The second case of infection was in a 43-year-old man who was admitted to Awali Hospital, Awali, Bahrain, in November 2006. The patient reported malaise, insomnia, cough, weight loss, and anorexia. Radiographs showed features suggestive of tuberculosis (left upper lobe consolidation with focal cavitation). Sputum specimens collected on 3 consecutive days were positive for AFB and mycobacterial growth. To identify the pathogen(s), we used the same 4 mutiplex line-probe assays as used for case-patient 1, and results were similar. The identified strain was considered to be the pathogen responsible for the respiratory disease.
The patient was treated with a combination of clarithromycin (CLR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) for 12 months; however, he had a clinical and microbiological (i.e., positive for AFB and culture results with the same NTM) relapse during this treatment. In November 2007, 3 sputum specimens from the patient were positive for AFB, and cultures yielded a mycobacterial strain identical to that identified by the assays. The patient was treated with antituberculous drugs (INH, RIF, EMB, PZA, plus CLR and CIP) for 6 months, and then INH, RIF, CLR, CIP were continued for 2 additional months (Table), after which the patient showed clinical improvement.
In the 2 cases, molecular identification of the isolates as M. riyadhense was achieved by using partial hsp65 and rpoB gene sequencing, which was based on the high level of sequence identities with the type strain of M. riyadhense and a distance score of 3.5 and 4.6, respectively, to the next species, "M. simulans" (Table). Broth microdilution panels (SLOMYCO Sensititer; Trek Diagnosis Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA) were used to determine drug susceptibility (Table).
Commercial probes are frequently used for rapid identification of mycobacterial species; however, M. riyadhense and other recently proposed NTMs (e.g., M. kumamotonense and "M. simulans") cross-react with MTBC DNA probes and may be missed by line-probe assays (,). With the emergence of new NTM species, commercial probes could fail to discriminate between species, leaving clinical isolates either unidentified or misidentified. Because of its ease of use, accuracy, and discriminatory power, multilocus sequence analysis may soon become the standard for routine NTM species identification.
We have shown evidence for the pathogenic role of M. riyadhense in pulmonary diseases, a pathogen that has previously been reported to have extrapulmonary pathogenicity. Clinical and radiologic signs and symptoms of pulmonary infection caused by M. riyadhense, including cough, weight loss, fever, and cavitating lung lesions, were similar to those in typical cases caused by MTBC strains. van Ingen et al. suggested that the region of difference 1 (RD1) virulence locus identified in MTBC members may also play a crucial role in virulence of some NTM species. These authors found RD1 genes in NTMs that were causing human disease, including M. kansasii, M. szulgai, M. marinum, and the type strain of M. riyadhense.
We confirmed the presence of RD1 esat-6 and cfp-10 genes in the M. riyadhense isolates reported here (GenBank accession nos. JF896090-JF896093). Because M. riyadhense is an emerging pathogen with, to our knowledge, only 1 previously reported extrapulmonary case of infection, the optimal treatment for infected patients is unknown. Our results and drug susceptibility testing indicate that antituberculous drugs, including INH, RMP, and EMB, are effective against M. riyadhense infection (Table), but the combination of CLR plus CIP was not effective in 1 case-patient reported here, despite in vitro susceptibility to both drugs.