The oxidation of various organic compounds to prepare maleic and citraconic acid, while well documented in the literature, is abstracted here.
Conover in U.S. Pat. No. 2,079,490 (1937) disclosed the oxidation of cyclopentadiene and polymeric cyclopentadiene to maleic anhydride over any good catalyst for oxidation of organic materials to form carboxylic acids. The metals of the fifth and sixth group of the Periodic Table were disclosed and vanadium oxide on a support was illustrated.
Milas et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 2,136,144 disclose the oxidation of naphthenes over similar catalysts, viz., elements of the fifth and sixth groups of the Periodic System, specifically, vanadium, bismuth, molybdenum, tungsten, etc., supported on an inert carrier. Yields of maleic acid of 10 to 20.5 percent were reported.
Faith and Dendurent, Refiner & Natural Gasoline Manufacturer, Vol. 18, No. 10, Oct. 1939, pp. 61-64, disclosed the conversion of amylene to maleic anhydride over a vanadium pentoxide catalyst. C.sub.6-8 olefinic hydrocarbons were reported to give even better yields than amylene.
Numerous patents have issued since 1939 disclosing specific catalyst composition reporting the results in preparing maleic and citraconic acids and anhydrides, to wit: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,649,477; 2,719,853; 3,086,026; 3,106,569; 3,156,705; 3,156,706; 3,156,707; 3,366,648; and 3,464,930 to list but a few. U.S. Pat. No. 3,086,026 disclosed a V.sub.2 O.sub.5 /MoO.sub.3, ratio of 1 to 1 to 1 to 8, respectively, with 0.2 to 1.25 percent P.sub.2 O.sub.5 and 60-80 percent TiO.sub.2 on a support. U.S. Pat. No. 3,106,569 disclosed a 50-90 atomic percent vanadium, 5-45 at. percent Mo and 2-30 at. percent Ti on an inert support. Skinner & Tieszen (1961) reported an improved catalyst of 3V/9Mo/1P on SiO.sub.2 gel and Mitsubishi Chemical Industries has disclosed a V-Mo-P on SiO.sub.2 and a V-P on SiO.sub.2 as suitable catalysts.


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It is well known that many mechanical devices operate on a power transfer from one rotating member to another. It is common to connect an input power source to an output driven member by means of a torque limiter of sorts. Indeed, the utilization of torque limiting clutches between input and output members is now a common expedient to prevent damage and unnecessary down time.
It is well known that torque limiting clutches can be assembled to provide a large variety of characteristic break-away torques. Further, the physical size of torque limiting clutches often correlates with the system to be protected and the characteristic torque load. It is well known to those skilled in the art that it is most difficult to design and construct torque limiting clutches which are physically small in size. As the physical size of the torque limiting clutch decreases, the ability to hold close tolerances to maintain fixed and predictable break-away torques decreases. In prior art torque limiting clutches it has also been difficult to verify the torque setting. Additionally, such torque limiting clutches are difficult to assemble, demonstrate high output inertia, are typically characterized by significant changes in the break-away torque over the wear life of the clutch, are given to tampering and/or field adjustments, and are generally incapable of providing means for indicating the state of wear thereof.
While many machines and other devices have need of torque limiting clutches which are physically small in size, no small friction type units are available which are truly effective and reliable in operation.


Zechariah of Israel

Zechariah ( Zəḵaryāh, meaning "remembered by Yah"; also Zachariah, Zacharias; ) was the fourteenth king of the northern Israelite Kingdom of Israel, and son of Jeroboam II.

Zechariah became king of Israel in Samaria in the thirty-eighth year of Azariah, king of Judah. () William F. Albright has dated his reign to 746 BC – 745 BC, while E. R. Thiele offers the dates 753 BC – 752 BC.

The account of his reign is briefly told in 2 Kings (). According to the Bible, Zechariah did what was evil in the Lord's sight, as the previous kings of Israel since Jeroboam I had done. Zechariah ruled Israel for only six months before Shallum, a captain from his own army, murdered him and took the throne. This ended the dynasty of Jehu after four generations of his descendants, fulfilling the prophecy in .

References

Category:8th-century BC Kings of Israel
Category:8th-century BC biblical rulers
Category:8th-century BC murdered monarchs
Category:Kings of ancient Israel
Category:8th-century BCE Hebrew people
Category:752 BC deaths
Category:Omrides
Category:House of Jehu
Category:Dethroned monarchs


This elegant venue offers an upscale setting for your next special event. With it’s graceful ambiance, spacious bar,and state-of-the-art sound and audio/visual system, Jacques Caterers at Jackson Crossing offers the very best in Ocean County event venues.

This catering hall can accommodate up to 200 guests for any type of event, from an all-day corporate meeting, to a fun family celebration, or an intimate wedding. We will provide the same food, rentals, and services that Jacques Caterers has been providing for our customers at the finest catering venues in the tri-state area since 1955.

We offer catering services and rentals throughout New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, central and northern New Jersey, and now at Jacques Caterers at Jackson Crossing in Ocean County!


The biology of bereavement, a risk period for increasd drinking, was studied in a group of 19 recently bereaved subjects. Plasma cortisol and ACTH levels were measured in response to an infusion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). Bereaved subjects, when compared with normal controls, had both raised basal plasma cortisol levels and blunted plasma ACTH responses to CRH. These results show that an adverse life event can cause dysregulation of the stress responsive hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adverse life events are of interest as they precipitate depression and suicidal behavior among alcoholics.


Q:

Pandas_UDF Concatenation loop with iloc

I'm relatively new in Pandas and recently stuck with a User Defined Function.
My Dataset is like :

|header|planned|
|  a   |   1   |
|  a   |   2   |
|  a   |   3   |
|  a   |   4   |
|  a   |   5   |
|  b   |   1   |
|  b   |   2   |
|  b   |   3   |
|  b   |   4   |
|  b   |   5   |

I have to concatenate values in column planned by groups of two rows to obtain something like this :

|header|planned|p_cat|
|  a   |   1   | 1_2 |
|  a   |   2   | 2_3 |
|  a   |   3   | 3_4 |
|  a   |   4   | 4_5 |
|  a   |   5   |     |
|  b   |   1   | 1_2 |
|  b   |   2   | 2_3 |
|  b   |   3   | 3_4 |
|  b   |   4   | 4_5 |
|  b   |   5   |     |

Numbers in column planned are not in this specific order but will always be integers.
My UDF:

schema = ds_adh.schema

    @pandas_udf(schema, PandasUDFType.GROUPED_MAP)
    def concat_operations(ds_op):

        s = ds_op['planned']

        for index in range(ds_op['planned'].count()-1):

            # clearly working only for the last index
            couple = str([s.iloc[index]]) + '_' + str([s.iloc[index+1]])

        ds_op_new = ds_op

        ds_op_new ['p_cat'] = couple

        return ds_op_new

ds_adh = ds_adh.orderBy("time")
ds_adh = ds_adh.groupBy("header").apply(concat_operations)

My problems :

The concatenation itself doesn't work
I don't know how to push concatenations in couple for all the iterations of the loop

I also tried with pandaSeries without any success.
Here is the error I get with this code :

IndexError: single positional indexer is out-of-bounds

A:

Use inbuilt window lead function with partitionBy on header and orderBy on planned column, As udf will decrease the performance.
from pyspark.sql import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import *
w=Window.partitionBy("header").orderBy("planned")
df.withColumn("p_cat", when(lead(col("planned"),1).over(w).isNull(),lit("")).otherwise(concat_ws("_",col("planned"),lead(col("planned"),1).over(w)))).show()
#+------+-------+-----+
#|header|planned|p_cat|
#+------+-------+-----+
#|     a|      1|  1_2|
#|     a|      2|  2_3|
#|     a|      3|  3_4|
#|     a|      4|  4_5|
#|     a|      5|     |
#|     b|      1|  1_2|
#|     b|      2|  2_3|
#|     b|      3|  3_4|
#|     b|      4|  4_5|
#|     b|      5|     |
#+------+-------+-----+


      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
   <title>Long Description</title>
This figure shows the physical page with the various FO page regions
identified.


Cost-effectiveness of treatment options for prevention of rheumatic heart disease from Group A streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population.
We set out to examine which treatment option available in the United States was most cost-effective in treating children with endemic group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent rheumatic heart disease. Cost-effectiveness was calculated from the societal perspective and expressed in cases of rheumatic heart disease prevented annually in the U.S. pediatric population aged 5 to 17 based on U.S. Census data. We used a decision-analysis model to assess the cost-effectiveness of five treatment options for patients with pharyngitis: (1) "treat all," (2) "treat none," (3) "rapid test," where only patients with a positive rapid antigen test are treated, (4) "culture," where only patients with a positive throat culture are treated, and (5) "rapid test with culture" or (RTCX), where confirmatory cultures are used on patients with negative rapid tests. Cost data were gathered from existing empirical data or estimated. We performed sensitivity analyses of the antigen test sensitivity and antibiotic effectiveness and examined whether changes in these variables would alter our outcome. The "rapid test" was the most cost-effective option. Using "rapid tests" prevented 85 cases of rheumatic heart disease annually and cost society $727,000 per case prevented. Performing throat cultures instead of "rapid tests" would pick up an additional 11 cases of rheumatic heart disease but would cost $13.7 million for each of these additional cases prevented. The current standard of using throat cultures as a confirmatory test on patients with a negative "rapid" test would detect an additional 21 cases of rheumatic heart disease but cost society an additional $8 million per case prevented. To reduce the incidence of rheumatic heart disease cost-effectively, the management of pediatric pharyngitis may best be accomplished by using antigen testing. The added costs associated with the remaining treatment options may not be justified, especially, as the sensitivity of the antigen tests continues to improve and closely approaches the sensitivity of the practice standard, throat culture.


Q:

Round SQL String Data to correct decimal place, then return string data without floating point errors

We are trying to implement a reporting system using software that queries our SQL database.  Due to a variety of circumstances, we have a need to round data within the SQL queries.  Our goal is to avoid floating point errors, unwanted trailing zeros, and complexity of nested functions (if possible).
The incoming data is always type nvarchar(...) and needs to remain in a string format, which is causing problems for us.  Here is an example of what I mean (tested using w3schools.com):
SELECT
STR(235.415, 10, 2) AS StringValue1,
STR('235.415', 10, 2) AS StringValue2,
STR(ROUND(235.415, 2),10,2) AS RoundValue1,
STR(ROUND('235.415', 2),10,2) AS RoundValue2,
STR(CAST('235.415' As NUMERIC(8,2)),10,2) As CastValue1

And, the result:

I know that the issue is a conversion to floating point data type when handling strings.  I think the last option, i.e. casting to numeric, is the answer to my issue.  However, I can't tell if this output is correct because the CAST guarantees there will not be an error, or because I got lucky for this specific instance.
Is there any type of SQL round function (or combination of functions) that takes string input, outputs string data, and doesn't involve floating point arithmetic? -- Thanks in advance!

A:

NUMERIC/DECIMAL and MONEY don´t uses floating point arithmetic. The are in fact integers with a fixed comma.
Be aware that if you have large sums or do some calculations with these values, your rounding error can get pretty big, pretty fast. So it is advisable to take some moments to think about where you store a value with which precision and when you want to round.


Henry Casimir de Rham

Henry Casimir de Rham (15 July 1785 – October 1873) was a Swiss–American merchant and diplomat.

Biography
Henry Casimir de Rham was born on 15 July 1785 in Giez, Switzerland to a German father and Scottish mother.

In July 1822 De Rham was appointed to be one of the first two Swiss consuls to the United States by the Federal Diet of Switzerland. He assumed responsibility for a district encompassing the New England states, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the states north of the Ohio River.

De Rham died in October 1873 in New York City. He was interred alongside his wife at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery.

Citations

References

Category:Consuls of Switzerland
Category:Switzerland–United States relations
Category:American businesspeople


Winning Recognition for Water Scarcity Solutions

Winning Recognition for Water Scarcity Solutions

Research-informed solutions to battle water scarcity win awards in behavioral science at the first annual UNT Graduate Exhibition.

On March 3, 2013, I joined Applied Design Research M.F.A. Candidate, John Hicks and M.A. Candidate, Michelle Keefer in presenting our research and ensuing solutions for battling water scarcity in the United States. Our research was entered in the Behavioral Sciences category of the First Annual Graduate Exhibition at the University of North Texas and competed against research completed by other masters and doctoral candidates. While John, Michelle and I presented one poster each, the entire project had been completed in Fall 2012 under Associate Professor Keith Owens by our entire team which also included Beca Carranza (M.A.), Holly Cole (M.F.A.), Jeff Joiner (M.F.A.), Tim Woodring (M.F.A.) and Hao Yang (M.F.A).

John Hicks, Michelle Keefer and I at the exhibition.

Considering the fact that our work was competing in a social science category instead of in the humanities or fine arts, our team was excited to demonstrate Design Research to attendees and judges and to see how well our work would be received. Our team was elated with the outcome of the competition, with the poster I presented winning 2nd place and the poster John presented winning 3rd in our category. After a semester of hard work researching water scarcity and developing a solution that combatted the problem on a behavioral level it was very rewarding to have our research recognized by our peers and by experts.

Come See Us!

John and I will be presenting and our entire team will be in attendance on the evening of May 2, 2013 at UNT on the Square where winning research from the Graduate Exhibition will be featured and the public will be invited to attend along with UNT administration. I hope to see you there!

Below is an abstract for our research as well as images of the posters which communicate the research.

Water Conservation Can Be Fashionable : An Attitudinal Approach to Reducing Water Overuse in the United States

This research addresses water overuse and the resulting water scarcity experienced in cities in the arid, southwestern portion of the United States by framing the problem as one requiring a shift in personal attitudes versus the improvement of technological solutions. Our research into American attitudes on water conservation has revealed that over the past ten years Americans have expressed an increasing desire to save water though their actions have not revealed their resolve to affect change. For this reason, we believe a catalyst is necessary to begin the work of altering water use behaviors and in turn, to reduce water consumption. In addressing the problem of water scarcity, our team chose Palm Springs, California as a social and ecological environment in which to explore possible solutions that could begin to shape attitudes on water scarcity and overuse. The solution that emerged from our examination of the social stigmas inherent in the region is presented in our poster that explicates the design of a network of connections, relationships, and interactions that stem from a luxury shopping mall dedicated to the advancement of water conservation. We present that this mall, a space for water technology exhibition, socially-conscious brand development and commerce, could be a catalyst for the shaping of attitudes on water conservation across a network of existing entities because of its alignment of social responsibility with a profit-driven business model that engages luxury brand shoppers’ needs to maintain and advance their personal image and social standing. Our poster exhibits the design of an interoperable web of reciprocal connections between stakeholders such as corporations, small businesses, government, civic organizations, residents and shoppers that we believe could result in the cause of water conservation becoming more fashionable and desirable because of its association with high-end brands. In turn, we present that by elevating the cause of water conservation in one of the highest trend-setting areas of the country, others who revere these trend setters may begin to take on their shared ideals and adopt water conservation methods themselves, resulting in increased water conservation regionally and nationally.


1. Cross Reference To Related Applications
The invention pertains to new and useful bradykinin antagonist peptides and is related to the subject matter of U.S. application Ser. Nos. 092,148, 092,179, and 092,192 all filed on Sept. 2, 1987.
2. Field Of The Invention
The invention relates to novel biologically active peptides which act as antagonists of the biological activities of bradykinin, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and their application as therapeutic agents. More particularly the invention pertains to the substitution of L-Pro at position 7 to convert bradykinin agonists into antagonists together with other modifications and substitutions at other positions including C and N-terminal extensions and modifications, amino acid deletions and the substitution of arginine in the one and nine positions of the novel bradykinin antagonists.
3. Description Of The Prior Art
In the 25 years since the sequence of the potent mammalian vasodilator peptide bradykinin was described and synthesized (Boissonnas et al., Experientia 16: 326, 1960) several hundred sequence-related peptide analogs have been synthesized and assayed in biological systems (Schroeder, in Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 25, (Springer Verlag) pp. 324-350, 1970) (Stewart, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 25 (Supplement), (Springer Verlag) pp. 227-272, 1979). The objective in these studies was to investigate the varied physiological and pharmacological roles of bradykinin.
Bradykinin, and its physiologically important related peptides kallidin (Lys-bradykinin) and Met-Lys-bradykinin, exhibit physiological actions which qualify them as mediators of inflammatory reactions, hypotensive states, and pain. Bradykinin is overproduced in pathological conditions such as septic shock (Robinson et al., Am. J. Med. 59:61, 1975) and hemorrhagic (Hirsrh et al., J. Surg. Res. 17:147, 1974), anaphylaxis, (Collier and James, J. Physiol. 160:15P, 1966), arthritis (Jasani et al., Am. Rheum. Dis. 28:497, 1969; Hamberg et al., Agents Actions 8:50, 1978; Sharma et al., Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn 262:279, 1983), rhinitis (Proud et al., J. Clin. Invest. 72:1678, 1983; Naclerio et al., Clin. Res. 33:613A, 1985), asthma (Christiansen et al., J. Clin. Invest. 79:188-197, 1987), inflammatory bowel disease (Zeitlin and Smith, Gut 14:133-138, 1973), and certain other conditions including acute pancreatitis, post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, migraine, and angioneurotic edema (Leme, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 50/I:464-522, 1978). The production of bradykinin from the plasma results in pain at the site of the pathological condition, and the overproduction intensifies the pain directly or via stimulation by bradykinin of the activation of the arachidonic acid pathway which produces prostaglandins and leukotrienes, the more distal and actual mediators of inflammation. Literature references describing these actions of bradykinin and related peptides are found in Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 25, Springer-Verlag, 1970 and Vol. 25 Supplement, 1979.
Bradykinin as discussed has been found to be produced in inflammatory reactions in the intestine provoking contraction of smooth muscle and secretion of fluid and ions. The existence of specific bradykinin receptors in the mucosal lining of the intestine and intestinal smooth muscle is demonstrated by Manning, et al in Nature (229: 256-259, 1982) showing the influence of bradykinin in very low concentrations upon fluid and ion secretion.
The production of bradykinin and associated pain in angina has been studied and reported by Kimura, et al in American Heart Journal (85: 635-647, 1973) and by Staszewska-Barczak, et al in Cardiovascular Research (10: 314-327, 1976). The reported action of bradykinin and prostaglandins acting in concert are the natural stimulus for excitation of the sensory receptors signaling the pain of myocardial ischeamia.
Bradykinin and bradykinin--related kinins are not only produced by the animal but may also be injected as a result of stings and bites. It is known that insects such as hornets and wasps inject bradykinin related peptides which also cause pain, swelling and inflammation.
The search for understanding of the mechanism of action of bradykinin, which is essential for the development of useful tools for diagnostic use, and for the development of therapeutic agents aimed at alleviating the intense pain caused by the production and overproduction of bradykinin, has been severely hindered by the lack of specific sequence-related competitive antagonists of bradykinin.
Several non-peptide, non-specific and non-selective antagonists of one or more of the biological activities of bradykinin have been described among compounds as diverse as analgesics and anti-inflammatory substances, which act via the prostaglandin system and not directly on bradykinin biological receptors (Rocha e Silva and Leme, Med. Exp, 8:287, 1963). These are antihistamines (Gecse et al, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 21: 544, 1969); bradykinin-antibodies (Grez et al, Eu. J. Pharmacol. 29: 35, 1974); benzodiazepine derivatives (Leme and Rocha e Silva, Br. J. Pharmacol. 25: 50, 1965); high molecular weight ethylene oxide polymers (Wilkens and Back, Arch. Intl. Pharmacodynam. 209: 305, 1974); gallic acid esters (Posati et al., J. Agri. Food Chem. 18: 632, 1970) and serotonin inhibitors (Gomazkon and Shimkovich, Bull. Exptl. Biol. Med. 80: 6, 1975). None of these individual compounds or classes of compounds specifically inhibit bradykinin.
Heptyl esters of various amino acid-containing substances, such as single basic amino acids (ie. Arg and Lys) (Gecse, Adv. Exptl. Biol. Med. 70: 5, 1976), the dipeptide Phe-Gly (Gecse et al, Int. Aech. Allergy 41: 174, 1971), and of analogs of C- terminal peptide fragments of bradykinin (ie, Pro-Phe-Arg) (Claesson et al., Adv. Exptl. Med. Bicl. 120B: 691, 1979) have been reported as anti-bradykinin substances. When tested in bradykinin assay systems they prove to be weak partial agonists/antagonists, depending on the dose, with little specificity for inhibiting bradykinin action.
Preparations of damaged vascular tissue have been reported to respond to bradykinin analogs which lack the C-terminal Arg residue, but not to bradykinin itself, and analogs of these des-Arg.sup.9 -bradykinins have been developed as antagonists of this non-physiological activity of bradykinin. These antagonists have no significant bradykinin-like agonist effects, nor any antagonist effect on any of the physiologically significant kinin-responding systems (Regoli and Barabe, Pharmacol. Revs. 32:1,1980).
Several bradykinin analogs containing the O-methyl ether of Tyr residues at positions 5 and/or 8 have been reported to produce mixed agonist/antagonist activity on isolated uteri of galactosemic rats, but not on normal rats. The antagonism was not reliably reproducible in these animals (Stewart and Woolley, in Hypotensive Peptides, Springer Verlag, pp. 23-33, 1966).
Other changes in the bradykinin molecule have been additions of amino acids at the N-terminal end which affect the rate of enzymatic degradation of bradykinin in vivo.
The half life of bradykinin in the systemic circulation is less than 30 seconds (S. H, Ferreira & J. R. Vane, Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemotherap. 30:417, 1967). Bradykinin is completely destroyed (98-99% destruction) on a single passage through the pulmonary circulation (J. Roblero, J. W. Ryan and J. M. Stewart, Res. Commun. Pathol. Pharmacol. 6:207, 1973) as determined in the anesthetized rat by measuring the depressor effects of an agonist following intra-aortic (IA) (bypassing the pulmonary circulation) and intravenous (IV) administration. Resistance of bradykinin agonists to pulmonary kininase destruction in vivo is promoted by addition of single (i.e., DArg-, DLys-, Lys-) and double (DLys-Lys-) basic amino acid residues to the N-terminal of the bradykinin sequence. The addition of the dipeptide Lys-Lys to the N-terminal of bradykinin agonists confers complete resistance to in vivo destruction on initial passage through the pulmonary circulation (Roblero, Ryan and Stewart, Res. Comm. Pathol. Pharmacol. 6:207, 1973).


Does energy consumption follow asymmetric behavior? An assessment of Ghana's energy sector dynamics.
The study answered the following questions: First, does energy evolves in different regimes by transitioning over a finite set of unobserved states? Second, does energy consumption follow an asymmetric behavior over "energy boom" and energy scarcity? and, Third, are there unobserved factors underpinning energy crisis? We employed Markov-switching dynamic regression to examine the asymmetric effect, NIPALS regression to examine energy determinants and neural network analysis for prediction. The neural network model suggests a 99% prediction of energy consumption by the predictor variables. It was evident that energy consumption evolves in two states by transitioning over a finite set of unobserved states. The 11.6% growth in energy consumption is expected to occur in 4.1 years while energy crisis is expected to last for 3.7 years. Technological advancement and the development of green energy through foreign direct investment are essential to improve energy sector portfolio.


5 Beneficial Tips for Maintaining Your Espresso Machine

Most coffee espresso machines are designed to last for years. However, your espresso machine might stop functioning after only 6 months. The lifetime of the device is determined by use and maintenance. If you use your espresso machine in the wrong way or fail to care for it, it will not last long.

Maintaining your espresso machine also assures of high-quality coffee each time. Some machines tend to produce low quality and less tasty coffee as they age. So it’s worthwhile to care for the espresso maker.

These simple tips will help you to maintain your espresso machine with ease.

1. Cleaning it often

Cleaning is the first step towards maintaining your espresso machine. Enthusiast coffee drinkers insist on cleaning the machine to enhance its durability. Cleaning the espresso often eliminates water minerals and elements that might cause the unit to rust.

You should clean the interior and exterior of the machine. Do not forget to clean the included components such as filter basket and carafe. Some machines are dishwasher safe making them simple to clean. Others can be hand washed with soap and water.

When cleaning your unit avoid scrubbing it with items that can cause scratches. Avoid cleaning agents that have bleaching agents since they might bleach the outer housing.

2. Remove ground coffee from the brewing system

During the brewing process, some coffee grounds might get stuck in the brewing system. This mainly occurs if you use excess grounds. Occasionally disassemble your espresso machine and remove these coffee grounds.

Accumulation of grounds may clog the unit and affect the brewing process. Remember also to empty the carafe. Some coffee fans tend to leave the carafe for long because they brew in a hurry.

When left for long, the carafe gets stained and develops a grimy layer that is hard to eliminate. Removing ground coffee from the brewing system maintains the espresso machine for long.

3. Switch off the machine when not in use

After every brewing process make sure to switch off the espresso machine. Luckily, modern espresso machines feature auto shut off when the brewing is complete.

If you have such a machine, you will have peace of mind. The auto shut off feature has two main purposes. First, it makes the espresso maker energy efficient. Second, this feature prolongs the life of your unit. Your espresso maker will perform as good as new every time.

In case your machine doesn’t switch off automatically, you will have to turn it manually after brewing. Remember this tip if you want to enhance the life of your device.

4. Follow the brewing guidelines

Espresso machines always come with a user manual that guides you on how to brew. Read through the manual to understand how the machine operates. Pay attention to assembling and dissembling the unit. This will be of help when you want to clean the machine.

Check for water level gauge which guides you on the right amount of water as well as coffee levels. Do not overfill the water reservoir with the hope of brewing more coffee.

Follow other guidelines on handling the espresso machine and storage. Finally, do not drop the machine on the flour. It might have plastic parts and break if it falls.

5. Use water and vinegar occasionally

After a period of continuous use, lime scale and water deposits tend to build up on your machine. You can purchase a cleaning solution from the espresso manufacture to eliminate the deposits. Or you can make your own solution using water and vinegar.

Prepare and run the solution through several cycles depending on the level of the build-up. 2 – 3 cycles are always sufficient to eliminate the lime scale and water deposits. When the cycles are complete, run 2-3 cycles of clean water to eliminate remaining deposits or the cleaning solution.

Ensure the water that comes out after the last cycle does not have the vinegar smell. If the smell still persists, continue to run cycles of clean water.


Q:

Force JScrollPane and JPanel to repaint

I have a JScrollPane that holds a JPanel.  The layout on the JPanel is a GridBagLayout.  On that JPanel, I add a number of custom components - each is a JPanel with 3 JLabels.
The first time in the program I lay all of this out, it works fine.  When I invoke the code to add another custom component to the JPanel, the panel appears empty, but I can determine by examining the contents of the JPanel that my components are actually there.  If I resize the JDialog in which this all sites, the JPanel will paint properly.  It also works if I scroll the JScrollPane horizontally even a tiny bit.
I use the same method for the initial layout as I do when adding an item.
I've tried various combinations of repaint(), invalidate() and doLayout() but nothing seems to work all the time.  I've run into this situation before and have never been able to fully solve it.  Any suggestions?
Running under OpenJDK 7u25.  Below is the code that lays out the scroll pane and panel.
    private void displayRelatedBug(ArrayList<Bug> a_bugs) {
      // sort the bugs by ID
      ArrayList<Bug> l_sorted = new ArrayList<>(a_bugs);
      Collections.sort(l_sorted);

      pnlRelatedBugs.removeAll();
      pnlRelatedBugs.setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
      GridBagConstraints l_gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
      l_gbc.gridx = 0;
      l_gbc.gridy = 0;
      l_gbc.gridwidth = 1;
      l_gbc.gridheight = 1;
      l_gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.NORTHWEST;
      l_gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE;
      l_gbc.insets = new Insets(3, 4, 0, 0);
      for (Bug r : l_sorted) {
        pnlRelatedBugs.add(new RelatedBugDisplay(r, this), l_gbc);
        l_gbc.gridy++;
      }
      // add a filler at the bottom to push it up
      l_gbc.weighty = 1.0;
      pnlRelatedBugs.add(new MMPanel(), l_gbc);
      // add a filler on the right to push them left
      l_gbc.weighty = 0.0;
      l_gbc.weightx = 1.0;
      l_gbc.gridx++;
      pnlRelatedBugs.add(new MMPanel(), l_gbc);

      // try in vain to make it show up!!!
      pnlRelatedBugs.invalidate();
      pnlRelatedBugs.doLayout();
      pnlRelatedBugs.repaint();
      scrollerRelatedBugs.doLayout();

      SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
          pnlRelatedBugs.repaint();
          scrollerRelatedBugs.repaint();
          // this seems to help if the scroll bar is showing
          scrollerRelatedBugs.getHorizontalScrollBar().setValue(1);
          scrollerRelatedBugs.getHorizontalScrollBar().setValue(0);
        }
      });

    }

A:

Whenever you add/remove components from a visible panel, the basic code is:
panel.remove(...);
panel.add(...);
panel.revalidate();
panel.repaint();

Without a proper SSCCE we can't really tell what your code is doing.


Marjorie Gantman, marketing director, Midtown Athletic Clubs

Marjorie Gantman has been named director of marketing for Chicago-based Midtown Athletic Clubs. Gantman, 36, and a former tennis pro, will be responsible for leading and managing the company's marketing function while implementing long and short-term brand strategies. She also will establish and oversee the annual marketing and club promotions calendar. Gantman comes to Midtown from SportsNet New York, where she received two New York Emmys for her work as senior marketing director. She also has served as director of sponsorship marketing for World TeamTennis, a league founded by Hall of Famer Billie Jean King. In college, Gantman was a three-time Academic All-Big Ten player while captain of the Northwestern University women's tennis team.

Marjorie Gantman has been named director of marketing for Chicago-based Midtown Athletic Clubs. Gantman, 36, and a former tennis pro, will be responsible for leading and managing the company's marketing function while implementing long and short-term brand strategies. She also will establish and oversee the annual marketing and club promotions calendar. Gantman comes to Midtown from SportsNet New York, where she received two New York Emmys for her work as senior marketing director. She also has served as director of sponsorship marketing for World TeamTennis, a league founded by Hall of Famer Billie Jean King. In college, Gantman was a three-time Academic All-Big Ten player while captain of the Northwestern University women's tennis team.


Battle of Møn (1657)

The indecisive naval battle of Møn was a battle during the Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658). A large number of ships was involved, but the fight was not very intense.

Category:Northern Wars
Møn
Møn

sv:Slaget vid Møn (1657)


 Trump the next US president

Donald Trump will be sworn in today as the 45th president of the United States. Hundreds of thousands of people are expected to attend the ceremony at the Capitol. With dubious deals this businessman and inexperienced politician could destroy the existing world order, some commentators fear. Others warn against drawing hasty conclusions about his presidency.

Europe has been left bewildered and unsettled by Donald Trump's interview with Bild and The Times. Nato is obsolete, Brexit is a good idea and Merkel's refugee policy is a catastrophic mistake, according to the US president-elect. Commentators hope that Europe won't be misled by his remarks and that it will develop a strategy of unity with fresh resolve.

Statements by US secretary of state-designate Rex Tillerson have revealed that his views on relations with Russia, Nato membership and climate policy differ from those of president-elect Donald Trump. Some commentators hope Tillerson will get his way. For others, the new administration is facing its first crisis even before Trump takes office.

The social news portal Buzzfeed has published a file according to which Moscow is in possession of compromising information on Donald Trump. The contents are said to come from a former British secret service officer, but they have yet to be verified. The file testifies to the information war raging over Trump's presidency, commentators say, and speculate about harsh repercussions.

According to the findings of a report compiled by the US intelligence agencies Putin personally ordered hacker attacks to manipulate the US election campaign. Putin's interference in the US election campaign was mainly motivated by the desire for revenge, commentators surmise, also predicting that Trump's presidency will get off to a very shaky start.

As well as nominating Rex Tillerson as secretary of state, Donald Trump has appointed other prominent businessmen, former generals, ultra-conservatives and climate sceptics to his cabinet, all of whom have little experience in politics. Commentators see his selected team as confirmation of their worst fears about his presidency.

US president elect Trump has expressed doubts about the election results. After Green Party candidate Jill Stein called for a recount of votes in Wisconsin, Trump tweeted that millions had voted illegally without, however, providing any proof. Commentators feel his behaviour lacks sovereignty and point to other forms of electoral fraud.

US president-elect Donald Trump had his first telephone conversation with Vladimir Putin on Monday. According to the Kremlin both men voiced the desire for improved relations between their countries. But this is no reason to believe Putin and Trump will work together in the future, commentators write.

While Europe's right-wing populists are celebrating Donald Trump's election, leading EU politicians have pragmatically offered to cooperate with the new president. Commentators fear that politicians like Le Pen and Wilders will take inspiration from Trump's victory. Others explain why their hopes will be dashed.

The EU should do more for its own security, EU foreign and defence ministers resolved at the start of the week. Just what this involves is a matter of debate, however. Some commentators believe the EU should seek independence from Nato in the wake of Trump's election. Others question whether the Union has the necessary political and financial clout.

After meeting on the weekend to discuss their reaction to Donald Trump's election, the EU foreign ministers announced stronger cooperation on foreign and defence policy. Trump has announced plans to seek closer cooperation with Moscow. Is this good or bad news? Europe's commentators are at odds.

Which direction Donald Trump will take the US remains unclear after his election victory. Commentators see his success and that of other populists as the consequence of neoliberal developments and the left's weakness.

Over the past four days thousands of people have taken to the streets carrying signs bearing the words "Not my president" - also outside the US. Commentators take a sceptical view of the protests, and some even believe they're counterproductive.

US President Barack Obama will meet with Donald Trump at the White House today to discuss the plan for handing over power to his designated successor. Commentators are still perplexed by Donald Trump's victory against Hillary Clinton, who was considered the favourite. Many see the election result as a protest vote against the establishment.

Speculation is rife about Donald Trump's future strategies, including his economic policy. In the election campaign he promised lower taxes, deregulation, less free trade and more domestic investment. Commentators see the advent of a new era of protectionism in the US and ask whether the end of low interest rates could thwart his plans for major public investment.

In the final phase of the US election campaign all the polls gave Hillary Clinton a narrow lead. Many major media outlets also predicted that the Democratic candidate would win. Commentators discuss why the pollsters and journalists got it wrong.


<?xml version="1.0"?>
<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
    <soap:Header>
        <Action xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">http://apache.org/cxf/systest/ws/addr_feature/AddNumbersPortType/addNumbers
                </Action>
        <MessageID xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">urn:uuid:19cbc77a-a910-4f41-8bc4-ecb0e7af34ab
                </MessageID>
        <To xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">http://localhost:$PORT$/jaxws/add</To>
        <ReplyTo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">
            <Address>http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/anonymous</Address>
        </ReplyTo>
        <ReplyTo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">
            <Address>http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/anonymous</Address>
        </ReplyTo>
    </soap:Header>
    <soap:Body>
        <addNumbers xmlns="http://apache.org/cxf/systest/ws/addr_feature/">
            <number1>1</number1>
            <number2>2</number2>
        </addNumbers>
    </soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>


The official release of the text of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) on November 5 not only confirmed our fears about how it would threaten our rights online and over our digital devices, but also kicked off a 90-day countdown to President Obama signing the deal. A few days later, the White House formally requested the International Trade Commission (ITC) to begin its study of the impacts of the TPP on the U.S. economy for a report to come out in the Spring before Congress approves (or ratifies) the deal—which as explained below, is a separate and later step to signature of the deal. Now that the TPP's approval and ratification in the United States is on the horizon, here's what you need to know about what's going on and what's to come. This state of play will be useful as we work to defend our digital rights against the largest trade deal in history.

The Critical Timelines

The series of procedural requirements imposed by the Fast Track bill that passed this summer gives us a useful timeframe to know what's coming next. But this clarity still doesn't make up for the loss of congressional oversight that we would have had if that bill had not passed. What Congress gave up with Fast Track was the ability to challenge any of the thousands of provisions that had been decided behind closed doors. So after February 4, 2016, the President will be able to unilaterally sign the TPP for the U.S. Thankfully, there's one more hoop the TPP must jump through before it becomes binding on the United States.

Both congressional houses must ratify the agreement in the form of approving "implementing legislation" that the White House will submit to lawmakers. This submission will happen after the President's signature, likely sometime in April or May. Once that happens, the House has 60 days from the bill's introduction to hold a vote on it and the Senate gets another 30 days, so 90 days in total, to approve or reject it. Since this second timeline only begins when the White House decides that they're ready for it, it all rests on whether the executive branch believes that it has the votes to get it through both houses. That's why it's critical that we call on our lawmakers to come out against this agreement: because that's how we can stop it.

White House Heavily Lobbies Congress

President Obama only needs a simple majority to get TPP approved in both houses, so the Administration has been wasting no time convincing members of Congress to support it. They've been in lobbying overdrive since they concluded negotiations in the end of October even before the text was released. While some lawmakers have already come out in clear support or opposition to the deal, most say they'll weigh their decision after reading the actual contents of the more than 6,000 page text—though it's difficult to believe that many of them will actually do this.

One of the most vocal TPP proponents, Sen. Orrin Hatch, has been critical of the deal and has even demanded that the White House go back to the negotiating table. But he's not holding back support because he's worried about the intellectual property provisions. It's quite the opposite: as a longtime shill for the pharmaceutical industry, he thinks that the deal doesn't go far enough to secure corporate interests and is demanding that the TPP enforce even lengthier monopolies on medicines (although he doesn't seem to have a problem with the TPP's copyright provisions, which the MPAA has already fully supported [pdf]).

Meanwhile Congress members who backed Fast Track continue to receive special treatment from top Obama administration officials. They are getting invitations to join cabinet officials on their first trips to Cuba and the President himself is bending over backwards to please the House Democrats who voted in favor of the trade bill this summer so they stay by his side for the TPP implementation vote. Thankfully, none of the Democrats who voted against Fast Track have stepped forward to support the deal so far. U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman, for example, personally visited Long Beach, California to win over Rep. Alan Lowenthal, who voted against Fast Track this summer.

Major TPP champion Rep. Paul Ryan gave up his role as the Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, where the TPP vote would initially be held in the House, to become the Speaker of the House. Unfortunately for us, his replacement is likely to be just as gung-ho about the TPP as Rep. Ryan. Rep. Kevin Brady, a long time supporter of trade agreements with toxic digital policies, now sits as the Committee's Chairman, with Rep. Dave Reichert as the Chairman of its subcommittee on Trade. Despite dubious claims of ambivalence about his position on TPP, these new Republican House leaders seem to pretty poised to bring the TPP to congressional ratification. Rep. Reichert, for one, claims that his experience in law enforcement and a hostage negotiator has prepared him to lead the trade debate because he knows "when to kick in the door.”

For now, there is no clear reading on how Congress will vote on the TPP's implementing legislation, but it's going to be a close vote. Our strategy will be two-fold:

To overwhelm Congress members with emails and messages from their constituents demanding that they vote down the TPP when the implementing legislation comes before them. To turn the TPP into a household name for toxic digital policy, much like we did with SOPA.

Fighting the TPP is as much about defending our digital rights as it is about rejecting opaque, corporate-driven policymaking. Internet users in all TPP countries can take action to call on their representatives to reject this agreement, but stopping this deal in the U.S., will effectively also defeat it in the 11 other countries. If we want to ensure that laws don't just uphold powerful private interests, but are designed and implemented with the public's best interests in mind, then we must stop the TPP—for the sake of the Internet, our rights, and our future.


/*
All modification made by Intel Corporation: © 2016 Intel Corporation

All contributions by the University of California:
Copyright (c) 2014, 2015, The Regents of the University of California (Regents)
All rights reserved.

All other contributions:
Copyright (c) 2014, 2015, the respective contributors
All rights reserved.
For the list of contributors go to https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/CONTRIBUTORS.md

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
    * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its contributors
      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
      without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

// This is a script to upgrade old solver prototxts to the new format.
// Usage:
//    upgrade_solver_proto_text old_solver_proto_file_in solver_proto_file_out

#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>  // NOLINT(readability/streams)
#include <iostream>  // NOLINT(readability/streams)
#include <string>

#include "caffe/caffe.hpp"
#include "caffe/util/io.hpp"
#include "caffe/util/upgrade_proto.hpp"

using std::ofstream;

using namespace caffe;  // NOLINT(build/namespaces)

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  FLAGS_alsologtostderr = 1;  // Print output to stderr (while still logging)
  ::google::InitGoogleLogging(argv[0]);
  if (argc != 3) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Usage: upgrade_solver_proto_text "
        << "old_solver_proto_file_in solver_proto_file_out";
    return 1;
  }

  SolverParameter solver_param;
  string input_filename(argv[1]);
  if (!ReadProtoFromTextFile(input_filename, &solver_param)) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse input text file as SolverParameter: "
               << input_filename;
    return 2;
  }
  bool need_upgrade = SolverNeedsTypeUpgrade(solver_param);
  bool success = true;
  if (need_upgrade) {
    success = UpgradeSolverAsNeeded(input_filename, &solver_param);
    if (!success) {
      LOG(ERROR) << "Encountered error(s) while upgrading prototxt; "
                 << "see details above.";
    }
  } else {
    LOG(ERROR) << "File already in latest proto format: " << input_filename;
  }

  // Save new format prototxt.
  WriteProtoToTextFile(solver_param, argv[2]);

  LOG(INFO) << "Wrote upgraded SolverParameter text proto to " << argv[2];
  return !success;
}


Q:

XAML Pages shows Exception Message On Visual Studio 2008

I am working on a WPF App which has been working fine for some time. Recently, the XAML user controls do not show up properly on Visual Studio 2008 though the Application runs fine. It shows a long list of Exception messages. For convenience, some of the messages are listed below.

Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation.
Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation.
'/Microsoft.Windows.Design.Developer;component/themes/GridAdorners.xaml'
  value cannot be assigned to property 'Source' of object
  'System.Windows.ResourceDictionary'. Cannot create instance of
  'GenericTheme' defined in assembly
  'Microsoft.Windows.Design.Interaction, Version=3.5.0.0,
  Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a'. Exception has been
  thrown by the target of an invocation.    Error at object
  'ResourceDictionary_4'.
Cannot create instance of 'GenericTheme' defined in assembly
  'Microsoft.Windows.Design.Interaction, Version=3.5.0.0,
  Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a'. Exception has been
  thrown by the target of an invocation.

Just to add, recently I have upgraded into Expression Blend 3  from Expression Blend 2. Not sure if the issue is related though.

A:

Do this:

Open your solution in Visual Studio.
Open the same solution in Blend, but not yet open any files.
Attach the VS debugger to Blend and break on all managed runtime exceptions.
Open the problem file. You should now see what code is throwing which exception.

Caveat emptor: I do this all of the time with VS2010/Blend 4, but haven't tried it with VS2008/Blend 3.


NANAIMO, B.C.—A British Columbia artist built her dragon sculpture with wings, but she never thought it would leave its perch without her help.

Heather Wall says she thinks Rock Dragon 2.0 disappeared from a park in Nanaimo, B.C., sometime late Friday.

The spiky, aluminum dragon weighing about 23 kilograms was seated atop a rock and steel sphere and was mounted on a two-metre pole.

Wall says the dragon was installed at Maffeo Sutton Park at the beginning of June and had been leased for a year by the City of Nanaimo.

City spokesperson Chris Barfoot says it appears that a co-ordinated effort went into removing the dragon because there was very little damage to the base and no clear signs of vandalism.

Wall agrees the theft of the sculpture valued at between $12,000 and $15,000 must have been planned because it was spiky, heavy, awkward and hard to reach.

“He’s not a friendly thing to lift,” she says. “I’m suspecting that it took maybe two people to pull him off the globe. That kind of says at least two ladders, two people, some tools and some planning to walk in there because you can’t just drive up to it.”

She says it took three people to put the art work in place when it was installed.

The aluminum dragon with its wings outstretched and appearing as if it was about to blow fire was bolted securely.

“We figured it would be all right,” she says. “I hate people who steal things.”

Barfoot says that while there’s been some minor vandalism to public art pieces in the past, this is the first time anything has been stolen.

“This is a community program, it’s public art for everyone. It’s not reflective of what the community feels about this program.”

Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading...

While Wall was disappointed the dragon was gone, she wasn’t worried about it being damaged.

“I mounted that on a stand in the back of my truck and the dragon itself was well above the cab. And I went down the highway at 120 kilometres and it didn’t bother it a bit. People looked at me like I had three heads.”

Read more about:


Saving Teeth In Gonzales

When a tooth is threatened by severe decay, periodontal disease, or damage from an injury, a skilled Gonzales dentist or endodontist must make a judgment call concerning the course of treatment. If the pulp of the tooth is infected or inflamed, a root canal is often the only way to save the tooth.

During a root canal procedure (or endodontic treatment) the soft tissue in the root of the tooth is removed. This tissue contains veins, arteries and lymph vessels. Once the roots are cleaned out and widened, they are filled with a special rubber material. The root canal is only the first step in the complete tooth restoration. After the root canal, without a crown, the tooth will become dry and brittle. The final steps are the core build-up and crown.

At Foote Family Dental Care, we fabricate strong, natural-looking crowns that blend perfectly with the surrounding teeth. With proper oral hygiene and regular visits to your Baton Rouge dentist, a tooth with a filled root can often function problem-free for the rest of a patient's life.

I am Dr. Nora Richardson-Foote DDS of Foote Family Dental Care. I have been serving Louisiana with exceptional cosmetic and general dentistry since 2000. During that time I have seen hundreds of teeth saved by this effective dental procedure. Root canal therapy at Foote Family Dental Care in Gonzales has a very high success rate.

Because teeth with infected pulp tissue often cause no symptoms, it is important to have regular dental examinations. I can determine which (if any) teeth have infected roots. If the infection in the soft pulp tissue is left untreated, it can progress to a point where the tooth cannot be saved. Is it time for a thorough dental exam? Call our office at 225-647-1900.

CONTACT US

Dr. Nora Richardson-Foote and her team are eager to provide a variety of dental services, including cosmetic dentistry, family dentistry, and sedation dentistry. Call today to set up an appointment if you are in the Gonzales LA area, from Baton Rouge to Prairieville!https://www.footefamilydentalcare.com/Foote Family Dental Care - Nora Richardson-Foote D.D.S.


Posterior shoulder instability is a relatively rare condition representing about 10% of all cases of shoulder instability \[[@CR13]\].

Different conditions inducing posterior instability have been described including acute traumatic conditions, chronic locked conditions, and painful unstable shoulder. A posterior recurrent shoulder instability is rarely observed. In this review we focus on the treatment of symptomatic posterior unstable glenohumeral joint without bone component involvement and/or associated pathologies.

Classification {#Sec1}
==============

Posterior instability includes a wide spectrum of pathological conditions, which are sometimes difficult to classify homogeneously.

From an etiological point of view, the posterior dislocation is typically differentiated into traumatic nonlocked dislocation, locked dislocation, and chronic instability. Locked dislocation can be further differentiated into acute or chronic depending on the time elapsed from the trauma and diagnosis. Normally, after 6 weeks a locked posterior dislocation should be considered chronic.

Traumatic nonlocked posterior dislocation {#Sec2}
-----------------------------------------

An acute traumatic complete posterior dislocation is seldom reported and therefore the incidence of this kind of instability is poorly studied. This dislocation may occur in patients with seizures because of uncoordinated muscle contraction, as a consequence of a posteriorly directed blow (motor crash or sports contact), or after a violent fall, even in a domestic environment. In these situations, patients report pain with active motion and particularly limited external rotation of the arm.

Locked posterior dislocation {#Sec3}
----------------------------

In the case of locked posterior dislocation, no external rotation is possible even with passive motion. In these cases, the situation may mimic a frozen shoulder on examination, especially in cases with a chronic (neglected) unreduced dislocation. Appropriate imaging to detect a complete posterior dislocation must be performed, and if the suspected diagnosis is confirmed an early closed reduction is required followed by immobilization in external rotation. In the case of chronic unreduced dislocation, an open reduction may be necessary in association with other treatments according to the articular damage.

Chronic instability {#Sec4}
-------------------

A more chronic situation with recurrent posterior instability, mostly subluxation, is even more challenging to identify because the patient's symptoms are vague and clinical examination is not straightforward. In fact, patients with posterior shoulder instability do not report a history or symptoms that can be directly linked to a particular event or injury. Posterior instability often overlaps with laxity in its clinical presentation, thus contributing to a misleading scenario. In this particular group of patients, some repetitive activities such as cross-arm abduction, bench press, or overhead throwing can result in microtraumatic events causing a prevalent posterior shoulder instability in a setting of laxity or multidirectional instability.

Many of these patients report symptoms such as fatigue, pain, and eventually loss of strength in elevation. Rarely do patients report clear posterior shoulder pain associated with the feeling of a dead arm.

Classification groups {#Sec5}
---------------------

For the aforementioned reasons, the classification of posterior instability may be complex or confusing. Nevertheless, an attempt was made to classify symptomatic posterior instability into four groups \[[@CR23]\]:Group A: predominantly posterior multidirectional instability, termed "PPM"Group B: recurrent posterior subluxation, termed "RPS"Group C: traumatic unidirectional posterior instabilityGroup D: traumatic posterior instability with additional anterior lesions ("bidirectional")

Patient age is considered another important factor for possible associated lesions. Often, younger patients do not have associated lesions, unlike older patients, and consequently the treatment algorithm for these patients is different. Furthermore, a chronic neglected dislocation in an older patient may have different surgical solutions independently of the associated lesions.

Traditionally, treatment for posterior shoulder instability consisted of conservative management. Surgery is required in cases of persistent shoulder pain in chronic instability, in patients with a locked neglected chronic dislocation, or in patients with associated lesions developing a dysfunctional shoulder.

Once the diagnosis of posterior instability is suspected or confirmed in patients with chronic painful shoulder, arthroscopy is considered the gold standard for the detection and treatment of lesions that typically develop with posterior instability, which may be hidden or subtle. Mixed results have been reported in the series published to date \[[@CR1], [@CR16], [@CR23]\].

Pathophysiology {#Sec6}
===============

The glenohumeral joint is often described as a ball and socket joint. However, the glenoid socket is very shallow and therefore in the absence of bone defects (humeral or glenoid or combined) the stability of this joint relies on the labrum, the ligaments, the musculature of the shoulder girdle, and on neuromuscular control.

Posterior inferior glenohumeral ligament {#Sec7}
----------------------------------------

The posteroinferior capsule is not as robust as the anterior capsule and the posterior inferior glenohumeral ligament (PIGHL) is thinner than the anterior counterpart \[[@CR4]\]. The PIGHL is the most important stabilizing ligament particularly in positions of flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the arm. The subscapularis muscle is considered to be the most important dynamic posterior stabilizer, whereas the role of the rotator interval as a posterior stabilizer is controversial \[[@CR15], [@CR24]\].

Chondrolabral complex {#Sec8}
---------------------

The cartilage and labrum are important to deepen the glenoid socket and improve the concavity-compression mechanism of stability. Cadaveric studies outlined the importance of the chondrolabral complex in stability, and these findings were confirmed by clinical investigations. Some authors showed that the loss of chondrolabral containment posteroinferiorly is a consistent finding in posteroinferior instability and is principally due to the loss of posterior labral height and detensioning of the ligament complex \[[@CR5], [@CR17]\].

Labral injury {#Sec9}
-------------

Labral injury from repetitive posterior loading or instability can range from a posterior labral tear to an incomplete, concealed avulsion of the posteroinferior labrum (also known as "Kim lesion") to a reverse Bankart lesion. Capsular tearing, posterior labrocapsular periosteal sleeve avulsion, or humeral avulsion of the posteroinferior glenohumeral ligament (PHAGL) also can occur and contribute to the recurrence of posterior instability \[[@CR6], [@CR27], [@CR29]\].

It has been reported that a redundant or patulous capsule is the main cause of posterior instability, with a reported incidence of labral lesions at the time of surgery varying between 10 and 100% \[[@CR1], [@CR16], [@CR20]\]. However, while many of these may be obvious on arthroscopy, nearly 40% are discrete lesions \[[@CR20]\].

Furthermore, posterior instability can be related to a dysplastic condition such as excessive glenoid retroversion or humeral head torsion. Some forms of instability can be acquired and related to (a) scapulothoracic dysfunction based on overuse or failure of a muscle--tendon unit, (b) a neurological deficit, or (c) a bony or posterior soft tissue insufficiency.

In summary, the occurrence or recurrence of traumatic posterior dislocation is very rare. Most posterior shoulder instabilities can be classified as an acute traumatic event or as the result of repetitive microtraumatic events often associated with a laxity (multidirectional instability with a posterior prevalence). In these situations there is a repetitive microtrauma in the form of rim loading that can create a deformation and elongation of the capsule and labral tear, thus compromising the concavity mechanism of stability \[[@CR17], [@CR19], [@CR23]\].

Imaging {#Sec10}
=======

Radiography {#Sec11}
-----------

Posterior dislocation may be missed initially on posteroanterior radiographs in 50% of cases, as the humeral head appears to be almost normally aligned with the glenoid. However, different signs, such as the trough line sign or loss of the normal half-moon overlap sign, have been described on standard radiographs as being suggestive of a posterior dislocation. An axillary view is the preferred view for diagnosis, while a Velpeau or Wallace view is an alternative. A scapular Y view has been shown to be unreliable for diagnosing posterior shoulder dislocations \[[@CR14]\].

Magnetic resonance arthrography {#Sec12}
-------------------------------

In the case of suspected posterior instability, the best imaging for evaluating the labrum and capsule is magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA). A computed tomography (CT) scan can be useful when a better evaluation of the bone deformity (glenoid dysplasia or retroversion), or of the size of the humeral head defect in cases of locked posterior dislocation, is required. With static MRA one is able to check glenoid labrum tears, labral height, and labral contour.

A redundant or patulous posterior and inferior capsule can be assessed on MRA. However, when assessing capsular redundancy it is very important to take into consideration the amount of contrast medium injected, the gravity-dependent filling, and the position of the arm. Classically, MRA is performed with the patients in supine position and, because of gravity, contrast medium tends to accumulate in the posterior capsule; as a consequence, there may be some false-positive findings. MRA can also be useful for identifying PHAGL lesions that, although rarely, may be the cause of a posterior instability \[[@CR6]\].

History and clinical examination {#Sec13}
================================

As mentioned, the clinical symptoms in posterior instability range from posterior pain, fatigue, weakness, and, rarely, instability and may be associated with mechanical symptoms such as clicking or catching. Symptoms intensify with the arm in 90° forward flexion, adduction, and internal rotation. The clinical tests used in examinations of posterior instability have evolved. The posterior apprehension test and the load and shift test are no longer believed to be useful tests for this condition \[[@CR16]\].

Jerk test {#Sec14}
---------

The jerk test (posterior stress test) has been considered to be highly sensitive for posterior instability. This test is performed by stabilizing the scapula with one hand, while the other hand holds the elbow with the arm in 90° of abduction and internal rotation. A firm axial compression force is applied on the glenohumeral joint. The arm is horizontally adducted while maintaining the firm axial load.

Kim test {#Sec15}
--------

A further test for posterior instability is the so-called Kim test, which is a modification of the jerk test \[[@CR16]\]. The test is performed with the patient in a sitting position and their arm in 90° of abduction. The examiner holds the elbow and lateral aspect of the proximal arm and applies a strong axial load in line with the scapula. While maintaining the axial load, the arm of the patient is elevated 45° diagonally upward and a posterior force is applied to the proximal arm. The test is positive if the patient complains of pain during this maneuver.

These two clinical tests are very important and are the hallmark for deciding between operative and nonoperative treatment. A painful jerk test or Kim test is suggestive of a labral lesion and, even if this is not confirmed by an MRI examination, arthroscopic treatment with capsuloplasty is recommended. Patients with a painful jerk or Kim test have an approximately 85% chance of not improving with rehabilitation and are candidates for arthroscopic capsuloplasty. Sometimes patients with a posterior subtle instability will complain only of a painful shoulder and the aforementioned test results may be negative.

O'Brien test {#Sec16}
------------

Recently, Owen et al. noted that in patients with a posterior labral tear the O'Brien test can be positive. In contrast to SLAP tear, in these cases the positivity of the test consists not in the pain, but in the discomfort and secondary weakness. According to the study, the O'Brien test is highly predictive (90%) of posterior labral tear \[[@CR22]\].

Conservative treatment {#Sec17}
======================

Physical therapy {#Sec18}
----------------

If posterior instability is suspected after a clinical examination, physical therapy should be offered to the patient. Physical therapy is focused on strengthening the rotator cuff, posterior deltoid, and the scapular stabilizers through resisted external rotation exercises \[[@CR21]\]. This program can reduce instability recurrence and pain and increase function, mainly in those with atraumatic posterior instability \[[@CR21]\]. The aim is to improve the neuromuscular control of the shoulder joint. During conservative treatment, patients should modify their activity levels to prevent further injury Conservative treatment has been reported to be less successful for instability that has occurred after a single injury to the shoulder \[[@CR11]\] and in patients with a painful jerk or Kim test \[[@CR16]\]. Patients who have undergone at least 6 months of conservative treatment and still experience symptoms are candidates for surgical management \[[@CR12]\].

Arthroscopic surgery {#Sec19}
====================

Patient positioning {#Sec20}
-------------------

We use a lateral decubitus positioning of the patient with a beanbag to avoid pressure injury. Combined anesthesia with interscalene block and general anesthesia is suitable to obtain complete muscle relaxation. The affected arm is placed in a balanced arm traction in 45° of abduction and 15° of forward flexion; 4--5 kg is used for the arm traction.

Surgical technique {#Sec21}
------------------

A standard posterior portal is made at the beginning. This portal is made in the "soft spot" approximately 2 cm medial and 2 cm inferior to the posterolateral corner of the acromion. It should allow for anchor placement with 45° of angulation relative to the glenoid surface. An anterior portal is made with an in--out or out--in technique according to the surgeon's preference, and should be made in the rotator cuff interval just inferior to the biceps tendon. The anterior portal is used to introduce the scope and the posterior portal is the working portal. We put a cannula through the portals. Observing from the anterior--superior portal, the labral and capsular pathology is identified (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). In the case of labral pathology, the labrum is elevated from the posterior glenoid margin using a periosteal elevator.

The rim and neck of the glenoid are debrided with a shaver (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). In patients in whom the position of the posterior portal is not optimal for working and for achieving correct anchor trajectory, particularly for the most inferior anchor, an accessory posterosuperior portal can be used \[[@CR8]\]. The anchor is placed along the posterior glenoid margin, starting inferiorly and progressing superiorly, as needed. Different anchors may be used according to the surgeon's choice, but the general principles of the surgical technique should be respected (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). When more than one anchor is used, they should be spaced 3--5 mm apart to avoid fragmentation of the posterior glenoid bone.

In the case of a labral tear, once that anchor is inserted, we use a 45° spectrum hook system (ConMed Linvatec, Largo, Fl, USA) with polydioxanone (PDS; Ethicon Inc., Somerville, N.J.) \#0 as a shuttle suture to penetrate the capsular tissue slightly inferior and lateral to the labrum and anchor so as to perform an inferior-to-superior and lateral-to-medial capsular shift. In some patients, like overhead athletes, in whom excessive capsular tensioning and plication should be avoided, the suture coming from the anchor should be passed only around the labrum at the same location as the anchor placement (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 1Arthroscopic intraoperative view of a right shoulder. Patient is in lateral decubitus position, the scope is in the anterosuperior portal. A posterior labral tear is shown Fig. 2A shaver is used to abrade the labral tear Fig. 3Placement of a double-loaded suture anchor along the posterior glenoid surface. The anchor is inserted through the posterior cannula Fig. 4Arthroscopic view showing the use of a suture hook. **a** The 45°-angled hook is inserted through the posterior cannula and keeps the capsular tissue distal to the anchor. **b** The exit of the hook is at the level of the labral tear, near the anchor, for a south-to-north capsular shift

In some cases, the labrum may be intact and the pathology may be related only to a capsular detensioning. In these cases, the capsular tissue may be lightly abraded with a rasp or with a shaver and capsular retensioning is carried out using the labrum like an anchor. Specifically, we use a spectrum hook to pass through the capsule and labrum or through the labrum only, depending on the type of lesion and on the patient features; once the hook is passed, the shuttling suture (PDS) is released. The shuttling suture and the one suture from the anchor are then retrieved at the same time to avoid any tangling (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}).

Subsequently, the permanent suture is passed through the tissue and both sutures from the anchor are inside the posterior cannula. The suture that has been passed through the soft tissue is used as the post limb. The sutures are then tied; we prefer to place the knot away from the glenohumeral joint. If we use a double-loaded anchor, all the passages are repeated for the second suture. In the case of a very stretched, loosened tissue, a reinforced configuration of sutures may be used, e.g., the MIBA stitch (\[[@CR7]\]; Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}).

When the repair is finished (Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}), we close the posterior portal to prevent stress-riser formation within the posterior capsule. To perform this, the posterior cannula is withdrawn just outside the posterior capsule, a 45° suture hook loaded with a PDS suture is used to penetrate one side of the portal incision, and the suture is retrieved from the opposite side with a penetrating grasper; the sutures are then tied inside the cannula, but outside the posterior capsule.Fig. 5Arthroscopic view of the suture shuttle, exiting through the hook, and the suture from the anchor grasped together through the cannula, to avoid entanglement Fig. 6The sutures are all passed through the tissue in a simple configuration. In this case the MIBA stitch (one mattress and one simple suture) is shown Fig. 7Final repair. The posterior labrum and posterior capsule are repaired to the glenoid rim

Further techniques {#Sec22}
------------------

We do not suggest routinely making a rotator interval closure at the end of the procedure; however, the surgeon should be able to treat pathologies that may be associated with a posterior instability, particularly multidirectional instability or anterosuperior labral tear \[[@CR28]\].

If a capsular tear is associated with a humeral avulsion (PHAGL) it must be repaired with a technique that it similar to the "remplissage technique": One or two suture anchors are placed in the previously abraded humeral head in the normal capsular insertion and the sutures are passed through the torn capsule to reinsert it to the bone and restore the proper tension of the posteroinferior capsular ligamentous system. In the case of a longitudinal tear, a side-to-side suture can be performed. Typically the knots are closed outside the capsule.

Associated bony lesions of the humeral head should also be evaluated. Patients with posterior shoulder instability could have an osteochondral defect involving the anterior aspect of the humeral head (McLaughlin or reverse Hill--Sachs lesion).

It has been reported that lesions involving less than 20% of the articular surface did well, for the most part, with nonoperative treatment \[[@CR10]\]. However, reverse Hill--Sachs lesions tend to involve more of the articular surface compared with their posterior counterparts. Therefore, some authors hold that lesions involving as little as 10% of the articular surface may be clinically significant and require direct intervention \[[@CR25]\]. In cases in which this defect is between 10 and 30% of the articular surface, an arthroscopic soft tissue procedure associated with posterior labral and capsular repair has been proposed. In particular, some authors reported a technique suturing the middle glenohumeral ligament (MGHL) \[[@CR9]\], while others advocate a technique suturing the distal part of the subscapularis tendon \[[@CR18]\] into the defect. The pearls of this surgical technique consist in using a 70° scope through the posterior portal, and suturing the MGHL or the subscapularis tendon into the humeral head defect working from the anterosuperior portal. A burr or a curette is used to abrade the humeral head defect avoiding being too aggressive. Suture anchors (one or two according to the size of the defect) are inserted into the humeral head defect. All the sutures should be passed in a mattress fashion through the soft tissue before tying knots.

Postoperative management {#Sec23}
========================

Postoperative rehabilitation is crucial for maximizing clinical and functional outcome. The operated arm is immobilized in a sling with 15° of external rotation for 6 weeks. For the first 3 weeks, the patients remove the sling three to four times a day to move actively the elbow, wrist, and fingers. After 3 weeks, patients start passive mobilization for shoulder elevation in the scapular plane and shoulder external rotation. Internal rotation recovery is initiated 6 weeks after surgery, when patients can start active range of motion and progressive strengthening of the rotator cuff, deltoid, and scapular stabilizers.

Discussion {#Sec24}
==========

Posterior shoulder instability is a relatively rare condition. The diagnosis is difficult because patient history and clinical examination are not straightforward. Very often, patients present for observation because of a painful shoulder, dysfunction, and rarely because of symptomatic instability. MRA may be used to confirm the diagnosis, but in some situations the findings can be negative. Shoulder arthroscopy gives us the possibility to identify and treat the soft tissue lesions responsible for this type of instability with a good rate of success. To date, there are few studies reporting the results of isolated arthroscopic posterior stabilization. Furthermore, it is difficult to analyze the results because the surgical techniques used are different (capsular plication, repair of labrum with or without anchor, repair of labrum associated with capsular plication) as are the instabilities (posterior, posteroinferior, multidirectional with a posterior predominance). In 2003, Kim et al. \[[@CR16]\] reported on a series of patients treated because of unidirectional recurrent posterior instability. After surgery, all the patients were able to resume sports activities. One case of failure because of recurrent instability was reported. Radkowski et al. \[[@CR26]\] compared throwers and non-throwers in a group of athletes with unidirectional posterior shoulder instability who underwent arthroscopic capsulolabral repair or plication with or without suture anchors. A 10% failure rate was reported, and no differences were found between the two groups of athletes.

Looking at the studies collectively, we see that a success rate of more than 90% is reported with a large portion of patients able to resume work and sports activities. Failures are related to recurrence of pain or instability. Recurrent instability has been reported in a range of 6--10% of patients \[[@CR2], [@CR3], [@CR5], [@CR19], [@CR23], [@CR24]\]. A 20% rate of recurrence was previously reported using multiple suture technique with monofilament stitches \[[@CR20]\]. The persistence of pain after surgery is another sign of failed surgery. This has been reported on average in 6% of patients \[[@CR2], [@CR3], [@CR5], [@CR25]\]. Pain may be related to unaddressed associated lesions, such as osteochondral defect or partial rotator cuff tear. However, the presence of a posterior chondral glenoid defect in particular seems to be a predictor of poor outcome. The prevalence of concomitant chondral damage associated with posterior instability is variable and seems to increase with the age of the patients \[[@CR3]\]. If this lesion is found during arthroscopic repair, the labrum is advanced into the cartilage defect to make the defect extra-articular. However, in such cases the outcomes are still worse than in cases with posterior labral tears and no significant cartilage defect. Furthermore, in cases of bipolar (humeral and glenoid) cartilage defect some authors suggest not performing posterior labral repair because bad results are to be expected \[[@CR3]\].

Practical conclusion {#Sec25}
====================

Posterior shoulder instability is a rare clinical condition that encompasses different pathologies involving the labrum, the capsule, bony lesions, and locked posterior dislocation.Diagnosing posterior instability may be difficult because patients often report vague symptoms not linked to a clear history of traumatic shoulder dislocation.Physical examination comprising clinical tests (i. e., jerk test, Kim test, and reinterpreted O'Brien test) and imaging (i. e., magnetic resonance arthrography) can facilitate the diagnosis.Arthroscopy can be used for a complete evaluation of the joint and allows for the treatment of soft tissue lesions.Poor outcomes after soft tissue repair have been reported in cases of concomitant posterior glenoid chondral defects.

Conflict of interest {#FPar1}
====================

A. Castagna, M. Conti, and R. Garofalo declare that they have no competing interests.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.


Q:

Fundamental understanding of tvecs rvecs in OpenCV-ArUco

I want to use ArUco to find the "space coordinates" of a marker.
I have problems understanding the tvecs and rvecs. I came so far as to the tvecs are the translation and the rvecs are for rotation. But how are they oriented, in which order are they written in the code, or how do I orient them?
Here is a little sketch of the setup. I have a camera (laptop webcam just drawn to illustrate the orientation of the camera) at the position X,Y,Z,  the Camera is oriented, which can be described with angle a around X, angle b around Y, angle c around Z (angles in Rad).
So if my camera is stationary I would take different pictures of the ChArUco Boards and give the camera calibration algorithm the tvecs_camerapos (Z,Y,X) and the rvecs_camerapos (c,b,a). I get the cameraMatrix, distCoeffs and tvecs_cameracalib, rvecs_cameracalib. t/rvecs_camerapos and t/rvecs_cameracalib are different which I find weird.

Is this nomination/order of t/rvecs correct?
Should I use camerapos or cameracalib for pose estimation if the camera does not move?

I think t/rvecs_cameracalib is negligible because I am only interested in the intrinsic parameters of the camera calibration algorithm.
Now I want to find the X,Y,Z position of the marker, I use aruco.estimatePoseSingleMarkers with t/rvecs_camerapos and retrive t/rvecs_markerpos. The tvecs_markerpos don't match my expected values.

Do I need a transformation of t/rvecs_markerpos to find X,Y,Z of the Marker?
Where is my misconception?

A:

OpenCV routines that deal with cameras and camera calibration (including AruCo) use a pinhole camera model. The world origin is defined as the centre of projection of the camera model (where all light rays entering the camera converge), the Z axis is defined as the optical axis of the camera model, and the X and Y axes form an orthogonal system with Z.  +Z is in front of the camera, +X is to the right, and +Y is down.  All AruCo coordinates are defined in this coordinate system. That explains why your "camera" tvecs and rvecs change: they do not define your camera's position in some world coordinate system, but rather the markers' positions relative to your camera.
You don't really need to know how the camera calibration algorithm works, other than that it will give you a camera matrix and some lens distortion parameters, which you use as input to other AruCo and OpenCV routines.
Once you have calibration data, you can use AruCo to identify markers and return their positions and orientations in the 3D coordinate system defined by your camera, with correct compensation for the distortion of your camera lens.  This is adequate to do, for example, augmented reality using OpenGL on top of the video feed from your camera.

The tvec of a marker is the translation (x,y,z) of the marker from the origin; the distance unit is whatever unit you used to define your printed calibration chart (ie, if you described your calibration chart to OpenCV using mm, then the distance unit in your tvecs is mm).
The rvec of a marker is a 3D rotation vector which defines both an axis of rotation and the rotation angle about that axis, and gives the marker's orientation. It can be converted to a 3x3 rotation matrix using the Rodrigues function (cv::Rodrigues()). It is either the rotation which transforms the marker's local axes onto the world (camera) axes, or the inverse -- I can't remember, but you can easily check.


Former FBI Director James Comey testifies before a Senate Intelligence Committee hearing on Russia's alleged interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election on Capitol Hill in Washington, U.S., June 8, 2017. REUTERS/Jonathan Ernst

(Reuters) - Former FBI Director James Comey, who was fired by U.S. President Donald Trump, has signed a deal for a book on leadership and decision-making that will come out in spring 2018, the publisher said on Wednesday.

The book deal with Macmillan’s Flatiron Books comes three months after Comey’s firing raised questions about whether Trump tried to interfere with the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s probe into Russia’s alleged meddling with the U.S. presidential election.

Russia denies any interference, and Trump has denied collusion with Russia and interfering with the investigation.

The book, which has not yet been given a title, will discuss “what good, ethical leadership looks like and how it drives sound decisions,” Bob Miller, president of Macmillan’s Flatiron Books, said in a statement on Wednesday.

Flatiron won the rights to the book after an auction and did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

In addition to reflections on Comey’s interactions with Trump this year, the book will feature anecdotes from his role in leading an investigation into the use of a private email server by Democrat Hillary Clinton during her 2016 presidential campaign.

Comey’s announcement that the FBI was reopening the Clinton email investigation days before the November election led to accusations by some Democrats that he was unfairly influencing the outcome. The FBI eventually closed the probe without taking any action.