Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.

Question: what will reduce yield potential?

Answer: Under watering

Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.

Question: what can be said of the separation between landowner and lessee if the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot and distribution system?

Answer: a clean separation

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.

Question: what do Chemigation valves create in the pipeline?

Answer: an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.

Question: To conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements what was enacted?

Answer: New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no "adverse resource impact". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.

Question: what is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33

Answer: No adverse resource impact

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.

Question: what can reduce the potential of early season loss during wet periods?

Answer: Split nitrogen applications

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (3) Set the machine for an irrigation amount typically used (timer setting, system speed, run time) and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings.

Question: what is the third instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?

Answer: Set the machine for an irrigation amount typically used (timer setting, system speed, run time) and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: (7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.

Question: what is an excellent mapping tool available?

Answer: Google maps

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.

Question: what costs increase with capacity?

Answer: System costs

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, "Custom Work Rates in Michigan". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.

Question: what two categories can annual irrigation cost be divided into?

Answer: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Question: what water sources are typically used to supply irrigation water?

Answer: water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: (3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.

Question: what challenges impacting food safety might an irrigator face if surface water is used for vegetable irrigation and cooling?

Answer: major contamination challenges

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.

Question: what is the third component of a three split nitrogen management plan that contributes to the nitrogen budget if starter and side dress applications have been accounted for?

Answer: Fertigation

Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation


Context: Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, "Custom Work Rates in Michigan". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.

Question: what two categories can annual irrigation costs be divided into?

Answer: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Question: what rules require the use of Chemigation valves to be used in both Indiana and Michigan?

Answer: resource protection

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: (11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.

Question: what may be the reason for less irrigated fields using no-till systems?

Answer: Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.

Question: Where does most water pumped for irrigation typically go?

Answer: evapotransporation of the crop

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Question: what can the DIRTI formula provide you with?

Answer: the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the "physical and chemical properties of soils" section of the soil survey for your county.

Question: what soils will take water in at a slower rate?

Answer: Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.

Question: what are the typical evapotranspiration rates for nearly all crops in Michigan and Indiana?

Answer: under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.

Question: where are evaporative losses due during irrigation application minimal due to high humidity?

Answer: In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.

Question: what should be avoided to not jeopardize your availability to water?

Answer: legal challenges or neighbor complaints

Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage.

Question: if the water does not infiltrate how will steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows up and down hillsides impact the runoff rate?

Answer: increase runoff rates

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Water application multiplied by number of applications: This system requires no additional equipment irrigators and maximizes the use of irrigation application records most irrigators already keep. Calendar records of applications to field are kept along with rate of application. The numbers of actual irrigated acres in the field are multiplied by the number of applications and rate.

Question: what does water application multiplied by number of applications require?

Answer: no additional equipment irrigators

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Question: what step in the three split nitrogen management plan typically accounts for the greatest portion in the nitrogen budget?

Answer: Side dress applications

Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation


Question: what is the goal of most irrigators?

Answer: Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.

Question: what is considered a water table that is close to the surface?

Answer: less than 40 feet

MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs


Context: (5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.

Question: what is Irrigation Scheduler?

Answer: a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.

Question: what is an in-row soil surface modification often referred to as?

Answer: dammer/diker

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Both acts use the same definition for a "large capacity well". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.

Question: Who submits the well log that includes well pumping capacity?

Answer: well drillers

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.

Question: what is included in the annual reporting process?

Answer: a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Question: what do small pockets and depression in the soil surface accomplish?

Answer: hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.

Question: what should the irrigation system application be to ensure maximum returns on irrigation investments?

Answer: uniform

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.

Question: How is the high end rent value calculated for properties?

Answer: by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.

Question: what list should be prepared for the termination of the agreement with regards to land improvements?

Answer: it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: (6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment. Irrigation systems are very scale dependent. Sharing the irrigation expense by jointly investing with a neighbor often leads to a configuration which is better and is more cost effective. For more information on split irrigation cost between neighbors see Fact Sheet #10.

Question: what can lead to a configuration that is better and more cost effective by jointly investing with a neighbor?

Answer: Sharing the irrigation expense

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No "Adverse resource impact" Part 327 of 451 establishes "adverse resource impact" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of "no adverse resource impact". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.

Question: Who can help aid in the use of these tools?

Answer: MSU Extension agriculture educators

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: (11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.

Question: what traditional crops have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation?

Answer: corn and alfalfa

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Question: what do the humid conditions in Michigan and Indiana cause in irrigation management for efficiency when compared to the arid west?

Answer: several differences

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Context: Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.

Question: what are the fastest infiltration rates in Michigan in units of inch per hour?

Answer: as fast as three inches per hour

Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: (8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.

Question: what is the cheapest power source available for irrigation?

Answer: a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.

Question: what year were the changes instilled?

Answer: Starting with the 2006 report

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Question: what registration and reporting requirements have been in place since 2006 in Michigan?

Answer: registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity).

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (7) Reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss to volatilization. Water in nitrogen application with  0.5 inch or more of irrigation water to move nitrogen into the soil.

Question: what can an irrigator do to move nitrogen into the soil?

Answer: Water in nitrogen application with  0.5 inch or more of irrigation water

Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: (1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their "grandfathered" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's "MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.

Question: what can the MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM be used to register?

Answer: withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed

Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.

Question: What complaints are investigated by the state (PA 177)?

Answer: small well owners against large well owners

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.

Question: what does efficient irrigation water use mean?

Answer: providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface

Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development


Question: what result in the highest infiltration rates?

Answer: Conservation tillage and no-till

Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.

Question: what can waste natural resources and push nutrients out of the root zone?

Answer: Over watering

Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: Water application multiplied by number of applications: This system requires no additional equipment irrigators and maximizes the use of irrigation application records most irrigators already keep. Calendar records of applications to field are kept along with rate of application. The numbers of actual irrigated acres in the field are multiplied by the number of applications and rate.

Question: what should be kept use the method water application multiplied by number of applications?

Answer: Calendar records of applications to field are kept along with rate of application

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no "adverse resource impact". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.

Question: If a large capacity water user exceeds 70 gal/min beyond the baseline capacity what must be done?

Answer: a new water withdrawal

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: (10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the "Capital Investment Model" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.

Question: for an irrigator to receive good irrigation economic outcomes what should they expect to provide?

Answer: good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.

Question: what are two benefits to dribbling or broadcasting nitrogen on a field?

Answer: quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification,

Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation


Context: Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.

Question: what does the addition of irrigation to an area often require in terms of land improvement investments?

Answer: permanent improvements to the land

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.

Question: what is the definition of evapotranspiration?

Answer: represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.

Question: what is considered a high water source cost?

Answer: greater than $50000

MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs


Context: Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.

Question: what follows the assessment tool and registration prior to construction of a large volume water withdrawal?

Answer: Annual reporting

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.

Question: where will the highest instantaneous application rates be found when examining a center pivot irrigation system?

Answer: the end of the system furthest from the pivot point

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf


Context: Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.

Question: what should irrigation systems be able to do for a plant during a prolonged dry period?

Answer: replace the typical water use of the plant

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Question: what should an irrigator ensure with regard to economics?

Answer: irrigation will pay.

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field.

Question: what is a paper version of checkbook scheduler producers can use to reference evapotranspiration (E.T.) data?

Answer: The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet

Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf


Context: Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the "physical and chemical properties of soils" section of the soil survey for your county.

Question: which soils will take in water at a faster rate heavier soils like clay and clay loam or sands and sandy loam?

Answer: sands and sandy loams

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf


Context: (4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.

Question: What does the crop development model within SoyWater help producers with?

Answer: predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed

Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska–Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu


Context: Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.

Question: what is an example of soils that take in water slower than sand and sandy loams?

Answer: Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam

Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: From a management standpoint, fertigation allows producers the opportunity to evaluate crop stands, N losses due to wet conditions or heavy rains and the current market situation to make adjustment to the nitrogen plan to meet the crops needs and maximize profitability. As an example, let's say that a producer has a 200 bu. Yield goal on an irrigated field that calls for 230 lbs. of nitrogen. At planting he applies 30 lbs. of nitrogen, followed by 120 lbs. applied at cultivation in early June. This leaves a nitrogen need of 80 lbs. The producer decides to apply the remaining 80 lbs. split into two 40 lbs. applications through the irrigation. We get about 3.1 lbs. of actual nitrogen for each gallon of 28% N applied. He calculates that he needs to apply just short of 13 gallons per acre. Knowing that his system irrigates 2 acres per hour, he calculates that he needs to inject 26 gallons of the fertilizer per hour.

Question: what does fertigation allow for from a management perspective?

Answer: producers the opportunity to evaluate crop stands, N losses due to wet conditions or heavy rains and the current market situation to make adjustment to the nitrogen plan to meet the crops needs and maximize profitability

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request.

Question: what is an overview of the procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals?

Answer: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request.

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.

Question: what is the fourth instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?

Answer: Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.

Question: what will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system?

Answer: The irrigation application rate

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf


Context: Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.

Question: what is the checkbook method of irrigation scheduling?

Answer: the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.

Question: in terms of distribution equipment costs, what do bigger systems do?

Answer: lower the cost

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, "Custom Work Rates in Michigan". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.

Question: where can a standard procedure be found for estimating the annual cost of ownership?

Answer: on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, "Custom Work Rates in Michigan"

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.

Question: what time frames provide a higher value return on investment for permanent improvements for the landowner?

Answer: Shorter time frames

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.

Question: if a low total volume of water is applied annually and the system has low energy cost due to low pumping cost what is favorable?

Answer: favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.

Question: What are the units that large capacity water users should report the amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in?

Answer: either gallons or acre inches

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.

Question: what will underwatering accomplish with regard to crop inputs?

Answer: leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized

Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf


Context: New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.

Question: who have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin?

Answer: The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (f) Reporting of static water level is no longer required: Static water level reporting was moved from a requirement to report.

Question: What was removed as a requirement to report under P.A. 33?

Answer: Static water level

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.

Question: how much money do Chemigation valves typically cost when purchased from irrigation dealers?

Answer: less than $700

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.

Question: what may be included in the rental agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped, especially if early termination of the rental agreement is required?

Answer: A repayment schedule

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: (2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.

Question: what are three excellent examples of water availability?

Answer: Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells

Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist


Context: (11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.

Question: is there a larger or smaller proportion of fields using no-till systems being used in irrigated fields?

Answer: smaller proportion

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.

Question: what can be a major factor in the variability of the opportunity cost for irrigation installation?

Answer: The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field.

Question: what data should producers in Michigan reference?

Answer: Enviroweather data

Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. (a continued) Changes included: Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act, 451 includes a section that may make large capacity water users established prior to February 2006 liable for environmental damage due to reduction flow from large scale water usage. Adverse resource impact as defined by P.A. 33: "Decreasing the flow of a stream flow such that the stream's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired, or decreasing the level of a body of surface water such that the body of surface water's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired."

Question: what does the amendment P.A. 33 of 2006 potentially make large capacity water users established prior to February 2006 liable of?

Answer: environmental damage due to reduction flow from large scale water usage

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.

Question: what does the screening tool established in late 2006 accomplish?

Answer: estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, "Custom Work Rates in Michigan". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements

Question: what should be calculated and raised if a landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements?

Answer: the amount to raise the rent

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) "First right of refusal" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term "first right of refusal" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the "first right of refusal" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.

Question: when can the sale of the land to another party proceed?

Answer: if the lessee having the "first right of refusal" refuses to purchase the property

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Liability of impact on neighboring home wells and environment: Michigan 2006 legislation required all large volume water users to meet an environmental protection standard of no resource impact. Rent agreements for irrigated land may define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability.

Question: what can be used to define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability?

Answer: Rent agreements

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them.

Question: what will center pivot-systems of good design and repair have a uniformity co-efficient of?

Answer: greater than 85%.

Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a "Baseline Capacity". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as "Rated Capacity".

Question: amendment P.A. 33 of the natural resource protection act includes what changes?

Answer: (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity)

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: (10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the "Capital Investment Model" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.

Question: what should an irrigator think in terms of when determining the irrigation economics?

Answer: in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills

Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf


Context: Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.

Question: what does side dress application do for the plant?

Answer: feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase

Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation


Context: Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. For a given application, the instantaneous irrigation application rate is the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point. This calculation is often adjusted to minutes for a one-inch application of water.

Question: what is often times adjusted for a one-inch application of water?

Answer: calculation is often adjusted to minutes

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.

Question: what  is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface?

Answer: Evapotransporation rate (E.T.)

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: (4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.

Question: What university created SoyWater an irrigation management tool?

Answer: The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL)

Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska–Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu


Context: Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.

Question: what will increase infiltration rate?

Answer: Residue cover and a rough soil surface

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the "physical and chemical properties of soils" section of the soil survey for your county.

Question: what are two examples of tillage operations that can affect infiltration rates?

Answer: Tillage method and surface compaction

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (5) Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.).

Question: what is the fifth instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?

Answer: Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.)

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.

Question: What do large scale water users need to provide?

Answer: the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Question: what did Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limit?

Answer: large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.

Question: within the St. Joseph County MSU Extension webpage where should irrigators navigate?

Answer: to link for irrigation on the left hand side

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.

Question: What is the consumptive use estimated as for harvest cooling?

Answer: low about 5 to 10%

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.

Question: where are the highest instantaneous application rates on the center pivot irrigation system?

Answer: the end of the system furthest from the pivot point

Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf


Context: Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.

Question: What did act PA 148 create?

Answer: a groundwater resource map of the state

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.

Question: what irrigation systems will have uniform irrigation application rates as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged?

Answer: solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf


Context: (13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas. If you think you have a difficult time getting away for a summer vacation now, adding irrigation will greatly increase the required summer labor and cut free time. Capable irrigation labor is hard to find. Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation can lead to a disaster. Good irrigation planning can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future.

Question: what can lead to an irrigation disaster?

Answer: Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation

Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist


Context: A raise in rent values greater than just recovering the investment in the water well is justified since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming. The additional profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation is often split between landlord and lessee.

Question: how is a raise in rent value greater than the investment in a water well justified?

Answer: since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming

Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf


Context: Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.

Question: what is one factor that can lead to low distribution costs?

Answer: Flat topography

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.

Question: who can help evaluate the irrigation related options available?

Answer: The local farm insurance provider in the area

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.

Question: What is the NREPA?

Answer: Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (

Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf


Question: what is one example that will increase infiltration rate?

Answer: Residue cover

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: Both acts use the same definition for a "large capacity well". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.

Question: Can more than one well at a site be combined to be considered a large capacity well?

Answer: more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition

Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf


Context: Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.

Question: what did Michigan's 2008 water use legislation add?

Answer: a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users

Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf


Context: Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) "First right of refusal" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term "first right of refusal" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the "first right of refusal" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.

Question: what does "first right of refusal" refer to with regard to the lessee's purchasing power?

Answer: the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period

Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf


Context: P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ was removed in P.A. 33 leaving Michigan Department of Agriculture as the only reporting option for agricultural producers.

Question: What is the only reporting option for agricultural producers after P.A. 33?

Answer: Michigan Department of Agriculture

Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf