title: Delayed Equation for Charged Rigid Nonrelativistic Ball

abstract:
  Simple expression for self-force acting on radiating rigid charged ball is
derived (Sommerfeld ball). It is shown that appropriate delayed equation of
motion has solutions in general differ from that for Sommerfeld sphere - there
are no "radiationless" solutions, but there are oscillating without damping
solutions though self-force has nonzero value.


title: Sum rules of codon usage probabilities

abstract:
  In the crystal basis model of the genetic code, it is deduced that the sum of
usage probabilities of the codons with C and A in the third position for the
quartets and/or sextets is independent of the biological species for
vertebrates. A comparison with experimental data shows that the prediction is
satisfied within about 5 %.


title: Cold trapped atoms detected with evanescent waves

abstract:
  We demonstrate the in situ detection of cold 87 Rb atoms near a dielectric
surface using the absorption of a weak, resonant evanescent wave. We have used
this technique in time of flight experiments determining the density of atoms
falling on the surface. A quantitative understanding of the measured curve was
obtained using a detailed calculation of the evanescent intensity distribution.
We have also used it to detect atoms trapped near the surface in a
standing-wave optical dipole potential. This trap was loaded by inelastic
bouncing on a strong, repulsive evanescent potential. We estimate that we trap
1.5 x 10 4 atoms at a density 100 times higher than the falling atoms.


title: A two-dimensional rough surface: Experiments on a pile of rice

abstract:
  Dynamical roughening of interfaces has received much attention in recent
years. However, experiments have been restricted to one dimensional (1d)
systems. Moreover, theoretical studies of the two dimensional (2d) case have
been highly inconclusive. Here we introduce an experimental 2d system, with
which the theories can be tested. As is shown, the surface of a 2d pile of rice
shows roughening behaviour in both space and time, with a roughness exponent
$\alpha_{2d}$ = 0.39(3) and a growth exponent $\beta_{2d}$ = 0.27(3).


title: Insulating behavior of lambda-DNA on the micron scale

abstract:
  We have investigated the electrical conductivity of lambda-DNA using DNA
covalently bonded to Au electrodes. Thiol-modified dTTP was incorporated into
the `sticky' ends of bacteriophage lambda-DNA using DNA polymerase. Two-probe
measurements on such molecules provide a hard lower bound for the resistivity
\rho>10^6 (Ohm cm) at bias potentials up to 20 volts, in conflict with recent
claims of moderate to high conductivity. By direct imaging, we show that the
molecules are present after the measurements. We stress the importance of
eliminating salt residues in these measurements.


title:
Separation and identification of dominant mechanisms in double
  photoionization

abstract:
  Double photoionization by a single photon is often discussed in terms of two
contributing mechanisms, {\it knock-out} (two-step-one) and {\it shake-off}
with the latter being a pure quantum effect. It is shown that a quasi-classical
description of knock-out and a simple quantum calculation of shake-off provides
a clear separation of the mechanisms and facilitates their calculation
considerably. The relevance of each mechanism at different photon energies is
quantified for helium. Photoionization ratios, integral and singly differential
cross sections obtained by us are in excellent agreement with benchmark
experimental data and recent theoretical results.


title: Landau-Zener Problem for Trilinear Hamiltonians

abstract:
  We consider a nonlinear version of the Landau-Zener problem, focusing on
photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate as a specific example. Contrary
to the exponential rate dependence obtained for the linear problem, a series
expansion technique indicates that, when the resonance is crossed slowly, the
probability for failure of adiabaticity is directly proportional to the rate at
which the resonance is crossed.


title:
The alpha effect and its saturation in a turbulent swirling flow
  generated in the VKS experiment

abstract:
  We report the experimental observation of the alpha-effect. It consists in
the generation of a current parallel to a magnetic field B0 applied to a
turbulent swirling flow of liquid sodium. At low magnetic Reynolds number, Rm,
we show that the magnitude of the alpha-effect increases like Rm2 and that its
sign is determined by the flow helicity. It saturates and then decreases at
large Rm, primarily because of the expulsion of the applied field B0 from the
bulk of the flow. We show how this expulsion is affected by the flow geometry
by varying the relative amplitudes of the azimuthal and axial flows.


title: Rotational Feshbach Resonances in Ultracold Molecular Collisions

abstract:
  In collisions at ultralow temperatures, molecules will possess Feshbach
resonances, foreign to ultracold atoms, whose virtual excited states consist of
rotations of the molecules. We estimate the mean spacing and mean widths of
these resonant states, exploiting the fact the molecular collisions at low
energy display chaotic motion. As examples, we consider the experimentally
relevant molecules O_2, OH, and PbO. The density of s-wave resonant states for
these species is quite high, implying that a large number of narrow resonant
states will exist.


title: To string together six theorems of physics by Pythagoras theorem

abstract:
  In this paper, we point out that there are at lest six theorems in physics
sharing common virtue of Pythagoras theorem, so that it is possible to string
these theorems together with the Pythagoras theorem for physics teaching, the
six theorems are Newton's three laws of motion, universal gravitational force,
Coulomb's law, and the formula of relativistic dynamics. Knowing the internal
relationships between them, which have never been clearly revealed by other
author, will benefit the logic of physics teaching.


title:
Comment on 'Self-dressing and radiation reaction in classical
  electrodynamics'

abstract:
  Using the canonical formalism, Compagno and Persico [J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.
35 (2002) 3629--45] have calculated the 'radiation-reaction' force on a uniform
spherical charge moving rigidly, slowly and slightly from its position at the
time when the transverse electric field is assumed to vanish. This force is
shown to result in the same time-averaged self-force as that which has been
obtained by different means for the test charge of a Bohr--Rosenfeld
field-measurement procedure and which Compagno and Persico claimed to be
incorrect.


title: Nanotube diameter optimal for channeling of high-energy particle beam

abstract:
  Channeling of particle beam in straight and bent single-wall nanotubes has
been studied in computer simulations. We have found that the nanotubes should
be sufficiently narrow in order to steer efficiently the particle beams, with
preferred diameter in the order of 0.5-2 nm. Wider nanotubes, e.g. 10-50 nm,
appear rather useless for channeling purpose because of high sensitivity of
channeling to nanotube curvature. We have compared bent nanotubes with bent
crystals as elements of beam steering technique, and found that narrow
nanotubes have an efficiency of beam bending similar to that of crystals.


title:
Formation of an Icosahedral Structure during the Freezing of Gold
  Nanoclusters: Surface-Induced Mechanism

abstract:
  The freezing behavior of gold nanoclusters was studied by employing molecular
dynamics simulations based on a semi-empirical embedded-atom method.
Investigations of the gold nanoclusters revealed that, just after freezing,
ordered nano-surfaces with a fivefold symmetry were formed with interior atoms
remaining in the disordered state. Further lowering of temperatures induced
nano-crystallization of the interior atoms that proceeded from the surface
towards the core region, finally leading to an icosahedral structure. These
dynamic processes explain why the icosahedral cluster structure is dominantly
formed in spite of its energetic metastability.


title:
Microfabrication of Three-Dimensional Structures in Polymer and Glass by
  Femtosecond Pulses

abstract:
  We report three-dimensional laser microfabrication, which enables
microstructuring of materials on the scale of 0.2-1 micrometers. The two
different types of microfabrication demonstrated and discussed in this work are
based on holographic recording, and light-induced damage in transparent
dielectric materials. Both techniques use nonlinear optical excitation of
materials by ultrashort laser pulses (duration < 1 ps).


title:
Towards Advanced-fuel Fusion: Electron, Ion Energy >100 keV in a Dense
  Plasma

abstract:
  Controlled fusion with advanced fuels requires average electron and ion
energies above 100 keV (equivalent to 1.1 billion K) in a dense plasma. We have
met this requirement and demonstrated electron and ion energies over 100 keV in
a compact and inexpensive dense plasma focus device. We have achieved this in
plasma "hot spots" or plasmoids that, in our best results, had a
density-confinement-time-energy product of 5.0 x1015 keVsec/cm3, a record for
any fusion experiment. We measured the electron energies with an X-ray detector
instrument that demonstrated conclusively that the hard X-rays were generated
by the hot spots.


title: On mediums with negative phase velocity: a brief overview

abstract:
  Several issues relating to oppositely directed phase velocity and power flow
are reviewed. A necessary condition for the occurrence of this phenomenon in
isotropic dielectric-magnetic mediums is presented. Ramifications for
aberration-free lenses, homogenization approaches, and complex mediums are
discussed.

categories: physics.class-ph cond-mat.other physics.gen-ph physics.optics


title: Robust GPS - SMS Communication Channel for the AVL System

abstract:
  Universal Preprocessing GPS SMS Communication Unit (UPCU) was developed as a
part of the UWI microtracking system. A GSM cellular Short Messaging Service is
the main method of delivering tracking information to the central base station.
  The information includes asset ID, longitude, latitude, altitude, speed and
direction as well as the time the message was sent. The design of the unit is
implemented as a bi-directional SMS system.


title: Multiple scattering of light by atoms with internal degeneracy

abstract:
  An analytical microscopic theory for the resonant multiple scattering of
light by cold atoms with arbitrary internal degeneracy is presented. It permits
to calculate the average amplitude and the average intensity for one-photon
states of the full transverse electromagnetic field in a dilute medium of
unpolarized atoms. Special emphasis is laid upon an analysis in terms of
irreducible representations of the rotation group. It allows to sum explicitly
the ladder and maximally crossed diagrams, giving the average intensity in the
Boltzmann approximation and the interference corrections responsible for weak
localization and coherent backscattering. The exact decomposition into field
modes shows that the atomic internal degeneracy contributes to the
depolarization of the average intensity and suppresses the interference
corrections. Static as well as dynamic quantities like the transport velocity,
diffusion constants and relaxation times for all field modes and all atomic
transitions are derived.


title: Thinking about the brain

abstract:
  We all are fascinated by the phenomena of intelligent behavior, as generated
both by our own brains and by the brains of other animals. As physicists we
would like to understand if there are some general principles that govern the
structure and dynamics of the neural circuits that underlie these phenomena. At
the molecular level there is an extraordinary universality, but these
mechanisms are surprisingly complex. This raises the question of how the brain
selects from these diverse mechanisms and adapts to compute "the right thing"
in each context. One approach is to ask what problems the brain really solves.
There are several examples - from the ability of the visual system to count
photons on a dark night to our gestalt recognition of statistical tendencies
toward symmetry in random patterns - where the performance of the system in
fact approaches some fundamental physical or statistical limits. This suggests
that some sort of optimization principles may be at work, and there are
examples where these principles have been formulated clearly and generated
predictions which are confirmed in new experiments; a central theme in this
work is the matching of the coding and computational strategies of the brain to
the statistical structure of the world around us. Extension of these principles
to the problem of learning leads us into interesting theoretical questions
about how to measure the complexity of the data from which we learn and the
complexity of the models that we use in learning, as well as opening some new
opportunities for experiment. This combination of theoretical and experimental
work gives us some new (if still speculative) perspectives on classical
problems and controversies in cognition.

categories: physics.bio-ph cond-mat.dis-nn nlin.AO q-bio.NC


title:
A study of accuracy and precision in oligonucleotide arrays: extracting
  more signal at large concentrations

abstract:
  Despite the success and popularity of oligonucleotide arrays as a
high-throughput technique for measuring mRNA expression levels, quantitative
calibration studies have until now been limited. The main reason is that
suitable data was not available. However, calibration data recently produced by
Affymetrix now permits detailed studies of the intensity dependent sensitivity.
Given a certain transcript concentration, it is of particular interest to know
whether current analysis methods are capable of detecting differential
expression ratios of 2 or higher. Using the calibration data, we demonstrate
that while current techniques are capable of detecting changes in the low to
mid concentration range, the situation is noticeably worse for high
concentrations. In this regime, expression changes as large as 4 fold are
severely biased, and changes of 2 are often undetectable. Such effects are
mainly the consequence of the sequence specific binding properties of probes,
and not the result of optical saturation in the fluorescence measurements.
GeneChips are manufactured such that each transcript is probed by a set of
sequences with a wide affinity range. We show that this property can be used to
design a method capable of reducing the high intensity bias. The idea behind
our methods is to transfers the weight of a measurement to a subset of probes
with optimal linear response at a given concentration, which can be achieved
using local embedding techniques.


title: A Bayesian approach to source separation

abstract:
  The problem of source separation is by its very nature an inductive inference
problem. There is not enough information to deduce the solution, so one must
use any available information to infer the most probable solution. We
demonstrate that source separation problems are well-suited for the Bayesian
approach which provides a natural and logically consistent method by which one
can incorporate prior knowledge to estimate the most probable solution given
that knowledge.
  We derive the Bell-Sejnowski ICA algorithm from first principles, i.e. Bayes'
Theorem and demonstrate how the Bayesian methodology makes explicit the
underlying assumptions. We then further demonstrate the power of the Bayesian
approach by deriving two separation algorithms that incorporate additional
prior information. One algorithm separates signals that are known a priori to
be decorrelated and the other utilizes information about the signal propagation
through the medium from the sources to the detectors.

categories: physics.data-an math.PR physics.bio-ph physics.med-ph


title: Cosmological Principle and Relativity - Part I

abstract:
  The absence of an identified consequence at solar system scale of the
cosmological space expansion is usually explained considering that space
expansion does not affect local anysotropies in matter distribution. This can
also be explained considering a time dependent scenario compatible with
Relativity Principle, therefore supporting physical laws independent of the
time position of the observer. A theory considering such relativist scenario,
i.e., generalizing Relativity Principle to position, embodies Cosmological
Principle and can be intrinsically able to fit directly both local and cosmic
data. In part I it is presented the general framework of such a theory, called
Local Relativity (LR), and analysed the space-time structure. Special
Relativity space-time is obtained, with no formal conflict with Einstein
analysis, but fully solving apparent paradoxes and conceptual difficulties,
including the simultaneity concept and the long discussed Sagnac effect. In
part II, LR is applied to positional analysis. It is verified the accordance
with solar system measurements and with classic cosmic tests, without dark
matter or dark energy. Two of the new features obtained in part II are the
possibility of a planetary orbital evolution compatible with a null
determination for G variation, supporting a warmer scenario for earth (and
Mars) past climate, and the possibility of an accelerating component in earth
rotation, compatible with the most recent measurements.


title:
The possibility of a Hall thruster operation in the absence of the anode
  sheath

abstract:
  A method of determining boundary conditions for quasi 1-D modeling of
steady-state operation of a Hall Thruster with ceramic channel is presented.
For a given mass flow rate and magnetic field profile the imposed condition of
a smooth sonic transition uniquely determines plasma density at the anode. The
discharge voltage determines the structure of the anode sheath and thus
determines electron and ion velocities at the anode. These parameters appear to
be sufficient for constructing a solution with given temperature profile. It is
shown that a good correlation between simulated and experimental results can be
achieved by selecting an appropriate electron mobility and temperature profile.
The structure of the electrode sheath was studied theoretically over a wide
range of input parameters, such as discharge voltage, incoming neutral velocity
and channel length, and the possibility of realization of the no-sheath
operating regime is discussed here.


title: Damping of electromagnetic waves in low-collision electron-ion plasmas

abstract:
  Using previously developed method of two-dimensional Laplace transform we
obtain the characteristic equations k(\omega) for electromagnetic waves in
low-collision fully ionized plasma of a plane geometry. We apply here a new,
different from the one used in our previous paper, iteration procedure of
taking into account the Coulomb collisions. The waves are collisionally damping
in the same extent as electromagnetic waves. Despite the different from
previous paper form of the dispersion (poles) equation, the obtained decrements
for fast and slow wave modes coincide with results obtained in our earlier
paper, if one neglects the terms of higher orders in v^2/c^2, (v and c are
electron and light velocities). We point out how one can determine mutually
dependent boundary conditions allowing to eliminate simultaneously both the
backward and kinematical waves for transversal as well as for longitudinal
oscillations.


title: Effective Screened Potentials of Strongly Coupled Semiclassical Plasma

abstract:
  The pseudopotentials of particle interaction of astrongly coupled
semiclassical plasma, taking into account bothquantum-mechanical effects of
diffraction at short distances andalso screening field effects at large
distances are obtained. Thelimiting cases of potentials are considered.


title:
About Formation of Quasibound States and Ordered Structures in Dense
  Plasma

abstract:
  The possibility of formation of quasibound states and ordered structures in
dense plasma is investigated. The effective potentials of dense plasma are
used. On the basis of these models the condition of the ordered structures
formation in the system is obtained. It is shown that in the dense classical
plasma the quasibound states form whereas the ordered structures form in the
dense semiclassical plasma.


title: Is Electron an Anyon with Spin-1/2?

abstract:
  It is argued that electron can be treated as an anyon which carries a charge
(-e) and a magnetic flux $\pm \frac{\Phi_{0}}{2}$ in the presence and absence
of a uniform external magnetic field. This flux is shown to arise due to the
spin of the electron. The flux associated with the electron spin is calculated
using a semi-classical model which is based on the magnetic top model. In
accordance with spherical top model it is assumed that the spin angular
momentum of the electron is produced by the fictitious point charge (-e)
rotating in a circular orbit. It is shown that the flux through the circular
orbit is independent of the radius and $\frac{\Phi_{0}}{2}$ for a spin down
electron and -$\frac{\Phi_{0}}{2}$ for a spin up one. Where
$\Phi_{0}=\frac{hc}{e}$ is the flux quantum.


title:
New approach to Dynamical Monte Carlo Methods: application to an
  Epidemic Model

abstract:
  A new approach to Dynamical Monte Carlo Methods is introduced to simulate
markovian processes. We apply this approach to formulate and study an epidemic
Generalized SIRS model. The results are in excellent agreement with the forth
order Runge-Kutta Method in a region of deterministic solution. We also
demonstrate that purely local interactions reproduce a poissonian-like process
at mesoscopic level. The simulations for this case are checked
self-consistently using a stochastic version of the Euler Method.


title:
Some Cosmological Consequences of the Correlation between the
  Gravitational and Inertial Mass

abstract:
  It has been demonstrated (gr-qc/9910036) that the gravitational and inertial
masses are correlated by a dimensionless electromagnetic factor, which can be
different from one. It can be also reduced, nullified or made negative in
specific electromagnetic conditions. This unexpected theoretical result has
been confirmed by an experiment using Extra-Low Frequency(ELF) radiation on
ferromagnetic material (gr-qc/0005107). Recently another experiment using UV
light on phosphorescent plastic has confirmed the phenomenon. Here we show some
fundamental consequences of the correlation for the Quantum Cosmology.


title:
Reply to "Criticism of `Necessity of Simultaneous Co-Existence of
  Instantaneous and Retarded Interactions in Classical Electrodynamics' " by
  J.D.Jackson

abstract:
  In this note we show that Jackson's criticism (hep-ph/0203076) of our work
"Necessity of simultaneous co-existence of..." is based on an inexact
understanding of the basic assumptions and conclusions of our work.


title:
Ionization Chambers for Monitoring in High-Intensity Charged Particle
  Beams

abstract:
  Radiation-hard ionization chambers were tested using an intense electron beam
from the accelerator test facility (ATF) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory
(BNL). The detectors were designed to be used as the basic element for
monitoring muons in the Main Injector Neutrino beamline (NuMI) at the Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL). Measurements of linearity of response,
voltage dependence, and the onset of ionization saturation as a function of gap
voltage were performed.


title: On the Kinematics of Protein Folding

abstract:
  We offer simple solutions to three kinematic problems that occur in the
folding of proteins. We show how to construct suitably local elementary Monte
Carlo moves, how to close a loop, and how to fold a loop without breaking the
bond that closes it.

categories: physics.bio-ph cond-mat.soft physics.chem-ph physics.med-ph q-bio.BM


title: To quantize or not to quantize gravity ?

abstract:
  It is shown here that the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics supports
the view that gravity need not be quantized. It is shown that the SM gives a
consistent description of the origin of the universe. It is guggested that the
universe came into existence when the SM symmetry was broken spontaneously.
This brings out a complete and consistent model of the physical universe in the
framework of a "semiclassical quantum gravity" theory.


title: Performance of a CsI(Tl) calorimeter in an experiment with stopped K+'s

abstract:
  The performance of the photon detector constructed for the search of
T-violation in the decay K^+ -> pi^0 mu^+ nu is presented. The specific
features of this detector consisting of 768 CsI(Tl) crystals with PIN
photodiode readout for high precision measurement of T-odd correlations in the
decays of positive kaons are considered.


title: A Hundred Years of Larmor Formula

abstract:
  Sir Joseph LARMOR showed in 1897 that an oscillating electric charge emits
radiation energy proportional to (acceleration)$^2$. At first sight,the result
appears to be valid for arbitrary accelerations. But, perpetual uniform
acceleration has been a case of nagging doubts, as radiation reaction vanishes
and the equivalence principle, as also conformal symmetry of Maxwell equations
each require nil energy loss. Special hypotheses are devised by some to justify
the assumption of radiation loss for both perpetual and non-perpetual (uniform)
accelerations which, as in the case of (uniform) velocities, are really
different. The problem is here simply resolved by an explicit computation to
show absence of radiation for the perpetual case and by illustrating that
Larmor formula makes sense {\it only if} there is {\it change} in acceleration,
just as kinetic energy has nontrivial quantitative sense, only when there is
change in velocity.


title:
An Unexpected Effect in ALEPH: Long-Term Displacements of the Silicon
  Vertex Detector

abstract:
  The ALEPH Silicon Vertex Detector for LEP2 featured a laser survey system to
monitor its mechanical stability. The analysis of laser system data from 1997
to 2000 showed that VDET suffered a time-dependent displacement. It resulted to
be compatible with a deformation of the support structure that made the device
to slowly rotate during the data-taking. A maximal local displacement of ~20
microns was observed, corresponding to a rotation of ~10E-4 rad. The
implementation of a time-dependent correction on the alignment by using the
laser system data led to sizeable improvements on the ALEPH data quality.


title: The Heterogeneous Multi-Scale Method

abstract:
  The heterogeneous multi-scale method (HMM) is a general strategy for dealing
with problems involving multi-scales, with multi-physics, using multi-grids. It
not only unifies several existing multi-scale methods, but also provide a
methodology for designing new algorithms for new applications. In this paper,
we review the history of multi-scale modeling and simulation that led to the
development of HMM, the methodology itself together with some applications, and
the mathematical theory of stability and accuracy.


title: An Optical Clock with Ultracold Neutral Atoms

abstract:
  We demonstrate how to realize an optical clock with neutral atoms that is
competitive to the currently best single ion optical clocks in accuracy and
superior in stability. Using ultracold atoms in a Ca optical frequency standard
we show how to reduce the relative uncertainty to below 1E-15. We observed atom
interferences for stabilization of the laser to the clock transition with a
visibility of 0.36, which is 70 % of the ultimate limit achievable with atoms
at rest. A novel scheme was applied to detect these atom interferences with the
prospect to reach the quantum projection noise limit at an exceptional low
instability of 4E-17 in 1 s.


title:
Measurement of the forbidden tensor polarizability of Cs using an
  all-optical Ramsey resonance technique

abstract:
  We have measured the strongly suppressed electric tensor polarizability of
the Cs ground state using an optical pump-probe technique in a thermal atomic
beam. The result agrees with a previous measurement and confirms the
long-standing discrepancy with a theoretical value. The anticipated future
reduction of the total uncertainty to the 1% level makes this quantity a
valuable test for atomic structure calculations involving short-range
inner-atomic interactions.


title:
Relativistic many-body calculations of excitation energies and
  transition rates in ytterbium-like ions

abstract:
  Excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and transition rates are
calculated for (5d2+5d6s+6s2)--(5d6p+5d5f+6s6p) electric dipole transitions in
Yb-like ions with nuclear charges Z ranging from 72 to 100. Relativistic
many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT), including the retarded Breit
interaction, is used to evaluate retarded E1 matrix elements in length and
velocity forms. The calculations start from a [Xe]4f14 core Dirac-Fock
potential. First-order RMBPT is used to obtain intermediate coupling
coefficients, and second-order RMBPT is used to determine matrix elements. A
detailed discussion of the various contributions to energy levels and dipole
matrix elements is given for ytterbium like rhenium, Z=75. The resulting
transition energies are compared with experimental values and with results from
other recent calculations. Trends of excitation energies, line strengths,
oscillator strengths, and transition rates as functions of nuclear charge Z are
shown graphically for selected states and transitions.
  These calculations are presented as a theoretical benchmark for comparison
with experiment and theory.


title:
New approach for building of unified theory about the Universe and some
  results

abstract:
  The physical models of a successful unified theory about the Universe must
operate in different phase of matter evolution and different fields of physics.
The attempts to build such wide range theory as a bunch of theories developed
for different fields of physics are not quite successful. The accumulated
knowledge from experiments and observations leads to a conclusion that some of
the adopted postulates in the modern physics are not absolutely fundamental, as
considered so far. A new approach for building of unified model of the Universe
suggests resurrection of the principles of causality and logical understanding
for any kind of physical phenomena. It is successfully applied in a new theory
titled Basic Structures of Matter, which provides fundamentals for a unified
theory about the Universe. The new approach leads to different physical models
for the elementary particles and the atoms and also to a different concept
about the Universe. In the same time the suggested models exhibit the same
interaction energies as obtained by the Quantum mechanics and experiments. The
analysis of the physical phenomena from a new point of view allows deeper
understanding of the relations between the basic physical attributes: mass,
energy, space, time, gravitation and inertia.


title: A Quantum Approach to Stock Price Fluctuations

abstract:
  A simple quantum model explains the Levy-unstable distributions for
individual stock returns observed by ref.[1]. The probability density function
of the returns is written as the squared modulus of an amplitude. For short
time intervals this amplitude is proportional to a Cauchy-distribution and
satisfies the Schroedinger equation with a non-hermitian Hamiltonian. The
observed power law tails of the return fluctuations imply that the "decay
rate", $\gamma(q)$ asymptotically is proportional to $|q|$, for large $|q|$.
The wave number, the Fourier-conjugate variable to the return, is interpreted
as a quantitative measure of "market sentiment". On a time scale of less than a
few weeks, the distribution of returns in this quantum model is shape stable
and scales. The model quantitatively reproduces the observed cumulative
distribution for the short-term normalized returns over 7 orders of magnitude
without adjustable parameters. The return fluctuations over large time periods
ultimately become Gaussian if $\gamma(q\sim 0)\propto q^2$. The ansatz
$\gamma(q)=b_T\sqrt{m^2+q^2}$ is found to describe the positive part of the
observed historic probability of normalized returns for time periods between
T=5 min and $T\sim 4$ years over more than 4 orders of magnitude in terms of
one adjustable parameter $s_T=m b_T\propto T$. The Sharpe ratio of a stock in
this model has a finite limit as the investment horizon $T\to 0$. Implications
for short-term investments are discussed.


title: Studies with Ultracold Metastable Hydrogen

abstract:
  This thesis describes the first detailed studies of trapped metastable
(2S-state) hydrogen.


title: Theory of gravitation in flat space with no infinities

abstract:
  A theory of gravitation is presented. This theory does not relate gravitation
to curvature of space-time. It explains the three standard results of general
relativity in agreement with observations and suggests new experiments.


title:
Mechanical scenario for the reaction: neutron --> proton + electron +
  antineutrino

abstract:
  Small perturbations of averaged ideal turbulence reproduce the
electromagnetic field. The luminiferous medium has the relatively low pressure
and high energy. A vapor bubble in the fluid models the neutron. The bubble
stabilized via creating in the fluid a field of the positive perturbation of
the turbulence energy serves as a model of the proton. An isle of the fluid
that produces the respective field of the negative perturbation of the
turbulence energy models the electron. The antineutrino corresponds to a local
positive disturbance of the turbulence energy needed in order to compensate the
difference in perturbations of the energy produced by the electron and proton.


title: An Accurate, Simplified Model of Intrabeam Scattering

abstract:
  Beginning with the general Bjorken-Mtingwa solution for intrabeam scattering
(IBS) we derive an accurate, greatly simplified model of IBS, valid for high
energy beams in normal storage ring lattices. In addition, we show that, under
the same conditions, a modified version of Piwinski's IBS formulation (where
dispersion squared over beta has been replaced by the dispersion invariant)
asymptotically approaches the result of Bjorken-Mtingwa.


title: Floating Bodies of Equilibrium II

abstract:
  In a previous paper (physics/0203061) ''Floating bodies of equilibrium I'' I
have shown that there exist two-dimensional non-circular cross-sections of
bodies of homogeneous densities rho not equal 1/2 which can float in any
orientation in water, which have a p-fold rotation axis. For given p they exist
for p-2 different densities. However, this was found only in a Taylor-expansion
in a parameter which describes the distortion from the circular shape up to
seventh order. Here a differential equation for the boundary curve is given and
the non-circular boundary curve can be expressed in terms of an elliptic
integral.


title: Laser controlled molecular switches and transistors

abstract:
  We investigate the possibility of optical current control through single
molecules which are weakly coupled to leads. A master equation approach for the
transport through a molecule is combined with a Floquet theory for the
time-dependent molecule. This yields an efficient numerical approach to the
evaluation of the current through time-dependent nano-structures in the
presence of a finite external voltage. We propose tunable optical current
switching in two- and three-terminal molecular electronic devices driven by
properly adjusted laser fields, i.e. a novel class of molecular transistors.


title: Energy degrader optimization for medical beam lines

abstract:
  This paper describes the optimization of a variable energy degrader design
for the Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute (MPRI) [1]. To optimize the
energy degrader design we investigate the choice of an optimal material for the
degrader, the beam emittance growth in the degrader, and the matching of the
degraded beam with the acceptance of a medical beam line.


title: Scheme for Attophysics Experiments at a X-ray SASE FEL

abstract:
  We propose a concept for production of high power coherent attosecond pulses
in X-ray range. An approach is based on generation of 8th harmonic of radiation
in a multistage HGHG FEL (high gain high harmonic free electron laser)
configuration starting from shot noise. Single-spike phenomena occurs when
electron bunch is passed through the sequence of four relatively short
undulators. The first stage is a conventional "long" wavelength (0.8 nm) SASE
FEL which operates in the high-gain linear regime. The 0.1 nm wavelength range
is reached by successive multiplication (0.8 nm $\to$ 0.4 nm $\to$ 0.2 nm $\to$
0.1 nm) in a stage sequence. Our study shows that the statistical properties of
the high-harmonic radiation from the SASE FEL, operating in linear regime, can
be used for selection of radiation pulses with a single spike in time domain.
The duration of the spikes is in attosecond range. Selection of single-spike
high-harmonic pulses is achieved by using a special trigger in data acquisition
system. The potential of X-ray SASE FEL at TESLA at DESY for generating
attosecond pulses is demonstrated. Since the design of XFEL laboratory at TESLA
is based on the use of long SASE undulators with tunable gap, no special place
nor additional FEL undulators are required for attophysics experiments. The use
of a 10 GW-level attosecond X-ray pulses at X-ray SASE FEL facility will enable
us to track processes inside atoms.


title: Enhancement of the electric dipole moment of the electron in PbO

abstract:
  The a(1) state of PbO can be used to measure the electric dipole moment of
the electron d_e. We discuss a semiempirical model for this state, which yields
an estimate of the effective electric field on the valence electrons in PbO.
Our final result is an upper limit on the measurable energy shift, which is
significantly larger than was anticipated earlier: $ 2|W_d|d_e \ge 2.4\times
10^{25} \textrm{Hz} [ \frac{d_e}{e \textrm{cm}} ]$.


title:
Solitary Waves in an Intense Beam Propagating Through a Smooth Focusing
  Field

abstract:
  Based on the Vlasov-Maxwell equations describing the self-consistent
nonlinear beam dynamics and collective processes, the evolution of an intense
sheet beam propagating through a periodic focusing field has been studied. In
an earlier paper [1] it has been shown that in the case of a beam with uniform
phase space density the Vlasov-Maxwell equations can be replaced exactly by the
macroscopic warm fluid-Maxwell equations with a triple adiabatic pressure law.
In this paper we demonstrate that starting from the macroscopic fluid-Maxwell
equations a nonlinear Schroedinger equation for the slowly varying wave
amplitude (or a set of coupled nonlinear Schroedinger equations for the wave
amplitudes in the case of multi-wave interactions) can be derived. Properties
of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation are discussed, together with soliton
formation in intense particle beams.


title:
Michelson-Morley Experiments Revisited and the Cosmic Background
  Radiation Preferred Frame

abstract:
  We report a simple re-analysis of the old results (1887) from the
Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment that was designed to detect absolute
motion. We build upon a recent (1998) re-analysis of the original data by
Munera, which revealed a small but significant effect after allowing for
several systematic errors in the original analysis. The further re-analysis
here reveals that a genuine effect of absolute motion is expected, in what is
essentially a quantum interference experiment, but only if the photons travel
in the interferometer at speeds V< c. This is the case if the interferometer
operates in a dielectric, such as air, as was the case, incidently, of the
Michelson-Morley experiment. The re-analysis here of the Michelson-Morley
experimental data, correcting for the refractive index effect of the air,
reveals an absolute speed of the Earth of v=359+/-54 km/s, which is in
excellent agreement with the speed of v=365+/-18 km/s determined from the
dipole fit, in 1991, to the NASA COBE satellite Cosmic Background Radiation
(CBR) observations. Other experiments where the interferometers operated in air
(Miller 1925,1933) or helium (Illingworth 1927) give similar results when
re-analysed. These experimental results refute Einstein's assertion that
absolute motion through space has no meaning.


title: Resolving Two Beams in Beam Splitters with a Beam Position Monitor

abstract:
  The beam transport system for the Advanced Hydrotest Facility (AHF)
anticipates multiple beam splitters [1]. Monitoring two separated beams in a
common beam pipe in the splitter sections imposes certain requirements on
diagnostics for these sections. In this note we explore a two-beam system in a
generic beam monitor and study the feasibility of resolving the positions of
the two beams with a single diagnostic device.


title: Oscillations of a solid sphere falling through a wormlike micellar fluid

abstract:
  We present an experimental study of the motion of a solid sphere falling
through a wormlike micellar fluid. While smaller or lighter spheres quickly
reach a terminal velocity, larger or heavier spheres are found to oscillate in
the direction of their falling motion. The onset of this instability correlates
with a critical value of the velocity gradient scale $\Gamma_{c}\sim 1$
s$^{-1}$. We relate this condition to the known complex rheology of wormlike
micellar fluids, and suggest that the unsteady motion of the sphere is caused
by the formation and breaking of flow-induced structures.


title: Understanding highly excited states via parametric variations

abstract:
  Highly excited vibrational states of an isolated molecule encode the
vibrational energy flow pathways in the molecule. Recent studies have had
spectacular success in understanding the nature of the excited states mainly
due to the extensive studies of the classical phase space structures and their
bifurcations. Such detailed classical-quantum correspondence studies are
presently limited to two or quasi two dimensional systems. One of the main
reasons for such a constraint has to do with the problem of visualization of
relevant objects like surface of sections and Wigner or Husimi distributions
associated with an eigenstate. This neccesiates various alternative techniques
which are more algebraic than geometric in nature. In this work we introduce
one such method based on parametric variation of the eigenvalues of a
Hamiltonian. It is shown that the level velocities are correlated with the
phase space nature of the corresponding eigenstates. A semiclassical expression
for the level velocities of a single resonance Hamiltonian is derived which
provides theoretical support for the correlation. We use the level velocities
to dynamically assign the highly excited states of a model spectroscopic
Hamiltonian in the mixed phase space regime. The effect of bifurcations on the
level velocities is briefly discussed using a recently proposed spectroscopic
Hamiltonian for the HCP molecule.


title: Bayesian Source Separation and Localization

abstract:
  The problem of mixed signals occurs in many different contexts; one of the
most familiar being acoustics. The forward problem in acoustics consists of
finding the sound pressure levels at various detectors resulting from sound
signals emanating from the active acoustic sources. The inverse problem
consists of using the sound recorded by the detectors to separate the signals
and recover the original source waveforms. In general, the inverse problem is
unsolvable without additional information. This general problem is called
source separation, and several techniques have been developed that utilize
maximum entropy, minimum mutual information, and maximum likelihood. In
previous work, it has been demonstrated that these techniques can be recast in
a Bayesian framework. This paper demonstrates the power of the Bayesian
approach, which provides a natural means for incorporating prior information
into a source model. An algorithm is developed that utilizes information
regarding both the statistics of the amplitudes of the signals emitted by the
sources and the relative locations of the detectors. Using this prior
information, the algorithm finds the most probable source behavior and
configuration. Thus, the inverse problem can be solved by simultaneously
performing source separation and localization. It should be noted that this
algorithm is not designed to account for delay times that are often important
in acoustic source separation. However, a possible application of this
algorithm is in the separation of electrophysiological signals obtained using
electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG).


title:
Re-Analysis of Michelson-Morley Experiments Reveals Agreement with COBE
  Cosmic Background Radiation Preferred Frame so Impacting on Interpretation of
  General Relativity

abstract:
  We report a re-analysis of the old results from the Michelson-Morley
interferometer experiments that were designed to detect absolute motion. We
build upon a recent (1998) re-analysis of the original data by Munera, which
revealed small but significant effects after allowing for several systematic
errors in the original analyses. The further re-analysis here reveals that a
genuine effect of absolute motion is expected, in what is essentially a quantum
interference experiment, but only if the photons travel in the interferometer
at speeds V < c. This is the case if the interferometer operates in a
dielectric, such as air, or helium as was the case of the Illingworth (1927)
Michelson-Morley experiment. The re-analysis here of the Illingworth
experimental data correcting for the refractive index effect of the helium,
reveals an absolute speed of the Earth of v=369+/-123 km/s, which is in
agreement with the speed of v=365+/-18 km/s determined from the dipole fit, in
1991, to the NASA COBE satellite Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR)
observations. These experimental results refute Einstein's assertion that
absolute motion through space has no meaning, and require a re-assessment of
the interpretation of General Relativity.


title:
Problem of water vapor absorption continuum in atmospheric windows.
  Return of dimer hypothesis

abstract:
  Two alternative hypotheses try to explain the origin of the continuum. The
present communication gives new argument in favor of the dimer hypothesis. This
argument is based on the existence of the wide component of line in absorption
spectrum of polyatomic molecules.


title:
Effect of Density Correlations on the Coherency of Relativistic Bunch
  Radiation

abstract:
  The coherent radiation of the electron beam with account of particle position
correlations because of strong Coulomb interaction is considered. For the first
time it is shown that the coherency of the radiation of the bunch with account
of correlations depend on the mean inter particle distance (mean density of the
bunch). The conditions of coherency are found. The influence of deviations from
mean distance on the radiation coherency is considered.


title: An Ultimate Hyperfinite Ultralogic Unification for all Physical Theories

abstract:
  In this paper, all of the restrictions that were previously required in order
to obtain a hyperfinite unification for a set of physical theories have been
removed. This yields the ultimate hyperfinite ultralogic unification for any
set of physical theories.


title:
Near-field to far-field transition of photonic crystal fibers:
  symmetries and interference phenomena

abstract:
  The transition from the near to the far field of the fundamental mode
radiating out of a photonic crystal fiber is investigated experimentally and
theoretically. It is observed that the hexagonal shape of the near field
rotates two times by pi/6 when moving into the far field, and eventually six
satellites form around a nearly gaussian far-field pattern. A semi-empirical
model is proposed, based on describing the near field as a sum of seven
gaussian distributions, which qualitatively explains all the observed phenomena
and quantitatively predicts the relative intensity of the six satellites in the
far field.


title:
Broad-band electron spectroscopy: a novel concept based on Thomson
  scattering

abstract:
  The spectrum of relativistic electron bunches with large energy dispersion is
hardly obtainable with conventional magnetic spectrometers.
  We present a novel spectroscopic concept, based on the analysis of the
photons generated by Thomson Scattering of a probe laser pulse inpinging with
arbitrary incidence angle onto the electron bunch.
  The feasibility of a single-pulse spectrometer, using an energy-calibrated
CCD device as detector, is investigated. Numerical simulations performed in
conditions typical of a real experiment show the effectiveness and accuracy of
the new method.


title:
Collisional deexcitation of exotic hydrogen atoms in highly excited
  states. I. Cross-sections

abstract:
  The deexcitation of exotic hydrogen atoms in highly excited states in
collisions with hydrogen molecules has been studied using the
classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method. The Coulomb transitions with large
change of principal quantum number n have been found to be the dominant
collisional deexcitation mechanism at high n. The molecular structure of the
hydrogen target is shown to be essential for the dominance of transitions with
large \Delta n. The external Auger effect has been studied in the eikonal
approximation. The resulting partial wave cross-sections are consistent with
unitarity and provide a more reliable input for cascade calculations than the
previously used Born approximation.


title:
Collisional deexcitation of exotic hydrogen atoms in highly excited
  states. II. Cascade calculations

abstract:
  The atomic cascades in mu-p and pbar-p atoms have been studied in detail
using new results for the cross-sections of the scattering of highly excited
exotic atoms from molecular hydrogen. The cascade calculations have been done
with an updated version of the extended standard cascade model that computes
the evolution in the kinetic energy from the beginning of the cascade. The
resulting X-ray yields, kinetic energy distributions, and cascade times are
compared with the experimental data.


title: Simple device for scanning image

abstract:
  The simple device for scanning image is described. It has much in common with
usual TV camera, with an electron beam replaced by an optical one. After the
general description of the device, we present a simple experimental
illustration.


title:
QED theory of transition probabilities and line profiles in
  highly-charged ions

abstract:
  A rigorous QED theory of the spectral line profiles is applied to transition
probabilities in few-electron highly charged ions. Interelectron interaction
corrections are included as well as radiative corrections. Parity nonconserving
(PNC) amplitudes with effective weak interactions between the electrons and
nucleus are also considered. QED and interelectron interaction corrections to
the PNC amplitudes are derived.


title: The Origin of Life in the Universe

abstract:
  Terrestrial and extraterrestrial theories of the origin of life are discussed
in the light of latest observations. The available data suggest a dual mode of
origin, some of the ingredients, including possibly sugars, were brought to
earth from outer space, which combined with other ingredients, such as
proteins, already available on the earth leading to the formation of life.


title: Peculiar Fields in Maxwell's Equations

abstract:
  A theoretical analysis of the excitation of an infinitely long solenoid by
oscillating current has revealed the existence of specific potentials in the
space outside the solenoid, which can affect electron diffraction in an
experiment similar to the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Thus, these time-dependent
potentials are physical fields possessing a number of specific features, which
set them off from the fields known heretofore.


title:
Numerical computation of critical properties and atomic basins from 3D
  grid electron densities

abstract:
  InteGriTy is a software package that performs topological analysis following
AIM approach on electron densities given on 3D grids. Use of tricubic
interpolation is made to get the density, its gradient and hessian matrix at
any required position. Critical points and integrated atomic properties have
been derived from theoretical densities calculated for the compounds NaCl and
TTF-2,5Cl2BQ, thus covering the different kinds of chemical bonds: ionic,
covalent, hydrogen bonds and other intermolecular contacts.


title:
Maxwell Optics: I. An exact matrix representation of the Maxwell
  equations in a medium

abstract:
  Matrix representations of the Maxwell equations are well-known. However, all
these representations lack an exactness or/and are given in terms of a {\em
pair} of matrix equations. We present a matrix representation of the Maxwell
equation in presence of sources in a medium with varying permittivity and
permeability. It is shown that such a representation necessarily requires $8
\times 8$ matrices and an explicit representation for them is presented.


title: Maxwell Optics: II. An Exact Formalism

abstract:
  We present a formalism for light optics starting with the Maxwell equations
and casting them into an exact matrix form taking into account the spatial and
temporal variations of the permittivity and permeability. This $8 \times 8$
matrix representation is used to construct the optical Hamiltonian. This has a
close analogy with the algebraic structure of the Dirac equation, enabling the
use of the rich machinery of the Dirac electron theory. We get interesting
wavelength-dependent contributions which can not be obtained in any of the
traditional approaches.


title: Maxwell Optics: III. Applications

abstract:
  A new formalism of beam-optics and polarization has been recently presented,
based on an exact matrix representation of the Maxwell equations. This is
described in Part-I and Part-II. In this Part, we present the application of
the above formalism to the specific example of the axially symmetric graded
index fiber. This formalism leads to the wavelength-dependent modifications of
the six aberrations present in the traditional prescriptions and further gives
rise to the remaining three aberrations permitted by the axial symmetry.
Besides, it also gives rise to a wavelength-dependent image rotation. The three
extra aberrations and the image rotation are not found in any of the
traditional approaches.


title: Connectivity and the Origin of Inertia

abstract:
  Newton's Second Law defines inertial mass as the ratio of the applied force
on an object to the responding acceleration of the object (viz., F=ma). Objects
that exhibit finite accelerations under finite forces are described as being
"massive'' and this mass has usually been considered to be an innate property
of the particles composing the object. However mass itself is never directly
measured. It is inertia, the reaction of the object to impressed forces, that
is measured. We show that the effects of inertia are equally well explained as
a consequence of the vacuum fields acting on massless particles travelling in
geodesic motion. In this approach, the vacuum fields in the particle's history
define the curvature of the particle's spacetime. The metric describing this
curvature implies a transformation to Minkowski spacetime, which we call the
Connective transformation. Application of the Connective transformation
produces the usual effects of inertia when observed in Minkowski spacetime,
including hyperbolic motion in a static electric field (above the vacuum) and
uniform motion following an impulse. In the case of the electromagnetic vacuum
fields, the motion of the massless charge is a helical motion that can be
equated to the particle spin of quantum theory. This spin has the properties
expected from quantum theory, being undetermined until "measured'' by applying
a field, and then being found in either a spin up or spin down state.
Furthermore, the zitterbewegung of the charge is at the speed of light, again
in agreement with quantum theory. Connectivity also allows for pair creation as
the Connective transformation can transform positive time intervals in the
particle spacetime to negative time intervals in Minkowski spacetime.


title:
Spacetime differential elements and the distribution of bio-Hamiltonian
  components

abstract:
  Various Hamiltonian models have been derived for chemical structures
belonging to living organisms while the Hamiltonian concept was not applied to
life as a whole. However, Hamiltonian components were recently defined for
living organisms on the condition to take in consideration their evolutionary
implications (Bounias, 2001: CASYS'0l). This paper identifies differential
elements of Spacetime, from which it delimits a probabilistic fuzzy-like
invariance standing for conservativity of biological Hamiltonians. The
distributions of potential and kinetic components in a individual
bio-Hamiltonian, and the distribution of such individual Hamiltonians of living
organisms interacting in more complex systems are shown to behave as a
non-linear generalized convolution of functions.


title: New Window Resonances in the Potassium 3s Photoabsorption Spectrum

abstract:
  The photoion spectrum of atomic potassium was measured over the 3s -> np
excitation region with the photoion time-of-flight method and monochromatized
synchrotron radiation. An unusual spectrum with paired windows structure was
found instead of a simple regular Rydberg series. Such subsidiary windows have
not been observed in the 3s -> np resonances of Ar, which has a closed outer
shell. Based on Dirac-Fock calculations, the dual window structure at 36.7 eV
and at 37.4 eV was assigned to the 3s^{-1}3p^{6}4s4p resonance. The line shape
can be fitted by Fano's formula and the Fano parameters were obtained.


title:
Correlation Between Gravitational and Inertial Mass: Theory and
  Experimental Test

abstract:
  The physical property of mass has two distinct aspects, gravitational mass
and inertial mass. The weight of a particle depends on its gravitational mass.
According to the weak form of the equivalence principle, the gravitational and
inertial masses are equivalent. But, we show here that they are correlated by a
dimensionless factor, which can be different of one . The factor depends on the
electromagnetic energy absorbed or emitted by the particle and of the index of
refraction of the medium around the particle. This theoretical correlation has
been experimentally proven by means of a very simple apparatus, presented here.


title:
Effects of Defects on the Strength of Nanotubes:
  Experimental-Computational Comparisons

abstract:
  The failure stresses and strains of nanotubes given by theoretical or
numerical predictions are much higher than observed in experiments. We show
that defects can explain part of this discrepancy: for an n-atom defect with
2<=n<=8, the range of failure stresses for a molecular mechanics calculation is
found to be 36GPa to 64GPa. This compares quite well with upper end of the
experimental failure stresses, 11GPa to 63GPa. The computed failure strains are
4% to 8%, whereas the experimental values are 2% to 13%. The underprediction of
failure strains can be explained by the slippage that occurred in the
experiments. The failure processes of nanotubes are clearly brittle in both the
experiments and our calculations.


title:
Maximizing bandgaps in two-dimensional photonic crystals: a variational
  algorithm

abstract:
  We present an algorithm for the maximization of photonic bandgaps in
two-dimensional crystals. Once the translational symmetries of the underlying
structure have been imposed, our algorithm finds a global maximal (and
complete, if one exists) bandgap. Additionally, we prove two remarkable results
related to maximal bandgaps: the so-called `maximum contrast' rule, and about
the location in the Brillouin zone of band edges.


title:
Expounding on physics -- A phenomenographic study of physicists talking
  of their physics

abstract:
  Physicists and physics students have been studied with respect to the
variation in ways they expound on their topic of research and a physics
problem, respectively. A phenomenographic approach has been employed; six
fourth-year physics students and ten teacher/researcher physicists at various
stages of their careers have been interviewed. Four qualitatively distinct ways
of expounding on physics have been identified, constituting an outcome space
where there is a successive shift towards coherent structure and multiple
referent domains. The interviewed person is characterised as expressing an
'object of knowledge' and the interviewer is characterised as a willing and
active listener who is trying to make sense of it, constituting a 'knowledge
object' out of the ideas, data and personal experience. Pedagogical situations
of analogous character to the interviewer-interviewee discussions are
considered in the light of the analysis, focusing on the affordances for
learning offered by the different forms of exposition.


title:
Structure and dynamics of the interface between a binary hard-sphere
  crystal of NaCl type and its coexisting binary fluid

abstract:
  Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the [100] and [111]
orientations of the crystal-melt interface between an ordered two-component
hard sphere with a NaCl structure and its coexisting binary hard-sphere fluid.
The diameter ratio of the two types of hard spheres making up the mixture is
taken to be 0.414. This work complements our earlier interface simulations [J.
Chem. Phys.116, 3410] for the same diameter ratio at lower pressures where the
smaller component is immiscible in the solid and the fluid mixture coexists
with a pure FCC crystal of large particles. Density profiles and diffusion
coefficient profiles are presented for the AB interfacial system. We find that
for this system, the transition from crystal-like to fluid-like behavior of
both the density and diffusion constant profiles occurs over a narrower region
than that seen in our previous studies [J. Chem. Phys. 116, 3410] of the
FCC/binary fluid system. But similar to what was found in the FCC/binary fluid
interface the transition region for the large particle diffusion constant is
shifted about the size of the large particles toward the fluid phase relative
to that for the small particles.


title: Generalized Singular Spectrum Time Series Analysis

abstract:
  This paper is a study of continuous time Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). We
show that the principal eigenfunctions are solutions to a set of linear ODEs
with constant coefficients. We also introduce a natural generalization of SSA,
constructed using local (Lie-) transformation groups. The time translations
used in standard SSA is a special case. The eigenfunctions then satisfy a
simple type of linear ODE with time dependent coefficient, determined by the
infinitesimal generator of the transformation group. Finally, more general one
parameter mappings are considered.


title:
Noble internal transport barriers and radial subdiffusion of toroidal
  magnetic lines

abstract:
  Single trajectories of magnetic line motion indicate the persistence of a
central protected plasma core, surrounded by a chaotic shell enclosed in a
double-sided transport barrier : the latter is identified as being composed of
two Cantori located on two successive "most-noble" numbers values of the
perturbed safety factor, and forming an internal transport barrier (ITB).
Magnetic lines which succeed to escape across this barrier begin to wander in a
wide chaotic sea extending up to a very robust barrier (as long as L<1) which
is identified mathematically as a robust KAM surface at the plasma edge. In
this case the motion is shown to be intermittent, with long stages of
pseudo-trapping in the chaotic shell, or of sticking around island remnants, as
expected for a continuous time random walk.


title: A Simplified Model of Intrabeam Scattering

abstract:
  Beginning with the general Bjorken-Mtingwa solution, we derive a simplified
model of intrabeam scattering (IBS), one valid for high energy beams in normal
storage rings; our result is similar, though more accurate than a model due to
Raubenheimer. In addition, we show that a modified version of Piwinski's IBS
formulation (where eta squared over beta has been replaced by the dispersion
invariant) at high energies asymptotically approaches the same result.


title: Intrabeam scattering analysis of measurements at KEK's ATF damping ring

abstract:
  We derive a simple relation for estimating the relative emittance growth in x
and y due to intrabeam scattering (IBS) in electron storage rings. We show that
IBS calculations for the ATF damping ring, when using the formalism of
Bjorken-Mtingwa, a modified formalism of Piwinski (where eta squared divided by
beta has been replaced by the dispersion invariant), or a simple high-energy
approximate formula all give results that agree well. Comparing theory,
including the effect of potential well bunch lengthening, with a complete set
of ATF steady-state beam size vs. current measurements we find reasonably good
agreement for energy spread and horizontal emittance. The measured vertical
emittance, however, is larger than theory in both offset (zero current
emittance) and slope (emittance change with current). The slope error indicates
measurement error and/or additional current-dependent physics at the ATF; the
offset error, that the assumed Coulomb log is correct to within a factor of
1.75.


title: Photonic Approach to Making a Left-Handed Material

abstract:
  A new approach to producing a composite material with negative refraction
index is demonstrated. It is shown that a photonic structure consisting of two
dielectric materials, with positive and negative dielectric permittivities, can
support electromagnetic surface waves which exhibit the unusual electromagnetic
property of left-handedness (or negative refraction index). Depending on the
dielectric materials, these surface waves localized at the dielectric
interfaces can be either surface plasmons, or phonons. The detailed geometry of
the structure determines whether this composite left-handed material is
isotropic, or anisotropic.


title: Atomic Fractals in Cavity QED

abstract:
  We report a clear evidence of atomic fractals in the nonlinear motion of a
two-level atom in a standing-wave microcavity. Fractal-like structures, typical
for chaotic scattering, are numerically found in the dependencies of outgoing
positions and momenta of scattered atoms on their ingoing values and in the
dependence of exit times of cold atoms on their initial momenta in the generic
semiclassical models of cavity QED (1) with atoms in a far-detuned amplitude
(phase)-modulated standing wave and (2) with coupled atomic external and
internal degrees of freedom. Tiny interplay between all the degrees of freedom
in the second model is responsible for trapping atoms even in a very short
microcavity. It may lead simultaneously, at least, to two kinds of atomic
fractals, a countable fractal (a set of initial momenta generating
separatrix-like atomic trajectories) and a seemingly uncountable fractal with a
set of momenta generating infinite walkings of atoms inside the cavity.


title:
An equilibrium model for RFP plasmas in the presence of resonant tearing
  modes

abstract:
  The equilibrium of a finite-beta RFP plasma in the presence of
saturated-amplitude tearing modes is investigated. The singularities of the MHD
force balance equation JXB=grad(p) at the modes rational surfaces are resolved
through a proper regularization of the zeroth-order (equilibrium) profiles, by
setting to zero there the gradient of the pressure and parallel current
density. An equilibrium model, which satisfies the regularization rule at the
various rational surfaces, is developed. The comparison with the experimental
data from the Reversed Field eXperiment (RFX) gives encouraging results. The
model provides an easy tool for magnetic analysis: many aspects of the
perturbations can be analyzed and reconstructed.


title:
Spherical Harmonics Interpolation, Computation of Laplacians and Gauge
  Theory

abstract:
  The aim in this note is to define an algorithm to carry out minimal curvature
spherical harmonics interpolation, which is then used to calculate the
Laplacian for multi-electrode EEG data analysis. The approach taken is to
respect the data. That is, we implement a minimal curvature condition for the
interpolating surface subject to the constraints determined from the
multi-electrode data. We implement this approach using spherical harmonics
interpolation. In this elegant example we show that minimization requirement
and constraints complement each other to fix all degrees of freedom
automatically, as occurs in gauge theories. That is, the constraints are
respected, while only the orthogonal subspace minimization constraints are
enforced. As an example, we discuss the application to interpolate control data
and calculate the temporal sequence of laplacians from an EEG Mismatch
Negativity (MMN) experiment (using an implementation of the algorithm in IDL).


title:
Multi-energy techniques for radiographic monitoring of chemical
  composition

abstract:
  A theoretical model of multi-energy radiography (MER) are proposed. It is
shown that, as distinct from the conventional radiography, MER allows
identification of organic substances and control of their chemical composition.
Broad prospects are noted for MER application, specifically, for detection of
prohibited substances (explosives, drugs, etc.) during customs and
anti-terrorist safety inspection.


title: XML for Detector Description at GLAST

abstract:
  The problem of representing a detector in a form which is accessible to a
variety of applications, allows retrieval of information in ways which are
natural to those applications, and is maintainable has been vexing physicists
for some time. Although invented to address an entirely different problem
domain, the document markup meta-language XML is well-suited to detector
description. This paper describes its use for a GLAST detector.


title:
Matrix Inverse Free Method for Solving Quantum Electron Dynamics on
  Unstructured Grid

abstract:
  A matrix inverse free method to solve time-dependent Schrodinger equation is
presented. The method is not subject to form of Hamiltonian and adopting real
space grid system such as structured and unstructured grid, and achieves the
order N algorithm even if we adopt unstructured grid systems to adjust complex
regions. We have demonstrated some error evaluation problems that have exact
solution and application in which it has non-Schrodinger type Hamiltonian, and
we have successfully simulated the time-evolution of wave function for all of
the case.


title: Definability in Physics

abstract:
  The concept of definability of quantum fields in a set-theoretical foundation
is introduced. We propose an axiomatic set theory and then derive a nonlinear
sigma model and the Schroedinger equation in a Lagrangian form; this follows
naturally from a null postulate which expresses symmetry of action.
Definability in this theory is necessary and sufficient for quantum mechanics.
Space-time proves to be relational and the fields are free of singularities


title: Fractal Analysis On Internet Traffic Time Series

abstract:
  Fractal behavior and long-range dependence have been observed in tele-traffic
measurement and characterization. In this paper we show results of application
of the fractal analysis to internet traffic via various methods. Our result
demonstrate that the internet traffic exhibits self-similarity. Time-scale
analysis show to be an effective way to characterize the local irregularity.
Based on the result of this study, these two Internet time series exhibit
fractal characteristic with long-range dependence.


title:
Long time correlations in Lagrangian dynamics: a key to intermittency in
  turbulence

abstract:
  New aspects of turbulence are uncovered if one considers flow motion from the
perspective of a fluid particle (known as the Lagrangian approach) rather than
in terms of a velocity field (the Eulerian viewpoint). Using a new experimental
technique, based on the scattering of ultrasounds, we have obtained a direct
measurement of particle velocities, resolved at all scales, in a fully
turbulent flow. It enables us to approach intermittency in turbulence from a
dynamical point of view and to analyze the Lagrangian velocity fluctuations in
the framework of random walks. We find experimentally that the elementary steps
in the 'walk' have random uncorrelated directions but a magnitude that is
extremely long-range correlated in time. Theoretically, we study a Langevin
equation that incorporates these features and we show that the resulting
dynamics accounts for the observed one- and two-point statistical properties of
the Lagrangian velocity fluctuations. Our approach connects the intermittent
statistical nature of turbulence to the dynamics of the flow.


title: X-ray multi-energy radiography with scintillator-photodiode detectors

abstract:
  For reconstruction of the spatial structure of many-component objects, it is
proposed to use multi-radiography with detection of X-ray by combined detector
arrays using detectors of ``scintillator-photodiode'' type. A theoretical model
has been developed of multi-energy radiography for thickness measurements of
multi-layered systems and systems with defects. Experimental studies of the
sensitivity, output signal of various inspection systems based on scintillators
$ZnSe(Te)$ and $CsI(Tl)$, and object image reconstruction (with organics and
non-ogranics materials singled out) have been carried out.


title:
Excited states of beryllium atom from explicitly correlated wave
  functions

abstract:
  A study of the first excited states of beryllium atom starting from
explicitly correlated wave functions is carried out. Several properties are
obtained and discussed focusing on the analysis of the Hund's rules in terms of
the single--particle and electron pair intracule and extracule densities. A
systematic study of the differences on the electronic distributions of the
singlet and triplet states is carried out. The trial wave function used to
describe the different bound states consists of a generalized Jastrow-type
correlation factor times a configuration interaction model wave function. This
model wave function has been fixed by using a generalization of the optimized
effective potential method to deal with multiconfiguration wave functions. The
optimization of the wave function and the calculation of the different
quantities is carried out by means of the Variational Monte Carlo method.


title: Bloch waves and non-propagating modes in photonic crystals

abstract:
  We investigate the propagation of electromagnetic waves in finite photonic
band gap structures. We analyze the phenomenon of conduction and forbidden
bands and we show that two regimes are to be distinguished with respect to the
existence of a strong field near the interfaces. We precise the domain for
which an effective medium theory is sounded.


title:
The Euclidean geometry deformations and capacities of their application
  to microcosm space-time geometry

abstract:
  Usually a Riemannian geometry is considered to be the most general geometry,
which could be used as a space-time geometry. In fact, any Riemannian geometry
is a result of some deformation of the Euclidean geometry. Class of these
Riemannian deformations is restricted by a series of unfounded constraints.
Eliminating these constraints, one obtains a more wide class of possible
space-time geometries (T-geometries). Any T-geometry is described by the world
function completely. T-geometry is a powerful tool for the microcosm
investigations due to three its characteristic features: (1) Any geometric
object is defined in all T-geometries at once, because its definition does not
depend on the form of world function. (2) Language of T-geometry does not use
external means of description such as coordinates and curves; it uses only
primordially geometrical concepts: subspaces and world function. (3) There is
no necessity to construct the complete axiomatics of T-geometry, because it
uses deformed Euclidean axiomatics, and one can investigate only interesting
geometric relations. Capacities of T-geometries for the microcosm description
are discussed in the paper. When the world function is symmetric and T-geometry
is nondegenerate, the particle mass is geometrized, and nonrelativistic quantum
effects are described as geometric ones, i.e. without a reference to principles
of quantum theory. When world function is asymmetric, the future is not
geometrically equivalent to the past, and capacities of T-geometry increase
multiply. Antisymmetric component of the world function generates some metric
fields, whose influence on geometry properties is especially strong in the
microcosm.


title: Boundary element method for resonances in dielectric microcavities

abstract:
  A boundary element method based on a Green's function technique is introduced
to compute resonances with intermediate lifetimes in quasi-two-dimensional
dielectric cavities. It can be applied to single or several optical resonators
of arbitrary shape, including corners, for both TM and TE polarization. For
cavities with symmetries a symmetry reduction is described. The existence of
spurious solutions is discussed. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated
by calculating resonances in two coupled hexagonal cavities.


title: Photoionization of ultracold and Bose-Einstein condensed Rb atoms

abstract:
  Photoionization of a cold atomic sample offers intriguing possibilities to
observe collective effects at extremely low temperatures. Irradiation of a
rubidium condensate and of cold rubidium atoms within a magneto-optical trap
with laser pulses ionizing through 1-photon and 2-photon absorption processes
has been performed. Losses and modifications in the density profile of the
remaining trapped cold cloud or the remaining condensate sample have been
examined as function of the ionizing laser parameters. Ionization
cross-sections were measured for atoms in a MOT, while in magnetic traps losses
larger than those expected for ionization process were measured.


title:
Remarks on ``Adiabatic stabilization: Observation of the surviving
  population''

abstract:
  Questions are raised about certain experimental and theoretical claims that
atoms may be stabilized into their bound states, and prevented from achieving
full ionization, by the application of adiabatic, ultraintense, high-frequency
laser pulses. It is pointed out that those authors have used the weak-field
concepts of cross section and ionization rate in an ultra intense field regime
where they have no physical significance.


title:
Application of the Mesh Experiment for the Back-Illuminated CCD: I.
  Experiment and the Charge Cloud Shape

abstract:
  We have employed a mesh experiment for back-illuminated (BI) CCDs. BI CCDs
possess the same structure to those of FI CCDs. Since X-ray photons enter from
the back surface of the CCD, a primary charge cloud is formed far from the
electrodes. The primary charge cloud expands through diffusion process until it
reaches the potential well that is just below the electrodes. Therefore, the
diffusion time for the charge cloud produced is longer than that in the FI CCD,
resulting a larger charge cloud shape expected.
  The mesh experiment enables us to specify the X-ray point of interaction with
a subpixel resolution. We then have measured a charge cloud shape produced in
the BI CCD. We found that there are two components of the charge cloud shape
having different size: a narrow component and a broad component. The size of
the narrow component is $2.8-5.7 \mu$m in unit of a standard deviation and
strongly depends on the attenuation length in Si of incident X-rays. The
shorter the attenuation length of X-rays is, the larger the charge cloud
becomes. This result is qualitatively consistent with a diffusion model inside
the CCD. On the other hand, the size of the broad component is roughly constant
of $\simeq 13 \mu$m and does not depend on X-ray energies. Judging from the
design value of the CCD and the fraction of each component, we conclude that
the narrow component is originated in the depletion region whereas the broad
component is in the field-free region.


title: Can we derive the Lorentz force from Maxwell's equations?

abstract:
  The Lorentz force can be obtained from Maxwell's equations in the Coulomb
gauge provided that we assume that the electric portion of the force acted on a
charge is known, and the magnetic component is perpendicular to the velocity of
motion of the charged particle.


title:
Structure and spectroscopy of doped helium clusters using quantum Monte
  Carlo techniques

abstract:
  We present a comparative study of the rotational characteristics of various
molecule-doped 4He clusters using quantum Monte Carlo techniques. The
theoretical conclusions obtained from both zero and finite temperature Monte
Carlo studies confirm the presence of two different dynamical regimes that
correlate with the magnitude of the rotational constant of the molecule, i.e.,
fast or slow rotors. For a slow rotor, the effective rotational constant for
the molecule inside the helium droplet can be determined by a microscopic
two-fluid model in which helium densities computed by path integral Monte Carlo
are used as input, as well as by direct computation of excited energy levels.
For a faster rotor, the conditions for application of the two-fluid model for
dynamical analysis are usually not fulfilled and the direct determination of
excitation energies is then mandatory. Quantitative studies for three molecules
are summarized, showing in each case excellent agreement with experimental
results.


title: Minimal model for genome evolution and growth

abstract:
  Textual analysis of typical microbial genomes reveals that they have the
statistical characteristics of a DNA sequence of a much shorter length. This
peculiar property supports an evolutionary model in which a genome evolves by
random mutation but primarily grows by random segmental self-copying. That
genomes grew mostly by self-copying is consistent with the observation that
repeat sequences in all genomes are widespread and intragenomic and
intergenomic homologous genes are preponderance across all life forms. The
model predicates the coexistence of the two competing modes of evolution: the
gradual changes of classical Darwinism and the stochastic spurts envisioned in
``punctuated equilibrium''.


title: "Bernoulli" Levitation

abstract:
  "Bernoulli" levitation is the basis of many popular counter-intuitive physics
demonstrations. However, few of these lend themselves to a quantitative
description without recourse to computational fluid dynamics. Levitation of a
flat plate is the exception, and we present here a straightforward analysis
which illustrates several principles of fluid mechanics in a pedagogically
useful way.


title: A possible role of chemotaxis in germinal center formation

abstract:
  During the germinal center reaction a characteristic morphology is developed.
In the framework of a recently developed space-time-model for the germinal
center a mechanism for the formation of dark and light zones has been proposed.
The mechanism is based on a diffusing differentiation signal which is secerned
by follicular dendritic cells. Here, we investigate a possible influence of
recently found chemokines for the germinal center formation in the framework of
a single-cell-based stochastic and discrete three-dimensional model. We will
also consider alternative possible chemotactic pathways that may play a role
for the development of both zones. Our results suggest that the centrocyte
motility resulting from a follicular dendritic cell-derived chemokine has to
exceed a lower limit to allow the separation of centroblasts and centrocytes.
In contrast to light microscopy the dark zone is ring shaped. This suggests
that FDC-derived chemoattractants alone cannot explain the typical germinal
center morphology.


title:
Theoretical Calculation of the Electric Field in the Vicinity of a Pore
  Formed in a Cell Membrane

abstract:
  Electroporation of biological cell membranes is a phenomena that occurs
almost universally at a transmembrane potential of approximately 1000 mV.
Theories of pore formation have been proposed based on electrocompression
(Crowley 1972, Malderelli and Steebe 1992), local membrane defects (Abidor and
Chizdhmazdev 1979, Weaver and Mintzer 1981, Sugar 1981), and Statistical models
were proposed by (Sowers and Lieber 1986). However, these theories do not in
general derive the form of the electric field within the pore. In this paper,
we present a view that is useful in describing the biological membrane. We also
derive an approximate functional form for the electric field in the region of a
pore formed in the membrane.


title:
High-order above-threshold ionization: the uniform approximation and the
  effect of the binding potential

abstract:
  A versatile semiclassical approximation for intense laser-atom processes is
presented.
  This uniform approximation is no more complicated than the frequently-used
multi-dimensional saddle-point approximation and far superior, since it applies
for all energies, both close to as well as away from classical cutoffs. In the
latter case, it reduces to the standard saddle-point approximation. The uniform
approximation agrees accurately with numerical evaluations for potentials, for
which these are feasible, and constitutes a practicable method of calculation
in general. The method is applied to the calculation of high-order
above-threshold ionization spectra with various binding potentials: Coulomb,
Yukawa, and shell potentials which may model C$_{60}$ molecules or clusters.
The shell potentials generate high-order ATI spectra that are more structured
and may feature an apparently higher cutoff.


title:
Nanometer scale period sinusoidal atom gratings produced by a
  Stern-Gerlach beam splitter

abstract:
  An atom interferometer based on a Stern-Gerlach beam splitter is proposed.
Atom scattering from a combination of magnetic quadrupole and homogeneous
magnetic fields is considered. Using Raman transitions, atoms are coherently
excited into and de-excited from sublevels having nonzero magnetic quantum
numbers. The spatial regions in which the atoms are in such sublevels are small
and have magnetic fields designed to have constant gradients. Therefore, the
atoms experience position-independent accelerations, and the aberration of the
coherently separated and recombined atomic beams remains small. We find that
because of these properties it is possible to envision an apparatus producing
atomic density gratings with nm-scale periods and large contrasts over 10-100
$\mu $m. We use a new method of describing the atomic interaction with a pulsed
spatially homogeneous field. In our detailed analysis, we calculate corrections
caused by the non-linear part of the potential and the finite value of the
de-Broglie wave length. The chromatic aberration and the effects of an angular
beam divergence are analyzed, and optimal conditions for an experimental
demonstration of the technique are identified.%The $lin\bot %lin$ combination
of resonant co-propagating traveling waves splits %atoms between different
Zeeman sublevels. %For a given desirable atom %grating period and length,
characteristics of the atomic beam and %magnetic field are found from
requirements that corrections remain %below $10%.$


title:
Comment on "Swarming Ring Patterns in Bacterial Colonies Exposed to
  Ultraviolet Radiation"

abstract:
  Commenting on the paper "Swarming Ring Patterns in Bacterial Colonies Exposed
to Ultraviolet Radiation" of A.M. Delprato et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 87, 158102
(2001) we point out that their observed ring pattern formation by colonies of
soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis exposed to ultra violet (UV) radiation might be
caused by the artificial confinement of motile bacteria evolved to live in a
3-dimensional environment to a 2-dimensional geometry. We propose that to
investigate the reaction of Bacillus subtilis to UV radiation coming from
above, a seminal experiment should have a 3-dimensional setup.


title: Process Pathway Inference via Time Series Analysis

abstract:
  Motivated by recent experimental developments in functional genomics, we
construct and test a numerical technique for inferring it process pathways, in
which one process calls another process, from time series data. We validate
using a case in which data are readily available and formulate an extension,
appropriate for genetic regulatory networks, which exploits Bayesian inference
and in which the present--day undersampling is compensated for by prior
understanding of genetic regulation.

categories: physics.bio-ph physics.data-an q-bio.GN q-bio.QM


title:
Langmuir probe diagnostic studies of pulsed hydrogen plasmas in planar
  microwave reactors

abstract:
  Langmuir probe techniques have been used to study time and spatially resolved
electron densities and electron temperatures in pulse-modulated hydrogen
discharges in two different planar microwave reactors (fmicrowave= 2.45 GHz,
tpulse= 1 ms). The reactors are (i) a standing-wave radiative slotted waveguide
reactor and (ii) a modified travelling-wave radiative slotted waveguide
reactor, which generate relatively large plasmas over areas from about 350 cm^2
to 500 cm^2. The plasma properties of these reactor types are of particular
interest as they have been used for basic research and for plasma processing,
e.g. for surface treatment and layer deposition. In the present study the
pressures and microwave powers in the reactors were varied between 33 and 55 Pa
and 600 and 3600 W, respectively. In regions with high electromagnetic fields
shielded Langmuir probes were used to avoid disturbances of the probe
characteristic. Close to the microwave windows of the reactors both the
electron density and the electron temperature showed strong inhomogeneities. In
the standing-wave reactor the inhomogeneity was found to be spatially modulated
by the position of the slots. The maximum value of the electron temperature was
about 10 eV and the electron density varied between 0.2 and 14*10^11 cm^-3. The
steady state electron temperature in a discharge pulse was reached within a few
tens of microseconds whereas the electron density needed some hundreds of
microseconds to reach a steady state. Depending on the reactor the electron
density reached a maximum between 80 and 200 microseconds after the beginning
of the pulse.


title:
Connecting blackbody radiation and zero-point radiation within classical
  physics: A new minimum principle and a status review

abstract:
  A new thermodynamic analysis is presented for the intimate connections
between blackbody radiation and zero-point radiation within classical physics.
First, using the thermodynamic behavior of an oscillator under an adiabatic
change of frequency, we show that the thermodynamic functions can all be
derived from a single function of w/T, analogous to Wien's displacement
theorem. The high- and low-frequency limits allow asymptotic energy forms
involving T alone or w alone, corresponding to energy equipartition and
zero-point energy. It is then suggested that the actual thermodynamic behavior
for a harmonic oscillator is given by the function satisfying the Wien
displacement result which provides the smoothest possible interpolation between
scale-decoupled energy equipartition at low frequency and scale-invariant
zero-point energy at high frequency. This leads to the Planck spectrum. Second,
we turn to radiation in a box with conducting walls and a conducting partition
so that the discrete normal mode structure of the box becomes important. The
contrasting Casimir energies are explored for the Rayleigh-Jeans and zero-point
spectra. The Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum involves no change of energy with
partition position, and the zero-point spectrum involves no change of entropy.
It is suggested that the Planck spectrum with zero-point radiation satisfies a
natural minimum principle which corresponds to greatest independence of the
system energy from the position of the partition for a fixed temperature.
Numerical calculation is used for confirmation. Third, we review the previous
derivations of the Planck radiation spectrum in classical physics, all of which
involve zero-point radiation.


title:
The Approach of Turbulence to the Locally Homogeneous Asymptote as
  Studied using Exact Structure-Function Equations

abstract:
  Equations that follow from the Navier-Stokes equation and incompressibility
but with no other approximations are called "exact" here. Exact equations
relating 2nd and 3rd-order structure functions are obtained, as is an exact
incompressibility condition on the 2nd-order velocity structure function.
Ensemble, temporal, and spatial averages are all considered because they
produce different statistical equations. Exact equations have particularly
simple forms for the cases of an average over a sphere in r-space as well as
DNS that has periodic boundary conditions. The trace mitigates the effect of
anisotropy in the equations, thereby revealing that the trace of the
third-order structure function is expected to be superior for quantifying
asymptotic scaling laws. The midpoint and the difference of the two points at
which the hydrodynamic quantities are obtained are X and r; t is time.
Dependencies on X and on the orientation of r and on t fade as the asymptotic
statistical states of local homogeneity, local isotropy, and local
stationarity, respectively, are approached. The exact equations are thus
applicable to study of the approach toward those asymptotic states. A new
definition of local homogeneity is contrasted with previous definitions. The
approach toward the asymptotic state of local homogeneity is studied by using
scale analysis to determine the required approximations and the approximate
equations pertaining to experiments and simulations of the small-scale
structure of high-Reynolds-number turbulence, but without invoking local
isotropy. Those equations differ from equations for homogeneous turbulence.


title:
Limitations to bit-rate and spatial capacity of an optical data
  transmission channel

abstract:
  The maximum bit-rate of a slab waveguide is ultimately determined by the
waveguide dispersion. We show that while the maximum bit rate in a waveguide is
inversely proportional to the waveguide's width, bit rate per unit width (i.e.,
spatial capacity) decreases, and in the limit of a zero-width waveguide it
converges to a value, which is independent of the waveguide's refractive
indices. This value is qualitatively equivalent to the transmission rate per
unit of width in free space. We also show that in a 3D waveguide (e.g.,
fibers), unlike free space, the spatial capacity vanishes in the same limit.


title:
Quantum phase transition in the Hartree-Fock wave function of the
  hydrogen molecule

abstract:
  Precise solutions of the Hartree-Fock equations for the ground state of the
hydrogen molecule are obtained for a wide range of internuclear distances R by
means of a two-dimensional fully numerical mesh computational method. The
spatial parts of the single-electron wave functions are found to be coinciding
for R<2.30a.u. At larger distances they become different and as R->\infty each
of them takes the form corresponding to a separate atom. This quantum phase
transition occurring at R=2.30a.u. gives a natural boundary between a
delocalized behavior of electrons in the molecule and their distribution over
separate atoms. This phenomenon can be also considered as an analog of the
Wigner crystallization or the Mott transition on the level of a single
molecule.


title: Inhomogeneous gas model for electron mobility in high density neon gas

abstract:
  Experimental studies of electron mobilities in Neon as a function of the gas
density have persistently shown mobilities up to an order of magnitude smaller
than expected and predicted. A previously ignored mechanism (gas
in--homogeneity which is negligible in the thermal mobilities for He and other
gases) is found to reproduce the observed Neon mobilities accurately and simply
at five temperatures with just one variable parameter. Recognizing that a gas
is not a homogeneous medium, a variation in local density combined with the
quantum multi--scattering theory, shifts the energy and cross section -- which
in turn changes the collision probability and finally the mobilities. A lower
density where a momentum transfer interaction occurs moves the mobility
strongly in the same direction as the anomalous experiments. By going backwards
from the observed mobilities, the collision frequency at each temperature and
density is made to reproduce the experimental data by looking for the local (as
opposed to average) density at which the (rare) momentum transfer interactions
occur. These density deviations give a picture of the size and behavior of the
wave packets for electron motion which looks very much like the often discussed
wave function collapse.


title: Shannon information increase and rescue in friction

abstract:
  On the standard microscopic model of friction we confirm the common belief
that the irreversible entropy production originates from the increase of
Shannon information. We reveal that the reversible microscopic dynamics would
continuously violate the Gibbsian interchangeability of molecules. The
spontaneous restoration of interchangeability constitutes the mechanism of
irreversibility. This is the main suggestion of the Letter. We also point out
that the irreversible entropy can partially be rescued if the size of the
medium is finite. The rescueable entropy is found to be proportional to the
square of the Fisher statistical (also called thermodynamic) distance.

categories: physics.chem-ph cond-mat.stat-mech physics.class-ph physics.gen-ph quant-ph


title: Potential of RPCs for tracking

abstract:
  We have demonstrated that small gap (0.1 to 0.4 mm) RPCs made of low
resistivity materials (less than 1E8 Ohm.cm) can operate at counting rates of
up to 1E5 Hz/mm2 with position resolutions better than 50 micrometer. Results
of preliminary tests allow us to suggest a possible application of this new
type of RPC for tracking.