In 2017, decellularized dermis was suggested as a platform for airway mucosa engineering in tracheal transplantation. In this study, human bronchial epithelial cells and human respiratory fibroblasts were cultured onto a decellularized dermis. After three weeks, the engineered structures were implanted onto a decellularized trachea in New Zealand white rabbits. A muscle wrap had been also applied for prevascularization. The findings showed the formation of pseudo-stratified ciliated layer 24 hours after implantation [73]. Moreover, there are some successful case reports in the field of human airway transplantation with stem cell-based bioartificial grafts for structural airway diseases. The first human case of regenerative technique of tracheal tissue was done on a 78-year-old woman. In this study, the defective area of the trachea was replaced with a Marlex mesh tube covered by collagen sponge. The epithelialization was observed after two months and continued to cover all areas for two years. They did not report any complications during two years. In 2008, Macchiarini, et al, reported a 30-year-old woman who suffered from severe hypoxia and right to left ventilatory shunt. This was due to destruction of the upper respiratory tract by tuberculosis that had led to expiratory collapse, despite primary placement of Dumon stent. After removal of the stent, transplantation of tissue-engineered airway was planned. A trachea segment was received from a deceased person. All loose connective tissues of the donor's trachea were removed, decellularization protocol was done for 25 cycles and its matrix was colonized by epithelial cells, which were obtained by the culture of the recipient's nasal epithelium. Then, chondrogenic MSCs were added to the matrix. This engineered tissue was successfully implanted. Moreover, follow up was done for the next four months with full recovery. In 2012, Elliott, et al, reported a 12-year-old boy with long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis. He underwent autologous patch tracheoplasty, but due to intolerance to the patch, it was replaced with a balloon-expandable intraluminal stents in the 6th year of his life. Then again, it was removed after three years due to aortic erosion. Consequently, implantation of the tracheal homograft was planned. However, one year later, airway hemorrhage caused by aorto-tracheal fistula proposed the idea of replacing the trachea by allogenic stem cell-based tissue-engineered tracheal graft. A tracheal segment was received from a deceased body and decellularized as the scaffold. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were obtained from the patient and together with patches of autologous epithelium were added to the scaffold. Additionally, the tissue-engineered trachea was saturated by human recombinant erythropoietin and transforming growth factor beta in order to stimulate angiogenesis and chondrogenesis, respectively. A bronchoscopy was performed after one week and it showed neovascularization. Eighteen months later, a chest CT showed tracheal growth. The patient was followed up for two years with full recovery.