The original isolate of 10.1601/nm.5156 , classified as 10.1601/nm.4999 , was obtained from the feces of a Japanese patient suffering from thiamin deficiency and chronic constipation. Additional strains of 10.1601/nm.5156 have been isolated from fecal samples of healthy human subjects from Kyoto and Ube City, as well as those with symptoms of thiamin deficiency. Aside from being associated with human feces, 10.1601/nm.5156 reportedly induced bacteremia in an 80-year-old hospital patient undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. Strains of 10.1601/nm.5156 have been found in the alimentary tract and feces of thiamin deficient lambs, ewes, and sheep, and from the viscera of Lake Michigan alewives. Other isolates have been recovered from honeybees and from soil. Growth of 10.1601/nm.5156 on defined minimal media requires the addition of thiamin or the two moieties that form thiamin. Like some strains of 10.1601/nm.5156, 10.1601/nm.5116 was isolated from dead honeybee larvae, adults, and honeycombs. It is not suspected to be a honeybee pathogen as 10.1601/nm.5116 spores fed to larvae and adults did not induce death or any obvious pathology. A few 10.1601/nm.5156 strains have been erroneously classified as 10.1601/nm.5116. In contrast to 10.1601/nm.5156, 10.1601/nm.5116 has not been studied extensively.
Both species are rod-shaped endospore formers and produce a single ellipsoid endospore in a swollen sporangium, with the spore coat of 10.1601/nm.5116 described as unusually thick. The spore produced by 10.1601/nm.5116 has a rectangular outline, unlike the more ellipsoid shape seen in 10.1601/nm.5156. 10.1601/nm.5116 cells are slightly larger than 10.1601/nm.5156 cells as they range from 3.0-5.0 mum in length and 0.7-0.8 mum in width, while 10.1601/nm.5156 cells are 2.0-3.0 mum long and 0.5-1.0 mum wide (Fig. 1). The predominant cellular fatty acid in both 10.1601/nm.5116 and 10.1601/nm.5156 is anteiso-C15:0, and both have a Gram-positive cell wall. General features of the two organisms are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.   
These paenibacilli were originally classified as members of the genus 10.1601/nm.4857, based on their morphological features and biochemical properties, although 10.1601/nm.5116, 10.1601/nm.5156 and their close relatives were not included in the original description of the genus. Due to their similar phenotypes, six strains of 10.1601/nm.4999 were classified in the B. apiarius species group, but 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that B. apiarius isolates form two separate clades. This phylogenetic analysis further provided support for reclassifying B. apiarius strains as 10.1601/nm.5116 and those clustering with 10.1601/nm.4999 were renamed. Shortly after, 10.1601/nm.4999 and numerous other 10.1601/nm.4857 species were reclassified as 10.1601/nm.5109 spp.. Both 10.1601/nm.5116 and 10.1601/nm.5156 share the hallmarks of other 10.1601/nm.5109 species in that they are facultative anaerobes, that grow well on nutrient agar at neutral pH but inclusion of a fermentable sugar, such as glucose, will enhance growth. These paenibacilli produce similar colonies when grown for 24 h on tryptic soy agar and appear circular, entire, and translucent, but are distinguishable by yellow pigmentation of 10.1601/nm.5116 colonies, which is not seen with 10.1601/nm.5156. Both 10.1601/nm.5116 and 10.1601/nm.5156 can respire anaerobically using nitrate as an electron acceptor. Both can break down disaccharides and some polysaccharides. Carbon sources that support growth and complex organic compounds that 10.1601/nm.5116 and 10.1601/nm.5156 can hydrolyze are listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Unlike 10.1601/nm.5116, 10.1601/nm.5156 can ferment lactose as well as the sugar alcohols D-mannitol and D-sorbitol. Another distinguishing characteristic is the ability of 10.1601/nm.5156 to produce indole. The ability to decompose thiamin was considered a distinct feature of 10.1601/nm.5156 but can no longer be used to differentiate it from 10.1601/nm.5116 or 10.1601/nm.5127 (unpublished). 10.1601/nm.5116 is closely related to the honeybee pathogen 10.1601/nm.5114, while 10.1601/nm.5156 is very closely related to 10.1601/nm.5127, 10.1601/nm.5152, and 10.1601/nm.5144, the latter two species are insect pathogens, responsible for milky spore disease in Japanese beetles. Recently it was discovered that paenibacilli are distinct from 10.1601/nm.4857 spp. in the arrangement of genes around the chromosomal origin of replication. Paenibacilli code for a YheC/D family protein, designated orf14, between the gyrA and gyrB genes while 10.1601/nm.4857 species do not have this intervening gene. Our maximum likelihood 16S rRNA gene tree generated by FastTree 2.1 is congruent with these studies (Fig. 2). The tree also indicates that 10.1601/nm.5156 OSY-SE is a strain of 10.1601/nm.5116. 
The present study was used to learn more about the genomic context of the thiaminase I gene and thiamin metabolism in these paenibacilli and their close relative 10.1601/nm.5127 C454 which has a published draft genome.
Both 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 and 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 were acquired from the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection. The DNA was sequenced in April of 2014. Raw reads were assembled using SPAdes version 3.5. The contigs were quality filtered by size and coverage. Completeness and heterogeneity were assessed using CheckM and the draft genomes were submitted to Genoscope for annotation with the MicroScope platform. The assembled draft genomes were submitted to the Joint Genome Institute Integrated Microbial Genomes analysis system in October 2016 for annotation. Project summaries are provided in Table 3. 
Both 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 and 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 were grown in tryptic soy broth with shaking, at 30  C and 37  C, respectively. Genomic DNA was extracted using a protocol typically used for isolating high molecular weight DNA from 10.1601/nm.10618. Briefly, cells were lysed with lysozyme and sodium n-lauryl sarcosine. DNA was extracted using phenol:chloroform, and precipitated using ethanol. Near-complete 16S rRNA genes were amplified from the genomic DNA. Sequences were determined and compared with published sequences available in GenBank. The whole genome sequencing projects for 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 and 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 were deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under accession numbers NDGJ00000000 and NDGK00000000, respectively.
Illumina MiSeq 2 x 250 sequencing reactions were conducted on the two DNA samples at the Cornell University Institute of Biotechnology in Ithaca, NY. This resulted in 3,704,766 reads for the 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 genome and 4,092,728 reads for the P. thiamonolyticus 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 genome. The reads were quality checked and assembled using 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DSPA+des+3.5. Contigs were filtered based on coverage (above 50x) and size (above 1000 bp). CheckM was used to determine genome completeness and revealed that the 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 genome is 99.73% complete with no strain heterogeneity, while the 10.1601/nm.5156 genome is 99.68% complete with no strain heterogeneity.
Gene calling and annotations for 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 and 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 were developed by both the MicroScope platform and IMG, 10.1601/nm.5127 C454 was annotated with MicroScope only. Annotations of interest were independently verified using the Uniprot (Swissprot and TrEMBL) database and BLAST. Ambiguous gene sequences were compared to their 10.1601/nm.10618 counterparts to further help identify a putative function. DELTA-BLAST was used to determine functional domains of uncharacterized proteins, and confirm those of characterized proteins of interest.
The draft genome for 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 is 5,404,821 bp (50.49% G + C) and comprises 51 contigs. The largest contig is 827,142 bp, and the smallest is 1010 bp in length. The N50 of the genome is 280,248. IMG identified 4957 genes in the genome. Of those genes, 4822 encode for proteins (97.28%), 22 are rRNA genes (0.44%), 76 are tRNA genes (1.53%), and no pseudogenes were discovered. Of the 22 rRNA genes identified, seven are 5S, ten are 16S, and five are 23S genes. The draft genome for 10.1601/nm.5156 is 6,547,709 bp (53.64% G + C), contains 48 contigs, with the largest contig being 1,172,336 bp and the smallest being 1148 bp. The N50 is 254,830 bp. For this genome 5880 genes were identified as protein encoding (97.89%), with 21 rRNA genes (0.36%), 77 tRNA genes (1.31%), and no pseudogenes (0.00%). Amongst the rRNA genes, five 5S, nine 16S, and seven 23S genes were identified. More details of these draft genomes are given in Table 4, and the CoG analyses are summarized in Tables 5 and 6.   
We investigated the potential thiamin biosynthetic capabilities of 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460, 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156, and 10.1601/nm.5127 C454 using the annotations and metabolic pathways generated by MicroScope. Typically in bacteria, TPP, the active cofactor, is formed from two phosphorylated moieties, THZ-P and HMP-PP. The thiazole moiety is derived from the glycolysis products pyruvate and G3P, a sulfur from cysteine, and either tyrosine (in E. coli) or glycine (in 10.1601/nm.10618). The formation of THZ-P requires a suite of proteins including deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (Dxs), a sulfur donor protein (NifS or IscS), adenyltransferase (ThiF), sulfur carrier protein (ThiS), thiazole synthase (ThiG), thiazole biosynthesis protein ThiH or glycine oxidase ThiO, and in some cases an aromatase (TenI). The pyrimidine moiety is derived from AIR, an intermediate in purine biosynthesis. HMP synthase (ThiC) and HMP kinase (ThiD) are required to form HMP-PP. Thiamin phosphate synthase (ThiE) combines THZ-P and HMP-PP to form TMP, which is then phosphorylated by thiamin phosphate kinase (ThiL), forming TPP.
The 10.1601/nm.5116 draft genome contains all of the genes required to make THZ-P (Fig. 3); thiG, thiO, thiS, and tenI are located in an operon putatively regulated by a TPP-binding riboswitch. The presence of thiO suggests that 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 uses glycine to generate the thiazole moiety. With thiC and thiD present, it appears competent for HMP-PP biosynthesis (3). The genome contains thiE but lacks thiL for the terminal phosphorylation; however, it contains a putative TPK. Plants, fungi, and a few species of bacteria, use a different thiamin biosynthesis strategy where thiamin monophosphate is dephosphorylated to thiamin, and then converted to TPP by a TPK. The genome content of 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 suggests that it synthesizes thiamin in this manner. Hasnain and colleagues recently demonstrated that HAD-superfamily enzymes of the subfamily IA in plants and some bacteria catalyze the dephosphorylation of TMP. In bacteria, these hydrolase genes are either fused to a thiamin biosynthesis gene, like thiD or thiE, or these genes are located in the same operon. The 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 genome has a HAD subfamily IA hydrolase gene that potentially serves this function, and is located in an operon with other thiamin biosynthesis genes (Fig. 4).  
The genes thiD, thiE, and HAD subfamily IA hydrolase gene are found in a highly conserved operon with the thiaminase I gene in the 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460, 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 and 10.1601/nm.5127 C454 draft genomes. The operons of all three strains are depicted in Fig. 4 and appear to be regulated by a TPP-binding riboswitch. Thiazole kinase (thiM), which phosphorylates THZ (Fig. 5) is the first gene in the operon, followed by thiD and thiE. The thiamin biosynthesis genes are proceeded by a nucleoside 2-deoxyribosyltransferase, a thymidylate synthase, a SAM-dependent methyltransferase, a Nudix-family hydrolase (YzgD), and thiaminase I (Fig. 4). In the 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 and 10.1601/nm.5127 C454 operons, a HAD subfamily IA hydrolase is located directly after the thiaminase I gene. In 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460, three additional genes are present, which code for a putative transcriptional regulator and two proteins of unknown function (Fig. 4). Since the HAD hydrolase is in the same operon as thiD and thiE, it is likely that it performs the dephosphorylation of TMP. Biochemical studies by Tirrell and colleagues reveal that the YzgD Nudix hydrolase has a HAD domain, which specifically cleaves pyridoxal phosphate, but does not dephosphorylate TMP, TPP, or THZ-P although HMP-P was not tested. The Nudix hydrolase domain is more promiscuous as it is active on nucleoside diphosphates such as CDP-alcohols, ADP-coenzymes, ADP-ribose, TDP-glucose, and some UDP-sugars, restoring the nucleoside monophosphate. It is unclear how this enzyme relates to thiaminase I, but it may play a role in thiamin metabolism. Recently, Nudix hydrolases were discovered clustered with thiamin biosynthesis genes in a few bacterial species as well as in plants and yeast. These Nudix proteins are able to hydrolyze a phosphate from the diphosphate forms of oxothiamin and oxythiamin, thiamin oxidation and hydrolysis products respectively, providing these cells with resistance to these toxic analogs. Due to its location in the paenibacilli genomes, it may serving this protective function, preventing the cell from using toxic thiamin analogs as cofactors instead of TPP. 
Cooper et al. described the bacimethrin operon of 10.1601/nm.3901, which includes the thiaminase I gene. Bacimethrin is a toxic analog of HMP, that when combined with THZ-P forms the antivitamin 2'-methoxythiamin pyrophosphate, which binds enzymes in place of the TPP cofactor, thus rendering the enzyme nonfunctional. The bacimethrin operon consists of a glycosyltransferase (nucleoside 2-deoxyribosyltransferase), thymidylate synthase, methyltransferase, thiaminase I, and pyrimidine kinase, all of which are present in the three paenibacilli (Fig. 4), making it likely that they can produce bacimethrin. In the paenibacilli, ThiD may be bifunctional, serving as a kinase for both pyrimidines, phosphorylating bacimethrin as well as HMP-P. The function of thiaminase I when the antivitamin is produced is not known. Since thiaminase I does not degrade 2'-methoxythiamin pyrophosphate in 10.1601/nm.3901, it is possible that thiaminase I could enhance the effectiveness of this antibiotic against competing bacteria. In contrast to the paenibacilli operons, the 10.1601/nm.3901 thiaminase I operon does not contain genes involved in thiamin biosynthesis and salvage. The 10.1601/nm.3901 operon also contains a putative ABC transporter that is not found in the paenibacilli thiaminase I operons.
Apparently, 10.1601/nm.5127 C454 and 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 lack the genomic potential to synthesize both moieties of thiamin. Of the genes involved in thiazole biosynthesis, they both have dxs and nifS, and 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 contains thiF. Neither has thiO which is essential for thiazole synthesis in 10.1601/nm.10618. Both lack thiC, so they are unable to convert AIR to HMP. The presence of thiD and thiE in their thiaminase I operons provides the potential to make TMP from environmentally acquired THZ and HMP, a strategy used by other bacteria. ThiM can phosphorylate environmentally derived thiazole alcohol, which can be combined with HMP-P by ThiE (Fig. 5). Like 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460, their genomes encode TPK to make TPP. The presence of the thiaminase I in the same operon as thiM, thiD, and thiE suggests a potential role in thiamin salvage. The thiaminase I, acting on thiamin or pyrithiamine (a thiamin analog) would generate HMP* and a free THZ. We propose that THZ and HMP* could be imported into the cell, phosphorylated by their respective kinases, and combined by ThiE (Fig. 5). TPP is then produced via dephosphorylation by the HAD hydrolase and addition of the pyrophosphate by TPK.
The potential pathways available to the three paenibacilli to salvage thiamin are summarized in Fig. 5. Both 10.1601/nm.5127 C454 and 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 genomes code for the intracellular enzyme thiaminase II (TenA), but 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 lacks this gene. Thiaminase II catalyzes the base exchange of thiamin with water, but is not a thiaminase I homolog. It functions in the salvage of HMP from base-degraded thiamin. In both genomes that code for this enzyme, TenA appears regulated by a TPP riboswitch. The genomes of all three paenibacilli contain ylmB, which deacetylates base-degraded thiamin forming aminopyrimidine, the preferred substrate for TenA (Fig. 5).
MicroScope identified another TPP riboswitch in all three genomes that appears to regulate a transport system. In all three operons, the riboswitch is preceded by an NMT1/Thi5 domain protein. Thi5 is a yeast protein that converts pyridoxal and histidine to HMP-P, and is a homolog to the ThiY protein found in 10.1601/nm.4885 and 10.1601/nm.4919. ThiY is part of the ThiXYZ ABC transport system putatively involved in the uptake of HMP, as well as in the uptake of base-degraded thiamin. In 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460, this ThiY homolog is followed by a small, 98 amino acid protein with a thiamin-binding domain, suggesting it may have two alternative transporters for this system. However, in the other two paenibacilli genomes, this is followed by a permease, and the ATP-binding protein of the ABC transport system. The other two ABC transport proteins are found after the small thiamin-binding protein in 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460. This suggests that the genomes of all three paenibacilli contain the ThiXYZ HMP transport system, or a homologous system. In 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 and 10.1601/nm.5127 C454, the system could potentially be dedicated for base-degraded thiamin uptake. The lack of TenA in 10.1601/nm.5116 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-23460 may explain why it has an additional thiamin-binding protein associated with this transport system, as it cannot use base-degraded thiamin. It is also plausible that this system is involved in the uptake of the HMP* generated by thiaminase I in all three species.
All three paenibacilli contain the ykoC-F operon, which encodes for a putative ABC transport system for HMP uptake. The genes encode for two transmembrane components, an ATPase, and an HMP/thiamin-binding protein YkoF. It is unclear if this system takes up both HMP and thiamin, or is specific for HMP and HMP derivatives, as YkoF binds the HMP moiety and does not appear to have any residues to anchor the thiazole moiety of thiamin. This is in contrast to thiamin binding by TbpA, which also binds the THZ. The YkoF transporter could potentially be used for the uptake of the HMP* derived from thiaminase I breakdown of thiamin and thiamin analogs, as well as free HMP, and possibly base-degraded thiamin as well. MicroScope identified a TPP-binding riboswitch upstream of this operon in all three paenibacilli genomes, suggesting that its expression is regulated by thiamin availability.
The 10.1601/nm.5127 C454 and 10.1601/nm.5156 10.1601/strainfinder?urlappend=%3Fid%3DNRRL+B-4156 genomes contain another thiamin ABC transport permease in addition to the YkoC-F system. The thiamin permeases in these two genomes appear to be regulated by TPP riboswitchs and share amino acid sequence similarity with YkoD. Next to the permease is the ATP-binding protein, and the third gene in the operon encodes another transmembrane permease with homology to the cobalt ABC transporter permease CbiQ. The presence of this permease suggests that the yko system is only used in HMP and HMP derivative uptake and this system is specific for thiamin, allowing for the two thiamin auxotrophs to acquire intact thiamin from the environment. In all three genomes, ThiW, a transporter specific for THZ, was not identified. It is possibly they acquire environmental THZ via an unknown mechanism.