itself as systematic periodic variation of the
Rydberg spectra with a period proportional to the cubic root of the atomic
number. This dependence, which is supported by analysis of experimental and
numerical data, has its origin in the binding properties of the ionic core of
the atom.


title:
Delay-Coordinates Embeddings as a Data Mining Tool for Denoising Speech
  Signals

abstract:
  In this paper we utilize techniques from the theory of non-linear dynamical
systems to define a notion of embedding threshold estimators. More specifically
we use delay-coordinates embeddings of sets of coefficients of the measured
signal (in some chosen frame) as a data mining tool to separate structures that
are likely to be generated by signals belonging to some predetermined data set.
We describe a particular variation of the embedding threshold estimator
implemented in a windowed Fourier frame, and we apply it to speech signals
heavily corrupted with the addition of several types of white noise. Our
experimental work seems to suggest that, after training on the data sets of
interest,these estimators perform well for a variety of white noise processes
and noise intensity levels. The method is compared, for the case of Gaussian
white noise, to a block thresholding estimator.


title:
Molecules Near Absolute Zero and External Field Control of Atomic and
  Molecular Dynamics

abstract:
  This article reviews the current state of the art in the field of cold and
ultracold molecules and demonstrates that chemical reactions, inelastic
collisions and dissociation of molecules at subKelvin temperatures can be
manipulated with external electric or magnetic fields. The creation of
ultracold molecules may allow for spectroscopy measurements with extremely high
precision and tests of fundamental symmetries of nature, quantum computation
with molecules as qubits, and controlled chemistry. The probability of chemical
reactions and collisional energy transfer can be very large at temperatures
near zero Kelvin. The collision energy of ultracold atoms and molecules is much
smaller than perturbations due to interactions with external electric or
magnetic fields available in the laboratory. External fields may therefore be
used to induce dissociation of weakly bound molecules, stimulate forbidden
electronic transitions, suppress the effect of centrifugal barriers in outgoing
reaction channels or tune Feshbach resonances that enhance chemical reactivity.


title: The Hundredth Anniversary of Einstein's Annus Mirabilis

abstract:
  The year 2005 marks the hundredth anniversary of the pioneering contribution
of Einstein's to modern physics in 1905. The discussion of Einstein's five
groundbreaking fundamental papers, which change our picture of the universe and
ideas about the microworld and cosmos, is given.


title: Detecting subtle effects of persistence in the stock market dynamics

abstract:
  The conventional formal tool to detect effects of the financial persistence
is in terms of the Hurst exponent. A typical corresponding result is that its
value comes out close to 0.5, as characteristic for geometric Brownian motion,
with at most small departures from this value in either direction depending on
the market and on the time scales involved. We study the high frequency price
changes on the American and on the German stock markets. For both corresponding
indices, the Dow Jones and the DAX respectively, the Hurst exponent analysis
results in values close to 0.5. However, by decomposing the market dynamics
into pairs of steps such that an elementary move up (down) is followed by
another move up (down) and explicitly counting the resulting conditional
probabilities we find values typically close to 60%. This effect of persistence
is particularly visible on the short time scales ranging from 1 up to 3
minutes, decreasing gradually to 50% and even significantly below this value on
the larger time scales. We also detect some asymmetry in persistence related to
the moves up and down, respectively. This indicates a subtle nature of the
financial persistence whose characteristics escape detection within the
conventional Hurst exponent formalism.

categories: physics.soc-ph cond-mat.stat-mech physics.data-an q-fin.ST


title:
High frequency single-mode resonators for EPR spectroscopy enabling
  rotations of the sample about two orthogonal axes

abstract:
  A novel single-mode resonant structure which enables the rotation of the
sample about two orthogonal axes is investigated in view of electron
paramagnetic resonance applications. The proposed solution is based on
cylindrical nonradiative resonators laterally loaded by the sample holder. The
resulting structure can still operate in nonradiative regime, although no
longer rotationally invariant. These theoretical predictions, based on symmetry
considerations, are confirmed by means of a finite element numerical modelling.
Theoretical and computational results are then substantiated by experimental
investigations at millimeter wavelengths. As a result, a single-mode resonator
which enables all the relevant rotations of the sample is demonstrated at
millimeter wavelengths for the first time. In this resonator the intensity of
the microwave field on the sample and its orientation with respect to the
static magnetic field can be kept constant during the rotations. Therefore, a
complete characterization of anisotropic systems is possible at the highest
sensitivity, without the need of split-coil magnets. Possible applications at
very high frequencies are discussed.


title: Superluminal Behaviors of Modified Bessel Waves

abstract:
  Much experimental evidence of superluminal phenomena has been available by
electromagnetic wave propagation experiments, with the results showing that the
phase time do describe the barrier traversal time. Based on the extrapolated
phase time approach and numerical methods, we show that, in contrary to the
ordinary Bessel waves of real argument, the group velocities of modified Bessel
waves are superluminal, and obtain the following results: 1) the group
velocities increase with the increase of propagation distance, which is similar
to the evanescent plane-wave cases; 2) for large wave numbers, the group
velocities fall off as the wave numbers increase, which is similar to the
evanescent plane-wave cases; 3) for small wave numbers, the group velocities
increase with the increase of wave numbers, this is different from the
evanescent plane-wave cases.


title:
Detailed simulation results for some wealth distribution models in
  Econophysics

abstract:
  In this paper we present detailed simulation results on the wealth
distribution model with quenched saving propensities. Unlike other wealth
distribution models where the saving propensities are either zero or constant,
this model is not found to be ergodic and self-averaging. The wealth
distribution statistics with a single realization of quenched disorder is
observed to be significantly different in nature from that of the statistics
averaged over a large number of independent quenched configurations. The
peculiarities in the single realization statistics refuses to vanish
irrespective of whatever large sample size is used. This implies that
previously observed Pareto law is essentially a convolution of the single
member distributions.


title:
Multistate polarization addressing using one single beam in an azo
  polymer film

abstract:
  Peculiar light-matter interactions can break the rule that a single beam
polarization can address only two states in an optical memory device.
Multistate storage of a single beam polarization is achieved using self-induced
surface diffraction gratings in a photo-active polymer material. The grating
orientation follows the incident light beam polarization direction. The
permanent self-induced surface relief grating can be readout in real time using
the same laser beam.


title: Centrality Measures in Spatial Networks of Urban Streets

abstract:
  We study centrality in urban street patterns of different world cities
represented as networks in geographical space. The results indicate that a
spatial analysis based on a set of four centrality indices allows an extended
visualization and characterization of the city structure. Planned and
self-organized cities clearly belong to two different universality classes. In
particular, self-organized cities exhibit scale-free properties similar to
those found in the degree distributions of non-spatial networks.


title: Superposition of similar single-sided RTN processes and 1/f noise

abstract:
  In this paper it is demonstrated that a 1/f power spectrum appears in the
process originated by the superposition of many similar single-sided RTN
processes with the same relaxation time. The non-relaxed regime, the Gaussian
nature and the average periodicity of the resulting fluctuation, are
responsible for the generation of 1/f noise, thanks to the coincidences of
these RTN processes. The decomposition of the resulting fluctuation, in a set
of further single-sided RTN processes with a distribution of relaxation times,
permits us to demonstrate once more the generation of the 1/f noise.


title: Cascade Dynamics of Multiplex Propagation

abstract:
  Random links between otherwise distant nodes can greatly facilitate the
propagation of disease or information, provided contagion can be transmitted by
a single active node. However we show that when the propagation requires
simultaneous exposure to multiple sources of activation, called multiplex
propagation, the effect of random links is just the opposite: it makes the
propagation more difficult to achieve. We calculate analytical and numerically
critical points for a threshold model in several classes of complex networks,
including an empirical social network.


title: The shadow of light: further experimental evidences

abstract:
  We report the results of a double-slit-like experiment in the infrared range,
which confirm those of a previous one by evidencing an anomalous behaviour of
photon systems under particular (energy and space) constraints. These outcomes
(independently confirmed by crossing photon beam experiments in both the
optical and the microwave range) apparently rule out the Copenhagen
interpretation of the quantum wave, i.e. the probability wave, by admitting an
interpretation in terms of the Einstein-de Broglie-Bohm hollow wave for
photons. Moreover, this second experiment further supports the interpretation
of the hollow wave as a deformation of the Minkowski space-time geometry.


title: Attractiveness and activity in Internet communities

abstract:
  Datasets of online communication often take the form of contact sequences --
ordered lists contacts (where a contact is defined as a triple of a sender, a
recipient and a time). We propose measures of attractiveness and activity for
such data sets and analyze these quantities for anonymized contact sequences
from an Internet dating community. For this data set the attractiveness and
activity measures show broad power-law like distributions. Our attractiveness
and activity measures are more strongly correlated in the real-world data than
in our reference model. Effects that indirectly can make active users more
attractive are discussed.


title: Stochastic Opinion Formation in Scale-Free Networks

abstract:
  The dynamics of opinion formation in large groups of people is a complex
non-linear phenomenon whose investigation is just at the beginning. Both
collective behaviour and personal view play an important role in this
mechanism. In the present work we mimic the dynamics of opinion formation of a
group of agents, represented by two state $\pm 1$, as a stochastic response of
each of them to the opinion of his/her neighbours in the social network and to
feedback from the average opinion of the whole. In the light of recent studies,
a scale-free Barab\'asi-Albert network has been selected to simulate the
topology of the interactions. A turbulent-like dynamics, characterized by an
intermittent behaviour, is observed for a certain range of the model
parameters. The problem of uncertainty in decision taking is also addressed
both from a topological point of view, using random and targeted removal of
agents from the network, and by implementing a three state model, where the
third state, zero, is related to the information available to each agent.
Finally, the results of the model are tested against the best known network of
social interactions: the stock market. A time series of daily closures of the
Dow Jones index has been used as an indicator of the possible applicability of
our model in the financial context. Good qualitative agreement is found.


title:
Investigation of the complex dynamics and regime control in Pierce diode
  with the delay feedback

abstract:
  In this paper the dynamics of Pierce diode with overcritical current under
the influence of delay feedback is investigated. The system without feedback
demonstrates complex behaviour including chaotic regimes. The possibility of
oscillation regime control depending on the delay feedback parameter values is
shown. Also the paper describes construction of a finite-dimensional model of
electron beam behaviour, which is based on the Galerkin approximation by linear
modes expansion. The dynamics of the model is close to the one given by the
distributed model.


title: Multi-Energy Radiography Against Terrorism. Theory and Experiments

abstract:
  Multi-energy radiography is a new direction in non-destructive testing. Its
specific feature is separate detection of penetrating radiation in several
energy channels. Multi-energy radiography allows quantitative determination of
the atomic composition of objects. This is its principal advantage over
conventional radiography. In particular, dual-energy radiography allows
determination of the effective atomic number of a material with an accuracy of
up to 80-90%. Development of three-energy radiography and radiography of higher
multiplicity makes it possible to further improve the reconstruction of an
objects chemical composition. This presents the possibility, for example, of
detection of explosives and other illegal objects in luggage with a reliability
approaching 100%. These developments can find application not only in
anti-terrorist activities, but also in areas such as industrial testing and
nuclear medicine.


title: On Serini's relativistic theorem

abstract:
  I expound here in a more detailed way a proof of an important Serini's
theorem, which I have already sketched in a previous Note. Two related
questions are briefly discussed.


title: Measuring a piecewise constant axion field in classical electrodynamics

abstract:
  In order to settle the problem of the "Post constraint" in material media, we
consider the propagation of a plane electromagnetic wave in a medium with a
piecewise constant axion field. Although a constant axion field does not affect
the wave propagation in a homogeneous medium, we show that the reflection and
transmission of a wave at an interface between the two media is sensitive to
the difference of the axion values. This observation can be used to determine
experimentally the axion piece in matter despite the fact that a constant axion
value does not contribute to the Maxwell equations.

categories: physics.optics cond-mat.mtrl-sci hep-th physics.class-ph


title: Tree Amplitudes in Scalar Field Theories

abstract:
  The tree amplitudes in scalar field theories are presented at all $n$. The
momentum routing of propagators is given at $n$-point in terms of a specified
set of numbers, and the mass expansion of the massive theories is generated. A
group structure on the diagrams is given. The tree amplitudes can be used to
find the effective action.


title: Evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game with dynamic preferential selection

abstract:
  We study a modified prisoner's dilemma game taking place on two-dimensional
disordered square lattices. The players are pure strategists and can either
cooperate or defect with their immediate neighbors. In the generations each
player update its strategy by following one of the neighboring strategies with
a probability dependent on the payoff difference. The neighbor selection obeys
a dynamic preferential rule, i.e., the more frequently a neighbor's strategy
was adopted by the focal player in the previous rounds, the larger probability
it will be chosen to refer to in the subsequent rounds. It is found that
cooperation is substantially promoted due to this simple selection mechanism.
Corresponding analysis is provided by the investigations of the distribution of
players' impact weights, persistence, and as well as correlation function.


title: Quantum Fluctuations of a Coulomb Potential as a Source of Flicker Noise

abstract:
  The power spectrum of quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field
produced by an elementary particle is determined. It is found that in a wide
range of practically important frequencies the power spectrum of fluctuations
exhibits an inverse frequency dependence. The magnitude of fluctuations
produced by a conducting sample is shown to have a Gaussian distribution around
its mean value, and its dependence on the sample geometry is determined. In
particular, it is demonstrated that for geometrically similar samples the power
spectrum is inversely proportional to the sample volume. It is argued also that
the magnitude of fluctuations induced by external electric field is
proportional to the field strength squared. A comparison with experimental data
on flicker noise measurements in continuous metal films is made.


title: On the transmission of light through tilted interference filters

abstract:
  The transmission characteristics of commercial interference filters are not
quite what we expected from the specifications provided by manufacturers. The
unexpectedly sharp dependences of the transmission coefficient on the incidence
angle, wavelength, and on the position where the light beam falls on the filter
may be important in the analysis of systematic effects in experiments
incorporating interference filters.


title: Process Flow Diagram of an Ammonia Plant as a Complex Network

abstract:
  Complex networks have attracted increasing interests in almost all
disciplines of natural and social sciences. However, few efforts have been
afforded in the field of chemical engineering. We present in this work an
example of complex technological network, investigating the process flow of an
ammonia plant (AP). We show that the AP network is a small-world network with
scale-free distribution of degrees. Adopting Newman's maximum modularity
algorithm for the detection of communities in complex networks, evident modular
structures are identified in the AP network, which stem from the modular
sections in chemical plants. In addition, we find that the resultant AP tree
exhibits excellent allometric scaling.


title: Nanofabricated media with negative permeability at visible frequencies

abstract:
  We report a nanofabricated medium made of electromagnetically coupled pairs
of gold dots with geometry carefully designed at a 10-nm level. The medium
exhibits strong magnetic response at visible-light frequencies, including bands
with negative \mu. The magnetism arises due to the excitation of quadrupole
plasmon resonances. Our approach shows for the first time the feasibility of
magnetism at optical frequencies and paves a way towards magnetic and
left-handed components for visible optics.


title: Einstein and Hilbert: The Creation of General Relativity

abstract:
  It took eight years after Einstein announced the basic physical ideas behind
the relativistic gravity theory before the proper mathematical formulation of
general relativity was mastered. The efforts of the greatest physicist and of
the greatest mathematician of the time were involved and reached a breathtaking
concentration during the last month of the work.
  Recent controversy, raised by a much publicized 1997 reading of Hilbert's
proof-sheets of his article of November 1915, is also discussed.


title:
Valence Shell Charge Concentrations at Pentacoordinate d0 Transition
  Metal Centers: Non-VSEPR Structures of Me2NbCl3 and Me3NbCl2

abstract:
  The molecular structures of the monomeric, pentacoordinated
ethylchloroniobium(V) compounds Me3NbCl2 and Me2NbCl3 have been determined by
gas electron diffraction (GED)and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations,
and, for Me3NbCl2, by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Each of the molecules
is found to have a heavy-atom skeleton in the form of a trigonal bipyramid
(TBP) with Cl atoms in the axial positions, in accord with their vibrational
spectra. The TBP is somewhat distorted in the case of Me2NbCl3 with the two
axial Nb-Cl bonds bent away from the equatorial, slightly shorter Nb-Cl bond.
In the case of Me3NbCl2, moreover, the X-ray model suggests structural
distortions away from the idealized C3h geometry, in line with the results of
quantum chemical calculations. The electronic structures of Me2NbCl3 and
Me3NbCl2 have been explored by rigorous analysis of both the wavefunction and
the topology of the electron density, employing DFT calculations. Hence the
structures of these compounds are shown to reflect repulsion between the Nb-C
and Nb-Cl bonding electron density and charge concentrations induced by the
methyl ligands in the valence shell of the Nb atom and arising mainly from use
of Nb(4d) functions in the Nb-C bonds.


title: Modelling the dynamics of youth subcultures

abstract:
  What are the dynamics behind youth subcultures such as punk, hippie, or
hip-hop cultures? How does the global dynamics of these subcultures relate to
the individual's search for a personal identity? We propose a simple dynamical
model to address these questions and find that only a few assumptions of the
individual's behaviour are necessary to regenerate known features of youth
culture.


title:
Plasmon-mediated Polarization Anomalies in Surface Enhanced Raman
  Scattering (SERS)

abstract:
  We discuss the effect of the local field polarization in metallic
nanostructures where large field enhancements can be induced by excitation of
localized surface plasmons. To demonstrate the importance of these effects, we
study a few model systems in 2D and 3D. As an experimental probe of this
effect, we suggest to use depolarization ratios in Surface Enhanced Raman
Spectroscopy (SERS) measurements. We attempt to relate the polarization of the
local field to the depolarization ratios in SERS conditions. This approach
could also lead to some better understanding of the SERS mechanisms at a
microscopic level.


title:
Polarizing mechanisms for stored $p$ and $\bar p$ beams interacting with
  a polarized target

abstract:
  Kinetics of the polarization buildup at the interaction of stored protons
(antiprotons) with a polarized target is considered. It is demonstrated that
for small scattering angles, when a projectile remains in the beam, the
polarization buildup is completely due to the spin-flip transitions. The
corresponding cross sections turn out to be negligibly small for a hydrogen gas
target as well as for a pure electron target. For the latter, the filtering
mechanism also does not provide a noticeable beam polarization.


title: GEM operation in helium and neon at low temperatures

abstract:
  We study the performance of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) in gaseous He, Ne
and Ne+H2 at temperatures in the range of 2.6-293 K. In He, at temperatures
between 62 and 293 K, the triple-GEM structures often operate at rather high
gains, exceeding 1000. There is an indication that this high gain is achieved
by Penning effect in the gas impurities released by outgassing. At lower
temperatures the gain-voltage characteristics are significantly modified
probably due to the freeze-out of impurities. In particular, the double-GEM and
single-GEM structures can operate down to 2.6 K at gains reaching only several
tens at a gas density of about 0.5 g/l; at higher densities the maximum gain
drops further. In Ne, the maximum gain also drops at cryogenic temperatures.
The gain drop in Ne at low temperatures can be reestablished in Penning
mixtures of Ne+H2: very high gains, exceeding 10000, have been obtained in
these mixtures at 50-60 K, at a density of 9.2 g/l corresponding to that of
saturated Ne vapor near 27 K. The results obtained are relevant in the fields
of two-phase He and Ne detectors for solar neutrino detection and electron
avalanching at low temperatures.


title: Frequency of occurrence of numbers in the World Wide Web

abstract:
  The distribution of numbers in human documents is determined by a variety of
diverse natural and human factors, whose relative significance can be evaluated
by studying the numbers' frequency of occurrence. Although it has been studied
since the 1880's, this subject remains poorly understood. Here, we obtain the
detailed statistics of numbers in the World Wide Web, finding that their
distribution is a heavy-tailed dependence which splits in a set of power-law
ones. In particular, we find that the frequency of numbers associated to
western calendar years shows an uneven behavior: 2004 represents a `singular
critical' point, appearing with a strikingly high frequency; as we move away
from it, the decreasing frequency allows us to compare the amounts of existing
information on the past and on the future. Moreover, while powers of ten occur
extremely often, allowing us to obtain statistics up to the huge 10^127,
`non-round' numbers occur in a much more limited range, the variations of their
frequencies being dramatically different from standard statistical
fluctuations. These findings provide a view of the array of numbers used by
humans as a highly non-equilibrium and inhomogeneous system, and shed a new
light on an issue that, once fully investigated, could lead to a better
understanding of many sociological and psychological phenomena.

categories: physics.soc-ph cond-mat.stat-mech cs.DB math.ST stat.TH


title: Scientific Culture and Its Role in International Negotiations

abstract:
  Scientists as diplomats (historical examples). Scientists as advisors to
governments and the public. Nongovernmental organisations and international
conferences on security questions, initiated by scientists and based on their
professional culture.


title:
Accounting for outliers and calendar effects in surrogate simulations of
  stock return sequences

abstract:
  Surrogate Data Analysis (SDA) is a statistical hypothesis testing framework
for the determination of weak chaos in time series dynamics. Existing SDA
procedures do not account properly for the rich structures observed in stock
return sequences, attributed to the presence of heteroscedasticity, seasonal
effects and outliers. In this paper we suggest a modification of the SDA
framework, based on the robust estimation of location and scale parameters of
mean-stationary time series and a probabilistic framework which deals with
outliers. A demonstration on the NASDAQ Composite index daily returns shows
that the proposed approach produces surrogates that faithfully reproduce the
structure of the original series while being manifestations of linear-random
dynamics.


title: Algebraic and Polytopic Formulation to Cohomology

abstract:
  The polytopic definition introduced recently describing the topology of
manifolds is used to formulate a generating function pertinent to its
topological properties. In particular, a polynomial in terms of one variable
and a tori underlying this polynomial may be defined that generates an
individual cohomological count. This includes the de Rham complex for example,
as well as various index theorems by definition such as homotopy. The degree of
the polynomials depends on the volume used to define the region parameterizing
the manifolds; its potentially complex form and L-series is not presented in
this work. However, the polynomials and the relevant torii uniformize the
topological properties in various dimensions; in various dimensions this is
interesting in view of known topologies.


title:
How individuals learn to take turns: Emergence of alternating
  cooperation in a congestion game and the prisoner's dilemma

abstract:
  In many social dilemmas, individuals tend to generate a situation with low
payoffs instead of a system optimum ("tragedy of the commons"). Is the routing
of traffic a similar problem? In order to address this question, we present
experimental results on humans playing a route choice game in a computer
laboratory, which allow one to study decision behavior in repeated games beyond
the Prisoner's Dilemma. We will focus on whether individuals manage to find a
cooperative and fair solution compatible with the system-optimal road usage. We
find that individuals tend towards a user equilibrium with equal travel times
in the beginning. However, after many iterations, they often establish a
coherent oscillatory behavior, as taking turns performs better than applying
pure or mixed strategies. The resulting behavior is fair and compatible with
system-optimal road usage. In spite of the complex dynamics leading to
coordinated oscillations, we have identified mathematical relationships
quantifying the observed transition process. Our main experimental discoveries
for 2- and 4-person games can be explained with a novel reinforcement learning
model for an arbitrary number of persons, which is based on past experience and
trial-and-error behavior. Gains in the average payoff seem to be an important
driving force for the innovation of time-dependent response patterns, i.e. the
evolution of more complex strategies. Our findings are relevant for decision
support systems and routing in traffic or data networks.


title: Prisoner's dilemma on dynamic networks under perfect rationality

abstract:
  We consider the prisoner's dilemma being played repeatedly on a dynamic
network, where agents may choose their actions as well as their co-players.
This leads to co-evolution of network structure and strategy patterns of the
players. Individual decisions are made fully rationally and are based on local
information only. They are made such that links to defecting agents are
resolved and that cooperating agents build up new links. The exact form of the
updating scheme is motivated by profit maximization and not by imitation. If
players update their decisions in a synchronized way the system exhibits
oscillatory dynamics: Periods of growing cooperation (and total linkage)
alternate with periods of increasing defection. The cyclical behavior is
reduced and the system stabilizes at significant total cooperation levels when
players are less synchronized. In this regime we find emergent network
structures resembling 'complex' and hierarchical topology. The exponent of the
power-law degree distribution ($\gamma\sim8.6$) perfectly matches empirical
results of human communication networks.


title: Generalized RSA/DH/ECC via Geometric Cryptosystem

abstract:
  A scheme is presented based on numbers that represent a manifold in $d$
dimensions for generalizations of textbook cryptosystems. The interlocking or
intersection of geometries, requiring the addition of a series of integers
$q_j$, can be used to enhance a cryptosystem via algorithms based on the form
of the geometry. Further operations besides addition of these numbers, e.g.
sewing of the geometries, can be given such as rotations or contractions.


title:
On the transformation of torques between the laboratory and center of
  mass reference frames

abstract:
  It is commonly stated in Newtonian Mechanics that the torque with respect to
the laboratory frame is equal to the torque with respect to the center of mass
frame plus a (R X F) factor, with "R" being the position of the center of mass
and "F" denoting the total external force. Although this assertion is true,
there is a subtlety in the demonstration that is overlooked in the textbooks.
In addition, it is necessary to clarify that if the reference frame attached to
the center of mass rotates with respect to certain inertial frame, the
assertion is not true any more.


title:
Determining the Critical Condition for Flow Transition in a
  Full-Developed Annulus Flow

abstract:
  Axial flow in an annulus between two concentric cylinders is commonly seen in
various flow devices used in chemical processing industries and petroleum
science and engineering. The flow state in the annulus strongly influences the
performance of fluid transportation in the devices. Therefore, the
determination of flow state which is laminar flow or turbulent flow is an
important task to predict the performance of the flow devices. In previous
works, we have proposed an energy gradient method for studying the flow
instability and turbulent transition. In this method, it is shown that the flow
instability and turbulent transition in wall bounded shear flows depend on the
relative magnitude of the gradient of the total mechanical energy in transverse
direction and the rate of loss of the total mechanical energy along the
streamwise direction for a given imposed disturbance. For pipe and plane
Poiseuille flows, it has been demonstrated that the transition to turbulence
for these wall bounded parallel flows occurs at a consistent value of the
energy gradient parameter (Kmax). In present study, the critical condition for
turbulent transition in annulus flow is calculated with the energy gradient
method for various radius ratios. The critical flow rate and critical Reynolds
number are given for various radius ratios. Then, the analytical results are
compared with the experiments in the literature. Finally, the implication of
the result is discussed in terms of the drag reduction and mixing as well as
heat transfer in practical industrial applications of various fluid delivery
devices.


title:
Study of Scintillator Strip with Wavelength Shifting Fiber and Silicon
  Photomultiplier

abstract:
  The performance of the $200\times2.5\times1$ cm$^3$ plastic scintillator
strip with wavelength shifting fiber read-out by two novel photodetectors
called Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPMs) is discussed. The advantages of SiPM
relative to the traditional multichannel photomultiplier are shown. Light yield
and light attenuation measurements are presented. This technique can be used in
muon or calorimeter systems.


title:
Accurate measurement of the electron beam polarization in JLab Hall A
  using Compton polarimetry

abstract:
  A major advance in accurate electron beam polarization measurement has been
achieved at Jlab Hall A with a Compton polarimeter based on a Fabry-Perot
cavity photon beam amplifier. At an electron energy of 4.6 GeV and a beam
current of 40 uA, a total relative uncertainty of 1.5% is typically achieved
within 40 min of data taking. Under the same conditions monitoring of the
polarization is accurate at a level of 1%. These unprecedented results make
Compton polarimetry an essential tool for modern parity-violation experiments,
which require very accurate electron beam polarization measurements.


title: Scaling relations for diversity of languages

abstract:
  The distribution of living languages is investigated and scaling relations
are found for the diversity of languages as a function of the country area and
population. These results are compared with data from Ecology and from computer
simulations of fragmentation dynamics where similar scalings appear. The
language size distribution is also studied and shown to display two scaling
regions: (i) one for the largest (in population) languages and (ii) another one
for intermediate-size languages. It is then argued that these two classes of
languages may have distinct growth dynamics, being distributed on the sets of
different fractal dimensions.


title:
The Rich Are Different!: Pareto Law from asymmetric interactions in
  asset exchange models

abstract:
  It is known that asset exchange models with symmetric interaction between
agents show either a Gibbs/log-normal distribution of assets among the agents
or condensation of the entire wealth in the hands of a single agent, depending
upon the rules of exchange. Here we explore the effects of introducing
asymmetry in the interaction between agents with different amounts of wealth
(i.e., the rich behave differently from the poor). This can be implemented in
several ways: e.g., (1) in the net amount of wealth that is transferred from
one agent to another during an exchange interaction, or (2) the probability of
gaining vs. losing a net amount of wealth from an exchange interaction. We
propose that, in general, the introduction of asymmetry leads to Pareto-like
power law distribution of wealth.


title: Blockbusters, Bombs and Sleepers: The income distribution of movies

abstract:
  The distribution of gross earnings of movies released each year show a
distribution having a power-law tail with Pareto exponent $\alpha \simeq 2$.
While this offers interesting parallels with income distributions of
individuals, it is also clear that it cannot be explained by simple asset
exchange models, as movies do not interact with each other directly. In fact,
movies (because of the large quantity of data available on their earnings)
provide the best entry-point for studying the dynamics of how ``a hit is born''
and the resulting distribution of popularity (of products or ideas). In this
paper, we show evidence of Pareto law for movie income, as well as, an analysis
of the time-evolution of income.


title: Special relativity in the electromagnetic wave

abstract:
  Invariance of the counted number of photons and the Lorentz-Einstein
transformations enable us to derive transformation equations for the physical
quantities introduced in order to characterize energy emission and transport in
a plane and in a spherical electromagnetic wave propagating in vacuum.


title:
Development of a general equation of state for real molecules in
  arbitrary regimes of temperature and pressure: I. The hard-core reference
  system

abstract:
  A general equation of state for the hard-body reference system of real fluid
has been developed from first principles, statistical mechanical arguments
using metric differential geometry to describe the "available volume," V0, and
its determining surface, S0, of a hard-body fluid. The rigorous, exact results
of scaled particle theory of Reiss et al., which themselves obtain from
statistical geometry, have been applied following the extension of Boublik et
al. for hard bodies of non-spherical shape. The geometric description of the
hard-body system can be used with the Boublik equation of state at low and
modest densities. At high densities, this geometric description specifies the
procedure to specify V0 and S0, notwithstanding that both become
multiply-connected.


title: On Einstein's Doctoral Thesis

abstract:
  Einstein's thesis ``A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions'' was the
second of his five celebrated papers in 1905. Although it is -- thanks to its
widespread practical applications -- the most quoted of his papers, it is less
known than the other four. The main aim of the talk is to show what exactly
Einstein did in his dissertation. As an important application of the
theoretical results for the viscosity and diffusion of solutions, he got (after
eliminating a calculational error) an excellent value for the Avogadro number
from data for sugar dissolved in water. This was in agreement with the value he
and Planck had obtained from the black-body radiation. Two weeks after he
finished the `Doktorarbeit', Einstein submitted his paper on Brownian motion,
in which the diffusion formula of his thesis plays a crucial role.


title: The work function of elastic solids

abstract:
  In solid phase the pressure correlates to the elastic related volume change
while the temperature to the thermal related volume change. These volume
changes are not compatible with the exception of constant volume condition when
the expanded volume converts completely compressed volume. Separating the
thermal and elastic related volume changes the work functions for each of the
thermodynamic conditions are derived. Based on theoretical consideration it is
suggested that the thermal related volume change do not result mechanical work.
Homogeneous model, both the system and the surrounding have the same phase, can
completely explain the lack of the thermal related work and provide a
self-consistent thermodynamic description for the elastic solids.


title: Fine structure generation in double-diffusive system

abstract:
  Double-diffusive convection in a horizontally infinite layer of a unit height
in a large Rayleigh numbers limit is considered. From linear stability analysis
it is shown, that the convection tends to have a form of travelling tall thin
rolls with height 10-30 times larger than width. Amplitude equations of ABC
type for vertical variations of amplitude of these rolls and mean values of
diffusive components are derived. As a result of its numerical simulation it is
shown, that for a wide variety of parameters considered ABC system have
solutions, known as diffusive chaos, which can be useful for explanation of
fine structure generation in some important oceanographical systems like
thermohaline staircases.


title:
Intermittency of Height Fluctuations and Velocity Increment of The
  Kardar-Parisi-Zhang and Burgers Equations with infinitesimal surface tension
  and Viscosity in 1+1 Dimensions

abstract:
  The Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation with infinitesimal surface tension,
dynamically develops sharply connected valley structures within which the
height derivative is not continuous. We discuss the intermittency issue in the
problem of stationary state forced KPZ equation in 1+1--dimensions. It is
proved that the moments of height increments $C_a = < | h (x_1) - h (x_2) |^a >
$ behave as $ |x_1 -x_2|^{\xi_a}$ with $\xi_a = a$ for length scales $|x_1-x_2|
<< \sigma$. The length scale $\sigma$ is the characteristic length of the
forcing term. We have checked the analytical results by direct numerical
simulation.


title: Fuzzy Spacetime Issues

abstract:
  We argue that the Path Integral formulation of Feynman can be reconciled via
a Planck scale underpinning for spacetime, with fuzzy spacetime considerations.


title: Fission Enhanced diffusion of uranium in zirconia

abstract:
  This paper deals with the comparison between thermal and Fission Enhanced
Diffusion (FED) of uranium into zirconia, representative of the inner face of
cladding tubes. The experiments under irradiation are performed at the Institut
Laue Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble using the Lohengrin spectrometer. A thin
$^{235}UO\_2$ layer in direct contact with an oxidized zirconium foil is
irradiated in the ILL high flux reactor. The fission product flux is about
10$^{11}$ ions cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and the target temperature is measured by an
IR pyrometer. A model is proposed to deduce an apparent uranium diffusion
coefficient in zirconia from the energy distribution broadening of two selected
fission products. It is found to be equal to 10$^{-15}$ cm$^2$ s$^{-1}$ at
480$\circ$C and compared to uranium thermal diffusion data in ZrO$\_2$ in the
same pressure and temperature conditions. The FED results are analysed in
comparison with literature data.


title: On spectral scaling laws for incompressible anisotropic MHD turbulence

abstract:
  A heuristic model is given for anisotropic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
turbulence in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field $B_0 {\bf {\hat
e}_{\pa}}$. The model is valid for both moderate and strong $B_0$ and is able
to describe both the strong and weak wave turbulence regimes as well as the
transition between them. The main ingredient of the model is the assumption of
constant ratio at all scales between \add{the} linear wave period and \add{the}
nonlinear turnover timescale. Contrary to the model of critical balance
introduced by Goldreich and Sridhar [P. Goldreich and S. Sridhar, ApJ {\bf
438}, 763 (1995)], it is not assumed in addition that this ratio be equal to
unity at all scales which allows us to use the Iroshnikov-Kraichnan
phenomenology. It is then possible to recover the widely observed anisotropic
scaling law $\kpa \propto \kpe^{2/3}$ between parallel and perpendicular
wavenumbers (with reference to $B_0 {\bf {\hat e}_{\pa}}$) and to obtain the
universal prediction, $3\alpha + 2\beta = 7$, for the total energy spectrum
$E(\kpe,\kpa) \sim \kpe^{-\alpha} \kpa^{-\beta}$. In particular, with such a
prediction the weak Alfv\'en wave turbulence constant-flux solution is
recovered and, for the first time, a possible explanation to its precursor
found numerically by Galtier et al [S. Galtier et al., J. Plasma Phys. {\bf
63}, 447 (2000)] is given.


title: Demonstration of Near-Infrared Negative-Index Materials

abstract:
  Metal-based negative refractive index materials have been extensively studied
in the microwave region. However, negative-index metamaterials have not been
realized at near-IR or visible fre-quencies due to difficulties of fabrication
and to the generally poorer optical properties of metals at these wavelengths.
In this paper, we report the first fabrication and experimental verification of
a transversely structured metal-dielectric-metal multilayer exhibiting a
negative refractive in-dex around 2 mm. Both the amplitude and the phase of the
transmission and reflection were measured experimentally, and are in good
agreement with a rigorous coupled wave analysis.


title:
Intermittent turbulence and turbulent structures in a linear magnetized
  plasma

abstract:
  Strongly intermittent turbulence is observed in the shadow of a limiter in
the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) at UCLA [W. Gekelman, H. Pfister, Z. Lucky, J.
Bamber, D. Leneman, and J. Maggs, Rev. Sci. Inst. {\bfseries 62}, 2875 (1991)].
The amplitude probability distribution function (PDF) of the turbulence is
strongly skewed, with density depletion events (or ``holes'') dominant in the
high density region and density enhancement events (or ``blobs'') dominant in
the low density region. Two-dimensional cross-conditional averaging shows that
the blobs are detached, outward-propagating filamentary structures with a clear
dipolar potential while the holes appear to be part of a more extended
turbulent structure. A statistical study of the blobs reveals a typical size of
ten times the ion sound gyroradius and a typical velocity of one tenth the
sound speed.


title:
What can we see from Investment Simulation based on Generalized
  (m,2)-Zipf law?

abstract:
  The paper revisits the investment simulation based on strategies exhibited by
Generalized (m,2)-Zipf law to present an interesting characterization of the
wildness in financial time series. The investigations of dominant strategies on
each specific time series shows that longer words dominant in larger time scale
exhibit shorter dominant ones in smaller time scale and vice versa. Moreover,
denoting the term wildness based on persistence over short term trend and
memory represented by particular length of words, we can see how wild
historical fluctuations over time series data coped with the Zipf strategies.


title:
Solving the Advection-Diffusion Equations in Biological Contexts using
  the Cellular Potts Model

abstract:
  The Cellular Potts Model (CPM) is a robust, cell-level methodology for
simulation of biological tissues and morphogenesis. Both tissue physiology and
morphogenesis depend on diffusion of chemical morphogens in the extra-cellular
fluid or matrix (ECM). Standard diffusion solvers applied to the cellular potts
model use finite difference methods on the underlying CPM lattice. However,
these methods produce a diffusing field tied to the underlying lattice, which
is inaccurate in many biological situations in which cell or ECM movement
causes advection rapid compared to diffusion. Finite difference schemes suffer
numerical instabilities solving the resulting advection-diffusion equations. To
circumvent these problems we simulate advection-diffusion within the framework
of the CPM using off-lattice finite-difference methods. We define a set of
generalized fluid particles which detach advection and diffusion from the
lattice. Diffusion occurs between neighboring fluid particles by local
averaging rules which approximate the Laplacian. Directed spin flips in the CPM
handle the advective movement of the fluid particles. A constraint on relative
velocities in the fluid explicitly accounts for fluid viscosity. We use the CPM
to solve various diffusion examples including multiple instantaneous sources,
continuous sources, moving sources and different boundary geometries and
conditions to validate our approximation against analytical and established
numerical solutions. We also verify the CPM results for Poiseuille flow and
Taylor-Aris dispersion.

categories: physics.bio-ph cond-mat.soft physics.flu-dyn q-bio.QM


title:
Local driving and global interactions in the progression of seizure
  dynamics

abstract:
  The dynamics underlying epileptic seizures are well understood. We present a
novel analysis of seizure-like events (SLEs) in an \textit{ex vivo} whole
hippocampus, as well as a modeling study that sheds light on the underlying
network dynamics. We show that every SLE can be divided into two phases. During
the first, SLE dynamics are driven by the intra-network interaction of a
network exhibiting high internal synchrony. The second phase is characterized
by lead switching, with the leading region exhibiting low internal synchrony.
We show that the second phase dynamics are driven by inter-network feedback
among multiple regions of the hippocampus.


title:
Influence of subunit structure on the oligomerization state of light
  harvesting complexes: a free energy calculation study

abstract:
  Light harvesting complexes 2 (LH2) from Rhodospirillum (Rs.) molischianum and
Rhodopseudomonas (Rps.) acidophila form ring complexes out of eight or nine
identical subunits, respectively. Here, we investigate computationally what
factors govern the different ring sizes. Starting from the crystal structure
geometries, we embed two subunits of each species into their native
lipid-bilayer/water environment. Using molecular dynamics simulations with
umbrella sampling and steered molecular dynamics, we probe the free energy
profiles along two reaction coordinates, the angle and the distance between two
subunits. We find that two subunits prefer to arrange at distinctly different
angles, depending on the species, at about 42.5 deg for Rs. molischianum and at
about 38.5 deg for Rps. acidophila, which is likely to be an important factor
contributing to the assembly into different ring sizes. Our calculations
suggest a key role of surface contacts within the transmembrane domain in
constraining these angles, whereas the strongest interactions stabilizing the
subunit dimers are found in the C-, and to a lesser extent, N-terminal domains.
The presented computational approach provides a promising starting point to
investigate the factors contributing to the assembly of protein complexes, in
particular if combined with modeling of genetic variants.


title: The Normalization Problem of Special Relativity

abstract:
  For the special theory of relativity, the normalization problem is formulated
as the question how observers in constant relative motion may reach an
agreement on space and time scales. As the normalization problem does not
receive a thorough treatment in the standard development of the theory, two
possible solutions called normalization at rest and normalization in motion are
suggested. It is shown that normalization in motion makes the validity of the
Lorentz transformation the result of mere conventions. The non-conventional
approach following from normalization at rest requires an assumption concerning
the acceleration of objects. A conceptual distinction between inside and
outside observation, together with the analysis of the normalization problem,
allows us to formulate an alternative interpretation of special relativity
contrasting both the standard interpretation and Lorentz-type interpretations.


title: Free Will and Physics

abstract:
  The abstract concept of indeterministic free will is distinguished from the
phenomenon of free will. Evidence for the abstract concept is examined and
critically compared with various designs of automata. It is concluded that
there is no evidence to support the abstract concept of indeterministic free
will, it is inconceivable that a test could be constructed to distinguish an
indeterministic agent from a complicated automaton. Testing the free will of an
alien visitor is introduced to separate prejudices about who has free will from
objective experiments. The phenomenon of free will is modelled with a
deterministic decision making agent. The agent values independence and
satisfies a desire for independence by responding to challenges. When the agent
generates challenges internally it will establish a record of being able to do
otherwise. In principle a computer could be built with a free will property.
The model also explains false attributions of free will (superstitions).


title:
Studies of the $^{1}$S$_{0}$--$^3$P$_0$ transition in atomic ytterbium
  for optical clocks and qubit arrays

abstract:
  We report an observation of the weak $6^{1}$S$_{0}$-$6^3$P$_0$ transition in
$^{171,173}$Yb as an important step to establish Yb as a primary candidate for
future optical frequency standards, and to open up a new approach for qubits
using the $^{1}$S$_{0}$ and $^3$P$_0$ states of Yb atoms in an optical lattice.


title:
Pareto's Law of Income Distribution: Evidence for Germany, the United
  Kingdom, and the United States

abstract:
  We analyze three sets of income data: the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics
PSID), the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), and the German Socio-Economic
Panel (GSOEP). It is shown that the empirical income distribution is consistent
with a two-parameter lognormal function for the low-middle income group
(97%-99% of the population), and with a Pareto or power law function for the
high income group (1%-3% of the population). This mixture of two qualitatively
different analytical distributions seems stable over the years covered by our
data sets, although their parameters significantly change in time. It is also
found that the probability density of income growth rates almost has the form
of an exponential function.


title:
Simulation Study of the One-Dimensional Burridge-Knopoff Model of
  Earthquakes

abstract:
  Spatio-temporal correlations of the one-dimensional spring-block
(Burridge-Knopoff) model of earthquakes are extensively studied by means of
numerical computer simulations. Particular attention is paid to clarifying how
the statistical properties of earthquakes depend on the frictional and elastic
properties of earthquake faults. It is found that, as the velocity-weakening
tendency of the friction force gets weaker, the system tends to be more
critical, while, as the velocity-weakening tendency gets stronger, the system
tends to be more off-critical with enhanced features of a characteristic
earthquake. The model exhibits several eminent precursory phenomena prior to
the large event in its spatio-temporal correlations. Preceding the mainshock,
the frequency of smaller events is gradually enhanced, whereas, just before the
mainshock, it is suppressed in a close vicinity of the epicenter of the
upcoming event (the Mogi doughnut). The time scale of the onset of the
doughnut-like quiescence depends on the extent of the frictional instability.
Under certain conditions, preceding the mainshock, the apparent B-value of the
magnitude distribution increases significantly. The existence of such distinct
precursory phenomena may open a way to the prediction of the time and the
position of the upcoming large event.


title: Tree Amplitudes in Gauge and Gravity Theories

abstract:
  Gauge theory amplitudes in a non-helicity format are generated at all
$n$-point and at tree level. These amplitudes inherit structure from $\phi^3$
classical scattering, and the string inspired formalism is used to find the
tensor algebra. All of the classical gravity amplitudes are also given. The
classical effective action can also be constructed. Generalizations to
amplitudes with non spin-1 or 2 is possible.


title:
A novel type of proximity focusing RICH counter with multiple refractive
  index aerogel radiator

abstract:
  A proximity focusing ring imaging Cherenkov detector, with the radiator
consisting of two or more aerogel layers of different refractive indices, has
been tested in 1-4 GeV/c pion beams at KEK. Essentially, a multiple refractive
index aerogel radiator allows for an increase in Cherenkov photon yield on
account of the increase in overall radiator thickness, while avoiding the
simultaneous degradation in single photon angular resolution associated with
the increased uncertainty of the emission point. With the refractive index of
consecutive layers suitably increasing in the downstream direction, one may
achieve overlapping of the Cherenkov rings from a single charged particle. In
the opposite case of decreasing refractive index, one may obtain well separated
rings. In the former combination an approximately 40% increase in photon yield
is accompanied with just a minor degradation in single photon angular
resolution. The impact of this improvement on the pion/kaon separation at the
upgraded Belle detector is discussed.


title: Hedging LIBOR Derivatives in a Field Theory Model of Interest Rates

abstract:
  We investigate LIBOR-based derivatives using a parsimonious field theory
interest rate model capable of instilling imperfect correlation between
different maturities. Delta and Gamma hedge parameters are derived for LIBOR
Caps against fluctuations in underlying forward rates. An empirical
illustration of our methodology is also conducted to demonstrate the influence
of correlation on the hedging of interest rate risk.


title:
The signature of laminar instabilities in the zone of transition to
  turbulence

abstract:
  We demonstrate that the space-time statistics of the birth of turbulent spots
in boundary layers can be reconstructed qualitatively from the average behavior
of macroscopic measures in the transition zone. The conclusion in \cite{vg04}
that there exists a connection between the patterns in laminar instability and
the birth of turbulent spots is strengthened. We examine why the relationship
between instability and transition to turbulence is manifest in some cases and
appears to be totally absent in others. Novel cellular automaton type
simulations of the transition zone are conducted, and the pattern of spot birth
is obtained from secondary instability analysis. The validity of the hypothesis
of concentrated breakdown, according to which most turbulent spots originate at
a particular streamwise location, is assessed. The predictions made lend
themselves to straightforward experimental verification.


title: The Faraday induction law in relativity theory

abstract:
  We analyze the transformation properties of Faraday law in an empty space and
its relationship with Maxwell equations. In our analysis we express the Faraday
law via the four-potential of electromagnetic field and the field of
four-velocity, defined on a circuit under its deforming motion. The obtained
equations show one more facet of the physical meaning of electromagnetic
potentials, where the motional and transformer parts of the flux rule are
incorporated into a common phenomenon, reflecting the dependence of
four-potential on spatial and time coordinates, correspondingly. It has been
explicitly shown that for filamentary closed deforming circuit the flux rule is
Lorentz-invariant. At the same time, analyzing a transformation of e.m.f., we
revealed a controversy: due to causal requirements, the e.m.f. should be the
value of fixed sign, whereas the Lorentz invariance of flux rule admits the
cases, where the e.m.f. might change its sign for different inertial observers.
Possible resolutions of this controversy are discussed.


title: A model for codon position bias in RNA editing

abstract:
  RNA editing can be crucial for the expression of genetic information via
inserting, deleting, or substituting a few nucleotides at specific positions in
an RNA sequence. Within coding regions in an RNA sequence, editing usually
occurs with a certain bias in choosing the positions of the editing sites. In
the mitochondrial genes of {\it Physarum polycephalum}, many more editing
events have been observed at the third codon position than at the first and
second, while in some plant mitochondria the second codon position dominates.
Here we propose an evolutionary model that explains this bias as the basis of
selection at the protein level. The model predicts a distribution of the three
positions rather close to the experimental observation in {\it Physarum}. This
suggests that the codon position bias in {\it Physarum} is mainly a consequence
of selection at the protein level.


title: Scale dependence of branching in arterial and bronchial trees

abstract:
  Although models of branching in arterial and bronchial trees often predict a
dependence of bifurcation parameters on the scale of the bifurcating vessels,
direct verifications of this dependence with data are uncommon. We compare
measurements of bifurcation parameters in airways and arterial trees of
different mammals as a function of scale to general features predicted by
theoretical models. We find that the size dependence is more complex than
existing theories based solely on energy minimization explain, and suggest
additional factors that may govern the branching at different scales.


title:
The Evolution of Multicomponent Systems at High Pressures: VI. The
  Thermodynamic Stability of the Hydrogen-Carbon System: The Genesis of
  Hydrocarbons and the Origin of Petroleum

abstract:
  The spontaneous genesis of hydrocarbons which comprise natural petroleum have
been analyzed by chemical thermodynamic stability theory. The constraints
imposed upon chemical evolution by the second law of thermodynamics are briefly
reviewed; and the effective prohibition of transformation, in the regime of
temperatures and pressures characteristic of the near-surface crust of the
Earth, of biological molecules into hydrocarbon molecules heavier than methane
is recognized.
  A general, first-principles equation of state has been developed by extending
scaled particle theory (SPT) and by using the technique of the factored
partition function of the Simplified Perturbed Hard Chain Theory (SPHCT). The
chemical potentials, and the respective thermodynamic Affinity, have been
calculated for typical components of the hydrogen-carbon (H-C) system over a
range pressures between 1-100 kbar, and at temperatures consistent with those
of the depths of the Earth at such pressures. The theoretical analyses
establish that the normal alkanes, the homologous hydrocarbon group of lowest
chemical potential, evolve only at pressures greater than approximately thirty
kbar, excepting only the lightest, methane. The pressure of thirty kbar
corresponds to depths of approximately 100 km.
  Special high-pressure apparatus has been designed which permits
investigations at pressures to 50 kbar and temperatures to 2000 K, and which
also allows rapid cooling while maintaining high pressures. The high-pressure
genesis of petroleum hydrocarbons has been demonstrated using only the solid
reagents iron oxide, FeO, and marble, CaCO3, 99.9% pure and wet with
triple-distilled water.


title: Covariant Thermodynamics of an Object with Finite Volume

abstract:
  A covariant way to define the relativistic entropy of a finite object has
been proposed. The energy-momentum of an object with finite volume is not a
covariant physical entity because of the relativity of simultaneity. A way to
correctly handle this situation is introduced and applied to the calculation of
entropy. The result together with van Kampen-Israel theory gives simple and
self-consistent relativistic thermodynamics.


title:
Negative phase velocity in isotropic dielectric-magnetic mediums via
  homogenization

abstract:
  We report on a strategy for achieving negative phase velocity (NPV) in a
homogenized composite medium (HCM) conceptualized using the Bruggeman
formalism. The constituent material phases of the HCM do not support NPV
propagation. The HCM and its constituent phases are isotropic
dielectric-magnetic mediums; the real parts of their
permittivities/permeabilities are negative-valued whereas the real parts of
their permeabilities/permittivities are positive-valued.


title:
Compact Sum-Over-States Expression without Dipolar Terms for Calculating
  Nonlinear Susceptibilities

abstract:
  Using sum rules, the dipolar terms can be eliminated from the commonly-used
sum-over-states (SOS) expression for nonlinear susceptibilities. This new
dipole-free expression is more compact, converges to the same results as the
common SOS equation, and is more appropriate for analyzing certain systems such
as octupolar molecules. The dipole-free theory can be used as a tool for
analyzing the uncertainties in quantum calculations of susceptibilities, can be
applied to a broader set of quantum systems in the three-level model where the
standard SOS expression fails, and more naturally leads to fundamental limits
of the nonlinear susceptibilities.


title: Taking nanotechnology to schools

abstract:
  After a primer on nanotechnology and a review of current educational
practices in secondary schools, the concept of just-in-time education is
proposed to integrate technosciences and humanities so that both future
technoscientists and non-technoscientists develop a common understanding,
possibly even a common language, to deal with social, ethical, legal, and
political issues that arise from the development of nanotechnology and its
convergence with other technoscientific developments.


title: Socioeconomic development and stability: A complex network blueprint

abstract:
  The current work discusses how complex networks can be applied in order to
aid economical development and stability at several scales and contexts. The
following activities are involved: (a) compilation of several types of data
related to socioeconomic development; (b) representation of such data in terms
of multilayer interacting complex networks (cond-mat/0406369) registered
geographically; (c) application of traditional and new methods for complex
networks characterization and analysis. Such an approach allows the
identification of bottlenecks and deficits/surpluses, simulation of system
development under varying constraints and perturbations, as well as the
application of optimization methods in order to help identify the most
effective strategies leading to social and economic wealth and stability. In
addition to its practical implications, such an approach also emphasizes
several issues of substantial theoretical interest, including the integration
of networks of different natures, the interplay between the dynamics of
topological and node state evolution, the effects of geographical constraints,
community finding, as well as optimization issues. The discussed methodology is
particularly interesting for applications in developing countries because of
the greater potential for economic evolution in such nations. This manuscript
also includes a brief review of complex networks approaches to socioeconomics
modeling.


title: Scaling in Complex Systems: Analytical Theory of Charged Pores

abstract:
  In this paper we find an analytical solution of the equilibrium ion
distribution for a toroidal model of a ionic channel, using the Perfect
Screening Theorem (PST). The ions are charged hard spheres, and are treated
using a variational Mean Spherical Approximation (VMSA) .
  Understanding ion channels is still a very open problem, because of the many
exquisite tuning details of real life channels. It is clear that the electric
field plays a major role in the channel behaviour, and for that reason there
has been a lot of work on simple models that are able to provide workable
theories. Recently a number of interesting papers have appeared that discuss
models in which the effect of the geometry, excluded volume and non-linear
behaviour is considered.
  We present here a 3D model of ionic channels which consists of a charged,
deformable torus with a circular or elliptical cross section, which can be flat
or vertical (close to a cylinder). Extensive comparisons to MC simulations were
performed.
  The new solution opens new possibilities, such as studying flexible pores,
and water phase transformations inside the pores using an approach similar to
that used on flat crystal surfaces .


title:
On the wave nature of matter: A transition from classical mechanics to
  quantum mechanics

abstract:
  Following the spirit of de Broglie and Einstein, we think the concepts of
matter and radiation can be unified. We know a particle propagates like a wave;
its motion is described by certain wave equations. At this point, it is not
clear what the wave function represents. Besides the statistical meaning
suggested by the Copenhagen interpretation, does the wave function represent
any physical motion? For photon, we know it is an electro-magnetic wave. But
what about particles with rest mass, such as an electron? To investigate the
physical nature of matter wave, we propose that: (1) Like the photon, a
particle is an excitation wave of a real physical field. (2) Different types of
particles are different excitation modes of the same field. Based on this
thinking, we show that the concept of quantum mechanics can be a natural
extension of classical mechanics. By critically analyzing the transition from
classical physics to quantum physics, we found a new physical meaning for the
quantum wave function. This work suggests that various quantum wave equations,
including the Klein-Gordon equation, the Dirac equation and the Schrodinger
equation, could have a common base relating to the Basic Wave Equation of the
matter wave. This work has some interesting implications. It suggests a
possible way to explain the origin of visible matters and dark matters in our
universe.


title: Subsonic ion-acoustic solitons

abstract:
  In this paper, the nonlinear theory of plasma waves is extended to the
plasmas that their equilibrium state are specified by the non-Maxwellian (here
kappa) distribution. We believe that the extension is very important since most
of the space and some of laboratory plasmas are not in the Maxwellian
equilibrium. Although the linear theory of this issue has been known for the
decades but, to our knowledge, this is the first attempt in opening the gate to
the nonlinear world of plasma waves with the non-Maxwellian equilibrium. As an
example the ion-acoustic solitons are studied in this framework taking into
account the electron trapping in the trough of longitudinal field. It is shown,
as the most important result regarding to the non-Maxwillian equilibrium, that
there is the possibility for the ion-acoustic solitons to move subsonically.
The solitons velocity and their width are monotonically increasing functions of
spectral index ($\kappa$) and approach to the their Maxwellian values as
$\kappa \to \infty$.


title:
Study of coupled states for the (4s^{2})^{1}S + (4s4p)^{3}P asymptote of
  Ca_{2}

abstract:
  The coupled states A^{1}\Sigma_{u}^{+} (^{1}D +}1}S), c^{3}\Pi_{u} (^{3}P +
^{1}S) and a^{3}\Sigma_{u}^{+} (^{3}P +}1}S) of the calcium dimer are
investigated in a laser induced fluorescence experiment combined with
high-resolution Fourier-transform spectroscopy. A global deperturbation
analysis of the observed levels, considering a model, which is complete within
the subspace of relevant neighboring states, is performed using the Fourier
Grid Hamiltonian method. We determine the potential energy curve of the
A^{1}\Sigma_{u}^{+} and c^{3}\Pi_{u} states and the strengths of the couplings
between them. The c^{3}\Pi_{u} and \as states are of particular importance for
the description of collisional processes between calcium atoms in the ground
state ^{1}S_{0} and excited state ^{3}P_{1} applied in studies for establishing
an optical frequency standard with Ca.


title:
Torque or no torque?! The resolution of the paradox using 4D geometric
  quantities with the explanation of the Trouton-Noble experiment

abstract:
  In this paper we have resolved the apparent paradox of different mechanical
equations for force and torque governing the motion of a charged particle in
different inertial frames. The same paradox arises in all usual
``explanations'' of the Trouton-Noble experiment. It is shown that the real
cause of the paradoxes is - \emph{the use of three dimensional (3D)
quantities}, e.g., $\mathbf{E}$, $\mathbf{B}$, $\mathbf{F}$, $\mathbf{L}$, $%
\mathbf{N}$, \emph{their transformations and equations with them.} Instead of
using 3D quantities we deal with \emph{4D geometric quantities, their Lorentz
transformations and equations with them}. In such treatment the paradoxes do
not appear. The explanation with \emph{4D geometric quantities}% is in a
complete agreement with the principle of relativity and with the Trouton-Noble
experiment.


title:
Transformation fields in the Extended Space Model (ESM)- prediction and
  secondary test experiment

abstract:
  Repeated series of experiments by checking of a prediction concerning
capability of gravitational field generation at braking of charged massive
particles in the substance are conducted. The prediction was made within the
framework of the extended 5-D space model with the metric (1 + 4). The new
scheme of experiment has allowed receiving results that qualitatively coincide
with results of the first experimental series. Quantitatively in comparison
with the first series in repeated experimental series results increased more
than in 60 times. Additional force equal to 6,7*10-5 N was reached in
experiments with stopping charged massive particles in the substance.


title:
Scaling of earthquake waiting times and the Olami-Feder-Christensen
  model

abstract:
  Waiting-time statistics are generated from the Olami-Feder-Christensen model
and shown to mimic some aspects of real seismicity. Preliminary analysis of the
model data implies a recently proposed universal scaling law for the
distribution in seismicity may be due to a mixing between aftershocks and
uncorrelated event pairs, thus having limited application. Earthquake catalog
data is also presented to support the argument.


title: The thermodynamic dual structure of linear-dissipative driven systems

abstract:
  The spontaneous emergence of dynamical order, such as persistent currents, is
sometimes argued to require principles beyond the entropy maximization of the
second law of thermodynamics. I show that, for linear dissipation in the
Onsager regime, current formation can be driven by exactly the Jaynesian
principle of entropy maximization, suitably formulated for extended systems and
nonequilibrium boundary conditions. The Legendre dual structure of equilibrium
thermodynamics is also preserved, though it requires the admission of
current-valued state variables, and their correct incorporation in the entropy.


title: Shear Instabilities in Granular Flows down on Inclined Plane

abstract:
  Instabilities at interface of two stream granular flows have been reported in
recent experiment [1] that breaking waves can form at the interface between two
streams of identical grains flowing on an inclined plane downstream of a
splitter plate. In this report, the theory of hydrodynamic instability is used
to analyze the shear flow of granular materials. It is shown that the shear
instability in two-stream granular flows actually comes from the competition
between the energy gradients in transverse and streamwise directions as well as
the interaction of two streams. We argue that the flow energy loss in the
streamwise direction has a stabilizing effect, while the transverse component
of the friction force formed by grain surface friction acts as the source of
instabilities. An equation has been derived to characterize the transition
between steady and wavy flows. Good qualitative agreement with the experimental
data is obtained.


title: Quantum Solution to Scalar Field Theory Models

abstract:
  Amplitudes $A_n$ in $d$-dimensional scalar field theory are generated, to all
orders in the coupling constant and at $n$-point. The amplitudes are expressed
as a series in the mass $m$ and coupling $\lambda$. The inputs are the
classical scattering, and these generate, after the integrals are performed,
the series expansion in the couplings $\lambda_i$. The group theory of the
scalar field theory leads to an additional permutation on the $L$ loop trace
structures. Any scalar field theory, including those with higher dimension
operators and in any dimension, are amenable.


title: On the rise and fall of networked societies

abstract:
  We review recent results on the dynamics of social networks which suggest
that the interplay between the network formation process and volatility may
lead to the occurrence of discontinuous phase transitions and phase coexistence
in a large class of models. We then investigate the effects of negative links
-- links inhibiting local growth of the network -- and of a geographical
distribution of the agents in such models. We show, by extensive numerical
simulations, that both effects enhance this phenomenology, i.e. it increases
the size of the coexistence region.


title:
Emergence of two-phase behavior in markets through interaction and
  learning in agents with bounded rationality

abstract:
  Phenomena which involves collective choice of many agents who are interacting
with each other and choosing one of several alternatives, based on the limited
information available to them, frequently show switching between two distinct
phases characterized by a bimodal and an unimodal distribution respectively.
Examples include financial markets, movie popularity and electoral behavior.
Here we present a model for this biphasic behavior and argue that it arises
from interactions in a local neighborhood and adaptation & learning based on
information about the effectiveness of past choices.


title:
Effect of wavelength dependence of nonlinearity, gain, and dispersion in
  photonic crystal fiber amplifiers

abstract:
  Photonic crystal fibers are used in fiber amplifiers and lasers because of
the flexibility in the design of mode area and dispersion. However, these
quantities depend strongly on the wavelength. The wavelength dependence of
gain, nonlinearity and dispersion are investigated here by including the
wavelength dependence explicitly in the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation for
photonic crystal fibers with varying periods and hole sizes. The effect of the
wavelength dependence of each parameter is studied separately as well as
combined. The wavelength dependence of the parameters is shown to create
asymmetry to the spectrum and chirp, but to have a moderating effect on pulse
broadening. The effect of including the wavelength dependence of nonlinearity
in the simulations is demonstrated to be the most significant compared that of
dispersion or gain.