This study included 374 patients who underwent surgery for TBPI. Of these, 322 (86.10%) were males and 52 (13.90%) females. The median age of these patients was 26 years (7-77). Dividing these patients into age groups, 45.45% of patients were between 20 and 29 years of age with 86.47% of them were males (Figure 1). The male patients' ages ranged from 7 to 77 years, while the female patients were 11-68 years old. The TBPI patients mostly came from the same province (45.20%), followed by the patients who came from the same region (32.33%), and the rest came from all over Indonesia (22.47%.) 
Among the mechanism of injury, the majority of cases were caused by traffic accidents (91.98%) which was dominated by motorcycle accidents (94.48%). Other mechanisms were domestic (5.61%) and industrial accidents (2.41%) (Table 1).
The interval between the trauma and first surgery for the brachial plexus varied as shown in Figure 2. Based on the side of the lesion, 58.02% of the patients had right-sided injuries, 41.71% had left-sided injuries, and 1 patient (0.27%) had bilateral injuries. Traction injuries occurred in most of the patients. According to the anatomical classification, the complete pre-ganglionic type accounts for 48.93%, followed by the upper (33.15%) and complete (17.64%) post-ganglionic type. Only 1 patient (0.27%) was the lower type lesion (Table 2). 
As many as 52.67% of the patients had concomitant injuries. Fractures were the most common concomitant injuries (90.73%). Among them, most (99.07%) were closed fractures. Closed anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint was the second most common concomitant injury (3.38%), followed by the head/intracranial injury (3.09%), and the rest were acromioclavicular joint disruption, nerve lesion (peroneal nerve), lacerated wound, vascular rupture, crush injury, and hyphema (Table 3). Interestingly, these patients mostly visited the hospital within 24 hours after injury and were treated accordingly due to the concomitant injury. Upper limb fractures were commonly associated with TBPI (84.52%) with humerus fracture being the most common (29.10%), followed by radius (21.98%), and clavicle (16.10%) (Table 4). 
In preoperative clinical examination, Horner's syndrome (ptosis and miosis ipsilateral) was found in 177 patients, hemidiaphragm palsy in 4 patients, and winging scapula in 17 patients. Diagnostic studies were performed to support the diagnosis. MRI examination was done in 85 patients, CT scan in 22 patients, and electrophysiological studies in 89 patients. In the preoperative predictive value analysis of root injury, at least one root abnormality of MRI was 71.28% and 70.10% of CT scans. The electrophysiological studies diagnosed 60.15% of preganglionically injured roots.
The total procedures done in this study were 474 procedures, consisting of nerve procedures, tendon transfers, arthrodesis, and free functional muscle transfer (FFMT). Nerve procedures were performed in 272 patients (57.38%) for patients who came less than 12 months. External neurolysis was performed in 42 patients (15.44%) of all nerve procedures. Among them, external neurolysis alone was performed in 4 TBPI patients that intraoperatively had a visibly intact plexus (surrounded by fibrosis) which transmitted nerve action potential (NAP) from the nerve stimulator. Nerve transfers (neurotization) were performed in 230 patients (84.56%) divided into supraclavicular neurotization for 139 patients (60.43%) and infraclavicular neurotization for 91 patients (39.57%).
In supraclavicular neurotization, intraplexal donor nerves (2 patients/1.44%) used were mainly from C5 and C6 roots. Extraplexal donor nerves were the phrenic nerve (74 patients), spinal accessories nerve/SAN (51 patients), the platysma motor branch (2 patients), and the great auricular nerve (1 patient). The nerve graft source used in this study were the sural nerve (83 patients) and the lateral antebrachial cutaneous (LABC) nerve (2 patients). The average length of used graft was 18.55 cm. The recipient nerves for these procedures were SSN (suprascapular nerve), MCN, and median nerve. In infraclavicular neurotization, Oberlin I and Oberlin II procedures were performed in 10 patients and 67 patients respectively. The Somsak Procedure was done on 14 patients.
The secondary procedures done were tendon transfer (36.92%), modified Steindler flexorplasty (32.57%), trapezius transfer procedures (59.43%), and tendon transfer for wrist, thumb, and finger extension (6.85%) Another secondary procedure was arthrodesis procedures that were performed on 12 patients (2.53%). Three joints that had already undergone surgery for arthrodesis were the glenohumeral joint (9 patients/75.0%), the wrist joint (2 patients/16.67%), and the carpometacarpal joint (1 patient/8.33%). Lastly, free functioning muscle transfer (FFMT) using gracilis muscle was performed in 13 patients (2.74%). The summary of procedures done for TBPI is presented on Table 5.