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Health and health care of employed adults: occupation and gender.
This paper reports on a study of health and health care of employed women and men that used the National Health Interview Survey of 1975-1977 as the data source. Materials from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and other government sources were used to develop scales for psychosocial and physical health features of individual occupations. Multiple regressions were then used to study the relation of occupational factors and gender along with family factors, to health status, chronic limitations, and use of physician and hospital services. The study shows a correlation of the jobs that are more complex and challenging and offer more autonomy with better health status. The current job structure shows more variation in psychological level of occupations than in physical healthiness; women are concentrated in the less desirable occupations. The study also examines gender differences in illness-day measures and health care utilization in 36 occupations with substantial employment of both sexes, and finds considerable variability among occupations in the extent of gender differences.


Get ready to get their portion of excellent mood, because online games Gangnam Style free open dance school for you - repetitive movements, provocative music.

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The present invention provides a class of pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment of cancer, particularly solid tumors, and having an immuno-modulating mechanism of action as spermine antagonists. The present pharmaceutical compositions are able to override the inhibitory effect of spermine upon tumor killing, and thus prevent spermine-induced immunosuppression.
Anti-cancer therapy has usually followed the model wherein a cytotoxic agent is administered that kills rapidly dividing cells, which are cancer cells and some rapidly dividing host cells, such as bone marrow cells and gut epithelial cells. Thus, conventional cytotoxic cancer therapies have been limited by their side effects targeting those tissues or organs having rapidly dividing cells, (e.g., bone marrow suppression and mucositis). Advances in cancer therapies have been made to better schedule the dosing of cytotoxic agents in creative combinations and to administer growth factors that are designed to rescue host rapidly dividing cells. such as blood cell growth factors G-CSF, EPO and others.
Other approaches to cancer therapy have been to better target the cytotoxic agent to localize to the site of the tumor by antibodies, creative dosing apparatus and by a severe form of treatment, bone marrow transplantation wherein all of the rapidly dividing cells are killed and host cells needed for patient survival are replaced.
The approach of augmenting the host""s immune response to a growing tumor or the presence of a tumor has been a desired approach form many years, but it has achieved limited success. For example, interleukin-2 (IL-2) is available for limited kinds of cancers but this immune activator has experienced many severe and life-threatening side effects. Other cytokines and interleukins are also being tried. yet there remains a strong need for effective and less toxic immunotherapeutic agents for cancer therapy.
Spermine and Macrophages
Under certain conditions, macrophages undergo differentiation to become capable of phagocytosis. The involvement of polyamines (of which spermine is one) in functional aspects of macrophages has been studies mainly with respect to malignant processes and treatment with inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. Macrophage-mediated tumorocidal activity directed against B16 melanoma cells is transiently augmented after 6 but not after 18 days of treatment with DFMO (xcex1-(difluoromethyl)ornithine, an inactivator of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC); Bowlin et al., Cancer Res. 46:5494-5498, 1986). Treatment with Cornebacterium parvum enhanced the DFMO effect in vivo (Bowlin et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 20:214-218, 1985) and reduced polyamine levels in macrophages, but had no effect on tumoricidal macrophage activation that can be promoted by other agents, such as IFNxcex1 or IFNxcex2.
During the early immune response to infection or injury, macrophages synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines which orchestrate the inflammatory reaction. Relatively small amounts of these cytokines produced locally in tissues benefit the host by activating antimicrobial pathways and stimulating tissue repair. On the other hand, if the inflammatory stimulus triggers an uncontrolled release of large amounts of cytokines, the resulting cytokine cascade mediates the development of lethal shock and tissue injury (Tracey et al., Science 234:470-474, 1986; Tracey et al., Nature 330:662-664, 1987; and Tracey in Remnick and Friedland, eds., Tumor Necrosis Factor, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996). This potentially disastrous scenario is normally prevented by endogenous counter-regulatory mechanisms that have evolved to inhibit cytokine over-production. One class of endogenous cytokine synthesis inhibitors are the glucocorticoid hormones, which are produced during a stress response, and suppress immune activation and cytokine synthesis (Gonzalez et al., Infect. Immun. 61:970-974, 1993 and Buetler et al., Science 232:977-979, 1986). Another class of agents is the anti-inflammatory cytokines, consisting of IL 10 and TGF-xcex2, which effectively suppress macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis (Gonzalez et al., Infect. Immun. 61:970-974, 1993; Tsunawaki et al., Nature 334:260-262, 1988; Donnelly et al., J. Immunol. 155:1420-1427, 1995; and Szabxc3x3et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 113:757-766, 1994). Lastly, prostaglandin E2, which accumulates at sites of inflammation, can also suppress TNF synthesis by increasing intracellular cAMP (Lehmmann et al., J. Immunol. 141:587-591,1988; and Sinha et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 25:147-153,1995). Together, these endogenous molecular mediators are supposed to counter-regulate or dampen the inflammatory response, and to prevent overabundant production of potentially injurious pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Spermine is a ubiquitous biogenic amine that is positively charged at physiological pH. Spermine is a ubiquitous natural polyamine that has been implicated as an inhibitor of some immune responses, including human neutrophil locomotion, T cell activity and NO production in murine macrophages. Pathological conditions, such a major injury or cancer, result in massive impairment of immunological reactivity with clinical consequences of high susceptibility towards serious infection and tumor escape from the immune system. Spermine has been widely studied for its biological roles in regulating DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation, modulation of ion channel function, and as a intracellular second messenger signaling agent (Blanchard et al., Infect. Immun. 55:433-437, 1987). Spermine has been implicated as an inhibitor of an immune response. For example, spermine prevents the synthesis of nitric oxide synthase and NO production in macrophages activated by bacterial endotoxin (Southan et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 203:1638-1644, 1944; and Kaczmarek, et al., Cancer Res. 52:1891-1894, 1992), down-regulates human neutrophil locomotion (Ferrante, Immunol. 54:785-790, 1985), and is immunosuppressive to T cells (Quan et al., Am. J. Reprod Immunol. 22:64-69, 1990). Increased spermine levels have been measured in tissues following injury, inflammation, and infection, derived, in part, from a release of intracellular spermine from dying and injured cells. Several theories have been proposed that the accumulation of spermine an the products of its oxidative metabolism via polyamine oxidase mediate anti-inflammatory activity found in inflammatory exudates, human pregnancy serum, plasma from arthritic rats, and human rheumatoid synovial fluid (Ferrante, Immunol. 54:785-790, 1985; Hempel et al., Nature 225:32-35, 1983; Lewis et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 25:1435, 1976; Persellin, Arthritis Rheum. 15:144, 1972; Rinandi, Indian J. Med. Res. 44:144, 1956 and Robinson and Robson Br. J. Pharmacol. 23:420, 1964). In addition, high spermine concentrations have been found in solid tumor tissue, leading to a supposition that spermine concentrations are secreted by tumor cells to act as an immunoprotectant mechanism against the host defense system.
One of the early cytokines discovered was tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and, as implied by its name, this cytokine was thought to be an immune effector that could lyse and kill tumor cells. Macrophages are terminally differentiated immune effector cells that, when activated, can lyse tumor cells. The macrophage lytic activity is mediated, in part, by secreting the cytokine TNFxcex1. Curiously, the anti-tumor activity of macrophages is somehow suppressed during tumor growth.
The role of a macrophage, or a mononuclear phagocyte in immunology has long been recognized. Macrophages act by phagocytosis and intracellular disposal. It is a goal of cancer immunotherapy to activate macrophages, since activated macrophages have been shown to lyse tumor cells under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Macrophages have a continuous function for removal of senescent or damaged red blood cells from the circulation, but this function is constitutive and does not require activation. By contrast, macrophages require activation to perform infrequent functions, such as participation in a host defense against cancer. By xe2x80x9cactivationxe2x80x9d it is generally meant in the literature that an activated macrophage may mean any change in behavior of the macrophage, such as increased adherence, altered motility, increased enzymatic activity, or increased phagocytosis. There are many mechanisms that have been studied that can activate macrophages and include, for example, bacterial endotoxin, and cytokines such as TNF, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-1 and others. Subsequent direct tumor cell lysis occurs both by direct macrophage-tumor cell contact and the release of a plethora of cytotoxic molecules from the activated macrophages (e.g., H2O2, NO, IL-1, TNF, and collagenases). The importance of direct contact of the macrophage to the tumor cell requires that the macrophage be located within or in proximity to tumor cell tissue. If there are substances secreted by tumor cells that deactivate or prevent macrophage activation, the ability to deactivate the deactivators (a double negative makes a positive) represents an important therapeutic advance for immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer.
The present invention is based upon the discovery of a group of compounds having such activity, wherein the tumor-secreted deactivating substance is spermine.
The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for cancer immunotherapy treatment comprising a compound selected from formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein formula I comprises:
wherein xe2x80x9cAxe2x80x9d is independently xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94NHxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94COxe2x80x94, phenyl, or pyrimidinyl;
wherein R1,R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9 are each independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or phenyl;
wherein xe2x80x9cXxe2x80x9d is a linker moiety selected from the group consisting of C2-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, and R10-R11=R10; wherein R10 is independently C1-4 alkyl or C2-4 alkenyl, and wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of oxo, phenyl, toluenyl, pyrimidinyl, amino, and xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94;
wherein formula II comprises:
H2Nxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94Dxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94NH2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83II
wherein xe2x80x9cBxe2x80x9d is a linker moiety independently selected from the group consisting of straight or branched C1-6 alkyl, straight or branched C2-6 alkenyl, straight or branched C1-6 alkyl substituted with an amine moiety, and straight or branched C2-6 alkenyl substituted with an amine moiety;
wherein xe2x80x9cDxe2x80x9d is a nitrogen-containing moiety selected from the group consisting of pyrimidinyl, piperidyl, pyridinyl, xe2x80x94CHxe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94CHxe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94CHxe2x80x94NH2, and piprazinyl;
wherein formula III comprises:
Nxe2x89xa1Cxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94Dxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94Dxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94Cxe2x89xa1Nxe2x80x83xe2x80x83III
wherein xe2x80x9cBxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cDxe2x80x9d are defined as in formula II.
Preferably, R1 is H; R2 through R9 is H or C1-3 alkyl. The preferred compounds of formula I are:
wherein the upper structure has a designation compound 38 and the bottom structure is called xe2x80x9c214140xe2x80x9d.
The preferred compounds of formula II are:
compound 91 and
compound 94. The preferred compound of formula III is:
compound 92.
The present invention further provides a method for treating a patient with cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of formula I, formula II and formula III, wherein formula I comprises:
wherein xe2x80x9cAxe2x80x9d is independently xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94NHxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94COxe2x80x94, phenyl, or pyrimidnyl;
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 and R9 are each independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or phenyl;
wherein xe2x80x9cXxe2x80x9d is a linker moiety selected from the group consisting of C2-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, and R10-R11xe2x95x90R10; wherein R10 is independently C1-4 alkyl or C2-4 alkenyl, and wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of oxo, phenyl, toluenyl, pyrimidinyl, amino, and xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94;
wherein formula II comprises:
H2Nxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94Dxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94NH2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83II
wherein xe2x80x9cBxe2x80x9d is a linker moiety independently selected from the group consisting of straight or branched C1-6 alkyl, straight or branched C2-6 alkenyl, straight or branched C1-6 alkyl substituted with an amine moiety, and straight or branched C2-6 alkenyl substituted with an amine moiety;
wherein xe2x80x9cDxe2x80x9d is a nitrogen-containing moiety selected from the group consisting of pyrimidinyl, piperidyl, pyridinyl, xe2x80x94CHxe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94CHxe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94CHxe2x80x94NH2, and piprazinyl;
wherein formula III comprises:
Nxe2x89xa1Cxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94Dxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94Dxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94Cxe2x89xa1Nxe2x80x83xe2x80x83III
wherein xe2x80x9cBxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cDxe2x80x9d are defined as in formula II.
Preferably, R1 is H; R2 through R9 is H or C1-3 alkyl. The preferred compounds of formula I are:
wherein the upper structure has a designation compound 38 and the bottom structure is called xe2x80x9c214140xe2x80x9d.
The preferred compounds of formula II are:
compound 91 and
compound 94. The preferred compound of formula III is:
compound 92.


The Japan Coast Guard (JCG) has acquired another H225 from Airbus Helicopters, bringing the service’s fleet to 11 plus two AS332 dedicated to security enforcement, territorial coastal activities and disaster relief missions in Japan.

“We are delighted at how our SUPER PUMA helicopters have continued to remain relevant and responsive to the Coast Guard’s operational needs. The fact that JCG’s latest H225 participated in a series of rescue missions immediately upon delivery and rescued 23 people, speaks volumes of our aircraft’s mission-ready performance and availability. This follow-on order also re-affirms the confidence that JCG has in our helicopters. We are certain that the expanded fleet will continue to meet JCG’s exacting requirements. Airbus remains committed to ensuring the fleet’s high availability for all missions,” commented Managing Director of Airbus Helicopters in Japan, Guillaume Leprince.

The 11t-category, twin-turbine H225 is the latest member of the Airbus SUPER PUMA family. It is well regarded as a reference in search and rescue operations and relied on by organisations including the Spanish Guard, the Argentine Coast Guard and South Korea’s National 119 Rescue Headquarters. Equipped with state-of-the-art electronic instruments and precision autopilots, the all-weather capable H225 offers outstanding endurance and fast cruise speed. It can also be fitted with mission equipment to suit any role.

In Japan alone, a total of 25 aircraft from the SUPER PUMA family are currently flown by civil and para-public operators and by the Ministry of Defence on missions ranging from search and rescue, offshore operations and VIP transport to fire-fighting and passenger or goods transport.


Q:

In Android should each screen be its own Activity or layout?

Ok I am designing an app which has a very simple layout of 62 Content Screens, accessed via 27 Menu Screens. In total this is 89 activities.
At the moment I have each Content Screen to be an Activity that just calls an XML layout (some text, buttons and image) and adds some onClick functionality.
Each Menu Screen is a ListActivity and pressing each item in the list opens that item's Activity (be it another Menu Screen or a Content Screen).
At the moment I am testing it with 3 Menu Screens and a Content Screen. It is fine scrolling through them all, however I am concerned that when I finish the app it will have too many activities and make the app slow and slugish. In an average use of the app I imagine the user would use no more than 10 activities but I am not sure if Android would be anticipating creating the other unused Activities or what.
So another way to implement this would be to have just a few Activities (maybe 1 for a MainMenu, 1 for a subMenu and 1 for a ContentScreen) that just work out which layout to display. However I feel this would mean that each Activity has a hell of a lot more work to do and also I lose the functionality of pressing the Back button taking the user back up through the menu hierarchy (and coding a replacement Back button onto each Screen would involve a massive Case for the onClick involving every single possible layout, all 89 of them!).
What would be the best way to go about this app?
Any help is very much appreciated

A:

Unless layouts and behaviours differ significantly between menu activities and content activities, I'd go with "just a few activities approach".
Back button won't break, Android keeps track of your backlog.
Do you really need 89 different layouts? If it's mostly content what's different between them, store content in a database or file or in /res/, reuse layouts and fill content areas of layout at runtime.

Updates:
Wouldn't it be easiest to have 1 activity per content page that in onCreate() fills in the layout with the appropriate content?
Depends on how different your onCreate() code is going to be. If your onCreate() is going to be a giant switch with 62 wildly different case clauses, then it's probably better to go with separate small activities, not a huge one. If you can generalize the onCreate() code, and keep it below, say, 100 lines and 10 branch statements, that'd be way to go.
To give an example, some time ago I was building a simple app that has a collection of exam questions, and presents them randomly to user. Each question has question text, illustration and 2-4 answers choices. There were around 500 different questions. Here's the code that loads a question from database and updates the layout. Notice that it handles variable number of answers, and possibility of some questions not having illustration.
public void loadQuestion(int id) {
    // Columns in questions table:
    // CREATE TABLE questions (
    //         id integer,
    //         q text,
    //         a1 text,
    //         a2 text,
    //         a3 text,
    //         a4 text,
    //         a5 text,
    //         correct integer,
    //         img blob
    //     );

    Cursor c = mDatabase.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM questions where id=" + id, null);
    c.moveToFirst();

    TextView text = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.text);
    text.setText(c.getString(1));

    RadioGroup g = (RadioGroup) findViewById(R.id.answers);
    g.clearCheck();

    // Load answers!
    int correct = c.getInt(7);
    int[] buttons = new int[] {R.id.a1, R.id.a2, R.id.a3, R.id.a4, R.id.a5};
    for (int i=0; i < 5; i++) {
        String answerText = c.getString(i + 2);
        RadioButton rb = (RadioButton) findViewById(buttons[i]);
        if (answerText != null && answerText.length() > 0) {
            rb.setText(answerText);
            rb.setTag(i + 1 == correct ? "correct" : null);
            rb.setVisibility(RadioButton.VISIBLE);
        } else {
            rb.setVisibility(RadioButton.GONE);
        }
    }

    byte[] encoded = c.getBlob(8);
    ImageView iv = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.image);
    if (encoded != null && encoded.length > 0) {
        iv.setVisibility(ImageView.VISIBLE);
        iv.setImageBitmap(bytesToBitmap(encoded));
    } else {
        iv.setVisibility(ImageView.GONE);
    }
}

What do you mean by: Back button won't break, Android keeps track of your backlog?

As the user moves from activity to
  activity, across applications, the
  Android system keeps a linear
  navigation history of activities the
  user has visited. This is the activity
  stack, also known as the back stack.
  In general, when a user starts a new
  activity, it is added to the activity
  stack, so that pressing BACK displays
  the previous activity on the stack.

(from Activity and Task Design Guidelines)


Search for the familon via B(+/-) --> pi+/-X(0), B(+/-) --> K(+/-)X(0), and B(0) --> K(0)(S)X(0) decays.
We have searched for the two-body decay of the B meson to a light pseudoscalar meson h = pi(+/-),K+/-,K(0)(S) and a massless neutral feebly interacting particle X(0) such as the familon, the Nambu-Goldstone boson associated with a spontaneously broken global family symmetry. We find no significant signal by analyzing a data sample containing 9.7x10(6) BBbar mesons collected with the CLEO detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, and set 90% C.L. upper limits italicB(B(+/-) --> h(+/-)X(0)) = 4.9x10(-5) and italicB(B(0) --> K(0)(S)X(0)) = 5.3x10(-5). These limits correspond to a lower bound of approximately 10(8) GeV on the family symmetry breaking scale with vector coupling involving the third generation of quarks.


Q:

Loop Multi-Contingency using etoolbox

I want to use the etoolbox package to manage some loop contingencies over a counting index.  In particular, I'd like to do something different on the first and last times through the loop.
Now I can formulate ways to do that, for example in this MWE.  In the first case, I use a nested \ifboolexpr whereas in the second example, I set up an arcane switching system for toggles.  Both of these approaches accomplish the underlying goal...
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\newcounter{index}%
\begin{document}
\def\LAST{10}

\noindent%
\setcounter{index}{0}%
\whileboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}<{\LAST}}}{%
\stepcounter{index}%
\ifboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}{=}{1}}}%
  {NOT\\}%
  {\ifboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}{=}{\LAST}}}%
    {NOT\\}%
    {\theindex\\}%
  }%
}

\newtoggle{flag}
\noindent%
\setcounter{index}{0}%
\togglefalse{flag}%
\whileboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}<{\LAST}}}{%
  \stepcounter{index}%
  \ifboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}{=}{\LAST}}}{%
    \togglefalse{flag}}{}%OFF FOR LAST COLUMN
  \iftoggle{flag}{\theindex\\}{NOT\\}%
  \toggletrue{flag}% ON FOR COLUMNS 2 TO \LAST-1
}%
\end{document}

However, the documentation leads me to believe that I should be able to use a Boolean and or or to accomplish this contingency with a single \ifboolexpr.   And yet, I have been unable to construct such a syntax to do so.  Is there a way, using the etoolbox syntax, to perform a single "if" check to determine if this is "the first excursion  OR  the \LAST excursion" through the loop, or alternately, if this is "not the first excursion  AND  not the \LAST excursion" through the loop?

A:

Here's a way to combine conditions:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{etoolbox}% http://ctan.org/pkg/etoolbox
\newcounter{index}%
\begin{document}
\def\LAST{10}

First: \par
\noindent%
\setcounter{index}{0}%
\whileboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}<{\LAST}}}{%
\stepcounter{index}%
\ifboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}{=}{1}}}%
  {NOT\ }%
  {\ifboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}{=}{\LAST}}}%
    {NOT}%
    {\theindex\ }%
  }%
}

Second: \par
\newtoggle{flag}
\noindent%
\setcounter{index}{0}%
\togglefalse{flag}%
\whileboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}<{\LAST}}}{%
  \stepcounter{index}%
  \ifboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\theindex}{=}{\LAST}}}{%
    \togglefalse{flag}}{}%OFF FOR LAST COLUMN
  \iftoggle{flag}{\theindex\ }{NOT\ }%
  \toggletrue{flag}% ON FOR COLUMNS 2 TO \LAST-1
}%

Third: \par
\noindent%
\setcounter{index}{0}%
\whileboolexpr{test {\ifnumcomp{\value{index}}<{\LAST}}}{%
  \stepcounter{index}%
  \ifboolexpr{
    test {\ifnumgreater{\value{index}}{1}}%
    and
    test {\ifnumless{\value{index}}{\LAST}}}%
  {\theindex\ }%
  {NOT\ }%
}
\end{document}

"First" and "Second" matches your original loops, while "Third" uses an and clause to merge two tests.


The speed and convenience of messaging has given rise to a multitude of messaging and transport protocols for supporting different types of data and messaging. Messaging and transport protocols are used to define standards by which content is communicated and processed. For example, a message protocol used by financial companies and institutions may define a specific data structure for effective storage and representation of stock prices and market data. In another example, a transport protocol may classify interactions into one or more predefined categories so that communications may be standardized between a receiving device and a sending device. As such, applications and other programs that receive data from various sources must be specifically configured to process and understand a data transmission formatted according to a particular messaging protocol. As can be imagined, an application may be required to possess several functions and/or programs so that the application may handle communications and data from multiple sources, wherein each source uses different transport and/or messaging protocols.
Further, in many instances, requested data and/or content might not translate or convert easily (or at all) into a format specified by a messaging or transport protocol. Thus, some portions of the data and/or content may be excluded from the message transmission so that the transmission may conform to the messaging and/or transport specifications. Specifically, some transport protocols might only accept certain types and/or formats of content. In financial transaction systems, for example, a messaging protocol might only define two fields for a message structure, stock symbol and stock price. Thus, a consumer company and/or user might not be able to also convey transaction volume data in a message using such a messaging protocol.
For the foregoing reasons, an extensible messaging model for handling a variety of data types and formats is needed.


# @author：Karajan

#### 你觉得前端工程的价值体现在哪

    为简化用户使用提供技术支持（交互部分）

    为多个浏览器兼容性提供支持

    为提高用户浏览速度（浏览器性能）提供支持

    为跨平台或者其他基于webkit或其他渲染引擎的应用提供支持

    为展示数据提供支持（数据接口）

#### 谈谈性能优化问题

代码层面：避免使用css表达式，避免使用高级选择器，通配选择器。

缓存利用：缓存Ajax，使用CDN，使用外部js和css文件以便缓存，添加Expires头，服务端配置Etag，减少DNS查找等

请求数量：合并样式和脚本，使用css图片精灵，初始首屏之外的图片资源按需加载，静态资源延迟加载。

请求带宽：压缩文件，开启GZIP，

>代码层面的优化

- 用`hash-table`来优化查找

- 少用全局变量

- 用`innerHTML`代替`DOM`操作，减少`DOM`操作次数，优化`javascript`性能

- 用`setTimeout`来避免页面失去响应

- 缓存DOM节点查找的结果

- 避免使用CSS Expression

- 避免全局查询

- 避免使用with(with会创建自己的作用域，会增加作用域链长度)

- 多个变量声明合并

- 避免图片和iFrame等的空Src。空Src会重新加载当前页面，影响速度和效率
- 尽量避免写在HTML标签中写Style属性

#### 移动端性能优化

- 尽量使用css3动画，开启硬件加速。
- 适当使用`touch`事件代替`click`事件。
- 避免使用`css3`渐变阴影效果。
- 可以用`transform: translateZ(0)`来开启硬件加速。
- 不滥用Float。Float在渲染时计算量比较大，尽量减少使用
- 不滥用Web字体。Web字体需要下载，解析，重绘当前页面，尽量减少使用。
- 合理使用requestAnimationFrame动画代替setTimeout
- CSS中的属性（CSS3 transitions、CSS3 3D transforms、Opacity、Canvas、WebGL、Video）会触发GPU渲染，请合理使用。过渡使用会引发手机过耗电增加
- PC端的在移动端同样适用

>相关阅读：[如何做到一秒渲染一个移动页面](https://github.com/cssmagic/blog/issues/20)


Q:

How do you enable python's json package to encode attrdict.AttrDict objects?

How do you encode AttrDict objects in json?
import sys, json, attrdict

ad = attrdict.AttrDict({'else': 1, 'inner': attrdict.AttrDict({'something': 2})})

json.dump(ad, sys.stdout)

This fails with TypeError: a{'something': 2} is not JSON serializable
Using a custom encoder like this works but I have to reference the private _mapping property:
import sys, json, attrdict

class attrDictEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
    def default(self, obj):
        if isinstance(obj, attrdict.AttrDict):
            return obj._mapping
        return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)

ad = attrdict.AttrDict({'else': 1, 'inner': attrdict.AttrDict({'something': 2})})

json.dump(ad, sys.stdout, cls=attrDictEncoder)

is there a better/cleaner way? I don't want to have to rebuild the dicts, item by item into a plain dicts.

A:

It's possible to fool json into believing it is handling a real dict by subclassing dict and then monkey patching the methods that json uses to create the json object string. This way we can give json a dummy class that just calls the relevant methods of the given AttrDict.
def as_attrdict(val):
    if not isinstance(val, AttrDict):
        raise TypeError('not AttrDict')
    return AttrDictForJson(val)

class AttrDictForJson(dict):

    def __init__(self, attrdict):
        super().__init__()
        self.items = attrdict.items
        self._len = attrdict.__len__
        # key creation necessary for json.dump to work with CPython
        # This is because optimised json bypasses __len__ on CPython
        if self._len() != 0:
            self[None] = None

    def __len__(self):
        return self._len()

Usage:
json_string = dumps(attrdict, default=as_attrdict)

I've tested this on python 3.4, if you have a different version of python then the above may require some tweaking, such as changing attrdict.items to attrdict.iteritems


It's officially August, and watermelon rituals are in full swing. Whether you pair it with mint or drizzle it with olive oil, cut it into cubes or scoop it out to the light of an ajar fridge, the fruit is a powerful reminder of summertime play—and a healthy one at that. Packed with vitamins and heart-healthy lycopene, watermelon is a hydrating and relatively low-sugar treat.

So forget relegating the red-and-green to barbecues and late-night snack sessions. These recipes will help you turn it into the star of the show from now till Labor Day.


As was promised last week, PlatinumGames has announced its newest project in the latest issue of Famitsu. It’s currently going by Project GG, which will be directed by Hideki Kamiya.

Platforms have yet to be confirmed, but PlatinumGames is targeting all current devices. Given that the company has been a strong supporter of Nintendo, this one should end up on Switch.

Here’s what we know thus about Project GG far:

– First game Platinum owns the IP of 100% and are self-publishing

– Game challenges and is completely different than anything they’ve made before

– Says “Viewtiful Joe is a transformative hero like Kamen Rider”, “Wonderful 101 is a hero squadron”, “GG is a huge hero”

– The action feel is important but not the only focus

– Goal is to have 100 people working on it

– 15 people actively working on it now but team is expanding

– Platinum will open a new studio in Tokyo for around 100 people

– Tencent offered to publish and fund this game, but refused because they want full control and ownership of this particular game

Kamiya, as well as PlatinumGames’ Atsushi Inaba, also touched on the other two mystery projects from PlatinumGames in Famitsu. They are said to be new, and the final game is apparently a huge secret and will be “very interesting”.

Source, Via

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The Moon is not observable all the time from a single observatory, all year round. To get complete – or almost-complete coverage we ask: where should the earthshine telescopes in the network be placed? The plot below shows, with coloured symbols, when the Moon is observable (defined as Moon up and Sun down), for 5 observatories around the world. MLO is Mauna Loa, MSO is Mount Stromlo in Australia, LCO is Las Campanas in Chile, SAAO is South African Astronomical Observatory. The underlying curve shows the earthshine intensity for one month. The Earth was modelled as a cloud-free sphere with bright continents and dark oceans – hence the zig-zag nature of the curve. Addition of randomly placed clouds would tend to dampen the amplitude of the zig-zags by about a factor of two.When the underlying curve is not covered by coloured symbols it means that the Moon is not observable from any observatory. We note that this happens particularly when the earthshine is intense – that is near Full Earth, which is New Moon. This is clearly because the Moon is almost never in the sky alone when it is New (it has either risen shortly before the Sun, or will set soon after the Sun). Observability is best near Full Moon (New Earth) near day 15 – but then observing earthshine accurately is very difficult.

On average a single observatory experiences the Moon above the horizon and the Sun below, 25% of the time. Given the choice of these 5 observatories the total observability depends on time of year – given in the panels.

Clouds and the need for the Moon higher in the sky cuts the observability.

The above simulation is for two months of the year – the declination of the Moon changes with the seasons so the relative contribution by each observatory changes with time.

Great plot Pete!I’d be interested in the pdf as well, so that one could zoom in to see the overlapping of the coverage. Would it be possible to produce a version for when the Moon is usefully observable at a given site — e.g. phase<0.5? It would be interesting to know what fraction of the time this reduces observability to — presently 25% on average.- Chris


131 Ill.2d 284 (1989)
546 N.E.2d 513
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee,
v.
FERNANDO ZAYAS, Appellant.
No. 65701.
Supreme Court of Illinois.
Opinion filed October 25, 1989.
*285 Sam Adam, John R. DeLeon and Marc Martin, all of Chicago, for appellant.
Neil F. Hartigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Richard M. Daley, State's Attorney, of Chicago (Terence M. Madsen, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, and Kenneth T. McCurry, Assistant State's Attorney, of counsel), for the People.
Appellate court reversed; circuit court reversed; cause remanded.
JUSTICE RYAN delivered the opinion of the court:
Defendant, Fernando Zayas, was convicted in the circuit court of Cook County on three counts of murder. *286 The court sentenced him to three concurrent terms of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. The appellate court affirmed the convictions. (159 Ill. App.3d 554, 568.) We granted defendant's petition for leave to appeal (107 Ill.2d R. 315). We reverse, holding that a witness other than the defendant himself may not offer testimony to the extent that it is enhanced through hypnosis.
The trial court found defendant guilty of the shooting deaths of Miguel Vargas, Luis Cuaresma and Ruben Gutierrez. These three young men were brutally murdered on the front porch of a building on Chicago's northwest side in the early morning of July 2, 1983. In presenting its case, the State relied principally upon the testimony of four individuals. Defendant challenged the veracity of these witnesses and presented evidence of his own to support his asserted alibi defense.
One of the State's principal witnesses was Socorro Roldan. Roldan, a former gang member with a criminal record, testified that Zayas admitted the killings at a party they both attended. This party was supposedly held the evening following the killings at Zayas' girlfriend's house, and was for the purpose of celebrating the murders. Roldan also testified that Zayas stated that he and three friends, including one named Jose "Baby" Rodriguez, took Juanita Rodriguez's car without her knowledge to aid in the commission of the murders. Juanita is the sister of Jose. Roldan stated that the vehicle was a light-blue, two-door car. The State contends that Zayas' motive for the murders was to avenge the death of his friend "Chi Chi," whose name Zayas had tattooed on his arm. The State was unable to offer any other testimony to corroborate Roldan's assertion that this party occurred or that Zayas confessed to the murders.
Roldan testified that he first related this story to the police on July 30, 1983, almost a month after the murders, *287 after having been shot by a fellow gang member. The police later tried to secure a confession on tape by having Roldan elicit a statement from Zayas while he visited Roldan at the hospital. Zayas did not make such a confession, and in fact denied responsibility, but the State emphasized Zayas' statement that someone was "tricking" on him, indicating that someone was informing the police of the events for which Zayas was allegedly responsible.
The State also called Carlos Vargas, the brother of Miguel Vargas, one of the victims. Vargas testified that he had knowledge of Zayas' association with the "Latin Disciples" street gang and Miguel's association with the "Insane Unknowns" street gang. Vargas further testified that he was on the premises at the time of the shooting and that he saw Zayas firing a gun at the victims. This testimony was corroborated by the testimony of Julia Tiro, who was the cousin of Luis Cuaresma, another victim, and girlfriend of Miguel Vargas, and Ruby Mateo, who was Carlos Vargas' girlfriend.
On cross-examination, defendant's attorney emphasized the fact that Vargas told a substantially different story to the police immediately following the incident. That is, during the initial investigation Vargas told the police that he was in the kitchen cooking when he heard the shots fired, and that he saw nothing. This story was also initially corroborated by Julia Tiro and Ruby Mateo. Vargas stated that he was frightened, which is why he did not come forward with his revised story until July 13, 1983.
Another principal witness upon whom the State relied was Timothy McGovern. McGovern, who was 14 years old at the time of the shooting, testified that he saw Zayas firing a gun at the victims. McGovern stated that he was on his way home from his girlfriend's house at the time, and that his house was almost directly across the street *288 from where the incident occurred. McGovern testified that he witnessed the shooting from across the street, near his home. He was later able to pick Zayas' picture out of a book and then identified Zayas in a line-up.
On cross-examination, defendant's attorney questioned McGovern concerning why he had not related this story to the police until August 16, 1983, six weeks after the murders, when the police were investigating the shooting of his brother. McGovern also stated that he was afraid. Defendant's attorney additionally questioned McGovern concerning the details of the events McGovern claimed he witnessed that evening. Zayas later presented the testimony of an investigator in an attempt to impeach McGovern's testimony by demonstrating that the scenario McGovern described was implausible.
The State also put Detective Michael Atkins on the stand. Detective Atkins testified that, shortly after the murders, he responded to a call which stated that shots had been fired. He stated that when he and his partner approached the scene, however, noticing that other units had already responded and that the street had been secured, they continued on. Detective Atkins testified that they then received another call indicating that two females of Latin ancestry might be involved. He stated that, as he and his partner proceeded, a car containing four males pulled in front of them but that there was nothing unusual about this car apart from the fact that one of its occupants continually looked over his shoulder. Detective Atkins further testified that he then pulled along side another car which four people occupied, two of whom were women appearing to be of Latin ancestry, but that, upon getting a close look, he concluded that they were likely too old to have been involved.
Detective Atkins stated that he then returned to the scene of the shooting where some other officers informed him that a car similar to the car containing the *289 four males that he saw earlier might have been involved. It is not clear from the record why these officers suspected such a car. He testified that, upon reflection, he was able to describe the car as a light-blue Plymouth Sebring with a possible license plate number of XND 405.
On July 22, 1983, Dr. Bennett Braun, a psychiatrist certified in hypnosis, hypnotized Detective Atkins. The purpose of this hypnosis was to aid Detective Atkins in recalling the license plate number of the vehicle which he partially described earlier. Over defendant's objection, Detective Atkins testified that he recalled under hypnosis that the license plate number of the vehicle was NXJ 402. The actual license plate number of the car belonging to Juanita Rodriquez was NXJ 240.
Defendant contends on appeal that the testimony of Detective Atkins, insofar as he related to the jury that which he recalled under hypnosis, was inadmissible. The appellate court agreed with defendant that this hypnotically induced testimony was inadmissible, but held that any error in its admission was harmless. We agree with the appellate court that the trial court erred in admitting this testimony, but we disagree with the appellate court's conclusion that this error was harmless.
This court has not yet addressed the question of whether hypnotically enhanced testimony is admissible. In People v. Wilson (1987), 116 Ill.2d 29, 42-49, this court outlined the state of the law in other jurisdictions but, because this precise issue was not before the court at that time, we did not decide it. The present case does, however, provide this court the opportunity to decide the question.
Hypnosis is, to say the least, an enigma. Its therapeutic uses range from curing smoking to helping athletes deal better with stress. Its use in criminal investigations has increased dramatically in recent years, moreover, *290 and its successes are almost legendary. It has not, however, been a stranger to failure.
The American Medical Association has defined hypnosis as the following:
"`[A] temporary condition of altered attention in the subject which may be induced by another person and in which a variety of phenomena may appear spontaneously or in response to [verbal] or other stimuli. These phenomena include alterations in consciousness and memory, increased susceptibility to suggestion, and the production in the subject of responses and ideas unfamiliar to him in his usual state of mind.'" (Note, The Admissibility of Hypnotically Refreshed Testimony, 20 Wake Forest L. Rev. 223, 224 (1984), quoting Council on Mental Health, Medical Use of Hypnosis, 168 J.A.M.A. 186, 187 (1958).)
As this rather imprecise definition indicates, the nature of hypnosis remains largely a mystery, and can be defined only by its symptoms and manifestations. The various theories explaining hypnosis, moreover, are often in conflict and may never be fully understood. (Diamond, Inherent Problems in the Use of Pretrial Hypnosis on a Prospective Witness, 68 Calif. L. Rev. 313, 317 (1980).) Because no one really understands it, hypnosis plays a rather dubious role in judicial proceedings.
There are essentially three different rules that this court could adopt regarding the admissibility of hypnotically refreshed recollections. There is certainly no consensus as to which is most appropriate. As the New York Court of Appeals aptly stated in People v. Hughes (1983), 59 N.Y.2d 523, 540, 453 N.E.2d 484, 493, 466 N.Y.S.2d 255, 264, "the law is in a state of flux and there is no rule which will entirely satisfy all demands of logic, policy and practicality."
The first approach, originally espoused in Harding v. State (1968), 5 Md. App. 230, 246 A.2d 302, is a rule of per se admissibility which places the burden on the jury to *291 determine the witness' credibility. The second approach, which the New Jersey Supreme Court adopted in State v. Hurd (1981), 86 N.J. 525, 432 A.2d 86, places the burden on the trial judge to determine whether law enforcement officials have complied with an elaborate list of procedural safeguards. The third rule, which has been labelled as the "emerging consensus" (Zani v. State (Tex. Crim. App. 1988), 758 S.W.2d 233, 240 n. 5), is a rule of per se inadmissibility which relieves trial judges of the burden of determining the quality of such evidence and relieves jurors of the responsibility of determining its credibility, tasks which neither are particularly well suited to perform because of the nature of this evidence.
The rule of per se admissibility has sparsely been followed since 1980. In fact, even in Maryland, where this rule was born, courts no longer follow it. (See, e.g., State v. Collins (1983), 296 Md. 670, 464 A.2d 1028.) Because of its many flaws, this court has no interest in reviving it.
The basis of the rule set forth in Harding was that attorneys have an opportunity to cross-examine previously hypnotized witnesses and may present their own expert witnesses to rebut the testimony of the experts that the proponents of the evidence examined. This rationale is flawed in several respects. First, previously hypnotized witnesses are virtually immune from effective cross-examination. That is, having been hypnotized, the subject gains complete confidence in his "restored" memory, forgets how it was "restored," and is unable to differentiate between that which he was able to recall before hypnosis and that which the hypnosis elicited. Any information that the hypnotist suggested, or the subject fantasized or confabulated, becomes part of the subject's "restored" memory, moreover, and the subject is likewise unable to differentiate between this data and that which he was able to independently recall prior to being hypnotized. Ruffra, Hypnotically Induced Testimony: *292 Should It Be Admitted, 19 Crim. L. Bull. 293, 297 (1983).
Another problem associated with merely allowing the jury to weigh the credibility of a previously hypnotized witness is that jurors are usually unable to properly do so. The public has been barraged with misinformation concerning hypnosis and has resultantly been led to incorrectly believe that it provides a panacea for lost memory. (Mickenberg, Mesmerizing Justice: The Use Of Hypnotically-Induced Testimony In Criminal Trials, 34 Syracuse L. Rev. 927, 958 (1983).) While some studies show that, when properly administered, hypnosis can increase one's quantitative memory, these studies also demonstrate that subjects tend to fill in forgotten details with details they concoct and are later unable to discern between the two. See generally Mickenberg, at 945 n. 101, citing Orne, The Use and Misuse of Hypnosis in Court, 27 Int'l J. of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis 312, 319 (1979).
The second alternative calls for the development of a strict set of procedural safeguards. The New Jersey Supreme Court set forth an elaborate set of procedural safeguards in Hurd. While these checks provide the trial court with an opportunity to effectively determine whether any conspicuous suggestiveness transpired during the hypnotic session, it does little to cure other problems inherent in the process.
One problem with allowing hypnotic testimony subject to procedural safeguards is that these checks do not detect whether the hypnotist unintentionally or subconsciously implanted suggestions in the mind of the subject. In fact, hypnosis by its very nature requires the hypnotist to suggest answers to the subject. The subject, moreover, will inevitably fill in missing details and fantasize about events that never in fact happened. Procedural safeguards do nothing, furthermore, to eliminate *293 the problems associated with bolstered witness confidence and erroneous juror perception. Finally, this second alternative puts considerable strain on a trial court in that the court is forced to hear testimony from several competing experts and then make a rather sophisticated determination of whether the probative value of the testimony will outweigh its prejudicial effect.
Because of the shortcomings of these two rules, the third standard, that of per se inadmissibility, has gained wide-spread acceptance. (See Contreras v. State (Alaska 1986), 718 P.2d 129, 133 n. 14 (and cases cited).) It properly applies the standard set forth in Frye v. United States (D.C. Cir.1923), 293 F. 1013, which held that a court should not allow into evidence a "scientific" test which the relevant scientific community has not recognized as reliable. This court, in holding polygraph evidence inadmissible, applied the standard set forth in Frye:
"`Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define. Somewhere in this twilight zone the evidential force of the principle must be recognized, and while courts will go a long way in admitting expert testimony deduced from well-recognized scientific principle or discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.'" People v. Baynes (1981), 88 Ill.2d 225, 241, quoting Frye, 293 F. at 1014.
See also People v. Jordan (1984), 103 Ill.2d 192, 208.
Application of the Baynes polygraph analysis to the issue of whether hypnotically induced testimony is admissible leads inevitably to the conclusion that such evidence should not be admitted.
In Baynes, this court noted the inaccuracy of the polygraph test. So too, studies indicate that hypnosis *294 elicits incorrect recall in varying degrees. Additionally, the Baynes court acknowledged the inevitable intrusion upon the proper functioning of the jury by the admission of evidence which "is likely to be shrouded with an aura of near infallibility, akin to the ancient oracle of Delphi." (Bayres, 88 Ill.2d at 244.) Jurors seem to demonstrate the same misunderstanding and false sense of confidence in hypnotic evidence as they have historically shown with regard to polygraph evidence. Mickenberg, at 958.
The supreme court of Alaska, in Contreras, 718 P.2d at 135, provides four persuasive reasons why the Frye standard is particularly well suited to handle this question:
"(1) [T]he standard is judicially manageable; (2) the standard saves judicial time and resources; (3) the standard assures that juries will not be misled by unproven, unsound `scientific' procedures, thus safeguarding the court's truth-finding role; and (4) the standard assures fairness and uniformity of decision-making."
The Contreras court also appropriately recognized that hypnosis is a technique which elicits scientific evidence and cannot properly be distinguished from other forms of scientific evidence simply because the subject provides the testimony rather than the "scientist." That is, having been hypnotized, the subject's memory, and therefore his testimony, becomes the product of his prehypnosis memory, his memory as genuinely augmented by hypnosis, his fantasy and confabulation, and the suggestion of the hypnotist. The subject, the hypnotist, or any other objective observer cannot later decipher these various components.
Frye mandates that trial courts not admit evidence which the relevant scientific community has not generally accepted as reliable. The relevant scientific community not only does not generally accept that hypnotically induced recall is accurate, but the legal and scientific literature *295 is now replete with articles imploring courts to reject such evidence because of its many flaws. (See, e.g., Mickenberg, 34 Syracuse L. Rev. 927; Ruffra, 19 Crim. L. Bull. 293; Diamond, 68 Calif. L. Rev. 313; Alderman & Barrette, Hypnosis on Trial: A Practical Perspective on the Application of Forensic Hypnosis in Criminal Cases, 18 Crim. L. Bull. 5 (1982).) It is not imperative, moreover, that these scientists who doubt the accuracy of hypnotically induced recall are proven to be correct. What is important is that many doubt its accuracy in restoring one's memory.
As such, we find that because its reliability is suspect, and it is not amenable to verification due to the fact that even the experts cannot agree upon its effectiveness as a memory-restorative device, a witness' hypnotically induced testimony, other than that of the defendant, is not admissible in Illinois courts. The fact that information elicited through hypnosis can be corroborated, moreover, does not permit a court to admit it as evidence. We are not concerned with whether evidence is plausible but, rather, whether evidence is reliable. The trial judge emphasized that he found no suggestion in the videotaped hypnotic session and that the information elicited through hypnosis would be corroborated by Roldan's testimony. This seems to indicate that if Detective Atkins would have recalled a license plate number that does not exist, the judge might not have admitted the evidence for the purpose of impeaching Officer Atkins' testimony. This is incongruous.
One argument that some have raised in opposition to a per se rule excluding hypnotically enhanced testimony is that it runs contrary to modern evidence rules which would allow the jury to hear all the evidence and draw its own conclusions, unless the trial judge determined that certain evidence was excessively prejudicial, and that this rule usurps the exclusive power of trial judges *296 in making such decisions which they are better equipped to make. (See, e.g., Note, Rock v. Arkansas: Hypnosis & the Prejudice Rule  Your Memories May Not Be Your Own, 21 J. Marshall L. Rev. 409 (1988).) While we agree this court should be cautious when intruding upon the truth-finding functions of trial courts, we think this rule will enhance rather than hinder that process. As indicated earlier, the probative value of any hypnotically enhanced testimony is questionable since most scientists doubt its accuracy. Furthermore, procedural safeguards do not cure these problems. Neither trial judges, nor juries, moreover, are well suited to take such evidence for what it may be worth because of erroneous public perception. Admission of such evidence at the discretion of trial judges would also result in inconsistent results and would strain the judicial process.
The State maintains that the only problem with which this court should concern itself with regard to hypnotically induced testimony is suggestiveness, and that no such suggestiveness is found in this case. First, as indicated earlier, suggestiveness is only one of a myriad of problems that hypnosis presents when offered as testimony in court. To say that suggestiveness is absent in this case, moreover, is a misstatement, for suggestion is an essential component of any hypnotic process. The fact that Dr. Braun was unaware of the license plate number is not determinative. The possibility that Dr. Braun suggested the actual license plate number is but one of many problems this court finds with the process. Some of the other problems that the trial court did not address, and could not properly address, include whether Officer Atkins received some suggestion of the actual license plate number before hypnosis, for instance from a picture or police report, the effect of the hypnosis on Officer Atkins regarding whether the State could properly cross-examine him, and the effect of the introduction of *297 hypnotic evidence on the jury by bolstering jury confidence in Detective Atkins' testimony and, correspondingly, Socorro Roldan's testimony. Because it could not properly make these determinations, this court finds that the trial court erred by allowing such testimony.
This ruling is not inconsistent with our prior holding in Wilson which allowed a witness to testify as to her prehypnotic recall. The proponent of prehypnotic recall evidence, however, will bear the burden of establishing that the testimony of the previously hypnotized witness is based solely upon that witness' independent, prehypnotic recall.
The ruling in this case is also consistent with the recent Supreme Court ruling in Rock v. Arkansas (1987), 483 U.S. 44, 97 L.Ed.2d 37, 107 S.Ct. 2704. There, the Supreme Court ruled that a defendant may, by right, introduce hypnotic evidence because the defendant's right to testify on his own behalf, among other rights, outweighs the State's interest in excluding prejudicial evidence, and certain procedural safeguards will protect the integrity of the court. Our case, however, involves a witness for the State, not the defendant himself wishing to testify. As such, there are no constitutional implications and, therefore, Rock does not affect the decision in this case. While the Supreme Court did implicitly acknowledge that hypnotic evidence can have some probative value, its decision does not preclude this court from adopting a per se rule excluding the hypnotically enhanced testimony of a witness other than the defendant.
The appellate court came to this same conclusion, but found that any error in admitting this evidence was harmless. For several reasons, we find that, without this evidence, the jury could have reached a verdict of not guilty.
First, Officer Atkins' testimony placed defendant near the scene of the crime at the time of the incident. *298 Without the testimony concerning the license plate number, Detective Atkins essentially could state only that he saw a light-blue car with a possible license number of XND 405 containing four men with olive colored skin. Second, the fact that Detective Atkins submitted to hypnosis bolstered his confidence in his testimony and impressed the jury that his memory was flawless. Finally, Detective Atkins' hypnotically enhanced testimony corroborated the testimony of Socorro Roldan, probably the State's most damaging witness. This provided the jury with confidence in Roldan's testimony, whose veracity was otherwise somewhat suspect.
With the foregoing in mind, this court concludes that, without the hypnotically aided testimony of Officer Atkins, the jury quite possibly could have reached a different verdict. As it was, the jury deliberated over a day, was repeatedly instructed pursuant to People v. Prim (1972), 53 Ill.2d 62, and reached its verdict at 6:30 p.m. on Good Friday. For these reasons, the defendant's convictions are reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
We understand that other criminal cases in Illinois have involved the use of hypnosis. This ruling, however, will not affect those cases that have been finally determined on direct appeal. Our holding on the above issue makes it unnecessary to consider other questions raised on this appeal.
Appellate court reversed; circuit court reversed; cause remanded.
JUSTICE MILLER, specially concurring:
I concur in the majority's decision barring the admission into evidence of hypnotically induced testimony of a previously hypnotized witness other than the defendant. The problems of hypnosis are well documented, and it is *299 clear that the procedure has not attained that degree of acceptance in the scientific community that would warrant the introduction of hypnotically induced testimony in judicial proceedings. For those reasons, exclusion of such testimony from evidence is necessary. I also agree with the majority's holding that the erroneous admission of the testimony requires that the defendant in this case be granted a new trial.
It should be noted that today's decision does not affect our earlier holding in People v. Wilson (1987), 116 Ill.2d 29, permitting a previously hypnotized witness to testify to his prehypnotic recollection. Hypnosis is often used for therapeutic or investigatory purposes, and the exclusion of a witness' testimony regarding his prehypnotic recollection would "exact an unnecessary toll." (Wilson, 116 Ill.2d at 48.) As the majority opinion recognizes (131 Ill.2d at 297), Detective Atkins should be allowed on retrial to testify to matters that he was able to recall before undergoing hypnosis, once the State satisfactorily establishes the extent of the officer's prehypnotic recollection. (Wilson, 116 Ill.2d at 48-49.) But because the demeanor of a previously hypnotized witness can be subtly influenced by his having submitted to that process, even when his later testimony is limited to prehypnotic recollection, the defendant should be permitted to offer expert testimony concerning those effects. Wilson, 116 Ill.2d at 49.


TKAE in The News

Articles

DRW Magazine

Sun-Sentinel

The thunderous sound of tens of thousands of motorcycles being fired up was preceded by quiet prayers from Miami Archbishop Thomas Wenski and Rabbi Howard Needleman of the Temple Kol Ami Emanu-El of Plantation.

Temple Kol Ami Emanu-El

A dynamic center of Jewish life in Broward County. Within our walls you will find a congregation of learners, the sacred moments of life and the seasons of our year celebrated through our connection to God and each other.


The Mission of City College of San Francisco is to provide
educational programs and services that promote successful learning
and student achievement to meet the needs of our diverse community.
To this end, the School of English and Foreign Languages provides
the following:

Courses toward transfer to baccalaureate institutions

Achievement of Associate Degrees in Arts

Certificates and career skills needed for workplace success

Basic Skills English courses

We strive to be an integral part of a teaching/learning community,
an inclusive community, and a diverse community.

English Department

The
English Department offers students pre-collegiate and
college-level (AA degree and transfer) courses and services in
essential basic skills, reading, composition, literature, critical
thinking, and Humanities.

We pride ourselves on fostering superior academic programs that
promote critical and creative thinking in a supportive environment. We
understand that the skills we teach are crucial to achieving overall
college and life success. As part of our mission, instructors address
cross-curricular issues and ideas in accessible, “inquiry-driven” and
theme-based courses.

In 2007, the state approved CCSF’s first AA degree in English. The
establishment of an English Major is a powerful tool in serving the
academic goals of students transferring to four-year institutions as
English Majors. In addition to offering an AA degree in English, we
have a series of regularly offered elective courses designed to
fulfill requirements at our major transfer destinations. Our
student-run CCSF Literature club flourishes, sponsoring a
well-attended faculty and student lecture series that has stimulated
student interest in these electives.

Along with very strong, traditional developmental English course
offerings, our intensive-accelerated English courses are designed to
increase our students’ chances for a successful transition into
transfer-level courses. They are taught in conjunction with key
student support services such as the English
Lab (Rosenberg Library, R-205), which offers reading/writing
groups, tutoring, focused workshops, and much more.

The Foreign Languages Department is one of the largest language
programs of its kind in the state and the country. Our classes focus
on reading, writing, grammar, and conversational skills with a strong
cultural component. We offer elementary online classes in French and
Italian. Course levels are offered in both intensive single
semester modes and two- semester sequences that provide students more
time to master each level. Classroom instruction is supplemented by
laboratory activities. All our courses are transferable to CSU and
most to UC, and fulfill IGETC requirements for transfer.

The demand for foreign language instruction is unusually high in the
College’s service area, and the CCSF Foreign Language programs are
among the largest and most developed among community colleges in
California. The full range of languages is offered at the Ocean
campus, with selected courses at the Downtown, Mission,
and Chinatown/North
Beach Centers, as well as the John
Adams campus. The College also has a Study
Abroad program working with the Foreign Languages Department.
Language clubs provide complementary services: for example, the
French Club sponsors numerous activities including museum visits,
theater outings, and film presentations.


Q:

How to get a value from another Java file?

First Java file:
public class Swordsman extends Beginner {
    public String attFunc;
    public String attSkill;
    private String nickname;
    private int power;
    private int result;

    public void setnickname(String nickname) {
        this.nickname = nickname;
    }

    public void setpower(int power) {
        this.power = power;
    }

    public Swordsman(int p, String nm) {
        setnickname(nm);
        setpower(p);
           /*nickname=nm;
            *power=p;
            */
    }

    public String nickname() {
        return nickname;
    }

    public int power() {
        return power;
    }

    public int result() {
        if (power >= bpower) {
            result = 1;
        } else if (power < bpower) {
            result = 0;
        }
    }
}

Second Java file:
public class Boss {
    public int bpower(){
        return bpower;
    }
}

Compile error:
.\Swordsman.java:32: error: cannot find symbol
        }else if(power<bpower){

As you see, I like to acces the bpower from the second Java file in the first Java file. How can I do that?

A:

I have a lot of trouble understanding the question. It seems that you lack the basic concepts of java as well as object oriented programming.
I will try to explain:

You have a class Swordsman, which can be instantiated to create swordsman objects. These objects will only see the content of itself.
You have a class Boss which completely stands by itself. And can be instantiated to create Boss objects.
If you want to have access to any of the values stored in a Boss object, you usually use getter and setter methods. Which you already have (the getter that is). Please be aware that you usually want to name these methods like getBpower() by convention. You did that on some methods, but forgot on others.
To actually be able to use that method, you need to import the class into your target class like import Boss; Then you would need to get an instance of that object from somewhere (either by getting it handed as a parameter or by creating it anew like Boss currentBoss = new Boss(); Then you can access your value like currentBoss.getBpower();
The Boss class however has no setter for the bpower and no constructor, where you set some default values to bpower. So the current Boss class is completely useless as bpower cannot have a valid int value.
There is also a lot of room for improvement regarding the architecture. You are on your way to start a god class. Your swordsman class starts doing stuff, that you might not expect it to do. Like calculating the outcome of a fight.
By the way: A good habit is to name the methods on what they do. So result sounds like a property name (noun) while it is a method (verb). So getResult() would make some sense, even better would be boolean isFightAgainstEnemySuccessful(Enemy).

However, you might want to think twice on coding the combat logic into your character class. That stuff would be best in either a common class which all characters inherit from (here a beginner).
Or you might even be better off by creating a singleton FightingMachine class that provides some utility methods like boolean FightingMachine.isCharacterWinningAgainstEnemy(Character, Enemy).

As a rule of thumb: If you code an ability into a class that seems to be surprising, then it is probably wrong there. For an rpg, I would expect that the outer shell of the thing is some kind of gameState. Which then has control and storage of the environment, the characters and the enemies and initiates a fight, if needed. Not the other way around.

My actual proposition would be to actually learn the concepts of java before trying to code a roleplaying game. You will have much more fun then. I promise!


At Every Step, a Neo-Liberal Mortgage

The policies of liberalization and deregulation have been confirmed and deepened in each of the European treaties, leading up to the present impasse.

A mercantile preoccupation is, to say the least, coded in the DNA of the European construction. Already in 1957, the Treaty of Rome, which transformed the European Community of Coal and Steel (CECA) into the European Economic Community, set up a common market and fixed objectives for the member states to establish "a regime assuring that competition is unfettered [1]". The freedom of circulation of people, of merchandise, of services and of capital was already erected as a founding "principle". These principles were not fully fleshed out until the 1980s, with the neo-conservative revolution and the neo-liberal reorientations that it imposed. In 1985 the European commissioner Francis Arthur Cockfield, ex-secretary of State for the Treasury, then of Commerce, under Margaret Thatcher, presented, under the supervision of Jacques Delors, then president of the Commission in Brussels, a "White Book on the Completion of the Internal Market". This document, which compiles more than 300 measures aimed at liberalizing commerce, was directly inspired by the proposals of a powerful European industrial lobby, the ERT (European Round Table of Industrialists).. This liberal bible prefigured the Single European Act, which was signed on 17 February 1986. It projected, for a horizon of 1992, the establishment of a single market and a program set up to remove all "obstacles" to the free circulation of persons, of services, of capital and merchandise. The dismantling of customs barriers was completed by the "abolition" of "physical, technical, and fiscal" barriers to free trade. "The free circulation of capital will play a powerful role in the convergence and integration of economies, via a better allocation of resources", rejoiced Jacques Delors at the time. On an institutional level, the Single European Act sanctified the existence of a Council of Europe, at the same time as it reinforced the executive powers of the Commission.

"The entire content of the new treaty had for more than twenty years been inscribed in golden letters on our industrial strategy"

But, already, the next stage was becoming visible: the creation of a single currency, overtly presented as a factor of acceleration of "the liberation of capital". In June 1988, the chiefs of state and of governments fixed for themselves the objective of building an economic and monetary union. One year later, the Delors report defined the steps and the "convergence criteria" that should preside at the creation of the single currency. The Treaty of Maastricht fixed these conditions. It instituted a strict budgetary discipline, which was later codified as the Pact of Stability. It organized the transfer of powers over monetary policy to a Central European Bank, entirely independent of any democratic control. "The single currency will mean fewer unemployed, and more prosperity", promised Michel Rocard. "The entire content of the new treaty had for more than twenty years been inscribed in golden letters on our industrial strategy," savors Antoine Riboud, president of Danone. "The Maastricht Treaty acts like an insurance policy against the return of the hard and fast socialist experience", celebrates Alain Madelin.

In France, where the ratification of the text was submitted to referendum, the "yes" finally won with a slim majority (51%) on 20 September 1992. On the 1st of January, 1999, eleven states adopted the euro, which was put into circulation, in fiduciary form, the 1st of January 2002.

Public enterprises and services opened up to competition, social and fiscal dumping, pressures on salaries, massive unemployment, ... for the people, the promised prosperity was not at the rendezvous.

The growing defiance of the people did not, however, manage to dam the liberal advance. Then came the elaboration, in 2004, of a project for a European Constitution, which makes "free and unfettered competition", full powers of the Central European Bank, liberalization of world commerce and the deregulation of the financial sector the golden rules of the European project. Rejected, in the Spring of 2005, by the French and Dutch voters, the European Constitutional Treaty was finally recycled, in its essentials, as the Treaty of Lisbon, which came into force on the 1st of December, 2009. As its predecessors, this treaty codifies those economic and monetary policies, the shipwreck of which is now confirmed by the global crisis.


103 So.2d 711 (1958)
Ralph L. DALRYMPLE
v.
The ALABAMA FARM BUREAU MUTUAL INS. CO., Inc.
8 Div. 928.
Supreme Court of Alabama.
May 22, 1958.
Clark E. Johnson, Jr., Albertville, for appellant.
Lusk & Lusk, Guntersville, for appellee.
STAKELY, Justice.
This suit was instituted by Ralph L. Dalrymple against the Alabama Farm Bureau Mutual Casualty Ins. Co., Inc., a corporation. There are a number of counts embraced in the complaint to each of which the defendant demurred. The court sustained the demurrer and the plaintiff took a nonsuit with leave to appeal to the Supreme Court. The case comes to this court solely on the record.
The plaintiff in each count alleges that he had a contract of liability insurance on his automobile with the defendant on April 9, 1955, which was in full force and effect and describes and sets out the material provisions of the contract and avers that on the 9th day of April 1955 the plaintiff had an automobile accident with one Joseph H. Croft and that Joseph H. Croft did commence an action at law in the circuit court for damages to his automobile and for bodily injuries; that the bodily injuries sustained by Joseph H. Croft were very serious and in excess of $5,000, the limits of the plaintiff's policy of insurance. The defendant's knowledge of the facts of the accident and of the seriousness of the injuries and the probability of recovery, are alleged. The defendant's opportunity to settle the suit within the limits of the policy is also alleged.
Counts 1, 1-A and 1-B allege that the defendant negligently failed or refused to settle the case of Joseph H. Croft and that as a result of the negligence of the defendant, a judgment for $10,000 was rendered *712 in the cause, $5,000 of which was in excess of defendant's liability as defined by the insurance contract, that as a result of the negligence of the defendant, Joseph H. Croft has a judgment against the plaintiff in the amount of $5,000. In other words, the company paid $5,000 on the policy, leaving an unpaid balance on the judgment amounting to $5,000.
In Counts 1-C, 1-E and 1-F the plaintiff alleges that the defendant acted in bad faith in failing or refusing to settle said suit. Counts 2 and 3-A are counts ex contractu and are based on the defendant's failure to pay sums of money which it is alleged to be responsible to pay under the contract of insurance.
There is no doubt that the liability of the insurer may be beyond the policy limits for negligence in failing to settle the claims against the insured within the policy limits where thereafter judgment greater than the policy limits is obtained against the insured. Waters v. American Casualty Co. of Reading, Pa., 261 Ala. 252, 73 So.2d 524.
There is no doubt that the insurer may be liable beyond policy limits for bad faith in failing to settle claims against the insured within policy limits where thereafter judgment greater than policy limits is obtained against the insured. Waters v. American Casualty Co. of Reading, Pa., supra.
But there are allegations in each count which seek to recover the $5,000 which was the amount in excess of the limits of the policy. It appears to be the contention of the company and the position of counsel that this amount is not recoverable unless the allegation is made that the plaintiff has paid or is able to pay this $5,000. Evidently the court thought that allegations of this kind were necessary in order to make the counts good. This is the question discussed by counsel in briefs. It appears that the failure to so allege is the reason the court sustained the demurrer to the various counts.
Appellant argues in brief, among other things, that where plaintiff claims improper elements of damages, the complaint is not demurrable for that reason. Appellee, on the contrary, argues that that rule is inapt in this case for the reason that the question is not whether improper elements of damage are claimed in the complaint, but whether plaintiff has shown any damages of which the law will take cognizance. We are of the opinion that the rule does apply. It is well settled in this state that demurrer to the complaint is not the proper method to test its sufficiency with respect to measures or elements of damage claimed, the remedy being by motion to strike, objections to evidence or request for instructions to the jury.
While the complaint seems to claim as an element of damage the difference between the policy limits and the amount of the judgment rendered on the verdict, it likewise claims consequential damages, arising out of trouble and expense to which appellant was subjected by way of defending against the proceedings instituted by the appellant in an effort to collect the excess of the judgment over the amount which was paid by the insurer, appellee. True, there are some allegations from which it might be inferred that appellant was successful in his defense and was saved from paying such excess, but this does not alter the fact that the real and only question insisted upon by appellee is one of recoverable damages. It is not argued that a cause of action is not stated in the complaint, but it is conceded that an indemnity insurer may be liable beyond policy limits for negligence or bad faith in failing to settle claims against insured. Waters v. American Casualty Co. of Reading, Pa., supra. So that the only question is what damages were recoverable. Since *713 that question is not properly presented by demurrer and, therefore, not properly before us on this appeal, we cannot properly make any expression upon the damages, if any, which might properly be recovered.
It results that the demurrer to the complaint upon the ground stated and argued was erroneously sustained. Accordingly the judgment of the lower court is reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
LIVINGSTON, C. J., and LAWSON and MERRILL, JJ., concur.


A320n network problems after hybernate

I have a consistant problem with my network. Everytime I hybernate the system and then bring it back up, the network connection does not work and I have to disable/enable it to get it to work again. I am using a full DHCP setup, however ipconfig /release ipconfig /renew all does not solve the problem. Only a disable/enable acts as a work around. No other PC's on my network have this problem.


Q:

Which version of C# am I using

I want to find out which version of C# I'm using.
If I would be using python I would do something like python -V from the command line, or type:
import sys
print sys.version

In PHP I would do something like this: phpinfo(); in java: java -version
But I was not able to find how to achieve this in C#.
This question does not answer it, although the name suggests that it should.
I got that it depends on the .NET framework, but is there a programmatic way of figuring out my framework? I mean without going to the directory and checking the name of my .NET folders.

A:

It depends upon the .NET Framework that you use.  Check Jon Skeet's answer about Versions.
Here is short version of his answer.

C# 1.0 released with .NET 1.0
C# 1.2 (bizarrely enough); released
   with .NET 1.1
C# 2.0 released with .NET 2.0
C# 3.0 released with .NET 3.5
C# 4.0 released with .NET 4
C# 5.0 released with .NET 4.5
C# 6.0 released with .NET 4.6
C# 7.0 is released with .NET 4.6.2
C# 7.3 is released with .NET 4.7.2
C# 8.0 is released with NET Core 3.0

A:

While this isn't answering your question directly, I'm putting this here as google brought this page up first in my searches when I was looking for this info.
If you're using Visual Studio, you can right click on your project -> Properties -> Build -> Advanced
This should list available versions as well as the one your proj is using.

A:

To get version of framework - look at version of one of main Assemblies i.e.
 Console.Write(typeof(string).Assembly.ImageRuntimeVersion);

Getting version of C# compiler is somewhat harder, but you should be able to guess version by checking what framework  version is used.
If you are using command line compiler (csc.exe) you can check help to see version (also you'd need to know Framework version anyway:
C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319>csc /?
Microsoft (R) Visual C# 2010 Compiler version 4.0.30319.1