Context: The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.

Question: what do Chemigation valves protect?

Answer: both surface and ground water sources

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.

Question: What unit should large capacity water users report the amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis?

Answer: gallons

Answer: acre inches

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: (3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.

Question: during what season are surface water quantities near their lowest?

Answer: late July early August

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.

Question: what happens to system costs as capacity increases?

Answer: increase

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.

Question: what are the first two steps in a three split nitrogen management plan?

Answer: starter and side dress applications

Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ was removed in P.A. 33 leaving Michigan Department of Agriculture as the only reporting option for agricultural producers.

Question: Where could one report prior to P.A. 33?

Answer: MDEQ

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Question: if withdrawn water is not used entirely for irrigation by the large capacity water user what should be reported?

Answer: the uses of the water being withdrawn.

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: (12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that "if you build it they will come". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.

Question: what crops dominate Indiana's and Michigan's irrigated lands?

Answer: contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No "Adverse resource impact" Part 327 of 451 establishes "adverse resource impact" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of "no adverse resource impact". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.

Question: can the restriction of wells within 1320 ft. of a designated trout steam result in adverse resource impact be foregone?

Answer: the well is over 150 ft. deep

Answer: potential need for proof of "no adverse resource impact"

Answer: the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of "no adverse resource impact"

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.

Question: what is one example of a factor that contributes to low distribution equipment costs?

Answer: total size of irrigated areas

Answer: shape of the irrigated areas

Answer: three phase electric power is readily available near control panels

Answer: flat topography

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.

Question: when are system design capacities greater than 6.5 gallon/minute/acre of irrigation needed?

Answer: in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Question: What did the P.A. 33 remove?

Answer: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: (7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.

Question: what should an irrigator identify when mapping the land in question for their irrigation projects?

Answer: large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Question: Through February 2008 is there a specific restriction on the standard "adverse resource impact"?

Answer: wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.

Question: what will vary along the length of a center pivot irrigation system?

Answer: The irrigation application rate

Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist


Context: An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.

Question: If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) what should be done?

Answer: modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a "Baseline Capacity" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as "Rated Capacity".

Question: what other component should be included when reporting the baseline capacity of the system other than pump capacity in gal/min?

Answer: a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use/hr: Many pumping systems are equipped with hour meters or run time timers. With an accurate estimate of pumping a producer can calculate water use.

Question: what are many pumping systems equipped with?

Answer: hour meters

Answer: run time timers

Answer: hour meters or run time timers

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Question: what contributes to low distribution equipment costs?

Answer: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Estimating Water Use: Conducted correctly, any combination of these systems could produce estimates that meet the requirements of the law. Producers need to evaluate their water use and devise a simple, low-cost, low-time input method to accomplish the goal of the legislation that may improve the management of the operation. Many farm supply houses, greenhouse supply houses and irrigation supply houses carry flow meters and run time timers.

Question: what is an instrument that can aid in estimating water use?

Answer: run time timers

Answer: flow meters

May, J. (2013). Water Use Report Requirements for Swine Operations. http://www.michigan.gov/mda


Context: Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.

Question: how should the annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee be viewed by the landowner?

Answer: additional income above lease rate by landowners

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a "Baseline Capacity". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as "Rated Capacity".

Question: what does baseline capacity apply to?

Answer: wells

Answer: surface water withdrawals.

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Irrigation Scheduling Tools: Irrigation scheduling by accounting for changes in available soil moisture provides information on the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs. "Checkbook" irrigation scheduling confirmed with soil moisture monitoring can improve irrigation scheduling decisions. Checkbook scheduling is discussed below.

Question: what's an important factor in irrigation scheduling?

Answer: accounting for changes in available soil moisture

Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.

Question: what types of wells are required to register with the Michigan Department of Agriculture?

Answer: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm)

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.

Question: what is one example of something the Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes?

Answer: the specific location

Answer: owner/operator

Answer: rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: (6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment. Irrigation systems are very scale dependent. Sharing the irrigation expense by jointly investing with a neighbor often leads to a configuration which is better and is more cost effective. For more information on split irrigation cost between neighbors see Fact Sheet #10.

Question: what are scale dependent with regard to irrigation?

Answer: Irrigation systems

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: (3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.

Question: If a site-specific review by the MDEQ determines a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or zone B withdrawal what is a reputable presumption that can be made?

Answer: will not cause an adverse resource impact.

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf


Context: Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.

Question: what are the typical capabilities of water sources used to supply irrigation water?

Answer: 400 to 1200 gallons per minute

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.

Question: to reflect the effective amount of water added to soil moisture what may need to be reduced?

Answer: Rainfall

Answer: irrigation

Answer: Rainfall and irrigation

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Both acts use the same definition for a "large capacity well". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.

Question: where can large capacity water users typically find well logs?

Answer: at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.

Question: in all but extreme scenarios how much water is typically needed to be provided to be considered adequate?

Answer: Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation)

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No "Adverse resource impact" Part 327 of 451 establishes "adverse resource impact" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of "no adverse resource impact". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.

Question: what was the standard established as part 327 of 451 for all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006?

Answer: No "Adverse resource impact"

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.

Question: who can provide the tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed?

Answer: Your system provider

Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Michigan large quantity water withdrawals fall into three categories depending on date of construction: (1) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. (2) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009. (3) On and after July 9, 2009

Question: what are the three categories that Michigan's large quantity water withdrawals fall into depending on date of construction?

Answer: (1) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. (2) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009. (3) On and after July 9, 2009

Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.

Question: what does providing the latitude and longitude coordinate information allow for in terms of assessing the impact of large scale withdrawals?

Answer: mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin

Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf


Context: Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the "physical and chemical properties of soils" section of the soil survey for your county.

Question: what is infiltration rate?

Answer: the rate water can enter the soils surface

Answer: the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf


Context: The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.

Question: what is the consumptive use estimated as for crop irrigation?

Answer: high or about 90%

Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. (a continued) Changes included: Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act, 451 includes a section that may make large capacity water users established prior to February 2006 liable for environmental damage due to reduction flow from large scale water usage. Adverse resource impact as defined by P.A. 33: "Decreasing the flow of a stream flow such that the stream's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired, or decreasing the level of a body of surface water such that the body of surface water's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired."

Question: what does P.A. 33 of 2006 define adverse resource impact as?

Answer: Decreasing the flow of a stream flow such that the stream's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired

Answer: decreasing the level of a body of surface water such that the body of surface water's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.

Question: what monetary value is considered high water source cost?

Answer: greater than $50000

MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no "adverse resource impact". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.

Question: what Michigan Natural Recourses Protection standard implies that those challenging registered large capacity water users must prove their water use?

Answer: no adverse resource impact

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.

Question: throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system what will vary?

Answer: The instantaneous irrigation application rate

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.

Question: what is something the Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes?

Answer: the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.

Question: when did the Great Lakes Compact become federal law?

Answer: in October, 2008

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.

Question: for crops that cannot tolerate extremes what irrigation capabilities may need to be met?

Answer: one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation).

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.

Question: what is one service that provides average current rent values?

Answer: State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services

Answer: Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.

Question: if the landowner makes these improvements upfront how can they recoup their investment?

Answer: over time in higher land rent charges

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation

Question: what are the steps to measuring Instantaneous irrigation application rates?

Answer: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots)

Answer: (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front.

Answer: (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes

Answer: (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application.

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf


Context: Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.

Question: How is an adjustable base rent value created for properties?

Answer: Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a "Baseline Capacity" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as "Rated Capacity".

Question: how does the registration process establish a "Baseline Capacity"?

Answer: based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the "physical and chemical properties of soils" section of the soil survey for your county.

Question: what is the range of infiltration rates in Michigan soils?

Answer: a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.

Question: what is one factor that can result in low water source cost?

Answer: productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet)

Answer: riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field

Answer: ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site

Answer: system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure

Answer: Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.

MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs


Context: Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff form. 5. At each observation point record observations, Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (4-5) areas represent- ing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.)

Question: what is the fifth instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff form?

Answer: 5. At each observation point record observations, Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (4-5) areas represent- ing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.)

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Estimating Water Use: Conducted correctly, any combination of these systems could produce estimates that meet the requirements of the law. Producers need to evaluate their water use and devise a simple, low-cost, low-time input method to accomplish the goal of the legislation that may improve the management of the operation. Many farm supply houses, greenhouse supply houses and irrigation supply houses carry flow meters and run time timers.

Question: where can flow meters and run time timers be kept to estimate water use?

Answer: farm supply houses

Answer: irrigation supply houses

May, J. (2013). Water Use Report Requirements for Swine Operations. http://www.michigan.gov/mda


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a "Baseline Capacity", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.

Question: From a legal preceptive what is baseline capacity?

Answer: the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Question: where are average current rent values available?

Answer: State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.

Question: what stated in late 2006 and released in late 2008 to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use?

Answer: Developments of a screening tool

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Question: when are systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation needed?

Answer: in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request.

Question: where can small modifications to the building plan be noted?

Answer: by returning to the tool and modifying your original request

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Question: what tillage operation result in the lowest soil infiltration rates particularly after several wetting events?

Answer: disc and moldboard tillage

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The total application of water will also affect the fraction of the water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (dammer/dikers) will increase the soils surface holding capacities.

Question: what can affect the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period?

Answer: The total application of water

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Question: what results from situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate?

Answer: water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth.

Question: what will the MSU Excel Version of Scheduler use to adjust for the producers crop stage of growth?

Answer: crop specific coefficient

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: (7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.

Question: what type of map will work for mapping an irrigators irrigation projects?

Answer: local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.

Question: with the proper equipment what fertigation techniques are available to meet the crops nutrient needs?

Answer: urea and micro-nutrient solutions

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.

Question: Where are registration forms available?

Answer: the same locations as the reporting forms

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: Most irrigators think of irrigation management as reducing or removing the impact of drought. Consider the following eight irrigation management factors to maximize your returns on irrigation investments.

Question: how do most irrigators view irrigation management?

Answer: as reducing or removing the impact of drought

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: (5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.

Question: what university is credited with the development of Irrigation Scheduler?

Answer: the Agronomy Department of Purdue University

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use/hr: Many pumping systems are equipped with hour meters or run time timers. With an accurate estimate of pumping a producer can calculate water use.

Question: How can a producer calculate water use?

Answer: Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use/hr

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.

Question: where is information about injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system available to producers and irrigators?

Answer: the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page

Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation


Context: Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.

Question: when can recoverable/moveable items related to the irrigation system paid for by the lessee be moved?

Answer: at the end of the agreement

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Liability of impact on neighboring home wells and environment: Michigan 2006 legislation required all large volume water users to meet an environmental protection standard of no resource impact. Rent agreements for irrigated land may define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability.

Question: what did Michigan 2006 legislation require all large volume water users to meet?

Answer: an environmental protection standard of no resource impact

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential (heavy soils, slopes, surface compaction).

Question: what is the first instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?

Answer: Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential (heavy soils, slopes, surface compaction)

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.

Question: what do roots that are not fully established leave?

Answer: a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf


Context: Five different checkbook irrigation scheduling tools are available through Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln. (1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler

Question: how many different checkbook irrigation scheduling systems are available through Purdue, MSU Extension, and University of Nebraska-Lincoln?

Answer: Five

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.

Question: Who does the MDA forward the annual township-based water reports to?

Answer: the MDEQ

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Estimating water use can be accomplished by several methods: (a) Water application multiplied by number of applications, plus estimate of additional water use. (b) Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use per hour. (c) Flow meters actual flow, note maintenance and calibration concerns. (d) Industry average numbers (Mid West Plan Service or ASAE) with appropriate adjustments (not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation).

Question: what methods can be used to estimate water use?

Answer: (a) Water application multiplied by number of applications, plus estimate of additional water use. (b) Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use per hour. (c) Flow meters actual flow, note maintenance and calibration concerns. (d) Industry average numbers (Mid West Plan Service or ASAE) with appropriate adjustments (not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation)

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.

Question: what does the air gap created in the pipeline downstream from the pump created by a Chemigation valve break?

Answer: the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. For a given application, the instantaneous irrigation application rate is the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point. This calculation is often adjusted to minutes for a one-inch application of water.

Question: what is calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate an important part of?

Answer: the planning process for new irrigation systems

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Question: what is one example of a checkbook irrigation scheduling tool available?

Answer: SoyWater

Answer: Irrigation Scheduler

Answer: MSU Excel Version of Scheduler

Answer: The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet

Answer: Enviroweather

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Several associated irrigation related costs need to be addressed by the contract. (1) Often is the responsibility of the lessee (a) annual irrigation maintenance cost (b) cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system (c) major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system. (2) Often responsibility of the landowner (a) insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well (b) repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well.

Question: what irrigation related costs should be addressed by the contract between lessee and land owner?

Answer: (1) Often is the responsibility of the lessee (a) annual irrigation maintenance cost (b) cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system (c) major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system. (2) Often responsibility of the landowner (a) insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well (b) repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: (5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use.

Question: what is considered a large volume water use?

Answer: capacity to pump > 70 gal./min

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08


Context: The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.

Question: what should an irrigator assist in to ensure the germination of their seeds?

Answer: emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.

Question: What is to be provided in the registration forms?

Answer: the latitude and longitude for the location

Answer: an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped

Answer: an estimate of expected water use by the month

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.

Question: where can estimates for soil infiltration rates for each county in Michigan be found?

Answer: the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county

Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.

Question: What is required by many farm operations by law PA 148?

Answer: State water use reports

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Question: who always has property of a well?

Answer: the landowner of the land they are constructed on

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.

Question: what can cause a loss to the soil water balance account using the checkbook method for irrigation scheduling?

Answer: surface runoff

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth.

Question: what does the MSU Excel Version of Scheduler allow irrigators to accomplish when tracking their water usage?

Answer: greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.

Question: what is one example that will decrease infiltration rates?

Answer: increased wetting time

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage.

Question: how will the compaction of soil surfaces, lack of residue and a poor choice of tillage practices impact the infiltration rate?

Answer: decrease infiltration

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a "Baseline Capacity", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.

Question: How do water users available system capacities impact the amount of water reported?

Answer: will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the "physical and chemical properties of soils" section of the soil survey for your county.

Question: what soils will take water in at a faster rate?

Answer: sands and sandy loams

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Question: what is one example of a practice that will increase surface storage?

Answer: in-row soil surface modification

Answer: Midseason cultivation

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Question: what act as deposits into the checking account using the checkbook method for irrigation scheduling?

Answer: Rainfall and irrigation applications

Answer: Rainfall

Answer: irrigation applications

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.

Question: what is one example that will decrease infiltration rate?

Answer: poor tillage practices

Answer: lack of residue

Answer: Compaction of the soil surface

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.

Question: what is one cost included in the annual labor cost?

Answer: an estimate of energy cost

Answer: labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment.

Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf


Context: The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.

Question: what is one resource available to help find the latitude and longitude coordinates for new large scale withdrawal locations?

Answer: MSU Extension offices

Answer: your local Conservation District office

Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf


Context: Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.

Question: in terms of distribution equipment costs what is the best shape of the irrigated area to achieve low cost?

Answer: squares

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Five different checkbook irrigation scheduling tools are available through Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln. (1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler

Question: what is a university that provides availability to checkbook irrigation scheduling tools?

Answer: MSU Extension

Answer: Purdue

Answer: University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Question: How many water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan?

Answer: Two

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.

Question: what can producers use to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on a field?

Answer: air or Hi- tractor

Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation


Context: A raise in rent values greater than just recovering the investment in the water well is justified since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming. The additional profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation is often split between landlord and lessee.

Question: who is the additional profit above the cost of the addition of the water well typically split between?

Answer: landlord and lessee

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a "Baseline Capacity". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as "Rated Capacity".

Question: what should be included in the baseline capacity of the system report?

Answer: a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log

Answer: pump capacity in gal/min.

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: (8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.

Question: what is typically the second choice for power sources for irrigation systems?

Answer: engine power

Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf


Context: An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request.

Question: what color and zone must the withdrawal be in the MiWWAT assessment tool to proceed to register a proposed water withdrawal?

Answer: green (zone A) or yellow (zone B)

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges.

Question: if crusting is occurring what should the irrigator do?

Answer: Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: (2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.

Question: If a person knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact, what may they be subject to?

Answer: a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Existing irrigation system application rate compared to soil infiltration rates. Evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rates on existing irrigation systems can be done by observation, taking into account all of the factors that affect the situation.

Question: how can the evaluation of the irrigation application rate be compared to soil infiltration rates on existing irrigation systems?

Answer: observation, taking into account all of the factors that affect the situation

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Several associated irrigation related costs need to be addressed by the contract. (1) Often is the responsibility of the lessee (a) annual irrigation maintenance cost (b) cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system (c) major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system. (2) Often responsibility of the landowner (a) insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well (b) repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well.

Question: what is one irrigation related cost that should be addressed by the contract between lessee and landowner is often the responsibility of the lessee?

Answer: annual irrigation maintenance cost

Answer: cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system

Answer: major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.

Question: what can an irrigator do to protect the water supply for the irrigator and their neighbors?

Answer: correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the "physical and chemical properties of soils" section of the soil survey for your county.

Question: what is the span of Michigan soil infiltration rates?

Answer: a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf


Context: (2a) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009 ' For new or increased large quantity withdrawals developed in this period, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact if (a) it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep. Water use reporting is required. As mentioned above, voluntary registration of these withdrawals will help to improve the cumulative impact accounting procedure.

Question: what will voluntary registration of withdrawals between February 28, 2006 and July 8, 2009 help improve?

Answer: the cumulative impact accounting procedure

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.

Question: when do new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 70 gpm need to register with the Michigan Department of Agriculture?

Answer: prior to beginning to pump

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.

Question: what is needed for the large scale withdrawal registration process?

Answer: An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed

Answer: an estimate of consumptive water use

Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf