Table 1 outlines available data on maternal, neonatal, infant and child mortality. Given the difficulty of obtaining accurate data on maternal and child deaths due to the conflict, these figures are not disaggregated to include conflict-related mortality. Estimates indicate a reduction in neonatal mortality rate in Syria, possibly due to geographical exclusion of hard-to-reach areas. Part of the excess mortality burden due to conflict is occurring in under 5 year olds, which is partially due to reduced healthcare access in conflict-affected areas. 
In Syria in 2009, 83.6% of demand for family planning was met (table 2), and this is estimated to have increased within Syria to 88.7% and among non-camp refugees living in Amman, Jordan. These numbers are lower in Lebanon (63.9%) (table 2), where access to RH services is reportedly hindered by cost, travel and limited female healthcare providers. 
There were no reliable figures on fertility among refugees or within Syria. This issue of fertility and forced displacement internationally is a subject of debate, with some attributing a possible increase in fertility to the need to replace lost children, whereas others suggest that fertility is decreasing because of the stress and uncertainties of displacement. 
Within Syria, coverage of at least one ANC visit with a skilled professional has declined from 87.7% to 62%, likely related to the widespread displacement, the exodus of healthcare professionals and the destruction of health facilities. Coverage in Lebanon and Jordan remains at similar levels to prewar Syria, whereas coverage of at least four ANC visits is much lower (in non-camp refugee populations) (table 2). No data on ANC were available for Turkey.
Rates of skilled birth attendance at delivery have dropped in Syria from 96.2% to 72%, whereas they remain almost universal among refugees in neighbouring countries, likely as a result of special provisions by UNHCR in Lebanon and Jordan (table 2).
Available data indicate increases in C-section rates both within Syria (where nationally the rate was 26.4% preconflict) and among refugees since the conflict began (table 2). Data from the largest public maternity hospital in Damascus show C-section rates increasing from 29% in 2010 to 46% in 2014 (Personal communication with Bashar Kurdi, 2015). This could be explained by the need for women and their physicians to schedule delivery around the security situation. It could however also be an unintended consequence of interventions introduced to help women reach RH services, such as the voucher system introduced to enable women to obtain free maternal health and emergency obstetric services including C-section.
In Lebanon, in 2013, 35.3% of Syrian refugee deliveries in UNHCR-contracted hospitals were C-sections, and the corresponding figures were 36% in 2014 and 33.7% in 2015 out of all referrals for delivery (Personal communication with Marie Akiki and Dr Diana Aoun, UNHCR, 2016). Potential explanations for this high rate are limited access to and utilisation of ANC increasing the risk for high-risk pregnancies, privatised healthcare system, predominance of male obstetric providers or UNHCR's financial coverage of most C-sections. 
Postnatal visits to health facilities were low at 27% in Syria in 2009 (table 2). Limited data are available for an analysis of changes since the crisis; however, within a camp setting in Jordan, where several specialised RH facilities have been established, postnatal care is higher at approximately 50%. No data on postnatal care coverage for the newborn were identified.
 Table 3 shows that available data on coverage of measles, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccinations in Syria was high prior to the conflict (at 81.9%, 99% and 82.1%, respectively) and has suffered setbacks during the war except for DTP3 vaccine coverage, which increased. Refugee children are also reported to have lower than optimal coverage rates with scarce data showing large variations in coverage. Other indicators of child health were also high prior to the conflict, but no data on care seeking and antibiotic treatment for pneumonia nor for oral rehydration therapy for diarrhoea in Syria or neighbouring countries exist for the period since the conflict began (table 3). This highlights the partial development and implementation of health policies concerning these interventions in this context and the lack of surveillance data.