Wang J, Yao W, Meng F, Wang P, Wu Y, Wang B. A surface plasmon resonance immunoassay for the rapid analysis of methamphetamine in forensic oral fluid. J Clin Lab Anal. 2019;33:e22993 10.1002/jcla.22993

1. INTRODUCTION {#jcla22993-sec-0005}
===============

Methamphetamine (MA), a widely circulated "club drug," has strong effects on the central nervous system, resulting in mental alertness and other symptoms.[1](#jcla22993-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"} The abuse of MA continues to be one of the most concerning problems for public safety. The detection of drugs in biological specimens, typically urine, blood, and oral fluid, is important for the identification of drug addicts.[2](#jcla22993-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}

In general, accurate detection methods in forensic laboratories mainly utilize either gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS),[3](#jcla22993-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}, [4](#jcla22993-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}, [5](#jcla22993-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"} high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),[6](#jcla22993-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} or LC‐MS.[7](#jcla22993-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#jcla22993-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#jcla22993-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}, [10](#jcla22993-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}, [11](#jcla22993-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"} These methods are sensitive and specific since they allow specific identification and accurate quantification of the target analyte. Due to the high complexity of biological samples and low concentrations of target analytes, these chromatographic methods usually require a series of sample pretreatment steps to eliminate matrices and enrich target compounds. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a quick and cheap approach, is the first line of screening utilized for the determination of the presence of an abused drug in biological samples. However, it cannot be used to reliably identify the tested drugs.[12](#jcla22993-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} Thus, there is a demand for a fast and direct method with minimal sample pretreatment for forensic drug analysis.

To this end, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), an optical sensing technique that investigates surface phenomena and generates a signal related to a change in refractive index at the metal was considered. It has the advantages of rapid‐response measurements with high sensitivity and specificity, without the need for intricate sample preparation. The value of SPR equipment is less than the currently used for MA analysis.

SPR has been known to be a capable analytical technique for the detection of various biological molecules, chemicals, and metal ion,[13](#jcla22993-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}, [14](#jcla22993-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}, [15](#jcla22993-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}, [16](#jcla22993-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}, [17](#jcla22993-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}, [18](#jcla22993-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}, [19](#jcla22993-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}, [20](#jcla22993-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}, [21](#jcla22993-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}, [22](#jcla22993-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}, [23](#jcla22993-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}, [24](#jcla22993-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"} and as such, it is a promising tool for forensic drug analysis.[25](#jcla22993-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"} There are limited reports related to the detection of MA using an SPR biosensor. Sakaia et al [26](#jcla22993-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"} developed an SPR sensor based on the immunoreaction between methamphetamine‐bovine serum albumin (MA‐BSA) and the antibody, and validated its feasibility for the sensitive response for MA. Cao et al [27](#jcla22993-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"} proved its usefulness for quantitative analysis of MA in spiked human serum.

Oral fluid testing for MA has emerged as a promising alternative to urine and blood testing. Oral liquid can be easily and noninvasively collected under observation, thereby eliminating the problem of substitution or adulteration that are often associated with urine collection. Furthermore, previous studies have found that the MA concentration in oral liquid could correlate well with those in blood and plasma.[28](#jcla22993-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}, [29](#jcla22993-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"}

In this study, an SPR sensor based on indirect competitive immunoassay enabling the rapid detection of MA is presented. The immobilization process and MA‐antibody concentration were individually optimized. The specificity of the sensor was evaluated by testing the oral fluid samples from forensic cases. High sensitivity and satisfactory recovery were obtained. This work sheds some light on developing SPR sensor as a powerful technique for the forensic monitoring of MA.

2. EXPERIMENTAL {#jcla22993-sec-0006}
===============

2.1. Chemicals and reagents {#jcla22993-sec-0007}
---------------------------

Bovine serum albumin (BSA), MA‐BSA conjugate, and anti‐MA monoclonal antibody (MA‐Ab) were purchased from Hangzhou Clongene Biotech Co., Ltd. The amine‐coupling reagents containing N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 98%) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐\[3‐dimethylaminopropyl\] carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, ≥99.0) were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and ethanolamine were purchased Sigma‐Aldrich. Methamphetamine (1 mg/mL in methanol) was provided by the Public Security Bureau of Hangzhou. Acetic acid‐sodium salt was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Acetic acid was purchased from Shanghai Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.

2.2. Instrumentation {#jcla22993-sec-0008}
--------------------

An automatic flow injection system (BT100F‐1) was used for sample injection. SPR measurements were performed on a Biacore 3000 system (Swit). The MA diagnostic kit (colloidal gold) was purchased from ACON Biotech Co., Ltd. The CM5 sensor chip (20 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 m) was obtained from the General Electric Company. A ThermoFisher Micro 21 centrifuge and an Amicon ultra‐0.5 centrifugal filter unit (Merck KGaA) were used for the purification of samples.

2.3. Immobilization procedure of the MA‐BSA conjugate {#jcla22993-sec-0009}
-----------------------------------------------------

The immobilization of MA‐BSA conjugate consisted of the following three steps. First, the chip was mounted on the SPR platform. A mixture (1:1, v/v) of 100 mmol/L NHS and 400 Mmol/L EDC was injected over the chip to activate the surface carboxyl groups. Second, MA‐BSA conjugate (1 mg/mL) in 10 mmol/L acetic acid‐sodium acetate buffer was flowed through the activated chip. Third, the unused carboxylic terminals were blocked by injecting 100 µL of 1 mol/L ethanolamine (pH 8.5). These procedures were done at a flow rate of 20 µL/min.

2.4. SPR measurement {#jcla22993-sec-0010}
--------------------

An indirect competitive immunoassay format was used for the detection of MA. The MA‐BSA conjugate was immobilized and used as the sensing bioactive surface. In measurement, 40 µL samples containing a fixed antibody concentration were incubated with solutions of varying MA concentrations at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v), and this mixture was flowed over the antigen‐coated chip at a flow rate of 20 µL/min at room temperature, which took about 3 minutes. Since antibody binding to the immobilized conjugate was inhibited by the presence of the analyte, lower analyte concentrations resulted in high SPR signals and vice versa. Finally, 10 µL of 50 mmol/L NaOH solution was injected to regenerate the sensing surface, and the regeneration process took approximately 2.5 minutes.

2.5. Calibration curve {#jcla22993-sec-0011}
----------------------

The stock solution of MA (1 mg/mL) was diluted with PBS, and then mixed with an equal volume of 25 µg/mL MA‐Ab, to obtain final concentrations of 0.06, 0.12, 0.24, 0.49, 0.98, 1.95, 3.91, 7.81, 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125 ng/mL, respectively. Then, 40 µL of the solution was passed over the sensor chip at a flow rate of 20 µL/min. A standard calibration curve was obtained by plotting SPR signal versus MA concentration.

2.6. Oral fluid collection {#jcla22993-sec-0012}
--------------------------

The specificity of the sensor was evaluated by testing frozen oral fluid samples collected from 20 suspected drug abusers in forensic cases. All samples were collected in accordance with the ethical guidelines and permission of the institutional review board (IRB). For analysis, the frozen oral fluid was stable at room temperature for ten minutes. Then it was added to an Amicon ultra‐0.5 centrifugal filter and centrifuged at 12 000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was mixed with Ab solution and injected into the SPR system for analysis.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION {#jcla22993-sec-0013}
=========================

3.1. SPR immunoassay format {#jcla22993-sec-0014}
---------------------------

The molecular weight of the analyte is a key factor when selecting the immunoassay format. MA (MW: 149.237 g/mol) itself has no immunogenicity, thus an inhibitive assay to indirectly measure the concentration of MA was adopted. Alternatively, in an indirect format, the immobilization of target molecules with a conjugated protein onto the sensing chip provides a higher degree of robustness and reusability even under acid and basic conditions[26](#jcla22993-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}. In this approach, the conjugate antigen (MA‐BSA) was firstly immobilized on a sensor chip and was then exposed to PBS solutions containing MA and antibody to allow the immunoreaction to take place. As shown in Figure [1](#jcla22993-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}, MA functions as an inhibitor to the immunoreaction between the antibody and MA‐BSA, and a strong decrease in response occurred with the addition of MA, suggesting the presence of binding affinity between MA‐BSA and MA‐Ab.

![Scheme of the SPR immunoassay for MA](JCLA-33-na-g001){#jcla22993-fig-0001}

3.2. Optimization of immobilization of MA‐BSA conjugate {#jcla22993-sec-0015}
-------------------------------------------------------

MA‐BSA was covalently immobilized to the carboxymethyl dextran matrix on the sensor chip through EDC/NHS esters under acidic condition (acetic acid‐sodium acetate buffer). To achieve the best sensor performance, MA‐BSA conjugate (1 mg/mL) was immobilized at different pH levels: 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. The correlation between resonance signals and the pH value is shown in Figure [2](#jcla22993-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}A. It can be seen that the decreased pH value led to a gradually rising resonant signal until approaching saturation at pH 4.0‐4.5. A pH of 5.0 is suitable for better assay sensitivity and discernible signals for a wider range of analyte concentrations. Thus, in order to favor competition, we immobilized MA‐BSA conjugate at pH 5.0 and tested several MA‐Ab concentrations in the following experiments.

![Optimization of immobilization of BA‐BSA conjugate on sensor chip at varying pH (A), and dependence of SPR signal against MA‐antibody concentration (B)](JCLA-33-na-g002){#jcla22993-fig-0002}

3.3. Optimization of MA‐Ab concentration {#jcla22993-sec-0016}
----------------------------------------

The MA‐BSA immobilized chip was exposed to the flow of several MA‐Ab concentrations including 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively (Figure [2](#jcla22993-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}B). The resonance signals increased with increasing concentrations of the antibody, and there was no indication of surface saturation within the tested concentration range. However, at lower concentration levels of 6.25 and 12.5 µg/mL, the responding resonance signals were relatively low, which might lead to a relatively narrow linear range. Conversely, using higher antibody concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL would cause an increase in the cost. Therefore, an MA‐Ab concentration of 25 µg/mL was deemed appropriate for the MA sensing assay.

3.4. Reusability of the sensor chip {#jcla22993-sec-0017}
-----------------------------------

In order to assess the reusability and robustness of the sensing chip and the reproducibility of the measurements, we tested the chip reaction process using 50 mmol/L NaOH as a regeneration reagent. As seen in Figure [3](#jcla22993-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}A, the injection of a mixture of MA and MA‐Ab caused an initial increase in the SPR signal (indicated as position a) and its subsequent stabilization (position b). The regeneration was then applied (position c), after which the basal line was finally recovered. Correspondingly, the resonance signal of the initial baseline was 1748 RU, and it returned to 1951 RU upon injection of 10 µL of 50 mmol/L NaOH, with a minute variation of 0.17%, indicating the complete removal of bound antibody from the sensor surface.

![Chip regeneration process with 50 mmol/L NaOH (A). (a) Start of sample injection, (b) stabilized signal, and (c) start of regeneration. Reusability of the MA sensor chip during 50 successive binding‐regeneration cycles (B)](JCLA-33-na-g003){#jcla22993-fig-0003}

The recycling experiments in Figure [3](#jcla22993-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}B showed that the same chip could be reused at least 50 times in this way without a significant decrease in response and with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.15%. These results confirmed the reliability and robustness of the immobilized chips.

3.5. Sensitivity and limit of detection of MA by the SPR biosensor {#jcla22993-sec-0018}
------------------------------------------------------------------

The SPR response signal of each solution containing a fixed concentration of MA‐Ab (25 µg/mL) and varying concentrations of MA (0‐125 ng/mL) are plotted in Figure [4](#jcla22993-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}. Clearly, SPR signals were sensitive to the change in MA concentrations from 0.06‐15.63 ng/mL. With an increase up to 15.63 ng/mL, SPR signals decreased fairly steeply due to the inhibition effect of MA. The data points fit well with the four‐parameter logistic model,[18](#jcla22993-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"} with a correlation coefficient (*r* ^2^) of 0.9991. Above 15.63 ng/mL, the signals were insensitive to the MA concentrations, because the whole antibody was inactivated by the excessive amount of MA. It was notable that the present sensor could detect MA at concentrations less than 15.63 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD), determined as 3 × noise inhibition of the maximum SPR signal,[27](#jcla22993-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"} was estimated to be 0.44 ng/mL.

![Dependence of SPR signals on the MA concentration](JCLA-33-na-g004){#jcla22993-fig-0004}

3.6. Comparison with other reported methods {#jcla22993-sec-0019}
-------------------------------------------

A comparison among different detection techniques for MA in biological samples is shown in Table [1](#jcla22993-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}. Conventional chromatographic techniques, including GC‐MS, HPLC, and LC‐MS, require extraction procedures prior to analysis.[3](#jcla22993-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}, [4](#jcla22993-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}, [5](#jcla22993-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}, [6](#jcla22993-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}, [7](#jcla22993-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#jcla22993-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#jcla22993-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}, [10](#jcla22993-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}, [11](#jcla22993-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"} This SPR immunoassay is suitable for the direct analysis of oral fluid samples without any pretreatment steps. It requires only sub‐microliter levels of sample and avoids the use of organic solvents. In general, this SPR method has the advantages of simplicity, allowing the fast and real‐time determination of MA, while achieving comparable or ever lower detection limits than pre‐existing methods.

######

Comparison of several methods used for the detection of MA in biological specimens

  Method                                               Limit of detection   Ref.
  ---------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -----------
  Magnetic solid‐phase extraction coupled with GC‐MS   0.044 ng/mL          3
  Liquid‐liquid extraction coupled with GC‐MS          5 ng/mL              4
  Liquid‐phased microextraction coupled with HPLC      0.01 µg/mL           6
  Supramolecular solvents coupled with LC‐MS/MS        5 ng/mL              9
  Supported liquid extraction coupled with LC/MS       5 ng/mL              11
  SPR biosensor                                        0.44 ng/mL           this work

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

3.7. Determination of MA in oral fluid samples {#jcla22993-sec-0020}
----------------------------------------------

According to the obtained assay features, this SPR‐based approach can be useful for the determination of MA in oral fluid samples from 20 suspected drug abusers in forensic cases. The results are listed in Table [2](#jcla22993-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}. MA could be found in 17 MA abusers\' oral fluid samples, thus confirming investigators\' suspicions of drug exposure. Recoveries of spiked oral fluid sample at spiked level (5 ng/mL) were conducted to study the matrix effects. The average recovery was found to be 113.2%, with RSD of 3.1%. Besides, the real‐time SPR curves of blank oral fluid and spiked oral fluid are shown in Figure [5](#jcla22993-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}. The results demonstrated a good anti‐interference capability and application feasibility of the SPR biosensor in quick confirmation and quantification of MA abuse.

######

Analytical results of oral liquid samples from forensic cases by SPR biosensor and colloidal gold methods

  Oral liquid   MA diagnostic kit (colloidal gold)           SPR biosensor
  ------------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ------
  1             \+[a](#jcla22993-note-0001){ref-type="fn"}   \>15.63                                      7.32
  2             \+                                           \>15.63                                      6.81
  3             \+                                           \>15.63                                      8.46
  4             \+                                           \>15.63                                      9.82
  5             \+                                           \>15.63                                      3.98
  6             \+                                           \>15.63                                      1.36
  7             −[b](#jcla22993-note-0002){ref-type="fn"}    10.41                                        6.91
  8             −                                            7.51                                         3.65
  9             −                                            10.54                                        7.53
  10            −                                            4.37                                         7.37
  11            −                                            8.31                                         6.53
  12            −                                            5.44                                         8.10
  13            −                                            12.45                                        5.46
  14            −                                            6.24                                         7.20
  15            −                                            3.52                                         4.80
  16            −                                            0.96                                         2.97
  17            −                                            0.56                                         3.85
  18            −                                            nd[c](#jcla22993-note-0003){ref-type="fn"}   3.54
  19            −                                            nd                                           8.95
  20            −                                            nd                                           4.17

MA‐positive.

MA‐negative.

not detected.

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

![The SPR curves of standard samples and oral fluid samples](JCLA-33-na-g005){#jcla22993-fig-0005}

In forensic toxicology, MA diagnostic kits are a rapid visual gold colloidal method that is often used for the determination of the presence of an abused drug in biological specimens, at an LOD value of approximately 1000 ng/mL. Six saliva samples were founded to be positive. Taken together, the SPR biosensor provides a relatively accurate method for the MA detection in biological specimens.

4. CONCLUSION {#jcla22993-sec-0021}
=============

This work highlights a sensitive and reusable SPR immunosensor for the simple and rapid forensic monitoring of MA in oral fluid samples. It is worth mentioning that this sensor allows direct injection of oral fluid after centrifugation and greatly reduced the analysis time to 3 minutes, while showing a comparable or lower LOD value (0.44 ng/mL) to the current methods that are sensitive enough for confirmation of MA abuse. Further validation and implementation was  evaluated using human oral fluid samples in forensic cases. This is the first time to realize such a sensitive detection of MA in forensic samples using an SPR‐based sensor. This method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible, and more importantly, it paves the way for the potential application of SPR biosensors in the forensic laboratory analysis of illicit drugs.

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0800906) and the Technology Research Program of the Ministry of Public Security (No. 2016JSYJA32).


/*
 * This software is distributed under BSD 3-clause license (see LICENSE file).
 *
 * Authors: Kevin Hughes, Heiko Strathmann, Bjoern Esser, Sergey Lisitsyn
 */

#ifndef JADIAG_H_
#define JADIAG_H_

#include <shogun/lib/config.h>

#include <shogun/mathematics/ajd/ApproxJointDiagonalizer.h>
#include <shogun/mathematics/Math.h>

namespace shogun
{

/** @brief Class JADiag
 *
 * An Approximate Joint Diagonalizer (AJD) Implementation
 * Assumes the matrices are Positive-definite
 *
 * Pham, D. T., & Cardoso, J. F. (2001).
 * Blind separation of instantaneous mixtures of nonstationary sources.
 * Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, 49(9), 1837-1848.
 *
 */
class JADiag : public ApproxJointDiagonalizer
{
	public:

		/** constructor */
		JADiag()
		{
		}

		/** destructor */
		~JADiag() override
		{
		}

		/** Computes the matrix V that best diagonalizes C
		 * @param C the set of matrices to be diagonalized
		 * @param V0 an estimate of the matrix V
		 * @param eps machine epsilon or desired epsilon
		 * @param itermax maximum number of iterations
		 * @return V the matrix that best diagonalizes C
		 */
		static SGMatrix<float64_t> diagonalize(SGNDArray<float64_t> C,
							SGMatrix<float64_t> V0 = SGMatrix<float64_t>(NULL,0,0,false),
							double eps=Math::MACHINE_EPSILON,
							int itermax=200);

		/** Computes the matrix V that best diagonalizes C
		 * @param C the set of matrices to be diagonalized
		 * @param V0 an estimate of the matrix V
		 * @param eps machine epsilon or desired epsilon
		 * @param itermax maximum number of iterations
		 * @return V the matrix that best diagonalizes C
		 */
		SGMatrix<float64_t> compute(SGNDArray<float64_t> C,
						   SGMatrix<float64_t> V0 = SGMatrix<float64_t>(NULL,0,0,false),
						   double eps=Math::MACHINE_EPSILON,
						   int itermax=200) override
		{
			m_V = diagonalize(C,V0,eps,itermax);
			return m_V;
		}

		/** @return object name */
		const char* get_name() const override { return "JADiag"; }
};
}
#endif //JADIAG_H_


Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 203

The 203rd Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Philadelphia County and includes the following areas:

 Ward 10
 Ward 35 [PART, Divisions 09, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28 and 31]
 Ward 61 [PART, Divisions 04, 05, 06, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28]

Representatives

References

Category:Government of Philadelphia
203


Obi Wan Kenobi - Now, That's a Name I've Not Heard in a Long Time

i felt a great disturbance in the force,

as if millions of voices suddenly cried out in terror and were suddenly silenced.


“Degrees of Debt: What to Do About Rising College Debt in Texas” is a three-part data series by the Center for Public Policy Priorities. Part 1/3

Postsecondary education is critical for driving prosperity for Texas families. Increasingly, well-paid jobs available in Texas require more than a high school diploma. For more Texans to become qualified members of the workforce and sustainable earners for their families, more students of all backgrounds need access to a postsecondary education. The state has an important role to play to ensure college affordability, and it’s critical that we invest in higher education access now to ensure prosperity for all Texans in the future.

In 2015, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board adopted the 60x30TX plan, which aims for 60 percent of Texans aged 25-34 to receive a college degree or postsecondary credential by the year 2030. CPPP supports this ambitious goal, but so far the data show we are not on track to meet it.

Since 2000, the state has been slowly divesting from Texas colleges and universities. In 2003, the Texas Legislature voted to deregulate tuition, allowing colleges and universities to charge Texas families unlimited tuition. This divestment, coupled with deregulation, has led in part to steady tuition increases at public colleges and universities to make up for the deficit created by decreases in state funding.

While the state has been investing less and less in Texas colleges and universities, the average annual tuition for a Texas university student doubled from 2000 to 2015. After a decade of declining state support for public universities, students and their families began paying more in tuition and fees ($6,667) than the state provided in funding ($6,276 per student). The year 2010 was the first time that students and their families paid more than the state provided, and that continues today. The gap between state and student investment in colleges and universities grew to a difference of more than $3,000 per year in 2015.
year
in 2015.[i]

Community colleges are not immune from the trend of higher costs for students and their families. Tuition and fees per community college student grew 35 percent from 2006 to 2016 (from $1,490 to about $2,018 per student). Community colleges, however, are special in that they depend on local property taxes as an important source of revenue. State appropriations and property taxes were nearly equal sources of funding for community colleges in 2005. However, as state investment began to decline, community colleges started to rely more on other sources of income to make up the difference. As a result, local property taxes have become the primary source of revenue, increasing 47 percent since 2005 while state support has fallen by 17 percent in the same period.

While 60x30TX sets the goal of educating 60 percent of Texans aged 25-34 by 2030, Texas is continuously shrinking the financial investment necessary to ensure access to post-secondary educational opportunity. Moreover, the Legislature is shifting the burden of postsecondary education costs from the state to Texas families. With less state investment and unchecked tuition increases, students are forced to take on more debt and work longer hours, which can interfere with classroom performance. Additionally, many students struggle with rising costs for food, transportation, and room and board, and some are priced out of postsecondary education altogether.

The Legislature should revisit its level of higher education investment if the state is serious about expanding access to postsecondary education and achieving the goals of 60x30TX.

[i] Note: Increases in tuition and fees are not a direct result of tuition deregulation in 2003, when the Texas Legislature voted to allow institutions to set their own tuition rates. Tuition and fees have grown at a high rate both before and after deregulation.

Ashley Williams joined the Center as an Economic Opportunity Policy Fellow in 2018 and focuses on postsecondary education and immigration. She is dedicated to intersectional mixed-methods work and previously researched the disparate impact of high-cost online lending on communities of color and women. Ashley earned a Master of Social Science from UCLA in 2018 and graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in 2016, where she received a Bachelor of Business Administration in Business Honors and Finance and a Bachelor of Arts in African and African Diaspora Studies.


Q:

Alter column name?

I have a table "Items" with different columns but I didn't asign a name in each column. Now I have different rows in this table and I would like to execute:
ItemsDao.queryBuilder().where().eq(Items.NAME, "computer").query();

But my column doesn't have name. I have tried to update my table with "alter table" but it doesn't work.
AnyBody know how I can add a name of my column without lost my information?
Thank you

A:

Edit:
Sorry, now I understand the question.  You are saying that you did not specify a columnName = "..." for each of your fields and you are having problems with QueryBuilder now because of this.
You don't need a columnName to get QueryBuilder to work although it is recommended.  You should be able to go back to fields and add a columnName static that matches your existing schema.  For example, if the field in the database is "items" then you just add the columnName = "items" to your Java field.  I don't believe Sqlite is case sensitive with regards to column names but it would be good to match the case as well.
But you don't need the columnName.  If you field name in the database is "items" then you should be able to do:
itemsDao.queryBuilder().where().eq("items", "computer").query();

If you edit your question to show your schema and the exception you are getting from QueryBuilder, I'll be able to respond more specifically.

I believe you should be able to do:
 dao.executeRaw("ALTER TABLE `items` ADD COLUMN name VARCHAR;");

That doesn't work for you?  There is a section in the ORMLite documentation about updating your schema under Android:

http://ormlite.com/docs/upgrade-schema

To quote from it, you will need to change your database version when you make schema changes and then in your onUpgrade(...) method do something like:
Dao<Account, Integer> dao = getHelper().getAccountDao();
// change the table to add a new column named "age"
dao.executeRaw("ALTER TABLE `account` ADD COLUMN age INTEGER;");

Most likely you will be keying off the database version number do if they have version 1 you do X and Y but if they have version 2 you just do Y.  Something like that:
if (oldVersion == 1) {
  // we added the age column in version 2
  dao.executeRaw("ALTER TABLE `account` ADD COLUMN age INTEGER;");
}
if (oldVersion < 2) {
  // we added the weight column in version 3
  dao.executeRaw("ALTER TABLE `account` ADD COLUMN weight INTEGER;");
}

You are limited by Sqlite on what you can do with ALTER TABLE.  Right now you can only rename a column or add a new column. See the docs for more details.


In the article titled "Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with mild heart failure is a reversal therapy." \[1\], the name of the first author was given incorrectly as Sadegh Ali-Hassan-Sayegh. The author\'s name should have been written as Sadeq Ali-Hasan-Al-Saegh. The revised authors' list is shown above. These two spelling are belonging to an author. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this review.


(2008)
In re: UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE PRIVACY ACT LITIGATION
Janet Diggins v. United States Postal Service, N.D. Illinois, C.A. No. 1:07-4623
Lance McDermott, et al. v. United States Postal Service, W.D. Washington, C.A. No. 2:07-1174.
MDL No. 1937.
United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation.
April 9, 2008.

TRANSFER ORDER
JOHN G. HEYBURN II, Chairman.
Before the entire Panel[*]: Defendant in both actions, United States Postal Service (USPS), has moved, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407, for centralization of this litigation in the District of District of Columbia. Plaintiffs in the Western District of Washington action do not oppose centralization and support selection of the Western District of Washington as the transferee district. Plaintiff in the N.D. Illinois action supports centralization in the Northern District of Illinois.
This litigation currently consists of two actions pending, respectively, in the Northern District of Illinois and the Western District of Washington.
On the basis of the papers filed and hearing session held, we find that these two actions involve common questions of fact, and that centralization under Section 1407 in the Western District of Washington will serve the convenience of the parties and witnesses and promote the just and efficient conduct of this litigation. In June 2004, USPS allowed companies to submit bids for "co-branding" of targeted solicitations to its employees, through which offers for products such as discounted magazine subscriptions and cellular phone service would also appear with the USPS logo. Both actions, which are brought on behalf of putative nationwide classes of USPS employees, involve allegations that USPS violated the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a, and was otherwise unjustly enriched when it disclosed employees' personal information (such as their home addresses) to companies which it authorized to disseminate the targeted solicitations without obtaining prior authorization from each affected employee. Centralization under Section 1407 will eliminate duplicative discovery; prevent inconsistent pretrial rulings (particularly with respect to the issue of class certification); and conserve the resources of the parties, their counsel and the judiciary.
We are persuaded that the Western District of Washington, where the earliest filed action is pending, is an appropriate transferee forum for this litigation. While the District of District of Columbia would no doubt also be an appropriate transferee forum, centralization in the Western District of Washington gives due credit to plaintiffs' choice of forum and will not inconvenience USPS, which has a nationwide presence. By centralizing this litigation before Judge James L. Robart, we are selecting a jurist who is likely to steer this litigation on a prudent course.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407, the action pending in the Northern District of Illinois is transferred to the Western District of Washington and, with the consent of that court, assigned to the Honorable James L. Robart for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings with the action pending in that district.
NOTES
[*]  Judge Scirica took no part in the disposition of this matter.


Yet another downtown hotel project is in the works, joining a growing list of lodging developments slated to add at least 1,000 rooms to the central business district.

Shawn Cannon, owner of Tow Yard Brewing at 501 S. Madison Ave., has filed plans with the city to build an eight-story, 152-room hotel with 6,000 square feet of retail on the surface lot north of the craft brewery.

The proposal includes 366 parking spaces on the first four floors of the building, with hotel rooms occupying levels five through eight. The street-level retail space would be at the northwest corner of the development, at Madison and South Street, and would extend east along South Street.

The parking lot on which the hotel would be built runs diagonally along Madison Avenue and follows South Street east to the Subway restaurant, and bounds South Scioto Street and an Arby’s parking lot. The south end of the parking lot runs along East Henry Street adjacent to the brewery.

Cannon's hotel would be built in an L shape starting at South and Madison streets. (Images courtesy city of Indianapolis) Cannon's hotel would be built in an L shape starting at South and Madison streets. (Images courtesy city of Indianapolis)

Neither Cannon nor project architect Browning Day Mullins Dierdorf returned calls seeking comment.

But architect Steve Alexander, president of the Stadium Village Business Association, a group that supports economic development in the south and southwest quadrants of downtown, is confident Cannon can complete the project.

“I think he’s in a position to pull it off,” said Alexander, who operates Prince/Alexander Architects about two blocks away on West Merrill Street.

If he can, it would be the entrepreneur's most ambitious project by far.

Besides Tow Yard, Cannon operates Fireside Brewhouse in Greenwood and is launching the seafood restaurant Sea Salt on Mass in the Millikan on Mass apartment and retail project on Massachusetts Avenue.

Cannon’s hotel would be built in an L shape starting at South and Madison, running east to Subway, and extending south to the end of the restaurant’s parking lot. The hotel’s parking garage would extend from the hotel and follow Madison south, ending short of Henry Street.

Building materials would be a mix of brick veneer with cast stone accent, metal panels, concrete and metal screening, according to the city filing.

The Metropolitan Development Commission is set to consider the project May 4.

Department of Metropolitan Development staff recommends approval, contingent on Cannon's making certain revisions to his plans. Those include "activating" the entire frontage of the parking garage along Madison with retail, restaurant or other commercial uses; and emphasizing the “understated” entrance to the building at the northwest corner (South and Madison).

Meanwhile, Alexander is involved in a different hotel project in the area as its architect.

Illinois-based Hillcrest Development Inc. has received city approval to build a $17 million, 140-room extended-stay TownePlace Suites by Marriott two blocks east of Lucas Oil Stadium.

The five-story hotel would be south of Merrill Street between Russell Avenue and South Meridian Street as they come to a point. Hillcrest hopes to break ground in the summer, Alexander said.

Also on the south side of downtown, hotel developer Barat Patel plans to build a 12-story, 150-room Cambria for Rockville, Maryland-based Choice Hotels International. Choice first presented plans last October for the $20 million project to be built on a surface lot at the southwest corner of South Meridian Street and Jackson Place. The project includes 15,000 square feet of retail space.

Patel’s Sun Development & Management Corp. was not originally part of the project but later jumped aboard. The timing of the project is uncertain, pending city approval of design changes that are in the works.

In addition, Patel is poised to convert the city’s oldest African-American church into hotel space as part of a $30 million project that would add more than 200 rooms.

Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church at 414 W. Vermont St. on the west side opened in 1869 and has served the black community at that location for nearly 150 years. But dwindling membership and an aging building requiring costly repairs are forcing the congregation to sell the property, which is near the Central Canal.

Church leaders have reached an agreement with Sun Development, which has the site under contract.

Sun’s plans for the site call for two hotels—one a redevelopment of the church and the other to be built next to it on a lot fronting West Street. The second would include three levels of parking and about 10,000 square feet of retail space.

On top of that, the St. Louis-based Drury Hotels chain, in February completed a deal to buy the IBJ Media building at 41 E. Washington St. It plans to build a 350-room hotel by renovating the four-story structure and constructing a 17-story tower on the adjacent parking lot. Work likely won’t begin until 2019, when leases in the existing building expire.

And Louisville-based 21c Museum Hotels plans to build a 150-room hotel on a surface lot north of Old City Hall at 202 N. Alabama St. as part of a $55 million redevelopment of the building.

It’s unclear when construction will start. A spokeswoman for 21c said Monday that the company is “working toward a more concrete date.”


Swedish feminist Emma Knyckare has an answer to the rising number of sex assaults at Swedish music festivals: organise events where men aren’t allowed to attend.

Ms Knyckare says she is organising a new outdoor music festival for women by women in which men will not be allowed to participate Swedish broadcaster SVT reports. The proposed women-only rock festival already has a number of backers and people willing to support it she claims.

“There are very many who want to help. Everything from project managers, festival organisers, cleaners, nurses and musicians,” Knyckare said.

Ms Knyckare, who is known in Sweden as a comedian and radio personality, said she wants to create a festival atmosphere where women feel safe.

“It was an idea I had for all those men who rape at festivals … this was a solution,” she said. The solution to Sweden’s music festival sex assault problem, according to Knyckare, is to simply ban men from attending the event. She also said men would be banned from performing at the festival as well.

Asked if she thought it was important to have equality, Knyckare said that the safety of women was more important. “I think more that there should be a place where half the population can go and feel safe,” she said.

It is unlikely that men will ever be allowed to attend Knyckare’s festival in the future either. When asked if men could ever potentially attend she said, “yes if they stop raping.”

Sex attacks plagued Swedish music festivals last year as many men often described as having a “foreign origin,” molested and raped girls who were often underage.

The trend continued year at the Bravalla Festival last week as more and more reports came out from girls who claimed to have been assaulted and raped. The sex assaults ultimately led to the organisers of Bravalla to cancel next year’s festival.

Knyckare, on the other hand, is hopeful that her unnamed festival will be organised by 2018. “The work is really in the planning stage and the first step will be to start an organisation that can operate a rock festival in 2018,” she said.

“The dream scenario is that you could put together a festival that will last for many years and it becomes a classic feature on the festival stage where you can feel welcome and safe as a girl.”

The plan follows many other Feminist ideas enacted in Sweden, some of which have not gone as planned like the “gender-equal” approach to snow ploughing. The policy cleared walking paths ahead of major roads leaving traffic at a standstill in Stockholm last winter.


---
abstract: 'Relationships between general long-range interacting classical systems on a lattice and the corresponding mean-field models (infinitely long-range interacting models) are investigated. We study systems in arbitrary dimension $d$ for periodic boundary conditions and focus on the free energy for fixed value of the total magnetization. As a result, it is shown that the equilibrium free energy of the long-range interacting systems are exactly the same as that of the corresponding mean-field models (exactness of the mean-field theory). Moreover, the mean-field metastable states can be also preserved in general long-range interacting systems. It is found that in the case that the magnetization is conserved, the mean-field theory does not give correct property in some parameter region.'
author:
- Takashi Mori
title: 'Analysis of Exactness of the Mean-Field Theory in Long-Range Interacting Systems'
---

Long-range interactions appear in several fields [@Lecture_notes2002]: astrophysics, plasmas, 2D hydrodynamics, and so on. Recently, it was reported that a model of spin-crossover materials has an effective long-range interaction among molecules due to the coupling to the local lattice distortion [@Miyashita2009]. It has been shown that statistical mechanics of long-range interacting systems exhibits several peculiar features: negative specific heat [@Thirring1970], long-lived metastable states [@Griffiths1966], and ensemble inequivalence [@Barre2001]. As simplified models to study these unfamiliar features, the so called mean-field models (infinite-range interacting models) have been often adopted. From the statistical mechanical point of view, one expects that at least some qualitative natures of systems with slow decaying long-range interactions are captured by the analysis of corresponding mean-field models [@Lecture_notes2002]. Indeed, some evidences for the fact that the mean-field model gives an [*exact*]{} description of equilibrium states (exactness of the mean-field theory) in the models with $1/r^{\alpha}$-type long-range interaction ($0\leq\alpha<d$, where $d$ is the spatial dimensionality) have been obtained by the studies of specific models [@Cannas2000; @Tamarit2000; @Barre2005; @Campa]. There is a conjecture that the equilibrium properties of long-range interacting spin systems are exactly the same as those of the corresponding mean-field models [@Cannas2000]. In this letter, we address the question whether exactness of the mean-field theory holds in general.

We consider a lattice system. Each lattice site $i$ has a “spin ” variable $\sigma_i$. In the Ising model, $\sigma_i=\pm 1$, but we do not restrict the variables $\{\sigma_i\}$ to the Ising spins. They can also take continuous or vector variables. For example, $\sigma_i=(\cos\theta,\sin\theta)$, $0\le\theta<2\pi$ corresponds to the XY model and $\sigma_i=\Vec{e}_{\alpha}$ ($\alpha=1,\dots,q$) corresponds to the $q$-state Potts model, where $\{\Vec{e}_{\alpha}\}$ are unit vectors satisfying $\Vec{e}_{\alpha}\cdot\Vec{e}_{\beta}=\delta_{\alpha,\beta}$. We investigate the system of the following type Hamiltonian: =-\_[ij]{}K(|\_i-\_j|)\_i\_j-H\_i\_i . \[eq:LR\_H\] Here, $K(|\bm{r}_i-\bm{r}_j|)$ is the interaction potential and $J$ is the interaction strength. We consider the ferromagnetic case $J>0$. The uniform magnetic field is denoted by $H$. We define the distance $|\bm{r}_i-\bm{r}_j|$ between the lattice points $i$ and $j$ as the shortest distance of these lattice points in periodic boundary conditions. We consider the following two types of long-range interactions: the power-law interaction $K(r)\propto 1/r^{\alpha}$, $0\leq\alpha<d$, and the Kac interaction [@Kac1963] $K(r)\propto \gamma^d\phi(\gamma r)$. Here, $\phi(x)$ is assumed to be non-negative $\phi(x)\geq 0$ and integrable $\int d^dx\phi(x)<+\infty$. Moreover, we assume that there is a positive and decreasing function $\psi(x)$ such that $|\phi'(x)|\leq\psi(x)$ and $\int d^dx\psi(x)<+\infty$. These assumptions are necessary to justify the coarse-graining of the Hamiltonian (to be explained below). A typical example of the Kac interaction is the exponential form, $K(r)\propto \gamma^de^{-\gamma r}$. In this case, $\phi(x)=\psi(x)=e^{-x}$.

We take the limit $\gamma\rightarrow 0$ in the Kac interaction. We consider the two limiting procedures: the van der Waals limit, $\gamma\rightarrow 0$ [*after*]{} $L\rightarrow\infty$ [@Lebowitz_Penrose1966] and the long-range limit, $\gamma\rightarrow 0$ with $\gamma L=\text{const.}$ The former limit corresponds to the situation that the interaction range $\gamma^{-1}$ is much longer than the microscopic length scale (the lattice interval) but much shorter than the system size $L$. The latter limit corresponds to the situation that the interaction range is comparable with the system size. These two limits lead to different kind of behavior.

Note that the thermodynamic limit does not exist for long-range interactions in the usual sense. To restore the thermodynamic limit, we adopt the Kac prescription [@Kac1963], $\sum_{\bm{r}_i\neq 0}K(|\bm{r}_i|)=1$, where the interaction is normalized and depends on the system size.

We focus on the free energy restricted to a fixed magnetization $m$, (-F(m,T,H))= \_[{\_i}]{}(\_i\_i,m)e\^[-]{}, \[eq:LR\_free\] which corresponds to the Landau free energy, and we call $F(m,T,H)$ merely “free energy” hereafter. The parameter $\beta=1/T$ is the inverse temperature and we set the Boltzmann constant to unity. The symbol $\delta(a,b)$ is the Kronecker delta. For [*conserved systems*]{} (i.e. systems whose magnetization is fixed), $m$ is a fixed parameter and the term $-Hm$ is just a constant. Then, $F(m,T,H)$ gives the equilibrium free energy.

In [*non-conserved systems*]{} (i.e. systems whose magnetization is not fixed), the equilibrium free energy is given by the minimum value of $F(m,T,H)$ with respect to $m$. Local but not global minima are interpreted as metastable states. In preceding works, exactness of the mean-field theory is investigated only for non-conserved systems  [@Cannas2000; @Tamarit2000; @Barre2005; @Campa]. The merit to consider $F(m,T,H)$ is that we can treat both conserved and non-conserved systems. It should be noted that the ensemble with fixed magnetization and that with fixed magnetic field are essentially different in long-range interacting systems. Moreover, it allows us to discuss metastable states as local minimum points of the free energy. In the long-range interacting systems, one expects that only long wavelength modes play important roles for macroscopic behavior. In fact, it is possible to perform coarse-graining [*exactly*]{} for long-range interacting models [@Barre2005]. Let us divide the lattice system into blocks of the linear dimension $l$. The number of blocks is $(L/l)^d$, where $L$ denotes the system size, and each block has $l^d$ sites. We introduce a local coarse-grained variable $m_k$ as $m_k=\frac{1}{l^d}\sum_{i\in B_k}\sigma_i$ in each block $B_k$, $k=1,2,\dots ,(L/l)^d$. We define the position $\bm{x}_k=\bm{r}_k/L$, where $\bm{r}_k$ is the central position of a block $B_k$. We also define $m(\bm{x}_k)\equiv m_k$. We take the limit $L\rightarrow\infty$, $l\rightarrow\infty$ with $l/L\rightarrow 0$ (continuous limit). In this limit, $\bm{x}_k$ becomes a continuous variable $\bm{x}$. For long-range interacting models, in a proper choice of $l(L)$ as a function of the system size $L$ such that $\lim_{L\rightarrow\infty}l(L)/L=0$, the Hamiltonian is written only by $m(\bm{x})$ in the thermodynamic limit [@Barre2005]: ${\cal H}=\bar{{\cal H}}[m(\bm{x})]+o(N)$, where $$\begin{aligned}
\bar{{\cal H}}[m(\bm{x})]
=&-\frac{NJ}{2}\int_{0}^{1}d^dx\int_{0}^{1}d^dy U(\bm{x}-\bm{y})m(\bm{x})m(\bm{y})
\nonumber \\
&-NH\int_{0}^{1}d^dx m(\bm{x}).
\label{eq:LR_cgH}\end{aligned}$$ Here the interaction potential $U(x)$ is given by U()=\_[L]{}L\^dK(Lx). \[eq:LR\_cg\_potential\] The integration in (\[eq:LR\_cgH\]) means $\int_{a}^bd^dx\equiv \int_{a}^bdx_1\dots\int_{a}^bdx_d.$ The fact that the Hamiltonian is written only by the coarse-grained magnetization $m(\bm{x})$ means that for a fixed system size $L$ (it is very large), there is some length scale $l(L)$ in which the magnetization is uniform, though the whole system may be inhomogeneous. For example, in the case of the power-law interaction $K(r)\sim 1/r^{\alpha}$, this length scale is given by $l(L)\sim L^{1-\alpha/d}$. While the size of a block $l(L)$ is itself macroscopic when $L\rightarrow\infty$, the blocks are not independent each other. It means that we cannot divide a macroscopic system into two macroscopic subsystems without any macroscopic change.

Performing the Fourier expansion in Eq. (\[eq:LR\_cgH\]), we obtain the following expression: |[[H]{}]{}=-\_U\_|\_|\^2-NH\_0, \[eq:fourier\] where $m(\bm{x})=\sum_{\bm{n}}\hat{m}_{\bm{n}}e^{2\pi i\bm{n}\cdot\bm{x}}$ and $U_{\bm{n}}=\int_{0}^{1}d^dx U(\bm{x})\cos(2\pi\bm{n}\cdot\bm{x})$ with $\bm{n}\in\bm{Z}^d$. Here, the Kac prescription implies that $U_0=\int_{0}^{1}d^dx U(\bm{x})=1$. We call $\{U_{\bm{n}}\}$ the interaction eigenvalues. Dividing the Hamiltonian into two parts: the mode of $\bm{n}=0$ and the others, we have |[[H]{}]{}=(-\_0\^2-NH\_0) -\_[0]{}U\_|\_|\^2. We call the first term of the above equation the mean-field model corresponding to (\[eq:LR\_H\]).

The form of the coarse-grained potential $U(\bm{x})$ is given by $U(\bm{x})=A/x^{\alpha}$ for the power-law interaction, $U(\bm{x})=\delta(\bm{x})$ for the Kac interaction with the van der Waals limit, and $U(\bm{x})=B\gamma_0^d\phi(\gamma_0 x)$ for the Kac interaction with the long-range limit. The constants $A$ and $B$ are determined by the normalization condition $U_0=1$. Note that $U_{\bm n}=1$ for any $\bm{n}$ for the Kac interaction with the van der Waals limit. It is known that the free energy is given by the mean-field theory with the Maxwell construction in the van der Waals limit [@Lebowitz_Penrose1966]. Therefore, the free energy does not depend on its detailed interaction form in the van der Waals limit. On the other hand, for the long-range limit or the power-law interaction, whose interaction range is comparable with the system size, the free energy does depend on the interaction form, as we see below. The modes with $0<U_{\bm n}<1$ play an important role.

Now, we evaluate the free energy $F(m,T,H)$. Since the coarse-graining can be exactly performed, the Hamiltonian $\cal{H}$ can be replaced by $\bar{{\cal H}}[m(\bm{x})]$. The summation of (\[eq:LR\_free\]) is divided into two parts, $\int_{\hat{m}_0=m}{\cal D}m(\bm{x})$ and $\sum_{\{\sigma_i\} \text{ with fixed $m(\bm{x})$}}$, namely, the profile of $m(\bm{x})$ and the configurations inside the blocks. Note that the Hamiltonian depends only on $m(\bm{x})$. Writing the number of states with the fixed magnetization $m$ by $W=\exp(S(m))$, where $S(m)$ is the [*entropy*]{}, we have $\sum_{\{\sigma_i\} \text{ with fixed $m(\bm{x})$}}1
=\exp\left(\int_0^1S(m(\bm{x}))d^dx\right)$. Therefore, we obtain e\^[-F(m,T,H)]{} =\_[\_0=m]{}[D]{}m() e\^[-\[m(),T,H\]]{}, where ${\cal F}[m(\bm{x}),T,H]\equiv \bar{\cal H}[m(\bm{x})]-T\int_0^1S(m(\bm{x}))d^dx$ is called the free energy functional. By using the saddle-point method, the free energy is given by the following minimization problem: F(m,T,H)=\_[{m()|\_0=m}]{}[F]{}\[m(),T,H\]. \[eq:functional\] The free energy functional is the same as the mean-field free energy $F_{\rm MF}$ when $m(\bm{x})=m$, therefore, the upper-bound of the free energy is obtained, $F(m,T,H)\leq F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)$. We also found that $F(m,T,H)<F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)$ when ${\partial}^2F_{\rm MF}(m,T/U_{\rm max},H)/{\partial}m^2<0$, that is, $F(m,T,H)$ does not agree with $F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)$. It is because the uniform magnetization profile $m(\bm{x})=m$ gives the local maximum value of the free energy functional when ${\partial}^2F_{\rm MF}(m,T/U_{\rm max},H)/{\partial}m^2<0$. Here, $U_{\rm max}\leq 1$ is the largest interaction eigenvalue except for $U_0=1$.

Taking into account of the relations $\sum_{\bm{n}\neq 0}U_{\bm{n}}|\hat{m}_{\bm{n}}|^2
\leq U_{\rm max}\sum_{\bm{n}\neq 0}|\hat{m}_{\bm{n}}|^2$ and $\int_0^1m(\bm{x})^2d^dx=m^2+\sum_{\bm{n}\neq 0}|\hat{m}_{\bm{n}}|^2$, the free energy functional is evaluated as $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal F}[m(\bm{x}),T,H]
\geq &F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)-U_{\rm max}\bigg[F_{\rm MF}(m,T_{\rm eff},H) \nonumber \\
&-\int_0^1d^dx F_{\rm MF}(m(\bm{x}),T_{\rm eff},H)\bigg],
\label{eq:LR_inequality}\end{aligned}$$ where $T_{\rm eff}\equiv T/U_{\rm max}$. Here the following equality holds: $$\begin{aligned}
\min_{\{m(\bm{x})|\hat{m}_0=m\}}\left[\int_0^1d^dx F_{\rm MF}(m(\bm{x}),T_{\rm eff},H)\right]
\nonumber \\
={\rm CE}\{ F_{\rm MF}(m,T_{\rm eff},H)\},
\label{eq:LR_CE}\end{aligned}$$ where CE means the convex envelope. The convex envelope of a function $g(x)$ is defined as the maximum convex function not exceeding $g(x)$. Thus, it is concluded that $F(m,T,H)\geq F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)
-U_{\rm max}\Delta F_{\rm MF}(m,T_{\rm eff},H)$, where we define $\Delta F_{\rm MF}\equiv F_{\rm MF}-{\rm CE}\{F_{\rm MF}\}$. It gives the lower bound of the free energy. Finally, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
&F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)-U_{\rm max}\Delta F_{\rm MF}(m,T/U_{\rm max},H)
\nonumber \\
&\leq F(m,T,H)\leq F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H).
\label{eq:main}\end{aligned}$$ Only the inequality $U_{\bm{n}}\leq U_{\rm max}$ is used to derive the lower bound. In the Kac interaction with the van der Waals limit, $U_{\bm n}=1$ for any $\bm{n}$, and hence the lower bound in Eq. (\[eq:main\]) is realized and thus, $F(m,T,H)={\rm CE}\{F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)\}$ holds. This result is consistent with [@Lebowitz_Penrose1966].

According to Eq. (\[eq:main\]), the parameter region $(m,T,H)$ is classified into the following three regions:

Region A:

:   the region where $\Delta F_{\rm MF}\left(m,\frac{T}{U_{\rm max}},H\right)=0$. In this region, the mean-field model gives the exact free energy, $F(m,T,H)=F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)$.

Region B:

:   the region where $\Delta F_{\rm MF}\left(m,\frac{T}{U_{\rm max}},H\right)>0$ and $\frac{{\partial}^2}{{\partial}m^2}F_{\rm MF}\left(m,\frac{T}{U_{\rm max}},H\right)\geq 0$. In this region, the uniform configuration is locally stable but not necesarily globally stable and $F(m,T,H)\leq F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)$.

Region C:

:   the region where $\frac{{\partial}^2}{{\partial}m^2}F_{\rm MF}\left(m,\frac{T}{U_{\rm max}},H\right)< 0$. In this region, the uniform configuration is unstable and the free energy is not given by the mean-field free energy, $F(m,T,H)< F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)$.

Notice that this classification is determined only by $F_{\rm MF}$ and $U_{\rm max}$. We can calculate both $F_{\rm MF}$ and $U_{\rm max}$ for specific models. Hence, we can specify these three regions explicitly. In Fig. \[fig:LR\_MF\_region\], a typical example of the regions A, B, and C are depicted. In the case $T_{\rm eff}>T_{\rm C}>T$ where $T_{\rm C}$ is the mean-field critical temperature (Fig. \[fig:LR\_MF\_region\] (a)), $F_{\rm MF}(m,T_{\rm eff},H)$ is a convex function, and thus the whole $m$ is in the region A. On the other hand, in the case $T_{\rm C}>T_{\rm eff}>T$ (Fig. \[fig:LR\_MF\_region\] (b)), the region where $F_{\rm MF}(m,T_{\rm eff},H)$ is concave exists, and it is the region C. The region between A and C is the region B. In the region A and a part of B, $F(m,T,H)=F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)$ holds. We call this region “the MF region”. On the other hand, in the region C and the other part of B, $F(m,T,H)\neq F_{\rm MF}(m,T,H)$. This region is “the non-MF region”.

![(Color online) An illustrative explanation of the regions A, B, and C in the Ising model at $H=0$. The blue lines represent the mean-field free energy at the temperature $T$. The red lines represent the mean-field free energy at the effective temperature $T/U_{\rm max}$. (a) The case of $T/U_{\rm max}>T_{\rm C}>T$. (b) The case of $T_{\rm C}>T/U_{\rm max}>T$.[]{data-label="fig:LR_MF_region"}](LR_region.eps){width="7cm"}

In conserved systems, $F_{\rm eq}(m,T)=F(m,T,H=0)$ and the equilibrium property of the long-range interacting system is [*exactly*]{} the same as that of the corresponding mean-field model in the MF region, but they are not the same in the non-MF region. In the MF region, the magnetization is uniform (see Fig. \[fig:LR\_eq\_cluster\] (a)). In the non-MF region, inhomogeneity appears, which is demonstrated in Fig. \[fig:LR\_eq\_cluster\] (b), because the deviation from the mean-field model is due to the non-zero wavenumber components $\hat{m}_{\bm{n}\neq 0}$ of the magnetization. In fact, a kind of phase transition occurs in the boundary of the MF and the non-MF region, and the cluster is formed at equilibrium in the non-MF region. However, this clustering should not be understood by the phase separation. In long-range interacting systems, a part of the system is not independent of the other part of the system, and we cannot separate the system into two parts without any macroscopic change. Anyway, in conserved systems, the long-range interacting model is [*not*]{} fully describable by the mean-field model even in equilibrium.

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   (a)   (b)

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                                                                                (a)                                                                                (b)
   ![The comparison between periodic and free boundary conditions by the Monte Carlo calculations. The system size is $L=200$. (a) Equilibrium magnetizations in non-conserved systems. (b) Equilibrium internal energies in conserved systems at $m=0$.[]{data-label="fig:LR_pbc"}](non_boundary.eps "fig:"){width="4.3cm"}   ![The comparison between periodic and free boundary conditions by the Monte Carlo calculations. The system size is $L=200$. (a) Equilibrium magnetizations in non-conserved systems. (b) Equilibrium internal energies in conserved systems at $m=0$.[]{data-label="fig:LR_pbc"}](fixed_boundary.eps "fig:"){width="4.3cm"}
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In non-conserved systems, the equilibrium magnetization $m_{\rm eq}$ is determined by $\min_m[F(m,T,H)]=F(m_{\rm eq},T,H)$. Because $\Delta F_{\rm MF}(m_{\rm eq},T_{\rm eff},H)=0$ and all the equilibrium states belong to the region A, it is concluded that the equilibrium property is [*always equivalent*]{} to the mean-field model, which was conjectured by Cannas et al. [@Cannas2000]. Moreover, our result implies that many (but not all) mean-field metastable states are also preserved in general long-range interacting systems because local minima of the free energy are in the region A or B. Indeed, we have checked by numerical calculations that in the Glauber dynamics, relaxation times from the local minima of the free energy to the equilibrium states are identical to those of the corresponding mean-field model (not shown). To study some universal dynamical aspects is an important future problem.

Finally, we comment on boundary conditions. We imposed the periodic ones in this letter, but boundary effects will be important for long-range interacting systems. Let us redefine the interaction eigenvalues for free boundary. In this case, the interaction eigenvalues are not given by the Fourier coefficients. In general, we regard $U_{ij}=K(|\bm{r}_i-\bm{r}_j|)$ as a matrix and denote its eigenvalues by $\{u_k\}$ ($u_0\geq u_1\geq u_2\geq\dots$). We call $u_k$ as an interaction eigenvalue and normalize the interaction to set $u_0=1$. Regarding $u_1$ as $U_{\rm max}$, we have found by Monte Carlo calculations that the above redefinition of interaction eigenvalues allow us to extend our result to the free boundary case. For example, see Fig. \[fig:LR\_pbc\]. We consider the two dimensional Ising model ($\sigma=\pm 1$) on the square lattice with the $1/r$ type interaction. In this case, $U_{\rm max}=0.31$ for periodic boundary and $U_{\rm max}=0.42$ for free boundary. In Fig. \[fig:LR\_pbc\] (a), the equilibrium magnetizations in non-conserved systems are depicted. Our result states that the mean-field theory is exact and the phase transition occurs at $T/J=1$. In Fig. \[fig:LR\_pbc\] (b), the equilibrium energies in conserved systems (we set $m=0$) are depicted. Our result states that when $T/J>U_{\rm max}$ (the region A), the system is uniform and the energy is constant, but when $T/J<U_{\rm max}$ (the region C), the inhomogeneity grows. These numerical results are consistent with our result for both boundary conditions. The boundary effects will be examined in more detail elsewhere.

In conclusion, we have studied the robustness of the results of the mean-field model against the interaction forms. We revealed that the results of the mean-field model are fully reliable in a wide parameter region (the MF region), but there is the other region (the non-MF region) where the mean-field model cannot describe long-range interacting systems. Properties of states in the non-MF region are not obvious yet. It is a future problem to study them.

The author thank Professor Seiji Miyashita for valuable comments and discussions. This work was supported by JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists.

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Wednesday, October 21, 2009

All ridings are equal. Some ridings are more equal than others.

Ahh...the winter of 2005/2006. The Eskimos beat the Als in overtime to take the Grey Cup, Crash edged out Brokeback Mountain for Best Picture, and everyone was singing about their lovely lady humps. In Canada, a young reformer swept into power on a platform of transparency and accountability, promising to clean up government:

Addressing a gathering of party faithful in Ottawa Friday morning, Harper said his plan is aimed at a complete government makeover.

"This is about more than the specific sordid details of this specific scandal," he said to cheers. "It's about accountability."

In a speech outlining what amounts to his party's election campaign platform, Harper made clear his vision for the Prime Minister's Office.

"When I become prime minister I will undertake an unprecedented overhaul of the federal government," he said. "That is my commitment to you."

"Cleaning up government begins at the top," he added, accusing Prime Minister Paul Martin of deflecting blame whenever the taint of scandal touches him.

"Under Paul Martin's watch the waste and mismanagement and corruption has continued."

But Harper said things would change under his leadership, beginning with the introduction of a "Federal Accountability Act," as soon as the Conservatives form a government.

"We must clean up corruption and lift up the veils of secrecy that have allowed it to flourish," Harper said, promising to "replace the culture of entitlement with a culture of accountability."

So, how did that "culture of accountability" thing turn out?

Well, despite early evidence that the new boss looked a lot like the old boss, the hard cores were always able to find excuse.

Appointed Senators and floor crossers in Cabinet? Fine, fine, they said, he needs representation from Montreal and Vancouver. The in-and-out scandal? An Elections Canada witch hunt. A broken fixed elections date law? Well, it doesn't apply to minority governments, obviously. A flurry of Tory hacks sent to the Senate last December? The coalition made them do it. A second round of patronage this summer? Harper did it to bring about Senate reform - he's clever that way.

You can now add "partisan advertising with taxpayers dollars", "pork barrel politics, in the form of money to government-held ridings", and "a lack of transparency" to the list. And the Tories have stopped trying to find excuses - they now readily admit that Harper has converted to the religion he used to preach against. From Wherry:

“Here is what the Prime Minister said,” the Minister continued. “‘Listen. We are the government. I don’t see why we can’t try to get credit for what we do. I hope we do so. There is nothing to be ashamed in that.’ Do members know who said that? It was Prime Minister Jean Chrétien.”

The Conservatives behind Mr. Baird did not boo. They howled delightedly. Indeed, several stood to applaud.

So it was spoken and now so it is written in the record of Parliament, forever cast in proverbial stone. Nearly four years ago, Stephen Harper’s Conservatives came to power on one promise: that he and they were nothing like Jean Chrétien and his Liberals, that he and they were different, better. And here, nearly four years later, was John Baird, one of Mr. Harper’s most trusted ministers, wrapping himself in ideals of a man who represented everything the Prime Minister once despised, making Mr. Chrétien’s words his own.

So much for all that then.

Indeed. Given all the talk about pork-barrel politics, it's hard not to think of the final line of George Orwell's Animal Farm, about the reolutionaries who become the very thing they rose up against:

The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which."

If you want to follow the Liberal use and abuse of statistics story line, can you at least remind readers that Toronto didn't even want to follow the same process that every municipality across Ontario had to follow in applying for funds?

I would argue (I am seeking to explain Harper's behavior, not to forgive it) that Harper doesn't see himself having been elected on an accountability/reform platform at all.

In 2004 Harper ran aggressively on the accountability issue. He would have spent a fortune on the auditor general, etc. His platform, insofar as it was emphasized, was not a quilt collection of grab-bags. Its centre-piece was a large income tax cut. Harper lost despite Adscam.

In 2006 Adscam was less of an issue, and instead, Harper ran as a retail politician. Accountability was one of five "priorities" (six counting money for the provinces). Despite initially trailing badly in the polls, Harper swung things around dramatically.

In office, Harper has periodically avoided flak for breaches of ethics. In-and-out, Cadmangate, David Emerson, breaking his own election law, emasculating his own oversight Czar, stacking the senate, etc.

Harper has also, if anything, gained support for flip-flops away from Crusader/honest Harper. The income trust tax was generally supported in the press. The Quebec nation motion was also well-received as a masterstroke. The Afghanistan withdrawal date has largely removed the issue from public debate. Harper's best-yet poll numbers were obtained when he railed against a coalition he once considered putting together.

When Harper has been ideologically consistent, he has largely been punished. The fiscal update was poorly received. Harper's response to Lebanon, outside of the inroads made into Jewish-Canadian ridings, flopped. Harper's environmental policy has also been a consistent source of weakness.

What lesson has Harper drawn from his experiences? That Canadians would rather have a somewhat unethical flip-flopper as Prime Minister. Indeed, the less ethical Harper is, the less he looks like a right-wing ideologue. Oh, and the more he looks like most Canadian PM's. Perhaps the real question should be why Canadians like unethical leaders?


Q:

Vim Quickfix prefixes double-bar "||" — explain?

I use the Quickfix view in Vim often.
The text in there always has a prefix of || added to it.
So, for instance, when I copy/paste out of that buffer, etc. I get those characters included by default.
Is there a way to disable this?
I haven't had luck finding any documentation or configuration for this...

A:

Quickfix buffer is supposed to be used for parsing specially formatted strings (like compiler messages). This is done with the help of :h 'errorformat' option. And those "bars" are output separators between "filename", "line number" and "the message body".
If you have only "double bars" at the beginning of a line then you either have errorformat set wrong, or you misuse the quickfix buffer.
UPD. If you're interested, "Bars" are hardcoded in Vim's source (src/quickfix.c):
static int
qf_buf_add_line(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum, qfline_T *qfp, char_u *dirname)
{
    ...
    if (qfp->qf_module != NULL)
        ...
    if (len < IOSIZE - 1)
        IObuff[len++] = '|';
    if (qfp->qf_lnum > 0)
        ...
    if (len < IOSIZE - 2)
    {
        IObuff[len++] = '|';
        IObuff[len++] = ' ';
    }
    ...
}


Q:

RewriteRule 301 issue where original URL contains a ? (question mark)

I'm replacing an existing website so the domain is not changing. I do want to use 301 redirects so that bots and search engines will recognize the new pages. I've tried the following but it did not work.
original URL:
http://example.com/index.php?SiteAction=Directions
new URL:
http://example.com/map/
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /

#301 redirects using RewriteRule
RewriteRule ^index.php?SiteAction=Directions$ http://example.com/map/ [R=301,L]

The question mark after the index.php seems to completely break my site like that so I've also tried writing it like this, but nothing happens then:
RewriteRule ^index.php(.)SiteAction=Directions$ http://example.com/map/ [R=301,L]

I'm using a Dreamhost PS, if that makes any difference.

A:

You cannot match QUERY_STRING in RewriteRule, you need to RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING}.
Use this rule instead:
RewriteEngine On

RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^SiteAction=Directions$ [NC]
#301 redirects using RewriteRule
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ http://example.com/map/? [R=301,L,NC]


Education ministry extends "bidik misi" 2014 into profession program

Semarang, C Java (ANTARA News) - Education and Cultural Affairs Minister M Nuh said scholarship program "Bidik Misi" for college students will be extended to also cover profession program in 2014.

"We have modified `Bidik Misi` program and in 2014 we will extend the scholarship program into profession program as well," said M Nuh when speaking in a seminar on "Bidik Misi" at the state University of Semarang here on Saturday.

He mentioned that the "Bidik Misi" will facilitate economically disadvantaged students who graduated from medical faculty and need to continue to the profession education.

"The students who graduated from medical faculty need to continue to the profession education. This is a kind of profession that will be supported by `Bidik Misi` scholarship," the minister said.

According to him, the scholarship will also facilitate students graduating from the education faculty as would-be teachers who must take certification program before they can teach.

Minister Nuh said `Bidik Misi` Scholarship is an affirmative program which is regulated under the the Higher Learning Law, therefore, the program will remain despite whoever the education minister is in the future.

"We are allocating at least 50,000 `Bidik Misi` scholarships for the fresh students in 2013. We hope that we can increase the funds allocated for the program by using the amended State Budget (APBNP)," Minister said.

The total number of students who receive the scholarships reach 142,000 people.

The government is allocating Rp1.4 trillion from the state budget for "Bidik Misi" Scholarship in 2013 for economically disadvantaged students having good academic achievements.

Nuh said 50,000 students who receive the scholarships are from state universities. However, he said the ministry would promise scholarships for private university students as well.
(B019/F001)


News Binance Burns $30 Million in BNB Tokens, Price Drops

Last night, Bitcoinist reported that Binance, one of the most popular cryptocurrency exchanges in the world, would likely be executing its unspecified quarterly coin burn sometime today — which is exactly what happened.

Burn Victims

Earlier today, the Binance team announced the results of its Q2 2018 coin burn in an official post on the exchange’s support page, writing:

Fellow Binancians, In accordance with our whitepaper, we have now completed the burn of 2,220,314 BNB (roughly $30MM USD equivalent) for the our [sic] 3rd quarter. Thanks for your support!

Immediately preceding and immediately after the announcement, the valuation of BNB took a hit as profit-taking traders who bought the rumors decided to sell the news. Binance’s token fell nearly 9 percent against Bitcoin today, but it’s USD losses were largely mitigated by the market leader’s bullish weekend. Binance Coin is currently down only 2 percent against the dollar over the last 24 hours.

Today marks Binance’s third ever coin burn, which is a quarterly event as defined in the company’s white paper:

Every quarter, we will use 20% of our profits to buy back BNB and destroy them, until we buy 50% of all the BNB (100MM) back. All buy-back transactions will be announced on the blockchain. We eventually will destroy 100MM BNB, leaving 100MM BNB remaining.

The first coin burn took place on October 18, 2017, and removed 986,000 BNB from the total supply, while the second took place on April 15 and removed a more significant 1,821,586 BNB. Bitcoinist correctly speculated that this third coin burn will remove even more from the total supply — given the sheer volume of trades which have been taking place on the exchange every day.

From an investment perspective, Binance Coins offer holders certain clearly defined benefits. The ERC 20 tokens which currently runs natively on the Ethereum blockchain significantly cut back on trading fees when said fees are paid with BNB. Currently, fees are reduced by 50 percent, but the benefit is set to decrease with each year of the exchange’s operation.

Additionally, Binance plans on launching its own decentralized exchange in the near future, which will utilize BNB tokens to a greater extent while potentially offering fiat pairings.

What do you think about Binance’s quarterly coin burns? Do you think BNB is a sound investment in the cryptocurrency space? Let us know in the comments below!

Images courtesy of Pixabay, Bitcoinist archives.

[Disclaimer: The author of this article is a holder of Binance Coin (BNB) and various other cryptocurrencies.]


Speaking to the Alaska state legislature this morning, Murkowski said she’s still working out final details of the bill with Louisiana Democrat Mary Landrieu.

“We realize that an Alaska only bill isn’t going to pass Congress. What we wanted to do was focus on the national prospective. What our legislation will do is direct 27.5% of the revenues from all forms of off shore energy production to our coastal states,” Murkowski says.

She says the plan goes beyond offshore oil and gas projects. And that could help sway skeptical lawmakers in Washington.

“If you have offshore wind, if you have ocean energy, these would also be part of a revenue sharing proposal. We offer an additional ten percent of revenues if states establish funds for clean energy and conservation projects,” Murkowski says.

Her plan, as she outlined today, differs from other revenue-sharing bills.

Senator Mark Begich introduced his own earlier this month that would give the state 37 and a half percent of off-shore oil and gas revenues.

Murkowski says if the plan were implemented, it could lead to billions of dollars in new revenue for the state.


Pseudolaric acid B exerts antitumor activity via suppression of the Akt signaling pathway in HeLa cervical cancer cells.
Pseudolaric acid B (PAB) is a diterpene acid isolated from the bark of the root and trunk of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon (Pinaceae), which has demonstrated cytotoxic effects against various types of cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of PAB have remained to be elucidated. In the present study, the effects of PAB on the viability and apoptosis of HeLa cells were investigated by MTT assay, flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, Rhodamine 123 staining and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that PAB had antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects on HeLa cells. PAB markedly inhibited HeLa cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that PAB induced apoptosis in HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with PAB suppressed the expression of anti-apoptotic factor B cell lymphoma-2, and promoted the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bcl-2-associated X protein. In addition, PAB induced an increase in Caspase-3 activity and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting that this apoptosis may be mediated by mitochondrial pathways. Furthermore, the results of western blot analysis indicated that PAB was able to reduce Akt phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting the Akt pathway. These results suggested that PAB inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HeLa cells, and that the anti-tumor effects of PAB were associated with inhibition of the Akt pathway. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that PAB may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human cervical cancer. However, additional studies are required to investigate the underlying apoptotic mechanisms.


// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

// +build !go1.8

package pubsub

import (
	"golang.org/x/net/context"
	"google.golang.org/api/option"
)

// OpenCensus only supports go 1.8 and higher.

func openCensusOptions() []option.ClientOption { return nil }

func withSubscriptionKey(ctx context.Context, _ string) context.Context {
	return ctx
}

type dummy struct{}

var (
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	PullCount dummy
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	AckCount dummy
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	NackCount dummy
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	ModAckCount dummy
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	ModAckTimeoutCount dummy
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	StreamOpenCount dummy
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	StreamRetryCount dummy
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	StreamRequestCount dummy
	// Not supported below Go 1.8.
	StreamResponseCount dummy
)

func recordStat(context.Context, dummy, int64) {
}


Initial status:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c.js:3:17

Cannot assign `b` to `c` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   c.js:3:17
   3| var c: string = b;
                      ^

References:
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   c.js:3:8
   3| var c: string = b;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Found 4 errors

Delete c.js:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Found 3 errors

Delete b.js:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Found 2 errors

Restore b.js:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Found 3 errors

Restore c.js:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c.js:3:17

Cannot assign `b` to `c` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   c.js:3:17
   3| var c: string = b;
                      ^

References:
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   c.js:3:8
   3| var c: string = b;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Found 4 errors

Delete d.json:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c.js:3:17

Cannot assign `b` to `c` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   c.js:3:17
   3| var c: string = b;
                      ^

References:
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   c.js:3:8
   3| var c: string = b;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Found 4 errors

Delete unchecked.js:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c.js:3:17

Cannot assign `b` to `c` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   c.js:3:17
   3| var c: string = b;
                      ^

References:
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   c.js:3:8
   3| var c: string = b;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Error --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- requires_unchecked.js:5:25

Cannot resolve module `Unchecked`. [cannot-resolve-module]

   5| var unchecked = require('Unchecked');
                              ^^^^^^^^^^^

Found 5 errors

Restore unchecked.js:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c.js:3:17

Cannot assign `b` to `c` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   c.js:3:17
   3| var c: string = b;
                      ^

References:
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   c.js:3:8
   3| var c: string = b;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Found 4 errors

Delete dupe2.js:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c.js:3:17

Cannot assign `b` to `c` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   c.js:3:17
   3| var c: string = b;
                      ^

References:
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   c.js:3:8
   3| var c: string = b;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Found 3 errors

Restore dupe2.js:
Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a.js:2:17

Cannot assign `0` to `a` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   a.js:2:17
   2| var a: string = 0;
                      ^ [1]

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b.js:3:17

Cannot assign `a` to `b` because string [1] is incompatible with number [2]. [incompatible-type]

   b.js:3:17
   3| var b: number = a;
                      ^

References:
   a.js:2:8
   2| var a: string = 0;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c.js:3:17

Cannot assign `b` to `c` because number [1] is incompatible with string [2]. [incompatible-type]

   c.js:3:17
   3| var c: string = b;
                      ^

References:
   b.js:3:8
   3| var b: number = a;
             ^^^^^^ [1]
   c.js:3:8
   3| var c: string = b;
             ^^^^^^ [2]

Error ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dupe2.js:1:1

Duplicate module provider for `Dupe`. Change either this module provider or the current module provider [1].
[duplicate-module]

   dupe2.js:1:1
   1| /**

References:
   dupe1.js:1:1
   1| /**
       [1]

Found 4 errors

Done!


Q:

How to make our form(application) start running when windows starts in C#?

I have created an application using C# 3.0.I need that application to start and run continuously whenever Windows starts.After setting up and installing the application this process should happen.
Please give your suggestions to do this.

A:

If you need an app to start when Windows starts and run continually, it should be a Windows Service.  You won't be able to have GUI and Windows as a part of the same app/project, you'd need to write that separately and communicate with the Service.
If you want it to run continually and not stop, a plain Windows Forms app won't do it: the user can close it, of course.  They can close a service too but you can configure in (on the Recovery tab) to restart if it 'fails' (is killed in Task Manager).  They can still stop the service manually, though - but not as easily.
It's a project template built into Visual Studio.  Depending on what your app is doing, it's usually best to create an instance of a Thread object, and put your logic in a loop of sorts that executed on the new thread.  From the OnStart and OnStop methods of the Service thread itself, you can create the thread, or signal it to stop (or simply Abort it).
By right-clicking on the service in the designer, you can 'Add Installer', which means if you run installutil with the name of the application, the service will be installed and, if you set the correct properties on the Service and Installer, run automatically.
In terms of if you need a user interface - you'd have to come up with some way of the UI to talk to the service; you could use Named Pipes, Memory-Mapped Files, or you can use WCF (.NET 3.5+) with the Named Pipes/TCP provider, and call right into it.
For reference:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa984464(VS.71).aspx

Hope that helps.

A:

Make it a Windows service, and have it start automatically.  Or, if you only care when users are logged in, put it in the shared startup folder so it'll start for every user.

A:

What about adding the program to the start-up folder in the install?  When you create your set-up project, just add a shortcut to the output from the main program to the destination PC's start-up folder.