A 34-year-old female presented to the surgery department with persistent nodular left axillary swelling and pain for 15 days. A fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed from the left axilla and image of the smear is depicted below.
Q1. What is the interpretation/diagnosis?
Breast carcinoma
Granulomatous mastitis (GM) in accessory axillary breast
Fibrocystic change
Phyllodes tumor.
b- GM in accessory axillary breast.
Cytological findings showed cellular aspirate with sheets of benign ductal epithelial cells, few non-necrotizing epithelioid cell granulomas, numerous foamy macrophages, neutrophils, and multinucleated giant cells showing emperipolesis [Figures 1a-c]. Ziehl-Neelsen stain and TrueNat for acid-fast bacilli were also performed which was negative, excluding Tuberculosis. Based on cytological findings, the diagnosis of GM in the accessory axillary breast was considered. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was later isolated in the bacterial culture performed on aspirate sample. Following the administration of antibiotics, the lesion significantly improved.
 Q2. Which of the following is true about GM? 
Usually occurs in women of reproductive age, and most cases occur around 2 years after breastfeeding
Malignant disease of the breast
It is an untreatable condition
None.
 Q3. Which of the following disease is reported in the accessory breast? 
Phyllodes
Mastitis
Fibroadenoma
All of the above.
 Q4. What are the other granulomatous diseases of the breast? 
Tuberculous mastitis
Sarcoidosis
Both
Galactocele.
Answers: Q2-a, Q3-d, Q4-c.
GM is an unusual chronic inflammatory condition of the breast that is characterized by breast masses, erythema, abscesses, indurations, and tenderness. It usually occurs in pregnant women within 5 years of giving birth. GM was described as a distinct entity in 1972 by Kessler and Wolloch. In general, accessory breast tissue extends from the axilla to the pubic area along the embryonic mammary ridge. The disease processes that affect accessory breast tissue are similar to those that affect normal breast tissue. The most frequent diseases reported in the accessory breasts are cancers followed by mastitis, fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumors, and fibrocystic change. The majority of cases of GM occur within the first 2 years after breastfeeding, while GM during pregnancy is rare. Idiopathic GM manifests histologically as non-caseating granulomas and is chronic, rare, and inflammatory. Typically, it presents as an inflamed, tender mass on the breast. In our case, the patient had given birth to her first child 3 years ago, and there was no history of breast trauma/use of oral contraceptives/any family history of breast cancer. Clinical examination revealed a tender swelling of approximately 1.5 cm in size with redness in the left axilla. Ultrasonography findings were suggestive of left axillary lymphadenitis. The patient was exposed to a number of risk factors, including delivery and breastfeeding, which both contribute to GM and accessory breast tissue formation. The diagnosis of GM remains challenging for clinicians. Cytological examination of fine-needle aspiration biopsy can ensure the diagnosis of this disease, despite the fact that it often mimics breast cancer. Patients with GM are often subject to prolonged disease courses with substantial negative impacts on quality of life during diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, diagnosing and treating them remain a challenge for clinicians as well as patients. To the best of our knowledge, till date, only two other cases of GM in accessory breast tissue have been reported in the literature. At present, there is no consensus regarding the etiology and management of GM. In our case, the patient was treated with oral antibiotics and the patient's condition improved.