{"id": "1174220", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "where is water used for harvest cooling typically returned?", "answers": {"answer_start": [357], "text": ["back to surface or groundwater"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1169433", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.", "question": "If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater what should be reported by the large capacity water user?", "answers": {"answer_start": [453], "text": [" the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183050", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "what could large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously be added to, to avoid a $1000/year fine?", "answers": {"answer_start": [103], "text": ["the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183018", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "what allows nitrogen application when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop and has low labor and fuel use and doesn't compact the soil? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [219], "text": [" Fertigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1169413", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "What does the groundwater advisory committee do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": ["direct groundwater protection efforts in the future"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174251", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "how does the DIRTI formula estimate the annual cost of ownership?", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1181483", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "what might the first right of refusal option reduce?", "answers": {"answer_start": [447], "text": ["potential sale value of a property"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169420", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "what is the purpose of collecting monthly water use data?", "answers": {"answer_start": [137], "text": ["to file the annual water use reporting forms"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174208", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "what resources are available to help find the latitude and longitude coordinates for new large scale withdrawal locations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [210], "text": ["MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181027", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: Examples how sub-leasing may be addressed in a lease run the gambit: (a) lessee has no restriction (b) sub-leasing value above rent value is split (c) sub-leasing must be approved in writing by landowner (d) sub-leasing not allowed.", "question": "what is one example of how sub-leasing can be addressed in a lease? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["(a) lessee has no restriction"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1172760", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "what is a free service that the enviroweather network provides if you sign up for it?", "answers": {"answer_start": [660], "text": ["sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183010", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "what should an irrigator do if crusting is hampering emergence? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [109], "text": ["Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1185419", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas. If you think you have a difficult time getting away for a summer vacation now, adding irrigation will greatly increase the required summer labor and cut free time. Capable irrigation labor is hard to find. Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation can lead to a disaster. Good irrigation planning can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future.", "question": "what can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future?", "answers": {"answer_start": [381], "text": ["Good irrigation planning "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1180977", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "what doe many lessee agreements provide the landowner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [571], "text": ["no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1180946", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "how can the liability of a wells potential impact to neighboring home wells be managed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [299], "text": ["by the rental agreement"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185397", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Get multiple bids. Use irrigation professionals to your advantage. Take your best ideas to at least two irrigation sales/design people. Many will have access to excellent mapping and planning software tools, plus they will have far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design. Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation). This process will help equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor.", "question": "what will irrigation sales/design people have access to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [165], "text": ["excellent mapping and planning software tools"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1181510", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "what result in the lowest infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [341], "text": ["disc and moldboard tillage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1174217", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "what is consumptive water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [102], "text": [" the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174214", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.", "question": "what is an example of using experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated to estimate monthly water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [180], "text": ["100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185519", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "what is the most common product for fertigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [166], "text": [" Liquid 28% nitrogen "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185533", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them. ", "question": "what is important to know about the irrigation system with regard to water application?", "answers": {"answer_start": [109], "text": ["that the system applies water uniformly across the field"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185382", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "what can an MDEQ site specific review result in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [597], "text": [" allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1174218", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "where does most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately be used?", "answers": {"answer_start": [230], "text": ["evapotransporation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185528", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "when does fertigation supply nitrogen to a crop?", "answers": {"answer_start": [513], "text": [" just prior to tassel emergence"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1184637", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what type of system will be favored if there is a greater number of small irrigation applications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": [" systems that have low labor costs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1184711", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "what is the evapotranspiration rate for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan for all but a few extreme days?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": ["0.25 inch per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1174330", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "what are the results of system design capacities greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [538], "text": ["water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1174366", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "what monetary value is considered low water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [126], "text": ["(less than $15000)"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1174355", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "there are several factors that lead to low water source cost, what are they?", "answers": {"answer_start": [248], "text": ["(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1185541", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "where can Chemigation valves be purchased for most irrigation systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [532], "text": ["from local irrigation dealers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1170000", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "who are new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 70 gpm required to register with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [277], "text": ["Michigan Department of Agriculture"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181555", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. It is measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine and is expressed as inches per hour. To determine application rate divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point). ", "question": "how is the irrigation application rate measured?", "answers": {"answer_start": [118], "text": [" by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1184612", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide the MDEQ with sufficient reductions in water use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use what may be necessary? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [763], "text": [" civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183041", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "where is Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [712], "text": ["available for use online"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174221", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "what is the consumptive use typically estimated as for harvest cooling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [430], "text": ["low or about 5 to 10%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185407", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "what crops have shown the lowest returns from added investment into irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [159], "text": ["Small grains and soybeans"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1184740", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "where should three phase electrical power be readily available to lower distribution equipment costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [325], "text": [" near control panels"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1180916", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.", "question": "to gain perspective and to create the low end rent value what is often calculated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [230], "text": [" calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1181480", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "what does \"First right of refusal\" allow the lessee to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185579", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "what are irrigation goals typically focused on early in the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [62], "text": ["germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1185417", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas. If you think you have a difficult time getting away for a summer vacation now, adding irrigation will greatly increase the required summer labor and cut free time. Capable irrigation labor is hard to find. Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation can lead to a disaster. Good irrigation planning can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future.", "question": "what is hard to find for irrigation systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [227], "text": ["Capable irrigation labor"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1181610", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.", "question": "how much water can a 500 gal/min pump provide to 100 acres in 4 days?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["1 inch every 4 days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1185366", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "what must an irrigator avoid with regard to stream flow withdrawals and the effect they may have on neighbors and the environement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [351], "text": ["you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1181519", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "what is one example that will increase infiltration rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [91], "text": ["a rough soil surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1170496", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "where can estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [410], "text": ["\"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1185583", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "what are the irrigation requirements of the sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [80], "text": [" about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1184608", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "if the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed what can the landowner do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [468], "text": [" initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185399", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Get multiple bids. Use irrigation professionals to your advantage. Take your best ideas to at least two irrigation sales/design people. Many will have access to excellent mapping and planning software tools, plus they will have far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design. Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation). This process will help equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor.", "question": "what will comparing each potential irrigation design on a cost per irrigated acre basis help with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [420], "text": ["equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1184743", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Irrigation water requirements. Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate? In Michigan and Indiana evaporation and plant water use from the soil are between 0.25 inch and 0.30 inch for several days each summer, systems that can provide 5 gal/acre irrigated will meet the 0.25 inch/day. Seven gal/acre irrigated is needed to provide 0.30 inch water requirements. This capacity will be require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought.", "question": "what should be the first question asked when determining irrigation water requirements?", "answers": {"answer_start": [34], "text": [" Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate?"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1172702", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what acts as a loss for the checking account using the checkbook method for irrigation scheduling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [541], "text": ["water added beyond the soils water holding capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169421", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "When are annual water use reports due?", "answers": {"answer_start": [219], "text": ["April 1st from the previous year"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1183057", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2a) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009 ' For new or increased large quantity withdrawals developed in this period, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact if (a) it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep. Water use reporting is required. As mentioned above, voluntary registration of these withdrawals will help to improve the cumulative impact accounting procedure. ", "question": "what is required for large quantity withdrawals developed between February 28, 2006 and July 8, 2009?", "answers": {"answer_start": [343], "text": [" Water use reporting "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185415", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "what should a grower identify to determine the feasibility of their operation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [584], "text": ["what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1174013", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.", "question": "what are water withdrawal systems reported prior to 2006 considered by the Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA)?", "answers": {"answer_start": [306], "text": ["properly registered"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183035", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "what is a watersheds index flow defined as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [231], "text": ["the median average August flow"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1172510", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "to have a uniform instantaneous irrigation application rate for large gun hose traveler irrigation systems what condition must be met?", "answers": {"answer_start": [432], "text": ["application time or forward travel of system is unchanged"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1185566", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. The average irrigation application rate at a point along the machine is the amount of water applied divided by the elapsed time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point typically expressed as inches per hour.", "question": "what is the average irrigation application rate at a point along a machine?", "answers": {"answer_start": [176], "text": ["the amount of water applied divided by the elapsed time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point typically expressed as inches per hour"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1184745", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Irrigation water requirements. Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate? In Michigan and Indiana evaporation and plant water use from the soil are between 0.25 inch and 0.30 inch for several days each summer, systems that can provide 5 gal/acre irrigated will meet the 0.25 inch/day. Seven gal/acre irrigated is needed to provide 0.30 inch water requirements. This capacity will be require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought.", "question": "what system capability in units of gal/acre irrigated will be needed to meet a requirement of 0.3 inch/day water requirement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [303], "text": ["Seven gal/acre irrigated"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1181023", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: One major issue that needs to be considered in the negotiations of adding irrigation is the ability for the lessee to sublet the property. As high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality. Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises. Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing can avoid grief and confusion in the future.", "question": "what is one major issue that should be considered when negotiating the addition of irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [101], "text": ["the ability for the lessee to sublet the property"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1172723", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Five different checkbook irrigation scheduling tools are available through Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln. (1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler", "question": "what universities provide availability to checkbook irrigation scheduling tools?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169425", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "What water use reporting forms are available from the state?", "answers": {"answer_start": [253], "text": ["Paper copies"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1181558", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. It is measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine and is expressed as inches per hour. To determine application rate divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point). ", "question": "how is the irrigation application rate determined?", "answers": {"answer_start": [271], "text": ["divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1174257", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "where is there a standard procedure outlined for an induvial aiming to use the DIRTI formula?", "answers": {"answer_start": [467], "text": ["on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1180999", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "How can an annual cost of permanent improvement to the land needed for irrigation be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1174298", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what labor system does a smaller number of large irrigation application favor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [362], "text": ["system with high labor and low investment attributes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185416", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas. If you think you have a difficult time getting away for a summer vacation now, adding irrigation will greatly increase the required summer labor and cut free time. Capable irrigation labor is hard to find. Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation can lead to a disaster. Good irrigation planning can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future.", "question": "what will adding irrigation greatly increase for an irrigator?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["the required summer labor and cut free time"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1174306", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "what systems need to be able to replace the water use of a plant during prolonged dry periods?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Irrigation systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185532", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them. ", "question": "what is essential to know about the fertilizer equipment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [8], "text": ["the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185374", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "what is irrigation water use almost always considered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [73], "text": ["a large volume water use "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1184605", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "if the assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) and a more favorable assessment cannot be achieved what might the MDEQ request through the MiWWAT tool?", "answers": {"answer_start": [250], "text": ["Site Specific Review may be requested"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174289", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what costs are included in the annual labor cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [35], "text": ["an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1184624", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "what formula is often used to estimate the annual cost of ownership?", "answers": {"answer_start": [248], "text": ["DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1172600", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Scheduling Tools: Irrigation scheduling by accounting for changes in available soil moisture provides information on the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs. \"Checkbook\" irrigation scheduling confirmed with soil moisture monitoring can improve irrigation scheduling decisions. Checkbook scheduling is discussed below.", "question": "what does accounting for changes in available soil moisture provide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [113], "text": ["information on the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1184650", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "systems with low energy costs due to low pumping costs are favored by what type of annual use systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [492], "text": ["higher total annual use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1172747", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "what does Enviroweather do for each of the 58 weather stations in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [19], "text": ["computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185561", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage. ", "question": "how will infiltration rate be impacted with an increased wetting time?", "answers": {"answer_start": [390], "text": [" Infiltration rate decreases"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1184734", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "what are factors that should be combined to achieve low distribution equipment costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": ["(a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1181606", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.", "question": "what pump capacity in units of gal/minute/acre will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more?", "answers": {"answer_start": [96], "text": ["Five gal/minute/acre"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1181575", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Existing irrigation system application rate compared to soil infiltration rate. Evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems can be done by observation, taking into account all factors that affect the situation.", "question": "what should be accounted for when evaluating the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [240], "text": ["all factors that affect the situation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1181032", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.", "question": "when should insurance for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements, the pivots, and non-permanent irrigation related equipment be established?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["before the insurance is needed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1180919", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "what should rent prices be when compared to local dry land rent prices if the lessee provides the irrigation equipment and the water supply?", "answers": {"answer_start": [121], "text": ["higher"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169406", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "What year does the well log filings date back to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [754], "text": ["1968"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172756", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "what environmental factors are used by weather stations to estimate crop evapotranspiration demand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172751", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "how many strategically located weather stations that calculate crop evapotranspiration are in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [113], "text": ["58"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1184644", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what type of system will be favored if there is a smaller number of large irrigation applications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [360], "text": [" systems with high labor and low investment attributes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1169400", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "What does water use reporting also include?", "answers": {"answer_start": [401], "text": ["surface water withdrawals"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185398", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Get multiple bids. Use irrigation professionals to your advantage. Take your best ideas to at least two irrigation sales/design people. Many will have access to excellent mapping and planning software tools, plus they will have far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design. Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation). This process will help equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor.", "question": "how should an irrigator compare potential designs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [327], "text": ["on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1181524", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "what will increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [247], "text": [" Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1173962", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "what is SoyWater the irrigation management tool well recognized for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [136], "text": [" its crop development model"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1184748", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "what is the result if an irrigation system does not have a reliable and adequate source of water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [31], "text": ["Irrigation is not profitable"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1185408", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "what often result from adding irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["Changes in crop rotations"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1170051", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Water Use: Conducted correctly, any combination of these systems could produce estimates that meet the requirements of the law. Producers need to evaluate their water use and devise a simple, low-cost, low-time input method to accomplish the goal of the legislation that may improve the management of the operation. Many farm supply houses, greenhouse supply houses and irrigation supply houses carry flow meters and run time timers.", "question": "what location should flow meters and run time timers be stored to estimate water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [352], "text": ["greenhouse supply houses"]}, "references": "May, J. (2013). Water Use Report Requirements for Swine Operations. http://www.michigan.gov/mda"}
{"id": "1181583", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (2) Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.", "question": "what is the second instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Select a radial transect line (for center pivots)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1174383", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "in what situation is the irrigated rental value relatively straightforward?", "answers": {"answer_start": [90], "text": ["when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1180896", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "where is the standard procedure of using the DIRTI formula outlined by MSU Extension?", "answers": {"answer_start": [603], "text": ["on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169464", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a \"Baseline Capacity\", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.", "question": "Do producers run pumps continuously?", "answers": {"answer_start": [448], "text": ["few"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174229", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "what are the two main costs for irrigators? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [162], "text": ["the cost of energy and labor."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185586", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "what are the irrigation requirements of heavier loam soils to accomplish seed germination?", "answers": {"answer_start": [355], "text": [" 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1172759", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "how can you track crop E.T. as the crop develops?", "answers": {"answer_start": [479], "text": ["For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172758", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "How do you use enviroweather to estimate crop E.T. demands?", "answers": {"answer_start": [302], "text": ["Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174222", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "what is an alternate name used for baseline capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [19], "text": ["Rated Capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185386", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "what type of map should be acquired to map the land in question for an irrigators projects?", "answers": {"answer_start": [38], "text": [" an aerial map"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185531", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "From a management standpoint, fertigation allows producers the opportunity to evaluate crop stands, N losses due to wet conditions or heavy rains and the current market situation to make adjustment to the nitrogen plan to meet the crops needs and maximize profitability. As an example, let's say that a producer has a 200 bu. Yield goal on an irrigated field that calls for 230 lbs. of nitrogen. At planting he applies 30 lbs. of nitrogen, followed by 120 lbs. applied at cultivation in early June. This leaves a nitrogen need of 80 lbs. The producer decides to apply the remaining 80 lbs. split into two 40 lbs. applications through the irrigation. We get about 3.1 lbs. of actual nitrogen for each gallon of 28% N applied. He calculates that he needs to apply just short of 13 gallons per acre. Knowing that his system irrigates 2 acres per hour, he calculates that he needs to inject 26 gallons of the fertilizer per hour.", "question": "if a producer applies 30 lbs. of nitrogen when planting and 120 lbs. of nitrogen is applied at cultivation in early June what is the remaining nitrogen need if the field calls for 230 lbs. of nitrogen?", "answers": {"answer_start": [530], "text": ["80 lbs."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185563", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage. ", "question": "what will small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold until the soil surface is ready to receive it?", "answers": {"answer_start": [662], "text": ["a volume of water at that location"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1184707", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "how much water is required to be applied to provide an adequate supply of water in all but extreme situations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": ["0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185373", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Water rights and regulation. Make sure you understand your rights and obligation to use water in your State. Example: Michigan operates as a riparian state for surface water use allowing only the property with legal description adjacent to the surface water to receive the water, but well water may be transferred between properties.", "question": "what does the fact that Michigan operates as a riparian state for surface water use allow for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [191], "text": ["only the property with legal description adjacent to the surface water to receive the water, but well water may be transferred between properties"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1173977", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "what data from the Enviroweather weather network does SoyWater use to model crop development in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [434], "text": ["daily weather information"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1172603", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Scheduling Tools: Irrigation scheduling by accounting for changes in available soil moisture provides information on the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs. \"Checkbook\" irrigation scheduling confirmed with soil moisture monitoring can improve irrigation scheduling decisions. Checkbook scheduling is discussed below.", "question": "what can improve irrigation scheduling decisions? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": ["\"Checkbook\" irrigation scheduling confirmed with soil moisture monitoring"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1169422", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "when did water use reporting become mandatory for sites exceeding the 70 gal/min capacity threshold?", "answers": {"answer_start": [187], "text": ["2004"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1185529", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "to achieve maximum efficiency when should nitrogen applications be made during the fertigation step?", "answers": {"answer_start": [603], "text": ["prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1169996", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "what changes does P.A. 33 of 2006 include?", "answers": {"answer_start": [107], "text": ["(c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170457", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "where should flow meters be installed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [394], "text": ["a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185412", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "what entice the high dollar invested seed and crops to the Michigan and Indiana area?", "answers": {"answer_start": [168], "text": ["The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1170041", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (f) Reporting of static water level is no longer required: Static water level reporting was moved from a requirement to report. ", "question": "what changes were included in P.A. 33 of the Michigan Natural Resources Protection Act?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["(f) Reporting of static water level is no longer required"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174204", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "what location information is required for all new large scale withdrawal locations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The latitude and longitude coordinates"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181615", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "what will reduce yield potential?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["Under watering"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1181012", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "what can be said of the separation between landowner and lessee if the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot and distribution system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [626], "text": ["a clean separation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1185539", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "what do Chemigation valves create in the pipeline?", "answers": {"answer_start": [292], "text": ["an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1183021", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.", "question": "To conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements what was enacted?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1169469", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.", "question": "what is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33", "answers": {"answer_start": [288], "text": ["No adverse resource impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183017", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "what can reduce the potential of early season loss during wet periods?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["Split nitrogen applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1181585", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (3) Set the machine for an irrigation amount typically used (timer setting, system speed, run time) and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings.", "question": "what is the third instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Set the machine for an irrigation amount typically used (timer setting, system speed, run time) and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1185387", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "what is an excellent mapping tool available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [154], "text": [" Google maps "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1174307", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "what costs increase with capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [112], "text": ["System costs "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1174228", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "what two categories can annual irrigation cost be divided into?", "answers": {"answer_start": [95], "text": ["annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1174308", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "what water sources are typically used to supply irrigation water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185370", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "what challenges impacting food safety might an irrigator face if surface water is used for vegetable irrigation and cooling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [565], "text": ["major contamination challenges"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185527", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "what is the third component of a three split nitrogen management plan that contributes to the nitrogen budget if starter and side dress applications have been accounted for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Fertigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1184621", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "what two categories can annual irrigation costs be divided into?", "answers": {"answer_start": [96], "text": ["annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185537", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "what rules require the use of Chemigation valves to be used in both Indiana and Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [136], "text": ["resource protection"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185410", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "what may be the reason for less irrigated fields using no-till systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [463], "text": ["Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1170021", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "Where does most water pumped for irrigation typically go?", "answers": {"answer_start": [654], "text": [" evapotransporation of the crop"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1184631", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "what can the DIRTI formula provide you with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [579], "text": ["the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185552", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what soils will take water in at a slower rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [174], "text": ["Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1174311", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "what are the typical evapotranspiration rates for nearly all crops in Michigan and Indiana?", "answers": {"answer_start": [252], "text": ["under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185577", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "where are evaporative losses due during irrigation application minimal due to high humidity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [438], "text": [" In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1181613", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.", "question": "what should be avoided to not jeopardize your availability to water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [309], "text": ["legal challenges or neighbor complaints "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1185560", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage. ", "question": "if the water does not infiltrate how will steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows up and down hillsides impact the runoff rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [334], "text": [" increase runoff rates"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1170434", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water application multiplied by number of applications: This system requires no additional equipment irrigators and maximizes the use of irrigation application records most irrigators already keep. Calendar records of applications to field are kept along with rate of application. The numbers of actual irrigated acres in the field are multiplied by the number of applications and rate.", "question": "what does water application multiplied by number of applications require?", "answers": {"answer_start": [77], "text": ["no additional equipment irrigators"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185524", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "what step in the three split nitrogen management plan typically accounts for the greatest portion in the nitrogen budget?", "answers": {"answer_start": [198], "text": ["Side dress applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1185574", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "what is the goal of most irrigators?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1184730", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "what is considered a water table that is close to the surface?", "answers": {"answer_start": [295], "text": ["less than 40 feet"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1173997", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "what is Irrigation Scheduler?", "answers": {"answer_start": [29], "text": ["a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181535", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "what is an in-row soil surface modification often referred to as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [396], "text": ["dammer/diker"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1169408", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "Who submits the well log that includes well pumping capacity? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [823], "text": [" well drillers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183033", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "what is included in the annual reporting process?", "answers": {"answer_start": [385], "text": ["a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181528", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "what do small pockets and depression in the soil surface accomplish?", "answers": {"answer_start": [249], "text": ["hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1183019", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "what should the irrigation system application be to ensure maximum returns on irrigation investments? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [404], "text": ["uniform"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1180917", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.", "question": "How is the high end rent value calculated for properties?", "answers": {"answer_start": [418], "text": ["by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1181011", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "what list should be prepared for the termination of the agreement with regards to land improvements?", "answers": {"answer_start": [387], "text": ["it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1185384", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment. Irrigation systems are very scale dependent. Sharing the irrigation expense by jointly investing with a neighbor often leads to a configuration which is better and is more cost effective. For more information on split irrigation cost between neighbors see Fact Sheet #10.", "question": "what can lead to a configuration that is better and more cost effective by jointly investing with a neighbor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [91], "text": ["Sharing the irrigation expense"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1169442", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "Who can help aid in the use of these tools?", "answers": {"answer_start": [590], "text": ["MSU Extension agriculture educators"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185406", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "what traditional crops have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [84], "text": ["corn and alfalfa"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185578", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "what do the humid conditions in Michigan and Indiana cause in irrigation management for efficiency when compared to the arid west?", "answers": {"answer_start": [603], "text": ["several differences"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1181512", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "what are the fastest infiltration rates in Michigan in units of inch per hour?", "answers": {"answer_start": [520], "text": ["as fast as three inches per hour"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1185392", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.", "question": "what is the cheapest power source available for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [54], "text": ["a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1170035", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.", "question": "what year were the changes instilled?", "answers": {"answer_start": [162], "text": [" Starting with the 2006 report"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183027", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "what registration and reporting requirements have been in place since 2006 in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [89], "text": [" registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity)."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183015", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (7) Reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss to volatilization. Water in nitrogen application with  0.5 inch or more of irrigation water to move nitrogen into the soil.", "question": "what can an irrigator do to move nitrogen into the soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [102], "text": ["Water in nitrogen application with  0.5 inch or more of irrigation water "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1183053", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "what can the MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM be used to register?", "answers": {"answer_start": [487], "text": ["withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1169112", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "What complaints are investigated by the state (PA 177)?", "answers": {"answer_start": [194], "text": ["small well owners against large well owners"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185575", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "what does efficient irrigation water use mean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [125], "text": ["providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1181509", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "what result in the highest infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [261], "text": ["Conservation tillage and no-till"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1181617", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "what can waste natural resources and push nutrients out of the root zone?", "answers": {"answer_start": [314], "text": ["Over watering "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1170436", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water application multiplied by number of applications: This system requires no additional equipment irrigators and maximizes the use of irrigation application records most irrigators already keep. Calendar records of applications to field are kept along with rate of application. The numbers of actual irrigated acres in the field are multiplied by the number of applications and rate.", "question": "what should be kept use the method water application multiplied by number of applications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [198], "text": ["Calendar records of applications to field are kept along with rate of application"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169960", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.", "question": "If a large capacity water user exceeds 70 gal/min beyond the baseline capacity what must be done? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [653], "text": ["a new water withdrawal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185402", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "for an irrigator to receive good irrigation economic outcomes what should they expect to provide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [227], "text": [" good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185547", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "what are two benefits to dribbling or broadcasting nitrogen on a field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [201], "text": ["quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification,"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1180965", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "what does the addition of irrigation to an area often require in terms of land improvement investments?", "answers": {"answer_start": [92], "text": ["permanent improvements to the land"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174310", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "what is the definition of evapotranspiration?", "answers": {"answer_start": [46], "text": ["represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1184723", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "what is considered a high water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["greater than $50000"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1183032", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "what follows the assessment tool and registration prior to construction of a large volume water withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [348], "text": [" Annual reporting"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185568", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "where will the highest instantaneous application rates be found when examining a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [153], "text": ["the end of the system furthest from the pivot point"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1184653", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "what should irrigation systems be able to do for a plant during a prolonged dry period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [38], "text": ["replace the typical water use of the plant"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185400", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "what should an irrigator ensure with regard to economics?", "answers": {"answer_start": [36], "text": [" irrigation will pay."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1173948", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field. ", "question": "what is a paper version of checkbook scheduler producers can use to reference evapotranspiration (E.T.) data?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1170495", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "which soils will take in water at a faster rate heavier soils like clay and clay loam or sands and sandy loam?", "answers": {"answer_start": [311], "text": ["sands and sandy loams"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1173964", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "What does the crop development model within SoyWater help producers with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1181505", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "what is an example of soils that take in water slower than sand and sandy loams? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [97], "text": ["Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1185530", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "From a management standpoint, fertigation allows producers the opportunity to evaluate crop stands, N losses due to wet conditions or heavy rains and the current market situation to make adjustment to the nitrogen plan to meet the crops needs and maximize profitability. As an example, let's say that a producer has a 200 bu. Yield goal on an irrigated field that calls for 230 lbs. of nitrogen. At planting he applies 30 lbs. of nitrogen, followed by 120 lbs. applied at cultivation in early June. This leaves a nitrogen need of 80 lbs. The producer decides to apply the remaining 80 lbs. split into two 40 lbs. applications through the irrigation. We get about 3.1 lbs. of actual nitrogen for each gallon of 28% N applied. He calculates that he needs to apply just short of 13 gallons per acre. Knowing that his system irrigates 2 acres per hour, he calculates that he needs to inject 26 gallons of the fertilizer per hour.", "question": "what does fertigation allow for from a management perspective?", "answers": {"answer_start": [49], "text": ["producers the opportunity to evaluate crop stands, N losses due to wet conditions or heavy rains and the current market situation to make adjustment to the nitrogen plan to meet the crops needs and maximize profitability"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1184586", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "what is an overview of the procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [68], "text": ["(a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181587", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "what is the fourth instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1181563", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "what will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The irrigation application rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1172608", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what is the checkbook method of irrigation scheduling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [50], "text": ["the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1184736", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "in terms of distribution equipment costs, what do bigger systems do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [189], "text": [" lower the cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1184628", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "where can a standard procedure be found for estimating the annual cost of ownership?", "answers": {"answer_start": [468], "text": ["on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1180984", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "what time frames provide a higher value return on investment for permanent improvements for the landowner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [717], "text": ["Shorter time frames "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174305", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "if a low total volume of water is applied annually and the system has low energy cost due to low pumping cost what is favorable?", "answers": {"answer_start": [480], "text": [" favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1173772", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.", "question": "What are the units that large capacity water users should report the amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [130], "text": ["either gallons or acre inches"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181616", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "what will underwatering accomplish with regard to crop inputs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": [" leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1183023", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.", "question": "who have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1170042", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (f) Reporting of static water level is no longer required: Static water level reporting was moved from a requirement to report. ", "question": "What was removed as a requirement to report under P.A. 33?", "answers": {"answer_start": [165], "text": ["Static water level"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185542", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "how much money do Chemigation valves typically cost when purchased from irrigation dealers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [566], "text": ["less than $700"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1180994", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "what may be included in the rental agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped, especially if early termination of the rental agreement is required?", "answers": {"answer_start": [24], "text": ["A repayment schedule"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1184750", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "what are three excellent examples of water availability?", "answers": {"answer_start": [109], "text": ["Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1185409", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "is there a larger or smaller proportion of fields using no-till systems being used in irrigated fields?", "answers": {"answer_start": [362], "text": [" smaller proportion"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1180930", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "what can be a major factor in the variability of the opportunity cost for irrigation installation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [578], "text": ["The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1173952", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field. ", "question": "what data should producers in Michigan reference?", "answers": {"answer_start": [277], "text": ["Enviroweather data"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1169444", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. (a continued) Changes included: Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act, 451 includes a section that may make large capacity water users established prior to February 2006 liable for environmental damage due to reduction flow from large scale water usage. Adverse resource impact as defined by P.A. 33: \"Decreasing the flow of a stream flow such that the stream's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired, or decreasing the level of a body of surface water such that the body of surface water's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired.\"", "question": "what does the amendment P.A. 33 of 2006 potentially make large capacity water users established prior to February 2006 liable of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [275], "text": ["environmental damage due to reduction flow from large scale water usage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183039", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "what does the screening tool established in late 2006 accomplish?", "answers": {"answer_start": [508], "text": ["estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1180888", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "what should be calculated and raised if a landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements?", "answers": {"answer_start": [11], "text": [" the amount to raise the rent "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181482", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "when can the sale of the land to another party proceed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [317], "text": ["if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1180960", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Liability of impact on neighboring home wells and environment: Michigan 2006 legislation required all large volume water users to meet an environmental protection standard of no resource impact. Rent agreements for irrigated land may define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability.", "question": "what can be used to define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability?", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["Rent agreements"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1185534", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them. ", "question": "what will center pivot-systems of good design and repair have a uniformity co-efficient of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["greater than 85%."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1169450", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "amendment P.A. 33 of the natural resource protection act includes what changes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [107], "text": ["(b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185401", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "what should an irrigator think in terms of when determining the irrigation economics?", "answers": {"answer_start": [63], "text": [" in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185525", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "what does side dress application do for the plant?", "answers": {"answer_start": [276], "text": ["feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1172498", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. For a given application, the instantaneous irrigation application rate is the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point. This calculation is often adjusted to minutes for a one-inch application of water.", "question": "what is often times adjusted for a one-inch application of water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [393], "text": ["calculation is often adjusted to minutes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1184710", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "what  is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface?", "answers": {"answer_start": [409], "text": ["Evapotransporation rate (E.T.)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1173959", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "What university created SoyWater an irrigation management tool?", "answers": {"answer_start": [62], "text": ["The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL)"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1181520", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "what will increase infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [72], "text": [" Residue cover and a rough soil surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1185554", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what are two examples of tillage operations that can affect infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [278], "text": [" Tillage method and surface compaction"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1181589", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (5) Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.).", "question": "what is the fifth instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [80], "text": [" Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1170036", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.", "question": "What do large scale water users need to provide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [238], "text": [" the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183034", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "what did Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limit?", "answers": {"answer_start": [45], "text": [" large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174015", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.", "question": "within the St. Joseph County MSU Extension webpage where should irrigators navigate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [443], "text": ["to link for irrigation on the left hand side"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1170024", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What is the consumptive use estimated as for harvest cooling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [864], "text": [" low about 5 to 10%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172506", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "where are the highest instantaneous application rates on the center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [249], "text": ["the end of the system furthest from the pivot point"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1169411", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "What did act PA 148 create? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [96], "text": ["a groundwater resource map of the state"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185569", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "what irrigation systems will have uniform irrigation application rates as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1185418", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas. If you think you have a difficult time getting away for a summer vacation now, adding irrigation will greatly increase the required summer labor and cut free time. Capable irrigation labor is hard to find. Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation can lead to a disaster. Good irrigation planning can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future.", "question": "what can lead to an irrigation disaster?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1180902", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A raise in rent values greater than just recovering the investment in the water well is justified since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming. The additional profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation is often split between landlord and lessee.", "question": "how is a raise in rent value greater than the investment in a water well justified?", "answers": {"answer_start": [98], "text": ["since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1184741", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "what is one factor that can lead to low distribution costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [350], "text": ["Flat topography"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181033", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.", "question": "who can help evaluate the irrigation related options available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [285], "text": [" The local farm insurance provider in the area"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169118", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "What is the NREPA?", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act ("]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1181514", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "what is one example that will increase infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [73], "text": ["Residue cover"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169399", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "Can more than one well at a site be combined to be considered a large capacity well? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [229], "text": [" more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183036", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "what did Michigan's 2008 water use legislation add?", "answers": {"answer_start": [161], "text": ["a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181481", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "what does \"first right of refusal\" refer to with regard to the lessee's purchasing power?", "answers": {"answer_start": [189], "text": ["the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170033", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ was removed in P.A. 33 leaving Michigan Department of Agriculture as the only reporting option for agricultural producers.", "question": "What is the only reporting option for agricultural producers after P.A. 33?", "answers": {"answer_start": [231], "text": ["Michigan Department of Agriculture"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1181565", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "How will the irrigation application rate vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181494", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "what does the repayment schedule chart allow for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [436], "text": ["allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1173976", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "what is a state the Soywater has been adapted for use in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [395], "text": ["Michigan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1180889", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "what is a goal of investing in the well and other permanent land improvements?", "answers": {"answer_start": [177], "text": ["to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1184585", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.", "question": "what are in place for causing an adverse resource impact?", "answers": {"answer_start": [606], "text": ["penalties"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174224", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "what unit should the baseline capacity of the system be reported in for the registration process?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["gal/min"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169404", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "What agricultural water uses apply to these laws (P177 and P148)?", "answers": {"answer_start": [546], "text": [" All"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1185584", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "what amount of irrigation application is often enough to germinate seeds in northern Indiana and southern Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["A single half inch application"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1185576", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "what contributes to efficient irrigation water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [277], "text": ["leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185404", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "what is an excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed irrigation project?", "answers": {"answer_start": [467], "text": ["Capital Investment Model"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1184619", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Finding a fair cost for shared irrigation systems: If you can find the true annual cost of an irrigation system it is easy to prorate the annual cost of the investment and annual power and labor cost by the number of acres the system provides for each party.", "question": "what does finding the true annual cost of an irrigation system make it easier to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [122], "text": [" to prorate the annual cost of the investment and annual power and labor cost by the number of acres the system provides for each party"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185517", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "what is an option for nitrogen management in irrigated production?", "answers": {"answer_start": [41], "text": [" fertigation "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1181553", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. It is measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine and is expressed as inches per hour. To determine application rate divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point). ", "question": "what is determining the irrigation application rate a key part of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [55], "text": ["the planning process for new irrigation systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1185555", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what tillage operations result in the highest soil infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [370], "text": ["Conservation tillage and no-till"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185403", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "when should an irrigator determine increases in fixed and variable costs of a system to receive good estimates for the economics of an irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [300], "text": ["in advance"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1181507", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "what is one affect that tillage methods and surface compaction can have?", "answers": {"answer_start": [242], "text": ["infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181025", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: One major issue that needs to be considered in the negotiations of adding irrigation is the ability for the lessee to sublet the property. As high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality. Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises. Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing can avoid grief and confusion in the future.", "question": "what is one negative impact of annual sub-renting with regard to the lessee and land owner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [342], "text": [" Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1172705", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what will irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity cause?", "answers": {"answer_start": [692], "text": [" surface runoff "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181022", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent land improvement associated with the addition of irrigation to the property would often include: (a) land clearing cost (b) well casing (c) pump/motor (d) electrical panel (e) back-flow preventer (f) z-pipe (g) field risers (h) pivot pads or anchors", "question": "what does permanent land improvement associated with the addition of irrigation to the property often include?", "answers": {"answer_start": [107], "text": ["(a) land clearing cost (b) well casing (c) pump/motor (d) electrical panel (e) back-flow preventer (f) z-pipe (g) field risers (h) pivot pads or anchors"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1185396", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Get multiple bids. Use irrigation professionals to your advantage. Take your best ideas to at least two irrigation sales/design people. Many will have access to excellent mapping and planning software tools, plus they will have far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design. Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation). This process will help equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor.", "question": "what will irrigation sales/design people help provide you with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [231], "text": [" far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1172517", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "to have a uniform instantaneous irrigation application rate for solid set irrigation systems what condition must be met?", "answers": {"answer_start": [432], "text": ["application time or forward travel of system is unchanged."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169415", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "How often are township-based water reports assembled?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": ["annually"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183046", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1a) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards. This is often termed as \"Grandfathering\", but these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right.", "question": "what are withdrawals from either wells or surface water existing on February 28, 2006 exempt from?", "answers": {"answer_start": [138], "text": ["the new adverse resource impact standards"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170442", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use/hr: Many pumping systems are equipped with hour meters or run time timers. With an accurate estimate of pumping a producer can calculate water use. ", "question": "with an accurate estimate of pumping water can a producer calculate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [192], "text": ["water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185393", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.", "question": "what pose as potential environmental risks, and typically increase equipment, maintenance, and fuel costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [157], "text": ["Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1184652", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what can compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "answers": {"answer_start": [521], "text": [" low initial cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1181527", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "what affects the amount of water that is absorbed by the soil and the amount of water that becomes runoff?", "answers": {"answer_start": [68], "text": ["the amount of water applied during each application"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1185562", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage. ", "question": "what will affect the amount of water that is infiltrated and the amount of water that becomes runoff?", "answers": {"answer_start": [462], "text": ["the amount of water applied each irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1185521", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "what is often the last step when following a three split nitrogen management plan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Fertigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1185362", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "when do surface water quantities need to be available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1185581", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "during may and early june how is the irrigation application typically affected?", "answers": {"answer_start": [411], "text": ["irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1174323", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "what type of irrigation system may need to be installed for crops susceptible to extremes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [193], "text": ["an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1174297", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what labor system does a greater number of small irrigation applications favor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [270], "text": ["systems that have low labor costs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1173956", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "where will reference crop evapotranspiration data be obtained from?", "answers": {"answer_start": [258], "text": ["each of the Enviro-weather stations"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1185571", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff form. 1. Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential. (heavy soils, slopes, surface compaction). 2. Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.", "question": "what are the first two instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [77], "text": ["1. Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential. (heavy soils, slopes, surface compaction). 2. Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170447", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "how is actual flow measured with flow meters?", "answers": {"answer_start": [125], "text": ["impeller or sonar"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1172693", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what are evaporation and transpiration commonly referred to as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [359], "text": ["evapotranspiration or E.T."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174009", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.", "question": "what types of pumping systems are required to register with the Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA) prior to beginning to pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1185523", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "what step in the three split nitrogen management plan allows for quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants?", "answers": {"answer_start": [125], "text": ["Starter "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1180894", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "what does the DIRTI formula represent?", "answers": {"answer_start": [459], "text": ["spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1181569", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged how will irrigation application rate vary for solid set or large gun hose traveler systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [204], "text": [" Irrigation application rate will be uniform"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1185414", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "what ideology should be avoided when growing crops in Michigan and Indiana?", "answers": {"answer_start": [519], "text": [" \"if you build it they will come\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181493", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "how is a schedule of repayment constructed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [318], "text": ["by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183049", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1a) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards. This is often termed as \"Grandfathering\", but these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right.", "question": "why might withdrawals existing on February 28, 2006 still be required to share the water resource information with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users?", "answers": {"answer_start": [356], "text": ["since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169405", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "Where is well pumping capacity filed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [682], "text": [" the well log"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169414", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "Who assembles township-based water reports?", "answers": {"answer_start": [240], "text": [" The MDA"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170454", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "how often should a flow meter be calibrated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [344], "text": ["at least annually"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1185565", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. The average irrigation application rate at a point along the machine is the amount of water applied divided by the elapsed time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point typically expressed as inches per hour.", "question": "what is determining the irrigation application rate an important part of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [55], "text": ["the planning process for new irrigation systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1184582", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.", "question": "what must large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 receive to proceed in the registration process?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1174003", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "How are crop specific evapotranspiration values estimated using Irrigation Scheduler?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169435", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "What did P.A. 33 of 2006 accomplish?", "answers": {"answer_start": [15], "text": [" amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185543", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "when is the installation cost of Chemigation valves the cheapest?", "answers": {"answer_start": [613], "text": ["at the time of pump installation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1184758", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "what resources does Michigan have available that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites?", "answers": {"answer_start": [330], "text": [" groundwater mapping tools"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185544", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "what should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [186], "text": ["Chemigation valves"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181484", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "how will the first right of refusal reduce the potential sale value of the property?", "answers": {"answer_start": [482], "text": ["by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1180890", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "What is DIRTI shorthand for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [389], "text": ["(Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1174006", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "how should weather data be acquired if the producer cannot provide daily temperature and rainfall data to Irrigation Scheduler?", "answers": {"answer_start": [320], "text": ["weather data can be imported from the internet"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1185518", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "what is fertigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1174001", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "where can Irrigation Scheduler be used?", "answers": {"answer_start": [164], "text": ["throughout Michigan and Indiana"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183052", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "what has Michigan's Department of Agriculture (MDA) also made available to register withdrawals constructed prior to February 28, 2006?", "answers": {"answer_start": [338], "text": ["MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1173953", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field. ", "question": "what does the MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet help producers with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [355], "text": ["convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174396", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "what is a resource that can help establish land rent value?", "answers": {"answer_start": [448], "text": ["Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181024", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: One major issue that needs to be considered in the negotiations of adding irrigation is the ability for the lessee to sublet the property. As high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality. Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises. Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing can avoid grief and confusion in the future.", "question": "what becomes a reality as high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area?", "answers": {"answer_start": [213], "text": ["opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "324", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: If you are installing Watermark sensors, remember to check them before installation to ensure that they are reading properly. When dry, sensors should read 199 kPa. After soaking in water for 10-15 minutes, sensors should read between 0-10 kPa. Values higher than this likely indicate that the sensor needs to be replaced. Before you go to the field to install Watermark sensors, be sure to put the sensors in water and install them wet to eliminate air in the sensor.  ", "question": "if the sensor reading values are higher than 0-10 kPa after soaking it in water for 10-15 minutes what is indicated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [310], "text": [" that the sensor needs to be replaced"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "474", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The last few irrigations of the season require some of the most important water management decisions of the year. An extra irrigation may mean wasting 1 to 3 inches of water and 2 to 5 gallons of diesel fuel per acre. Furrow irrigators may want to decide sooner due to the typical higher application amounts with flood, while pivot irrigators can delay the decision and take advantage of any rainfall that may occur.  ", "question": "how many inches of irrigation water per acre could be wasted as a result from an extra irrigation late in the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [151], "text": ["1 to 3 inches"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "43", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nebraska Extension has educators and specialist across the state that would be happy to help you develop a plan as well. Feel free to send an email to Steve Melvin if you would like to set up a time to talk.  ", "question": "what resource has educators and specialists across the state that can help a grower develop an irrigation plan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Nebraska Extension"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "25", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Also, keep in mind the corn roots grow about an inch each day into soil that is at field capacity, providing much of the water the plants need for that day. Generally, irrigation needs to be delayed until the soil begins to dry down. Furthermore, research conducted in the North Platte area has shown that irrigation could be reduced by one to four inches, compared to a fully irrigated crop, during the vegetative period without a significant yield reduction and can stimulate deeper root growth. For more information, go to \"Vegetative Growth Stage Irrigation, Is It Needed This Year?\"  ", "question": "how far do corn roots grow into soil that is at field capacity and provides the plant much of the water it needs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [39], "text": ["about an inch each day into soil"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "7", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nitrate leaching loss rates typically range from five to 10 pounds of nitrogen for every inch of water lost to deep percolation or drainage in Nebraska (based on in-field research as well as modeling nitrate-nitrogen losses in a Hastings silt loam soil series with over-irrigation during May and June. Source Aaron Daigh, 2023). Leaching losses can be even larger in sandy soil, with values as large as 30 lb/ac for every inch of over-irrigation measured in a loamy sand soil. Over-irrigation is very expensive and something that needs to be avoided.  ", "question": "how large can nitrate leaching loss rates get in over irrigated loamy sand soils in Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [384], "text": ["values as large as 30 lb/ac for every inch of over-irrigation"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "110", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 64% were ranked good, 11% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 3% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked fair in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [210], "text": ["11%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "546", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There is increasing pressure on our water resources. Concerns about natural ecosystems and the sustainability of groundwater withdrawals are heightening. Domestic and international competition for water between different users is increasing. Agricultural demand by a global population growing both in number and in wealth is rising.", "question": "what is happening to domestic and international competition for water between different users?", "answers": {"answer_start": [229], "text": [" increasing."]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "544", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "All these trends prompt us to manage our water more precisely. Specifically, irrigation-the largest user of freshwater in Nebraska and worldwide-can be applied more precisely. Besides improving when irrigation is applied (i.e., irrigation scheduling), where irrigation is applied (spatially) can be improved as well.", "question": "what are two examples of improvements that can be made to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["improving when irrigation is applied (i.e., irrigation scheduling), where irrigation is applied (spatially) can be improved"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "411", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for soybeans in the R5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as beginning of seed enlargement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [475], "text": ["6.5 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "383", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for silt clay or clay at 100% of available water in the top 4ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [288], "text": [" 6.4 in/4 ft"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "323", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: If you are installing Watermark sensors, remember to check them before installation to ensure that they are reading properly. When dry, sensors should read 199 kPa. After soaking in water for 10-15 minutes, sensors should read between 0-10 kPa. Values higher than this likely indicate that the sensor needs to be replaced. Before you go to the field to install Watermark sensors, be sure to put the sensors in water and install them wet to eliminate air in the sensor.  ", "question": "what should a Watermark sensor read in kPa after soaking it in water for 10-15 minutes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [261], "text": ["0-10 kPa"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "317", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "ETgage Install Tips: As with soil sensors, early installation of atmometers or ETgages is important, so remember to take the time to get them out now (Figure 4).  By installing early, we will make sure that everything is working properly during less critical growth stages and reinforces the importance of reading the ET gage every week. Remember to use distilled water when you are setting up your ETgage. ", "question": "what type of water should be used when setting up your ETgage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [354], "text": ["distilled water"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "253", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Thus, the pivot should operate at a 90% timer setting when the end gun is off and slow to 77.4% when it is on to apply the 30 lbs/acre nitrogen both when the end gun is off, as well as when it is on. The water application will be different - 0.29 inches when the end gun is off and about 0.33 inches when it is on - but the nitrogen rate will remain the same with the constant injection rate pump. The concept behind this method is that the pivot will irrigate the same number of acres per hour, thus the lower cost fixed-rate injection pump will work correctly.", "question": "what will be affected if the end gun is on or off?", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["The water application"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "486", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Upper Cretaceous aquifer supplies water to only about 13 wells, mostly in western Scotts Bluff County, although it is heavily used in the Denver area. The Upper Cretaceous aquifer has high sodium, and sometimes high chloride concentrations in Nebraska. ", "question": "how many wells does the Upper Cretaceous aquifer supply water for in western Scotts Bluff County?", "answers": {"answer_start": [58], "text": ["13"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "420", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Grain Sorghum stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as half bloom, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as soft dough, the approximate days to maturity is 23, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as hard dough, the approximate days to maturity is 12, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for grain sorghum in the stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as half bloom?", "answers": {"answer_start": [298], "text": ["9.0 inches"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "10", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Risk of Early Season Leaching Excess irrigation has its own risks. Generally, when the soil is above field capacity, excess water leaves the root zone, called deep percolation. This is an essential function of the soil for groundwater recharge. When deep percolation takes agrichemicals past the root zone, it is called leaching. May and June are the most critical time for leaching losses all year.", "question": "what is deep percolation an essential function of the soil for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [223], "text": ["groundwater recharge"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "535", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a speed control VRI system is that its application rate is varied by changing the speed of the pivot and that the irrigation management zones are pie slice shaped. Considerations for the speed control VRI system are that it is relatively inexpensive - many picot panels are capable without additional investment. It also needs no special hardware on the sprinklers. Example uses of it are if spatial variation lines up well with pie slices, varying application based on topography (e.g. reduced application on low spots) if it lines up pie slices, multiple crops or varieties under one pivot, and on-farm research. ", "question": "what is not required on the sprinklers of a speed control VRI system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [349], "text": ["special hardware"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "428", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for corn in the R2 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as blister?", "answers": {"answer_start": [281], "text": ["10.5 inches"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023b). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "52", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Now is the time to get the probes in the ground. While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is important to ensure proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root and leaf damage and makes it easy to get around the field with the pickup or ATV to install the equipment.  ", "question": "why is early installation of soil sensors critical?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["to ensure proper operation during the later critical growth phases"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "14", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil water monitoring data is easier to analyze once the crop has taken up water at the 16- to 24-inch depth during the vegetative growth stage. This drier zone can then be monitored with sensors to see if the area gets wetter or drier. If it keeps getting drier, the irrigation system needs to keep running. However, if it starts to get wetter, then stop irrigating for a few days. Ideally, the drier zone should slowly expand deeper with the crop using most of the subsoil water by the time the crop matures. For more information on this scheduling strategy, watch the Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Techniques video.", "question": "what can be used to monitor if the 16- to 24-inch depth area is getting wetter or drier?", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": ["sensors"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "205", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For winter wheat in the boot/heading crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.30 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.50 inches. For winter wheat in the soft dough crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.18 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for winter wheat during the boot/heading crop growth stage during the week of June 19-25 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [206], "text": ["1.50 inches"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "551", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Overall, our results indicate that an electric motor running at a constant 1770 rpm will use excess energy for much of the center pivot revolution. VFD operation includes the installation of a pressure sensor somewhere on the system. The controller part of the VFD adjusts the motor speed to maintain a set pipeline pressure wherever the sensor is positioned. Some sensors are placed at the pump outlet, but if the irrigated area has a lot of topography, that position is often the worst location for the sensor.   ", "question": "what rpm does a constant electric motor have to run at to use excess energy for much of the center pivot revolution?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["1770 rpm"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "375", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.5 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 10.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 4.0 in/ft.", "question": " what is the available water in 4ft of soil at 100% of available water for loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [367], "text": ["8.0 in/4 ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "268", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both methods require the basic information for the pivot. All the needed details can be found on the sprinkler chart for the center pivot. The sprinkler chart is the documentation that came with the sprinkler package for the pivot and describes the basic layout of the pivot, water flow rate, pressure, size of each sprinkler, etc. If the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new, the pivot dealer should be able to provide a copy. Otherwise, ask the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it. If you do not have the sprinkler chart, then you will need to determine the needed data by measuring the pivot.  ", "question": "what does the sprinkler char describe?", "answers": {"answer_start": [249], "text": ["basic layout of the pivot, water flow rate, pressure, size of each sprinkler, etc."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "122", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2022, out of 60 reports, 70% were ranked good, 8% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 2% were wet all season, and 2% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2022 out of 60 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked fair?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["8%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "241", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1743], "text": ["0.81"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "250", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2?", "answers": {"answer_start": [3316], "text": ["0.69"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "293", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " 2) Pump - The pump is a piece that is sometimes overlooked.  Before you start irrigating in the spring make sure you start the dripper to get the line shaft bearings lubed.  It needs 1 gallon of drip oil for every 100 feet of depth.  Set the dripper for 1 drip every 5 seconds.  The pump can only take oil so fast and you can't over oil them.  Also make sure the dripper line is attached and the fittings are tight.    ", "question": "what is a piece of the irrigation system that often gets overlooked?", "answers": {"answer_start": [11], "text": ["The pump"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "483", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  ", "question": "how can steve sibray be contacted?", "answers": {"answer_start": [317], "text": ["xxxxxxxxxxxx"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "343", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Benefits from Using Sensors: One of the main benefits of using sensors to better manage irrigation is the reduced costs of pumping. When surveyed, users of sensors from the Nebraska Ag Water Management Network and industry have indicated water savings of 2 inches per acre. The cost of applying an additional 2 inches of water is going to vary depending on your depth to water, system pressure, and equipment costs, but could easily run from $10 to $30 per acre.    ", "question": "how many inches per acre of water savings were indicated by users of sensors from the Nebraska Ag Water Management Network and industry when surveyed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [255], "text": ["2 inches per acre"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "296", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " 2) Pump - The pump is a piece that is sometimes overlooked.  Before you start irrigating in the spring make sure you start the dripper to get the line shaft bearings lubed.  It needs 1 gallon of drip oil for every 100 feet of depth.  Set the dripper for 1 drip every 5 seconds.  The pump can only take oil so fast and you can't over oil them.  Also make sure the dripper line is attached and the fittings are tight.    ", "question": "how many gallons of drip oil are need for every 100 feet of depth?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["1 gallon of drip oil "]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "206", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For winter wheat in the boot/heading crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.30 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.50 inches. For winter wheat in the soft dough crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.18 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for winter wheat during the soft dough crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [344], "text": ["1.18 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "379", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.5 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 10.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 4.0 in/ft.", "question": "what is the available water in top 4ft of soil at 100% of available water for loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [684], "text": ["10.0 in/4 ft"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "510", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "what aquifer was historically a source of water to the Omaha area?", "answers": {"answer_start": [172], "text": ["the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "342", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Benefits from Using Sensors: One of the main benefits of using sensors to better manage irrigation is the reduced costs of pumping. When surveyed, users of sensors from the Nebraska Ag Water Management Network and industry have indicated water savings of 2 inches per acre. The cost of applying an additional 2 inches of water is going to vary depending on your depth to water, system pressure, and equipment costs, but could easily run from $10 to $30 per acre.    ", "question": "what is one of the main benefits to using sensors to better manage irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [102], "text": ["the reduced costs of pumping"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "245", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15?", "answers": {"answer_start": [2442], "text": ["0.76"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "59", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The conclusion is that many irrigators could save money, water and nitrogen by using data from irrigation scheduling systems to make data-driven decisions to help them feel confident they are getting optimal yields without putting on extra water just for insurance purposes. Otherwise, irrigators follow their natural tendencies to put on about the same amount of water as in the past and just slightly adjust it for dry or wet years. For more information on yield losses, take time to read the following NebGuide: Plant Growth and Yield as Affected by Wet Soil Conditions Due to Flooding or Over-Irrigation.  ", "question": "for more information on yield losses from bad irrigation systems what can an irrigator read?", "answers": {"answer_start": [505], "text": ["NebGuide: Plant Growth and Yield as Affected by Wet Soil Conditions Due to Flooding or Over-Irrigation"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "151", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2017, out of 86 reports, 28% were ranked good, 10% were fair, 13% were wet late, 13% were wet early, 22% were wet all season, and 14% were very wet all season.  ", "question": "In 2017 out of 86 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked good?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["28%"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "344", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Benefits from Using Sensors: One of the main benefits of using sensors to better manage irrigation is the reduced costs of pumping. When surveyed, users of sensors from the Nebraska Ag Water Management Network and industry have indicated water savings of 2 inches per acre. The cost of applying an additional 2 inches of water is going to vary depending on your depth to water, system pressure, and equipment costs, but could easily run from $10 to $30 per acre.    ", "question": "how much can an additional 2 inches of water per acre cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [426], "text": ["easily run from $10 to $30 per acre"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "388", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for sandy clay loam at 100% of available water in 1 ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [747], "text": ["2.0 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "230", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is considered the variable for the pivot speed with the end gun on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [115], "text": ["Se"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "320", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "More information about how to assemble and prepare Watermark sensors is available in the following video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpEsjVO497A. Also, for more tips on sensor installation, please review the following CropWatch article, Irrigation Sensor Installation Tips.  ", "question": "for tips on sensor installation what CropWatch article can be reviewed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [242], "text": ["Irrigation Sensor Installation Tips"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "494", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Total dissolved solids and sodium concentrations are uniformly high, but other aspects of water chemistry vary from place to place. Arsenic and uranium concentrations have both been documented to exceed their recommended maximum contaminant levels in places, and Chadron well owners should consider testing their wells for these compounds.", "question": "what are uniformly high in the aquifers in western Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Total dissolved solids and sodium concentrations"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "497", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Chadron wells average about 350 feet deep, and the majority (64%) are used for domestic supply, but livestock and irrigation wells account for 15% and 12% of the wells, respectively. The biggest challenge to using the Chadron aquifer is poor water quality. ", "question": "how many feet deep is the average well in the Chadron aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [28], "text": ["350 feet"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "484", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  ", "question": "who can questions regarding eastern Nebraska's aquifers be directed to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [396], "text": ["xxxx xxxxxx"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "447", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Using this information for a center pivot that is set to apply one inch of water per irrigation, the suggested recommendation would be that the system should be off for the next few days to use some of the remaining water. The next inch of water should be applied within the next seven days. Then, the next irrigation should be recalculated using updated soil water readings. The best way to use the remaining water is to delay the start of the last few irrigations a few days each time and react to any rain that might occur during the period. Slowly using the water in the lower portion of the root zone starting in early to mid-August is much better than keeping the profile full until the very end and expecting the crop to use the water all at once.  ", "question": "what should be used in the lower portion of the root zone starting in early to mid-August?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["water"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "371", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Center pivot irrigation systems are designed and managed to apply water as uniformly as possible to enhance crop production. Uniformity has a direct effect on the system's overall application efficiency, which is a measure of how well an irrigation system delivers water to a crop's root zone.  ", "question": "what type of irrigation systems are designed and managed to apply water as uniformly as possible to enhance crop production?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Center pivot irrigation systems "]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "517", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nebraska is a groundwater-rich state, thanks in part to the High Plains Aquifer. Many people are familiar with the High Plains Aquifer (also sometimes called the Ogallala aquifer), but fewer people know that there are other aquifers in the state. In fact, Nebraska has seven secondary aquifers, which are much smaller in areal extent than the High Plains Aquifer and generally have poorer water quality, but are nonetheless important in places where the High Plains Aquifer and shallow sand gravel deposits are absent.", "question": "what is an alternative name for the high plains aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [162], "text": ["Ogallala aquifer"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "67", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, the winter and spring of 2022-23 has been an exception for most of Nebraska, with off-season precipitation well below normal. This has highlighted the only downside to leaving the soil dry at the end of the irrigation season: In years when we have a very dry off-season, we will need to pump some water in June to refill the profile before the high water demand days of July arrive. The data showed that some fields were at field capacity at the end of the irrigation season in 2022, but many of the silt loam soil fields would require four to five inches of water to refill the profile. The problem is, without soil water monitoring equipment, one will not know if their field is already refilled to field capacity or not. Other lighter soil texture fields will take less water to refill them.  ", "question": "what is the problem an irrigator will have if they don't have soil water monitoring equipment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [654], "text": ["one will not know if their field is already refilled to field capacity or not"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "139", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2019, out of 15 reports, 20% were ranked good, 7% were fair, 40% were wet late, 7% were wet early, 0% were wet all season, and 27% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2019 out of 15 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked good?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["20%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "131", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2021, out of 53 reports, 57% were ranked good, 6% were fair, 6% were wet late, 25% were wet early, 4% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2021 out of 53 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [236], "text": [" 4%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "285", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Check for proper operation by making sure there is not any water squirting from the side of any regulators.  This is a sign that the rubber bladder has failed.  Keep in mind that sprinklers and pressure regulators do have a life span.  If your system is approaching 10 years old you might need to take a closer look at them.  Uniformity of water application can suffer greatly if your sprinkler package is out of date.  ", "question": "what components of the irrigation system have a working lifespan and can wear out?", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": [" sprinklers and pressure regulators"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "21", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Moisture Monitoring In this drought year, many irrigated fields have very little subsoil moisture, while other portions of Nebraska have experienced significant rains over the last month. With irrigation, any grower can can over-irrigate early and create a wet spring. The most reliable method to know when and how much to irrigate is to monitor soil moisture at multiple depths. Keep in mind that when irrigation is applied with a center pivot an inch at a time on the soil surface, the top foot will stay very wet all summer.", "question": "what can create a wet spring for a grower?", "answers": {"answer_start": [229], "text": ["over-irrigate early "]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "315", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "ETgage Install Tips: As with soil sensors, early installation of atmometers or ETgages is important, so remember to take the time to get them out now (Figure 4).  By installing early, we will make sure that everything is working properly during less critical growth stages and reinforces the importance of reading the ET gage every week. Remember to use distilled water when you are setting up your ETgage. ", "question": "when should ETgages or atmometers be installed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [43], "text": ["early"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023b). Optimize Those Last Few Irrigations | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/optimize-those-last-few-irrigations"}
{"id": "105", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "University of Nebraska Extension irrigation scheduling recommendations encourage irrigators to allow the crop to continue using more and more of the stored soil water starting in August and continuing into September when the crop matures. The recommendation is to lower the soil water level from the usual summer water condition of a minimum of 50% plant available water in the top three feet of soil to 40% in the top four feet after the dough stage (R4) is reached. Thus, the stored soil water content should be significantly lower when the crop matures in September than earlier in August.  ", "question": "what does the University of Nebraska Extension recommendations encourage irrigators to allow the crop to use more of starting in August and continuing into September when the crop matures?", "answers": {"answer_start": [149], "text": ["stored soil water"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "161", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis found that all the fields in 2017, '18 and '19 were irrigated to a level preventing water stress all season, however 15% to 20% of the fields may have been underwatered late into the season just a little bit (it may or may not have affected the yield) late in the season in the dry years of 2020, '21 and '22.  ", "question": "what percentage of fields in 2020, 2021, and 2021 were slightly underwatered late into the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [130], "text": ["15% to 20%"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "554", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Overall, our results indicate that an electric motor running at a constant 1770 rpm will use excess energy for much of the center pivot revolution. VFD operation includes the installation of a pressure sensor somewhere on the system. The controller part of the VFD adjusts the motor speed to maintain a set pipeline pressure wherever the sensor is positioned. Some sensors are placed at the pump outlet, but if the irrigated area has a lot of topography, that position is often the worst location for the sensor.   ", "question": "what does the controller part of the VFD do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [265], "text": ["adjusts the motor speed to maintain a set pipeline pressure wherever the sensor is positioned"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "457", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "how many inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop using the average average rainfall per week for august and September for the crop and the remaining available water at maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [865], "text": ["2.35 inches"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "527", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a dynamic VRI irrigation prescription is that it changes frequently during the season, possible for each irrigation event. Considerations include that it may be complicated and increase management efforts and that it may provide maximum gross benefit. Example uses include varying irrigation to each part of the field as needed and adjusting areas as needs change over the season as well as variable rate chemigation. ", "question": "what are example uses for dynamic VRI irrigation prescriptions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [292], "text": ["varying irrigation to each part of the field as needed and adjusting areas as needs change over the season as well as variable rate chemigation"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "66", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, the winter and spring of 2022-23 has been an exception for most of Nebraska, with off-season precipitation well below normal. This has highlighted the only downside to leaving the soil dry at the end of the irrigation season: In years when we have a very dry off-season, we will need to pump some water in June to refill the profile before the high water demand days of July arrive. The data showed that some fields were at field capacity at the end of the irrigation season in 2022, but many of the silt loam soil fields would require four to five inches of water to refill the profile. The problem is, without soil water monitoring equipment, one will not know if their field is already refilled to field capacity or not. Other lighter soil texture fields will take less water to refill them.  ", "question": "how much water did the data indicate silt loam fields would require in Nebraska in 2022? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [545], "text": ["four to five inches of water to refill the profile"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}