A 31-year-old female with a history of secondary infertility of 1 year and 6 months was referred to our clinic. She had two spontaneous miscarriages at tenth week of gestation, the last being 2 years and 6 months back, both followed by dilatation and curettage. After her last abortion, she did not conceive for 2 years. Multiple cycles of ovulation induction with oral agents as well as injectable gonadotropins were done. All follicular studies showed consistently thin endometrium of 6-8 mm around the time of ovulation. Routine investigations such as hysterosalpingogram, blood sugar, tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction of the endometrium, and antiphospholipid antibodies were normal. On hysteroscopy done 1 year back, uterine cavity was normal.
At our clinic, we started with follicular growth and endometrial thickness monitoring in natural cycle. Doppler for endometrial blood flow around the time of ovulation was suggestive of absent flow in zones 2, 3, and 4 of endometrium (Applebaum criteria). An attempt to improve the blood flow was made by starting Aspirin 75 mg, vitamin E, and Pentoxyfylline. However, repeat Doppler around the time of implantation did not show any improvement.
In the next cycle, successful ovulation induction with gonodatropins was done, and trigger was given when the follicle was 18 mm, followed by intrauterine insemination. Luteal support was given with oral estrogen, progesterone, and vaginal Sildenafil citrate 25 mg (Alivher ; Akumentis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India) twice a day in view of decreased endometrial blood flow in the previous cycle, which may be one of the causes of repeated abortions. Doppler for endometrial blood flow around the time of implantation (7-8 days after ovulation) showed good flow in all the zones.
Serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin test done 14 days later confirmed the pregnancy. Sildenafil citrate was stopped on confirmation of pregnancy. First trimester of pregnancy was uneventful. Ultrasound at 12 weeks for nuchal translucency, nasal bone, and dual marker test were normal. Patient was called for follow-up visits every 3 weeks. Ultrasound for congenital malformation at 20 weeks did not reveal any abnormality. Fetal weight at that time was 440 g, and amniotic fluid index (AFI) was 10. Repeat ultrasound at 24 weeks was suggestive of oligohydramnios (AFI 6) with a fetal weight of 490 g (less than fifth percentile). Color Doppler in umbilical arteries showed normal systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio, pulsatility index, and resistive index. However, there was notching seen in the uterine artery Doppler study. Investigations such as complete blood count, blood sugars, liver function test, renal function test, urine routine, and microscopy were within normal limits. Her blood pressure was normal; there was no peripheral pitting edema or proteinuria and hence no evidence of preeclampsia. The couple was informed regarding the guarded prognosis of pregnancy, and written informed consent was obtained voluntarily. The patient was kept on bed rest and given vitamin supplements, intravenous amino acid infusions, and nitric oxide donor (L-arginine sachets). Ultrasound at 26 weeks showed an estimated fetal weight of 550 g and an AFI of 4.5. Color Doppler showed an increased S/D ratio in the umbilical arteries with brain-sparing effect in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) as shown in Figures 1 and 2. A repeat ultrasonography at 27 weeks showed reduction in diastolic flow in the umbilical arteries. Figure 3 shows the ultrasonography Doppler image with reduced blood flow at the myometrial placental junction at diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction.
In view of grave prognosis of the pregnancy and unavailability of any other established definitive treatment, the couple was counseled regarding the limited role and experimental nature of Sildenafil citrate in oligohydramnios and FGR. After detailed counseling, the couple opted for Sildenafil citrate 25 mg vaginally twice a day. Repeat ultrasound at 28 weeks showed an improvement in blood flow and an increase in AFI to 6.5 with a fetal weight of 680 g after starting sildenafil citrate as shown in Figure 4.
The umbilical artery diastolic flow improved after 2 weeks of therapy, with no brain-sparing effect in MCA; however, the S/D ratio was >3.
Furthermore, ultrasound at 30 weeks showed an AFI of 7.5 and a fetal weight of 1,000 g. The patient also experienced a subjective increase in perception of fetal movements. All medications were continued with weekly monitoring of fetal weight and AFI. Gradually at 31 weeks, there was further decrease in pulsatility index, and S/D ratio was <3, in both umbilical and MCAs as shown in Figures 5 and 6.
The fetal well-being was continuously monitored using biophysical profile every 2 weeks. Sildenafil citrate therapy was stopped at 36 weeks. An elective cesarean section was done at 37th week for breech presentation, and a healthy female child of 2.3 kg was delivered. Baby cried immediately after birth, and Apgar score was 7/10 and 9/10 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Placenta was examined after delivery; on gross examination, it was smaller in size (400 g) with areas of calcifications and increased thickness of membranes. On histopathological examination, there were areas of infarction. The maternal and neonatal courses were uneventful. We have followed up the child up to 14 months with normal mental and physical development.