---
abstract: 'In a series of papers Amati, Ciafaloni and Veneziano and ’t Hooft conjectured that black holes occur in the collision of two light particles at planckian energies. In this talk based on [@AVV] we discuss a possible scenario for such a process by using the Chandrasekhar-Ferrari-Xanthopoulos duality between the Kerr black hole solution and colliding plane gravitational waves.'
author:
- 'I.Ya. Aref’eva [^1], K.S. Viswanathan [^2] and I.V.Volovich[^3]'
date: $~$
title:  On Black Hole Creation in Planckian Energy Scattering
---

Introduction
============

An idea by M.A.Markov [@Mar; @Mar95], see also [@MF], that black holes can be considered as elementary particles becomes nowadays a common place in quantum gravity [@Haw] and superstring theory [@Sen; @Wit; @Hall]. If black holes are particles then one can ask about creation and annihilation of black holes in scattering processes of ordinary particles with very high energies. Amati, Ciafaloni and Veneziano [@1] and ’t Hooft [@2] made a conjecture that black holes will occur in the collision of two light particles at Planck energies with small impact parameters.

In this talk based on [@AVV] we discuss the following possible mechanism of black holes creation

$$\mbox {{\bf Particles }}~\to ~
\mbox {{\bf gravitational waves}}~\to ~
 \mbox {{\bf Black Holes}}$$

Ultra-relativistic particles generate plane gravitational waves then these plane gravitational waves collide and produce a singularity or a black hole.

We are going to discuss some issues concerning quantum mechanical description of black hole creation in the scattering processes of particles. Note that black holes cannot be incorporated into the theory if we consider quantum field theory in Minkowski space-time.

It is difficult to perform calculations for such a process in a realistic situation. We shall discuss here an idealized picture. Any gravitational wave far away from sources can be considered as a plane wave. We assume that plane waves already have been produced by ultrarelativistic particles and then consider analytically the process of black hole formation under interaction of these plane waves.

We discuss the semiclassical transition amplitude for the process of creation of black hole in the collision of two plane waves in the semiclassical approximation. For this purpose use a classical discribtion of the process

$$\mbox {{\bf gravitational waves}}~\to ~
 \mbox {{\bf Black Holes}}$$

Classical collision of plane gravitational waves has been the subject of numerous investigations, see for example [@SKP; @CX; @FI; @Gr], and it has a remarkably rich structure. Here we are going to use the Chandrasekhar-Ferrari-Xanthopoulos duality between colliding plane gravitational waves and the Kerr black hole solution.

One has two dimensionless parameters in a scattering process at Planck energies[@1; @2]. If $E$ is the energy in the center of mass frame, then one defines the Planckian energy regime to be $GE^{2}/\hbar\geq 1$, where $G$ is the Newton constant. This means that one can treat the process semiclassically. The other dimensionless parameter is $GE/b$, where $b$ is the impact parameter. If one takes $GE/b\ll1$ , one can use the eikonal approximation. The elastic scattering amplitude $A(s,t)$ in the eikonal approximation was found in [@1; @2]. Fabbrichesi, Pettorino, Veneziano and Vilkovisky (FPVV) [@7] gave the representation $$A(s,t) \sim s \int d^{2}b~ e^{iqb} e^{iI_{cl}(s,b)}.$$ Here $s$ and $t$ are the Mandelstam variables, $q^{2}=-t$. $I_{cl}(s,b)$ was taken to be the value of the boundary term for the gravitational action calculated on the sum of two Aichelburg-Sexl shock waves, $$I_{cl}(s,b)=G s \log b^2.$$ This corresponds to a linearization of the problem and one cannot see in such an approximation black hole formation. It is tempting to suggest that one can use the FPVV approach [@7] and the formula of type (1) even for small impact parameters to calculate the phase of the transition amplitude from a state containing two particles to a state containing a black hole. In such a case $I_{cl}(s,b)$ could be the value of the gravitational action for a solution of Einstein equation corresponding to an interior of the Kerr black hole created in the collision of plane gravitational waves. The parameters $s$ and $b$ in this case could be expressed in terms of the mass and angular momentum of the Kerr black hole.

Black Hole Transition Amplitude
================================

We discuss here some issues concerning quantum mechanical description of black hole creation in the scattering processes of particles. Let us note first that black holes cannot be incorporated into the theory if we consider quantum field theory in Minkowski space-time. In fact it is obvious from Einstein equation $$R_{\mu \nu }-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu}R=8\pi GT_{\mu \nu}
    \label{2.1}$$ that if one has matter, i.e. a nonvanishing $T_{\mu \nu}$ then one has a nontrivial gravitational field. This means that one has to start with a region of space-time which is flat only in some approximation. Then, in the process of collision, one gets a strong gravitational field including perhaps black holes and/or singularities. Let us clarify the meaning of the transition amplitude from a state describing particles to a state containing black holes, $$<\mbox {Black holes}|\mbox{Particles in almost
 Minkowski space-time}>.$$

By analogy with the definition of transition amplitude in quantum mechanics this transition amplitude can be characterized by values of the metric and others fields in two given moments of time (or by data on two given Cauchy surfaces, say $\Sigma '$ and $\Sigma ''$).

Our starting point is the quantum-mechanical Feynman transition amplitude between definite configurations of the three-metric $h_{ij}'$ and field $\Phi '$ on an initial spacelike surface $\Sigma ' $ and a configuration $h_{ij}''$ and $\Phi ''$ on a final surface $\Sigma '' $. This is $$<h'',\phi '', \Sigma ''|h', \phi ' , \Sigma '>=
\int ~~ e^{\frac{i}{\hbar}S[g,\Phi]}
{}~{\cal D}\Phi {\cal D}g,                               \label {3}$$ where the integral is over all four-geometries and field configurations which match given values on two spacelike surfaces, i.e. $$\Phi |_{\Sigma '}=\phi ',~
g |_{\Sigma '}=h '                                    \label {4}$$ $$\Phi |_{\Sigma ''}=\phi '',~
g |_{\Sigma ''}=h ''                                    \label {5}$$ In this paper we shall consider the transition amplitude in the semiclassical approximation and we don’t discuss here the introduction of ghosts and the definition of the measure $Dg$.

We are interested in the process of black hole creation. Therefore we specify the initial configuration $h' $ and $\phi ' $ on $\Sigma '$ as configuration of gravitational and matter fields in Minkowski spacetime and we specify the final configuration $h''$ and $\phi ''$ on $\Sigma ''$ as describing a black hole. So, $\Sigma '$ [*is a partial Cauchy surface with asymptotically simple past in a strongly asymptotically predictable space-time and* ]{} $\Sigma ''$ [*is a partial Cauchy surface containing black hole(s), i.e. $\Sigma ''-J^{-}({\cal T}^{+})$ is non empty*]{}. To explain these let us recall some necessary notions from the theory of black holes [@HE; @Wa].

Black holes are conventionally defined in asymptotically flat space-times by the existence of an event horizon $H$. The horizon $H$ is the boundary $\dot {J}^{-}({\cal I}^{+})$ of the causal past $J^{-}({\cal I}^{+})$ of future null infinity ${\cal I}^{+}$, i.e. it is the boundary of the set of events in space-time from which one can escape to infinity in the future direction.

The [*black hole region* ]{} $B$ is $$B=M-J^{-}({\cal I}^{+})$$ and [*the event horizon*]{} $$H=\dot {J}^{-}({\cal T}^{+}).$$

Consider a space that is asymptotically flat in the sense of being [*weakly asymptotically simple and empty*]{}, that is, near future and past null infinities it has a conformal structure like that of Minkowski space-time. One assumes that space-time is [*future asymptotically predictable*]{}, i.e. there is a surface ${\cal S}$ in spacetime that serves as a Cauchy surface for a region extending to future null infinity. This means that there are no “naked singularities” (a singularity that can be seen from infinity) to the future of the surface ${\cal S}$. This gives a formulation of Penrose’s cosmic censorship conjecture.

A space-time $(M, g_{\mu \nu})$ is [*asymptotically simple*]{} if there exists a smooth manifold $\tilde {M}$ with metric $\tilde {g}_{\mu\nu}$, boundary ${\cal T}$, and a scalar function $\Omega $ regular everywhere on $\tilde {M}$ such that

\(i) $~~\tilde {M}-{\cal I}$ is conformal to $M$ with $\tilde {g}_{\mu\nu}=
\Omega ^{2} g_{\mu\nu}$,

\(ii) $~\Omega >0$ in $\tilde {M}-{\cal T}$ and $\Omega =0$ on ${\cal I}$ with $\nabla _{\mu }\Omega \neq 0$ on ${\cal I}$,

\(iii) Every null geodesic on $\tilde {M}$ contains, if maximally extended, two end points on ${\cal I}$.

If $M$ satisfies the Einstein vacuum equations near ${\cal I}$ then ${\cal I}$ is null. ${\cal I}$ consists of two disjoint pieces ${\cal I}
^{+}$ (future null infinity) and ${\cal I}^{-}$ (past null infinity) each topologically is $\approx R$x$S^{2}$.

A space-time $M$ is [*weakly asymptotically simple*]{} if there exists an asymptotically simple $M_{0}$ with corresponding $\tilde{M}_{0}$ such that for some open subset K of $\tilde{M}_{0}$ including ${\cal I}$, the region $M_{0}\cup K$ is isometric to an open subset of $M$. This allows $M$ to have more infinities than just ${\cal I}$.

The domain of dependence $D^{+}(\Sigma)$ ($D^{-}(\Sigma)$) of a set $\Sigma$ is defined as the set of all points $p\in M$ such that every past (future) inextendible non-spacelike curve through $p$ intersects $\Sigma$. A space like hypersurface which no non-spacelike curve intersects more than once is called a partial Cauchy surface. Define $D(\Sigma) =D^{+}(\Sigma)\cup D^{-}(\Sigma)$. A partial Cauchy surface $\Sigma$ is said to be a global Cauchy surface if $D(\Sigma)=M$.

Let $\Sigma $ be a partial Cauchy surface in a weakly asymptotically simple and empty space-time $(M,g)$. The space-time $(M,g)$ is (future) [ *asymptotically predictable from*]{} $\Sigma$ if ${\cal I}^{+}$ is contained in the closure of $D^{+}(\Sigma)$ in $\tilde{M}_{0}$. If, also, $J^{+}(\Sigma) \cap \bar{J^{-}}({\cal I}^{+},\bar{M})$ is contained in $D^{+}(\Sigma)$ then the space-time $(M,g)$ is called strongly asymptotically predictable from $\Sigma$. In such a space there exist a family $\Sigma (\tau)$, $0<\tau<\infty$, of spacelike surfaces homeomorphic to $\Sigma$ which cover $D^{+}(\Sigma)-\Sigma$ and intersects ${\cal I}^{+}$. One could regard them as surfaces of constant time. A [*black hole on the surface*]{} $\Sigma (\tau)$ is a connected component of the set $$B(\tau)=\Sigma (\tau)- J^{-}({\cal I}^{+},\bar{M}).$$

One is interested primarily in black holes which form from an initially non-singular state. Such a state can be described by using the partial Cauchy surface $\Sigma$ which has an [*asymptotically simple past*]{}, i.e. the causal past $J^{-}({\Sigma})$ is isometric to the region $J^{-}(\cal I)$ of some asymptotically simple and empty space-time with a Cauchy surface ${\cal I}$. Then $\Sigma$ has the topology $R^{3}$.

In the case considered one has a space-time $(M,g_{\mu\nu})$ which is weakly asymptotically simple and empty and strongly asymptotically predictable .

$\Sigma ' $ is a partial Cauchy surface with asymptotically simple past, $\Sigma ' \sim R^{3}$.

$\Sigma ''=\Sigma (\tau '') $ contains a black hole, i.e. $\Sigma '' -$ $J^{-}({\cal I} ^{+}, \bar{M})$ is nonempty.

In particular, if one has the condition $\Sigma ' \cap \bar {J}^{-}({\cal I})$ is homeomorphic to $R^{3}$ (an open set with compact closure) then $\Sigma ''$ also satisfies this condition.

Strictly speaking one cannot apply the standard definition of black holes to the case of plane gravitational waves and we need a generalization.One defines a black hole in terms of the event horizon, $\dot {J}^{-}({\cal I} ^{+})$. However this definition depends on the whole future behaviour of the metric. There is a different sort of horizon which depends only on the properties of space-time on the surface $\Sigma (\tau) $ [@HE]. Any point in the black hole region bounded by $r=2m$ in the Kruskal diagram represents a [*trapped surface*]{} (which is a two-dimensional sphere in space-time) in that both the outgoing and ingoing families of null geodesics emitted from this point converge and hence no light ray comes out of this region. A generalization of the definition of black holes in terms of trapped horizon has been considered in [@MT; @Hay]. A generalization of the standard definition of black holes to the case of nonvanishing cosmological constant was considered by Gibbons and Hawking \[15\].

We discussed the transition amplitude (propagator) between definite [*configurations*]{} of fields, $<h'',\phi '', \Sigma ''|h', \phi ' , \Sigma '>$. The transition amplitude from [*a state*]{} described by the wave function $\Psi ^{in}[h', \phi ']$ to a state $\Psi ^{out}[h'', \phi '']$ reads $$<\Psi ^{out}|\Psi ^{in}>=
\label {7}$$ $$\int \bar{\Psi }^{out}[h'', \phi '']
<h'',\phi '', \Sigma ''|h' ,\phi ' , \Sigma '>\Psi ^{in}[h' ,\phi ']
{\cal D}h'{\cal D}\phi '{\cal D}h''{\cal D}\phi ''.$$ One can take for example the state $\Psi ^{in}=
\Psi ^{in}_{p_{1}p _{2}}[h', \phi ']$ as a Gaussian distribution describing a state of particles with momenta $p_{1}$ and $ p_{2}$ and take $\Psi ^{out}$ as a wave function describing a state of black hole. Recently Barvinski, Frolov and Zelnikov have suggested an expression for the wave function of the ground state of a black hole [@Frolov].

Boundary term in Gravitational Action and Semiclassical Expansion
==================================================================

In this section we discuss an approximation scheme for calculating the transition amplitude following the FPVV approach [@7]. The gravitational action with the boundary term has the form [@York] $$S[g]=-\frac{1}{16\pi G}\int_{V} R\sqrt{-g}d^4x -
\frac{1}{8\pi G}\int_{\partial V} K\sqrt{h}d^3x \label {3.1}$$ Here $V$ is a domain in space-time with the space-like boundary $\partial V$, $h$ is the first fundamental form and $K$ is the trace of the second fundamental form of $\partial V$.

The case of null surfaces was considered in [@Isr]. We shall write a representation of the boundary term suitable for quantum consideration. The action is $$S[g]=-\frac{1}{16\pi G}\left(\int_{V} d^{4}x \sqrt{-g}~ R (g)+
\int _{V}d^{4}x \sqrt{-g}~\nabla _{\mu}f^{\mu}(g)\right),
                                                      \label {3.2}$$ where $$\label {3.3}
f^{\mu}(g)=g^{\alpha\beta}g^{\mu \nu}
\partial_{\nu} g_{\alpha\beta}-
g^{\mu\alpha}g^{\beta \nu}\partial_{\nu}g_{\alpha\beta}.$$ Supposing that the boundary is described by equation $$\sigma (x) =0
                \label {3.10}$$ one gets the action in the form $$\label {3.11'}
S[ g]=-\frac{1}{16\pi G}(\int _{V}d^{4}x \sqrt{-g}~ R (g)+
\int _{V}d^{4}x \sqrt{-g_{cl}}~\delta (\sigma (x))~
f^{\mu}\nabla_{\mu}\sigma ).$$

The linearization of the action (\[3.2\]) leads to the action in the FPVV form [@7].

Let us show that the presence of the boundary term in the action (\[3.2\]) is necessary for the selfconsistency of the semiclassical expansion. To perform semiclassical expansion, one expands the metric $g$ around a classical solution $g_{cl}$ of the Einstein equation so that $g=g_{cl}+\delta g$, $$S[g]=S[g_{cl}+\delta g]=S[g_{cl}]+S'[g_{cl}]\delta g
+\frac{1}{2}S''[g_{cl}](\delta g)^{2}+...,
\label {3.3'}$$ where $g_{cl}$ matches the given Cauchy data on surfaces $\Sigma '$ and $\Sigma ''$, i.e. $$g  _{cl}~|_{\Sigma '}=h ' ,~~\label {3.4}
g  _{cl}~|_{\Sigma ''}=h ''$$ In this case $\delta g|_{\Sigma '}=\delta g|_{\Sigma ''}=0$, but we cannot guarantee that $\nabla\delta g|_{\Sigma '}=\nabla\delta g|_{\Sigma
''}=0$. To ensure that terms linear in $\nabla\delta g$ drop out from expression (\[3.3’\]) (otherwise we cannot perform semiclassical expansion) one has to integrate by parts. One has $$S[ g +\delta g]=-\frac{1}{16\pi G}\left(\int d^{4}x
\sqrt{-g }~R
(g )+
\int d^{4}x \sqrt{-g }~\nabla _{\mu}f^{\mu}(g )) + \right.
 \label {3.8}$$ $$+\left. \int d^{4}x \sqrt{-g }~(g^{\mu \nu}
\nabla ^{2}\delta g_{\mu \nu}
-\nabla ^{\mu}\nabla ^{\nu}\delta g_{\mu \nu})+
\nabla _{\mu}( g^{\alpha\beta}\partial^{\mu}\delta g_{\alpha\beta }
 -g^{\mu\alpha}\partial ^{\beta}\delta g_{\alpha\beta })\right)$$ $$+~ second ~~order~~terms.$$ In eq.(3.8) we have dropped the subscript $cl$ from $g_{cl}$. The linear terms coming from the Hilbert-Einstein action can be put in the form $$\label {3.9}
g^{\mu \nu} g^{\alpha\beta}\nabla _{\alpha}
\nabla _{\beta}\delta g_{\mu \nu}
-\nabla ^{\mu}\nabla ^{\nu}\delta g_{\mu \nu}=
\nabla _{\mu}( g^{\alpha\beta}\nabla^{\mu}\delta g_{\alpha\beta }
 -g^{\mu\alpha}\nabla ^{\beta}\delta g_{\alpha\beta })$$ Notice that on the RHS of the last relation covariant derivatives can be replaced by partial derivatives because on the boundary $\delta g =0$. Therefore one finds that terms linear in $\delta \partial g $ coming from Hilbert-Einstein action cancel similar terms coming from full divergence and the action (\[3\]) admits the expansion (\[3.3’\]).

Taking into account that the value of the Hilbert-Einstein action on the classical solution is equal to zero, one finds that the full action for a solution of Einstein equation is reduced to the second term in (\[3.8\]) which can be reduced to a boundary term.

The transition amplitude (\[3\]) in semiclassical approximation is $$<h'',\Sigma ''|h' ,\Sigma '>={\cal Z} \exp {\frac{i}{\hbar }S_{cl}}
\label {3.12}$$ where $$\label {3.11}
S[ g_{cl}]=-\frac{1}{16\pi G}\int d^{4}x \sqrt{-g_{cl}}~\delta (\sigma (x))~
f^{\mu}\nabla_{\mu}\sigma ,$$ $f$ is given by equation (\[3.3\]) and $${\cal Z}=(\frac{\pi}{\det S''(g_{cl})})^{1/2}$$ We assume here that there is only one solution of classical equation of motion with given boundary conditions.

Colliding Plane Gravitational Waves
====================================

There exists a well known class of plane-fronted gravitational waves with the metric $$ds^{2}=2dudv +h(u,X,Y)du^{2}-dX^{2}-dY^{2}
    \label{o}$$ where $u$ and $v$ are null coordinates . In particular the gravitational field of a particle moving with the speed of light is given by the Axelburg-Sexl solution. The metric has the form $$ds^{2}=2dudv + E\log(X^2+Y^2)\delta(u)du^{2}-dX^{2}-dY^{2}
        \label{oo}$$ and describes a shock wave. It is difficult to find a solution which describes two sources. An approximate solution of equation (\[2.1\]) for two particles as the sum of solutions each of which describes one particle was considered by FPVV[@7]. This approximation describes well the scattering amplitude for large impact parameter, but does not describe non-linear interaction of shock waves which is dominant in the region of small impact parameter. To analyze non-linear effects we will, instead of dealing with shock waves, take a simple solution of Einstein equation, namely we will take plane gravitational waves. In some respects one can consider plane wave as an approximation to more complicated gravitational waves, in particular shock waves. This solution in some sense can be interpreted as an approximation for a solution of Einstein equation in the presence of two moving particles. Collision of two ultrarelativistic black holes was considered by D’Eath [@DE]. If our particles are gravitons then there are no sources corresponding to matter fields in Einstein equations. Note also that plane gravitational waves are produced by domain walls, see [@4].

(15,10)(-5,-7) (-2.5,2.5)[(1,0)[5.0]{}]{} (-2.5,2.5)(0.25,0.0)[21]{} (-5.0,-5.0)[(1,1)[10.0]{} ]{} (-4.5,-4.5)[(1,1)[2.0]{} ]{} (4.5,-4.5)[(-1,1)[2.0]{} ]{} (5.0,-5.0)[(-1,1)[10.0]{} ]{} (-10.0,-5.0)[(1,1)[7.5]{}]{} (-10.0,-5.0)[(1,1)[7.0]{}]{} (10.0,-5.0)[(-1,1)[7.5]{}]{} (0.0,0.0)(0.0,0.5)[5]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{} (0.5,0.5)(0.0,0.5)[4]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{} (1.0,1.0)(0.0,0.5)[3]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{} (1.5,1.5)(0.0,0.5)[2]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{} (2.0,2.0)(0.0,0.5)[1]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{} (-0.5,0.5)(0.0,0.5)[4]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{} (-1.0,1.0)(0.0,0.5)[3]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{} (-1.5,1.5)(0.0,0.5)[2]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{} (-2.0,2.0)(0.0,0.5)[1]{}[(0,1)[0.3]{}]{}

(5.5,4.0) (-5.5,4.0) (-4.5,-2.0) (3.5,-2.0) (0.0,-5.5) (-0.5,1.2)

A particular class of [*plane waves*]{} is defined to be plane-fronted waves in which the field components are the same at every point of the wave surface. This condition requires that $h(u,X,Y)$ is a function with a quadratic dependence on $X$ and $Y$. One can then remove the dependence of $h$ on $X$ and $Y$ altogether by a coordinate change. Solutions of Einstein equations describing [*collision* ]{} of plane gravitational waves were first obtained by Szekeres and Khan and Penrose [@SKP]. Chandrasekhar, Ferrari and Xanthopoulos [@CX; @FI] have developed a powerful method for obtaining such solutions by using a remarkable analogy (“duality”) with stationary axisymmetric case which can be reduced to the investigation of the Ernst equation. For a review see the Griffiths book [@Gr].

We will use the coordinates $(u,v,x,y)$. We assume that throughout space-time there exists a pair of commuting space-like Killing vectors $\xi _{1}=\partial _{x}$, $\xi _{2}=\partial
_{y}$ . The Szekeres line element has the form $$ds^{2}=2e^{-N}dudv -e^{-U}(e^{V}\cosh Wdx^{2}-
2\sinh W dxdy+e^{-V}\cosh Wdy^{2}),
    \label{4.3}$$ Here $N,U,V$ and $W$ are functions of $u$ and $v$ only.

We illustrate in Fig.1 the two-dimensional geometry of plane waves. Space-time is divided into four regions. The region [**I**]{} is the flat background before the arrival of the plane waves. The null hypersurfaces $u=0,$ and $v=0$ are the past wave fronts of the incoming plane waves 1 and 2. The metric in region [**I**]{} is Minkowski. Regions [**II**]{} and [**III**]{} represent incoming plane waves which interact in region [**IV**]{}. Colliding plane gravitational waves can produce singularities or Cauchy horizons in the interaction region [@MT; @CX; @Yu1; @KH; @Hay]. The solution is undetermined across a Cauchy horizon [@CX; @Yu2; @Hay; @HEr] into the future. We shall discuss two simplest extensions.

In particular, one can get an interior of the Schwarzschild solution in the interaction region [**IV**]{}.There are two types of colliding plane waves solutions corresponding to the Schwarzschild metric. The first one creates the interior of the black hole with the usual curvature singularity. In this case incoming plane waves have curvature singularities already before collision. In the context of the Planck energy scattering it seems more natural that we don’t have curvature singularities already for free plane gravitational waves. Therefore we will be discussing mainly another type of solutions one gets in the interaction region, namely, the interior of the Schwarzschild white hole. The maximal analytic extension of this solution across its Killing-Cauchy horizon leads to creation of a covering space of the Schwarzschild black hole out of collision between two plane gravitational waves. An alternative interpretation of this solution is the creation of the usual Schwarzschild black hole out of the collision between two plane gravitational waves propagating in a cylindrical universe. There exists also a time-reversed extension [@Hay] including the covering space of the Schwarzschild exterior and part of black hole, and giving two receding plane waves with flat space between. We will interpret this as scattering of plane waves on the virtual black hole.

Vacuum Einstein equations for the metric (\[4.3\]) give a system of differential equations for functions $U$, $V$, $N$ and $W$. One of these equations can be integrated to give (see [@AVV] for details) $$e^{-U} =f(u)+g(v),
        \label{4.12'}$$ where $f(u)$ and $g(v)$ are arbitrary functions. We fix a gauge by using $f=f(u)$ and $g=g(v)$ as new coordinates instead of $u$ and $v$ and then we change variables from $f$ and $g$ to $\mu $ and $\eta$ such that $$f+g= (1-\mu ^{2})^{1/2} (1-\eta ^{2})^{1/2},~~f-g=-\mu\eta .
    \label{4.13}$$

By introducing the complex valued function $$Z=\chi +i\lambda,
    \label{4.12}$$ where $$\chi =e^{-V}/ \cosh W , ~~  \lambda = e^{-V}\tanh W       .
    \label{4.11}$$ one can reduce the system of differential equations for functions $U$, $V$, $N$ and $W$ to the Ernst equation on $Z$. In particular, this procedure gives the following solution of the vacuum Einstein equations $$ds^{2}= X(
\frac{d \eta ^{2}}{1-\eta ^{2}}-\frac{d \mu ^{2}}{1-\mu ^{2}})-
(1-\mu ^{2})^{1/2}(1-\eta ^{2})^{1/2}[\chi dy^{2}+\frac{1}{\chi}
(dx-\lambda dy)^{2}],
        \label{43.9}$$ where $$\chi   =  (1-\mu ^{2})^{1/2}(1-\eta ^{2})^{1/2}
        \frac{X}{Y}
        \label{43.8}$$ $$\lambda   =  \frac{2q}{p}[\frac{1}{1+p }-
  \frac{(1-\eta ^{2})(1-p\mu)}{1-p ^{2}\mu ^{2}-q^{2}\eta ^{2}} ]
        \label{43.8'}$$ and $$X= (1-p\mu) ^{2}+q^{2}\eta ^{2},~~~Y= 1-p ^{2}\mu ^{2}-q^{2}\eta ^{2},
    \label{43.10}$$ $p$ and $q$ satysfy $$E= p \mu  +iq \eta .
        \label{43.5}$$

Now let us take $$p=-\frac{(m^{2}-a^{2})^{1/2}}{m}, ~~ q= \frac{a}{m}, ~ m\geq a
    \label{43.11}$$ and introduce the new coordinates $(t,r,\theta , \phi )$ instead of $(\mu, \eta ,x,y)$ by putting $$\mu =\frac{r-m}{(m^{2}-a^{2})^{1/2}}, ~~ \eta =\cos \theta
    \label{43.12}$$ $$t= -\sqrt{2} m(x-\frac{2q}{p(1+p)}),~~ \phi =\frac{\sqrt{2} m}
{(m^{2}-a^{2})^{1/2}}y
        \label{4.13'}$$ Then the metric (\[43.9\]) will take the form of the Kerr solution $$2m^{2}ds^{2}= (1-\frac{2mr}{\rho ^{2}})dt ^{2}-\frac{4amr}{\rho ^{2}}
\sin ^{2}\theta dt d\phi -
(r^{2}+ a ^{2}-\frac{2a^{2}mr}{\rho ^{2}})\sin ^{2}\theta  d\phi ^{2}
-\rho ^{2}(\frac{1}{\Delta} dr^{2} + d \theta ^{2}) ,
    \label{43.14}$$ where $$\rho ^{2}= r^{2}+ a ^{2} \cos ^{2 }\theta, ~~\Delta= r^{2}-2mr+ a ^{2}
    \label{43.15}$$ The coordinates must satisfy the inequality $|\eta|<\mu\leq 1$. This implies that $-(m^{2}-a^{2})\sin ^{2}\theta <\Delta \leq 0 $, which means the region of the Kerr spacetime that is inside the ergosphere.

To describe the colliding plane gravitational waves producing the interior of the ergosphere in the Kerr spacetime it is convenient to rewrite the metric (\[43.9\]) in terms of the $(u',v')$ coordinates related with $(\eta ,\mu )$ by the following relations $$                                                          \label {43.16}
\eta =\sin (u'-v'),~~\mu =\sin (u'+v'),$$ These $(u',v')$ are related to $(u,v)$ in (\[4.3\]) by $u=\sin u'$, $v=\sin v'$. For simplicity of notations we will omit $'$ in (\[43.16\]). We have $$ds^{2}= 4X(u,v)dudv-\Omega (u,v)[\chi (u,v)dy^{2}+\frac{1}{\chi (u,v)}
(dx-\lambda (u,v) dy)^{2}],
        \label{43.17}$$ where $$                                                          \label {43.18}
X(u,v)=(1-p\sin (u+v))^{2}+q^{2}\sin ^{2}(u-v),~~\Omega (u,v)=
\cos(u+v)\cos(u-v),$$ $$                                                          \label {43.19}
\lambda (u,v)=\frac{2q}{1+p}\frac{1-\sin (u+v) }{Y(u,v)}((p+1)\sin ^{2}(u-v)+
p\sin (u+v)-1)$$ $$                                                          \label {43.20}
Y(u,v)=1-p^{2}\sin ^{2}(u+v)-q^{2}\sin ^{2}(u-v).$$ In (\[43.17\]) $$0<u<\pi/2,~~0<v<\pi/2,~~v+u<\pi/2
                                                          \label{43.21}$$ To extend the metric (\[43.17\]) outside of region (\[43.21\]) one uses the Penrose-Khan trick and substitutes in (\[43.17\]) $$                                                          \label {43.22}
u\to u\theta (u),~~v\to v\theta (v),$$ $$\theta (x)=\left\{
\begin{array}{cc}
    1, ~& x>0  \\
    0, ~& x<0
\end{array}
\right.
    \label{6.3}$$ Fig.1 illustrates this metric. The region [**I**]{} ($u<0,~~v<0$) is Minkowskian. Regions [**II**]{} and [**III**]{} contain the approaching plane waves with the following metrics $$                                                          \label {43.23}
(ds^{II})^{2}= 4X(u)dudv-\Omega (u)[\chi (u) dy^{2}+\frac{1}{\chi (u)}
(dx-\lambda (u)dy)^{2}],$$ $$                                                          \label {43.24}
(ds^{III})^{2}= 4X(v)dudv-\Omega (v)[\chi (v) dy^{2}+\frac{1}{\chi (v)}
(dx-\lambda (v)dy)^{2}],$$ where $$                                                          \label {43.25}
X(u)=(1-2p\sin u)+\sin ^{2}u,~~\Omega (u) =\cos^{2}u,$$ $$                                                          \label {43.26}
\lambda (u)=2q(\sin u -\frac{1}{1+p})$$ In (\[43.23\]) $$u<\pi/2,~~v<0,
                                                          \label{43.27}$$ and in (\[43.24\]) $$u<0,~~v<\pi/2,
                                                          \label{43.28}$$ The region [**IV**]{} is the interaction region with metric (\[43.17\]).

Semiclassical Transition Amplitude
==================================

(8,10)(-5,-5) (-2.5,2.5)[(1,0)[5.0]{}]{} (-2.5,2.5)(0.25,0.0)[21]{} (-5.0,-5.0)[(1,1)[10.0]{} ]{} (5.0,-5.0)[(-1,1)[10.0]{} ]{} (-10.0,-5.0)[(1,1)[7.5]{}]{} (-10.0,-5.0)[(1,1)[7.0]{}]{} (-10.0,-4.0)[(1,0)[20.0]{}]{} (-4.5,1.0)[(1,0)[9.0]{}]{} (10.0,-5.0)[(-1,1)[7.5]{}]{} (5.5,4.0) (-5.5,4.0) (-5.5,1.2) (4.5,1.0) (-0.5,1.2) (2.5,1.2) (-2.8,1.2) (-10.5,-3.0) (10.5,-4.0) (6.5,-3.8) (-6.5,-3.8) (-8.5,-2.0) (-1.5,-2.0) (7.5,-2.0) (0.5,-2.0)

(-4.5,-2.0) (3.5,-2.0) (0.0,-5.5)

In this section we study the transition amplitude $$                                                          \label {5.1}
<2pw, WH|2pw>$$ from a state $|2pw>$ of two plane gravitational waves to a state $|2pw,WH>$ containing white-hole and two plane gravitational waves. Analogous calculations may be performed for the transition amplitude $$                                                          \label {5.2}
<2pw|2pw>$$ from two plane gravitational waves back to two plane gravitational waves and for the amplitude $$                                                          \label {5.3}
<BH|2pw>$$ for a process 2 plane waves $\to$ black holes. We can consider these two amplitudes as amplitudes of two independent channels.

To find these transition amplitudes in the semiclassical approximation according to (\[3.12\]), we have to evaluate the boundary term for the classical solution interpolating between two plane gravitational initial state and an appropriate final state.

Let us start considering the transition (\[5.1\]). The corresponding classical solution is shown in Fig.2. In this case the initial Cauchy surface $\Sigma '$ crosses regions [**I**]{},[**II**]{} and [**III**]{} and the final surface crosses regions [**II**]{},[**IV**]{} and [**III**]{}. For the surfaces $\Sigma '$ and $\Sigma ''$ shown in Fig.2 equation (\[3.10\]) reads $$\Sigma ':  \sigma = u+v-w'_{0} =0, ~w'_{0}\leq 0
                                                         \label{7.1}$$ $$\Sigma '': \sigma = u+v-w''_{0}=0, ~0<w''_{0}\leq \pi /2
                                                         \label{7.2}$$ In this case the other parts of the boundary defining the boundary term are given by equations $$B_{2}: ~u-\pi/2 =0,  ~w'_{0}-\pi /2 \leq v\leq  w''_{0}-\pi /2;~~
 B_{2}': ~u=0,~ ~w'_{0}-\pi /2 \leq v\leq  0
    \label{7.3}$$ $$B_{3}: ~v-\pi/2 =0,  ~w'_{0}-\pi /2 \leq u\leq  w''_{0}-\pi /2;~~
 B_{3}': ~v=0,~ ~w'_{0}-\pi /2 \leq u\leq  0
    \label{7.4}$$

To calculate the phase factor let us give expressions for $f^{\mu}$ on the boundary. In Minkowski space we have $f^{\mu}=0$. In all regions $f^{x}=f^{y}=0$, moreover $$f^{u}|_{II}=0,  ~~~f^{v}|_{III}=0
                                                   \label{7.5}$$ So the value of the action (\[3.11\]) for the two plane waves solution (\[43.23\]), (\[43.24\]) is reduced to the sum of two terms each of which represents a contribution from the Cauchy surface $\Sigma '$ and $\Sigma ''$, respectively, $$S(g_{cl}^{(2pw)})=S^{\Sigma '}+S^{\Sigma ''},
                                                     \label{7.6}$$ where $$S^{\Sigma '}= S'_{2}+S'_{3},~~S^{\Sigma ''}= S''_{2}+S''_{3}+ S''_{4},
    \label{7.7}$$ see Fig.2. So $$                                                          \label {7.71}
<2pw|2pw, WH>={\cal Z}\exp \{\frac{i}{\hbar }(S'_{2}+S'_{3}
-S''_{2}-S''_{3}- S''_{4})\}$$ here ${\cal Z}$ is the one-loop contribution.

Taking into account the special form of the metric one can write $f^{w}$ in regions [**II**]{}, [**III**]{} and [**IV**]{} respectively in the following form $$\sqrt {-g}f^{w}|_{II}=\Omega (u)\partial _{u}\ln
[X(u)\Omega ^{2}(u)]
                                            \label{7.8}$$ $$\sqrt {-g}f^{w}|_{III}=\Omega (v)\partial _{v}\ln
[X(v)\Omega ^{2}(v)]                           \label{7.9}$$ $$\sqrt {-g}f^{w}|_{IV}=\Omega (w,z)\partial _{w}\ln
[X(w,z)\Omega ^{2}(w,z)]                           \label{7.10}$$ $$w=u+v, ~~z=v-u.$$ The representation (\[7.8\]) was obtained in the following way. Metric (\[43.17\]) in $(w,z,x,y)$ coordinates admits the representation $$g_{\mu\nu}=\left (
\begin{array}{cc}
        g_{\alpha \beta} ~& 0  \\
        0 ~& g_{ij}
\end{array}
\right ).
        \label{7.101}$$ with the diagonal matrix $g_{\alpha \beta}$, $$g_{\alpha \beta}=\left (
\begin{array}{cc}
        g_{ww} ~& 0  \\
        0 ~&g_{zz}
\end{array}
\right ). ,   ~~g_{ww}=-g_{zz}=X
        \label{7.102}$$ and $g_{ij}$ of the form $$g_{ij}=\Omega \tilde {g_{ij}}                           \label{7.103}$$ where $$\label{7.104}
  \tilde {g_{ij}}
= \left (
\begin{array}{cc}
     \frac{1}{\chi}  & -\frac{\lambda}{\chi}  \\
        \frac{\lambda}{\chi}& \chi +\frac{\lambda ^{2}}{\chi}
\end{array}
\right ).$$ being an element of the group $SL(2)$. From equation (\[3.3\]) it follows $$                                                          \label {7.105}
f^{w}=g^{ww}(g^{zz}\partial _{w} g_{ww}+g^{ij}\partial _{w} g_{ij})$$ Taking into account that the trace $tr\tilde
{g}^{-1}\partial\tilde {g}=0$ for the group $SL(2)$, we get $$                                                          \label {7.106}
f^{w}=g^{ww}(g^{zz}\partial _{w} g_{ww}+2\Omega ^{-1}\partial _{w} \Omega ),$$ from which follows the representation (\[7.10\]).

We have to compute the value of the boundary term in the action on the plane wave solution. Because the plane wave metric does not depend on $x$ and $y$ coordinates we have to introduce a cut-off $L$ in these directions. Simple calculations give $$S_{2}'=-\frac{1}{16\pi G}\int^{L/2}_{-L/2} dx\int^{L/2}_{-L/2} dy
\int ^{0}_{\pi/2}du\int ^{w'_{0}}_{w'_{0}-\pi /2}
dv \delta (u+v -w_{0}')\Omega (u)\partial _{u}\ln
[X(u)\Omega ^{2}(u)]
    \label{7.11}$$ $$=-\frac{1}{16\pi G}L^{2}\int ^{0}_{\pi/2}du\cos ^{2}u\partial _{u}[\ln
((1-p\sin u )^{2}+
q^{2}\sin ^{2}u)\cos ^{4}u]$$ $$=-\frac{2L^{2}}{16\pi G}(\int ^{0}_{1}du
\frac{(1-u^{2})(u-p)}{1-2up +u^{2}}-4\int ^{0}_{1}udu)$$ $$=-\frac{L^{2}}{16\pi G}(-3-2p+2q^{2}\ln 2(1-p)+4pq \arctan \frac{q}{1-p})$$ and $$S_{2}''=-S'_{2}+\bar {S}''_{2},        \label{7.12}$$ where $$                                                          \label {7.121}
\bar {S}''_{2}=
\frac{L^{2}}{16\pi G}
\int ^{0}_{w''_{0}}du\cos ^{2}u\partial _{u}[\ln ((1-p\sin u )^{2}+
q^{2}\sin ^{2}u)\cos ^{4}u]$$ $$=\frac{L^{2}}{16\pi G}[-3\sin ^{2}w''_{0}-2p\sin w''_{0}+2q^{2}\ln (
\sin ^{2}w''_{0}-2p\sin w''_{0}+1)+4pq \arctan \frac{q\sin w''_{0}}
{1-p\sin w''_{0}}]$$

One can take the box $L^{2}$ in the $x-y$ plane and consider the periodic boundary conditions. If $g_{\mu \nu}$ is a solution of the vacuum Einstein equations then $\tilde {g}_{\mu \nu}$$=
\frac{c}{L^{2}}g_{\mu \nu}$ is also a solution. $c$ is some constant of dimension of square of the length, in particular, we can take $c=m^{2}$. If we take metric $\tilde {g}_{\mu \nu}$ in our computations of the transition amplitude then $L^{2}$ in (\[7.11\]) and (\[7.121\]) disappears.

The part of the boundary which cross the white hole region gives the following contribution $$S''_{4}=-\frac{1}{16\pi G}\int^{L/2}_{-L/2} dx\int^{L/2}_{-L/2} dy
\int ^{w'_{0}}_{-w'_{0}}dz\Omega (w,z)\partial _{w}\ln
[X(w,z)\Omega ^{2}(w,z)]
    \label{7.13}$$ $$=-\frac{L^{2}}{16\pi G}\int ^{-w''_{0}}_{w''_{0}}dz
[\frac{-2p(1-p\sin w''_{0})\cos ^{2}w''_{0}
\cos z}{(1-p\sin w''_{0})^{2}+q^{2}\sin ^{2}z
}-2\sin  w''_{0}\cos z ]$$ Now let us consider the special case when $ w''_{0}=\pi/2$. In this case we do not have plane waves in the final state but only a white hole. Then only the second term in the RHS of (\[7.13\]) survives and we get $$S^{\Sigma ''}= S''_{4}=\frac{L^{2}}{4\pi G}.$$ Therefore the amplitude describing the transition from two plane waves to white hole in the semiclassical approximation is given by $$                                                          \label {7.15}
<WH|2pw>={\cal Z}\exp \{\frac{i}{ \hbar }(S'_{2}+S'_{3}
- S''_{4})\}=$$ $${\cal Z}\exp \{-\frac{iL^{2}}{8\pi G \hbar }[
-1-2p+2q^{2}\ln 2(1-p)+4pq \arctan \frac{q}{1-p}]\}$$

To get the semiclassical answer for the transition amplitude $<2pw|2pw>$ we have to consider the classical solution which describes the metric extended as shown in Fig.4. We see from equations (\[7.11\]) that $S'_{2}$ does not depend on $w_{0}'$ and therefore for the transition amplitude describing the elastic scattering of two plane waves the phase factors is zero, and $$                                                          \label {7.16}
<2pw|2pw>={\cal Z}$$ In this section we have computed only the phases of transition amplitudes. However they contain a nontrivial information about our processes because we different channels available and there would be a quantum mechanical interference between them.

$$~$$ [**CONCLUSION**]{} $$~$$ We have considered a possible mechanism for black hole creation in the collision of two light particles at planckian energies. Many questions deserve further study. In particular there is an important question of how to relate the momenta of colliding particles with characteristics of colliding plane waves. It is known that a plane wave does not lead to polarization of vacuum [@Gibb]. It was shown that a plane wave is an exact string background [@AK; @NWi; @THo; @Tse] and there is a duality with extreme black hole [@Rena]. One can conjecture that a dilaton gravity analogue of the CFX duality between colliding plane waves and non-extremal black holes discussed in this paper could lead to a corresponding string duality. $$~$$ [**ACKNOWLEDGMENT**]{} $$~$$ This work has been supported in part by an operating grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. I.A. and I.V. thank the Department of Physics for kind hospitality during their stay at Simon Fraser University. I.A. and I.V. are supported in part also by International Science Foundation under the grant M1L300. I.V. is grateful to D.Amati, A.Barvinsky, W.Israel, V.Frolov, D.Page, G.Veneziano and A.Zelnikov for stimulating and critical discussions. $$~$$

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[^1]: Steklov Mathematical Institute, Vavilov st.42, GSP-1, 117966, Moscow , Russia; E-mail : arefeva@arevol.mian.su

[^2]: Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada, E-mail: kviswana@sfu.ca

[^3]: Steklov Mathematical Institute, Vavilov st.42, GSP-1, 117966, Moscow , Russia; E-mail: volovich@mat.utovrm.it


Microbiological assessment of the ultraviolet screening effect of sunscreen preparations.
The purpose of this study was the development of a microbiological method for the assessment of the ultraviolet (UV) screening effect of sunscreen preparations and determination of their sun protection factor. The method is based on the lethal effect of UV radiation on Escherichia coli (E. coli ) and the protective ability of sunscreens. The time of UV exposure required for the reduction of the E. coli viable count by 90% (decimal reduction time, DRT) was used as the photoprotection assessment parameter. The method was tested by assessing the effect of selected experimental variables on the DRT. The suitability of the method as a quality control tool for sunscreen preparations was then checked by assessing the influence of selected formulation variables on the photoprotective effect of a series of o/w emulsion formulations with different compositions. The method proved valid for detecting changes in the photoprotective effect of a market sunscreen product as a result of modifying experimental conditions. It also proved valid for ranking market sunscreen products according to their UV screening effect. Equally important, the method could successfully detect changes in the photoprotective effect of sunscreen test formulations as a function of the concentration and type of the sunscreen agents.


Apologetics application paper

The losses were particularly heavy in Grand Rapids, Holland, and Chicago. On that day there will be one LORD, and his name the only name. We need to learn to see things from His perspective.

The only European religion with high priests is the Satanist one. Last year it was the Tiktalik fossil, considered a link between fish and land-based air breathing reptiles.

Most alarming was the prospect that Stek, Van Til, and colleagues would influence a whole generation of future church leaders and educators, who would take an evolutionary view of origins into the pulpits and Christian secondary schools.

One reasons from present clues or evidence back to a sequence of causes. In its Report 39 for Synodthe committee agreed with only one dissenting voice that the "practice of excluding women from ecclesiastical office cannot be conclusively defended on biblical grounds.

Almost all people at all times have agreed in theory that human beings ought to be honest and kind and helpful to one another. What is "the lie" that is talked about here in verse 9 and 11?

The year was a fateful one in Apologetics application paper intellectual life of the CRC. This means that the earliest branches of the tree are not knowable. The Canadian Reformed federation is today a 15,member denomination totaling 48 churches.

Analyzes the balance between the holiness of God and the love of God in the spiritual life of the Bible-believing Christian. True believers then repent 1 John 1: It was intended as a Christian answer to The Communist Manifesto of and the Humanist Manifesto documents of and Human studies are often difficult to reproduce.

Schilder raised doctrinal concerns but his broader purpose was to warn the GKN against modernist theology. The problem stems from an existential subjective view of the world that has filtered into the church from secular society, but also from the teachings of heretical wolves who have taught an entire generation of churchgoers completely unbiblical methods of discernment or to get rid of any discernment altogether.

Astrophysics leads us even farther from our ideal method. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Christian Huissen, warned about slipping denominational loyalties among the new crop of Calvin Seminary graduates.

They can take comfort in the fact that in one of the most outstanding ministers in the denomination, emeritus professor Lewis Smedes of Fuller Theological Seminary, published an article in Perspectives, successor to the Reformed Journal, in which he urged the CRCNA to accept in good standing "Christian homosexual persons De Vries in the s allowed for human civilization to be at least 50, years old, but he held to the historicity of Adam and Eve.

Eastern Canada and Quinte were unusually calm compared to the other six classes. Argues that the historical as opposed to literalist or figurative view of Genesis as historically true is fundamental to the Christian faith.

The canonical method used for the table can be debated. Most serious of all, Calvin College became embroiled in the "Sacred Seven" controversy and the largely unrelated "Seminary Situation" came to a head. Even if you use a quarter inch screen you will get mostly coconut meat in your milk.

Four of those released were known as conservatives and two as progressives. Those of us who are Christians are "sinners saved by grace" Eph. At any time in its history one could have plausibly said that certain facts would never be explained, but later they were.

When a theory repeatedly makes incorrect predictions, one can question its validity. The position of the CRCNA was staked out clearly by Synodwhich declared that "homosexualism--as explicit homosexual practice--must be condemned as incompatible with obedience to the will of God as revealed in the Holy Scripture.

This procedure has led us to avoid a number of illusions common in the literature. First, we must make definite that we are in no way talking about any kind of theocracy. He describes the conflict with secular humanism as a battle in which "these two religions, Christianity and humanism, stand over against each other as totalities.

Very gingerly, the threesome chided Stob for downplaying the historic Reformed doctrine of the antithesis in favor a syncretistic, platonic philosophy. Swierenga, Research Professor, A. Indeed, giving a strong positive case for a Christian worldview will automatically eliminate other views.

The closed door prompted at least six female graduates of the Seminary to leave the CRCNA for ordination in other denominations, which by counted more than 20, women in the ranks of the clergy, plus in Canada. I am convinced," he continued in his resignation letter to the Godwin Heights congregation, that the CRCNA "has departed from the truth and harbors heresy and worldliness as well as confirmed liberals!

The last holdout is the oldest body, the Orthodox Reformed federation, which the United Reformed has "urged to merge" since Yesterday we proposed a preliminary definition of apologetics as the formulation of a persuasive case for Christianity as a whole, by a Christian who views their religion as a revelation from God.

We closed by distinguishing between two key apologetical aims: persuading unbelievers and persuading. I hope you have found this site to be useful. If you have any corrections, additions, or comments, please contact ultimedescente.com note that I am not able to respond to all requests.

You may move up to the Master's level for this program if you already have a Bachelor's degree. A second Master's degree is now available. Speak to an advisor at 1. If you’re a working teacher looking to enhance your professional practice, become a specialist or consultant, or move into school administration, Liberty.

Welcome Welcome to VirtualSalt, a site containing resources for learners of all kinds, and at all levels, from home schoolers, middle school, high school, college and university students, and people who want to find some useful information. POSTED 25 OCTOBER, Approximate date: C.E.

Time period: transition of Paul’s ministry work from the Eastern to Western Mediterranean Author: the Apostle Paul with Tertius (secretary) Location of author: Corinth/Achaia or Cenchrea Target audience and their location: Jewish and non-Jewish Believers in Rome reproduced from A .


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Description

Paradise at the Ocean. This luxurious 5 bedroom 5.5 bath Stajo built estate in Ocean Hammock is a dream home in a high-end community that's home to a Jack Nicklaus Signature golf course.Spanning over 5400 SF, this magnificent waterfront residence graced by travertine floors,soaring ceilings, and wall-to-wall windows is a haven for gazing at the Atlantic Ocean from multiple vantage points.The grand entryway boasts a sweeping wooden staircase, elevator, large rec room, fitness gym,laundry room, outdoor heated pool and spa, and summer kitchen.The 2-story great room with extended windows is the focal point of the main level, accompanied by an elegant dining room, a gourmet chefs kitchen, a oversized breakfast bar, fireplace,and a master sized guest suite.The 3-story divine master suite present

38
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Property Description

Paradise at the Ocean. This luxurious 5 bedroom 5.5 bath Stajo built estate in Ocean Hammock is a dream home in a high-end community that's home to a Jack Nicklaus Signature golf course.Spanning over 5400 SF, this magnificent waterfront residence graced by travertine floors,soaring ceilings, and wall-to-wall windows is a haven for gazing at the Atlantic Ocean from multiple vantage points.The grand entryway boasts a sweeping wooden staircase, elevator, large rec room, fitness gym,laundry room, outdoor heated pool and spa, and summer kitchen.The 2-story great room with extended windows is the focal point of the main level, accompanied by an elegant dining room, a gourmet chefs kitchen, a oversized breakfast bar, fireplace,and a master sized guest suite.The 3-story divine master suite present


We thought it would be easy. Oh, yes, it would be simple. Just put on our formals and drive out to West Bend. When we almost got there, I noticed that my phone said that we were in a flash flood warning area...if only we had noticed such obvious attempts at foreshadowing. When we arrived at the park, we stepped outside to find it hot and humid. Really hot and really humid, especially in formal attire. Dedehawk quickly learned that there were bugs. Lots and lots of bugs.

Bassoon strode up the first steep trail we found (pictured below) to survey. When he arrived at the top, it was a shock: instead of just being a hill, with the crest at the top of the trail, it seemed more like a plateau, spreading out in all directions, with copious amounts of trees and dense underbrush spread around to endanger our well-being.

Bassoon came back down the hill and the three of us set off down the ATV path again. We heard the first sounds of distant thunder. It wasn't raining yet, though! The day could still be saved. We came to the lake pictured in the satellite photos. First, we took one side, but when we found that the underbrush and trees grew denser, we'd have to take the other instead, even though the original side was less steep. On the way past the lake, it started to rain. Just a little drizzle.

The trail past the lake stopped, but we didn't. The closer we got to the geohash, the more it started raining. The thunder got louder, stronger, and closer. It seemed as though we were getting the brunt of the storm in that tiny park. The terrain kept getting steeper and steeper, and it quickly seemed as though it would become a mudslide if the rain kept up. We kept pushing north, trying to get the coordinates to match up. But we finally reached a ravine filled with green plant life that was impassable. The storm was getting stronger, the rain was a downpour now, and the thunder was shaking everything. It was a miracle we weren't struck by lighting.

Getting back was a little more interesting than getting there. Everything was slippery. You could see where the streams of water were slowly eroding away the hills, nature's best effort to grind up new gravel. We finally reached the trail by the lake again. It was still pouring, and the thunder was still getting louder. When we reached the ATV tracks, we huddled together in the endless torrent of water. All of our formal clothes were completely soaked. As we walked back into the gravel parking lot, we saw that it was completely flooded, with muddy runoff draining into the forest.

When we reached the van, it was a hectic scramble to assemble all of the damageable electronics in a dry seat where they could dry themselves off. The heat was turned on full blast, which was kinda odd, considering it was the summer. We opened the back of the van to assemble for our obligatory group photo, seen below. We were completely soaked. Kuderererer and Bassoon removed their suits and left them to dry in back. Socks were rung out and shoes were taken off. Overall, it was a very wet adventure.

Although we didn't reach the hash, it was a lot of fun to try to, although it didn't feel like it at the time. The most important things that we learned today were to always check the radar before you go geohashing, and to heed the warnings your phone tells you before heading out into the wilderness.


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The excellent 3-star Hampton Inn & Suites El Paso West features 24-hour front desk, free shuttle service and laundry. Since 2008 the hotel has been hosting guests in a 4-story traditional building. More details

The comfortable Homewood Suites By Hilton El Paso Airport is a 3-star hotel in El Paso offering a picnic area, a swimming pool and a golf course. Homewood Suites By Hilton El Paso Airport has been welcoming guests to its non-smoking rooms since 2008. More details

The comfortable Doubletree By Hilton El Paso Downtown Hotel offers a fashionable accommodation in the center of El Paso. Residing in a 17-story contemporary building, the hotel was renovated in 2009. More details

Featuring a nightclub, a golf course and a Jacuzzi, the 3-star Best Western Plus El Paso Airport Hotel & Conference Center offers 132 non-smoking guestrooms. This pleasant hotel dates from 1963 and was refurbished in 2011. More details

The traditional Hyatt Place El Paso Airport Hotel offers free self parking, a safety deposit box and an elevator. Since 1996 the hotel has been hosting guests in a 6-story innovative building. More details

City Guide: El Paso

El Paso is the main crossing on the Rio Grande.

Back in the day El Paso was the second oldest settlement in the United States, and today it still serves for trade exchanges on the Rio Grande. This business shaped it towards a place dominated by noisy railroads and the giant Fort Bliss military base, but its dramatic setting puts it at the top of any travel list.

Your travel to El Paso can be easier with Booked.net. We have collected all hotels in El Paso with maps, photos and secure forms. Be it a room in cheap hotel in El Paso to one appointed with luxuries, check out them all at our website.

El Paso lies on the interstate location between Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua and is set against the backdrop of the Franklin Mountains cascading into the Chihuahuan Desert. Such sharp geographic tapestry makes El Paso more like New Mexico and distinct from softness of the Southwest United States.

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City Guide: El Paso

El Paso is the main crossing on the Rio Grande.

Back in the day El Paso was the second oldest settlement in the United States, and today it still serves for trade exchanges on the Rio Grande. This business shaped it towards a place dominated by noisy railroads and the giant Fort Bliss military base, but its dramatic setting puts it at the top of any travel list.

Your travel to El Paso can be easier with Booked.net. We have collected all hotels in El Paso with maps, photos and secure forms. Be it a room in cheap hotel in El Paso to one appointed with luxuries, check out them all at our website.

El Paso lies on the interstate location between Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua and is set against the backdrop of the Franklin Mountains cascading into the Chihuahuan Desert. Such sharp geographic tapestry makes El Paso more like New Mexico and distinct from softness of the Southwest United States.

New Mexico is best seen from July to September when winds carry moisture from the Pacific, the Gulf of Carolina, and the Gulf of Mexico into the region causing heavy rain. Generally, El Paso has a warm climate with very hot summers and dry winters thanks to mountain ranges.

As the mountains slope into a vast canyon, the Spanish who came to the area in the 16th century regarded it as an ideal route from south to north and established there a city. It soon became known as the "Camino Real" and served for trade route for 300 years. The 17th century brought Catholic missionaries, and the Mexicans took over the area in 1821. After the Mexican-American War this land was ceded to the United States. The railroad arrived in 1881 and El Paso became packed with casinos, restaurants and other attractions.

- El Paso Zoo, a home to more than 600 animals of over 250 species

- El Paso Museum of Art exhibits a collection dedicated to art of the Southwest

- Hueco Tanks State Historic Site, occupies more than 860 acres of the land named for the large rock basins or "huecos''


Jimmy Buffett'sFrightening FallCaught on Tape

1/26/2011 2:30 PM PST

Jimmy Buffettplummeted off the stage in Australia last night and crashed HARD into the concrete floor -- and the devastating accident was all captured on tape ... and obtained by TMZ.

The footage shows Buffett casually strolling towards the front of the stage when he clearly misjudges the end ... and literally steps off the edge.

Moments after Buffett hit the ground, security rushed to the singer's aid.

As we first reported, Jimmy appeared to be knocked unconscious for 10-15 minutes after the fall -- and suffered a nasty gash on his head. Jimmy was taken to St. Vincent's Hospital in Sydney and is in stable condition.

UPDATE: According to Buffett's website he is "doing well and will be released tomorrow."


Control, or Lack of It: Summer CSA 2011 – Week 2

In organic farming, there are certain things we can try to control and a much greater number of things we cannot. After last week’s hail, high winds, and 2.5 inch downpour – control is on my mind.

We can control the varieties of vegetables we plant (Vulcan or Magenta Lettuce); who we hire; how weed-free we keep our fields; how much to harvest at a given time, etc.

What we can’t control is weather and other living pest beings with their own wills, free or not. The centrality of weather to the everyday life of a farmer is something difficult to grasp unless you spend each of your days in the pursuit of growing food. For most non-farmers, weather generally influences proper attire for a given day and suggests a range of possible activities. A rainy day means an umbrella and indoor activities. Hot means flip-flops and a dip in the pool if you’re lucky. A frost warning in late May? Simply a strange, perhaps noteworthy occurrence that means pulling your covers around you just a little tighter at night.

For a farmer, these weather issues result in anxiety and attempts to control what we can, and deep breathing to accept what we cannot. That late May hard freeze had Mike and I in the fields with head lamps working until 10:45 at night, pulling huge plastic tarps over our strawberries, in an attempt to keep the flowers (i.e. future berries) from being damaged. (Every ten minutes one of us would run back towards the house until the baby monitor would catch a signal, assuring us Zea was okay in her crib.) A series of rainy days can mean relief after days of moving irrigation pipe. Or at the wrong time, too much rain can mean huge delays in transplanting crops into the ground. And despite my farmer buddy’s phone call last Wednesday, where he told me, “There’s no way, NO WAY we can get bad hail damage twice in a season!”, hail ripped through our farm again last week.

The result of high winds and hail? Ripped, bruised, shredded leaves. Thousands of dollars of crop damage and the knowledge that our crops’ abilities to ward off disease for the rest of the season has been compromised. Talk about a bummer. What was just a regular, gray post-storm morning for most folks last week, was a slow, depressing morning of walking through the fields and assessing what what was lost. A depressing morning of calling restaurants who’d ordered food and saying, sorry, don’t have it. A slow morning, where we tried not to think about all the hours and hours of labor made moot.

So what’s a farmer to do? The way I see it, there are two choices: you can get angry about the situation, or you can tell yourself, ‘It is what it is’ and move on. Mike and I consistently choose the latter. I always remind myself that things can always be worse. I remind myself that that’s why diversity in CSA is so important. I try not to get angry about what I can’t control, and move on, working to control what I can.

Sounds a lot like life, doesn’t it? Even if you aren’t a farmer, the idea of not being able to control everything you’d like, is something you’re surely familiar with. So even if the centrality of weather to a farmer isn’t something you understand first-hand, you can understand its ramifications. Weather issues = those frustrating things in life we wish we could control, but can’t.

In your box this week, you’ll see the evidence of that hail most on your chard. It’s perhaps the ugliest chard we’ve ever sent out, but since chard is eaten cooked, looks really shouldn’t matter much. Luckily the hail didn’t reach our Pioneer Road fields, so the salad mix and spinach is in good shape. The lettuce is the only other thing in your box that you might see evidence of the hail. Prioritize eating your lettuce before your salad mix, as the hail damage will shorten the storage time of the head lettuce.

New in your box this week is rainbow chard, scallions (or green onions if you prefer that name) and kohlrabi. Kohlrabi are best eaten raw. They taste a lot like broccoli and are great shaved onto sandwiches, chopped into salads, or eaten as snack sticks dipped in your favorite salad dressing. Regular members are also receiving mustard greens. These are spicy and are best eaten cooked. Mustard greens show up most in southern cooking recipes and in Indian curry recipes. See this week’s recipes.


514 P.2d 328 (1973)
Ella M. HAGEMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
The FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF DENVER, a national banking institution, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
No. 72-190.
Colorado Court of Appeals, Div. II.
July 17, 1973.
Rehearing Denied August 8, 1973.
Certiorari Denied October 9, 1973.
*329 Yegge, Hall & Evans, Edward H. Widmann, Denver, for plaintiff-appellant.
Hughes & Dorsey, Richard S. Kitchen, Sr., Denver, for defendant-appellee, The First National Bank of Denver.
Carl M. Shinn, Lamar, for defendants-appellees, Mrs. Helen H. Downing, William V. Hageman, Eldridge V. Hageman, William V. Hageman, Executor of the Estate of Silas V. Hageman a/k/a S. V. Hageman, Deceased.
Gorsuch, Kirgis, Campbell, Walker & Grover, Leonard M. Campbell, Denver, guardian ad litem for grandchildren of William V. Hageman.
Selected for Official Publication.
DWYER, Judge.
Plaintiff, Ella M. Hageman, brought this action against the trustee, First National Bank of Denver, and the trust beneficiaries of a revocable inter vivos trust created by her deceased husband, Silas V. Hageman. She sought a decree setting aside the trust to the extent necessary to permit her to receive the distributive share she would have received if the trust assets had been included as part of the probate estate. The case was tried on stipulated facts and exhibits and the trial court entered judgment in favor of the trustee. Plaintiff has appealed. We affirm.
Silas V. Hageman died May 14, 1966. He was survived by his widow, plaintiff Ella M. Hageman, and by three children of a prior marriage. During his lifetime, decedent created a revocable inter vivos trust which provided that upon his death 40% of the trust income would be paid to the plaintiff with the remainder of the income added to the trust corpus, and that upon plaintiff's death, the corpus would be distributed equally to the three children.
At the time of his death, the corpus of the trust had the value of approximately $246,000. The value of the assets in his probate estate was approximately $35,000. The decedent's will was filed for probate, and subsequently plaintiff filed an election under C.R.S.1963, 153-5-4(1) to take and receive one-half of decedent's estate. Most of the probate estate was consumed in payment of debts and taxes.
Under the terms of the trust, the decedent retained the rights to (1) revoke the trust in whole or in part; (2) amend the trust agreement; (3) withdraw any property deposited in trust or add to the trust corpus; (4) control all investments made by the trustee; (5) receive all trust income during his lifetime. By operation of the trust, assets which would otherwise be part of the decedent's probate estate, passed to the trustee to be held for the benefit of the beneficiaries. The effect was to defeat the surviving spouse's right to receive one-half of the estate if the decedent died intestate, and to defeat her right to elect to take against the will and receive one-half of the estate if the decedent died testate.
Plaintiff contends that the transfer of the property to the trustee, where decedent retained all the incidents of beneficial ownership and control over the property until his death, is illusory and a fraud upon her statutory right to receive a distributive share of the property.
C.R.S.1963, 153-5-4(1) provides in part:
"Notwithstanding the provisions of a testator's will, his surviving spouse shall have the option to take and receive onehalf of the testator's estate ...."
This right of a surviving spouse applies to property of which the husband dies seized and possessed. If by a will, the husband attempts to dispose of his property in a manner adverse to the interest of the wife, she has the right to elect to take against the will and receive one-half of the husband's estate. However, as stated by our *330 Supreme Court in Richard v. James, 133 Colo. 180, 292 P.2d 977:
"There no longer remains a question of doubt of the power of a husband to convey his property during his lifetime to whomsoever he sees fit; even though it has the effect of depriving the wife of all right to inherit any part thereof, provided the transaction is bona fide and not merely colorable. This is true even though the express purpose of the conveyor is to deprive another of his right of inheritance. If the deed is genuine it cannot be said to be invalid."
In Denver National Bank v. Von Brecht, 137 Colo. 88, 322 P.2d 667, it was held that where a settlor of an inter vivos trust reserved to himself the income of the trust estate, the right to revoke or amend the trust, and the right to disapprove of certain investments, the trust was valid and nontestamentary. Here the settlor, in creating the inter vivos trust, transferred title to property owned by him, and his interest therein passed immediately to the trustee and a valid trust was established. The rights retained by the settlor in the trust did not defeat the trust nor the resulting exclusion of the trust property from the settlor's probate estate. At the time of the decedent's death, the title to the trust property was in the trustee, and therefore the property was distributable only under the trust instrument.
Plaintiff also contends that, since decedent's name remained on certain shares of bank stock as nominee and since the stock was not transferred on the stock books of the bank until after his death, transfer of the stock to the trust was incomplete, and the stock should not be included as assets of the trust. The title to stock is transferred by delivery of the certificate endorsed or assigned in the usual manner. Wright v. Keene, 82 Mont. 603, 268 P. 545, 60 A.L.R. 109. As between the parties, the delivery of the certificate endorsed in blank passes title to the stock. Early v. Richardson, 280 U.S. 496, 50 S.Ct. 176, 74 L.Ed. 575. Entry of the transaction on the stock books of the bank is not required for the transfer of title. Johnston v. Laflin, 103 U.S. 800, 26 L.Ed. 532. Accordingly, the delivery of shares of stock to the trustee, endorsed in blank, transferred title of the stock to the trustee.
Judgment affirmed.
ENOCH and SMITH, JJ., concur.


Wireless communication systems provide for radio communication links to be arranged within the system between a plurality of user terminals. Such user terminals may be mobile and may therefore be known as mobile stations.′ At least one other terminal, e.g. used in conjunction with mobile stations, may be a fixed terminal, e.g. a control terminal, base station, or access point. Such a system typically includes a system infrastructure which generally includes a network of various fixed installations such as base stations, which are in direct radio communication with the mobile stations. Each of the base stations operating in the system may have one or more transceivers which may, for example, serve mobile stations in a given local region or area, known as a ‘cell’ or ‘site’, by radio frequency (RF) communication. The mobile stations which are in direct communication with a particular base station are said to be served by the base station, and all radio communications to and from each mobile station within the system are made via respective serving base stations. Sites of neighbouring base stations in a wireless communication system may be offset from one another or may be overlapping.
Wireless communication systems may operate according to an industry standard land mobile radio (LMR) protocol such as, for example, the Project 25 (P25) standard defined by the Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International (APCO), the Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) standard, or other radio protocols. Communications in accordance with DMR, P25, or other standards may take place over physical channels in accordance with one or more of a TDMA (time division multiple access) protocol, a FDMA (frequency divisional multiple access), or CDMA (code division multiple access) protocol. Mobile stations in wireless communication systems such as DMR systems send and receive user communicated voice data (e.g., voice or audio alone or multiplexed with other data such as video or image data) and non-voice data (e.g., location data or sensor data, control signalling, etc.), herein referred to collectively as ‘traffic information’, in accordance with the designated protocol.
Furthermore, LMR systems may operate in either a conventional or trunked configuration. In either configuration, a plurality of mobile stations may be partitioned into separate groups of mobile stations, such that mobile stations may selectively participate in individual (mobile station to mobile station) calls and also in group (mobile station to many mobile stations) calls.
In a conventional system, each mobile station in a group is selected to a particular FDMA frequency for communications associated with that group. Thus, each group is served by one frequency (e.g., channel), and multiple groups may share the same single frequency (in which case, in some embodiments, group IDs may be present in the group data to distinguish between groups using the same shared frequency). In some systems, each conventional frequency may be further configured to carry multiple channels via a TDMA protocol, which allows for multiple concurrent calls on each frequency based on the configured ratio of the TDMA channels.
In contrast, a trunked radio system and its mobile stations use a pool of traffic channels (e.g., FDMA or TDMA protocols operating on a plurality of available physical frequencies) for virtually an unlimited number of groups of mobile stations (e.g., talkgroups). Thus, all groups are served by all channels. The trunked radio system works to take advantage of the probability that not all groups need a traffic channel for communication at the same time. When a member of a group requests a call on a control or rest channel on which all of the mobile stations in the system idle awaiting new call notifications, in one embodiment, a call controller assigns a separate traffic channel for the requested group call, and all group members move from the assigned control or rest channel to the assigned traffic channel for the group call. In another embodiment, when a member of a group requests a call on a control or rest channel, the call controller may convert the control or rest channel on which the mobile stations were idling to a traffic channel for the call, and instruct all mobile stations that are not participating in the new call to move to a newly assigned control or rest channel selected from the pool of available channels. With a given number of channels, a much greater number of groups can be accommodated in a trunked system as compared with conventional radio systems.
Group members for group calls conducted on conventional or trunked systems may be statically or dynamically defined. That is, in a first example, a user or administrator working on behalf of the user may indicate to the switching and/or radio network (perhaps at a call controller, push-to-talk (PTT) server, zone controller, or mobile management entity (MME), base station controller (BSC), mobile switching center (MSC), site controller, Push-to-Talk controller, or other network device) a list of participants of a group at the time of the call or in advance of the call. The group members (e.g., mobile stations) could be provisioned in the network by the user or an agent, and then provided some form of group identity, identifier, or address, for example. Then, at a future time, an originating user in a group may cause some signalling to be transmitted indicating that he or she wishes to establish a communication session (e.g., group call) with each of the pre-designated participants in the defined group. In another example, mobile stations may dynamically affiliate with a group (and also disassociate with the group) perhaps based on user input, and the switching and/or radio network may track group membership and route new group calls according to the current group membership.
In some situations, a trunked radio system and a conventional radio systems may be used in a same or partially overlapping geographic area, and mobile stations operating in the area may be configured to operate on both systems. In order to detect a group or individual call across such disparate systems, a scan mechanism may be implemented at each mobile station in which the mobile station is configured to scan the conventional channels in the conventional radio system and the control or rest channel in the trunked system for new calls that the mobile station is interested in (e.g., individual calls directed to the mobile station and/or group calls to groups that the mobile station is subscribed to or otherwise interested in). Many scan systems implement a ‘carrier detect’ mechanism in which multiple channels are scanned to determine if a ‘valid’ signal is present on that channel. Once a carrier is detected, the signal may be further decoded to determine if it is a group or individual call that the mobile station is interested in receiving.
One problem that has arisen in implementing such a scan system across trunked and conventional radio systems is that the control or rest channel of the trunked radio system is always transmitting (e.g., a carrier is always present). Accordingly, when a mobile station implements a scan across trunked and conventional radio systems, it must always stop on the control channel for a relatively significant period of time (e.g., 1-5 seconds depending on traffic on the control channel) to decode messages being transmitted on the control channel in order to determine if an individual or group call of interest to the mobile station is active in the trunked radio system. In the mean time, the mobile station may miss a start of an important call elsewhere on one of the conventional channels in the conventional radio system.
Accordingly, what is needed is an improved method, device, and system for scanning across trunked and conventional radio systems.


TOPEKA, Kansas — The University of Kansas and Kansas State University have both delayed the start of classes until March 23, with online classes to follow and the possibility of continuing online-only for weeks after that due to the COVID-19 coronavirus.

KU decided Wednesday night, and K-State put out a statement on Thursday morning. Meanwhile, top administrators at other public universities in the state made clear they may follow suit with their own campus shutdowns.

The Kansas Board of Regents, which governs the state’s public universities, voted Wednesday night to allow each school to make its own decision about how to address the coronavirus — whether to extend spring break and switch to online classes.

Most modifications to the academic calendar require Board of Regents approval.

In an emergency meeting Wednesday night, the regents and the heads of KU, K-State and other schools weighed the costs and benefits of keeping students, many of whom are on spring break, from returning to campus for at least another two weeks.

If Kansas colleges shut down their classrooms and go online to slow the spread of the virus, they would join more than 100 schools around the country that have sent students home. Among them: the University of Missouri, Harvard University, Syracuse University, Rice University and all the public colleges in Ohio.

Lee Norman, the secretary of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, said there has been no community transmission of the coronavirus in the state. So far, Kansas has recorded a single confirmed case of the illness in Johnson County — a woman diagnosed after traveling to the northeastern U.S.

But Norman warned officials during the meeting that people returning to campus from other states or countries could easily be carrying the virus.

Norman suggested sending students home rather than risk infections from interactions in dorms, dining halls and off-campus hangouts,

“We’re on a banana peel right now,” he told the board. “It would take one or a small cluster of people to come back and then to infect people around them.”

“The safest thing to do,” he said, “is cancel classes.”

The most likely plan, some university officials said, is extending their spring breaks by one week to give instructors and staff time to prepare materials for online teaching, then instructing students not to come back to campus.

It would be better to be overly cautious than underprepared, KU Chancellor Doug Girod said. He noted that a couple of KU faculty have been exposed to the coronavirus at conferences and a family in Lawrence is under investigation for exposure.

“I would argue we would hold profound liability in this situation,” he said. “If somebody dies on my campus, I’m going to get sued.”

Girod said KU plans to reach out to the Lawrence Chamber of Commerce and city manager for collaboration on keeping students from congregating in businesses off campus.

“The focus is to not let students lose progress towards a degree,” he said.

K-State will try to reduce the risk of transmission the best it can, but not every student can leave the school, university president Richard Myers said Wednesday. That includes international students, people who live in off-campus housing and others who have no place to go.

“It’s not going to work for all students,” Myers said. “We’re just trying to mitigate the risk the best we can. We know it’s not a 100% solution.”

Especially at risk are older faculty and staff, who have a higher risk of being seriously ill if they contract the virus, he added.

“A campus is not just students,” Myers said.

K-State will open its dorms on Sunday for students who can't stay at home, but otherwise will hold off on classes for a week and when classes do resume on March 23, they'll be held online.

Officials discussed whether to keep campuses shuttered for the rest of the semester, or just for a couple of weeks, with a re-evaluation and possible extension if more people test positive for coronavirus.

Jay Golden, the president of Wichita State University, said the school might have to send students home early because its spring break begins March 23.

Allison Garrett, president of Emporia State University, said student-athletes would continue with practice, and attendance at events would be limited to athletes and required staff. The school plans to resume normal operations for staff next week, although students will not be on campus. It plans to allow staff to work from home if needed.

Other issues will be decided at the regents’ regular meeting on March 18, said board president and CEO Blake Flanders. Among them are credit for science labs, which are difficult to complete online.

The board decided to let universities make their own decision because each school is so different, Flanders told the Kansas News Service after the meeting. While not every university has released a public plan, they have been discussing contingencies for weeks.

“I'm not sure every element was set in stone,” he said, “but I think they have a really good idea about how they're going to move forward.”

This story was updated at 8:15 a.m. March 12.

Nomin Ujiyediin reports on criminal justice and social welfare for KCUR and the Kansas News Service. You can follow her on Twitter @NominUJ.

The Kansas News Service is a collaboration of KCUR, Kansas Public Radio, KMUW and High Plains Public Radio focused on health, the social determinants of health and their connection to public policy. Kansas News Service stories and photos may be republished by news media at no cost with proper attribution and a link to ksnewsservice.org.


Saturday, April 26, 2014

Team Report: Siena Men Set To Compete For Crown

Here's another in the "Team Report" series looking back at the just-concluded season with a crystal-ball look at what might happen in the upcoming season.

Up now ...

SIENA MEN2013-14 RECORD: 11-9 in MAAC play, 5th place; 20-18 overall.

WHAT WENT RIGHT: Plenty, including a fifth-place finish after being picked in the coaches' preseason poll to finish 10th in the 11-team league. But early expectations were understandably low for a team that was going through considerable transition, including a change at the head coach position. But the new coach was MAAC veteran Jimmy Patsos, who resuscitated and rebuilt Loyola's program over the previous nine seasons. Patsos took a group of former role players and four contributing freshmen and got to 20 victories. Only 15 of those, though, were accomplished by the time Siena was eliminated in the MAAC's postseason tournament. The next five came when the Saints captured the championship of the College Basketball Insider's post-season tournament that included two games in the friendly confines of the school's on-campus Alumni Recreation Center, the first ones played there since 1997. The entire season was truly a blast from the past in terms of success, too, the program's first winning season since 2009-10. As would be expected from a young team with a veteran guiding hand at the helm in Patsos, Siena made noticeable improvements as the season went on. After a 2-7 start Siena went 18-11 the rest of the way. That included a 9-2 record in the final 11 games. And, that late string of success started after back-to-back losses -- at Marist on a buzzer-beating shot by the Red Foxes, and in triple OT against Canisius. Those could have been devastating. Instead, it seemed to revitalize the team. After that the Saints won their last four MAAC regular-season games to vault into the fifth spot in the final standings. Junior wing Rob Poole became as much a go-to player as the Saints had, averaging 14.6 points per game. Sophomore 6-foot-8 Brett Bisping was the league's most-improved player and one of its better big men (11.5 points, 6.5 rebounds), and frosh Marquis Wright was among the best point guards in the league (199 total assists) almost from his first day on the court. Freshman Lavon Long, versatile enough to play both forward spots (9.5, 4.9) was also a season-long starter and contributor. And, the team got important contributions from a variety of others.

WHAT WENT WRONG: Expected things, like the slow start as chemistry developed within a group of so many new parts and roles. There were early growing pains, and some at midseason too, including two losses by four points (one of those in the triple OT setback vs. Canisius), one by one point (to Marist) and, yet, another OT loss (to Quinnipiac). It showed how close Siena was to being even better. There were other issues often related to being young. The team was over aggressive at times, exhibiting the need to play that way without committing fouls. Only 15 teams nationally were whistled for more than Siena's 22.5 fouls per game. And, freshman Long committed 148 fouls himself, more than any player nationally. But those issues lessened as the year went on, as the parts fit better together and as the young players got experience. At the end, Siena was the last team from the conference to have its season end.

WHAT'S AHEAD: Good things for sure, as every scholarship player who saw significant time returns. And, the only seniors will be Poole and reserve guard Evan Hymes. Four freshmen were in the playing group, at times, this season and there's a strong group coming in including eligible transfer 6-5 swingman Patrick Cole, who averaged 10.3 ppg. as a freshman at Coppin State in 2012-13 and, in some of this season's practices, looked like Siena's best player on the court. Rising junior Ryan Oliver also grew into an off-the-bench/instant-offense role this season, rising soph guard Maurice White delivered effort plays off the bench and rising senior "big" Imoh Silas had some strong, albeit inconsistent, play (63 blocks). The talent level is reminiscent of Fran McCaffery's glory years when the team went to three consecutive NCAA Tournaments. Hard to outright predict another run like that, but the team is certainly poised for more success in the immediate future. It also doesn't hurt to have Patsos in place. He is among the league's best coaches (and, this scribe's choice for THE best). The only concern is that another strong season is likely to attract significant interest from the next level.

REASONABLE EXPECTATION: No conference team has as many players returning. Of course, those players only took Siena to a fifth-place finish this past season. Patsos has already been delivering the message that if his cast thinks it can compete for the title merely because everyone returns ... well, that won't be done without the type of work that went into this past season. On paper, though, with the returnees as well as the addition of Cole, this does look like a team that should be predicted to finish no lower than third, probably second and with a reasonable chance to compete for the regular-season title.

9 comments:

Don't think Patsos is going anyplace for a while even with a couple of MAAC titles. Fran McCaffery stayed 5 years and he was known as a "climber". Patsos has only been at 2 schools (Maryland and Loyola) in 22 years prior to Siena and only in one area (DC/Maryland). Very possible unless Maryland comes calling he's here for a very long time.

No coach, as history shows, is going to stay at Siena if he has success and bigger schools come calling. Do the financial math. Doesn't take a genius to figure why coaches move from Siena, and other MAAC schools. Follow the money.

I agree but Patsos isn't young and an up and comer" i.e. Hewitt gone in 3 years. I expect him for at least 5 years like McCaffery was. His career record isn't great (like Fran's was early in his career at Siena).

But yes there is a limit you can pay in the MAAC. All the more reason Siena will be in the A10 as soon as they are invited.

He's younger than McCaffery was when he was here. Plus, he's already been at the highest level, at Maryland, as an assistant. Another real good season and he'll be a very attractive candidate to move.As for A10 ... Don't hold your breath on that one.Don't forget ... It's not just a basketball move. Every program at the school would have to make the move.Plus, to be competitive, almost certainly have to lower academic standards. Not sure if that's part of Siena's philosophy.As for Patsos' career record ... How about taking a Loyola program that was just about the worst in the country the year before his arrival and, then, having the best record in the MAAC in his last two seasons there ... At a lacrosse school?You "expect" him to be here five years?How would you know that?

McCaffery was actually about a month shy of 46 when he became Siena coach, and 46 1/2 when he coached his first game ... so, basically, the same age.You certainly can structure facts to suit your purpose ... But, how about this? Loyola had one winning season in the MAAC before Patsos got there. The program was in shambles, ranked 2nd from last among 340, or so, D-I schools, the year before he got hired.An admitted "lacrosse school." Players in the Balt/D.C. area were "ashamed" to have to settle for a Loyola scholarship (that's the word used by a former Loyola coach). Patsos not only had to build a team, but he had to revitalize an entire program. Which he did in pretty short order.He had five winning seasons in his nine, and another at .500 exactly. His last two seasons: 47-21, best record of any MAAC program. Then, to turn around Siena so quickly ... Saints almost universally predicted to finish 10th this past season, and rightly so. Fabulous coaching job turned things around quicker than expected.You think other schools haven't noticed?Plus, he's already had a lot of ACC experience as an assistant.Add all of that up.What part of that isn't attractive to the next level?And, what was Fran's coaching record before he got to Siena?It was 139-126, at far lower-level programs, and ones in much better shape when he took over than Loyola was when Patsos was hired.Nice to be optimistic about Patsos being here long term. But, in truth, you have no idea.For that matter, I'm not certain either.My best guess is based on him being a very attractive candidate elsewhere if Siena's 2014-15 is as good as everyone expects; and, that every single MAAC coach who has ever been offered a significantly better job elsewhere has moved on.

Let's see ... Lehigh was 12-19 the year before Fran arrived there, and had every player of significance returning.UNC-G was 84-87 in the six years before Fran and, again, had a loaded roster returning when Fran was hired (if you bothered to research any of that).Loyola was the absolute worst D-I program in the country when Patsos was hired.That Fran had to play some guarantee games (2 or 3 annually) at UNC-G doesn't figure in this at all relative to NCAA appearances. All his teams at UNC-G/Lehigh had to do was win their respective leagues' automatic berths ... leagues far, far inferior to the MAAC.Yeah, Fran an assistant at ND, a "pretty big time" program.But, the ND staff got fired in Fran's last season there (1998-99).And, ND's program wasn't even close to Maryland's, which WON a national championship when Patsos was an assistant there.I'm not going to continue this debate with you since you really have no idea whatsoever about how high-major programs perceive Patsos and whether he's an attractive candidate to move on in the near future.

Mike: As indicated ... debate time is over. Not going to allow derogatory, half-true comments in this forum.If you've got that much of a problem with what appears here, contact me privately via facebook or email.


Before Midnight (1925 film)

Before Midnight is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by John G. Adolfi and starring William Russell, Barbara Bedford and Brinsley Shaw.

Cast
 William Russell as Tom Galloway
 Barbara Bedford as Helen Saldivar
 Brinsley Shaw as Dobbs, valet
 Alan Roscoe as J. Dallas Durand
 Rex Lease as Julio Saldivar

References

Bibliography
 Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997.

External links

Category:1925 films
Category:1920s drama films
Category:English-language films
Category:American films
Category:American silent feature films
Category:American drama films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by John G. Adolfi


Intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: long-term treatment results.
Reconstruction of the glycosaminoglycan layer plays a role in the successful treatment of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). Intravesical instillations of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) have given results in the short term. We hypothesise that these benefits continue in the longer term. With the aim of evaluating this therapy over a longer period we treated 12 BPS/IC patients refractory to other treatments with a combination of HA 1.6 % and CS 2.0 % over a period of 3 years assessing symptoms and quality of life using a visual analogue scale, 3-day voiding diaries and validated questionnaires. Improvements in bladder function were sustained for 3 years (mean number of daily voids decreased from 17.8 at baseline to 15.5 at 9 months and 11.9 at 3 years, and mean volume per void from 136.8 ml at baseline to 143.9 ml at 9 months and 180.9 ml at 3 years). Quality of life assessments confirmed these improvements. Intravesical instillations of HA and CS produced a sustained improvement of the symptomatology, up to 3 years, in patients with BPS/IC refractory to previous treatments. Further confirmation would be expected from larger controlled trials.