title:
New Stabilization of the Burnett Equations when Entropy Change to $Kn^0$
  Vanishes

abstract:
  We assume that to zero order in the Knudsen number the deviation of the
entropy from a background value vansishes. We then show that adding a
super-Burnett term we obtain a stable state of rest. The resulting equations
have the same form as the Burnett equations but with the value of some
coefficients changed. In particular the result applies to nonlinear acoustics.


title: The pulsing CPSD method for subcritical assemblies with pulsed sources

abstract:
  Stochastic neutron transport theory is applied to the derivation of the
two-neutron-detectors cross power spectral density for subcritical assemblies
when external pulsed sources are used. A general relationship between the
two-detector probability generating functions of the kernel and the source is
obtained considering the contribution to detectors statistics of both the
pulsed source and the intrinsic neutron source. An expansion in
alpha-eigenvalues is derived for the final solution, which permits to take into
account the effect of higher harmonics in subcritical systems. Further,
expressions corresponding to the fundamental mode approximation are compared
with recent results from experiments performed under the MUSE-4 European
research project.


title:
Anderson localization of solitons in optical lattices with random
  frequency modulation

abstract:
  We report on phenomenon of Anderson-type localization of walking solitons in
optical lattices with random frequency modulation, manifested as dramatic
enhancement of soliton trapping probability on lattice inhomogeneities with
growth of the frequency fluctuation level. The localization process is strongly
sensitive to the lattice depth since in shallow lattices walking solitons
experience random refraction and/or multiple scattering in contrast to
relatively deep lattices, where solitons are typically immobilized in the
vicinity of local minimums on modulation frequency.


title: Recent Experimental Tests of Special Relativity

abstract:
  We review our recent Michelson-Morley (MM) and Kennedy-Thorndike (KT)
experiment, which tests Lorentz invariance in the photon sector, and report
first results of our ongoing atomic clock test of Lorentz invariance in the
matter sector. The MM-KT experiment compares a cryogenic microwave resonator to
a hydrogen maser, and has set the most stringent limit on a number of
parameters in alternative theories to special relativity. We also report first
results of a test of Lorentz invariance in the SME (Standard Model Extension)
matter sector, using Zeeman transitions in a laser cooled Cs atomic fountain
clock. We describe the experiment together with the theoretical model and
analysis. Recent experimental results are presented and we give a first
estimate of components of the $\tilde{c}^p$ parameters of the SME matter
sector. A full analysis of systematic effects is still in progress, and will be
the subject of a future publication together with our final results. If
confirmed, the present limits would correspond to first ever measurements of
some $\tilde{c}^p$ components, and improvements by 11 and 14 orders of
magnitude on others.


title:
Is a Direct Numerical Simulation of Chaos or Turbulence Possible: A
  Study of a Model Non-Linearity

abstract:
  There are many subtle issues associated with solving the Navier-Stokes
equations. In this paper, several of these issues, which have been observed
previously in research involving the Navier-Stokes equations, are studied
within the framework of the one-dimensional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equation,
a model nonlinear partial-differential equation. This alternative approach is
expected to more easily expose major points and hopefully identify open
questions that are related to the Navier-Stokes equations. In particular, four
interesting issues are discussed. The first is related to the difficulty in
defining regions of linear stability and instability for a time-dependent
governing parameter; this is equivalent to a time-dependent base flow for the
Navier-Stokes equations. The next two issues are consequences of nonlinear
interactions. These include the evolution of the solution by exciting its
harmonics or sub-harmonics (Fourier components) simultaneously in the presence
of a constant or a time-dependent governing parameter; and the sensitivity of
the long-time solution to initial conditions. The final issue is concerned with
the lack of convergent numerical chaotic solutions, an issue that has not been
previously studied for the Navier-Stokes equations. The last two issues,
consequences of nonlinear interactions, are not commonly known. Conclusions and
questions uncovered by the numerical results are discussed. The reasons behind
each issue are provided with the expectation that they will stimulate interest
in further study.

categories: physics.flu-dyn math-ph math.DS math.MP math.NA nlin.CD


title: The Fundamental Diagram of Pedestrian Movement Revisited

abstract:
  The empirical relation between density and velocity of pedestrian movement is
not completely analyzed, particularly with regard to the `microscopic' causes
which determine the relation at medium and high densities. The simplest system
for the investigation of this dependency is the normal movement of pedestrians
along a line (single-file movement). This article presents experimental results
for this system under laboratory conditions and discusses the following
observations: The data show a linear relation between the velocity and the
inverse of the density, which can be regarded as the required length of one
pedestrian to move. Furthermore we compare the results for the single-file
movement with literature data for the movement in a plane. This comparison
shows an unexpected conformance between the fundamental diagrams, indicating
that lateral interference has negligible influence on the velocity-density
relation at the density domain $1 m^{-2}<\rho<5 m^{-2}$. In addition we test a
procedure for automatic recording of pedestrian flow characteristics. We
present preliminary results on measurement range and accuracy of this method.


title: How to observe 8B solar neutrinos in liquid scintillator detectors

abstract:
  We show that liquid organic scintillator detectors (e.g., KamLAND and
Borexino) can measure the 8B solar neutrino flux by means of the nu_e charged
current interaction with the 13C nuclei naturally contained in the
scintillators. The neutrino events can be identified by exploiting the time and
space coincidence with the subsequent decay of the produced 13N nuclei. We
perform a detailed analysis of the background in KamLAND, Borexino and in a
possible liquid scintillator detector at SNOLab, showing that the 8B solar
neutrino signal can be extracted with a reasonable uncertainty in a few years
of data taking. KamLAND should be able to extract about 18 solar neutrino
events from the already collected data. Prospects for gigantic scintillator
detectors (such as LENA) are also studied.


title:
Study of a self quenching streamer mode in pure gases of DME and
  isobutane

abstract:
  A self quenching streamer (SQS), or limited streamer mode has been studied in
single wire chambers with cross-sections 12x12 mm and wire diameters 15, 25 and
50 microns. Chambers were filled with either pure dimethyl ether (DME) or
isobutane gases and irradiated with Gd-148 alpha and Fe-55 x-ray sources. Clear
transitions from a proportional to 100% SQS mode were observed on all three
diameter wires with both gases irradiated with alpha particles. Double SQS
discharges due to inclined tracks observed in DME gas allowed an estimation of
a streamer size along the wire of less than 1 mm. The second SQS discharge
appears less than 1 mm from the first within about 500 ns. Charge spectra
obtained with DME irradiated with Fe-55 x-rays might also be interpreted as a
transition to a SQS mode, although no direct evidence of that was seen in the
observed pulse shapes.


title: Fundamental Physical Constants: Looking from Different Angles

abstract:
  We consider fundamental physical constants which are among a few of the most
important pieces of information we have learned about Nature after its
intensive centuries-long studies. We discuss their multifunctional role in
modern physics including problems related to the art of measurement, natural
and practical units, origin of the constants, their possible calculability and
variability etc.


title:
Gigantic transmission band edge resonance in periodic stacks of
  anisotropic layers

abstract:
  We consider Fabry-Perot cavity resonance in periodic stacks of anisotropic
layers with misaligned in-plane anisotropy at the frequency close to a photonic
band edge. We show that in-plane dielectric anisotropy can result in a dramatic
increase in field intensity and group delay associated with the transmission
resonance. The field enhancement appears to be proportional to forth degree of
the number N of layers in the stack. By contrast, in common periodic stacks of
isotropic layers, those effects are much weaker and proportional to N^2. Thus,
the anisotropy allows to drastically reduce the size of the resonance cavity
with similar performance. The key characteristic of the periodic arrays with
the gigantic transmission resonance is that the dispersion curve omega(k)at the
photonic band edge has the degenerate form Delta(omega) ~ Delta(k)^4, rather
than the regular form Delta(omega) ~ Delta(k)^2. This can be realized in
specially arranged stacks of misaligned anisotropic layers. The degenerate band
edge cavity resonance with similar outstanding properties can also be realized
in a waveguide environment, as well as in a linear array of coupled multimode
resonators, provided that certain symmetry conditions are in place.


title: Concave and Convex photonic Barriers in Gradient Optics

abstract:
  Propagation and tunneling of light through photonic barriers formed by thin
dielectric films with continuous curvilinear distributions of dielectric
susceptibility across the film, are considered. Giant heterogeneity-induced
dispersion of these films, both convex and concave, and its influence on their
reflectivity and transmittivity are visualized by means of exact analytical
solutions of Maxwell equations. Depending on the cut-off frequency of the film,
governed by the spatial profile of its refractive index, propagation or
tunneling of light through such barriers are examined. Subject to the shape of
refractive index profile the group velocities of EM waves in these films are
shown to be either increased or deccreased as compared with the homogeneous
layers; however, these velocities for both propagation and tunneling regimes
remain subluminal. The decisive influence of gradient and curvature of photonic
barriers on the efficiency of tunneling is examined by means of generalized
Fresnel formulae. Saturation of the phase of the wave tunneling through a stack
of such films (Hartman effect), is demonstrated. The evanescent modes in lossy
barriers and violation of Hartman effect in this case is discussed.


title: Workload analysis of a cluster in a grid environment

abstract:
  With Grids, we are able to share computing resources and to provide for
scientific communities a global trans-parent access to local facilities. In
such an environment the problems of fair resource sharing and best usage arise.
In this paper, the analysis of the LPC cluster usage (Clermont-Ferrand, France)
in the EGEE Grid environment is done, and from the results a model for job
arrival is proposed


title: Quaternions in molecular modeling

abstract:
  Quaternions are an important tool to describe the orientation of a molecule.
This paper considers the use of quaternions in matching two conformations of a
molecule, in interpolating rotations, in performing statistics on orientational
data, in the random sampling of rotations, and in establishing grids in
orientation space. These examples show that many of the rotational problems
that arise in molecular modeling may be handled simply and efficiently using
quaternions.


title:
Analysis of radiation-pressure induced mechanical oscillation of an
  optical microcavity

abstract:
  The theoretical work of V.B. Braginsky predicted that radiation pressure can
couple the mechanical, mirror-eigenmodes of a Fabry-Perot resonator to it's
optical modes, leading to a parametric oscillation instability. This regime is
characterized by regenerative mechanical oscillation of the mechanical mirror
eigenmodes. We have recently observed the excitation of mechanical modes in an
ultra-high-Q optical microcavity. Here, we present a detailed experimental
analysis of this effect and demonstrate that radiation pressure is the
excitation mechanism of the observed mechanical oscillations.


title:
Optimal molecular alignment and orientation through rotational ladder
  climbing

abstract:
  We study the control by electromagnetic fields of molecular alignment and
orientation, in a linear, rigid rotor model. With the help of a monotonically
convergent algorithm, we find that the optimal field is in the microwave part
of the spectrum and acts by resonantly exciting the rotation of the molecule
progressively from the ground state, i.e., by rotational ladder climbing. This
mechanism is present not only when maximizing orientation or alignment, but
also when using prescribed target states that simultaneously optimize the
efficiency of orientation/alignment and its duration. The extension of the
optimization method to consider a finite rotational temperature is also
presented.


title:
The Paradoxical Forces for the Classical Electromagnetic Lag Associated
  with the Aharonov-Bohm Phase Shift

abstract:
  The classical electromagnetic lag assocated with the Aharonov-Bohm phase
shift is obtained by using a Darwin-Lagrangian analysis similar to that given
by Coleman and Van Vleck to identify the puzzling forces of the Shockley-James
paradox. The classical forces cause changes in particle velocities and so
produce a relative lag leading to the same phase shift as predicted by Aharonov
and Bohm and observed in experiments. An experiment is proposed to test for
this lag aspect implied by the classical analysis but not present in the
currently-accepted quantum topological description of the phase shift.


title:
Darwin-Lagrangian Analysis for the Interaction of a Point Charge and a
  Magnet: Considerations Related to the Controversy Regarding the Aharonov-Bohm
  and Aharonov-Casher Phase Shifts

abstract:
  The classical electromagnetic interaction of a point charge and a magnet is
discussed by first calculating the interaction of point charge with a simple
model magnetic moment and then suggesting a multiparticle limit. The Darwin
Lagrangian is used to analyze the electromagnetic behavior of the model
magnetic moment (composed of two oppositely charged particles of different mass
in an initially circular orbit) interacting with a passing point charge. The
changing mangetic moment is found to put a force back on a passing charge; this
force is of order 1/c^2 and depends upon the magnitude of the magnetic moment.
It is suggested that in the limit of a multiparticle magnetic toroid, the
electric fields of the passing charge are screened out of the body of the
magnet while the magnetic fields penetrate into the magnet. This is consistent
with our understanding of the penetration of electromagnetic velocity fields
into ohmic conductors. Conservation laws are discussed. The work corresponds to
a classical electromagnetic analysis of the interaction which is basic to
understanding the controversy over the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher phase
shifts and represents a refutation of the suggestions of Aharonov, Pearle, and
Vaidman.


title:
Determination of Wave Function Functionals: The
  Constrained-Search--Variational Method

abstract:
  In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{93}, 130401 (2004)], we proposed
the idea of expanding the space of variations in variational calculations of
the energy by considering the approximate wave function $\psi$ to be a
functional of functions $ \chi: \psi = \psi[\chi]$ rather than a function. The
space of variations is expanded because a search over the functions $\chi$ can
in principle lead to the true wave function. As the space of such variations is
large, we proposed the constrained-search-- variational method whereby a
constrained search is first performed over all functions $\chi$ such that the
wave function functional $\psi[\chi]$ satisfies a physical constraint such as
normalization or the Fermi-Coulomb hole sum rule, or leads to the known value
of an observable such as the diamagnetic susceptibility, nuclear magnetic
constant or Fermi contact term. A rigorous upper bound to the energy is then
obtained by application of the variational principle. A key attribute of the
method is that the wave function functional is accurate throughout space, in
contrast to the standard variational method for which the wave function is
accurate only in those regions of space contributing principally to the energy.
In this paper we generalize the equations of the method to the determination of
arbitrary Hermitian single-particle operators as applied to two-electron atomic
and ionic systems. The description is general and applicable to both ground and
excited states. A discussion on excited states in conjunction with the theorem
of Theophilou is provided.


title:
Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs): Likely New Class of
  Source of Cosmic Particle Acceleration

abstract:
  It is known that spinning pulsars could be source of VHE-UHE cosmic particle
acceleration. It is also conjectured that (fictitious) spinning Black Holes
(BH) could be sites of cosmic particle acceleration. However, it has been shown
by Mitra and Leiter and Robertson that General Relativity (GR) actually does
not allow the existence or formation of finite mass BHs. It was predicted that
the BH Candiadates (BHCs) have strong intrinsic magnetic fields (like pulsars)
instead of Event Horizons. And this prediction has tentatively been verified in
a series of papers by Robertson & Leiter. Thus all observed BH Candidates are
actually not BHs, and, they are expected to be MECOs. Stellar mass MECOs are GR
analogs of conventionally known isolated pulsars. While pulsars are/have (i)
COLD, i.e., not supported by radiation pressure, MECOs are HOT, i.e., supported
primarily by trapped radiation pressure, (ii) upper mass limit of 3-4 Msolar
MECOs, being HOT, have no Upper Mass Limit, (iii) surface gravitational red
shift, z ~ 0.1 -0.2, MECOs have z >> 1 so that photons can remain almost
permanently trapped inside them, (iv) magnetic field B <10^{13} G, for MECOs
the local value of B >> 10^{13} G. It may be recalled that isolated (non-
accreting) uncharged BHs are cold and dead objects without any physical
activity. On the other hand, isolated spinning MECOs are like extreme GR
pulsars.


title:
Why two formulas for the electric field intensity and the magnetic
  induction created by a uniformly moving point charge?

abstract:
  A derivation of the electric field intensity and of the magnetic induction
generated by a uniformly moving point charge is presented. The derivation is in
accordance with the fact that the electric and magnetic fields of moving charge
are propagating from the charge with speed $c$ in empty space. The derivation
is tailored for a special audience who knows the transformation of space, time
and fields and Coulomb's law in the rest frame of the point charge. It avoids
the use of Maxwell's equations and the concept of retarded potential.


title: Spatial Resolution Studies with a GEM-TPC in High Magnetic Fields

abstract:
  A large volume Time Projection Chamber (TPC) has been proposed as main
tracking device at the International Linear Collider (ILC). Gas electron
multipliers (GEMs) are studied as potential replacement of the conventional
wire based gas amplification system of TPCs. This talk presents recent results
from R&D activities with a small GEM-TPC prototype. The spatial resolution was
measured for different magnetic fields up to 4 T.


title:
The correlation energy as an explicit functional of the one-particle
  density matrix from a determinantal reference state

abstract:
  Using an approach based on many body perturbation theory, the correlation
energy $\cEco$ is expressed as an explicit functional of $\rho_1$, $v$, and
$v_s$, where $\rho_1$ is the one-particle density matrix from the
noninteracting, or reference, determinantal-state; $v$ is the external
potential from the interacting, or target, state; $v_s$ is the (kernel of the)
external potential from the noninteracting determinantal-state. In other words
we have $\cEco[\rho_1,v,v_s]$. Anther possibility is the following explicit
functional: $\cEco[\rho_1,v_{\text{co}},v_s]$, where $v_{\text{co}}$ is the
(kernel of the) correlation potential from the noninteracting Hamiltonian. The
proposed method can, in principle, be used to compute $\cEco$ in a very
accurate and efficient manner, since, like the Kohn--Sham approach, there are
no virtual orbitals to consider. However, in contrast to the Kohn--Sham
approach, $\cEco$ is a known, explicit functional that can be approximated in a
systematic manner. For simplicity, we only consider noninteracting closed-shell
states and target states that are nondegenerate, singlet ground-states; so, in
that case, $\rho_1$ denotes the spin-less one-particle density matrix from the
determinantal reference state.


title:
Attosecond electron thermalization by laser-driven electron recollision
  in atoms

abstract:
  Nonsequential multiple ionization of atoms in intense laser fields is
initiated by a recollision between an electron, freed by tunneling, and its
parent ion. Following recollision, the initial electron shares its energy with
several bound electrons. We use a classical model based on rapid electron
thermalization to interpret recent experiments. For neon, good agreement with
the available data is obtained with an upper bound of 460 attoseconds for the
thermalization time.


title:
Genetic algorithms for the numerical solution of variational problems
  without analytic trial functions

abstract:
  A coding of functions that allows a genetic algorithm to minimize functionals
without analytic trial functions is presented and implemented for solving
numerically some instances of variational problems from physics.


title: Basics of Modelling the Pedestrian Flow

abstract:
  For the modelling of pedestrian dynamics we treat persons as self-driven
objects moving in a continuous space. On the basis of a modified social force
model we qualitatively analyze the influence of various approaches for the
interaction between the pedestrians on the resulting velocity-density relation.
To focus on the role of the required space and remote force we choose a
one-dimensional model for this investigation. For those densities, where in two
dimensions also passing is no longer possible and the mean value of the
velocity depends primarily on the interaction, we obtain the following result:
If the model increases the required space of a person with increasing current
velocity, the reproduction of the typical form of the fundamental diagram is
possible. Furthermore we demonstrate the influence of the remote force on the
velocity-density relation.


title: Comment on Proof that the Hydrogen-Antihydrogen Molecule is Unstable

abstract:
  A recent claim that molecule H-antiH is unstable cannot be a proof as it is
based on a wrong conjecture. This is illustrated with 4 examples, including
observed natural hydrogen-antihydrogen oscillations never detected previously.


title:
Analysis of the Actual Scientific Inquiries of Physicists I -- Focused
  on research motivation

abstract:
  This study was investigated to understand the in-depth features and processes
of physicists' scientific inquiries. At first, research motives were
investigated by interviewing six physicists who were prominent worldwide. As a
result, three main types - incompleteness, discovery, and conflict - and nine
subtypes of research motivation, were identified. Six additional background
factors were found which might affect the design and start of research. Based
on these findings, implications for teaching scientific inquiries to students
were discussed.


title:
Geodynamo and mantle convection simulations on the Earth Simulator using
  the Yin-Yang grid

abstract:
  We have developed finite difference codes based on the Yin-Yang grid for the
geodynamo simulation and the mantle convection simulation. The Yin-Yang grid is
a kind of spherical overset grid that is composed of two identical component
grids. The intrinsic simplicity of the mesh configuration of the Yin-Yang grid
enables us to develop highly optimized simulation codes on massively parallel
supercomputers. The Yin-Yang geodynamo code has achieved 15.2 Tflops with 4096
processors on the Earth Simulator. This represents 46% of the theoretical peak
performance. The Yin-Yang mantle code has enabled us to carry out mantle
convection simulations in realistic regimes with a Rayleigh number of $10^7$
including strongly temperature-dependent viscosity with spatial contrast up to
$10^6$.


title: Ion Chamber Arrays for the Numi Beam at Fermilab

abstract:
  The Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beamline will deliver an intense
muon neutrino beam by focusing a beam of mesons into a long evacuated decay
volume. We have built 4 arrays of ionization chambers to monitor the neutrino
beam direction and quality. The arrays are located at 4 stations downstream of
the decay volume, and measure the remnant hadron beam and tertiary muons
produced along with neutrinos in meson decays.


title: Segmented Foil SEM Grids at Fermilab

abstract:
  We present recent beam data from a new design of a profile monitor for proton
beams at Fermilab. The monitors, consisting of grids of segmented Ti foils
5micrometers thick, are secondary-electron emission monitors (SEM's). We review
data on the device's precision on beam centroid position, beam width, and on
beam loss associated with the SEM material placed in the beam.


title:
Bead, Hoop, and Spring as a Classical Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
  Problem

abstract:
  We describe a simple mechanical system that involves Spontaneous Symmetry
Breaking. The system consists of two beads constrained to slide along a hoop
and attached each other through a spring. When the hoop rotates about a fixed
axis, the spring-beads system will change its equilibrium position as a
function of the angular velocity. The system shows two different regions of
symmetry separated by a critical point analogous to a second order transition.
The competitive balance between the rotational diynamics and the interaction of
the spring causes an Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking just as the balance between
temperature and the spin interaction causes a transition in a ferromagnetic
system. In addition, the gravitational potential act as an external force that
causes explicit symmetry breaking and a feature of first-order transition. Near
the transition point, the system exhibits a universal critical behavior where
the changes of the parameter of order is described by the critical exponent
beta =1/2 and the susceptibility by gamma =1. We also found a chaotic behavior
near the critical point. Through a demostrative device we perform some
qualitative observations that describe important features of the system.


title:
Non-magnetic nano-composites for optical and infrared negative
  refraction index media

abstract:
  We develop an approach to use nanostructured plasmonic materials as a
non-magnetic negative-refractive index system at optical and near-infrared
frequencies. In contrast to conventional negative refraction materials, our
design does not require periodicity and thus is highly tolerant to fabrication
defects. Moreover, since the proposed materials are intrinsically non-magnetic,
their performance is not limited to proximity of a resonance so that the
resulting structure has relatively low loss. We develop the analytical
description of the relevant electromagnetic phenomena and justify our analytic
results via numerical solutions of Maxwell equations.


title: Frequency Scanned Interferometry for ILC Tracker Alignment

abstract:
  In this paper, we report high-precision absolute distance and vibration
measurements performed with frequency scanned interferometry using a pair of
single-mode optical fibers. Absolute distance was determined by counting the
interference fringes produced while scanning the laser frequency. A
high-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer was used to determine frequency changes
during scanning. Two multiple-distance-measurement analysis techniques were
developed to improve distance precision and to extract the amplitude and
frequency of vibrations. Under laboratory conditions, measurement precision of
about 50 nm was achieved for absolute distances ranging from 0.1 meters to 0.7
meters by using the first multiple-distance-measurement technique. The second
analysis technique has the capability to measure vibration frequencies ranging
from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz with amplitude as small as a few nanometers, without a
priori knowledge. A possible optical alignment system for a silicon tracker is
also presented.


title: Impact of Tracker Design on Higgs and Slepton Measurements

abstract:
  We have studied the impact of charged track resolution on Higgs mass and
production cross section measurement in the process $e^+e^- \to Z^0 H, Z^0 \to
\ell^+\ell^-, H \to X$ for Higgs masses between 120 and 160 GeV, and on smuon
mass measurement using smuon pair production for three different mass pairs,
assuming the International Linear Collider(ILC) is operated at 500 GeV center
of mass energies (CME) with integrated luminosities of 500 $fb^{-1}$. The
effect of initial state radiation (ISR), beamstrahlung and beam energy spread
on Higgs and smuon mass measurement are also estimated. Using fast Monte Carlo
simulations of the 2001 North American baseline detector designs (LD and SD),
we find that the ISR and beamstrahlung have significant impact on Higgs and
smuon mass measurement; Charged track momentum resolution affect Higgs mass
significantly with better track performance yielding better Higgs mass
resolution and precision for the track momentum resolution improvement up to a
factor of about 5; Track momentum resolution has little effect on the
measurement precision of the Higgsstrahlung cross section, the branching ratio
of $H \to C\bar{C}$, the smuon and neutralino masses; Beam energy spread better
than about 0.2% has little effect on Higgs, smuon and neutralino masses; The SD
detector provides a more accurate measurement than the LD of the Higgs mass.


title:
Storage and retrieval of light pulses in atomic media with "slow" and
  "fast" light

abstract:
  We present experimental evidence that light storage, i.e. the controlled
release of a light pulse by an atomic sample dependent on the past presence of
a writing pulse, is not restricted to small group velocity media but can also
occur in a negative group velocity medium. A simple physical picture applicable
to both cases and previous light storage experiments is discussed.


title: Adaptive Aperture Defocused Digital Speckle Photography

abstract:
  Speckle photography can be used to monitor deformations of solid surfaces.
The measuring characteristics, such as range or lateral resolution depend
heavily on the optical recording and illumination set-up. This paper shows how,
by the addition of two suitably perforated masks, the optical aperture of the
system may vary from point to point, accordingly adapting the range and
resolution to local requirements. Furthermore, by illuminating narrow areas,
speckle size can be chosen independently from the optical aperture, thus
lifting an important constraint on its choice. The new technique in described
within the framework of digital defocused speckle photography under normal
collimated illumination. Mutually limiting relations between range of
measurement and spatial frequency resolution turn up both locally and when the
whole surface under study is considered. They are deduced and discussed in
detail.


title:
An Optimal Angle of Launching a Point Mass in a Medium with Quadratic
  Drag Force

abstract:
  A classic problem of the motion of a point mass (projectile) thrown at an
angle to the horizon is reviewed. The air drag force is taken into account with
the drag factor assumed to be constant. Analytic approach is used for
investigation. The problem of finding an optimal angle of launching a point
mass in a medium with quadratic drag force is considered. An equation for
determining a value of this angle is obtained. After finding the optimal angle
of launching, eight main parameters of the point mass motion are analytically
determined. These parameters are used to construct analytically six main
functional relationships of the problem. Simple analytic formulas are used to
solve two problems of optimization aimed to maximize the flight range of a
point mass and minimize the initial speed of the point mass for getting to the
given point on the plane. The motion of a baseball is presented as an example.


title:
Electron/Pion Identification with ALICE TRD Prototypes using a Neural
  Network Algorithm

abstract:
  We study the electron/pion identification performance of the ALICE Transition
Radiation Detector (TRD) prototypes using a neural network (NN) algorithm.
Measurements were carried out for particle momenta from 2 to 6 GeV/c. An
improvement in pion rejection by about a factor of 3 is obtained with NN
compared to standard likelihood methods.


title: The gauge non-invariance of Classical Electromagnetism

abstract:
  "Physical theories of fundamental significance tend to be gauge theories.
These are theories in which the physical system being dealt with is described
by more variables than there are physically independent degree of freedom. The
physically meaningful degrees of freedom then reemerge as being those invariant
under a transformation connecting the variables (gauge transformation). Thus,
one introduces extra variables to make the description more transparent and
brings in at the same time a gauge symmetry to extract the physically relevant
content. It is a remarkable occurrence that the road to progress has invariably
been towards enlarging the number of variables and introducing a more powerful
symmetry rather than conversely aiming at reducing the number of variables and
eliminating the symmetry" [1]. We claim that the potentials of Classical
Electromagnetism are not indetermined with respect to the so-called gauge
transformations. Indeed, these transformations raise paradoxes that imply their
rejection. Nevertheless, the potentials are still indetermined up to a
constant.


title: Efficient routing on scale-free networks based on local information

abstract:
  In this letter, we propose a new routing strategy with a single free
parameter $\alpha$ only based on local information of network topology. In
order to maximize the packets handling capacity of underlying structure that
can be measured by the critical point of continuous phase transition from free
flow to congestion, the optimal value of $\alpha$ is sought out. By
investigating the distributions of queue length on each node in free state, we
give an explanation why the delivering capacity of the network can be enhanced
by choosing the optimal $\alpha$. Furthermore, dynamic properties right after
the critical point are also studied. Interestingly, it is found that although
the system enters the congestion state, it still possesses partial delivering
capability which do not depend on $\alpha$. This phenomenon suggests that the
capacity of the network can be enhanced by increasing the forwarding ability of
small important nodes which bear severe congestion.


title: A unified model for the long and high jump

abstract:
  A simple model based on the maximum energy that an athlete can produce in a
small time interval is used to describe the high and long jump. Conservation of
angular momentum is used to explain why an athlete should run horizontally to
perform a vertical jump. Our results agree with world records.


title:
Relating the dynamics of road traffic in a stochastic cellular automaton
  to a macroscopic first-order model

abstract:
  In this paper, we describe a relation between a microscopic traffic cellular
automaton (TCA) model (i.e., the stochastic TCA model of Nagel and
Schreckenberg) and the macroscopic first-order hydrodynamic model of Lighthill,
Whitham, and Richards (LWR). The innovative aspect of our approach, is that we
explicitly derive the LWR's fundamental diagram directly from the STCA's rule
set, by assuming a stationarity condition that converts the STCA's rules into a
set of linear inequalities. In turn, these constraints define the shape of the
fundamental diagram, which is then specified to the LWR model. Application of
our methodology to a simulation case study, allows us to compare the
tempo-spatial behavior of both models. Our results indicate that, in the
presence of noise, the capacity flows in the derived fundamental diagram are
overestimations of those of the STCA model. Directly specifying the STCA's
capacity flows to the LWR fundamental diagram, effectively remedies most of the
mismatches between both approaches. Our methodology sees the STCA complementary
to the LWR model and vice versa, so the results can be of great assistance when
interpreting the traffic dynamics in both models. Especially appealing, is the
fact that the STCA can visualize the higher-order characteristics of traffic
stream dynamics, e.g., the fans of rarefaction waves.


title: Frequent Errors in Special Relativity

abstract:
  Some reasons are given to suggest that the interpretation of the Lorentz'
transformations as if they referred to coordinates instead of to intervals
could be incorrect. Besides, the usual form of such transformations, by using
variables that represent finite values instead of differentials, could be
another error. Later it is shown that the Lorentz contraction factor must not
have the form currently accepted for it if the Lorentz contraction factor is
assumed to be equal to the quotient between time differentials.


title:
An inferential analysis of the effect of activity based physics
  instruction on the persistent misconceptions of lecture students

abstract:
  Studies indicate that pre-existing misconceptions negatively impact the
effectiveness of traditional physics education. Research has also shown that
activity based instruction improves posttest scores on conceptual evaluations.
However, the specific effect of activity based instruction on students who have
pre-existing misconceptions that lecture instruction fails to remove is an
important but unanswered question due to the impossibility of instructing a
given student by two different methods. In this paper pre and posttest Force
and Motion Conceptual Evaluation results are characterized in terms of wrong to
same wrong, wrong to different wrong, wrong to right, etc., and a method of
inferring the effect of activity based instruction on a lecture student using
the right to wrong responses is presented. Results indicate that a wrong to
same wrong response by a lecture student would be more likely to be converted
to a wrong to right by activity based instruction than would be a wrong to
different wrong response. This result is consistent with cognitive conflict as
an aid to learning in activity based classes.


title: Singularity dynamics: Action and Reaction

abstract:
  The interaction between singular and regular fields is considered for
Lorentz-invariant scalar and vector wave equations. The singular field is
generated by a Dirac source term. Its dynamics are deduced from the total field
Lagrangian. At non-relativistic speeds, the resulting equations of motion are
those of a mass in a scalar potential. Using this method we deduce the
relationship between source amplitude (scalar gravitational mass) and dynamic
mass (inertial mass). Generalising this method implies Lorentz forces for
charge singularities in the electromagnetic field and describes the dynamics
and interaction of hypothetical magnetic monopoles.


title:
Improved all-order results for the one-loop QED correction to the
  hyperfine structure in light H-like atoms

abstract:
  A calculation of the one-loop self-energy and vacuum-polarization corrections
to the hyperfine splitting of the 1s and 2s states in light H-like ions is
carried out to all orders in the parameter Z \alpha. Using the known values for
the Z \alpha-expansion coefficients, the numerical data obtained are
extrapolated from Z=5 and higher to Z=0, 1, and 2, with the resulting accuracy
being significantly better than in previous evaluations. Our calculation shifts
the theoretical value of the normalized difference of the 1s and 2s
hyperfine-structure intervals in ^3He^+ by 0.056 kHz and improves its accuracy.


title:
A Wave Interpretation of the Compton Effect As a Further Demonstration
  of the Postulates of de Broglie

abstract:
  The Compton effect is commonly cited as a demonstration of the particle
feature of light, while the wave nature of matter has been proposed by de
Broglie and demonstrated by Davisson and Germer with the Bragg diffraction of
electron beams. In this investigation, we present an entirely different
interpretation of the Compton effect based on the postulates of de Broglie and
on an interaction between electromagnetic and matter waves. The speeds of
interacting electrons in the Compton scattering are quite fast and its
mechanism relies heavily on the mass variation. Thus, based on this wave
interpretation, the Compton effect can be viewed as a further demonstration of
the postulates of de Broglie for high-speed particles. In addition to the
scattered wave, a direct radiation depending on the mass variation is
predicted, which provides a means to test the wave interpretation.


title:
Four-photon interference: a realizable experiment to demonstrate
  violation of EPR postulates for perfect correlations

abstract:
  Bell's theorem reveals contradictions between the predictions of quantum
mechanics and the EPR postulates for a pair of particles only in situations
involving imperfect statistical correlations. However, with three or more
particles, contradictions emerge even for perfect correlations. We describe an
experiment which can be realized in the laboratory, using four-photon entangled
states generated by parametric down-conversion, to demonstrate this
contradiction at the level of perfect correlations.


title: From old wars to new wars and global terrorism

abstract:
  Even before 9/11 there were claims that the nature of war had changed
fundamentally. The 9/11 attacks created an urgent need to understand
contemporary wars and their relationship to older conventional and terrorist
wars, both of which exhibit remarkable regularities. The frequency-intensity
distribution of fatalities in "old wars", 1816-1980, is a power-law with
exponent 1.80. Global terrorist attacks, 1968-present, also follow a power-law
with exponent 1.71 for G7 countries and 2.5 for non-G7 countries. Here we
analyze two ongoing, high-profile wars on opposite sides of the globe -
Colombia and Iraq. Our analysis uses our own unique dataset for killings and
injuries in Colombia, plus publicly available data for civilians killed in
Iraq. We show strong evidence for power-law behavior within each war. Despite
substantial differences in contexts and data coverage, the power-law
coefficients for both wars are tending toward 2.5, which is a value
characteristic of non-G7 terrorism as opposed to old wars. We propose a
plausible yet analytically-solvable model of modern insurgent warfare, which
can explain these observations.


title:
Relativistic Temperature Transformation Revisited, One hundred years
  after Relativity Theory

abstract:
  An attempt has been made to find a consistent and logical form for
relativistic temperature transformation. Other works in this area have been
discussed. Our approach is based on the kinetic theory of ideal gases.


title: Laser-cluster interaction: x-ray production by short laser pulses

abstract:
  We investigate the heating of the quasi-free electrons in large rare gas
clusters (N exceeding 10^5 atoms) by short laser pulses at moderate intensities
(I~10^{15} Wcm^{-2}). We identify elastic large-angle backscattering of
electrons at ionic cores in the presence of a laser field as an efficient
heating mechanism resembling the Fermi shuttle. Its efficiency as well as the
effect of collective electron motion, electron-impact ionization and cluster
charging, are studied employing a mean-field classical transport simulation.
Results for the absolute x-ray yields are in surprisingly good quantitative
agreement with recent experimental results.


title:
Mesoscopic Multi-Particle Collision Dynamics of Reaction-Diffusion
  Fronts

abstract:
  A mesoscopic multi-particle collision model for fluid dynamics is generalized
to incorporate the chemical reactions among species that may diffuse at
different rates. This generalization provides a means to simulate
reaction-diffusion dynamics of complex reactive systems. The method is
illustrated by a study of cubic autocatalytic fronts. The mesoscopic scheme is
able to reproduce the results of reaction-diffusion descriptions under
conditions where the mean field equations are valid. The model is also able to
incorporate the effects of molecular fluctuations on the reactive dynamics.


title: Introduction to statistical physics of media processes: Mediaphysics

abstract:
  Processes of mass communications in complicated social or sociobiological
systems such as marketing, economics, politics, animal populations, etc. as a
subject for the special scientific discipline - "mediaphysics" - are considered
in its relation with sociophysics. A new statistical physics approach to
analyze these phenomena is proposed. A keystone of the approach is an analysis
of population distribution between two or many alternatives: brands, political
affiliations, or opinions. Relative distances between a state of a "person's
mind" and the alternatives are measures of propensity to buy (to affiliate, or
to have a certain opinion). The distribution of population by those relative
distances is time dependent and affected by external (economic, social,
marketing, natural) and internal (mean-field influential propagation of
opinions, synergy effects, etc.) factors, considered as fields. Specifically,
the interaction and opinion-influence field can be generalized to incorporate
important elements of Ising-spin based sociophysical models and
kinetic-equation ones. The distributions were described by a Schrodinger-type
equation in terms of Green's functions. The developed approach has been applied
to a real mass-media efficiency problem for a large company and generally
demonstrated very good results despite low initial correlations of factors and
the target variable.


title: Kaluza-Klein 5D Ideas Made Fully Geometric

abstract:
  After the 1916 success of General relativity that explained gravity by adding
time as a fourth dimension, physicists have been trying to explain other
physical fields by adding extra dimensions. In 1921, Kaluza and Klein has shown
that under certain conditions like cylindricity ($\partial g_{ij}/\partial
x^5=0$), the addition of the 5th dimension can explain the electromagnetic
field. The problem with this approach is that while the model itself is
geometric, conditions like cylindricity are not geometric. This problem was
partly solved by Einstein and Bergman who proposed, in their 1938 paper, that
the 5th dimension is compactified into a small circle $S^1$ so that in the
resulting cylindric 5D space-time $R^4\times S^1$ the dependence on $x^5$ is
not macroscopically noticeable. We show that if, in all definitions of vectors,
tensors, etc., we replace $R^4$ with $R^4\times S^1$, then conditions like
cylindricity automatically follow -- i.e., these conditions become fully
geometric.


title:
Axiomatics of classical electrodynamics and its relation to gauge field
  theory

abstract:
  We give a concise axiomatic introduction into the fundamental structure of
classical electrodynamics: It is based on electric charge conservation, the
Lorentz force, magnetic flux conservation, and the existence of local and
linear constitutive relations. The {\it inhomogeneous} Maxwell equations,
expressed in terms of $D^i$ and $H_i$, turn out to be a consequence of electric
charge conservation, whereas the {\it homogeneous} Maxwell equations, expressed
in terms of $E_i$ and $B^i$, are derived from magnetic flux conservation and
special relativity theory. The excitations $D^i$ and $H_i$, by means of
constitutive relations, are linked to the field strengths $E_i$ and $B^i$.
Eventually, we point out how this axiomatic approach is related to the
framework of gauge field theory.


title: Non-destructive study of non-equilibrium states of cold, trapped atoms

abstract:
  Highly sensitive, non-destructive, real-time spectroscopic determination of
the 2D kinetic momentum distribution of a cold-atom sample is performed with
the three-beam measurement of the recoil-induced resonances. The measurements
performed with an operating magneto-optical trap reveal slow velocity drifts
within a stationary atomic cloud and strong anisotropy and asymmetry of the
non-Maxwellian momentum distribution. The developed method can be easily
extended to 3D.


title:
Dynamic and Stagnating Plasma Flow Leading to Magnetic Flux Tube
  Collimation

abstract:
  Highly collimated, plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes are frequently observed
on galactic, stellar and laboratory scales. We propose that a single, universal
magnetohydrodynamic pumping process explains why such collimated, plasma-filled
magnetic flux tubes are ubiquitous. Experimental evidence from carefully
diagnosed laboratory simulations of astrophysical jets confirms this assertion
and is reported here. The magnetohydrodynamic process pumps plasma into a
magnetic flux tube and the stagnation of the resulting flow causes this flux
tube to become collimated.


title:
TaylUR, an arbitrary-order diagonal automatic differentiation package
  for Fortran 95

abstract:
  We present TaylUR, a Fortran 95 module to automatically compute the numerical
values of a complex-valued function's derivatives w.r.t. several variables up
to an arbitrary order in each variable, but excluding mixed derivatives.
Arithmetic operators and Fortran intrinsics are overloaded to act correctly on
objects of defined type "taylor", which encodes a function along with its first
few derivatives w.r.t. the user-defined independent variables. Derivatives of
products and composite functions are computed using Leibniz's rule and Faa di
Bruno's formula. TaylUR makes heavy use of operator overloading and other
object-oriented Fortran 95 features.


title: Dressed coordinates: the path-integrals approach

abstract:
  The recent introduced \textit{dressed coordinates} are studied in the
path-integral approach. These coordinates are defined in the context of a
harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to massless scalar field and, it is shown
that in this model the dressed coordinates appear as a coordinate
transformation preserving the path-integral functional measure. The analysis
also generalizes the \textit{sum rules} established in a previous work.


title:
Impact of Investor's Varying Risk Aversion on the Dynamics of Asset
  Price Fluctuations

abstract:
  While the investors' responses to price changes and their price forecasts are
well accepted major factors contributing to large price fluctuations in
financial markets, our study shows that investors' heterogeneous and dynamic
risk aversion (DRA) preferences may play a more critical role in the dynamics
of asset price fluctuations. We propose and study a model of an artificial
stock market consisting of heterogeneous agents with DRA, and we find that DRA
is the main driving force for excess price fluctuations and the associated
volatility clustering. We employ a popular power utility function,
$U(c,\gamma)=\frac{c^{1-\gamma}-1}{1-\gamma}$ with agent specific and
time-dependent risk aversion index, $\gamma_i(t)$, and we derive an approximate
formula for the demand function and aggregate price setting equation. The
dynamics of each agent's risk aversion index, $\gamma_i(t)$ (i=1,2,...,N), is
modeled by a bounded random walk with a constant variance $\delta^2$. We show
numerically that our model reproduces most of the ``stylized'' facts observed
in the real data, suggesting that dynamic risk aversion is a key mechanism for
the emergence of these stylized facts.


title:
A promising method for the measurement of the local acceleration of
  gravity using Bloch oscillations of ultracold atoms in a vertical standing
  wave

abstract:
  An obvious determination of the acceleration of gravity g can be deduced from
the measurement of the velocity of falling atoms using a pi-pi pulses sequence
of stimulated Raman transitions. By using a vertical standing wave to hold
atoms against gravity, we expect to improve the relative accuracy by increasing
the upholding time in the gravity field and to minimize the systematic errors
induced by inhomogeneous fields, owing to the very small spatial amplitude of
the atomic center-of-mass wavepacket periodic motion. We also propose to use
such an experimental setup nearby a Watt balance. By exploiting the g/h (h is
the Planck constant) dependence of the Bloch frequency, this should provide a
way to link a macroscopic mass to an atomic mass.


title: Generation and Propagation of Nonlinear Waves in Travelling Wave Tubes

abstract:
  The generation and evolution of nonlinear waves in microwave amplifiers such
as travelling wave tubes, free electron lasers and klystrons have been studied.
The analysis is based on the hydrodynamic and field equations for the
self-consistent evolution of the beam density distribution, the current
velocity and the electromagnetic fields. A system of coupled nonlinear
Schr\"{o}dinger equations for the slowly varying amplitudes of interacting
beam-density waves has been derived. Under the approximation of an isolated
mode neglecting the effect of the rest of the modes, this system reduces to a
single nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation for that particular mode.


title: Complete two-loop correction to the bound-electron g factor

abstract:
  Within a systematic approach based on the dimensionally regularized
nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics, we derive the complete result for the
two-loop correction to order $(\alpha/\pi)^2 (Z \alpha)^4$ for the $g$ factor
of an electron bound in an $nS$ state of a hydrogenlike ion. The results
obtained significantly improve the accuracy of the theoretical predictions for
the hydrogenlike carbon and oxygen ions and influence the value of the electron
mass inferred from $g$ factor measurements.


title: A double junction model of irradiated silicon pixel sensors for LHC

abstract:
  In this paper we discuss the measurement of charge collection in irradiated
silicon pixel sensors and the comparison with a detailed simulation. The
simulation implements a model of radiation damage by including two defect
levels with opposite charge states and trapping of charge carriers. The
modeling proves that a doubly peaked electric field generated by the two defect
levels is necessary to describe the data and excludes a description based on
acceptor defects uniformly distributed across the sensor bulk. In addition, the
dependence of trap concentrations upon fluence is established by comparing the
measured and simulated profiles at several fluences and bias voltages.


title:
The Age-Competency Model to the Study of the Age-Wage Profiles for
  Workers

abstract:
  In this article, I present a new approach and a novel model to the study of
the life cycle of wages. The key idea is that wage can be thought as
remuneration paid for the competency. It is assumed with the approach that
there are three mechanisms acting at micro level and resulting in the change of
workers' competencies during their lives. These are an endogenous growth of
workers' initial competencies; a rate of investments in schooling in the life
cycle of wages; and an effect of relative losses in workers' competencies. The
developed model is to shed light on the processes resulting in the age-wage
profiles seen in mass. The model obeys a nonlinear integro-differential
equation. The found analytic solution of the equation has the form of Fisk PDF
of a special type. The solution and its features are discussed. The regression
technique is used to check the model upon reliability. The model provides
better fitting to the data (Elo and Salonen, 2004) than minceraninan earnings
function (Mincer, 1974) does.


title:
A Study of the Leaky Pipeline Phenomenon for Women in Physics Past the
  Postdoctoral Level, and a Critique of the AIP 2005 report on Women in Physics
  and Astronomy

abstract:
  The author has recently examined the departmental web pages of the `top 50'
physics research universities, as ranked by the National Research Council
(NRC). Most of the departmental web pages contained biographical data (ie; year
and institute of PhD, etc) of their faculty members. Of the approximately 1750
faculty members at the `top 50' universities that were examined, approximately
100 were female, and around 1425 had available biographical data.
  Based on this data, the predicted fractions of female faculty members at the
`top 50' universities are 0.129, 0.104, and 0.052 at the assistant, associate,
and full faculty levels, respectively. The observed fractions are 0.107, 0.109,
0.043, respectively.
  The overall observed number of women faculty is about 15% less than expected,
and the depletion is statistically significant.
  Unfortunately, the study finds that the "leaky pipeline" is found to be alive
and well for women in academic physics above the postdoctoral level, at all
stages of the faculty career ladder. This result is stark contrast with the
conclusion of the American Institute of Physics (AIP) 2005 report on Women in
Physics and Astronomy; the AIP report concludes that women are actually more
likely to be hired at the faculty level than their male peers.
  In this paper, we will discuss the two key flaws in the AIP analysis that led
to their faulty conclusion, then describe in detail the analysis performed by
the author that corrects these flaws to get an accurate estimate of the
`leakiness' of the academic pipeline for women physicists past the postdoctoral
level.


title:
Understanding transverse coherence properties of X-ray beams in third
  generation Synchrotron Radiation sources

abstract:
  This paper describes a theory of transverse coherence properties of Undulator
Radiation. Our study is of very practical relevance, because it yields specific
predictions of Undulator Radiation cross-spectral density in various parts of
the beamline. On the contrary, usual estimations of coherence properties assume
that the undulator source is quasi-homogeneous, like thermal sources, and rely
on the application of van Cittert-Zernike (VCZ) theorem, in its original or
generalized form, for calculating transverse coherence length in the far-field
approximation. The VCZ theorem is derived in the frame of Statistical Optics
using a number of restrictive assumptions: in particular, the quasi-homogeneous
assumption is demonstrated to be inaccurate in many practical situations
regarding undulator sources. We propose a technique to calculate the
cross-spectral density from undulator sources in the most general case. Also,
we find the region of applicability of the quasi-homogeneous model and we
present an analytical expression for the cross-spectral density which is valid
up to the exit of the undulator. For the case of more general undulator
sources, simple formulas for the transverse coherence length, interpolated from
numerical calculations and suitable for beamline design applications are found.
Finally, using a simple vertical slit, we show how transverse coherence
properties of an X-ray beam can be manipulated to obtain a larger coherent
spot-size on a sample. This invention was devised almost entirely on the basis
of theoretical ideas developed throughout this paper.


title:
State-Selective Detection of Near-Dissociation Ultracold KRb
  $X^1\Sigma^+$ and $a^3\Sigma^+$ Molecules

abstract:
  We report on the state-selective detection of near-dissociation ultracold KRb
molecules in the ground $X^1\Sigma^+$ state and the metastable $a^3\Sigma^+$
state. The molecules are produced by photoassociation of ultracold atoms
followed by radiative decay into high vibrational levels of the $X$ and $a$
states. Detection utilizes resonance-enhanced one-color two-photon ionization,
followed by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. Scanning the detection laser
frequency over the range 582-625 nm, we observe transitions from the
$v''$=86-92 levels of the $X$ state, which are bound by up to 30 cm$^{-1}$, and
the $v''$=17-23 levels of the $a$ state, which are also bound by up to 30
cm$^{-1}$. The measured vibrational spacings are in excellent agreement with
those previously measured and those calculated from the relevant potential
curves. Relative vibrational populations are also consistent with Franck-Condon
factors for decay from the photoassociated levels.


title: Bounds for the refractive indices of metamaterials

abstract:
  The set of realizable refractive indices as a function of frequency is
considered. For passive media we give bounds for the refractive index variation
in a finite bandwidth. Special attention is given to the loss and index
variation in the case of left-handed materials.


title: Beam Calorimeter Technologies

abstract:
  Two different technologies are considered for the Beam Calorimeters of the
ILC detector. Simulation studies of the performance have been done for a
diamond-tungsten sandwich calorimeter and for a homogeneous heavy element
crystal calorimeter with optical fiber readout. Studies of the stability and
the linearity of a polycrystalline diamond were done for the diamond-tungsten
option. For the heavy crystal option the light yield reduction due to the
wavelength shifting fiber readout was studied.


title: Self-cooling cryogenic microcalorimeters made of SINIS junctions

abstract:
  High quality low leakage SINIS devices made of Al-AlMn-Al layers were
fabricated for energy dispersive single photon detection. Information on
different heat flow channels was extracted from the measured dynamics of
detector signals due to X-ray events. At the optimum operation point, the
extracted effective electron temperature decreased from 88 mK down to 43 mK due
to self-cooling, roughly doubling the detector sensitivity.


title: The agents' preferences and the topology of networks

abstract:
  In this paper, a new framework to study weighed networks is introduced. The
idea behind this methodology is to consider that each node of the network is an
agent that desires to satisfy his/her preferences in an economic sense.
Moreover, the formation of a link between two agents depends on the benefits
and costs associated to this link. Therefore, an edge between two given nodes
will only arise if the tradeoff between satisfaction and cost for building it
is jointly positive. Using a computational framework, I intend to show that
depending on the agents combination of benefits and costs, some very well known
networks can naturally arise.


title: New frequency-modulation readout based on relaxation oscillations

abstract:
  Scaling of multi-pixel cryogenic detectors for imaging becomes increasingly
difficult with size due to complexity of readout circuitry and cryogenic
constraints (thermal load from wiring). We propose and demonstrate a new
readout scheme based on a highly stable RF oscillator composed of a
superconducting tunnel junction which exhibits relaxation oscillations. The
oscillation frequency is almost linear with the analog bias signal over a wide
operation range. The frequency signals from different detectors can be combined
into one single readout line. The current noise of an optimized circuit is
about 5 pA/sqrt(Hz), which is comparable to standard SQUID amplifiers. We show
experimental data from `stand-alone' operation as well as response to
microcalorimeter X-ray signals.


title: Cluster analysis for portfolio optimization

abstract:
  We consider the problem of the statistical uncertainty of the correlation
matrix in the optimization of a financial portfolio. We show that the use of
clustering algorithms can improve the reliability of the portfolio in terms of
the ratio between predicted and realized risk. Bootstrap analysis indicates
that this improvement is obtained in a wide range of the parameters N (number
of assets) and T (investment horizon). The predicted and realized risk level
and the relative portfolio composition of the selected portfolio for a given
value of the portfolio return are also investigated for each considered
filtering method.


title: An Analysis of Universality in Blackbody Radiation

abstract:
  Through the formulation of his law of thermal emission, Kirchhoff conferred
upon blackbody radiation the quality of universality [G.Kirchhoff, Annalen der
Physik 109, 275 (1860)]. Consequently, modern physics holds that such radiation
is independent of the nature and shape of the emitted object. Recently,
Kirchhoff's experimental work and theoretical conclusions have been
reconsidered [P.M.L. Robitaille, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 31(6),
1263 (2003). In this work, Einstein's derivation of the Planckian relation is
reexamined. It is demonstrated that claims of universality in blackbody
radiation are invalid.


title: Can we implement this quantum communication ?

abstract:
  Here I design an experimental way of a quantum communication by quantum CNOT
gates and single qubit gates without the help of classical communication.


title: Surface state photonic bandgap cavities

abstract:
  We propose and analyze a new type of a resonant high-Q cavity for lasing,
sensing or filtering applications, which is based on a surface states of a
finite photonic crystal. We demonstrate that such the cavity can have a Q
factor comparable with that one of conventional photonic band-gap defect mode
cavities. At the same time, the distinguished feature of the surface mode
cavity is that it is situated directly at the surface of the photonic crystal.
This might open up new possibilities for design of novel photonic devices and
integration of photonic circuits.


title: Distributed readout detectors using superconducting tunnel junctions

abstract:
  Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) are able to measure the energy of
single photons in the range from near infrared to X-rays. They provide
simultaneous information of the impact time and wavelength of an absorbed
photon. The main difficulty of these detectors compared with conventional
imaging detectors lies in their limited pixel number. Each STJ has to be
connected independently and therefore the wiring becomes technologically more
demanding as the number of STJs increases. One approach to solving this problem
is to use a single large absorber and to distribute STJs for position sensitive
signal readout. This configuration is able to detect single optical photons
with an energy resolution close to that of a single STJ pixel.
  We have produced a Ta absorber strip with Ta/Al/AlOx/Al/Nb/Ta junctions at
either end. The energy and position of single photons were measured
simultaneously. The energy resolving power approaches the theoretical limit. We
will present a simple Monte Carlo simulation which reproduces the measurement
exactly.


title:
Two Models for Bolometer and Microcalorimeter Detectors with Complex
  Thermal Architectures

abstract:
  We have developed two analytical models to describe the performance of
cryogenic microcalorimeters and bolometers. One of the models is suitable to
describe Transition Edge Sensor (TES) detectors with an integrated absorber,
the other is suitable for detectors with large absorbers. Both models take into
account hot-electron decoupling and absorber decoupling. The differential
equations describing these models have been solved using block diagram algebra.
Each model has produced closed form solutions for the detector's responsivity,
dynamic impedance, and noise equivalent power for phonon noise, Johnson noise,
amplifier noise, 1/f noise, and load resistor noise.


title:
A 2-Dimensional Cellular Automaton for Agents Moving from Origins to
  Destinations

abstract:
  We develop a two-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) as a simple model for
agents moving from origins to destinations. Each agent moves towards an empty
neighbor site corresponding to the minimal distance to its destination. The
stochasticity or noise ($p$) is introduced in the model dynamics, through the
uncertainty in estimating the distance from the destination. The friction
parameter $"\mu"$ is also introduced to control the probability that the
movement of all agents involved to the same site (conflict) is denied at one
time step. This model displays two states; namely the freely moving and the
jamming state. If $\mu$ is large and $p$ is low, the system is in the jamming
state even if the density is low. However, if $\mu$ is large and $p$ is high, a
freely moving state takes place whenever the density is low. The cluster size
and the travel time distributions in the two states are studied in detail. We
find that only very small clusters are present in the freely moving state while
the jamming state displays a bimodal distribution. At low densities, agents can
take a very long time to reach their destinations if $\mu$ is large and $p$ is
low (jamming state); but long travel times are suppressed if $p$ becomes large
(freely moving state).


title:
Evaluation of Giga-bit Ethernet Instrumentation for SalSA Electronics
  Readout (GEISER)

abstract:
  An instrumentation prototype for acquiring high-speed transient data from an
array of high bandwidth antennas is presented. Multi-kilometer cable runs
complicate acquisition of such large bandwidth radio signals from an extensive
antenna array. Solutions using analog fiber optic links are being explored,
though are very expensive. We propose an inexpensive solution that allows for
individual operation of each antenna element, operating at potentially high
local self-trigger rates. Digitized data packets are transmitted to the surface
via commercially available Giga-bit Ethernet hardware. Events are then
reconstructed on a computer farm by sorting the received packets using standard
networking gear, eliminating the need for custom, very high-speed trigger
hardware. Such a system is completely scalable and leverages the hugh capital
investment made by the telecommunications industry. Test results from a
demonstration prototype are presented.


title: Disorder in DNA-Linked Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies

abstract:
  We report experimental observations on the effect of disorder on the phase
behavior of DNA-linked nanoparticle assemblies. Variation in DNA linker lengths
results in different melting temperatures of the DNA-linked nanoparticle
assemblies. We observed an unusual trend of a non-monotonic ``zigzag'' pattern
in the melting temperature as a function of DNAlinker length. Linker DNA
resulting in unequal DNA duplex lengths introduces disorder and lowers the
melting temperature of the nanoparticle system. Comparison with free DNA
thermodynamics shows that such an anomalous zigzag pattern does not exist for
free DNA duplex melting, which suggests that the disorder introduced by unequal
DNA duplex lengths results in this unusual collective behavior of DNA-linked
nanoparticle assemblies.


title: Electromagnetic modes in dielectric equilateral triangle resonators

abstract:
  Resonant electromagnetic modes are analyzed inside a dielectric cavity of
equilateral triangular cross section and refractive index n, surrounded by a
uniform medium of refractive index n'. The field confinement is determined only
under the requirements needed to maintain total internal reflection of the
internal electromagnetic fields, matched to exponentially decaying evanescent
waves outside the cavity. Two-dimensional electromagnetics is considered, with
no dependence on the coordinate perpendicular to the cross section; hence,
independent transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations
are described separately. A linear combination of six plane waves is sufficient
within the cavity, whose wavevectors are related by 120-degree rotations and
whose phases are related by Fresnel reflection coefficients. Generally, the
mode spectrum becomes sparse and the minimum mode frequency increases rapidly
as the index ratio N=n/n' approaches 2. For specified quantum numbers and N,
the TM modes are lower in frequency than the TE modes. Assuming the evanescent
boundary waves escape at the triangle vertices, TE modes generally are found to
have greater confinement of the fields inside the cavity and much higher
quality factors than TM modes.


title:
Length measurement of a moving rod by a single observer without
  assumptions concerning its magnitude

abstract:
  We extend the results presented by Weinstein concerning the measurement of
the length of a moving rod by a single observer, without making assumptions
concerning the distance between the moving rod and the observer who measures
its length.


title: Alliance Prediction by Energy Minimization: Neutrality

abstract:
  We extend the method of Axelrod and Bennetts for alliance prediction, based
very loosely on the Spin-Glass theory of magnetism, to include the possibility
of a neutral camp. We also explore the effect of physical separation between
players. Using the second European war data, we demonstrate that either one of
these extensions is sufficient to move Portugal out of the Axis camp, where it
was previously found. If neutrality is allowed, then Portugal is found in that
camp by itself. Without a neutral camp, Portugal is placed in the Allied camp
if affinities decay with characteristic lengths of about 2000km. Most
importantly, the consistency of results under such non-trivial alterations,
provides incremental evidence for the robustness of the model as an empirical
tool.


title:
Modified Hubble law, the time-varying Hubble parameter and the problem
  of dark energy

abstract:
  In the framework of the solvable model of cosmology constructed in the
Earth-related coordinate system, we derive the modified Hubble law. This law
carries the slowly time-varying Hubble parameter. The modified Hubble law
eliminates the need for dark energy.


title: Lamb Shift of Muonic Deuterium and Hydrogen

abstract:
  My previous calculations of the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen are reviewed
and compared with other work. In addition, numerical results for muonic
deuterium are presented.


title: Volatility, Persistence, and Survival in Financial Markets

abstract:
  We study the temporal fluctuations in time-dependent stock prices (both
individual and composite) as a stochastic phenomenon using general techniques
and methods of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. In particular, we analyze
stock price fluctuations as a non-Markovian stochastic process using the
first-passage statistical concepts of persistence and survival. We report the
results of empirical measurements of the normalized $q$-order correlation
functions $f_q(t)$, survival probability $S(t)$, and persistence probability
$P(t)$ for several stock market dynamical sets. We analyze both
minute-to-minute and higher frequency stock market recordings (i.e., with the
sampling time $\delta t$ of the order of days). We find that the fluctuating
stock price is multifractal and the choice of $\delta t$ has no effect on the
qualitative multifractal behavior displayed by the $1/q$-dependence of the
generalized Hurst exponent $H_q$ associated with the power-law evolution of the
correlation function $f_q(t)\sim t^{H_q}$. The probability $S(t)$ of the stock
price remaining above the average up to time $t$ is very sensitive to the total
measurement time $t_m$ and the sampling time. The probability $P(t)$ of the
stock not returning to the initial value within an interval $t$ has a universal
power-law behavior, $P(t)\sim t^{-\theta}$, with a persistence exponent
$\theta$ close to 0.5 that agrees with the prediction $\theta=1-H_2$. The
empirical financial stocks also present an interesting feature found in
turbulent fluids, the extended self-similarity.

categories: physics.soc-ph cond-mat.stat-mech physics.data-an q-fin.ST


title: Digital Hadron Calorimetry with Glass RPC Active Detectors

abstract:
  Glass RPC detectors are an attractive candidate for the active part of a
highly granular digital hadron calorimeter (DHCAL) at the ILC. A numerical
study, based on the GEANT3 simulation package, of the performance of such a
calorimeter is presented in this work. A simplified model for the RPC response,
tuned on real data, is implemented in the simulation. The reliability of the
simulation is demonstrated by comparison to existing data collected with a
large volume calorimeter prototype exposed to a pion beam in an energy range
from 2 GeV to 10 GeV. In view of an optimization of the readout pitch, a
detailed study of the energy and position resolution at the single hadron level
for different read-out pad dimensions is presented. These results are then used
in a parametric form to obtain a preliminary estimate of the contribution of
DHCAL to the reconstruction of the energy flow at the ILC detector.


title:
Applications of physics to finance and economics: returns, trading
  activity and income

abstract:
  This dissertation reports work where physics methods are applied to financial
and economical problems. The first part studies stock market data (chapter 1 to
5). The second part is devoted to personal income in the USA (chapter 6).
  We first study the probability distribution of stock returns at mesoscopic
time lags (return horizons) ranging from about an hour to about a month. For
mesoscopic times the bulk of the distribution (more than 99% of the
probability) follows an exponential law. At longer times, the exponential law
continuously evolves into Gaussian distribution.
  After characterizing the stock returns at mesoscopic time lags, we study the
subordination hypothesis. The integrated volatility V_t constructed from the
number of trades process can be used as a subordinator for a Brownian motion.
This subordination is able to describe approximatly 85% of the stock returns
for time lags that start at 1 hour but are shorter than one day. Finally, we
show that the CIR process describes well enough the empirical V_t process, such
that the corresponding Heston model is able to describe the log-returns x_t
process, with approximately the maximum quality that the subordination allows.
  Finally, we study the time evolution of the personal income distribution. We
find that the personal income distribution in the USA has a well-defined
two-income-class structure. The majority of population (97-99%) belongs to the
lower income class characterized by the exponential Boltzmann-Gibb(``thermal'')
distribution, whereas the higher income class (1-3% of population) has a Pareto
power-law (``superthermal'') distribution. We show that the ``thermal'' part is
stationary in time.


title: Recent Progress Towards a Cost-Effective Neutrino Factory Design

abstract:
  A Neutrino Factory, sending $>10^{20}$ decay neutrinos per year from a
high-energy stored muon beam towards remote detectors, has been suggested as
the ultimate tool for precision measurement of the neutrino mixing matrix.
Following two rounds of design studies that focused primarily on feasibility,
the latest such study has begun the process of cost optimization. New ideas
include muon `phase rotation' using high-frequency rf cavities and rapid muon
acceleration in non-scaling FFAG rings. The world-wide Neutrino Factory R&D
effort is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of the required techniques by
the end of this decade. If this effort is successful and the next round of
neutrino experiments confirms the need for a Neutrino Factory, a timely
decision to proceed to Neutrino Factory construction will then be possible.


title:
Renormalization of the ETAS branching model of triggered seismicity from
  total to observable seismicity

abstract:
  Several recent works point out that the crowd of small unobservable
earthquakes (with magnitudes below the detection threshold $m_d$) may play a
significant and perhaps dominant role in triggering future seismicity. Using
the ETAS branching model of triggered seismicity, we apply the formalism of
generating probability functions to investigate how the statistical properties
of observable earthquakes differ from the statistics of all events. The ETAS
(epidemic-type aftershock sequence) model assumes that each earthquake can
trigger other earthquakes (``aftershocks''). An aftershock sequence results in
this model from the cascade of aftershocks of each past earthquake. The
triggering efficiency of earthquakes is assumed to vanish below a lower
magnitude limit $m_0$, in order to ensure the convergence of the theory and may
reflect the physics of state-and-velocity frictional rupture. We show that, to
a good approximation, the ETAS model is renormalized onto itself under what
amounts to a decimation procedure $m_0 \to m_d$, with just a renormalization of
the branching ratio from $n$ to an effective value $n(m_d)$. Our present
analysis thus confirms, for the full statistical properties, the results
obtained previously by one of us and Werner, based solely on the average
seismic rates (the first-order moment of the statistics). However, our analysis
also demonstrates that this renormalization is not exact, as there are small
corrections which can be systematically calculated, in terms of additional
contributions that can be mapped onto a different branching model (a new
relevant direction in the language of the renormalization group).


title:
Comparative study of P and S wave amplitudes of acoustic logging through
  solid formations : contribution to the knowledge of in situ stresses and
  fractures

abstract:
  In order to compare the ratios between the amplitudes of P and S acoustic
waves drawn from various boreholes, we have defined a specific wave parameter
called magnitude : for each shot, we have added the maximum positive amplitude
values and the absolute values of the minimum negative amplitudes of a given
wave recorded at different depths. In compact formations, the difference
between the logarithms of the magnitudes of S and P waves provides a value that
appears to be characteristic of the state of stress of the domain where a
borehole is drilled. Accidents between those formations, such as fractures or
sedimentary joints can be determined, and breakouts well distinguished.


title:
Mesoscopic two-phase model for describing apparent slip in micro-channel
  flows

abstract:
  The phenomenon of apparent slip in micro-channel flows is analyzed by means
of a two-phase mesoscopic lattice Boltzmann model including non-ideal
fluid-fluid and fluid-wall interactins. The weakly-inhomogeneous limit of this
model is solved analytically.
  The present mesoscopic approach permits to access much larger scales than
molecular dynamics, and comparable with those attained by continuum methods.
However, at variance with the continuum approach, the existence of a gas layer
near the wall does not need to be postulated a priori, but emerges naturally
from the underlying non-ideal mesoscopic dynamics. It is therefore argued that
a mesoscopic Lattice Boltzmann approach with non-ideal fluid-fluid and
fluid-wall interactions might achieve an optimal compromise between physical
realism and computational efficiency for the study of channel micro-flows.


title: Remarks on photons and the aether

abstract:
  We expand upon some topics reviewed and sketched in a book to appear with
more details, embellishments, and some new material of a speculative nature.


title: Charge Transfer Inefficiency Studies for CCD Vertex Detectors at a LC

abstract:
  The Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration studies CCD
detectors for quark flavour identification in the framework of a future linear
e+e- collider. The flavour identification is based on precision reconstruction
of charged tracks very close to the interaction point. Therefore, this detector
will be exposed to a high level of radiation and thus an important aspect of
the vertex detector development are radiation hardness studies. Results of
detailed simulations of the charged transport properties of a CCD prototype
chip are reported and compared with initial measurements. The simulation
program allows to study the effect of radiation damage after the exposure of
the detector to a realistic radiation dose, which is expected in the
environment of detector operation at a future LC.


title:
On Possibility of Using High-Tc Ceramic-Superconductor as Junction-less
  Transistor towards Nano-miniaturization

abstract:
  High-Tc Type-II ceramic-superconductor at temperature T < Tc, under presence
of magnetic-field B becomes non-superconducting if B exceeds a critical value
Bc2. Thus at T < Tc, by application/absence of critical magnetic- field as a
controlling device, these non-superconducting/superconductor states can be
achieved for current-flow to two corresponding states of block/pass or off/on
or 0/1. Thus it appears that there is a possibility of a new breed of
transistors purely with high-Tc Type-II ceramic-superconductor; compact and
without junctions & complexities. The proposed
ceramic-superconductor-transistor (CST) seems in-principle to work well for
switching purpose, but its use could also be extended for other
electronic/computer devices too. The CST, being junction-less thus
diffusion-less, could possibly be packed more closely (at nano-level) than the
semi-conductor devices which has a limitation due to
diffusion-layer-overlapping. A similar superconductor-device named Cryotron was
invented at MIT half-a-century ago, but could not survive against
semiconductor. CST is a rebirth of cryotron in different disguise & in new
perspective.


title: Stiff dynamics of electromagnetic two-body motion

abstract:
  We study the stability of circular orbits of the electromagnetic two-body
problem in an electromagnetic setting that includes retarded and advanced
interactions. We give a method to derive the equations of tangent dynamics
about circular orbits up to nonlinear terms and we derive the linearized
equations explicitly. In particular we study the normal modes of the linearized
dynamics that have an arbitrarily large imaginary eigenvalue. These large
imaginary eigenvalues define fast frequencies that introduce a fast (stiff)
timescale into the dynamics. As an application of Dirac's electrodynamics of
point charges with retarded-only interactions, we study the conditions for the
two charges to perform a fast gyrating motion of small radius about a circular
orbit. The fast gyration defines an angular momentum of the order of the
orbital angular momentum, a vector that rotates in the orbital plane at a
frequency of the order of the orbital frequency and causes a gyroscopic torque.
We explore a consequence of this multiscale solution, i.e; the resonance
condition that the angular momentum of the stiff spinning should rotate exactly
at the orbital frequency. The resonant orbits turn out to have angular momenta
that are integer multiples of Planck's constant to a good approximation. Among
the many qualitative agreements with quantum electrodynamics (QED), the orbital
frequency of the resonant orbits are given by a difference of two eigenvalues
of a linear operator and the emission lines of QED agree with our predictions
within a few percent.


title: Differential Form of the Skornyakov--Ter-Martirosyan Equations

abstract:
  The Skornyakov--Ter-Martirosyan three-boson integral equations in momentum
space are transformed into differential equations. This allows us to take into
account quite directly the Danilov condition providing self-adjointness of the
underlying three-body Hamiltonian with zero-range pair interactions. For the
helium trimer the numerical solutions of the resulting differential equations
are compared with those of the Faddeev-type AGS equations.


title:
Typical properties of optimal growth in the Von Neumann expanding model
  for large random economies

abstract:
  We calculate the optimal solutions of the fully heterogeneous Von Neumann
expansion problem with $N$ processes and $P$ goods in the limit $N\to\infty$.
This model provides an elementary description of the growth of a production
economy in the long run. The system turns from a contracting to an expanding
phase as $N$ increases beyond $P$. The solution is characterized by a universal
behavior, independent of the parameters of the disorder statistics. Associating
technological innovation to an increase of $N$, we find that while such an
increase has a large positive impact on long term growth when $N\ll P$, its
effect on technologically advanced economies ($N\gg P$) is very weak.


title: Stiff spinning torus of electromagnetic two-body motion

abstract:
  We study an orbit of the electromagnetic two-body problem that involves a
fast (stiff) spinning motion about a circular orbit. We give a multiscale
method of solution that solves for the fast timescale first. The solvability
condition of the asymptotic expansion demands resonances for the fast dynamics.
The stiff resonant tori are found precisely in the atomic magnitude and agree
with many features of the Bohr atom in quantitative and qualitative detail; We
calculate every first emission line of the first 13 observable spectroscopic
series of hydrogen within a few percent deviation. The resonant orbits have
angular momenta that are approximate multiples of Planck's constant and the
emitted frequencies are given by a difference of two linear eigenvalues. This
Lorentz-invariant two-body dynamics exhibts the phenomenon of resonant
dissipation, i.e., the metastable dynamics radiates the center-of-mass energy
while the particles perform fast spinning oscillations of small amplitude about
a circular orbit, a collective radiative recoil.


title:
Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation in the Framework of
  General Geometry

abstract:
  A new geometry, called General geometry, is constructed. It is proven that
its the most simplest special case is geometry underlying Electromagnetism.
Another special case is Riemannian geometry. Action for electromagnetic field
and Maxwell equations are derived from curvature function of geometry
underlying Electromagnetism. It is shown that equation of motion for a particle
interacting with electromagnetic field coincides exactly with equation for
geodesics of geometry underlying Electromagnetism. It is also shown that
Electromagnetism can not be geometrized in the framework of Riemannian
geometry. Using General Geometry we propose a unified model of electromagnetism
and gravitation which reproduces Electromagnetism and Gravitation and predicts
that electromagnetic field is a source for gravitational field. This theory is
formulated in four dimensional spacetime and does not contain additional
fields.


title:
Income Distribution Dependence of Poverty Measure: A Theoretical
  Analysis

abstract:
  With a new deprivation (or poverty) function, in this paper, we theoretically
study the changes in poverty with respect to the `global' mean and variance of
the income distribution using Indian survey data. We show that when the income
obeys a log-normal distribution, a rising mean income generally indicates a
reduction in poverty while an increase in the variance of the income
distribution increases poverty. This altruistic view for a developing economy,
however, is not tenable anymore once the poverty index is found to follow a
pareto distribution. Here although a rising mean income indicates a reduction
in poverty, due to the presence of an inflexion point in the poverty function,
there is a critical value of the variance below which poverty decreases with
increasing variance while beyond this value, poverty undergoes a steep increase
followed by a decrease with respect to higher variance. Following these
results, we make quantitative predictions to correlate a developing with a
developed economy.


title:
Experiments with Parametric X-Ray Radiation (PXR) from Non-Relativistic
  Electrons

abstract:
  Interaction of non-relativistic electrons with single crystal target may
produce coherent x-rays. That is the result of interference between two known
x-ray generation mechanisms having orientational behavior, namely parametric
x-rays and coherent {\it Bremsstrahlung}. Experiments aimed to PXR research
were performed with 50-100 keV electrons and its distinctive features were
observed. Requirements to the experimental set-up, detector instrumental
response, and targets as well as experiment geometry are discussed in detail.
Series of PXR spectra in various conditions were recorded and their distinctive
features were observed. Tuning of radiation frequency with crystal-target
rotation was observed for the first time for low energy electrons. Dependence
of the x-ray frequency on the beam energy was detected. Soft PXR peak with
energy below 1 keV was observed for the first time. Possible applications of
PXR for structure analysis and crystallography are discussed. These results are
obtained in the framework of ISTC project {#}B626


title:
Rationalization of pi(sigma) anti(aromaticity) in all metal molecular
  clusters

abstract:
  A sigma-pi separation analysis of the energies in Al4Li4 reveals that the
system is more pi-antiaromatic than the sigma-aromaticity in it. This is true
also for C4H4 and Ga4Li4. Unlike C4H4 that has a very large component of
pi-antiaromaticity, for these all-metal clusters, these energy scales are
comparable though pi-antiaromaticity is the major driving force for the
distortion of the these molecules from the square (sigma-aromatic) structure to
the rectangular (pi-antiaromatic) architecture. For the dianion Al4Li42-, the
sigma-equalization prevails over the pi-distortion in Al4Li4 and for the
dication Al4Li42+, pi-equalization is the driving force for the square
symmetric structure.


title:
Proton-Pump Mechanism in Retinal Schiff Base: On the molecular structure
  of the M-state

abstract:
  Theoretical characterizations of the various intermediates in the proton pump
cycle of the retinal Schiff base in the Halobacterium salinarium have been
performed. Contrary to the general belief over the years that the most stable
intermediate, the M-state, is a non-protonated cis-isomer, we find that the
M-state is a polarized cis-isomer stabilized due to interactions of the
dissociating proton with the pi-electrons. The role of proton in the pump cycle
is found to be profound leading to the stabilization or in certain cases
destabilization of the intermediates. We propose the chemical structure of the
M-state for the first time.


title: Active sub-Rayleigh alignment of parallel or antiparallel laser beams

abstract:
  We measure and stabilize the relative angle of (anti-)parallel laser beams to
5 nanoradian per root Hertz resolution by comparing the phases of radio
frequency beat notes on a quadrant photodetector. The absolute accuracy is 5.1
microradian and 2.1 microradian for antiparallel and parallel beams,
respectively, which is more than 6 and 16 times below the Rayleigh criterion.


title: Molecular CP-violating magnetic moment

abstract:
  A concept of CP-violating (T,P-odd) permanent molecular magnetic moments
$\mu^{CP}$ is introduced. We relate the moments to the electric dipole moment
of electron (eEDM) and estimate $\mu^{CP}$ for several diamagnetic polar
molecules. The moments exhibit a steep, Z^5, scaling with the nuclear charge Z
of the heavier molecular constituent. A measurement of the CP-violating
magnetization of a polarized sample of heavy molecules may improve the present
limit on eEDM by several orders of magnitude.


title:
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking of Population between Two Dynamic
  Attractors in a Driven Atomic Trap: Ising-class Phase Transition

abstract:
  We have observed spontaneous symmetry breaking of atomic populations in the
dynamic phase-space double-potential system, which is produced in the
parametrically driven magneto-optical trap of atoms. We find that the system
exhibits similar characteristics of the Ising-class phase transition and the
critical value of the control parameter, which is the total atomic number, can
be calculated. In particular, the collective effect of the laser shadow becomes
dominant at large atomic number, which is responsible for the population
asymmetry of the dynamic two-state system. This study may be useful for
investigation of dynamic phase transition and temporal behaviour of critical
phenomena.


title:
Low intensity threshold values for keV X-ray production in laser-cluster
  interaction

abstract:
  Absolute Ar XK (3 keV) and Xe XL (4 keV) photon yields are measured as a
function of laser peak intensity, for large (104 - 105 atoms) argon and xenon
clusters submitted to intense laser pulses. A clear threshold behavior is
observed. The intensity threshold is found as low as 2 1014 Wcm-2, a value
matching the production of singly-charged argon or doubly-charged xenon by
optical field ionization. Possible mechanisms involved in the inner-shell
ionization are discussed. The outcome on the optimization of keV X-ray
production is underlined.


title: Hans Bethe and the Global Energy Problems

abstract:
  Bethe's view-point on the global energy problems is presented. Bethe claimed
that the nuclear power is a necessity in future. Nuclear energetic must be
based on breeder reactors. Bethe considered the non-proliferation of nuclear
weapons as the main problem of long-range future of nuclear energetics. The
solution of this problem he saw in heavy water moderated thermal breeders,
using uranium-233, uranium-238 and thorium as a fuel.


title: Improvement of speech recognition by nonlinear noise reduction

abstract:
  The success of nonlinear noise reduction applied to a single channel
recording of human voice is measured in terms of the recognition rate of a
commercial speech recognition program in comparison to the optimal linear
filter. The overall performance of the nonlinear method is shown to be
superior. We hence demonstrate that an algorithm which has its roots in the
theory of nonlinear deterministic dynamics possesses a large potential in a
realistic application.