---
author:
- 'I. Babushkin'
- 'A. J. Galan'
- 'V. Vaičaitis'
- 'A. Husakou'
- 'F. Morales'
- 'A. Demircan'
- 'J. R. C. Andrade'
- 'U. Morgner'
- 'M. Ivanov'
title: 'All-optical attoclock: accessing exahertz dynamics of optical tunnelling through terahertz emission '
---

**The debate regarding attosecond dynamics of optical tunneling has so far been focused on time delays associated with electron motion through the potential barrier created by intense ionizing laser fields and the atomic core. Compelling theoretical and experimental arguments have been put forward to advocate the polar opposite views, confirming or refuting the presence of tunnelling time delays. Yet, such delay, whether present or not, is but a single quantity characterizing the tunnelling wavepacket; the underlying dynamics are richer. Here we propose to complement photo-electron detection with detecting light, focusing on the so-called Brunel radiation – the near-instantaneous nonlinear optical response triggered by the tunnelling event. Using the combination of single-color and two-color driving fields, we determine not only the ionization delays, but also the re-shaping of the tunnelling wavepacket as it emerges from the classically forbidden region. Our work introduces a new type of attoclock for optical tunnelling, one that is based on measuring light rather than photo-electrons. All-optical detection paves the way to time-resolving multiphoton transitions across bandgaps in solids, on the attosecond time-scale.**

Main
====

Ionization induced by intense low-frequency laser fields is the key resource in attosecond science [@corkum07; @kim14]. The so-called optical tunnelling of the electron through the potential barrier created by the oscillating electric field and the binding potential of the core lies at the heart of high harmonic generation and high harmonic spectroscopy [@baker06; @smirnova09; @bruner15; @torres10; @pedatzur15] generation and characterization of attosecond pulses [@dudovich06], sub-femtosecond laser-driven electron diffraction and holography [@huismans11; @spanner04; @meckel08; @blaga12; @schell18; @calegari14], ionizaton-triggered charge migration in molecules, etc (see e.g. [@blaga09; @smirnova09; @yan10; @haessler10; @huismans11; @lepine14]). Most of these phenomena, such as high harmonic generation, responsible for converting intense infrared driving field into extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation, are based on laser-driven electron return to the parent ion.

Interestingly, even when the electron does not return back to the core, where it can recombine with the hole left by ionization and release the energy gained from the laser field, radiation can still be emitted. It is often referred to as the “Brunel radiation” or the ”Brunel harmonics” [@brunel90; @babushkin17; @balciunas13]. The Brunel radiation is associated with the bursts of electron current triggered by ionization. These ionization bursts occur every time the modulus of the oscillating electric field goes through a maximum, i.e. twice per laser cycle. Overall, the bursts of ionization current are balanced: the electrons librerated every half-cycle are driven by the field in the opposite directions. The emitted radiation is associated with the time-derivative of this current, which is sharply modulated by the ionization bursts and contains odd harmonics of the fundamental field [@brunel90].

An important new frequency component of the Brunel emission emerges when the incident laser field combines fundamental radiation (frequency $\omega$) with its second harmonic (frequency $2\omega$). Even a small admixture of the $2\omega$ field breaks the symmetry between the two subsequent half-cycles of the fundamental field, leading to the emergence of even harmonics. These even harmonics also include the ’0-th’ order Brunel harmonic. This harmonic corresponds to the emission frequencies $\sim 1/T$, $T\sim 10^2-10^4$ fs, which fall within the terahertz (THz) frequency range for (e.g [@babushkin11; @kim08b]).

Since the Brunel radiation directly encodes ionization dynamics, this radiation can be used to resolve and reconstruct it. Here we demonstrate this possibility and show that different frequency components of the Brunel radiation generated in single-color and two-color laser fields provide detailed dynamical picture of optical tunnelling. The ionization dynamics is encoded in the polarization ellipse of the Brunel radiation. Measurement of the polarization ellipse allows one to get access to several parameters characterizing the electron wavepacket as it emerges into continuum. In analogy with characterizing optical pulses, we gain access not only to the “ionization time-delay”, the analogue of the group delay for optical pulses, but also to the distortions of the wavepacket – the analogue of the higher order dispersion for optical pulses.

Our approach to imaging the ionization dynamics is distinctly different from those based on detecting photo-electrons, be it in the multi-photon (strong field) or one-photon ionization regime [@eckle08a; @eckle08; @huismans11; @shafir12; @kienberger04; @pfeiffer11; @landsman14; @torlina15; @schultze10; @kluender11; @gruson16; @heuser16]. These photo-electron based approaches, which currently dominate, face an important challenge: the electrons are measured well after the ionization step. Thus, the ionization dynamics has to be deconvolved from the additional effects imparted on the outgoing electron as it flies to the detector.

In the strong field regime, the attoclock approach to measuring ionization dynamics [@eckle08a; @eckle08] uses the mapping between the moment at which the electron “escapes the tunnelling barrier” and its final velocity at the detector. The rotating electric field of the nearly circularly polarized pulse “sprays” the electrons, which are escaping the atom at different times, into different detection angles (see [Fig. \[fig:base\]]{}a). Interpretation of the photoelectron spectra in terms of time-delays associated with the ionization step is a subject of active discussions [@yakaboylu14; @landsman14; @landsman15; @ni16; @teeny16; @camus17; @kaushal15; @torlina15]. One of the key difficulties in the interpretation stems from the need to deconvolve ionization and post-ionization dynamics.

All optical techniques based on measuring high harmonic emission [@blaga12; @zhao13; @landsman14; @larsen16; @pedatzur15; @bruner15] face similar challenge: the need to decouple the ionization and the photo-recombination steps. Thus, the Brunel radiation has an important potential advantage, since it is produced at the ionization step. Moreover, the available precision in measuring angle-resolved photoelectron spectra $\sim$ 1$^{\circ}$ is orders of magnitude lower than that achievable when measuring the light polarization ellipse, not only for optical but also for the THz frequencies [@ikebe08; @nemoto14]. As a result, the lowest (THz) frequencies in the Brunel radiation can provide immediate, [*in-situ*]{} [@kim14] attosecond-resolved information, even though the period of the associated light oscillations is orders of magnitude longer. In particular, the ionization delay is imprinted in the “0-th” order Brunel harmonic, whereas the reshaping of the ionization distribution is encoded in the 3rd harmonic. Detecting Brunel radiation instead of detecting electrons also paves the way to extending attosecond measurements of multiphoton transitions across bandgaps in solids, while boosting the measurement accuracy to the sub-attosecond range by taking advantage of the extraordinary accuracy available in polarization measurements in THz, IR, and optical frequency range.

We consider atomic hydrogen, since it captures all relevant physics while being simple and amenable to numerically exact calculations. An H-atom interacts with the laser field made of an intense circularly polarized infrared (IR) pump with frequency $\omega_0$ and its co-rotating second harmonic $2\omega_0$ of equal amplitude, see [Fig. \[fig:base\]]{}b. The nonlinear response contains harmonics $n\omega_0$, with $n=0,1,2\ldots$. All harmonics with $n\geq 1$ rotate in the same direction, while the signal near $n=0$th harmonic is almost linearly polarized, with ellipticity increasing as one moves to higher frequencies within the broad “0-th harmonic” line (see Methods, including the details of the analytical model). For short pulses, the “$n=0$ harmonic” lies in the terahertz (THz) range, reaching into the mid-infrared for few-cycle pulses. Below we show that the orientation of the corresponding polarization ellipse identifies the ionization delay $\tau$: the rotation angle $\phi$ with respect to the $y$-axis of [Fig. \[fig:base\]]{}b is $\phi=-\omega_0\tau$. This property is preserved throughout the 0th harmonic signal, extending up to the optical frequencies.

Further details about the ionization dynamics can be obtained if higher-order Brunel harmonics are considered. We show that, for a single-color elliptically polarized field (see [Fig. \[fig:base\]]{}c), the polarization state (ellipticity and polarization direction) of the 3rd Brunel harmonic encodes the attosecond reshaping of the ionization distribution with respect to the field maxima.

In general, harmonics of intense infrared driving fields can be generated via three different mechanisms: the bound-free transitions associated with sub-cycle ionization bursts and yielding the Brunel radiation, the bound-bound transitions (non-resonant frequency mixing) which manifest in the perturbative regime, and recollision-based harmonics [@corkum07] responsible for high orders. Their relative contributions vary for different harmonics orders. For our approach, we seek harmonics dominated by the Brunel radiation. [Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}a,c shows the contribution of each of these mechanisms as a function of the harmonic order for a co-rotating 800-400 nm bi-circular driver and an 800 nm single-color elliptical driver (ellipticity $\epsilon$=0.6), respectively.

The black circles show ab-initio simulations of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for the hydrogen atom, using the method of [@patchkovskii16]. Here all three mechanisms are naturally included. The red squares show the results of ab-initio simulations for a short-range (Yukawa) potential, with a single bound state having the same ionization potential as the hydrogen atom (see Methods). In particular, this calculation allows us to evaluate the contribution of bound-bound transitions, which are absent in the Yukawa potential, and calibrate out the effects of the core potential on the optical attoclock in a way similar to that of Ref.  [@torlina15]. The blue triangles are analytical results for the Brunel emission computed using the Drude model. There, the response ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r$ is calculated as the product of the electric field ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}(t)$ and the free electron density $\rho(t)$: ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r(t) = {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}(t) \rho(t)$ (atomic units are used; see Methods for details of calculations). Finally, the grey crosses in [Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}a,c show the strength of the conventional bound-bound contribution: the response is calculated as ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r = \chi^{(3)} |{\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}|^2{\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}$, with the coresponding susceptibility $\chi^{(3)}=0.8\times10^{-20}$ W/cm$^2$ obtained from Ref. [@koehler13].

These results allow us to separate the ab-initio harmonic spectra into three regions, depending on the dominant mechanism. Region I ([Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}a,c blue shading) corresponds to linear response. In region II ([Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}a,c green shading), the Brunel mechanism, evaluated using the Drude model, dominates. This region contains the 0th and 3rd harmonics in both the two-color and the single-color case. The influence of bound-bound transitions in region II, as well as in the other two regions, evaluated directly from the $\chi^{(3)}$ model, is several orders of magnitude smaller than the Brunel mechanism, see [Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}a,c. Similarly, the influence of the recollision-based contribution for 0th harmonic is negligible, and is few orders of magnitude below the Brunel mechanism for the third harmonic. Conservatively, we have placed the beginning of the region III ([Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}a,c orange shading) beyond $n=3$. For $n\geq 5$ the Drude model yields rapidly decreasing response [@brunel90; @babushkin11], while the ab-initio calculations for both the Coulomb and the Yukawa potential are developing plateau-like structure, suggesting that recollision-based contribution is important for $n\geq 5$. We note that the difference in the harmonic intensity between the Coulomb and the Yukawa potentials comes from the fact that the tunnelling barrier is higher in the latter case, reducing the ionization probability by orders of magnitude compared to the Coulomb potential.

![ \[fig:base\] Ionization dynamics and delay observed by detecting electrons (a) and the Brunel harmonics (b,c) using two- (b) and single-color (c) fields. In (a), angle ($\theta$)-resolved photo-electron spectra generated by elliptically polarized laser field (blue line) are detected, yielding the electron density $\rho(\theta)$ (blue gradient) at a remote detector (black line). It has the maxima shifted from the extrema of the electric field due to a nonzero ionization delay time $\tau$, providing the “attoclock” measurement of the ionization delay. In (b), this delay is probed, instead of electrons, by the 0th-order Brunel radiation ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r$ in a two-color field ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}$. The Brunel radiation is linearly polarized (red line) and, in the presence of a nonzero ionization delay $\tau$, rotated by the angle $-\tau\omega_0$. In (c), a single-color elliptically polarized pump ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}$ produces the 3rd Brunel harmonic ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r$, with the polarization state (ellipticity and polarization direction) encoding the sub-cycle dynamics of the ionization process. The spectra below show schematically the harmonic structure of the atomic response. The blue lines show the pump frequencies, the red lines indicate the harmonics of interest. ](base){width="\columnwidth"}

Two-color field
---------------

![image](fig2_latest.pdf){width="17cm"}

We now focus on 0th and 3rd order harmonic (region II), where the Brunel mechanism dominates. For the 2-color case, the 3rd harmonic is nearly circularly polarized in all calculations, owing to the angular momentum selection rules. In contrast, the polarization of the broad emission line corresponding to the “0-th” harmonic is much closer to linear. For the Yukawa potential, the ab-initio results agree very well with the analytical predictions based on the Drude model. The polarization ellipse of the emission is strictly parallel to the polarization ellipse of the driving laser field, in agreement with the analytical model based on zero ionization delay.

For the Coulomb potential, the polarization ellipse of the “0-th harmonic” is rotated by $-\phi\approx 10.0$ degree, which corresponds perfectly to the so-called ionization delay $\tau=-\phi/\omega_0 \approx 74$ as calculated for the hydrogen atom for sufficiently strong field using the standard attoclock technique [@torlina15]. Such ionization delay is caused by electron deflection in the Coulomb field, disappearing in the short-range Yukawa potential. For sufficiently strong fields, the rotation of the polarization ellipse becomes intensity- independent, just like in the conventional attoclock measurements.

To confirm that the rotation of the polarization ellipse is indeed related to the ionization delay, we introduce ionization delay $\tau$ into the Drude model of the Brunel radiation: $$\label{eq:delayed_drude}
 {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r(t) = {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}(t)\rho(t-\tau)$$ where $\tau$ is the ionization delay (see Methods for the derivation).

Equation \[eq:delayed\_drude\] can be rewritten in the frequency domain as: $$\label{eq:14}
   {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{r,n} = \sum_j
 {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_j\rho_{n-j}e^{i(n-j)\omega_0 \tau},$$ where $\rho_j$ and ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_j$ are the $j$-th Fourier components of the the free electron density and of the pump field, respectively. In Jones vector notation and for the two-color field, the latter can be expressed as, up to a constant factor (see Methods): ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_1 \sim (1,i)$, ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{-1} \sim (1,-i)$, ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_2 \sim (1,i)$, ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{-2} \sim (1,-i)$. For the 0th-order we have thus: ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{r,0} = {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_1 \rho_{-1} + {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{-1} \rho_{1} + {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_2 \rho_{-2} + {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{-2} \rho_{2}$, which leads to (see Methods): $$\label{eq:11}
  {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{r,0} \sim (-\sin(\omega_0 \tau),\cos(\omega_0\tau)).$$ Thus, the ionization delay $\tau$ does indeed translate into the rotation of the polarization. For $\tau=0$ the 0th harmonic is linearly polarized in the $y$-direction, while for nonzero $\tau$ the polarization vector is rotated by $\omega_0\tau$ along the field rotation direction (see [Fig. \[fig:base\]]{}b), just as observed in our TDSE simulations, [Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}b.

The deviation from zero ellipticity seen in the TDSE and the Drude model calculations is due to the non-zero frequency at which we monitor the response (around 100 THz), with excellent agreement between the Drude model and the TDSE simulations for the Yukawa potential; in fact, the ellipticity monotonously increases with frequency.

Another important observation is the much more narrow polarization ellipse of the Brunel radiation from the Coulomb potential, compared to the Yukawa potential. We see that the optical response encodes the Coulomb focusing of the departing electron wavepacket [@brabec96; @yudin01b]: the core potential clamps the transverse impulse and thus the transverse component of the current driven by the rotating laser field.

As one can see from [Eq. (\[eq:11\])]{}, apart from the ionization delay, the polarization state of the 0th harmonic [Eq. (\[eq:11\])]{} does not depend on the particular temporal shape of $\rho(t)$. As we shall see, for higher Brunel harmonics this is no longer the case.

Single-color field
------------------

![image](fig3_new.png){width="\textwidth"}

We now show that the 3rd harmonic provides further information about the ionization dynamics. For the 2-color driver, the 3rd harmonic is circularly polarized, and thus the polarization direction is undefined. However, the situation is different for the single-color elliptical pump ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_1\exp(-i\omega t)+{\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{-1}\exp(-i\omega t)$, [Fig. \[fig:base\]]{}c. Here ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_1= (1,i\epsilon)$, ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{-1}= (1,-i\epsilon)$ and $\epsilon$ is the ellipticity. In this case, the 0th harmonic is absent, but the 3rd harmonic lies in region II (see [Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}b), that is, the Brunel radiation dominates the atomic response. According to Eq. [Eq. (\[eq:14\])]{}, the 3rd Brunel harmonic is ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{r,3} = {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_1 \rho_{2} + {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{-1} \rho_{4}$, which maps on an electric field given by (see Methods for details): $$\label{eq:1}
    {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{r,3} \sim \left(1+r/2,
      i\epsilon(1-r/2)\right), \, r=2\rho_4e^{2i\tau\omega_0}/\rho_2.$$

[Eq. (\[eq:1\])]{} shows that the polarization state of the 3rd harmonic depends critically on the 2nd and 4th harmonics of the ionization burst $\rho(t)$. This explains different results for the ellipticity and the polarization direction in the Yukawa and the Coulomb potentials (both analytical and the TDSE), since the subcycle ionization dynamics in these cases is different.

The map shown in [Fig. \[fig:del-simp\]]{} allows one to reconstruct the complex-valued parameter $r$ defined by [Eq. (\[eq:1\])]{} via the polarization direction and the ellipticity of the 3rd harmonic. We are interested in the dynamics of the ionization rate $W(t)$. In the frequency domain, and for small $\rho$, its harmonics $W_n$, are given by $W_n=in\omega_0 \rho_n$. Thus, [Eq. (\[eq:1\])]{} implies that $W_4/W_2=re^{2i\tau\omega_0}$. Comparing to the results of the TDSE simulations, we see that not only $r$ but also $W_4/W_2$ is complex. Its absolute value $|r|$ determines how sharp the ionization spike is. For instance, for $\delta$-function-like $W(t)$, $|r|=1$. Smoother ionization process corresponds to smaller $|r|$. As for the phase of $r$, we note that delaying $W(t)\to W(t-\tau)$ induces delay-dependent phase shift $W_n \to W_ne^{in\omega_0 \tau}$ in the frequency domain.

Our result shows that in addition to this spectral-phase shift, there must be an additional phase modification which is only present in higher harmonics. Both effects modify the ionization rate (represented by $\{W_n\}$) as follows: $$\label{eq:2}
    W_0\to W_0,\, W_2 \to W_2e^{2i\omega_0 \tau},\, W_4 \to W_4e^{4i
      \omega_0 \tau - i\delta}, \, \ldots$$ where $\delta$, according to the definitions above, is related to $r$ as: $\delta=-\arg{(r)} + 4\omega_0\tau$. It is easy to see that $\delta$ leads to an additional reshaping of $W(t)$ making it asymmetric in time with respect to the oscillations of the electric field, leading to non-instantaneous harmonic response.

Although the observation of 3rd harmonic provides only limited information about the ionization dynamics, it is already sufficient to reconstruct the dynamics with a fairly good level of precision. Indeed, we observe from our reconstruction that $|r|$ is quite small, namely $|r|=0.14$ for the Yukawa and $|r|=0.27$ for the Coulomb potential. It is reasonable to expect, that the next term in ionization is of the order of $|r|^2$ which gives us 7% uncertainty from unknown $W_6$ for the Coulomb potential and 2% for the Yukawa one. Thus, we can neglect $W_6$ and the higher terms in the present case. Finally, the value of $W_0$ can be estimated from the ionization rate at the minimum of our elliptical field. Having this in mind and also using the known ionization delay time $\tau$, we are able to construct the ionization rate as a sum of harmonics $W_0$, $W_2$, $W_4$ with the corresponding amplitudes and phases. The result of the reconstruction is shown in [Fig. \[fig:del-simp\]]{}c. One can see that the ionization for the Coulomb potential is not only time-shifted but also shows a certain asymmetry in respect to the ionization maximum. Reconstruction from the Yukawa potential still displays a reshaping of the ionization rate, albeit to an almost negligible extent. Thus, we were able to demonstrate that the capabilities of the proposed technique go beyond the mere delay measurement, and include the reconstruction of the deep-subcycle features of the ionization rate.

![ \[fig:exp\] The power of 3rd harmonic (solid lines) as well as of the fundamental (dashed line) as a function of the polarizer angle for the ellipticity of the pump pulse $\epsilon=0.6$ and various pump powers (encoded in the line color). The inset shows the polarization angle of the 3rd harmonic relative to the pump in dependence on the pump power. In the yellow-shaded region the Brunel radiation dominates the $\chi^{(3)}$-based one yet the ionization degree is still small. ](exp-fig.pdf){width="50.00000%"}

Our theoretical analysis predicts an interesting new phenomenon – rotation of the polarization ellipse of the nonlinear optical response in a gas of atoms or randomly oriented, achiral molecules. This rotation is confirmed by our experimental measurements shown in [Fig. \[fig:exp\]]{}, where we observed the third harmonic generated in a plasma spot created by a strong elliptically polarized pulse focused in air. The experimental method is described in detail in the Methods section. After the plasma onset (around 0.1 mJ pulse energy) the polarization angle of 3rd harmonics varies around 10-13 degrees (see yellow box in the inset to [Fig. \[fig:exp\]]{}). Deviation for still higher energies above $\sim$0.28 mJ is attributed to the saturation of ionization. Even though the theory analyzed the response of a Hydrogen atom, which is amenable to exact numerical simulations, and the experiment used ambient air, the predicted effect is thus confirmed not only qualitatively but also quantitatively. We note that the rotation of (higher order) harmonics were discussed before [@weihe96; @strelkov12; @becker97]. Here we not only explain the physics of this effect, but also show how to use it to recover the underlying electron dynamics.

Conclusion and Discussions
==========================

In conclusion, we have shown that the Brunel radiation, including the radiation in the THz range, is able to provide crucial information about attosecond-scale details of strong-field ionization dynamics. In particular, this means the ability to measure attosecond dynamics using a much slower, picosecond, clock. For the 0th-order Brunel harmonic in the case of a 2-color field, one attosecond of ionization time delay translates into about 0.1 degree of polarization emission ellipse rotation. Taking into account that the polarization can be determined with better than milliradian precision, this is a promising mechanism for sub-attosecond time resolutions. The polarization state of the 0th harmonic demonstrates some indications of the Coulomb focusing in its polarization ellipsis. Furthermore, we have shown that in the case of single-color driver the polarization and the ellipticity of the 3rd Brunel harmonic is very sensitive to the temporal shape of the ionization step and allows for its reconstruction. Reconstruction from the TDSE results yields both the noticeable temporal asymmetry and the delay of the ionization burst.

These features demonstrate the promising capabilities of the proposed new tool, which allows one to explore attosecond ionization dynamics — and even beyond it — in a simpler and more general setup than the electron-detection based one. The key potential of this method is its applicability beyond the gas-phase ionization dynamics, e.g. within the solid state context, where detection of light is much simpler than the detection of electrons and where attosecond-scale delays were recently discussed [@hofmann15; @sommer16; @hassan16].

Methods
=======

Experimental setup
------------------

For the experiments we have used a 1 kHz repetition rate femtosecond Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification laser system (Legend elite duo HE+, Coherent Inc.), delivering 35-40 fs (FWHM) light pulses centered at 790 nm with maximal pulse energy of 7 mJ, which was used to pump an optical parametric amplifier (OPA, Light Conversion, Inc.). Though the OPA output was tunable within the broad wavelength range, for the experiments we have used the infrared (IR) radiation with the central wavelength of about 1.1 $\mu$m. The duration and single-pulse energy of the OPA pulses were about 40 fs and 0.25-0.3 mJ, respectively. The ellipticity of the IR wave was controlled by rotating the quarter-wave plate around the optical beam axis. Then the IR pulses were focused in air at the atmospheric pressure by a lens with a focal length of 2 cm and a plasma filament of about 0.1-1 mm length was produced, where the third harmonic generation (THG) took place. The THG signal was filtered from the pump radiation, collimated and through the computer-controlled broadband rotary Glan polarizer was sent to the photodiode. By rotating the Glan polarizer we were able to record the pump or TH power as a function of their polarization angle. The angle between the incident and generated TH polarization ellipses can be obtained from the phase shift of these nearly sinusoidal functions. Besides, we also compared the polarization of the fundamental frequency before and after the plasma spot. This comparison showed the difference of few degrees between these two, much less than the rotation of the 3rd harmonics. We attribute this effect to the $\chi^{(3)}$- and plasma-induced circular birefringence, since this number also corresponds to our estimations of such. This result shows that the 3rd harmonics is influenced by the pump birefringence only insignificantly. Finally, we would like to pay attention to the simplicity of the experiment in comparison to the one utilizing electron direction measurements.

Pump fields in time and frequency representation
------------------------------------------------

In general, we consider one-color field in the form: $$\begin{gathered}
\label{eq:field1}
  E_{x}(t) = E_0e^{-2 \ln 2 \,t^2/\mathcal{T}^2} \cos{\omega_0 t},\\
  E_{y}(t) = -\epsilon E_0e^{-2 \ln 2 \,t^2/\mathcal{T}^2} \sin{\omega_0 t},
  \label{eq:field1a}\end{gathered}$$ where, in our simulations, $\omega_0$ corresponds to the wavelength 0.8 $\mu$m, $E_0=0.07$ au, the pulse duration is $\mathcal{T}=20$ fs and the ellipticity is $\epsilon=0.6$. For the two-color field we have $$\begin{gathered}
\label{eq:field20}
  E_{x}(t) = E_0e^{-2 \ln 2 \,t^2/\mathcal{T}^2} \left(\cos{\omega_0 t} + \cos{2\omega_0 t} \right),\\
  E_{y}(t) = -E_0e^{-2 \ln 2 \,t^2/\mathcal{T}^2} \left(\sin{\omega_0 t}+\sin{2\omega_0 t}\right),
  \label{eq:field2}\end{gathered}$$ with $\omega_0=0.8 \mu$m, $E_0=0.0375$ au, and $\mathcal{T}=20$ fs.

In deriving the equations for the Brunel harmonics response, we used the Jones vector representation for the field harmonics ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}(t) = \sum_n {\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_ne^{in\omega}$. The waveshape described in [Eqs. (\[eq:field1\])-(\[eq:field2\])]{}, can be easily translated into ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_n$. For instance, for an exemplary field $E_x = E_0\cos{(\omega_0 t)}$, $E_y= -E_0\sin{(\omega_0 t)}$ (which corresponds to the fundamental harmonic of the 2-color field) we can easily obtain using the Euler formulas: ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_1 = E_0/2\cdot(1,-1/i)$, ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{-{\mathrm{\mathbf{1}}}} = E_0/2\cdot(1,1/i)$ where the first and second component of the vector are x and y components, respectively. In Results, the unsignificant prefactor $E_0/2$ is removed since only the polarization state is discussed.

TDSE simulations
----------------

Our TDSE equation has the well known form (we use atomic units across the article): $$i \partial_t \psi({\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}},t) = H\psi({\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}},t), \, H=({\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}+{\mathrm{\mathbf{A}}}(t))^2/2+V(r),
    \label{eq:1a}
    $$ where $\psi({\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}}, t)$ is the wavefunction of the electron depending on space ${\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}}$ (with $r\equiv |{\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}}|$) and time $t$, $H$ is the electron’s Hamiltonian, with $p$ being the momentum operator, ${\mathrm{\mathbf{A}}}(t)$ the vector field potential of the external field, with the corresponding field strength ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}(t)$. The simulation box size used for the integration was 500 au. Simulations were repeated with the uniform and logarithmic spatial grid, with comparison to ensure the numerical convergence.

The response of the atom, ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r$ was calculated as: ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r = g\partial_{tt}{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}} =g\partial_t {\mathrm{\mathbf{j}}}$, where ${\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}= {\ensuremath{\left\langle\psi\right|}}{\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}}{\ensuremath{\left|\psi\right\rangle}}$ is the atomic polarization, ${\ensuremath{\left|\psi\right\rangle}}$ is the electron wavefunction, ${\mathrm{\mathbf{j}}}=\partial_t{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}$ is the current assigned to ${\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}$, and $g$ is the constant depending on the position of the observer, which we assume $g=1$ for simplicity. In [Fig. \[fig:sy\]]{}, the relevant quantities (polarization direction, ellipticity) were averaged around the frequencies $n\omega_0$ in the range $(0.75n\omega_0,1.25n\omega_0)$ for $n$th harmonic except $n=0$; Polarization direction and ellipticity being weighted with the intensity by averaging. For $n=0$, because of our numerical limitations (huge box in time and space needed, together with the resolution of large number of angular harmonics makes it a very difficult task), we excluded extremely low frequencies $\omega<0.26\omega_0$ from the analysis, thus restricting our predictions to the upper part of the THz frequency range. These frequencies still display a very good agreement with the calculations for the 0th harmonic for $\omega\to 0$.

From TDSE to the delayed Drude model.
-------------------------------------

In the framework of the analytic R-matrix approach [@torlina12; @torlina15] the electron wavefunction can be written as: $\psi({\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}},t) = \sum_{t_s,{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}} {\ensuremath{\left\langle{\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}}\right.\left|\, {\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}\right\rangle}}
  R_{{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}} e^{iS({\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}},t, t_s)}$, with $R_{{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}}$ encodes the angular structure of the initial state, $t_s$ is the (complex-valued) stationary time (see below), and $S = S_{f} + S_C$, $S_{f}= 1/2\int_{t_s-i\kappa^{-2}}^t({\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}+{\mathrm{\mathbf{A}}})^2 + I_pt_s$, $S_C=\int_{t_s-i\kappa^{-2}}^tV(\tau)d\tau$, where $\kappa=\sqrt{2I_p}$ and $I_p$ is the ionization potential. The ionization time $t_s$ is inferred via the stationary phase approach from the equation $\partial_{t_s}S=0$. $t_s$ is different from the ionization time $t_0$ in a short range potential defined from $\partial_{t_0}S_f=0$, and hereupon we express $\tau={\textrm{Re}\,}{(t_0-t_s)}$. We note that for hydrogen, the value of $\tau$ can be obtained as a perturbation from the relation $-\tau \partial_{t_s t_s}S_f=\partial_{t_s}S_C$ as $\approx$ 74 attoseconds (for strong enough field). By neglecting the term $\tau\partial_{t_0t_0t_0}S$ in the vicinity of $t_0$ we obtain that $S(t,{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}},t')\approx S_f(t,{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}},t')+C(t,{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}})$ with $C$ being some constant in $t'$. This leads us to the following simplified problem to solve: $\psi({\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}},t) = \sum_{t_0,{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}} {\ensuremath{\left\langle{\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}}\right.\left|\, {\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}\right\rangle}}R_{{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}}
  e^{iS_f({\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}},t, t_0-\tau)+iC(t,{\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}})}$. Furthermore, assuming that all electrons are created with ${\mathrm{\mathbf{p}}}=0$ making $C$ an insignificant common phase, allowing to finally obtain the classical [Eq. (\[eq:delayed\_drude\])]{} for ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_r(t)\equiv \partial_t {\mathrm{\mathbf{j}}}$, with $\rho(t) \approx \int_{-\infty}^t W(t'-\tau)dt'$ is the density of free electrons determined by the ionization rate $W(t)$ delayed by the time $\tau$. In our simple theory for $W(t)$ we used the so called quasi-static formula [@ammosov86].

We note that the delayed Drude model by itself does not fix the ionization time $\tau$, it must be obtained from one other consideration, for instance the one presented above. We note however that this model is also compatible with the Green-function approach [@teeny16; @yakaboylu14] which predicts the small positive delays due to the nonzero values of initial velocity at the exit from the classically-forbidden region. In this case, introducing the delay into the Drude model is in fact an effective shift of the classical trajectory to negative exit times, so that at time $t=0$ such shifted trajectory has already nonzero momentum.

Derivation of the Brunel harmonic polarization in the delayed Drude model
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Delayed Drude model derived before allows to obtain analytically waveshapes of the Brunel harmonics in dependence on ionization delay and other dynamical properties of the ionization process as the following: To obtain the ionization rate, we assume that before we shifted it in time by $\tau$ or before introducing any further phase shifts, $W_n$ obeys the equation $W_n = W_{-n}$, that is, the corresponding function is symmetric in time in respect to the field extremum at $t=0$. The corresponding ionization rate, if ionization is small enough, obeys then the relation $\rho_n = -\rho_{-n}$. Introducing the time delay $\rho_n\to\rho_ne^{i\omega_0\tau}$ and substituting this expression into the formula for ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{r,0}$ above Eq. \[eq:11\], we obtain then ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{r,0}=
iE_0(\rho_1+\rho_2)\cdot (\sin{\phi},\cos{\phi})$ where $\phi=-\omega_0\tau$. Neglecting the insignificant prefactor, we obtain immediately Eq. \[eq:11\]. The linear polarization predicted by Eq. \[eq:11\] is easy to explain also invoking the angular momentum conservation. The processes $+2\omega_0-\omega_0-\omega_0$ and $+\omega_0+\omega_0-2\omega_0$ leading to 0th Brunel harmonics both have equal amplitudes and the opposite angular momenta of the low frequency component, giving in sum the angular momentum zero. We remark that the polarizaiton state of 0th harmonics is completely independent on the concrete values of $\rho_n$. That is, it is independent on ionization rate dynamics $W(t)$.

For $n=3$, this is not anymore so; the particular polarization state depends in general on $\rho_2$, $\rho_4$. The expression before [Eq. (\[eq:1\])]{} gives us immediately: ${\mathrm{\mathbf{E}}}_{r,3} = -E_0e^{2i\phi/2}\cdot (1+r/2,i\epsilon (1-r/2))$, where $r=e^{2i\phi}r(4)/r(2)$ which, by removing the common factor irrelevant for the polarization state gives us [Eq. (\[eq:1\])]{}.

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12‘\$12 ‘&12‘\#12‘12‘\_12‘%12]{}@startlink\[1\]@endlink\[0\]@bib@innerbibempty [****, ()](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys620) [****,  ()](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08253) [****,  ()](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3436) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1126/science.1198450) [****,  ()](\doibase
  10.1126/science.1157980) [****, ()](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10820) [**** (), 10.1126/sciadv.aap8148](\doibase 10.1126/sciadv.aap8148) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nphys1228) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.253002) [****, ()](http://josab.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-7-4-521) [****, ()](http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/13/i=12/a=123029) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nphoton.2008.153) [****,  ()](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys982) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1126/science.1163439) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nature11025) [****,  ()](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys2125) [****,  ()](\doibase
  10.1364/OPTICA.1.000343) [****,  ()](\doibase
  10.1126/science.1189401) [****, ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.143002) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevA.90.012116) [****, ()](\doibase
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2014.09.002) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.023002) [****,  ()](\doibase
  10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.063003) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.023201) [****, ()](http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/48/i=23/a=234002) [****,  ()](\doibase
  10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.043901) [****, ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.043811) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1364/OPTICA.2.000151)

Acknowledgements
================

I.B., A.D. and U.M are thankful to Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (projects BA 4156/4-1, MO 850-19/1, MO 850-20/1) for financial support.

Author contributions
====================

I.B. incepted the idea, developed the delayed Drude model and preformed simulations and analytic calculations based on it; A.J.G preformed TDSE simulations; I.B., A.J.G, A.H., F.M., and M.I. analyzed and interpreted the results of the simulations; all authors participated in the article formulation and writing. V.V. preformed the experiments.


2 million fakes seized on Italy's beaches

2011-08-20 07:21

Rome - Two million counterfeit items including fake luxury handbags, imitation designer sunglasses and snazzy swimwear were seized in June and July from Italy's beaches, financial police said on Friday.

"In June and July alone, two million counterfeit objects were seized on Italian beaches and in seaside towns," the police said in a statement, adding that 333 people had been charged in a crackdown on forgery.

"Counterfeiting is no longer limited to high-end clothing, but also stretches to toys or even cars," police officer Antonio Sassi said.

"In the last few years we've even seized a fake Ferrari," he said.

Police bagged more than 68 million false goods in Italy in the first seven months of 2011, and charged nearly 6 500 people - 200 of whom got prison sentences.

The economic development ministry estimates the total worth of fake goods seized in 2008 and 2009 exceeded $2.9bn.

Counterfeiting often goes hand in hand with other crimes such as tax evasion, exploitation of workers - including of illegal immigrants - and money laundering, the police statement said.


N/A

Group: Members Member ID: 315 Member Since: 8-July 17 Total Post: 3891

Certainly not the first on this, and certainly won’t be the last, but here are my grades on the S9 NSFL Draft.

Before we begin:

Draft Presentation: A FUCKING PLUS. This was far and away the finest draft stream I have seen in any sim league. I think my favorite part, even though I disagreed with them, were the top 6 remaining players on the bottom. The draft cards were sweet as well, and I will be adding that to my sig. Finally, there was great draft discussion from a combination of NSFL GMs and experts. I absolutely loved it.

1. :sabercats: Xavier Flash – Possession Wide Receiver. Like many folks, I had thought Bucky Barnes would be #1 overall regardless who had the pick. I’ll talk more about why later. Flash, however, was one of six wide receivers in the draft, though only two (he and Valentine) were really worth a pick. However, given the large number of wide receivers we’ve seen for S10, I think this was a bad choice. Flash was easily the best wide receiver, but he wasn’t the best receiver, and offensive skill positions aren’t as hard to find. If San Jose wasn’t high on Barnes for any reason, they should have shopped a lot harder.

Grade: 4/10

2. :outlaws: Bucky Barnes – Run Support Safety. A week ago, I might have been a bit lower on this pick. Run Support has been a historically bad archetype. Any player would have been better playing a coverage linebacker. So knowing that he was eventually going to cost a team $4 million or just wouldn’t ever be an elite talent was concerning. However, the recently announced archetype changes makes safeties in general more effective, especially Run Support. The only other player I had viewed as comparable was Declan Harp, who wasn’t as big a need for Arizona.

Grade: 9/10

3. :liberty: Marquise Brown – Speed Running Back. This is easily the toughest pick for me to evaluate. Like Barnes, Brown was a teammate, and there was no teammate I spoke to more. This guy is passionate, hardworking, asks for advice. I fully believe the claim that he interviewed very well. However, we are talking about someone 8th overall in TPE, and playing a position shown to not scale very strongly from activity. As with Flash, I think they could have moved down and still had their guy.

Grade: 6/10

4. :sabercats: Kolby Deringer – Balanced Linebacker. Full disclosure, I didn’t have Deringer on my mock, because the people I copied didn’t have him. I didn’t build my own from scratch, just copied what was out there and rearranged them. That led to two major mistakes in my mock (which was pretty bad), both on this pick. The first was not having Deringer 1st round. The second was mocking Declan Harp here despite having been told after a scouting interview that Harp was not going to San Jose. But you keep moving folks around, and you forget why you had certain players where they were. Okay, now for the actual pick. Deringer joined toward the end of the recruiting wave, so the gap between his TPE and that of the other top prospects is pretty misleading. On a TPE per day basis, he is killing it. Linebacker is a vital position, and I am fairly impressed by the user. I don’t think he was the best player available, but I also don’t think they could have safely traded down, either.

Grade: 8/10

5. :hawks: Declan Harp – Possession Tight End. I love this pick. All through the DSFL draft the year before, I hated seeing the Marshals pass on this guy, even though they were already loaded at TE. As you can tell by his 2nd overall TPE, the man is legit. Also, I think possession TE is actually my favorite of the position. I can’t say I am amazed that he fell this far, since Barnes and even Deringer, due to positional scarcity, should have been picked before him, and San Jose, who had half the prior picks, was out of the question. However, I do think he is a great value.

Grade: 9/10

6. :yeti: Oskar Ludvig – Man to Man Cornerback. First off, thanks to DeathonReddit for bringing up the TPE scandal and providing proof that Ludvig had too much TPE. For those who weren’t aware, there was no cheating, just poor bookkeeping. However, that small amount of lost TPE means that Ludvig, who has become known as the Norwegian Demon, was actually only 13th in TPE instead of 12th. That’s not a huge difference, but at the time of this pick, Ludvig was only the 3rd-highest defender remaining, behind Thibault and Marchand. I think too much was made of his DSFL success, giving the player credit for just benefitting from an amazing pass rush.

Grade: 7/10

7. :yeti: Alexandre Thibault – Center Fielder Safety. I actually really like this pick. This was the best defender remaining. There were 5 players still on the board ahead of him in TPE, but 2 were running backs, 2 were quarterbacks, and 1 wide receiver. There’s nothing amazing about this pick, but for Colorado’s needs, it was the right pick.

Grade: 8/10

8. :otters: Ricky Adams – Power Running Back. After trading down from 6 to 8, I felt pretty confident that Orange County was going to be drafting me, and I was looking forward to it. There was a rumor that Molarpistols would be willing to switch positions if they drafted me, depriving other teams of a franchise QB. It needs to be stated that Lagerfield had slightly more TPE, and would likely be the better bell-cow, but Adams is a lone talent at fullback. If he is actually willing to play that position, this could be a low-key great pick.

Grade: 7/10

9. :sabercats: Elijah Lagerfield – Speed Running Back. At this point the only realistic options were Lagerfield and Valentine on offense, and Marchand on defense. With the Cats having already picked up a wide receiver with Flash and a linebacker with Deringer, Lagerfield was just the common sense pick at this point. I find it really surprising that that 3 running backs were selected in the top 9, yet I really can’t argue against the pick except maybe a mild preference for Jesse Marchand, who would go on to fall a little further than expected.

Grade: 7/10

10. :outlaws: Kevin Fitzpatrick – Game Manager Quarterback. As I mentioned earlier, I was expecting to go toward the bottom of the first round, but falling out of the first round due to character concerns has become something of a tradition for me. It’s kind of amazing how often it’s happened. In 4 characters across 3 leagues, I have never been drafted single digits. Obviously, this is a great pick for Arizona. Every GM who talked to me knew I liked Fitzpatrick and wanted to see a game manager succeed. That’s a big drive for me. Also, I am #1 in TPE for the draft class (just hit 300 today), so bias aside, this was a huge steal.

Grade: 10/10

11. :sabercats: Zapp Brannigan – Balanced Tight End. The Tightest of Ends. Everyone’s favorite in-character player finally gets picked up, and I actually like him here for basically the same reasons I liked Lagerfield just two picks ago. It will be interesting to see if SJS can figure out how to gameplan with an actual TE, as they are not used to that.

Grade: 7/10

12: :hawks: Vinny Valentine – Speed Wide Receiver. Flash and Valentine may not have the same archetype, but they have one thing in common: TPE. Somehow, two players at the same position, with the same TPE, were separated by 11 picks. Unbelievable. Unicorn is a former Hawk and all around good guy, so I think this was a great pick, something slm does far too often.

Grade: 9/10

13. :liberty: Jesse Marchand – Speed Rusher Linebacker. Somehow, despite all four defenders in the first round going above their TPE rank, sometimes significantly above, Marchand went exactly at his rank. Given the relative value of the position, I think that makes this a great value pick. By the way, this is the 5th Marshal drafted so far.

Grade: 8/10

14. :otters: Gus T.T. Showbiz – Pocket Passer Quarterback. Going to a team with solid wide receiver talent, I have no doubt that Showbiz will live up to his name. This is a solid QB, and I very much look forward to competing against him. Obviously this is a huge steal, but there was nothing other teams could do to prevent it.

Grade: 10/10

15. :sabercats: Barnaby Earl-Run Stopper Linebacker. Fuck, this team again? Talent is pretty scarce at this point, so I think they made the right pick, but in 5 picks, they managed to draft below value in TPE rank on all 5. I am aware that there are other considerations, but this underwhelming yet logical pick really sums up their draft night pretty well.

Grade: 6/10

16. :outlaws: LaMarcus Strike – Speed Running Back. Why not? Every other team seemed to grab one. Waiting on a crowded position is pretty much always the way to go, and grabbing an active back to replace Hall of Fame bound Mackworthy was the right pick.

Grade: 7/10

For what it’s worth, I think their pick of Corbett in the 3rd was San jose’s best pick of the night. With Blewitt still going strong, this wasn’t a big need, but I love this guy’s energy and think he’ll be a great player to rally around.

For shits and grins, let’s look at cumulative grades and average grades.

:sabercats: 32/6.4

:outlaws: 26/8.7

:hawks: 18/9

:otters: 17/8.5

:liberty: 14/7

:yeti: 15/7.5

:wraiths: 0/10

:secondline: 0/NA

There it is. Feel free to add any questions/comments below.


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Baur au Lac

The Baur au Lac or Bauer au Lac is a luxury hotel in Talstrasse, Zürich, Switzerland.

The hotel was founded in 1844 by Johannes Baur and is currently still held by the Baur family. It was completely renovated between 2008 and 2010. It is a member of the Leading Hotels of the World Consortium.

References

External links

Category:Hotels in Zürich
Category:The Leading Hotels of the World


/*

	Copyright (C) 2004-2005 Michael Liebscher

	This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
	modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
	as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
	of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

	This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
	GNU General Public License for more details.

	You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
	along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
	Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.

*/

/*
 *	wolf_map.c:	Decode Wolfenstein 3-D Map data.
 *
 *	Author:	Michael Liebscher <johnnycanuck@users.sourceforge.net>
 *	Date:	2004
 *
 *	Acknowledgement:
 *	This code was derived from Wolfenstein 3-D, and was originally
 *	written by Id Software, Inc.
 *
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "wolf_def.h"

#include "../string/com_string.h"
#include "../loaders/tga.h"
#include "../filesys/file.h"
#include "../../../common/arch.h"
#include "../memory/memory.h"
#include "../../../common/common_utils.h"

#define MAPHEADNAME		"MAPHEAD"
#define MAPNAME			"GAMEMAPS"

PRIVATE FILE *maphandle;

PRIVATE W32	headeroffsets[ 100 ];
PRIVATE W32	TotalMaps;
PRIVATE W16	RLEWtag;

PRIVATE W16 gameversion;

PRIVATE const W32 vgaCeilingWL6[] =
{
	0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0xbfbf,
	0x4e4e,0x4e4e,0x4e4e,0x1d1d,0x8d8d,0x4e4e,0x1d1d,0x2d2d,0x1d1d,0x8d8d,
	0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x2d2d,0xdddd,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x9898,

	0x1d1d,0x9d9d,0x2d2d,0xdddd,0xdddd,0x9d9d,0x2d2d,0x4d4d,0x1d1d,0xdddd,
	0x7d7d,0x1d1d,0x2d2d,0x2d2d,0xdddd,0xd7d7,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x2d2d,
	0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0x1d1d,0xdddd,0xdddd,0x7d7d,0xdddd,0xdddd,0xdddd
};

PRIVATE const W32 vgaCeilingSOD[] =
{
	0x6f6f,0x4f4f,0x1d1d,0xdede,0xdfdf,0x2e2e,0x7f7f,0x9e9e,0xaeae,0x7f7f,
	0x1d1d,0xdede,0xdfdf,0xdede,0xdfdf,0xdede,0xe1e1,0xdcdc,0x2e2e,0x1d1d,0xdcdc
};

PRIVATE W32 WL6_songs[] =
{
//
// Episode One
//
	GETTHEM_MUS,
	SEARCHN_MUS,
	POW_MUS,
	SUSPENSE_MUS,
	GETTHEM_MUS,
	SEARCHN_MUS,
	POW_MUS,
	SUSPENSE_MUS,

	WARMARCH_MUS,	// Boss level
	CORNER_MUS,		// Secret level

//
// Episode Two
//
	NAZI_OMI_MUS,
	PREGNANT_MUS,
	GOINGAFT_MUS,
	HEADACHE_MUS,
	NAZI_OMI_MUS,
	PREGNANT_MUS,
	HEADACHE_MUS,
	GOINGAFT_MUS,

	WARMARCH_MUS,	// Boss level
	DUNGEON_MUS,	// Secret level

//
// Episode Three
//
	INTROCW3_MUS,
	NAZI_RAP_MUS,
	TWELFTH_MUS,
	ZEROHOUR_MUS,
	INTROCW3_MUS,
	NAZI_RAP_MUS,
	TWELFTH_MUS,
	ZEROHOUR_MUS,

	ULTIMATE_MUS,	// Boss level
	PACMAN_MUS,		// Secret level

//
// Episode Four
//
	GETTHEM_MUS,
	SEARCHN_MUS,
	POW_MUS,
	SUSPENSE_MUS,
	GETTHEM_MUS,
	SEARCHN_MUS,
	POW_MUS,
	SUSPENSE_MUS,

	WARMARCH_MUS,	// Boss level
	CORNER_MUS,		// Secret level

//
// Episode Five
//
	NAZI_OMI_MUS,
	PREGNANT_MUS,
	GOINGAFT_MUS,
	HEADACHE_MUS,
	NAZI_OMI_MUS,
	PREGNANT_MUS,
	HEADACHE_MUS,
	GOINGAFT_MUS,

	WARMARCH_MUS,	// Boss level
	DUNGEON_MUS,	// Secret level

//
// Episode Six
//
	INTROCW3_MUS,
	NAZI_RAP_MUS,
	TWELFTH_MUS,
	ZEROHOUR_MUS,
	INTROCW3_MUS,
	NAZI_RAP_MUS,
	TWELFTH_MUS,
	ZEROHOUR_MUS,

	ULTIMATE_MUS,	// Boss level
	FUNKYOU_MUS		// Secret level
};

PRIVATE W32 SOD_songs[] =
{
	SOD_XTIPTOE_MUS,
	SOD_XFUNKIE_MUS,
	SOD_XDEATH_MUS,
	SOD_XGETYOU_MUS,	// DON'T KNOW
	SOD_ULTIMATE_MUS,	// Trans Grosse

	SOD_DUNGEON_MUS,
	SOD_GOINGAFT_MUS,
	SOD_POW_MUS,
	SOD_TWELFTH_MUS,
	SOD_ULTIMATE_MUS,	// Barnacle Wilhelm BOSS

	SOD_NAZI_OMI_MUS,
	SOD_GETTHEM_MUS,
	SOD_SUSPENSE_MUS,
	SOD_SEARCHN_MUS,
	SOD_ZEROHOUR_MUS,
	SOD_ULTIMATE_MUS,	// Super Mutant BOSS

	SOD_XPUTIT_MUS,
	SOD_ULTIMATE_MUS,	// Death Knight BOSS

	SOD_XJAZNAZI_MUS,	// Secret level
	SOD_XFUNKIE_MUS,	// Secret level (DON'T KNOW)

	SOD_XEVIL_MUS		// Angel of Death BOSS

};

typedef struct
{
	float time;
	char timestr[ 6 ];

} times;

PRIVATE times parTimesWL6[] =
{
	 //
	 // Episode One Par Times
	 //
	 { 1.5,	"01:30" },
	 { 2,	"02:00" },
	 { 2,	"02:00" },
	 { 3.5,	"03:30" },
	 { 3,	"03:00" },
	 { 3,	"03:00" },
	 { 2.5,	"02:30" },
	 { 2.5,	"02:30" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },	// Boss level
	 { 0,	"??:??" },	// Secret level

	 //
	 // Episode Two Par Times
	 //
	 { 1.5,	"01:30" },
	 { 3.5,	"03:30" },
	 { 3,	"03:00" },
	 { 2,	"02:00" },
	 { 4,	"04:00" },
	 { 6,	"06:00" },
	 { 1,	"01:00" },
	 { 3,	"03:00" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },

	 //
	 // Episode Three Par Times
	 //
	 { 1.5,	"01:30" },
	 { 1.5,	"01:30" },
	 { 2.5,	"02:30" },
	 { 2.5,	"02:30" },
	 { 3.5,	"03:30" },
	 { 2.5,	"02:30" },
	 { 2,	"02:00" },
	 { 6,	"06:00" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },

	 //
	 // Episode Four Par Times
	 //
	 { 2,	"02:00" },
	 { 2,	"02:00" },
	 { 1.5,	"01:30" },
	 { 1,	"01:00" },
	 { 4.5,	"04:30" },
	 { 3.5,	"03:30" },
	 { 2,	"02:00" },
	 { 4.5,	"04:30" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },

	 //
	 // Episode Five Par Times
	 //
	 { 2.5,	"02:30" },
	 { 1.5,	"01:30" },
	 { 2.5,	"02:30" },
	 { 2.5,	"02:30" },
	 { 4,	"04:00" },
	 { 3,	"03:00" },
	 { 4.5,	"04:30" },
	 { 3.5,	"03:30" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },

	 //
	 // Episode Six Par Times
	 //
	 { 6.5,	"06:30" },
	 { 4,	"04:00" },
	 { 4.5,	"04:30" },
	 { 6,	"06:00" },
	 { 5,	"05:00" },
	 { 5.5,	"05:30" },
	 { 5.5,	"05:30" },
	 { 8.5,	"08:30" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" }
};

PRIVATE times parTimesSOD[] =
{
	 //
	 // SPEAR OF DESTINY TIMES
	 //
	 { 1.5,	"01:30" },
	 { 3.5,	"03:30" },
	 { 2.75,"02:45" },
	 { 3.5,	"03:30" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },	// Boss 1
	 { 4.5,	"04:30" },
	 { 3.25,"03:15" },
	 { 2.75,"02:45" },
	 { 4.75,"04:45" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },	// Boss 2
	 { 6.5,	"06:30" },
	 { 4.5,	"04:30" },
	 { 2.75,"02:45" },
	 { 4.5,	"04:30" },
	 { 6,	"06:00" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },	// Boss 3
	 { 6,	"06:00" },
	 { 0,	"??:??" },	// Boss 4
	 { 0,	"??:??" },	// Secret level 1
	 { 0,	"??:??" },	// Secret level 2

};

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Function: CAL_SetupMapFile -Setup map files for decoding.

 Parameters: extension -[in] file extension for map data files.

 Returns: Non-zero on success, zero otherwise.

 Notes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
PRIVATE W8 CAL_SetupMapFile( const char *extension )
{
	FILE *handle;
	SW32 length;
	char fname[ 13 ];

//
// load maphead.xxx (offsets and tileinfo for map file)
//
	cs_strlcpy( fname, MAPHEADNAME, sizeof( fname ) );
	cs_strlcat( fname, extension, sizeof( fname ) );

	handle = fopen( cs_strupr( fname ), "rb" );
	if( handle == NULL )
	{
		handle = fopen( cs_strlwr( fname ), "rb" );
		if( handle == NULL )
		{
			printf( "Could not open file (%s) for read!\n", fname );
			return 0;
		}
	}

	length = FS_FileLength( handle );

	fread( &RLEWtag, 2, 1, handle );

	for( TotalMaps = 0 ; TotalMaps < length ; ++TotalMaps )
	{
		fread( &headeroffsets[ TotalMaps ], 4, 1, handle );
		if( ! headeroffsets[ TotalMaps ] )
		{
			break;
		}
	}

	fclose( handle );

	cs_strlcpy( fname, MAPNAME, sizeof( fname ) );
	cs_strlcat( fname, extension, sizeof( fname ) );

	maphandle = fopen( cs_strupr( fname ), "rb");
	if( NULL == maphandle )
	{
		maphandle = fopen( cs_strlwr( fname ), "rb");
		if( NULL == maphandle )
		{
			return 0;
		}
	}

	return 1;
}

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Function: CAL_ShutdownMapFile -Shutdown map file.

 Parameters: Nothing.

 Returns: Nothing.

 Notes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
PRIVATE void CAL_ShutdownMapFile( void )
{
	if( maphandle )
	{
		fclose( maphandle );
	}
}

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Function: CA_CacheMap -Cache and save map data.

 Parameters:
			ChunkOffset -[in] Chunk offset.
			Chunklength -[in] Length of chunk.
			filename -[in] File name to save map as.
			index -[in] File name index number.

 Returns: Non-zero on success, otherwise zero.

 Notes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
PRIVATE W8 CA_CacheMap( W32 ChunkOffset, W32 Chunklength, const char *filename, W32 index )
{
	W32 offset[ 3 ];
	W32 offsetin[ 3 ];
	W32 temp;
	W16 length[ 3 ];
	W8 sig[ 5 ];
	W16 w, h;
	W8 *data;
	W32 ceiling;
	W32 floor;
	FILE *fout;
	float ftime;
	char *stime;
	char name[ 32 ];
	char musicName[ 64 ];
	extern char gamepal[];
	SW32 jmp;

	if( gameversion == SOD_PAK )
	{
		temp = (vgaCeilingSOD[ index ] & 0xff) * 3;
		ceiling = ( (gamepal[ temp ] << 2)  << 16 ) | ( (gamepal[ temp+1 ] << 2 ) << 8) | (gamepal[ temp+2 ]<<2);

		temp = 0x19 * 3;
		floor = ( (gamepal[ temp ] << 2)  << 16 ) | ( (gamepal[ temp+1 ] << 2 ) << 8) | (gamepal[ temp+2 ]<<2);

		ftime = parTimesSOD[ index ].time;
		stime = parTimesSOD[ index ].timestr;

		cs_snprintf( musicName, sizeof( musicName ), "music/%s.ogg", GetMusicFileName_SOD( SOD_songs[ index ] ) );
	}
	else
	{
		temp = (vgaCeilingWL6[ index ] & 0xff) * 3;
		ceiling = ( (gamepal[ temp ] << 2)  << 16 ) | ( (gamepal[ temp+1 ] << 2 ) << 8) | (gamepal[ temp+2 ]<<2);

		temp = 0x19 * 3;
		floor = ( (gamepal[ temp ] << 2)  << 16 ) | ( (gamepal[ temp+1 ] << 2 ) << 8) | (gamepal[ temp+2 ]<<2);

		ftime = parTimesWL6[ index ].time;
		stime = parTimesWL6[ index ].timestr;

		cs_snprintf( musicName, sizeof( musicName ), "music/%s.ogg", GetMusicFileName_WL6( WL6_songs[ index ] ) );
	}

	fout = fopen( filename, "wb");
	if( NULL == fout )
	{
		return 0;
	}

	fseek( maphandle, ChunkOffset, SEEK_SET );

	fread( &offsetin, sizeof( W32 ), 3, maphandle );
	fread( &length, sizeof( W16 ), 3, maphandle );

	fread( &w, sizeof( W16 ), 1, maphandle );
	fread( &h, sizeof( W16 ), 1, maphandle );

	fread( name, sizeof( W8 ), 16, maphandle );
	fread( sig, sizeof( W8 ), 4, maphandle );

//
// Output header
//

	// Map file header signature
	fwrite( sig, sizeof( W8 ), 4, fout );

	// RLE Word tag
	fwrite( &RLEWtag, sizeof( W16 ), 1, fout );

	// Max Width
	fwrite( &w, sizeof( W16 ), 1, fout );

	// Max Height
	fwrite( &h, sizeof( W16 ), 1, fout );

	// Ceiling Colour
	fwrite( &ceiling, sizeof( W32 ), 1, fout );

	// Floor Colour
	fwrite( &floor, sizeof( W32 ), 1, fout );

	// Length of layers
	temp = length[ 0 ];
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W16 ), 1, fout );	// Length One
	temp = length[ 1 ];
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W16 ), 1, fout );	// Length Two
	temp = length[ 2 ];
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W16 ), 1, fout );	// Length Three

	jmp = ftell( fout );

	temp = 0;
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W32 ), 1, fout );	// Offset One
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W32 ), 1, fout );	// Offset Two
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W32 ), 1, fout );	// Offset Three

	// Map name length
	temp = strlen( name );
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W16 ), 1, fout );

	// Music name length
	temp = strlen( musicName );
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W16 ), 1, fout );

	// Par time Float
	fwrite( &ftime, sizeof( float ), 1, fout );

	// Par time string
	fwrite( stime, sizeof( W8 ), 5 , fout );

	// Map name
	fwrite( name, sizeof( W8 ), strlen( name ), fout );

	// Music file name
	fwrite( musicName, sizeof( W8 ), strlen( musicName ), fout );

	data = MM_MALLOC( length[ 0 ] );
	if( data == NULL )
	{
		return 0;
	}

	offset[ 0 ] = ftell( fout );

	fseek( maphandle, offsetin[ 0 ], SEEK_SET );
	fread( data, 1, length[ 0 ], maphandle );

	fwrite( data, 1, length[ 0 ], fout );

	data = MM_REALLOC( data, length[ 1 ] );
	if( data == NULL )
	{
		return 0;
	}

	offset[ 1 ] = ftell( fout );

	fseek( maphandle, offsetin[ 1 ], SEEK_SET );
	fread( data, 1, length[ 1 ], maphandle );

	fwrite( data, 1, length[ 1 ], fout );

	data = MM_REALLOC( data, length[ 2 ] );
	if( data == NULL )
	{
		return 0;
	}

	offset[ 2 ] = ftell( fout );

	fseek( maphandle, offsetin[ 2 ], SEEK_SET );
	fread( data, 1, length[ 2 ], maphandle );

	fwrite( data, 1, length[ 2 ], fout );

	MM_FREE( data );

	fseek( fout, jmp, SEEK_SET );

	temp = offset[ 0 ];
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W32 ), 1, fout );	// Offset One

	temp = offset[ 1 ];
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W32 ), 1, fout );	// Offset Two

	temp = offset[ 2 ];
	fwrite( &temp, sizeof( W32 ), 1, fout );	// Offset Three

	fclose( fout );

	return 1;
}

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Function: MapRipper -Re-encode map data.

 Parameters: extension -[in] file extension for map data files.

 Returns: Nothing.

 Notes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
PUBLIC _boolean MapRipper( const char *fextension, W16 version )
{
	W32 i;
	char fname[ 32 ];

	gameversion = version;

//
// Setup
//

	if( 0 == FS_Mkdir( MAPDIR ) )
	{
		printf( "[%s] Could not create directory (%s)!\n", "wolf_map.c", MAPDIR );

		return false;
	}

	if( ! CAL_SetupMapFile( fextension ) )
	{
		CAL_ShutdownMapFile();

		return false;
	}

//
// Decode Map data
//

	printf( "Decoding Map Data...\n" );

	for( i = 0 ; i < TotalMaps ; ++i )
	{
		cs_snprintf( fname, sizeof( fname ), "%s/%c%.2d.map", MAPDIR, TOLOWER( fextension[ 1 ] ), i );

		CA_CacheMap( headeroffsets[ i ],
						headeroffsets[ i + 1 ] - headeroffsets[ i ],
						fname, i );

	}

//
// Shutdown
//

	CAL_ShutdownMapFile();

	return true;
}


Results For: hipster antitrust

On March 1, 2019, ICLE Associate Director Kristian Stout will be appearing on a panel discussing the antitrust implications associated with large tech platforms like Google, Amazon, and Facebook. This…

This event brings together technologists, founders, politicos, policymakers and investors for an invitation-only full-day session. We provide you access to interactive programming, exclusive networking opportunities, and keynote presentations from leading…


Alternate aggregation pathways of the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide. An in vitro model of preamyloid.
Deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta) aggregates in the brain is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fibrillar amyloid, found in the cores of senile plaques, is surrounded by dystrophic neurites. In contrast, the amorphous Abeta (also called preamyloid) in diffuse plaques is not associated with neurodegeneration. Depending on the conditions, Abeta will also form fibrillar or amorphous aggregates in vitro. In this present study, we sought to characterize the properties of the amorphous aggregate and determine whether we could establish an in vitro model for amorphous Abeta. CD data indicated that Abeta40 assembled to form either a beta-structured aggregate or an unfolded aggregate with the structured aggregate forming at high peptide concentrations and the unstructured aggregate forming at low Abeta40 levels. The critical concentration separating these two pathways was 10 microm. Fluorescence emission and polarization showed the structured aggregate was tightly packed containing peptides that were not accessible to water. Peptides in the unstructured aggregate were loosely packed, mobile, and accessible to water. When examined by electron microscopy, the structured aggregate appeared as protofibrillar structures and formed classic amyloid fibrils over a period of several weeks. The unstructured aggregate was not visible by electron microscopy and did not generate fibrils. These findings suggest that the unstructured aggregate shares many properties with the amorphous Abeta of AD and that conditions can be established to form amorphous Abeta in vitro. This would allow for investigations to better understand the relationship between fibrillar and amorphous Abeta and could have significant impact upon efforts to find therapies for AD.


Double-lumen central venous catheter for percutaneous ureteral perfusion studies.
A commercially available double-lumen central venous catheter that can be inserted over a 0.018-inch guide wire was used for ureteral perfusion studies in three infants. Complications or difficulties were not encountered in any patients. This technique allows simultaneous monitoring of perfusion and intrarenal pressure and requires only a single puncture of the renal pelvis with a 21-gauge needle.


---
ms.localizationpriority: low
ms.mktglfcycl: deploy
ms.pagetype: appcompat
description: Set up and turn on Enterprise Mode logging and data collection in your organization.
author: dansimp
ms.prod: ie11
ms.assetid: 2e98a280-f677-422f-ba2e-f670362afcde
ms.reviewer:
manager: dansimp
ms.author: dansimp
title: Set up Enterprise Mode logging and data collection (Internet Explorer 11 for IT Pros)
ms.sitesec: library
ms.date: 07/27/2017
---

# Set up Enterprise Mode logging and data collection

**Applies to:**

-   Windows 10
-   Windows 8.1
-   Windows 7
-   Windows Server 2012 R2
-   Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1)

Using Group Policy, you can turn on Enterprise Mode for Internet Explorer and then you can turn on local user control using the **Let users turn on and use Enterprise Mode from the Tools menu** setting, located in the `Administrative Templates\Windows Components\Internet Explorer` category path. After you turn this setting on, your users can turn on Enterprise Mode locally, from the IE **Tools** menu.

![enterprise mode option on the tools menu](images/ie-emie-toolsmenu.png)

The **Let users turn on and use Enterprise Mode from the Tools menu** setting also lets you decide where to send the user reports (as a URL). We recommend creating a custom HTTP port 81 to let your incoming user information go to a dedicated site. A dedicated site is important so you can quickly pick out the Enterprise Mode traffic from your other website traffic.

![group policy to turn on enterprise mode](images/ie-emie-grouppolicy.png)

Getting these reports lets you find out about sites that aren’t working right, so you can add them to your Enterprise Mode site list, without having to locate them all yourself. For more information about creating and using a site list, see the [Add multiple sites to the Enterprise Mode site list using a file and the Enterprise Mode Site List Manager (schema v.2)](add-multiple-sites-to-enterprise-mode-site-list-using-the-version-2-schema-and-enterprise-mode-tool.md) or the [Add multiple sites to the Enterprise Mode site list using a file and the Enterprise Mode Site List Manager (schema v.1)](add-multiple-sites-to-enterprise-mode-site-list-using-the-version-1-schema-and-enterprise-mode-tool.md) topic, based on your operating system.

## Using ASP to collect your data
When you turn logging on, you need a valid URL that points to a server that can be listened to for updates to a user’s registry key. This means you need to set up an endpoint server for the incoming POST messages, which are sent every time the user turns Enterprise Mode on or off from the **Tools** menu.

 **To set up an endpoint server**

1.  Configure an IIS server to work with your Enterprise Mode data collection process. If you’re unsure how to set up IIS, see the [IIS installation webpage](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkId=507609).

2.  Open Internet Information Services (IIS) and turn on the ASP components from the **Add Roles and Features Wizard**, **Server Roles** page.

This lets you create an ASP form that accepts the incoming POST messages.

3.  Open the Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager, click **Bindings**, highlight **Port 81**, click **Edit**, and then change the website information to point to Port 81 so it matches your custom-created port.

    ![IIS Manager, editing website bindings](images/ie-emie-editbindings.png)

4.  Open the **Logging** feature, pick **W3C** for the format, and click **Select Fields** to open the **W3C Logging Fields** box.

    ![IIS Manager, setting logging options](images/ie-emie-logging.png)

5.  Change the WC3 logging fields to include only the **Date**, **Client IP**, **User Name**, and **URI Query** standard fields, and then click **OK**.

Using only these fields keeps the log file simple, giving you the date, client IP address, and the website URI information for any site changed by your users.

6.  Apply these changes to your default website and close the IIS Manager.

7.  Put your EmIE.asp file into the root of the web server, using this command:

   ```
    <% @ LANGUAGE=javascript %>
    <%
    Response.AppendToLog(" ;" + Request.Form("URL") + " ;" + Request.Form("EnterpriseMode"));
    %>
    ```
This code logs your POST fields to your IIS log file, where you can review all of the collected data.

### IIS log file information
This is what your log files will look like after you set everything up and at least one of your users has turned on Enterprise Mode locally from the **Tools** menu. You can see the URL of the problematic website and client IP address of the user that turned on Enterprise Mode.

![Enterprise Mode log file](images/ie-emie-logfile.png)

## Using the GitHub sample to collect your data
Microsoft has created the [EMIE-Data-Collection_Sample](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkId=507401) that shows how to collect your Enterprise Mode reports. This sample only shows how to collect data, it doesn’t show how to aggregate the data into your Enterprise Mode site list.

This sample starts with you turning on Enterprise Mode and logging (either through Group Policy, or by manually setting the EnterpriseMode registry key) so that your users can use Enterprise Mode locally. For the steps to do this, go to [Turn on local control and logging for Enterprise Mode](turn-on-local-control-and-logging-for-enterprise-mode.md).

**Note**
If you decide to manually change the registry key, you can change the **Enable** setting to `[deployment url]/api/records/`, which automatically sends your reports to this page.

### Setting up, collecting, and viewing reports
For logging, you’re going to need a valid URL that points to a server that can be listened to for updates to a user’s registry key. This means you need to set up an endpoint server for the incoming POST messages, which are sent every time the user turns Enterprise Mode on or off from the **Tools** menu. These POST messages go into your database, aggregating the report data by URL, giving you the total number of reports where users turned on Enterprise Mode, the total number of reports where users turned off Enterprise Mode, and the date of the last report.

 **To set up the sample**

1.  Set up a server to collect your Enterprise Mode information from your users.

2.  Go to the Internet Explorer/[EMIE-Data_Collection_Sample](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkId=507401) page on GitHub and tap or click the **Download ZIP** button to download the complete project.

3.  Open Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 with Update 2, and then open the PhoneHomeSample.sln file.

4.  On the **Build** menu, tap or click **Build Solution**.

The required packages are automatically downloaded and included in the solution.

 **To set up your endpoint server**

1.  Right-click on the name, PhoneHomeSample, and click **Publish**.

    ![Visual Studio, Publish menu](images/ie-emie-publishsolution.png)

2.  In the **Publish Web** wizard, pick the publishing target and options that work for your organization.

   **Important**

   Make sure you have a database associated with your publishing target. Otherwise, your reports won’t be collected and you’ll have problems deploying the website.

    ![Visual Studio, Publish Web wizard](images/ie-emie-publishweb.png)

   After you finish the publishing process, you need to test to make sure the app deployed successfully.

 **To test, deploy, and use the app**

1.  Open a registry editor on the computer where you deployed the app, go to the `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main\EnterpriseMode` key, and change the **Enable** string to:

    ``` "Enable"="https://<deploy_URL>/api/records/"
    ```
 Where `<deploy_URL>` points to your deployment URL.

2.  After you’re sure your deployment works, you can deploy it to your users using one of the following:

    -   Turn on the **Let users turn on and use Enterprise Mode from the Tools menu** Group Policy setting, putting your `<deploy_URL>` information into the **Options** box.

    -   Deploy the registry key in Step 3 using System Center or other management software.

3.  Get your users to visit websites, turning Enterprise Mode on or off locally, as necessary.

 **To view the report results**

-   Go to `https://<deploy_URL>/List` to see the report results.

If you’re already on the webpage, you’ll need to refresh the page to see the results.

    ![Enterprise Mode Result report with details](images/ie-emie-reportwdetails.png)

### Troubleshooting publishing errors
If you have errors while you’re publishing your project, you should try to update your packages.

 **To update your packages**

1.  From the **Tools** menu of Microsoft Visual Studio, click **NuGet Package Manager**, and click **Manage NuGet Packages for Solution**.

    ![Nuget Package Manager for package updates](images/ie-emie-packageupdate.png)

2.  Click **Updates** on the left side of the tool, and click the **Update All** button.

You may need to do some additional package cleanup to remove older package versions.

## Related topics
- [Download the Enterprise Mode Site List Manager (schema v.2)](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkId=716853)
- [Download the Enterprise Mode Site List Manager (schema v.1)](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=394378)
- [What is Enterprise Mode?](what-is-enterprise-mode.md)
- [Use the Enterprise Mode Site List Manager](use-the-enterprise-mode-site-list-manager.md)
- [Turn on Enterprise Mode and use a site list](turn-on-enterprise-mode-and-use-a-site-list.md)


Q:

Min-max normalization in R, setting groups of min and max based on another column

Using R, I am trying to min-max normalize a column, but instead of using the min and max of all the column values, I need to set min and max by groups that are determined by another column.
Please see this example:
x <- c(0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0,0,0.1, 0.7)
y <- c(1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3)

df <- data.frame (x, y)

df

For y=1, min(x) = 0, and max(x) = 2.5.
For y=2, min(x) = 0.2, and max(x) = 0.5, and so forth.
Based on this grouped min and max, normalization is performed.
I found a similar question for Python, but it didnt help me much:
Normalize a column of dataframe using min max normalization based on groupby of another column

A:

library(tidyverse)

df %>%
  group_by(y) %>%
  mutate(xnorm = (x - min(x)) / (max(x) - min(x))) %>%
  ungroup()

Output:
# A tibble: 11 x 3
       x     y xnorm
   <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
 1   0       1 0
 2   0.5     1 0.2
 3   1       1 0.4
 4   2.5     1 1
 5   0.2     2 0
 6   0.3     2 0.333
 7   0.5     2 1
 8   0       3 0
 9   0       3 0
10   0.1     3 0.143
11   0.7     3 1

Or, in the mutate() statement, you could put xnorm = scales::rescale(x)


BMT Compared To Childbirth On Govt Instagram Post, Triggers Netizens

Gov.Sg Compares Childbirth To National Service On Instagram

Having children is often considered a “national duty” of Singaporeans, thanks to the push by our Government to increase the local population. As such, women who have given birth to Singaporean babies have been rewarded with perks galore.

But this explicit link to men serving their national service and women doing their “national duty” takes the cake.

Apparently, official government website Gov.Sg just launched an Instagram profile, and they do sponsored posts as well! One of their sponsored posts was about an attempt to garner publicity for local short film B.M.T (Beijing,Mumbai,Tampines), and it looked like this:

Questionable Caption

While both the poster and the film were beautiful representations of the multi-cultural friendships formed among soldiers during the Basic Military Training (BMT) phase of NS, the caption that accompanied the post wasn’t as well-received.

Instead of talking about the touching story depicted in the film, the caption instead drew a parallel between childbirth and BMT. A question was also posed — Who has it worse?


Early renal injury induced by caffeine consumption in obese, diabetic ZSF1 rats.
Our previous studies indicate that prolonged caffeine consumption exacerbates renal failure in nephropathy associated with the metabolic syndrome. Reduced activity of the antioxidant defense system and beneficial effects of antioxidant therapy have been reported in diabetic rats and humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the early renal effects of caffeine consumption and the effects of concomitant antioxidant therapy in young obese, diabetic ZSF1 rats. Eleven-week-old male ZSF1 rats were randomized to drink tap water, caffeine (0.1%), tempol (1 mmol/L), or a solution containing caffeine and tempol for nine weeks. Caffeine significantly reduced body weight and glycosuria (weeks 2-9), improved glucose tolerance (week 9), had no effect on elevated plasma triglycerides, plasma cholesterol (week 9) and blood pressure (week 9), and significantly increased plasma cholesterol level (weeks 5 and 9). Yet, as early as after two weeks, caffeine greatly augmented proteinuria and increased renal vascular resistance (RVR) and heart rate (HR: week 9). Tempol had no effects on metabolic status and development of proteinuria, did not alter caffeine-induced metabolic changes and early proteinuria, and attenuated caffeine-induced increase in HR and RVR. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant glomerular and interstitial inflammation, proliferation, and fibrosis in control animals. Caffeine augmented the influx of glomerular and interstitial macrophages (ED1+ cells) influx, glomerular and tubular proliferative response, and glomerular collagen IV content. Tempol abolished the exacerbation of renal inflammation, proliferation, and fibrosis induced by caffeine. In conclusion, in nephropathy associated with the metabolic syndrome, caffeine--most likely through the interaction with adenosine receptors and interference with anti-inflammatory and/or glomerular hemodynamic effects of adenosine--augments proteinuria and stimulates some of the key proliferative mechanisms involved in glomerular remodeling and sclerosis. Tempol does not prevent early renal injury (i.e., proteinuria) induced by caffeine, yet abolishes late renal inflammatory, proliferative, and fibrotic change induced by chronic caffeine consumption in obese ZSF1 rats.


Wednesday, January 18, 2006

A new issue facing the service sector

Recently a new issue has come to light in the service sector. Suddenly social service organizations are faced with the task of determining policies pertaining to transgendered people. This is an often ignored issue in mainstream culture. We choose not to think about this very difficult and hard to understand issue. However, when providing social services, it cannot be ignored.Shelters, including ours, determine services based on gender. However, for some people, gender is not a clearly defined entity. At my organization, we provide services only to women. However, if a person who appears ambiguously gendered comes to receive services, we ask them only once how they define their gender. If a person who appears rather man-like comes, but states that they live their life as a woman, we have no choice but to offer them services, for it is discrimination to deny them. This is a hot-button issue facing us today. The social services sector is forced to adjust policies out of necessity, but I wish that the larger society could adjust attitudes, perceptions and policies to be progressive and accepting. A huge issue facing us is the way that the other clients respond to our transgendered clients. Our women are not at all accepting, and we spend time each week addressing this issue with them. This is a unique Colorado challenge, because Trinidad, CO is the sex-change capital of the United States. I feel that this is more prevalent here than in other places.

No comments:

About Me

I'm a Chaplain serving at an inner city trauma center. This blog is a snapshot of my theological musings, the things I find interesting, the things I spend my days doing, and my general snarky commentary.
The views expressed on this blog are solely my own and do not represent my denomination, my employer, hospice, all chaplains, or any congregation with whom I worship, work, or visit.
If you choose to use sermon material or any portion of this blog, please cite and link appropriately. Thank you!


Selected Podcast

Ask Dr. Mike: Reducing Risk for Genetic Cancer Predisposition

Here you'll find the answers to a wealth of health and wellness questions posed by Healthy Talk fans.

Listen in because what you know helps ensure healthy choices you can live with. Today on Healthy Talk, you wanted to know:

I don’t want to get cancer, but I have a family history of cancer. What can I do to decrease my odds?

The key to cancer prevention is keeping your cells healthy. Cancer is a cell gone bad. The basic blueprint that drives the engine of a cell turns bad when you have cancer. The genetic makeup gets mutated.

Do things to promote DNA health. Broccoli is a cruciferous vegetable. Cruciferous vegetables preserve the integrity of DNA. Watercress, kale, cauliflower are also cruciferous. Eat at least a serving or two of cruciferous vegetables every day. The isothiocyanate inside is what protects your DNA. Diet is first, but it would be difficult to get enough isothiocyanate from just vegetables. Supplementation will help. Look for a product that lists the amount of isothiocyanate on the label.

Curcumin is the workhorse of cell health. It seems to benefit every organ system in the body. Try 400 mg a day.

If you have a health question or concern, Dr. Mike encourages you to write him at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
or call in, toll-free, to the LIVE radio show (1.844.305.7800) so he can provide you with support and helpful advice.


What's Tackier?

What's Tackier?

I'm pretty sure these aren't the tackiest women's costumes out there, but they're pretty awful. There are so many things you could be on Halloween (and in life!) besides sexy, and yet this is the direction a lot of women want to go in on Halloween. These two tacky costumes below take the cake, though, in my opinion. What's tackier?

I am sorry but that "sexy" warrior whatever she is wearing is disgusting! WTF is she trying to be? Is she a woman or a man? lol I think that is just one stupid costume they wasted creating. The nun costume is also tacky. I don't understand why would one want to wear that for halloween, I would feel like I am committing a sin! lol

I am sorry but that "sexy" warrior whatever she is wearing is disgusting! WTF is she trying to be? Is she a woman or a man? lol
I think that is just one stupid costume they wasted creating.
The nun costume is also tacky. I don't understand why would one want to wear that for halloween, I would feel like I am committing a sin! lol

Yea, whoever thinks the warrior costume is actually sexy, they are on something. She isnt even wearing a shirt. I dont get why women want to look like sluts either. I saw this woman at a restraunt yesterday and she was dressed up as a "sexy cop." Cleavage and all...the whole package.
:witch:

I just don't understand why women want to parade around like sluts on halloween. There are SO SO SO many other things that are way more conservative and creative than these "sexy" costumes. For example, this year, I'm going as a pricess with a giant hoop skirt and a sparkly tiara...still cute, still fun, but I won't be at the risk of being assaulted by a perv.


Q:

PHP OOP: Creating database class

I am making my first steps in the OOP world - please bear with me.
I know that having many ongoing mySQL connections open at the same time can be fatal for performance, so it should be a good idea to make a database class that takes this into account.
Is $this->session->write(...); going to result in a new mySQL connection being opened each time?
Or is that up to the "persistent connection" feature in mySQL?
Here's the code:
abstract class database {
    function __construct() {
       //mysql_connect()
    }
}

class session extends database {
    function write () {
       // mysql_query(--.)
    }
}

A:

Is session handler some kind of specialized type of database? It is not, so don't use inheritance (a is a relationship). Session handler uses database so you should use composition (a has a relationship):
class Session {
    protected $db;

    public function __construct(DB $db) {
        $this->db = $db;
    }

    public function write() {
        $this->db->query(...);
    }
}

$db = new DB(...);
$session = new Session($db);

Also, don't use mysql_*() functions. Use much more powerful PDO.

Returning to your question... mysql_connect() will be executed every time you create a new Database object. However in this case Session is an object of type Database so every time you write new Database() or new Session() the constructor is invoked, therefore mysql_connect() is invoked as well.
PS. mysql_connect() function won't create a new connection if specified connection already exists. Check 4th argument of this function to learn more.


package org.jeecg.modules.monitor.service;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

import org.jeecg.modules.monitor.domain.RedisInfo;
import org.jeecg.modules.monitor.exception.RedisConnectException;

public interface RedisService {

	/**
	 * 获取 redis 的详细信息
	 *
	 * @return List
	 */
	List<RedisInfo> getRedisInfo() throws RedisConnectException;

	/**
	 * 获取 redis key 数量
	 *
	 * @return Map
	 */
	Map<String, Object> getKeysSize() throws RedisConnectException;

	/**
	 * 获取 redis 内存信息
	 *
	 * @return Map
	 */
	Map<String, Object> getMemoryInfo() throws RedisConnectException;

}


Comparative evaluation of three assays for the quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma.
Reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor), the branched DNA (bDNA) method (Quantiplex HIV-1 RNA) and the nucleic acid sequence-based assay (NASBA HIV-1 RNA QT) were comparatively evaluated for the quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma. Among 60 plasma specimens from HIV-1 infected patients, HIV-1 RNA was detected in 56 by Amplicor (sensitivity, 93.3%), in 41 by bDNA (sensitivity, 68.3%), and in 60 by NASBA (sensitivity, 100%). HIV-1 RNA was not detected by any of these methods in 34/34 plasma specimens from HIV-1-seronegative blood donors (specificity, 100%). The HIV-1 RNA levels as determined by the different methods were correlated significantly. The frequency of concordant results (log difference < 0.50) was 80.4% between Amplicor and NASBA, 77.5% between Amplicor and bDNA, and 58.6% between bDNA and NASBA. After initiation of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 RNA level variations observed with the three methods were similar. HIV-1 RNA levels were inversely correlated with the CD4+ T cell counts, whereas no correlation was found with HIV-1 p24-antigen levels. When the methods were evaluated for reproducibility, coefficients of variation ranged from 11% to 40% for Amplicor, from 6% to 35% for bDNA, and from 13% to 62% for NASBA. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in culture supernatants from HIV-1 subtype A to H strains showed that bDNA can be used to quantitate RNA from all HIV-1 subtypes, whereas Amplicor failed to detect RNA from subtype A strains and NASBA subtype G strains.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of making a trench capacitor. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for fabricating a semiconductor trench capacitor within a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell.
2. Description of Related Art
Due to the extensive use and broad range of applications for integrated circuits, a wide variety of semiconductor memory devices have been developed. In these semiconductor memory devices, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) presently plays an important role. Today, most DRAM cells consist of at least a transistor and a capacitor. FIG. 1 shows a structure of a DRAM cell. A drain electrode of a NMOS transistor is connected to a storage electrode of a capacitor 20 and a gate of the NMOS transistor is connected to a word line WL. An opposed electrode of the capacitor 20 is connected to a voltage source supplying a constant voltage, and between the storage electrode and the opposed electrode exists a dielectric layer. By controlling the ON or OFF state of the NMOS transistor, the capacitor saves or releases electric charges to perform the level-memory function of the memory cell.
In DRAM with the capacity of one megabyte, a planar type capacitor is typically used to access electric data, i.e. to save or release electric charges. It is known that because the planar type capacitor has a two-dimensional structure, a large area of the semiconductor substrate is used to form the planar type capacitor to supply enough capacity for a DRAM cell. But there exists a continuing demand for inexpensive DRAM having increased memory and reduced chip size. The reduced-size chip limits the area available for forming the planar type capacitor and thus the capacity of planar type capacitor is reduced. Therefore, the planar type capacitor can not meet the requirements for DRAM with a higher and higher density of integrated circuits.
To improve the above drawback of the planar type capacitor, a three-dimension structure for DRAM capacitors is disclosed in the prior art. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,786, U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,816, and L. Nesbit, et al, "A 0.6 .mu.m 265 Mb Trench DRAM Cell With Self-Aligned BuriEd STrap (BEST)", 1993 IEDM, pp. 627-630 disclose relevant technologies for a trench type capacity used for DRAM cell. By using said semiconductor processes for the capacitors of DRAM cells, the area occupied by the capacitors on the substrate is significantly reduced to increase the density of integrated circuits. In the process to form trench capacitors, isolation layers (e.g. ON layer or ONO layer) and conduction layers (e.g. formed by n+ polysilicon) are deposited and etched many times. For general processes, a predetermined pattern on a mask is used to etch the photoresist layer and the substrate to form a trench. A charge storage portion (capacitor plate) and an insulating layer are formed along the side-wall of the trench. Finally, a conductive material is filled into the trench to form a trench capacitor.
FIGS. 2A.about.2F show a fabricating process for the trench capacitor disclosed in L. Nesbit, et al., "A 0.6 .mu.m 256 Mb trench DRAM cell With Selft-Aligned BuriEd STrap (BEST)", 1993 IEDM, pp. 627-630. As shown in FIG. 2A, an epi layer 210 is formed on a P- substrate 200. Then a silicon oxide layer 220 and a silicon nitride layer 221 are formed to protect the epi layer 210. A predetermined pattern is used to expose a photoresist layer (not shown in FIG. 2A) and a trench 230 is etched a predetermined depth into the P- substrate 200.
Next, as shown in FIG. 2B, a capacitor plate 240 for storing charges for the trench capacitor is formed in the substrate 200 by outdiffusing a N+ material, e.g. arsenic or phosphorus, from the lower portion of the trench 230. A dielectric layer 250, for example, an oxide nitride (ON) layer, is deposited on the capacitor plate 240 to form a trench 231.
After depositing N+ polysilicon as a conductive material through CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing), and then recess-etching the polysilicon and striping a portion of the oxide nitride (ON) layer, a first conductive portion 260 and a dielectric layer 250' are formed as shown in FIG. 2C. Then trench 231 in FIG. 2B changes into a trench 232.
In FIG. 2D, a collar silicon oxide layer 270 is deposited around on the side-wall of the trench 232 and a second conductive portion 261 is filled in the deposited trench (not shown in FIG. 2D) by well-known techniques for the semiconductor process. The collar silicon oxide layer 270 may be deposited by silicon oxide to insulate against leakage current. The second conductive portion 261 may be formed by depositing polysilicon heavily doped by arsenic or phosphorus.
Then the collar silicon oxide layer 270 and the second conductive portion 261 are recess-etched. The result is shown in FIG. 2E, wherein the collar silicon oxide layer 270 and the second conductive portion 261 become a collar silicon oxide layer 270' and a third conductive portion 261', respectively. It is noted that in the above step of forming a trench 233, to etch to the silicon oxide in collar silicon oxide layer 270 and the polysilicon in the second conductive portion 261 requires two depth decisions for two different materials and two selective etchings.
At last, as shown in FIG. 2F, N+ polysilicon is deposited in the trench 233 in FIG. 2E to form a fourth conductive portion 262, completing the trench capacitor for use in the next step of constructing a DRAM cell.
However, whether isotropic or anisotropic etching is used to perform the two selective etchings, two depth decisions have to be individually made with respect to two different materials, making the semiconductor process will become more difficult. Furthermore, before these two etchings, two associated photolithography processes are necessary. In addition, after depositing the fourth conductive portion 262, if the etching process of the collar silicon oxide layer 270 has failed, or the depth of the collar silicon oxide layer 270 in FIG. 2C is too small, a leakage current is caused between the capacitor plate 240 in FIG. 2 and the fourth conductive portion 262 since both of the charge storage areas are too close and therefore can short if operated under a high voltage. Thus, the charge storage performance of the trench capacitor will be negatively effected.


Ōgaki Domain

The  was a Japanese domain during the Edo period, located in Mino Province (modern-day Ōgaki, Gifu Prefecture).

History
Historically, the Ōgaki area had been a highly important point of transit from Mino Province to Ōmi Province; it was vital to Saitō Dōsan and later to Oda Nobunaga. In the Edo period, the domain changed hands several times before it was given to the Toda clan, who held it until the Meiji Restoration.

The Ōgaki Domain took part in the Boshin War, first on the side of the Shogunate, and then as one of the components of the imperial army which was at the forefront of the offensive against Aizu and the northern domains.

In the Meiji period, the Toda family of Ōgaki received the rank of viscount (伯爵 hakushaku) in the new kazoku nobility.

List of lords

Ishikawa clan (Fudai; 50,000 koku)
Ishikawa Yasumichi
Ishikawa Ienari
Ishikawa Tadafusa

Matsudaira (Hisamatsu) clan (Fudai; 20,000 koku)
Matsudaira Tadayoshi
Matsudaira Norinaga

Abe clan (Fudai; 50,000 koku)
Abe Nagamori
Abe Nobukatsu

Matsudaira (Hisamatsu) clan (Shinpan; 60,000 koku)
Matsudaira Sadatsuna

Toda clan (Fudai; 100,000 koku)
Toda Ujikane
Toda Ujinobu
Toda Ujiaki
Toda Ujisada
Toda Ujinaga
Toda Ujihide
Toda Ujinori
Toda Ujikane
Toda Ujimasa
Toda Ujiakira
Toda Ujitaka
Toda Ujihide

In fiction

The Ōgaki domain is the setting for Yamamoto Shūgorō's novel Hanamushiro (translated into English as The Flower Mat).

Further reading
Yamamoto Shūgorō (1977). The Flower Mat. Translated by Mihoko Inoue and Eileen B. Hennessy. (Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle Co.)

References

Category:Domains of Japan