title:
Neutrino tomography - Learning about the Earth's interior using the
  propagation of neutrinos

abstract:
  Because the propagation of neutrinos is affected by the presence of Earth
matter, it opens new possibilities to probe the Earth's interior. Different
approaches range from techniques based upon the interaction of high energy
(above TeV) neutrinos with Earth matter, to methods using the MSW effect on the
neutrino oscillations of low energy (MeV to GeV) neutrinos. In principle,
neutrinos from many different sources (sun, atmosphere, supernovae, beams etc.)
can be used. In this talk, we summarize and compare different approaches with
an emphasis on more recent developments. In addition, we point out other
geophysical aspects relevant for neutrino oscillations.


title: The History of Nuclidic Masses and of their Evaluation

abstract:
  This paper is centered on some historical aspects of nuclear masses, and
their relations to major discoveries. Besides nuclear reactions and decays, the
heart of mass measurements lies in mass spectrometry, the early history of
which will be reviewed first. I shall then give a short history of the mass
unit which has not always been defined as one twelfth of the carbon-12 mass.
When combining inertial masses from mass spectrometry with energy differences
obtained in reactions and decays, the conversion factor between the two is
essential. The history of the evaluation of the nuclear masses (actually atomic
masses) is only slightly younger than that of the mass measurements themselves.
In their modern form, mass evaluations can be traced back to 1955. Prior to
1955, several tables were established, the oldest one in 1935.


title: A Tempt To Measure Reality

abstract:
  Despite the extraordinary successes the two great bastions of $20^{th}$
century science (Quantum Theory and General Relativity) are troubled with
serious conceptual and mathematical difficulties. As a result, further growth
of fundamental science is at stake. Is this the end of science? Optimistic
answer is ``NOT''! In this work, it is argued that science must continue its
cruise, but with anew strategy -- a thorough recourse into the grass-root level
working of science is inevitable. In fact, our conventional scientific methods
are based upon ordinary sense perception, which keeps the outer physical
universe as a separate entity, that is something quite independent of the
observer. Basically, it is the observer -- the knower (human mind) -- which
makes perception possible. It makes a person or scientist to recognize or
refute the existence of an object or a phenomenon. It is also tempted to evince
that working of human mind is epistemically scientific and can, in principle,
be completely deciphered. It's inclusion in scientific theories, although
tedious, can certainly spark a revolution in our understanding of nature and
reality.


title: Roughness and Finite Size Effect in the NYSE Stock-Price Fluctuations

abstract:
  We consider the roughness properties of NYSE (New York Stock Exchange)
stock-price fluctuations. The statistical properties of the data are relatively
homogeneous within the same day but the large jumps between different days
prevent the extension of the analysis to large times. This leads to intrinsic
finite size effects which alter the apparent Hurst (H) exponent. We show, by
analytical methods, that finite size effects always lead to an enhancement of
H. We then consider the effect of fat tails on the analysis of the roughness
and show that the finite size effects are strongly enhanced by the fat tails.
The non stationarity of the stock price dynamics also enhances the finite size
effects which, in principle, can become important even in the asymptotic
regime. We then compute the Hurst exponent for a set of stocks of the NYSE and
argue that the interpretation of the value of H is highly ambiguous in view of
the above results. Finally we propose an alternative determination of the
roughness in terms of the fluctuations from moving averages with variable
characteristic times. This permits to eliminate most of the previous problems
and to characterize the roughness in useful way. In particular this approach
corresponds to the automatic elimination of trends at any scale.


title:
Cooperation and emergence of role differentiation in the dynamics of
  social networks

abstract:
  Models of cooperation grounded on social networks and on the ability of
individuals to choose actions and partners aim to describe human social
behavior. Extensive computer simulations of these models give important insight
in the social mechanisms behind emerging collective behavior. We consider the
entangled co-evolution of actions and social structure in a new version of a
spatial Prisoner's Dilemma model that naturally gives way to a process of
social differentiation. Diverse social roles emerge from the dynamics of the
system: leaders -individuals getting a large payoff who are imitated by a
considerable fraction of the population-, conformists -unsatisfied cooperative
agents that keep cooperating-, and exploiters -Defectors with a payoff larger
than the average one obtained by Cooperators. The dynamics generates a social
network that can have the topology of a small world network. The network has a
strong hierarchical structure in which the leaders play an essential role
sustaining a highly cooperative stable regime. The social structure is shown to
be very sensitive to perturbations acting on the leaders. Such perturbations
produce social crisis described as dynamical cascades that propagate through
the network.


title:
A brief and transparent derivation of the Lorentz-Einstein
  transformations via thought experiments

abstract:
  Starting with a thought experiment proposed by Kard, which derives the
formula that accounts for the relativistic effect of length contraction, we
present a "two line" transparent derivation of the Lorentz-Einstein
transformations for the space-time coordinates of the same event. Our
derivation make uses of Einstein's clock synchronization procedure


title:
Stock mechanics: theory of conservation of total energy and predictions
  of coming short-term fluctuations of Dow Jones Industrials Average (DJIA)

abstract:
  Predicting absolute magnitude of fluctuations of price, even if their sign
remains unknown, is important for risk analysis and for option prices. In the
present work, we display our predictions about absolute magnitude of daily
fluctuations of the Dow Jones Industrials Average (DJIA), utilizing the
original theory of conservation of total energy, for the coming 500 days.


title:
Imaging polar and dipolar sources of geophysical anomalies by
  probability tomography. Part I: theory and synthetic examples

abstract:
  We develop the theory of a generalized probability tomography method to image
source poles and dipoles of a geophysical vector or scalar field dataset. The
purpose of the new generalized method is to improve the resolution power of
buried geophysical targets, using probability as a suitable paradigm allowing
all possible equivalent solution to be included into a unique 3D tomography
image. The new method is described by first assuming that any geophysical field
dataset can be hypothesized to be caused by a discrete number of source poles
and dipoles. Then, the theoretical derivation of the source pole occurrence
probability (SPOP) tomography, previously published in detail for single
geophysical methods, is symbolically restated in the most general way. Finally,
the theoretical derivation of the source dipole occurrence probability (SDOP)
tomography is given following a formal development similar to that of the SPOP
tomography. The discussion of a few examples allows us to demonstrate that the
combined application of the SPOP and SDOP tomographies can provide the best
core-and-boundary resolution of the most probable buried sources of the
anomalies detected within a datum domain.


title:
Imaging polar and dipolar sources of geophysical anomalies by
  probability tomography. Part II: Application to the Vesuvius volcanic area

abstract:
  In the previous part I, we have developed the generalized theory of the
probability tomography method to image polar and dipolar sources of a vector or
scalar geophysical anomaly field. The purpose of the new method was to improve
the core-and-boundary resolution of the most probable buried sources of the
anomalies detected in a datum domain. In this paper, which constitutes the part
II of the same study, an application of the new approach to the Vesuvius
volcano (Naples, Italy) is illustrated in detail by analyzing geoelectrical,
self-potential and gravity datasets collected over the whole volcanic area. The
purpose is to get new insights into the shallow structure and hydrothermal
system of Vesuvius, and the deep geometry of the tectonic depression within
which the volcano grew.


title:
Convergence of CI single center calculations of positron-atom
  interactions

abstract:
  The Configuration Interaction (CI) method using orbitals centered on the
nucleus has recently been applied to calculate the interactions of positrons
interacting with atoms. Computational investigations of the convergence
properties of binding energy, phase shift and annihilation rate with respect to
the maximum angular momentum of the orbital basis for the e^+Cu and PsH bound
states, and the e^+-H scattering system were completed. The annihilation rates
converge very slowly with angular momentum, and moreover the convergence with
radial basis dimension appears to be slower for high angular momentum. A number
of methods of completing the partial wave sum are compared, an approach based
on a Delta X_J = a/(J + 1/2)^n + b/(J + 1/2)^(n+1) form (with n = 4 for phase
shift (or energy) and n = 2 for the annihilation rate) seems to be preferred on
considerations of utility and underlying physical justification.


title:
High resolution atomic coherent control via spectral phase manipulation
  of an optical frequency comb

abstract:
  We demonstrate high resolution coherent control of cold atomic Rubidium
utilizing spectral phase manipulation of a femtosecond optical frequency comb.
Transient coherent accumulation is directly manifested by the enhancement of
signal amplitude and spectral resolution via the pulse number. The combination
of frequency comb technology and spectral phase manipulation enables coherent
control techniques to enter a new regime with natural linewidth resolutions.


title:
Theoretical prediction of spectral and optical properties of
  bacteriochlorophylls in thermally disordered LH2 antenna complexes

abstract:
  A general approach for calculating spectral and optical properties of
pigment-protein complexes of known atomic structure is presented. The method,
that combines molecular dynamics simulations, quantum chemistry calculations
and statistical mechanical modeling, is demonstrated by calculating the
absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the B800-B850 BChls of the LH2
antenna complex from Rs. molischianum at room temperature. The calculated
spectra are found to be in good agreement with the available experimental
results. The calculations reveal that the broadening of the B800 band is mainly
caused by the interactions with the polar protein environment, while the
broadening of the B850 band is due to the excitonic interactions. Since it
contains no fitting parameters, in principle, the proposed method can be used
to predict optical spectra of arbitrary pigment-protein complexes of known
structure.


title: Visualisation of Cherenkov Radiation and the Fields of a Moving Charge

abstract:
  For some physics students, the concept of a particle travelling faster than
the speed of light holds endless fascination, and Cherenkov radiation is a
visible consequence of a charged particle travelling through a medium at
locally superluminal velocities. The Heaviside--Feynman equations for
calculating the magnetic and electric fields of a moving charge have been known
for many decades, but it is only recently that the computing power to plot the
fields of such a particle has become readily available for student use. This
article investigates and illustrates the calculation of Maxwell's D field in
homogeneous isotropic media for arbitrary, including superluminal, constant
velocity, and uses the results as a basis for discussing energy transfer in the
electromagnetic field.


title: Light driven structuring of glasses

abstract:
  Theoretical and experimental evidence of light driven structuring of glasses
is presented. We show that light overcomes Coulomb repulsion and effective
electron-electron interaction in glasses under strong light pumping becomes
attractive. As the result homogenious distribution of trapped electrons gets
unstable and macroscopic electron bunches are grown. At different conditions
ordered structures with period about 2 microns determined by internal
properties of the material are formed These structures were observed in
ablation: surface profile after laser treatment reveals ordered pattern
corresponding to the light induced electron domains.


title:
Thermodynamic approach for community discovering within the complex
  networks: LiveJournal study

abstract:
  The thermodynamic approach of concentration mapping is used to discover
communities in the directional friendship network of LiveJournal users. We show
that this Internet-based social network has a power-law region in degree
distribution with exponent \gamma = 3.45. It is also a small-world network with
high clustering of nodes. To study the community structure we simulate
diffusion of a virtual substance immersed in such a network as in a
multi-dimensional porous system. By analyzing concentration profiles at
intermediate stage of the diffusion process the well-interconnected cliques of
users can be identified as nodes with equal values of concentration.


title: Changed reference models in proportionality analysis

abstract:
  In the statistical analysis of objects, samples and populations with
quantitative variables, in many occasions we are interested in knowing the
proportions that exist between the different variables from a same object; if
these proportions have relations of normality among them, that is to say, if in
the sample are these same proportions, and finally if the deviations of
concrete physical or statistical normality have meaning. The present study
suggests the strategy of to use reference models for the analysis of the
proportionality, using like example the studies of human proportionality from
the method Phantom of Ross and Wilson and its extension towards scalable
models.


title:
Chromatic dispersion of liquid crystal infiltrated capillary tubes and
  photonic crystal fibers

abstract:
  We consider chromatic dispersion of capillary tubes and photonic crystal
fibers infiltrated with liquid crystals. A perturbative scheme for inclusion of
material dispersion of both liquid crystal and the surrounding waveguide
material is derived. The method is used to calculate the chromatic dispersion
at different temperatures.


title: Rows of optical vortices from elliptically perturbing a high-order beam

abstract:
  An optical vortex (phase singularity) with a high topological strength
resides on the axis of a high-order light beam. The breakup of this vortex
under elliptic perturbation into a straight row of unit strength vortices is
described. This behavior is studied in helical Ince-Gauss beams and astigmatic,
generalized Hermite-Laguerre-Gauss beams, which are perturbations of
Laguerre-Gauss beams. Approximations of these beams are derived for small
perturbation, in which a neighborhood of the axis can be approximated by a
polynomial in the complex plane: a Chebyshev polynomial for Ince-Gauss beams,
and a Hermite polynomial for astigmatic beams.


title: Geometrical Dynamics in a Transitioning Superconducting Sphere

abstract:
  Recent theoretical work has concentrated on calculating the Casimir effect in
curved spacetime. In this paper we outline the forward problem of metrical
variation due to the Casimir effect for spherical geometries. We consider a
scalar quantum field inside a hollow superconducting sphere. Metric equations
are developed describing the evolution of the scalar curvature after the sphere
transitions to the normal state.


title: Compact in-place gate valve for molecular beam experiments

abstract:
  A high vacuum gate valve for skimmed molecular beam experiments is described.
It is designed with a very short extent of only 10 mm along the molecular beam
axis to minimize the distance between the molecular beam source and the
experiment to provide the maximum molecular flux to the experiment. At the same
time it provides free space on both sides of the skimmer to not disturb the
supersonic expansion in front of the skimmer, to give optical access to the
full distance between beam source and skimmer, and to allow for placing
electrostatic devices very close behind the skimmer. The gate valve allows to
maintain high vacuum conditions (10^{-8} mbar) in the experimental chamber
while the source chamber is brought up to atmospheric pressure for
modifications or maintenance. The valve can be operated from outside the vacuum
chamber while maintaining vacuum conditions in all chambers.


title:
Optical vortex trajectories in an astigmatic and elliptical Gaussian
  beam

abstract:
  An optical vortex, produced at one point in an optical beam, would propagate
through an optical system to another point where the vortex can be used for
some purpose. However, asymmetrical optical elements in such a system can cause
astigmatism or at least distroy the rotational symmetry of the beam, which may
affect the propagation of the vortex in an undesirable way. While an optical
vortex in a rotationally symmetric, stigmatic Gaussian beam retains its initial
morphology for as far as it propagates, the morphology of an optical vortex in
an asymmetric or astigmatic Gaussian beam changes. The vortex can even be
replaced by another with the opposite topological charge. We consider the
behavior of single noncanonical vortices propagating in Gaussian beams that are
asymmetric and/or astigmatic. General expressions for the vortex trajectories
are provided. The locations of the flip planes and the evolution of the
anisotropy of the vortex are considered for different non-ideal situations.


title:
Cold collisions in strong laser fields: partial wave analysis of
  magnesium collisions

abstract:
  We have developed Monte Carlo wave function simulation schemes to study cold
collisions between magnesium atoms in a strong red-detuned laser field. In
order to address the strong-field problem, we extend the Monte Carlo wave
function framework to include the partial wave structure of the
three-dimensional system. The average heating rate due to radiative collisions
is calculated with two different simulation schemes which are described in
detail. We show that the results of the two methods agree and give estimates
for the radiative collision heating rate for $^{24}$Mg atoms in a
magneto-optical trap based on the $^1$S$_0$-$^1$P$_1$ atomic laser cooling
transition.


title: Empirical study on clique-degree distribution of networks

abstract:
  The community structure and motif-modular-network hierarchy are of great
importance for understanding the relationship between structures and functions.
In this paper, we investigate the distribution of clique-degree, which is an
extension of degree and can be used to measure the density of cliques in
networks. The empirical studies indicate the extensive existence of power-law
clique-degree distributions in various real networks, and the power-law
exponent decreases with the increasing of clique size.


title:
Growing Scale-free Small-world Networks with Tunable Assortative
  Coefficient

abstract:
  In this paper, we propose a simple rule that generates scale-free small-world
networks with tunable assortative coefficient. These networks are constructed
by two-stage adding process for each new node. The model can reproduce
scale-free degree distributions and small-world effect. The simulation results
are consistent with the theoretical predictions approximately. Interestingly,
we obtain the nontrivial clustering coefficient $C$ and tunable degree
assortativity $r$ by adjusting the parameter: the preferential exponent
$\beta$. The model can unify the characterization of both assortative and
disassortative networks.


title: A revisitation of the 1888 H.Hertz experiment

abstract:
  We propose a revisitation of the original experiment performed by H. Hertz in
1888. With a simple setup it is possible to produce electromagnetic waves with
a frequency in the range of 3 MHz. By performing Fourier analysis of the signal
captured by a resonant antenna it is possible to study the behaviour of the RLC
series circuit, frequency splitting of coupled resonances and finally the
characteristics of the near-field emitted by the loop antenna.


title:
The Role of Downward Momentum Transport in the Generation of Convective
  Downbursts

abstract:
  A downburst index has been developed to assess the magnitude of convective
downbursts associated with heavy precipitation-producing (HP) convective
systems. The index, designed for use during the warm season over the central
and eastern continental United States, is composed of relevant parameters that
represent the simultaneous physical processes of convective updraft development
and downburst generation, incorporating positive buoyant energy or convective
available potential energy (CAPE) and the vertical equivalent potential
temperature gradient between the surface and the mid-troposphere. In addition
to large CAPE and the presence of a vertical equivalent potential temperature
gradient gradient, previous research has identified other favorable conditions
for downburst generation during cold-season convection events. A primary
mechanism in downburst generation associated with synoptically forced
convective systems is the downward transport of higher momentum possessed by
winds in the mid-troposphere.


title: Self-driven nonlinear dynamics in magneto-optical traps

abstract:
  We present a theoretical model describing recently observed collective
effects in large magneto-optically trapped atomic ensembles. Based on a kinetic
description we develop an efficient test particle method, which in addition to
the single atom light pressure accounts for other relevant effects such as
laser attenuation and forces due to multiply scattered light with position
dependent absorption cross sections. Our calculations confirm the existence of
a dynamical instability and provide deeper insights into the observed system
dynamics.


title:
Fully Coherent X-ray Pulses from a Regenerative Amplifier Free Electron
  Laser

abstract:
  We propose and analyze a novel regenerative amplifier free electron laser
(FEL) to produce fully coherent x-ray pulses. The method makes use of
narrow-bandwidth Bragg crystals to form an x-ray feedback loop around a
relatively short undulator. Self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) from the
leading electron bunch in a bunch train is spectrally filtered by the Bragg
reflectors and is brought back to the beginning of the undulator to interact
repeatedly with subsequent bunches in the bunch train. The FEL interaction with
these short bunches not only amplifies the radiation intensity but also
broadens its spectrum, allowing for effective transmission of the x-rays
outside the crystal bandwidth. The spectral brightness of these x-ray pulses is
about two to three orders of magnitude higher than that from a single-pass SASE
FEL.


title:
On the universality of the scaling of fluctuations in traffic on complex
  networks

abstract:
  We study the scaling of fluctuations with the mean of traffic in complex
networks using a model where the arrival and departure of "packets" follow
exponential distributions, and the processing capability of nodes is either
unlimited or finite. The model presents a wide variety of exponents between 1/2
and 1 for this scaling, revealing their dependence on the few parameters
considered, and questioning the existence of universality classes. We also
report the experimental scaling of the fluctuations in the Internet for the
Abilene backbone network. We found scaling exponents between 0.71 and 0.86 that
do not fit with the exponent 1/2 reported in the literature.


title:
An Instructional Scaffolding for Intuitive Explanation of "Why does not
  a spinning top collapse?"

abstract:
  "Why does not a spinning top collapse?" is a puzzling question. Standard
solution using angular momentum and torque is not intuitive enough. Thus
intuitive explanations for the question have been proposed. We provide
scaffolding for an intuitive explanation for the question. Accelerated
point-masses in the top exert forces on the frame, which balances the effect
due to gravity. The explanation is supplemented by the two following points. A
more rigorous conceptual framework of the explanation is provided. A full
calculation of trajectory is given. Nutation of spinning top is a difficult
issue to understand physically. However, the nutation can also be understood by
the intuitive explanation. We discuss another intuitive explanation.


title: N=4 S-duality Compliant Scattering and within the AdS/CFT Duality

abstract:
  It is pointed out the ${\cal N}=4$ supersymmetric gauge theory used in the
anti-de Sitter holographic correspondence is required to be modified. The
SL(2,Z) completion of the theory is required to map the correlators to string
theory amplitudes. This is overlooked in the literature, and requires the (p,q)
dyons to be inserted into the gauge theory calculations. In addition, the full
four-point and higher-point scattering amplitudes in the spontaneously broken
gauge theory are conjectured, in a similar manner as the amplitudes in IIB
superstring amplitudes are obtained.


title:
On elementary particles spectra within the framework of curvilinear
  waves electrodynamics

abstract:
  In previous papers within the framework of the non-linear electromagnetic
field theory - curvilinear waves electrodynamics (CWED)- we have considered the
opportunity of occurrence of electromagnetic elementary particles similar to
leptons and hadrons. In present paper we will show, that on this basis the
spectra of more complex electromagnetic particles can also be naturally created


title:
Relativities and Homogeneous Spaces I -- Finite dimensional relativity
  representations

abstract:
  Special relativity, the symmetry breakdown in the electroweak standard model,
and the dichotomy of the spacetime related transformations with the Lorentz
group, on the one side, and the chargelike transformations with the hypercharge
and isospin group, on the other side, are discussed under the common concept of
"relativity". A relativity is defined by classes $G/H$ of a "little" group in a
"general" group of operations.Relativities are representable as linear
transformations that are considered for five physically relevant examples.


title:
Multipolar theory of black-body radiation shift of atomic energy levels
  and its implications for optical lattice clocks

abstract:
  A black-body radiation (BBR) shifts of (nsnp ^3P_0) - (ns^2 ^1S_0) clock
transition in divalent atoms Mg, Ca, Sr, and Yb are evaluated. A theory of
multipolar BBR shifts is developed and its implications are discussed. At room
temperatures, the resulting uncertainties in the BBR shifts are relatively
large and substantially affect the projected 10^{-18} fractional accuracy of
the optical-lattice-based clocks.


title: The light came in 1905

abstract:
  Our present Worldview can not be imagined without the seminal ideas of Albert
Einstein.


title: Classical analog of spin in 7 and in 10 dimensions

abstract:
  Extra dimensions are introduced: 3 in Classical Mechanics and 6 in
Relativistic Mechanics, which represent orientations, resulting from rotations,
of a particle, described by quaternions, and leading to a 7-dimensional,
respectively 10-dimensional, world. The concept of spin is thus defined in both
cases, which results to be different from angular momentum. It leads to the
known concept of Quantum Mechanical spin in both cases. In particular,
application of these new ideas to (Relativistic) Quantum Mechanics, leads to
quantization of energy levels in free electrons, which could be in principle
detectable via their spectrum, confirming the theory.


title: Mantle Decompression Thermal-Tsunami

abstract:
  Previously in geophysics, only three heat transport processes have been
considered: conduction, radiation, and convection or, more generally,
bouyancy-driven mass transport. As a consequence of whole-Earth decompression
dynamics, I add a fourth, called mantle decompression thermal-tsunami, which
may emplace heat at the base of the crust from a heretofore unanticipated
source.


title: Modeling theory applied; modeling instruction in university physics

abstract:
  The modeling theory of instruction is widely applied and highly successful in
high-school instruction, and seldom in university physics. One reason is lack
of familiarity with models in the physics classroom. Ongoing curriculum
development has initiated application of modeling theory at the university
level. This paper describes a university physics class as it progresses through
a modeling cycle, including model development, application and adaptation,
extension, and revision in an effort to reify the role of models in a class.
Benefits of modeling instruction are identified and include effective knowledge
organization and consistency with accepted scientific practice.


title: Helium Multiplet Structure in Relativistic Schr\"odinger Theory

abstract:
  The emergence of a multiplet structure of the helium-like ions is studied
within Relativistic Schr\"odinger Theory (RST), a fluid-dynamic approach to the
relativistic quantum theory of the many-particle systems. The fluid-dynamic
character of RST demands to specify the electronic current densities $\jmu$ for
any $N$-particle configuration which is exemplified here by considering the
helium singlet (${}^1S_0$) and triplet (${}^3S_1$) states in great detail.
Since the use of densities in RST is based upon the concept of wave functions,
the new theory appears as a certain kind of (relativistic) unification of the
conventional wave function formalism and the density functional theory, which
both are the most prominent theoretical tools in atomic and molecular physics.
As a demonstration of the practical usefulness of RST, the energy difference
$\Delta E_{1\backslash 2}$ of the helium singlet states $2s^2 {}^1S_0$ and
$1s^2 {}^1S_0$ is calculated for a large range of nuclear charge numbers
$z_{ex}$ ($2\leq z_{ex}\leq 100$), whereas the corresponding experimental
values are available only up to $z_{ex}=42$ (molybdenum). The deviations of
these RST results from the observational data is less than $0,3


title: Comparison of free energy methods for molecular systems

abstract:
  We present a detailed comparison of computational efficiency and precision
for several free energy difference ($\Delta F$) methods. The analysis includes
both equilibrium and non-equilibrium approaches, and distinguishes between
uni-directional and bi-directional methodologies. We are primarily interested
in comparing two recently proposed approaches, adaptive integration and
single-ensemble path sampling, to more established methodologies. As test
cases, we study relative solvation free energies, of large changes to the size
or charge of a Lennard-Jones particle in explicit water. The results show that,
for the systems used in this study, both adaptive integration and path sampling
offer unique advantages over the more traditional approaches. Specifically,
adaptive integration is found to provide very precise long-simulation $\Delta
F$ estimates as compared to other methods used in this report, while also
offering rapid estimation of $\Delta F$. The results demonstrate that the
adaptive integration approach is the best overall method for the systems
studied here. The single-ensemble path sampling approach is found to be
superior to ordinary Jarzynski averaging for the uni-directional,
``fast-growth'' non-equilibrium case. Closer examination of the path sampling
approach on a two-dimensional system suggests it may be the overall method of
choice when conformational sampling barriers are high. However, it appears that
the free energy landscapes for the systems used in this study have rather
modest configurational sampling barriers.


title: The three-wave coupling coefficients for a cold magnetized plasma

abstract:
  The resonant interaction between three waves in a uniform magnetized plasma
is considered. Using the somewhat inaccessible result of the general theory we
deduce the explicit expressions for the coupling coefficients of a cold
magnetized two-component plasma.


title: Nonlinear interaction between three kinetic Alfv\'{e}n waves

abstract:
  Using Hall-MHD theory, we focus on the resonant interaction between three
kinetic Alfv\'{e}n waves. We thus derive three coupled equations which govern
this process. It turns out that these equations contain the same coupling
coefficient, directly showing that they satisfy the Manley-Rowe relations. The
coupling coefficient can be written in a comparatively very simple form, that
has not been deduced before. The decay rate, when a pump kinetic Alfv\'{e}n
wave decays into two similar Alfv\'{e}n waves, is therefore easily estimated
for plasmas of astrophysical interest.


title: A system of mobile agents to model social networks

abstract:
  We propose a model of mobile agents to construct social networks, based on a
system of moving particles by keeping track of the collisions during their
permanence in the system. We reproduce not only the degree distribution,
clustering coefficient and shortest path length of a large data base of
empirical friendship networks recently collected, but also some features
related with their community structure. The model is completely characterized
by the collision rate and above a critical collision rate we find the emergence
of a giant cluster in the universality class of two-dimensional percolation.
Moreover, we propose possible schemes to reproduce other networks of particular
social contacts, namely sexual contacts.


title: Optical Conformal Mapping and Dielectric Invisibility Devices

abstract:
  An invisibility device should guide light around an object as if nothing were
there, regardless where the light comes from. Ideal invisibility devices are
impossible due to the wave nature of light. This paper develops a general
recipe for the design of media that create perfect invisibility within the
accuracy of geometrical optics. Here the imperfections of invisibility can be
made arbitrarily small to hide objects that are much larger than the
wavelength. Using modern metamaterials, practical demonstrations of such
devices seem possible. The method developed here can be also applied to escape
from detection by other forms of waves such as sound.


title: Microscopic laser-driven high-energy colliders

abstract:
  The concept of a laser-guided $e^+e^-$ collider in the high-energy regime is
presented and its feasibility discussed. Ultra-intense laser pulses and strong
static magnetic fields are employed to unite in one stage the electron and
positron acceleration and their head-on-head collision. We show that the
resulting coherent collisions in the GeV regime yield an enormous enhancement
of the luminosity with regard to conventional incoherent colliders.


title:
Optical Response of Nanostructured Surfaces: Experimental Investigation
  of the Composite Diffracted Evanescent Wave Model

abstract:
  Investigations of the optical response of subwavelength structure arrays
milled into thin metal films has revealed surprising phenomena including
reports of unexpectedly high transmission of light. Many studies have
interpreted the optical coupling to the surface in terms of the resonant
excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), but other approaches involving
composite diffraction of surface evanescent waves (CDEW) have also been
proposed. We present here a series of measurements on very simple
one-dimensional (1-D) subwavelength structures with the aim of testing key
properties of the surface waves and comparing them to the CDEW and SPP models.


title:
Efficient 1 GHz Ti:sapphire laser with improved broadband continuum in
  the infrared

abstract:
  We demonstrate a 1 GHz prismless femtosecond Ti:sapphire ring laser which
emits 890 mW for 7.6W of pump power over a continuum extending from 585 to 1200
nm at -20 dB below the maximum. A broadband continuum is obtained without
careful mirror dispersion compensation, with the net cavity
group-delay-dispersion having -50 to +100 fs2 oscillations from 700 to 900 nm.
Further broadening is obtained by use of a slightly convex cavity mirror that
increases self-phase modulation. 17% (75%) of the intracavity (output) power is
generated in single-pass through the crystal, outside the cavity bandwidth and
concentrated in the low gain infrared region from 960 to 1200 nm. This laser
seems well suited for optical frequency metrology, possibly allowing easier
stabilization of the carrier-to-envelope offset frequency without use of
photonic fibers.


title: Fractional Hydrodynamic Equations for Fractal Media

abstract:
  We use the fractional integrals in order to describe dynamical processes in
the fractal media. We consider the "fractional" continuous medium model for the
fractal media and derive the fractional generalization of the equations of
balance of mass density, momentum density, and internal energy. The fractional
generalization of Navier-Stokes and Euler equations are considered. We derive
the equilibrium equation for fractal media. The sound waves in the continuous
medium model for fractional media are considered.

categories: physics.flu-dyn astro-ph cond-mat.mtrl-sci math-ph math.MP nlin.CD


title:
An elementary model of price dynamics in a financial market:
  Distribution, Multiscaling & Entropy

abstract:
  Stylized facts of empirical assets log-returns $Z$ include the existence of
(semi) heavy tailed distributions $f_Z(z)$ and a non-linear spectrum of Hurst
exponents $\tau(\beta)$. Empirical data considered are daily prices of 10 large
indices from 01/01/1990 to 12/31/2004. We propose a stylized model of price
dynamics which is driven by expectations. The model is a multiplicative random
process with a stochastic, state-dependent growth rate which establishes a
negative feedback component in the price dynamics. This 0-order model implies
that the distribution of log-returns is Laplacian $f_Z(z) \sim
\exp(-\frac{|z|}{\alpha})$, whose single parameter $\alpha$ can be regarded as
a measure for the long-time averaged liquidity in the respective market. A
comparison with the (more general) Weibull distribution shows that empirical
daily log returns are close to being Laplacian distributed. The spectra of
Hurst exponents of both, empirical data $\tau_{emp}$ and simulated data due to
our model $\tau_{theor}$, are compared. Due to the finding of non-linear Hurst
spectra, the Renyi entropy (RE) $R_\beta(f_Z)$is considered. An explicit
functional form of the RE for an exponential distribution is derived.
Theoretical REs of simulated asset return trails are in good agreement with the
RE estimated from empirical returns.


title: Anderson Localization of Polar Eigenmodes in Random Planar Composites

abstract:
  Anderson localization of classical waves in disordered media is a fundamental
physical phenomenon that has attracted attention in the past three decades.
More recently, localization of polar excitations in nanostructured
metal-dielectric films (also known as random planar composite) has been subject
of intense studies. Potential applications of planar composites include local
near-field microscopy and spectroscopy. A number of previous studies have
relied on the quasistatic approximation and a direct analogy with localization
of electrons in disordered solids. Here I consider the localization problem
without the quasistatic approximation. I show that localization of polar
excitations is characterized by algebraic rather than by exponential spatial
confinement. This result is also valid in two and three dimensions. I also show
that the previously used localization criterion based on the gyration radius of
eigenmodes is inconsistent with both exponential and algebraic localization. An
alternative criterion based on the dipole participation number is proposed.
Numerical demonstration of a localization-delocalization transition is given.
Finally, it is shown that, contrary to the previous belief, localized modes can
be effectively coupled to running waves.


title: CERN, a working example of global scientific collaboration

abstract:
  The topic of this conference is 'South-South and North-South Collaboration in
Science and Technology', which is addressed in this contribution in the context
of basic research in high energy physics (HEP). The question whether developing
countries can or should invest scarce resources in big science is not covered.
HEP may be less expensive than one might fear, but cheap it is not, so
priorities have to be set and these may indeed differ from country to country.
The scope of this article is not to argue one way or another, but rather to
give an indication and practical examples of both the requirements and the
opportunities for scientific collaboration with CERN.


title: Unitary theory of laser Carrier-Envelope Phase effects

abstract:
  We consider a quantum state interacting with a short intense linearly
polarized laser pulse. Using the two-dimensional time representation and
Floquet picture we establish a straightforward connection between the laser
carrier-envelope phase (CEP) and the wave function. This connection is revealed
as a unitary transformation in the space of Floquet components. It allows any
CEP effect to be interpreted as an interference between the components and to
put limits on using the CEP in coherent control. A 2-level system is used to
illustrate the theory. On this example we demonstrate strong intensity
sensitivity of the CEP effects and predict an effect for pulses much longer
than the oscillation period of the carrier.


title: Dependence of Dripping on the Orifice Diameter in a Leaky Faucet

abstract:
  We report the results of experiments that examined the dependence of the
dripping dynamics of a leaky faucet on the orifice diameter. The transition of
the dripping frequency between periodic and chaotic states was found to depend
on the orifice diameter. We suggest a theoretical explanation for these
transitions based on drop formation time scales. In addition, short-range
anti-correlations were measured in the chaotic region. These too showed a
dependence on the faucet diameter. Finally, a comparison was done between the
experimental results with a one-dimensional model for drop formation.
Quantitative agreement was found between the simulations and the experimental
results.


title: Unifying the BGM and SABR Models: A short Ride in Hyperbolic Geometry

abstract:
  In this short note, using our geometric method introduced in a previous paper
\cite{phl} and initiated by \cite{ave}, we derive an asymptotic swaption
implied volatility at the first-order for a general stochastic volatility Libor
Market Model. This formula is useful to quickly calibrate a model to a full
swaption matrix. We apply this formula to a specific model where the forward
rates are assumed to follow a multi-dimensional CEV process correlated to a
SABR process. For a caplet, this model degenerates to the classical SABR model
and our asymptotic swaption implied volatility reduces naturally to the
Hagan-al formula \cite{sab}. The geometry underlying this model is the
hyperbolic manifold $\HH^{n+1}$ with $n$ the number of Libor forward rates.


title: A LES-Langevin model for turbulence

abstract:
  We propose a new model of turbulence for use in large-eddy simulations (LES).
The turbulent force, represented here by the turbulent Lamb vector, is divided
in two contributions. The contribution including only subfilter fields is
deterministically modeled through a classical eddy-viscosity. The other
contribution including both filtered and subfilter scales is dynamically
computed as solution of a generalized (stochastic) Langevin equation. This
equation is derived using Rapid Distortion Theory (RDT) applied to the
subfilter scales. The general friction operator therefore includes both
advection and stretching by the resolved scale. The stochastic noise is derived
as the sum of a contribution from the energy cascade and a contribution from
the pressure. The LES model is thus made of an equation for the resolved scale,
including the turbulent force, and a generalized Langevin equation integrated
on a twice-finer grid. The model is validated by comparison to DNS and is
tested against classical LES models for isotropic homogeneous turbulence, based
on eddy viscosity. We show that even in this situation, where no walls are
present, our inclusion of backscatter through the Langevin equation results in
a better description of the flow.


title:
Tapered semiconductor amplifiers for optical frequency combs in the near
  infrared

abstract:
  A tapered semiconductor amplifier is injection seeded by a femtosecond
optical frequency comb at 780 nm from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Energy
gains over 17 dB (12 dB) are obtained for 1 mW (20 mW) of average input power
when the input pulses are stretched into the picosecond range. A spectral
window of supercontinuum light generated in a photonic fiber has also been
amplified. Interferometric measurements show sub-hertz linewidths for a
heterodyne beat between the input and amplified comb components, yielding no
detectable phase-noise degradation under amplification. These amplifiers can be
used to boost the infrared power in f-to-2f interferometers used to determine
the carrier-to-envelope offset frequency, with clear advantages for
stabilization of octave-spanning femtosecond lasers and other supercontinuum
light sources with very limited power in the infrared.


title:
The 4D geometric quantities versus the usual 3D quantities. The
  resolution of Jackson's paradox

abstract:
  In this paper we present definitions of different four-dimensional (4D)
geometric quantities (Clifford multivectors). New decompositions of the torque
N and the angular momentum M (bivectors) into 1-vectors N_{s}, N_{t} and M_{s},
M_{t} respectively are given. The torques N_{s}, N_{t} (the angular momentums
M_{s}, M_{t}), taken together, contain the same physical information as the
bivector N (the bivector M). The usual approaches that deal with the 3D
quantities $\mathbf{E}$, $\mathbf{B}$, $\mathbf{F}$, $\mathbf{L}$,
$\mathbf{N}$, etc. and their transformations are objected from the viewpoint of
the invariant special relativity (ISR). In the ISR it is considered that 4D
geometric quantities are well-defined both theoretically and
\emph{experimentally} in the 4D spacetime. This is not the case with the usual
3D quantities. It is shown that there is no apparent electrodynamic paradox
with the torque, and that the principle of relativity is naturally satisfied,
when the 4D geometric quantities are used instead of the 3D quantities.


title:
Muon pair creation from positronium in a circularly polarized laser
  field

abstract:
  We study elementary particle reactions that result from the interaction of an
atomic system with a very intense laser wave of circular polarization. As a
specific example, we calculate the rate for the laser-driven reaction $e^+e^-
\to \mu^+\mu^-$, where the electron and positron originate from a positronium
atom or, alternatively, from a nonrelativistic $e^+e^-$ plasma. We distinguish
accordingly between the coherent and incoherent channels of the process. Apart
from numerical calculations, we derive by analytical means compact formulas for
the corresponding reaction rates. The rate for the coherent channel in a laser
field of circular polarization is shown to be damped because of the destructive
interference of the partial waves that constitute the positronium ground-state
wave packet. Conditions for the observation of the process via the dominant
incoherent channel in a circularly polarized field are pointed out.


title:
The Exponent Expansion: An Effective Approximation of Transition
  Probabilities of Diffusion Processes and Pricing Kernels of Financial
  Derivatives

abstract:
  A computational technique borrowed from the physical sciences is introduced
to obtain accurate closed-form approximations for the transition probability of
arbitrary diffusion processes. Within the path integral framework the same
technique allows one to obtain remarkably good approximations of the pricing
kernels of financial derivatives. Several examples are presented, and the
application of these results to increase the efficiency of numerical approaches
to derivative pricing is discussed.

categories: physics.soc-ph cond-mat.stat-mech math.ST physics.comp-ph q-fin.ST stat.TH


title:
All-optical generation and photoassociative probing of sodium
  Bose-Einstein condensates

abstract:
  We demonsatrate an all optical technique to evaporatively produce sodium
Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). We use a crossed-dipole trap formed from light
near 1060 nm, and a simple ramp of the intensity to force evaporation. In
addition, we introduce photoassociation as diagnostic of the trap loading
process, and show that it can be used to detect the onset of Bose-Einstein
condensation. Finally, we demonstrate the straightforward production of
multiple traps with condensates using this technique, and that some control
over the spinor state of the BEC is achieved by positioning the trap as well.


title:
Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light in the
  geophysical field range

abstract:
  Recent work investigating resonant nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR)
related to long-lived ($\tau\ts{rel} \sim 1 {\rm s}$) ground-state atomic
coherences has demonstrated potential magnetometric sensitivities exceeding
$10^{-11} {\rm G/\sqrt{Hz}}$ for small ($\lesssim 1 {\rm \mu G}$) magnetic
fields. In the present work, NMOR using frequency-modulated light (FM NMOR) is
studied in the regime where the longitudinal magnetic field is in the
geophysical range ($\sim 500 {\rm mG}$), of particular interest for many
applications. In this regime a splitting of the FM NMOR resonance due to the
nonlinear Zeeman effect is observed. At sufficiently high light intensities,
there is also a splitting of the FM NMOR resonances due to ac Stark shifts
induced by the optical field, as well as evidence of alignment-to-orientation
conversion type processes. The consequences of these effects for FM-NMOR-based
atomic magnetometry in the geophysical field range are considered.


title: On the 1/f Frequency Noise in Ultra-Stable Quartz Oscillators

abstract:
  The frequency flicker of an oscillator, which appears as a 1/f^3 line in the
phase noise spectral density, and as a floor on the Allan variance plot,
originates from two basic phenomena, namely: (1) the 1/f phase noise turned
into 1/f frequency noise via the Leeson effect, and (2) the 1/f fluctuation of
the resonator natural frequency. The discussion on which is the dominant
effect, thus on how to improve the stability of the oscillator, has been going
on for years without giving a clear answer. This article tackles the question
by analyzing the phase noise spectrum of several commercial oscillators and
laboratory prototypes, and demonstrates that the fluctuation of the resonator
natural frequency is the dominant effect. The investigation method starts from
reverse engineering the oscillator phase noise in order to show that if the
Leeson effect was dominant, the resonator merit factor Q would be too low as
compared to the available technology.


title:
Proposal for a sensitive search for electric dipole moment of electron
  with matrix-isolated radicals

abstract:
  We propose using matrix-isolated paramagnetic diatomic molecules to search
for the electric dipole moment of electron (eEDM). As was suggested by Shapiro
in 1968, the eEDM leads to a magnetization of a sample in the external electric
field. In a typical condensed matter experiment, the effective field on the
unpaired electron is of the same order of magnitude as the laboratory field,
typically about $10^{5}$V/cm. We exploit the fact that the effective electric
field inside heavy polar molecules is in the order of $10^{10}$V/cm. This leads
to a huge enhancement of the Shapiro effect. Statistical sensitivity of the
proposed experiment may allow one to improve the current limit on eEDM by three
orders of magnitude in few hours accumulation time.


title: Unified field theories and Einstein

abstract:
  Einstein's contribution to relativity is reviewed. It is pointed out that
Weyl gave first unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetism and it was
different than the five dimensional theory of Kaluza. Einstein began his work
on unification in 1925 that continued all through the rest of his life. A
discussion is presented on the recent advances in Weyl theory, and also on the
unification approach in which space-time is believed not to be fundamental. The
significance of the gravitational waves observed recently seems to indicate a
new paradigm of unification. It is suggested that the nature of time is the
most fundamental issue for a break-through in the unification quest.


title:
Facilitated diffusion of DNA-binding proteins: Simulation of large
  systems

abstract:
  The recently introduced method of excess collisions (MEC) is modified to
estimate diffusion-controlled reaction times inside systems of arbitrary size.
The resulting MEC-E equations contain a set of empirical parameters, which have
to be calibrated in numerical simulations inside a test system of moderate
size. Once this is done, reaction times of systems of arbitrary dimensions are
derived by extrapolation, with an accuracy of 10 to 15 percent. The achieved
speed up, when compared to explicit simulations of the reaction process, is
increasing proportional to the extrapolated volume of the cell.


title: A Novel UV Photon Detector with Resistive Electrodes

abstract:
  In this study we present first results from a new detector of UV photons: a
thick gaseous electron multiplier (GEM) with resistive electrodes, combined
with CsI or CsTe/CsI photocathodes. The hole type structure considerably
suppresses the photon and ion feedback, whereas the resistive electrodes
protect the detector and the readout electronics from damage by any eventual
discharges. This device reaches higher gains than a previously developed
photosensitive RPC and could be used not only for the imaging of UV sources,
flames or Cherenkov light, for example, but also for the detection of X-rays
and charged particles.


title:
Reply to ``Comment on `Test of constancy of speed of light with rotating
  cryogenic optical resonators' ''

abstract:
  An improved analysis of the Michelson-Morley-type experiment by P. Antonini
et al. (Phys. Rev. A. 71, 050101 (2005)) yields the Robertson-Mansouri-Sexl
theory parameter combination $\beta-\delta-1/2=(-0.6\pm 2.1\pm
1.2)\cdot10^{-10}$ and the Standard Model Extension theory parameter
$(\tilde{\kappa}_{e-})^{ZZ} = (-2.9\pm 2.2)\cdot 10^{-14}$.


title: A geometric algebra approach to the hydrogen atom

abstract:
  Monogenic functions in the algebra of 5-dimensional spacetime have been used
previously by the author as first principle in different areas of fundamental
physics; the paper recovers that principle applying it to the hydrogen atom.
The equation that results from the monogenic condition is formally equivalent
to Dirac's and so its solutions resemble closely those found in the literature.
The use of the monogenic condition as point of departure as not only the
advantage of being a unified approach but also provides very strong links with
geometry that are completely lost in the usual approach.


title: The CMS Silicon Strip Tracker

abstract:
  The CMS collaboration is constructing the largest silicon tracker ever built
with an active silicon area of 200 m^2 to provide robust charged particle
tracking and vertex reconstruction within the 4T magnetic field of the CMS
Solenoid. The design of the detector, the status of the construction and the
performance of the substructures are reviewed.


title: Empirical Relationships among Lepton and Quark Masses

abstract:
  We derive empirical relationships among elementary fermion masses based on
relatively simple exponential formulae involving quantum numbers for the
electromagnetic and strong interactions, with a weak correction factor
motivated by a simple linear combination of mass terms for the weak and
electromagnetic interactions of charged leptons. This results in a prediction
of m_\tau = 1776.81234 (33) MeV, to be compared to the world average
measurement of 1776.84 (17) MeV. We find a simple 2\pi relationship among
neutrino mass ratios agrees well with present neutrino oscillation
measurements. We extend the form of the mass ratios to the quark sector, giving
qualitative agreement with quark masses.


title:
Surface wave generation and propagation on metallic subwavelength
  structures measured by far-field interferometry

abstract:
  Transmission spectra of metallic films or membranes perforated by arrays of
subwavelength slits or holes have been widely interpreted as resonance
absorption by surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Alternative interpretations
involving evanescent waves diffracted on the surface have also been proposed.
These two approaches lead to divergent predictions for some surface wave
properties. Using far-field interferometry, we have carried out a series of
measurements on elementary one-dimensional (1-D) subwavelength structures with
the aim of testing key properties of the surface waves and comparing them to
predictions of these two points of view.


title:
Possible correlation between cosmic ray variation and atmosphere
  parameters (present status and future activities at BEO Moussala and Alomar
  observatory)

abstract:
  In this revue are presented several present activities and experiments at
Alomar observatory and BEO Moussala and the possibility to investigate the
influence of cosmic ray on climate parameters and the impact of cosmic ray to
climate change. The general aim of these experiments is to study the possible
correlation between cosmic ray variation and atmosphere parameters. The
potential to study the possible correlations is discussed. The existing
experiments and devices are presented as well these in preparation and
commissioning. The scientific potential of future and in preparation
experiments is discussed. The possibility to study the space weather at BEO
Moussala and Alomar observatory presented. The specific devises precisely the
muon telescope, neutron flux-meter, Cherenkov light telescope and muon
hodoscope are presented


title: Possible Experimental Test of Continuous Medium Model for Fractal Media

abstract:
  We use the fractional integrals to describe fractal media. We consider the
fractal media as special ("fractional") continuous media. We discuss the
possible experimental testing of the continuous medium model for fractal media
that is suggested in Phys. Lett. A. 336 (2005) 167-174. This test is connected
with measure of period of the Maxwell pendulum with fractal medium cylinder.


title: On the time distribution of reversals in Earth's magnetic field

abstract:
  This paper presents an analysis on the distribution of periods between
consecutive reversals of the Earth's magnetic field. The analysis includes the
randomness of polarities, whether the data corresponding to different periods
belong to a unique distribution and finally, the type of distribution that data
obey. It was found that the distribution is a power law (which could be the
fingerprint of a critical system as the cause of geomagnetic reversions). For
the distribution function a slope value of -1.42 was found. This value differs
about 15% from results obtained when the present considerations are not taken
into account and it is considered the main finding.


title:
Scanning probe microscopy of thermally excited mechanical modes of an
  optical microcavity

abstract:
  The resonant buildup of light within optical microcavities elevates the
radiation pressure which mediates coupling of optical modes to the mechanical
modes of a microcavity. Above a certain threshold pump power, regenerative
mechanical oscillation occurs causing oscillation of certain mechanical
eigenmodes. Here, we present a methodology to spatially image the
micro-mechanical resonances of a toroid microcavity using a scanning probe
technique. The method relies on recording the induced frequency shift of the
mechanical eigenmode when in contact with a scanning probe tip. The method is
passive in nature and achieves a sensitivity sufficient to spatially resolve
the vibrational mode pattern associated with the thermally agitated
displacement at room temperature. The recorded mechanical mode patterns are in
good qualitative agreement with the theoretical strain fields as obtained by
finite element simulations.


title: Modularity and community structure in networks

abstract:
  Many networks of interest in the sciences, including a variety of social and
biological networks, are found to divide naturally into communities or modules.
The problem of detecting and characterizing this community structure has
attracted considerable recent attention. One of the most sensitive detection
methods is optimization of the quality function known as "modularity" over the
possible divisions of a network, but direct application of this method using,
for instance, simulated annealing is computationally costly. Here we show that
the modularity can be reformulated in terms of the eigenvectors of a new
characteristic matrix for the network, which we call the modularity matrix, and
that this reformulation leads to a spectral algorithm for community detection
that returns results of better quality than competing methods in noticeably
shorter running times. We demonstrate the algorithm with applications to
several network data sets.


title:
The Novel ''Controlled Intermediate Nuclear Fusion'' and its Possible
  Industrial Realization as Predicted by Hadronic Mechanics and Chemistry

abstract:
  In this note, we propose, apparently for the first time, a new type of
controlled nuclear fusion called "intermediate" because occurring at energies
intermediate between those of the ''cold'' and ''hot'' fusions, and propose a
specific industrial realization. For this purpose: 1) We show that known
limitations of quantum mechanics, quantum chemistry and special relativity
cause excessive departures from the conditions occurring for all controlled
fusions; 2) We outline the covering hadronic mechanics, hadronic chemistry and
isorelativity specifically conceived, constructed and verified during the past
two decades for new cleans energies and fuels; 3) We identify seven physical
laws predicted by the latter disciplines that have to be verified by all
controlled nuclear fusions to occur; 4) We review the industrial research
conducted to date in the selection of the most promising engineering
realization as well as optimization of said seven laws; and 5) We propose with
construction details a specific {\it hadronic reactor} (patented and
international patents pending), consisting of actual equipment specifically
intended for the possible industrial production of the clean energy released by
representative cases of controlled intermediate fusions for independent
scrutiny by interested colleagues.


title:
Numerical simulations of current generation and dynamo excitation in a
  mechanically-forced, turbulent flow

abstract:
  The role of turbulence in current generation and self-excitation of magnetic
fields has been studied in the geometry of a mechanically driven, spherical
dynamo experiment, using a three dimensional numerical computation. A simple
impeller model drives a flow which can generate a growing magnetic field,
depending upon the magnetic Reynolds number, Rm, and the fluid Reynolds number.
When the flow is laminar, the dynamo transition is governed by a simple
threshold in Rm, above which a growing magnetic eigenmode is observed. The
eigenmode is primarily a dipole field tranverse to axis of symmetry of the
flow. In saturation the Lorentz force slows the flow such that the magnetic
eigenmode becomes marginally stable. For turbulent flow, the dynamo eigenmode
is suppressed. The mechanism of suppression is due to a combination of a time
varying large-scale field and the presence of fluctuation driven currents which
effectively enhance the magnetic diffusivity. For higher Rm a dynamo reappears,
however the structure of the magnetic field is often different from the laminar
dynamo; it is dominated by a dipolar magnetic field which is aligned with the
axis of symmetry of the mean-flow, apparently generated by fluctuation-driven
currents. The fluctuation-driven currents have been studied by applying a weak
magnetic field to laminar and turbulent flows. The magnetic fields generated by
the fluctuations are significant: a dipole moment aligned with the symmetry
axis of the mean-flow is generated similar to those observed in the experiment,
and both toroidal and poloidal flux expulsion are observed.


title:
Controlling chaos in spatially extended beam-plasma system by the
  continuous delayed feedback

abstract:
  In present paper we discuss the control of complex spatio-temporal dynamics
in a {spatially extended} non-linear system (fluid model of Pierce diode) based
on the concepts of controlling chaos in the systems with few degrees of
freedom. A presented method is connected with stabilization of unstable
homogeneous equilibrium state and the unstable spatio-temporal periodical
states analogous to unstable periodic orbits of chaotic dynamics of the systems
with few degrees of freedom. We show that this method is effective and allows
to achieve desired regular dynamics chosen from a number of possible in the
considered system.


title: An H-theorem for incompressible fluids

abstract:
  A basic aspect of the kinetic descriptions of incompressible fluids based on
an inverse kinetic approaches is the possibility of satisfying an H-theorem.
This property is in fact related to the identification of the kinetic
distribution function with a probability density in an appropriate phase space.
Goal of this investigation is to analyze the conditions of validity of an
H-theorem for the inverse kinetic theory recently proposed by Ellero and
Tessarotto [2004, 2005]. It is found that the time-dependent contribution to
the kinetic pressure, characteristic of such a kinetic model, can always be
uniquely defined in such a way to warrant the constancy of the entropy.


title:
Low sintering temperature of Mg-Cu-Zn ferrites prepared by the citrate
  precursor method

abstract:
  Mg-Cu-Zn ferrite was prepared through a wet synthetic method by a
self-combustion reaction directly from a citrate precursor. The as-synthesized
powders were sintered at for only 2h. XRD patterns and FTIR spectra confirm the
formation of single phase Mg-Cu-Zn ferrite after combustion. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first time that Mg-Cu-Zn ferrite is sintered at such low
temperature. The sintering process increased the crystallinity of the solid and
the domain sizes.


title:
Investigation by the Method the Raman of Spectroscopy of Allocation of
  Molecules in Ternary Mix-Crystals

abstract:
  The Method a Raman of spectroscopy studies allocation of molecules in ternary
mix-crystals of a p-dibromobenzene of p-dichlorobenzene and
p-bromochlorobenzene. It is shown, that the mutual concentration of builders
depends on requirements of growing. Was possibly as a uniform modification of
concentration of all builders along a specimen, and a wavy modification of
concentration of two substances.


title: From Atoms to Quarks and Beyond: A historical panorama

abstract:
  The inward bound path of discovery unravelling the mysteries of matter and
the forces that hold it together has culminated at the end of the twentieth
century,in a theory of the Fundamental Forces of Nature based on Nonabelian
Gauge Fields, called the Standard Model of High Energy Physics. In this article
we trace the historical development of the ideas and the experimental
discoveries on which this theory is based. This involves the following
components: quantum field theory and quantum electrodynamics, weak interactions
and parity violation, strong interactions and quarks, nonabelian gauge fields
and spontaneous symmetry breaking. We develop these different strands of
history and weave them together. We also mark significant Indian contributions
wherever possible. Finally we have a glimpse at future developments, in
particular quantum gravity and string theory. An Appendix on more Indian
contributions is added at the end.


title: Are We Observing Violations of Lorentz Symmetry?

abstract:
  Recent observations of ultra high energy cosmic rays and gamma rays suggest
that there are small violations of Lorentz symmetry. If there were no such
violations, then the GZK cut off would hold and cosmic rays with energy $\sim
10^{20}eV$ or higher would not be reaching the earth. However some such events
seem to have been observed. This has lead to phenomenological models in which
there is a small violation of the Lorentz symmetry or the velocity of light.
However recent Quantum Gravity and String Theory approaches which no longer
consider a differentiable spacetime manifold already predict such violations.
Similarly there are other theoretical reasons which also point to this. We
briefly discuss the various possibilities.


title: Controlling Strong Electromagnetic Fields at a Sub-Wavelength Scale

abstract:
  We investigate the optical response of two sub-wavelength grooves on a
metallic screen, separated by a sub-wavelength distance. We show that the
Fabry-Perot-like mode, already observed in one-dimensional periodic gratings
and known for a single slit, splits into two resonances in our system : a
symmetrical mode with a small Q-factor, and an antisymmetric one which leads to
a much stronger light enhancement. This behavior results from the near-field
coupling of the grooves. Moreover, the use of a second incident wave allows to
control the localization of the photons in the groove of our choice, depending
on the phase difference between the two incident waves. The system exactly acts
as a sub-wavelength optical switch operated from far-field.


title: Detecting rich-club ordering in complex networks

abstract:
  Uncovering the hidden regularities and organizational principles of networks
arising in physical systems ranging from the molecular level to the scale of
large communication infrastructures is the key issue for the understanding of
their fabric and dynamical properties [1-5]. The ``rich-club'' phenomenon
refers to the tendency of nodes with high centrality, the dominant elements of
the system, to form tightly interconnected communities and it is one of the
crucial properties accounting for the formation of dominant communities in both
computer and social sciences [4-8]. Here we provide the analytical expression
and the correct null models which allow for a quantitative discussion of the
rich-club phenomenon. The presented analysis enables the measurement of the
rich-club ordering and its relation with the function and dynamics of networks
in examples drawn from the biological, social and technological domains.


title: Narrow Line Photoassociation in an Optical Lattice

abstract:
  With ultracold $^{88}$Sr in a 1D magic wavelength optical lattice, we
performed narrow line photoassociation spectroscopy near the $^1$S$_0 -
^3$P$_1$ intercombination transition. Nine least-bound vibrational molecular
levels associated with the long-range $0_u$ and $1_u$ potential energy surfaces
were measured and identified. A simple theoretical model accurately describes
the level positions and treats the effects of the lattice confinement on the
line shapes. The measured resonance strengths show that optical tuning of the
ground state scattering length should be possible without significant atom
loss.


title:
Stochasticity of Road Traffic Dynamics: Comprehensive Linear and
  Nonlinear Time Series Analysis on High Resolution Freeway Traffic Records

abstract:
  The dynamical properties of road traffic time series from North-Rhine
Westphalian motorways are investigated. The article shows that road traffic
dynamics is well described as a persistent stochastic process with two fixed
points representing the freeflow (non-congested) and the congested state
regime. These traffic states have different statistical properties, with
respect to waiting time distribution, velocity distribution and
autocorrelation. Logdifferences of velocity records reveal non-normal,
obviously leptocurtic distribution. Further, linear and nonlinear phase-plane
based analysis methods yield no evidence for any determinism or deterministic
chaos to be involved in traffic dynamics on shorter than diurnal time scales.
Several Hurst-exponent estimators indicate long-range dependence for the free
flow state. Finally, our results are not in accordance to the typical heuristic
fingerprints of self-organized criticality. We suggest the more simplistic
assumption of a non-critical phase transition between freeflow and congested
traffic.


title:
Collective synchronization induced by epidemic dynamics on complex
  networks with communities

abstract:
  Much recent empirical evidence shows that \textit{community structure} is
ubiquitous in the real-world networks. In this Letter, we propose a growth
model to create scale-free networks with the tunable strength (noted by $Q$) of
community structure and investigate the influence of community strength upon
the collective synchronization induced by SIRS epidemiological process. Global
and local synchronizability of the system is studied by means of an order
parameter and the relevant finite-size scaling analysis is provided. The
numerical results show that, a phase transition occurs at $Q_c\simeq0.835$ from
global synchronization to desynchronization and the local synchronization is
weakened in a range of intermediately large $Q$. Moreover, we study the impact
of mean degree $<k>$ upon synchronization on scale-free networks.


title: Geometric parametrization of binary elastic collisions

abstract:
  A geometric view of the possible outcomes of elastic collisions of two
massive bodies is developed that integrates laboratory, center of mass, and
relative body frames in a single diagram. From these diagrams all the
scattering properties of binary collisions can be obtained. The particular case
of gravitational scattering by a moving massive object corresponds to the
slingshot maneuver, and its maximum velocity is obtained.

categories: physics.class-ph astro-ph gr-qc physics.space-ph


title:
Kinetic energy operator approach to the quantum three-body problem with
  Coulomb interactions

abstract:
  We present a non-variational, kinetic energy operator approach to the
solution of quantum three-body problem with Coulomb interactions, based on the
utilization of symmetries intrinsic to the kinetic energy operator, i.e., the
three-body Laplacian operator with the respective masses. Through a four-step
reduction process, the nine dimensional problem is reduced to a one dimensional
coupled system of ordinary differential equations, amenable to accurate
numerical solution as an infinite-dimensional algebraic eigenvalue problem. A
key observation in this reduction process is that in the functional subspace of
the kinetic energy operator where all the rotational degrees of freedom have
been projected out, there is an intrinsic symmetry which can be made explicit
through the introduction of Jacobi-spherical coordinates. A numerical scheme is
presented whereby the Coulomb matrix elements are calculated to a high degree
of accuracy with minimal effort, and the truncation of the linear equations is
carried out through a systematic procedure


title:
Unique representation of an inverse-kinetic theory for incompressible
  Newtonian fluids

abstract:
  Fundamental aspects of inverse kinetic theories for the incompressible
Navier-Stokes equations [Ellero and Tessarotto, 2004, 2005] include the
possibility of defining uniquely the kinetic equation underlying such models
and furthermore, the construction of a kinetic theory implying also the energy
equation. The latter condition is consistent with the requirement that fluid
fields result classical solutions of the fluid equations. These issues appear
of potential relevance both from the mathematical viewpoint and for the
physical interpretation of the theory. Purpose of this work is to prove that
under suitable prescriptions the inverse kinetic theory can be determined to
satisfy such requirements.


title: Laboratory-Tutorial activities for teaching probability

abstract:
  We report on the development of students' ideas of probability and
probability density in a University of Maine laboratory-based general education
physics course called Intuitive Quantum Physics. Students in the course are
generally math phobic with unfavorable expectations about the nature of physics
and their ability to do it. We describe a set of activities used to teach
concepts of probability and probability density. Rudimentary knowledge of
mechanics is needed for one activity, but otherwise the material requires no
additional preparation. Extensions of the activities include relating
probability density to potential energy graphs for certain "touchstone"
examples. Students have difficulties learning the target concepts, such as
comparing the ratio of time in a region to total time in all regions. Instead,
they often focus on edge effects, pattern match to previously studied
situations, reason about necessary but incomplete macroscopic elements of the
system, use the gambler's fallacy, and use expectations about ensemble results
rather than expectation values to predict future events. We map the development
of their thinking to provide examples of problems rather than evidence of a
curriculum's success.


title: The mass and energy of a vapor bubble in a turbulent ideal fluid

abstract:
  The mass of a bubble in a fluid can be taken as the mass of the vapor in it.
The self-energy of the bubble is defined as the work performed against the
pressure of the fluid in order to create the bubble. Taking the vapor to be an
ideal gas the relationship between the self-energy, the mass of the bubble and
the speed of the perturbation wave in a turbulent ideal fluid can be obtained.


title: A new concept for streamer quenching in resistive plate chambers

abstract:
  In this paper we propose a new concept for streamer quenching in Resistive
Plate Chambers (RPCs). In our approach, the multiplication process is quenched
by the appropriate design of a mechanical structure inserted between the two
resistive electrodes. We show that stable performance is achieved with binary
gas mixtures based on argon and a small fraction of isobutane. Fluorocarbons,
deemed responsible for the degradation of the electrode inner surface of RPC
detectors, are thus fully eliminated from the gas mixture. This design {also
resulted} in a simplified assembly procedure. Preliminary results obtained with
a few prototypes of ``Mechanically Quenched RPCs'' and some prospects for
future developments are discussed.


title: Fast Community Identification by Hierarchical Growth

abstract:
  A new method for community identification is proposed which is founded on the
analysis of successive neighborhoods, reached through hierarchical growth from
a starting vertex, and on the definition of communities as a subgraph whose
number of inner connections is larger than outer connections. In order to
determine the precision and speed of the method, it is compared with one of the
most popular community identification approaches, namely Girvan and Newman's
algorithm. Although the hierarchical growth method is not as precise as Girvan
and Newman's method, it is potentially faster than most community finding
algorithms.


title: The Postulates of Quantum Mechanics

abstract:
  As a starting point in understanding Quantum Mechanics, the postulates of
Quantum Mechanics are presented, and few of the main eigenvalue problems, as
well.


title:
Teaching Theoretical Physics: the cases of Enrico Fermi and Ettore
  Majorana

abstract:
  We report on theoretical courses by Fermi and Majorana, giving evidence of
the first appearance and further development of Quantum Mechanics teaching in
Italy. On the basis of original documents, we make a comparison between Fermi's
and Majorana's approaches. A detailed analysis is carried out of Fermi's course
on Theoretical Physics attended by Majorana in 1927-28. Three (previously
unknown) programs on advanced Physics courses submitted by Majorana to the
University of Rome between 1933 and 1936 and the course he held in Naples in
1938 complete our analysis: Fermi's phenomenological approach resounded in
Majorana, who however combined it with a deeper theoretical approach, closer to
the modern way of presenting Quantum Mechanics.

categories: physics.hist-ph hep-ph physics.ed-ph physics.gen-ph physics.pop-ph


title: Magnetohydrodynamic activity inside a sphere

abstract:
  We present a computational method to solve the magnetohydrodynamic equations
in spherical geometry. The technique is fully nonlinear and wholly spectral,
and uses an expansion basis that is adapted to the geometry:
Chandrasekhar-Kendall vector eigenfunctions of the curl. The resulting lower
spatial resolution is somewhat offset by being able to build all the boundary
conditions into each of the orthogonal expansion functions and by the
disappearance of any difficulties caused by singularities at the center of the
sphere. The results reported here are for mechanically and magnetically
isolated spheres, although different boundary conditions could be studied by
adapting the same method. The intent is to be able to study the nonlinear
dynamical evolution of those aspects that are peculiar to the spherical
geometry at only moderate Reynolds numbers. The code is parallelized, and will
preserve to high accuracy the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) invariants of the
system (global energy, magnetic helicity, cross helicity). Examples of results
for selective decay and mechanically-driven dynamo simulations are discussed.
In the dynamo cases, spontaneous flips of the dipole orientation are observed.


title:
Large scale flow effects, energy transfer, and self-similarity on
  turbulence

abstract:
  The effect of large scales on the statistics and dynamics of turbulent
fluctuations is studied using data from high resolution direct numerical
simulations. Three different kinds of forcing, and spatial resolutions ranging
from 256^3 to 1024^3, are being used. The study is carried out by investigating
the nonlinear triadic interactions in Fourier space, transfer functions,
structure functions, and probability density functions. Our results show that
the large scale flow plays an important role in the development and the
statistical properties of the small scale turbulence. The role of helicity is
also investigated. We discuss the link between these findings and
intermittency, deviations from universality, and possible origins of the
bottleneck effect. Finally, we briefly describe the consequences of our results
for the subgrid modeling of turbulent flows.


title: Wikipedias: Collaborative web-based encyclopedias as complex networks

abstract:
  Wikipedia is a popular web-based encyclopedia edited freely and
collaboratively by its users. In this paper we present an analysis of
Wikipedias in several languages as complex networks. The hyperlinks pointing
from one Wikipedia article to another are treated as directed links while the
articles represent the nodes of the network. We show that many network
characteristics are common to different language versions of Wikipedia, such as
their degree distributions, growth, topology, reciprocity, clustering,
assortativity, path lengths and triad significance profiles. These
regularities, found in the ensemble of Wikipedias in different languages and of
different sizes, point to the existence of a unique growth process. We also
compare Wikipedias to other previously studied networks.


title:
Efficient computation of matched solutions of the
  Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij envelope equations for periodic focusing lattices

abstract:
  A new iterative method is developed to numerically calculate the periodic,
matched beam envelope solution of the coupled Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij (KV)
equations describing the transverse evolution of a beam in a periodic, linear
focusing lattice of arbitrary complexity. Implementation of the method is
straightforward. It is highly convergent and can be applied to all usual
parameterizations of the matched envelope solutions. The method is applicable
to all classes of linear focusing lattices without skew couplings, and also
applies to all physically achievable system parameters -- including where the
matched beam envelope is strongly unstable. Example applications are presented
for periodic solenoidal and quadrupole focusing lattices. Convergence
properties are summarized over a wide range of system parameters.


title: Local Support Assembly of the ATLAS Pixel Detector

abstract:
  The barrel part of the ATLAS pixel detector will consist of 112 carbon-carbon
structures called "staves" with 13 hybrid detector modules being glued on each
stave. The demands on the glue joints are high, both in terms of mechanical
precision and thermal contact. To achieve this precision a custom-made
semi-automated mounting machine has been constructed in Wuppertal, which
provides a precision in the order of tens of microns. As this is the last stage
of the detector assembly providing an opportunity for stringent tests, a
detailed procedure has been defined for assessing both mechanical and
electrical properties. This note gives an overview of the procedure for
affixation and tests, and summarizes the first results of the production.


title: Tuning degree distributions of scale-free networks

abstract:
  Scale-free networks are characterized by a degree distribution with power-law
behavior and have been shown to arise in many areas, ranging from the World
Wide Web to transportation or social networks. Degree distributions of observed
networks, however, often differ from the power-law type and data based
investigations require modifications of the typical scale-free network.
  We present an algorithm that generates networks in which the skewness of the
degree distribution is tuneable by modifying the preferential attachment step
of the Barabasi-Albert construction algorithm. Skewness is linearly correlated
with the maximal degree of the network and, therefore, adequately represents
the influence of superspreaders or hubs. By combining our algorithm with work
of Holme and Kim, we show how to generate networks with skewness gamma and
clustering coefficient kappa, over a wide range of values.


title: A faster than "World fastest derivation of the Lorentz transformation"

abstract:
  We show that a derivation of the Lorentz-Einstein transformation based on
length contraction or on time dilation is faster then "World's fastest
derivation of the Lorentz transformation"


title:
Transformation of equations in analysis of proportionality through
  referent models

abstract:
  In proportionality of objects, samples or populations, usually we work with Z
score of proportionality calculated through referent models, instead directly
with the variables of the objects in itself. In these studies we have the
necessity to transform, the equations that use the variables of the object, in
equations that directly use like variables Z score. In the present work a
method is developed to transform the parametric equations, in equations in
variables Z using like example the studies of human proportionality from the
Phantom stratagem of Ross and Wilson.


title:
Invariant imbedding theory of mode conversion in inhomogeneous plasmas.
  II. Mode conversion in cold, magnetized plasmas with perpendicular
  inhomogeneity

abstract:
  A new version of the invariant imbedding theory for the propagation of
coupled waves in inhomogeneous media is applied to the mode conversion of high
frequency electromagnetic waves into electrostatic modes in cold, magnetized
and stratified plasmas. The cases where the external magnetic field is applied
perpendicularly to the direction of inhomogeneity and the electron density
profile is linear are considered. Extensive and numerically exact results for
the mode conversion coefficients, the reflectances and the wave electric and
magnetic field profiles inside the inhomogeneous plasma are obtained. The
dependences of mode conversion phenomena on the magnitude of the external
magnetic field, the incident angle and the wave frequency are explored in
detail.


title: Orientation of optically trapped nonspherical birefringent particles

abstract:
  While the alignment and rotation of microparticles in optical traps have
received increased attention recently, one of the earliest examples has been
almost totally neglected the alignment of particles relative to the beam axis,
as opposed to about the beam axis. However, since the alignment torques
determine how particles align in a trap, they are directly relevant to
practical applications. Lysozyme crystals are an ideal model system to study
factors determining the orientation of nonspherical birefringent particles in a
trap. Both their size and their aspect ratio can be controlled by the growth
parameters, and their regular shape makes computational modeling feasible. We
show that both external shape and internal birefringence anisotropy contribute
to the alignment torque. Three-dimensionally trapped elongated objects either
align with their long axis parallel or perpendicular to the beam axis depending
on their size. The shape-dependent torque can exceed the torque due to
birefringence, and can align negative uniaxial particles with their optic axis
parallel to the electric field, allowing an application of optical torque about
the beam axis.


title:
Equivalence of two mathematical forms for the bound angular momentum of
  the electromagnetic field

abstract:
  It is shown that the mathematical form, obtained in a recent paper, for the
angular momentum of the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of electric
charge is equivalent to another form obtained previously by Cohen-Tannoudji,
Dupont-Roc and Gilbert. In this version of the paper an improved derivation is
given.


title: Multiple Thresholds in a Model System of Noisy Ion Channels

abstract:
  Voltage-activated ion channels vary randomly between open and closed states,
influenced by the membrane potential and other factors. Signal transduction is
enhanced by noise in a simple ion channel model. The enhancement occurs in a
finite range of signals; the range can be extended using populations of
channels. The range increases more rapidly in multiple-threshold channel
populations than in single-threshold populations. The diversity of ion channels
may thus be present as a strategy to reduce the metabolic costs of handling a
broad class of electrochemical signals.


title: Characterization of a CCD array for Bragg spectroscopy

abstract:
  The average pixel distance as well as the relative orientation of an array of
6 CCD detectors have been measured with accuracies of about 0.5 nm and 50
$\mu$rad, respectively. Such a precision satisfies the needs of modern crystal
spectroscopy experiments in the field of exotic atoms and highly charged ions.
Two different measurements have been performed by illuminating masks in front
of the detector array by remote sources of radiation. In one case, an aluminum
mask was irradiated with X-rays and in a second attempt, a nanometric quartz
wafer was illuminated by a light bulb. Both methods gave consistent results
with a smaller error for the optical method. In addition, the thermal expansion
of the CCD detectors was characterized between -105 C and -40 C.


title: Sphere rolling on the surface of a cone

abstract:
  We analyse the motion of a sphere that rolls without slipping on a conical
surface having its axis in the direction of the constant gravitational field of
the Earth. This nonholonomic system admits a solution in terms of quadratures.
We exhibit that the only circular of the system orbit is stable and furthermore
show that all its solutions can be found using an analogy with central force
problems. We also discuss the case of motion with no gravitational field, that
is, of motion on a freely falling cone.


title:
Becoming classical: A possible influence on the quantum-to-classical
  transition

abstract:
  Although cosmic expansion at very small distances is usually dismissed as
entirely inconsequential, it appears that these extraordinarily small effects
may in fact have a real and significant influence on our world. Calculations
suggest that the minute recessional velocities associated with regions
encompassed by extended bodies may have a role in creating the distinction
between quantum and classical behavior. Using an uncertainty in position
estimated from the spread in velocities associated with its size, the criterion
that the uncertainty in position should be smaller than the extension of the
object leads to a threshold size that could provide a fundamental limit
distinguishing the realm of objects governed by classical laws from those
governed by quantum mechanics.


title:
Physical basis of SATRO - a new method for analysis of the cardiac
  muscle depolarisation

abstract:
  On the basis of the model of the current flow through a single fibre, changes
in the electric charge density over the myocardium are described. With the use
of relevant analytic formulae, supported with numerical calculations, the
distribution and time dependencies of electric potentials on the surface of the
thorax have been determined. The results obtained are compared with empirical
data. A strong correlation between the theoretical predictions and the
experimental data has been obtained. The model in question permits examination
of instantaneous potentials resulting from electrical activation of particular
segments of the cardiac muscle.


title:
Gravitational gauss law in the laboratory: A 21 century Archimedes
  problem

abstract:
  Gravitational field of many common objects are small but in the detectable
sub microGal (Gal=g, free fall acceleration) range. Here we show that in a
modern analog of the Archimedes problem, it is possible to estimate the
interior density distribution of an object, by applying gauss law to the
exterior gravity field data. With the development of wide band width Eotovs or
nano range accelerometers it may also be possible to reconstruct and image the
interior matter distribution.


title:
Plasma Depletion and Mirror Waves Ahead of Interplanetary Coronal Mass
  Ejections

abstract:
  We find that the sheath regions between fast interplanetary coronal mass
ejections (ICMEs) and their preceding shocks are often characterized by plasma
depletion and mirror wave structures, analogous to planetary magnetosheaths. A
case study of these signatures in the sheath of a magnetic cloud (MC) shows
that a plasma depletion layer (PDL) coincides with magnetic field draping
around the MC. In the same event, we observe an enhanced thermal anisotropy and
plasma beta as well as anti-correlated density and magnetic fluctuations which
are signatures of mirror mode waves. We perform a superposed epoch analysis of
ACE and Wind plasma and magnetic field data from different classes of ICMEs to
illuminate the general properties of these regions. For MCs preceded by shocks,
the sheaths have a PDL with an average duration of 6 hours (corresponding to a
spatial span of about 0.07 AU) and a proton temperature anisotropy ${T_{\perp
p}\over T_{\parallel p}}\simeq 1.2$ -1.3, and are marginally unstable to the
mirror instability. For ICMEs with preceding shocks which are not MCs, plasma
depletion and mirror waves are also present but at a reduced level. ICMEs
without shocks are not associated with these features. The differences between
the three ICME categories imply that these features depend on the ICME geometry
and the extent of upstream solar wind compression by the ICMEs. We discuss the
implications of these features for a variety of crucial physical processes
including magnetic reconnection, formation of magnetic holes and energetic
particle modulation in the solar wind.


title: Power-law distribution in Japanese racetrack betting

abstract:
  Gambling is one of the basic economic activities that humans indulge in. An
investigation of gambling activities provides deep insights into the economic
actions of people and sheds lights on the study of econophysics. In this paper
we present an analysis of the distribution of the final odds of the races
organized by the Japan Racing Association. The distribution of the final odds
$P_o(x)$ indicates a clear power law $P_o(x)\propto 1/x$, where $x$ represents
the final odds. This power law can be explained on the basis of the assumption
that that every bettor bets his money on the horse that appears to be the
strongest in a race.