---
abstract: |
    A Lie 2-group $G$ is a category internal to the category of Lie groups. Consequently it is a monoidal category and a Lie groupoid. The Lie groupoid structure on $G$ gives rise to the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ of multiplicative vector fields, see [@B-E_L]. The monoidal structure on $G$ gives rise to a left action of the 2-group $G$ on the Lie groupoid $G$, hence to an action of $G$ on the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$. As a result we get the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(G)^G$ of left-invariant multiplicative vector fields.

    On the other hand there is a well-known construction that associates a Lie 2-algebra ${\mathfrak g}$ to a Lie 2-group $G$: apply the functor ${\mathsf{{Lie}}}:
      \mathsf{LieGp} \to \mathsf{LieAlg}$ to the structure maps of the category $G$. We show that the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathfrak g}$ is isomorphic to the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(G)^G$ of left invariant multiplicative vector fields.
address: 'Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801'
author:
- Eugene Lerman
title: 'Left-invariant vector fields on a Lie 2-group'
---

Introduction {#sec:1}
============

Recall that a strict Lie 2-group $G$ is a category internal to the category ${\mathsf{LieGp}}$ of Lie groups (the notions of internal categories, functors and natural transformations are recalled in Definition \[def:internal\]). Thus $G$ is a category whose collection of objects is a Lie group $G_0$, the collection of morphisms is a Lie group $G_1$ and all the structure maps: source $s$, target $t$, unit $1:G_0 \to G_1$ and composition $*:G_1\times_{s,G_0,t} G_1 \to G_1$ are maps of Lie groups.

There is a well-known functor ${\mathsf{{Lie}}}:\mathsf{LieGp} \to \mathsf{LieAlg}$ from the category of Lie groups to the category of Lie algebras. The functor ${\mathsf{{Lie}}}$ assigns to a Lie group $H$ its tangent space at the identity $\mathfrak{h}=T_eH$. The Lie bracket on ${\mathfrak h}$ is defined by the identification of $T_eH$ with the Lie algebra of left-invariant vector fields on the Lie group $H$. To a map $f:H\to L$ of Lie groups the functor ${\mathsf{{Lie}}}$ assigns the differential $T_ef: T_eH \to T_e L$, which happens to be a Lie algebra map. Consequently given a Lie 2-group $G=\{G_1 {\rightrightarrows}G_0\}$ we can apply the functor ${\mathsf{{Lie}}}$ to all the structure maps of $G$ and obtain a (strict) Lie 2-algebra ${\mathfrak g}=
\{{\mathfrak g}_1{\rightrightarrows}{\mathfrak g}_0\}$.

On the other hand, any Lie 2-group happens to be a Lie groupoid. In fact, it is an action groupoid [@BL Proposition 32] (see also Corollary \[cor:2.7\] below). Hepworth in [@Hepworth] pointed out that any Lie groupoid $K$ possesses a [*category*]{} ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ of vector fields (and not just a vector space). The objects of this category are well-known multiplicative vector fields of Mackenzie and Xu [@MackXu]. Multiplicative vector fields on a Lie groupoid naturally form a Lie algebra. It was shown in [@B-E_L] that the space of morphisms of ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ is a Lie algebra as well, and moreover ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ is a strict Lie 2-algebra (that is, a category internal to Lie algebras). One may expect that for a Lie 2-group $G$ one can define the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(G)^G$ of left-invariant vector fields on $G$ and that this Lie 2-algebra is isomorphic to the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathfrak g}$. But what does it mean for a Lie 2-group to act on its Lie 2-algebra? And what does it mean to be left-invariant for such an action? We proceed by analogy with ordinary Lie groups.\
A Lie group $H$ acts on itself by left multiplication: for any $x\in
H$ we have a diffeomorphism $L_x:H\to H$, $L_x (a) := xa$. These diffeomorphisms, in turn, give rise to a representation $$\lambda:H\to \mathrm{GL}({{\mathcal X}}(H))$$ of the group $H$ on the vector space ${{\mathcal X}}(H)$ of vector fields on the Lie group $H$. Namely, for each $x\in H$, the linear map $\lambda(x): {{\mathcal X}}(H) \to {{\mathcal X}}(H)$ is defined by $$\lambda (x)v:= TL_x \circ v \circ L_{x{^{-1}}}$$ for all vector fields $v\in {{\mathcal X}}(H)$. Next recall that given a representation $\rho: H\to \mathrm{GL}(V)$ of a Lie group $H$ on a vector space $V$ the space $V^H$ of $H$-fixed vectors is usually defined by $$V^H =\{v\in V\mid \rho(x) v = v \textrm{ for all } x\in H\}.$$ The space $V^H$ has the following universal property: for any linear map $f:W\to V$ (where $W$ is some vector space) so that $$\rho(x) \circ f = f$$ for all $x\in H$, there is a unique linear map $\bar{f}:W\to V^H$ so that the diagram $$\xy
(0,12)*+{W}="1";
(-12, -5)*+{V^H}="2";
( 12, -5)*+{V}="3";
{\ar@{->}_{\bar{f}} "1"; "2"};
{\ar@{->}^{f} "1"; "3"};
{\ar@{->}^{\imath} "2"; "3"};
\endxy$$ commutes. Here $\imath:V^H \hookrightarrow V$ is the inclusion map. If we view the group $H$ as a category $BH$ with one object $*$ and ${\mathsf{Hom}}_{BH}(*,*) = H$, then the representation $\rho:H\to
\mathrm{GL}(V)$ can be viewed as the functor $\rho:BH\to {\mathsf{Vect}}$ (where ${\mathsf{Vect}}$ is the category of vector spaces and linear maps) with $\rho(*) =V$. From this point of view the vector space $V^H$ of $H$-fixed vectors “is” the limit of the functor $\rho$: $$V^H = \lim(\rho:BH\to {\mathsf{Vect}}).$$ Consequently the vector space ${{\mathcal X}}(H)^H$ of left-invariant vector fields on a Lie group $H$ is the limit of the functor $\lambda: BH\to
{\mathsf{Vect}}$ with $\lambda(*) = {{\mathcal X}}(H)$ and $\lambda (x) v = TL_x \circ v
\circ L_{x{^{-1}}}$ for all $x\in H, v\in {{\mathcal X}}(H)$: $${{\mathcal X}}(H)^H = \lim (\lambda: BH\to {\mathsf{Vect}}).$$\
Now consider a Lie 2-group $G$. Each object $x$ of $G$ gives rise to a functor $L_x:G\to G$ which is given on an arrow $b\xleftarrow{\sigma}a$ of $G$ by $$L_x (b\xleftarrow{\sigma}a) = x\cdot b\xleftarrow{1_x\cdot \sigma} x\cdot a.$$ Here $\cdot $ denotes both multiplications: in the group $G_0$ and in the group $G_1$. The symbol $1_x$ stands for the identity arrow at the object $x$. For any arrow $y\xleftarrow{\gamma} x$ of $G$ there is a natural transformation $$L_\gamma:L_x \Rightarrow L_y.$$ The component of $L_\gamma$ at an object $a$ of $G$ is defined by $$L_\gamma (a) = y\cdot a \xleftarrow{\gamma \cdot 1_a} x \cdot a.$$ The proof that $L_\gamma$ is in fact a natural transformation is not completely trivial; see Lemma \[lem:2.2.0\].

Next recall that there is a tangent (2-)functor $T:{\mathsf{LieGpd}}\to {\mathsf{LieGpd}}$ from the category of Lie groupoids to itself. This functor is an extension of the tangent functor $T:{\mathsf{{Man}}}\to {\mathsf{{Man}}}$ on the category of manifolds. On objects $T$ assigns to a Lie groupoid $K$ its tangent groupoid $TK$. On morphisms $T$ assigns to a functor $f:K\to K'$ the derivative $Tf:TK\to TK'$. To a natural transformation $\alpha:f\Rightarrow f'$ between two functors $f,f':K\to K'$ the functor $T$ assigns the derivative $T\alpha$ (note that a natural transformation $\alpha$ is, in particular, a smooth map $\alpha:K_0 \to K'_1$, so $T\alpha: TK_0\to TK'_1$ makes sense). Note also that the projection functors $\pi_K:TK\to K$ assemble into a (2-)natural transformation $\pi:T\Rightarrow
{\mathrm{id}}_{\mathsf{LieGpd}}$.

Given an object $x$ of a Lie 2-group $G$ there is a functor $\lambda(x):{\mathbb{X}}(G)\to
{\mathbb{X}}(G)$ from the category of vector fields on the Lie groupoid $G$ to itself (see Lemma \[lem:2.2.1\] and the discussion right after it). It is defined as follows: given a multiplicative vector field $v:G\to TG$, the value of $\lambda(x)$ on $v$ is given by $$\lambda(x) \, (v) :=  TL_x \circ v \circ L_{x{^{-1}}}.$$ The value of $\lambda(x)$ on a morphism $\alpha:v\Rightarrow
w$ (i.e., on a natural transformation between the two functors) of ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is the composite $$\xy
(-20,0)*+{TG}="1";
(-5,0)*+{TG}="2";
( 10,0)*+{G}="3";
(25,0)*+{G}="4";
{\ar@{->}_{TL_x} "2";"1"};
{\ar@{->}_{L_{x{^{-1}}}} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{w} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{v} "3";"2"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \alpha} (3,3)*{};(3,-3)*{}}
\endxy.$$ That is, $$\lambda (x)\, (\alpha) :=TL_x\, \alpha\,  L_{x{^{-1}}},$$ the whiskering of the natural transformation $\alpha$ by the functors $TL_x$ and $L_{x{^{-1}}}$. Note that $\lambda(x)\circ \lambda (x{^{-1}}) = {\mathrm{id}}_{{\mathbb{X}}(G)}=
\lambda(x{^{-1}})\circ \lambda(x)$. And, more generally, $\lambda(x)\circ \lambda(y) = \lambda(x\cdot y)$ for all objects $x,y$ of the Lie 2-group $G$. For any arrow $y\xleftarrow{\gamma}x$ in the category $G$ we have a natural transformation $\lambda(\gamma):\lambda(x)\Rightarrow
\lambda(y)$: its component $$\lambda(\gamma)v:\lambda(x)v\Rightarrow \lambda(y)v$$ at a multiplicative vector field $v$ is given by the composite $$\xy
(-25,0)*+{TG}="1";
(-5,0)*+{\,\,TG}="2";
( 10,0)*+{G}="3";
(30,0)*+{G}="4";
{\ar@{->}_{v} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{TL_x} "2";"1"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{TL_y} "2";"1"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{L_{x{^{-1}}}} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{L_{y{^{-1}}}} "4";"3"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle TL_\gamma} (-15,3)*{};(-15,-3)*{}};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle L_{\gamma{^{-1}}}} (19,3)*{};(19,-3)*{}};
\endxy.$$ We can always think of a Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ as a 2-vector space (i.e., a category internal to the category of vector spaces) by forgetting the Lie brackets. A 2-vector space has a strict 2-group of automorphisms. By definition the objects of this 2-group are strictly invertible functors internal to the category of vector spaces and the morphisms are natural isomorphisms (also internal to the category of vector spaces). We denote the 2-group of automorphisms of ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ by ${\mathrm{GL}}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$. The functors $\lambda(x)$ and the natural transformations $\lambda(\gamma)$ described above assemble into a single homomorphism of 2-groups $\lambda: G\to {\mathrm{GL}}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ (i.e., a functor internal to the category of groups), which we can think of as the “left regular representation" of the Lie 2-group $G$ on its category of vector fields ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$. The main result of the paper may now be stated as follows.

\[thm:main\] Let $G$ be a (strict) Lie 2-group, ${\mathfrak g}$ its Lie 2-algebra obtained by applying the ${\mathsf{{Lie}}}$ functor to its structure maps, ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ the Lie 2-algebra of multiplicative vector fields, and $\lambda: G\to {\mathrm{GL}}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ the representation of $G$ on the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ of multiplicative vector fields which arises from the left multiplication as described above. There is a natural 1-morphism $p:{\mathfrak g}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ of Lie 2-algebras which is fully faithful and injective on objects. Hence the image $p({\mathfrak g})$ of the functor $p$ is a full Lie 2-subalgebra of ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$.

Moreover the inclusion $p({\mathfrak g})\lhook\joinrel\xrightarrow{\,\,\,
    i\,\,\,}{\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is the strict conical 2-limit of the functor $\lambda: G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$. Hence the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathfrak g}$ is isomorphic to the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(G)^G:= \lim(\lambda :G\to
  \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G)))$ of left-invariant vector fields on the Lie 2-group $G$.

Related work {#related-work .unnumbered}
------------

Higher Lie theory is a well-developed subject. The ideas go back to the work of Quillen [@Quillen] and Sullivan [@Sullivan] on rational homotopy theory. The problem of associating a Lie 2-algebra to a strict Lie 2-group is, of course, solved by applying a Lie functor to the Lie 2-group. In fact a much harder problem has been solved by Ševera who introduced a [ Lie]{}-like functors that go from Lie $n$-groups to $L_\infty$-algebras and from Lie $n$-groupoids to dg-manifolds [@S1; @S2]. In particular one can use Ševera’s method to differentiate weak Lie 2-groups [@JSW].

An even harder problem is that of integration. We note the work of Crainic and Fernandes [@CF], Getzler [@Getzler], Henriques [@Henriq] and Ševera and Širaň [@SS].

Outline of the paper {#outline-of-the-paper .unnumbered}
--------------------

\
In Section \[sec:2\] we fix our notation, which unfortunately is considerable. We recall the definitions internal categories, of 2-groups, Lie 2-groups, Lie 2-algebras and 2-vector spaces. We then recall the interaction of composition and multiplications in a Lie 2-group and the fact that any Lie 2-group is a Lie groupoid. We discuss the category of vector fields ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ on a Lie groupoid $K$ and the fact that this category is naturally a Lie 2-algebra. In particular we discuss the origin of the Lie bracket on the space of morphisms of ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$.

In Section \[sec:action\] we discuss the 2-group of automorphisms of a category. We define an action of a 2-group on a category and express the action in terms of a 1-morphism of 2-groups. We show that the multiplication of a Lie 2-group $G$ leads to an action $L:G\to
{\mathrm{Aut}}(G)$ of the group on itself by smooth (internal) functors and natural isomorphisms. We show that an action of a Lie 2-group $G$ on a Lie groupoid $K$ by smooth (internal) functors and natural isomorphisms leads to a representation of $G$ on the on the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ of vector fields on $K$. In particular left multiplication $L:G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(G)$ leads to a representation $\lambda:
G\to \mathrm{GL} ({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ of a Lie 2-group $G$ on its 2-vector space of vector fields. Various results of this section may well be known to experts. I don’t know of suitable references.

In Section \[sec:p\] for a Lie 2-group $G$ we construct a 1-morphism of Lie 2-algebras $p:{\mathfrak g}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ which is fully faithful and injective on objects. Consequently the image $p({\mathfrak g})$ is a full Lie 2-subalgebra of the Lie 2-algebra of vector fields ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$.

Finally in Section \[sec:u\] we show that the inclusion $i:p({\mathfrak g})
\hookrightarrow {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is a strict conical 2-limit of the left regular representation $\lambda: G\to \mathrm{GL} ({\mathbb{X}}(G))$.

Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
---------------

The paper is part of a joint project with Dan Berwick-Evans. I am grateful to Dan for many fruitful discussions.

I thank the referee for the careful reading of the paper and for many interesting and helpful comments.

Background and notation {#sec:2}
=======================

Given a natural transformation $\alpha:f\Rightarrow g$ between a pair of functors $f,g:{\mathsf{A}}\to {\mathsf{B}}$ we denote the component of $\alpha$ at an object $a$ of ${\mathsf{A}}$ either as $\alpha_a$ or as $\alpha(a)$, depending on readability.

Given a category ${\mathsf{C}}$ we denote its collection of objects by ${\mathsf{C}}_0$ and its collection of morphisms by ${\mathsf{C}}_1$. The source and target maps of the category ${\mathsf{C}}$ are denoted by $s,t:{\mathsf{C}}_1\to
  {\mathsf{C}}_0$, respectively. The unit map from objects to morphisms is denoted by $1:{\mathsf{C}}_0\to {\mathsf{C}}_1$. We write $$\ast : {\mathsf{C}}_1 \times_{s,{\mathsf{C}}_0, t} {\mathsf{C}}_1 \to {\mathsf{C}}_1, \qquad (\sigma,
\gamma) \mapsto \sigma \ast \gamma$$ to denote composition in the category ${\mathsf{C}}$. Here and elsewhere $${\mathsf{C}}_2:= {\mathsf{C}}_1 \times_{s,{\mathsf{C}}_0, t} {\mathsf{C}}_1 = \{(\gamma_2, \gamma_1)\in G_1
\times G_1 \mid s(\gamma_2) = t(\gamma_1)\}$$ denotes the fiber product of the maps $s:{\mathsf{C}}_1\to {\mathsf{C}}_0$ and $t:{\mathsf{C}}_1 \to {\mathsf{C}}_0$.

In this paper there are many Lie 2-algebras, compositions and multiplications. For the reader’s convenience we summarize our notation below. Some of the notation has already been introduced above. The explanation of the rest follows the summary.

Summary of notation {#summary-of-notation .unnumbered}
-------------------

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  $s,t:{\mathsf{C}}_1\to {\mathsf{C}}_0$                                                  The source and target maps of a category ${\mathsf{C}}$.

  $\ast: {\mathsf{C}}_1 \times_{s,{\mathsf{C}}_0, t} {\mathsf{C}}_1 \to {\mathsf{C}}_1$   The composition map of a category ${\mathsf{C}}$.

  $1:{\mathsf{C}}_0 \to {\mathsf{C}}_1$                                                   The unit map of a category ${\mathsf{C}}$.

  $1_x  \in {\mathsf{C}}_1$                                                               the value of the unit map $1:{\mathsf{C}}_0\to {\mathsf{C}}_1$ on an object $x$ of ${\mathsf{C}}$.

  $g\alpha f$                                                                             the whiskering of a natural transformation $\alpha:k\Rightarrow h$ by functors $g$ and $f$: $$\xy (-200,0)*+{g\alpha f=
                                                                                \xy
                                                                                (-20,0)*+{{\mathsf{D}}}="1";
                                                                                (-5,0)*+{{\mathsf{C}}}="2";
                                                                                ( 10,0)*+{{\mathsf{B}}}="3";
                                                                                (25,0)*+{{\mathsf{A}}}="4";
                                                                                {\ar@{->}_{g} "2";"1"};
                                                                                {\ar@{->}_{f} "4";"3"};
                                                                                {\ar@/^1.pc/^{h} "3";"2"};
                                                                                {\ar@/_1.pc/_{k} "3";"2"};
                                                                                {\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \alpha} (3,3)*{};(3,-3)*{}}
                                                                                \endxy.}
                                                                                \endxy$$

  $G=\{G_1{\rightrightarrows}G_0\}$                                                       a Lie 2-group with the Lie group $G_0$ of objects and $G_1$ of morphisms.

  $e_0\in G_0$, $e_1\in G_1$                                                              the multiplicative identities in the Lie groups $G_0$ and $G_1$ respectively.

  ${\mathfrak g}=\{{\mathfrak g}_1{\rightrightarrows}{\mathfrak g}_0\}$                   the Lie 2-algebra of a Lie 2-group $G$ obtained by applying the ${\mathsf{{Lie}}}$ functor to the objects, morphisms and the structure maps of $G$: ${\mathfrak g}_0 = T_{e_0}G_0$, ${\mathfrak g}_1 = T_{e_1} G_1$.

  ${{\mathscr L}}(G)$                                                                     the Lie 2-algebra of a Lie 2-group $G$ whose objects are the left-invariant vector fields on the Lie group $G_0$ and morphisms are the left-invariant vector fields on the Lie group $G_1$. It is isomorphic to ${\mathfrak g}$.

  ${{\mathcal X}}(M)$                                                                     the Lie algebra of vector fields on a manifold $M$.

  $\cdot$ or $m$                                                                          the multiplication of the Lie 2-group $G$. We may view $m$ as a functor. It has components $m_1:G_1\times G_1\to G_1$ and $m_0:G_0\times G_0\to G_0$. We may abbreviate $m_1$ and $m_0$ as $m$.

  $\bullet$ or $Tm:TG\times TG \to TG$                                                    The derivative of the multiplication functor $m:G\times G\to G$.

  $\star: TK_1\times_{TK_0} TK_1 \to TK$                                                  the composition in the tangent groupoid $TK$ of a Lie groupoid $K$; $\star$ is the derivative of the composition

                                                                                $\ast:K_1\times_{K_0}K_1\to K_1$.

  ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$                                                                       the Lie 2-algebra of vector fields on a Lie groupoid $K$ or the 2-vector space underlying the Lie 2-algebra.

  ${{\mathcal L}}_z:Z\to Z$                                                               left multiplication diffeomorphism of a Lie group $Z$ defined by an element $z\in Z$: ${{\mathcal L}}_z (z') = zz'$ for all $z'\in Z$.

  $L_x: G\to G$                                                                           the [*functor*]{} from a Lie 2-group $G$ to itself defined by the left multiplication by an object $x$ of $G$.

  $L_\gamma: L_x \Rightarrow L_y$                                                         the natural transformation between two left multiplication functors defined by an arrow $x\xrightarrow{\gamma}y$ in a Lie 2-group $G$.

  $\lambda(x):{\mathbb{X}}(G)\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$                                         the 1-morphism of the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ induced by an object $x$ of $G$. It is induced by the left-multiplications functors $TL_x:TG\to TG$ and $L_{x{^{-1}}}:G\to
                                                                                G$.

  $\lambda(\gamma):\lambda(x)\Rightarrow \lambda(y)$                                      the 2-morphism of the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ induced by an arrow $x\xrightarrow{\gamma}y$ in the Lie 2-group $G$.
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\

\[def:internal\] Recall that given a category ${\mathsf{C}}$ with finite limits one can talk about [categories internal to ${\mathsf{C}}$]{} [@MacLane]. Namely a category $C$ internal to the category ${\mathsf{C}}$ consists of two objects $C_1$, $C_0$ of ${\mathsf{C}}$ together with a five morphisms of ${\mathsf{C}}$) $s,t: C_1 \to C_0$ (source, target), $1:C_0\to C_1$ (unit) and composition/multiplication $\ast : C_1 \times _{C_0} C_1\to C_1$ satisfying the usual equations. Similarly, given two categories internal to ${\mathsf{C}}$ there exist [internal functors]{} between them. Internal functors consists of pairs of morphisms of ${\mathsf{C}}$ satisfying the appropriate equations. And given two internal functors one can talk about [internal natural transformations]{} between the functors. The categories ${\mathsf{C}}$ of interest to us include groups, vector spaces, Lie groups and Lie algebras. The resulting internal categories are called [ 2-groups]{} (also known as cat-groups, categorical groups, gr-categories and categories with a group structure), Baez-Crans [2-vector spaces]{}, [Lie 2-groups]{} and [Lie 2-algebras]{}, respectively.

We note that in particular a Lie 2-group $G$ has a Lie group $G_0$ of objects, a Lie group $G_1$ of morphisms and all the structure maps: source $s:G_1\to G_0$, target $t:G_1\to G_0$, unit $1:G_0\to
G_1$ and composition $\ast: G_1\times _{s,G_0,t}G_1\to G_1$ are maps of Lie groups (the Lie group structure on $G_2:= G_1\times
_{s,G_0,t}G_1\to G_1$ is discussed below). We denote the multiplicative identity of the group $G_0$ by $e_0$. Since $1:G_0\to
G_1$ is a map of Lie groups, the multiplicative identity $e_1$ of $G_1$ satisfies $$e_1 = 1_{e_0}.$$ We denote the Lie group multiplications on $G_1$ and $G_0$ by $m_1$ and $m_0$ respectively. Since the category of Lie groups has transverse fiber products, the fiber product $G_2= G_1\times
_{s,G_0,t}G_1$ is a Lie group. We denote the multiplication on this group by $m_2$. If we identify $G_2$ with the Lie subgroup of $G_1\times G_1$: $$G_2 = \{(\sigma, \gamma)\in G_1\times G_1 \mid s(\sigma )  = t (\gamma)\},$$ then the multiplication $m_2$ is given by the formula $$m_2 ((\sigma_2, \gamma_2), (\sigma_1, \gamma_1)) = (m_1(\sigma_2,
\sigma_1), m_1 (\gamma_2, \gamma_1)).$$ Alternatively, using the infix notation $\cdot$ for the multiplications the formula above amounts to $$(\sigma_2, \gamma_2)\cdot (\sigma_1, \gamma_1) = (\sigma_2\cdot \sigma_1,
\gamma_2 \cdot \gamma_1).$$ The following lemma is well-known to experts and is easy to prove. None the less it is crucial for many computations in the paper.

\[lem:2.3\] Let $G=\{G_1{\rightrightarrows}G_0\}$ be a Lie 2-group with the composition $\ast
  :G_2 =G_1 \times _{G_0} G_1 \to G_1$ and multiplication $m_1:G_1\times G_1 \to G_1$, $(\gamma, \sigma) \mapsto
  \gamma\cdot \sigma$. Then $$\label{eq:1}
  (\sigma_2\ast \sigma_1)\cdot (\gamma_2\ast \gamma_1)
= (\sigma_2\cdot \gamma_2)\ast (\sigma_1\cdot \gamma_1),$$ for all $(\sigma_2, \sigma_1),(\gamma_2, \gamma_1) \in G_2 = G_1\times
_{s,G_0,t}G_1$.

Since the composition $\ast :G_2 \to G_1$ is a Lie group homomorphism, $$\label{eq:2}
 \ast((\sigma_2, \sigma_1)\cdot (\gamma_2,\gamma_1)) =
(\ast(\sigma_2, \sigma_1))\cdot(\ast(\gamma_2,\gamma_1)).$$ On the other hand $$\label{eq:3}
(\sigma_2, \sigma_1)\cdot(\gamma_2,\gamma_1)
= (\sigma_2\cdot\gamma_2, \sigma_1\cdot\gamma_1)$$ while $$\label{eq:4}
  (\ast(\sigma_2, \sigma_1))\cdot(\ast(\gamma_2,\gamma_1))
\equiv  (\sigma_2\ast \sigma_1)\cdot(\gamma_2\ast \gamma_1)$$ when we switch from the prefix to infix notation. Similarly, $$\label{eq:5}
 \ast(\sigma_2\cdot\gamma_2, \sigma_1\cdot\gamma_1)
\equiv (\sigma_2\cdot\gamma_2)\ast( \sigma_1\cdot\gamma_1).$$ Therefore $$(\sigma_2\cdot\gamma_2)\ast( \sigma_1\cdot\gamma_1)
= (\sigma_2\ast \sigma_1)\cdot(\gamma_2\ast \gamma_1).$$

The multiplications $m_i:G_i\times G_i \to G_i$, $i=0,1$ on a Lie 2-group $G$ assemble into a functor $m:G\times G \to G$.

Omitted.

Equation also implies that the multiplication functor $m:G\times G \to G$ and the composition homomorphism $\ast :G_1\times
_{G_0} G_1 \to G_1$ in a Lie 2-group $G$ are closely related. In fact they determine each other [@MacLane]. For the convenience of the reader we recall a proof that the multiplication functor $m$ determines the composition homomorphism $\ast$:

\[lem:1\] For any two composable arrows $\sigma, \gamma$ of a Lie 2-group $G$ with $s(\sigma)= b = t(\gamma)$ $$\sigma \ast\gamma = \gamma\cdot 1_{b{^{-1}}} \cdot \sigma.$$ Here as before $s,t:G_1\to G_0$ are the source and target maps, $1_{b{^{-1}}}$ denotes the unit arrow at the object $b{^{-1}}$ of $G$, $\cdot$ stands for the multiplication $m_1$ on the space of arrows $G_1$ of the Lie 2-group $G$ and $\ast: G_1\times_{G_0} G_1\to G_1$ is the composition homomorphism.

We follow the proof in [@MacLane p. 186]. Note that since $1:G_0\to
G_1$ is a homomorphism, the inverse $1_b {^{-1}}$ of $1_b$ with respect to the multiplication $m_1$ is $1_{b{^{-1}}}$. We compute $$\begin{aligned}
  \sigma \ast \gamma &=&
  ((1_b \cdot (1_b{^{-1}}\cdot \sigma)) \ast (\gamma \cdot (1_b {^{-1}}\cdot 1_b))\\
  &=& (1_b \ast \gamma) \cdot ((1_b {^{-1}}\cdot \sigma)\ast (1_b {^{-1}}\cdot 1_b))
  \quad \textrm{ by \eqref{eq:1} }\\
  &=& \gamma \cdot (1_b {^{-1}}\ast 1_b {^{-1}})\cdot (\sigma \ast 1_b )
\qquad \textrm{ by \eqref{eq:1} again}\\
  &=& \gamma \cdot 1_{b {^{-1}}} \cdot \sigma\quad \textrm{since }
  1_x \ast 1_x = 1_x
  \textrm{ for all }x\in G_0\textrm{ and } (1_b){^{-1}}= 1_{b{^{-1}}} .\end{aligned}$$

Lemma \[lem:1\] has a well-known corollary: any Lie 2-group is a Lie groupoid. In fact we can be more precise:

\[cor:2.7\] A Lie 2-group $G$ is isomorphic, as a category internal to the category of manifolds, to the action groupoid $\{K\times G_0{\rightrightarrows}G_0\}$ where $K$ is the kernel of the source map $s:G_1\to G_0$ and the action of $K$ on $G_0$ is given by $$k\diamond x := t(k)\cdot x$$ for all $(k,x) \in K\times G_0$. As before $t:G_1\to G_0$ is the target map.

The isomorphism of categories $\varphi:G\to \{K\times G_0\to G_0\}$ is defined to be identity on objects. On arrows $\varphi$ is given by $$\varphi_1(y\xleftarrow{\gamma} x) = (\gamma \cdot 1_{x{^{-1}}}, x).$$

The same argument shows that any 2-group (i.e., a category internal to the category of groups) is an action groupoid.

We next recall the definitions of the 2-categories of Lie 2-algebras and of 2-vector spaces.

Lie 2-algebras naturally form a strict 2-category ${\mathsf{Lie2Alg}}$. The objects of this 2-category are Lie 2-algebras, the 1-morphisms are functors internal to the category $\mathsf{LieAlg}$ of Lie algebras and 2-morphisms are internal natural transformations.

2-vector spaces naturally form a strict 2-category $2{\mathsf{Vect}}$. The objects of this 2-category are 2-vector spaces. The 1-morphisms of $2{\mathsf{Vect}}$ are internal functors and 2-morphisms are internal natural transformations.

There is an evident forgetful functor $U:{\mathsf{Lie2Alg}}\to
  2{\mathsf{Vect}}$. We will suppress this functor in our notation and will use the same symbol for a Lie 2-algebra and its image under the functor $U$, that is, its underlying 2-vector space.

The Lie 2-algebra ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ of multiplicative vector fields on a Lie groupoid $K$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\
In this subsection we recall some of the results of [@B-E_L]. We start by recalling the definition of the [*category*]{} of multiplicative vector fields ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ on a Lie groupoid $K$, which is due to Hepworth [@Hepworth].

A [multiplicative vector field]{} on a Lie groupoid $K=\{K_1{\rightrightarrows}K_0\}$ is a functor $v:K\to TK$ so that $\pi_K\circ v = {\mathrm{id}}_K$. A [morphism]{} (or an [arrow]{}) from a multiplicative vector field $v$ to a multiplicative vector field $w$ is a natural transformation $\alpha:v\Rightarrow w$ so that $\pi_K (\alpha (x)) = 1_x$ for any object $x$ of the groupoid $K$.

Multiplicative vector fields and morphisms between them are easily seen to form a category: the composite of two morphisms $\alpha:v\Rightarrow w$ and $\beta:w\Rightarrow u$ is the natural transformation $\beta \circ_v \alpha$, where $\circ_v$ denotes the vertical composition of natural transformations. That is, for any object $x\in K_0$ $$(\beta \circ_v \alpha) (x) = \beta(x) \star \alpha (x)$$ where as before $\star: TK_1 \times _{TK_0} TK_1 \to TK_1$ is the derivative of the composition $\ast: K_1 \times _{K_0} K_1 \to K_1$. Since $\pi_K:TK \to K$ is functor, $$\pi_K (\beta(x) \star \alpha (x)) =
\pi_K(\beta(x))\ast \pi_K (\alpha(x)) = 1_x \ast 1_x = 1_x$$ for all $x\in K_0$. Hence $\beta \circ_v \alpha$ is a morphism from $v$ to $u$.

It is not hard to see that the collection ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_0$ multiplicative vector fields form a vector space [@MackXu]. It is a little harder to see that ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_0$ is a Lie algebra ([*op. cit.*]{}). However, the Lie bracket on ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_0$ is easy to describe. A multiplicative vector field $u:K\to TK$ is, in particular, a pair of ordinary vector fields: $$u= (u_0:K_0\to TK_0, u_1:K_1 \to TK_1).$$ The bracket on ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_0$ is defined by $$[(u_0, u_1), (v_0, v_1)]:= ([u_0,v_0], [u_1, v_1]).$$ To see that the definition makes sense one checks that $([u_0,v_0],
[u_1, v_1])$ is a functor from $K$ to $TK$; see [@MackXu].

The space of arrows ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ is a Lie algebra as well and the structure maps of the category ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ are Lie algebra maps [@B-E_L]. In other words the category ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ underlies a Lie 2-algebra.

The bracket on the elements of ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ ultimately comes from the Lie bracket on the vector fields on the manifold $K_1$ [@B-E_L]. But the relationship is not direct since the elements of ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ are not vector fields. In more detail, write an arrow $\alpha\in {\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ as $$\alpha = (\alpha -\mathbbm{1}_{\mathbbm{s}(\alpha)})+  \mathbbm{1}_{\mathbbm{s}(\alpha)},$$ where $\mathbbm{1}:{\mathbb{X}}(K)_0 \to {\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ is the unit map and $\mathbbm{s}:{\mathbb{X}}(K)_1\to {\mathbb{X}}(K)_0$ is the source map of the category ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$. Recall that for a multiplicative vector field $X$, the morphism ${\mathbbm{1}}_X:X\Rightarrow X$ is defined by $${\mathbbm{1}}_X (x) = T1(X_0(x))$$ for all $x\in K_0$. The multiplicative vector field ${\mathbbm{s}}(\alpha)$ satisfies $$({\mathbbm{s}}(\alpha))_0(x) = Ts (\alpha(x))$$ for all $x\in K_0$, where on the right hand side $s:K_1\to K_0$ is, as before, the source map for the Lie groupoid $K$. Then $$Ts (\alpha -\mathbbm{1}_{\mathbbm{s}(\alpha)}) =0,$$ hence $\alpha -{\mathbbm{1}} _{{\mathbbm{s}}(\alpha)}$ is a section of the Lie algebroid $A_K\to K_0$ of the Lie groupoid $K$.

Recall that the Lie bracket on the space of sections $\Gamma(A_K)$ of the Lie algebroid $A_K$ is constructed by embedding $\Gamma(A_K)$ into the space of vector fields on $K_1$ as right-invariant vector fields. That is, one constructs a map $$j:\Gamma(A_K) \to {{\mathcal X}}(K_1)$$ by setting $$\label{eq:j}
j(\sigma) \, (\gamma) := TR_\gamma \left(\sigma (t(\gamma))\right)$$ for all $\gamma \in K_1$. The map $R_\gamma: s{^{-1}}(t(\gamma)) \to
K_1$ is defined by composition with $\gamma$ on the right: $$R_\gamma (\mu) := \mu \ast \gamma$$ for all $\mu \in K_1$ with $s(\mu) = t(\gamma)$.

We now recall the construction of a Lie algebra structure on the space ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ (see [@B-E_L] where the details of the construction are phrased somewhat differently). Define $$J: {\mathbb{X}}(K)_1 \to {{\mathcal X}}(K_1)$$ by setting $$\label{eq:J}
J(\alpha) := j(\alpha  -{\mathbbm{1}}_{{\mathbbm{s}}(\alpha)}) + {\mathbbm{s}}(\alpha)_1.$$ The map $J$ is injective and its image happens to be closed under the Lie bracket. So for $\alpha, \beta\in {\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ we can (and do) define the Lie bracket $[\alpha, \beta]$ to be the unique element of ${\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ with $$J([\alpha, \beta]) = [J(\alpha), J(\beta)].$$ One checks that the category ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ of multiplicative vector fields with the Lie algebra structures on the spaces of objects and morphisms does form a Lie 2-algebra; see [@B-E_L].

Actions and representations of Lie 2-groups {#sec:action}
===========================================

The goal of this section is to construct a representation $\lambda:G\to \mathrm{GL} ({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ of a Lie group $G$ on its 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ of vector fields induced by the action of $G$ on itself by left multiplication. This is the representation briefly described in the introduction. We start by recalling some well-known material about actions of Lie 2-groups. Recall that a [2-group]{} is a category internal to the category of groups and a [homomorphism]{} of 2-groups is a functor internal to the category of groups (cf. Definition \[def:internal\]).

Let $K$ be a Lie groupoid. The 2-group ${\mathrm{Aut}}(K)$ of automorphisms of $K$ is defined as follows.

The group of objects ${\mathrm{Aut}}(K)_0$ consists of strictly invertible smooth (i.e., internal) functors $f:K\to K$. The group operation on ${\mathrm{Aut}}(K)_0$ is the composition of functors. The group of morphisms ${\mathrm{Aut}}(K)_1$ is the group of (smooth) natural isomorphisms under [*vertical*]{} composition. The composition homomorphism $*: {\mathrm{Aut}}(K)_1\times_{{\mathrm{Aut}}(K)_0}
{\mathrm{Aut}}(K)_1\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(K)_1$ is the [*horizontal*]{} composition of natural isomorphisms. There are also evident source, target and unit maps: $$s(f\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow}g) = f, \quad
t(f\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow}g) =g, \quad 1 (f) =
(f\stackrel{{\mathrm{id}}_f}{\Rightarrow}f).$$ Note that the component of ${\mathrm{id}}_f$ at an object $x\in K_0$ is $${\mathrm{id}}_f (x) = 1_{f(x)},$$ the unit arrow on the object $f(x)$ of $K$.

A (strict left) [action]{} of a Lie 2-group $G$ on a Lie groupoid $K$ is a functor ${\mathbf{a}}:G\times K\to K$ so that the two diagrams $$\label{eq:3.2.1}
\xy
(-15,10)*+{G\times G\times K}="1";
(15,10)*+{G\times K}="2";
( -15,-10)*+{G\times K}="3";
(15,-10)*+{K}="4";
{\ar@{->}^{{\mathrm{id}}_G \times {\mathbf{a}}} "1";"2"};
{\ar@{->}_{m\times {\mathrm{id}}_K} "1";"3"};
{\ar@{->}^{{\mathbf{a}}} "2";"4"};
{\ar@{->}_{{\mathbf{a}}} "3";"4"};
\endxy
\qquad \textrm{ \quad and \quad}\quad
\xy
(-15,10)*+{G\times K}="1";
(15,10)*+{K}="2";
( -15,-10)*+{K}="3";
{\ar@{->}^{{\mathbf{a}}} "1";"2"};
{\ar@{->}^{e\times {\mathrm{id}}_K} "3";"1"};
{\ar@{=} "3";"2"};
\endxy$$ commute. Here as before $m:G\times G\to G$ is the multiplication functor. The functor $e\times {\mathrm{id}}_K$ is defined by $(e\times
{\mathrm{id}}_K)\,(\sigma) = (e_1, \sigma)$ for all arrows $\sigma $ of $K$, where as before $e_1\in G_1$ is the multiplicative identity.

Given an action ${\mathbf{a}}:G\times K\to K$ a Lie 2-group $G$ on a Lie groupoid $K$ it will be convenient at times to abbreviate ${\mathbf{a}}(x,b)$ as $x\cdot b$ for any two objects $x$ of $G$ and $b$ of $K$. Similarly we abbreviate ${\mathbf{a}}(\gamma, \sigma)$ as $\gamma\cdot \sigma$ for arrows $\gamma$ of $G$ and $\sigma$ of $K$.

In the notation above the fact that ${\mathbf{a}}:G\times K\to K$ preserves the composition of arrows translates into $$(\gamma_2\ast\gamma_1)\cdot (\sigma_2 \ast \sigma_1) =
(\gamma_2\cdot \sigma_2)\ast (\gamma_1 \cdot \sigma_1)$$ for any two pairs of composable arrows $(\gamma_2,\gamma_1)\in G_1
\times_{G_0} G_1$ and $(\sigma_2, \sigma_1)\in K_1\times_{K_0}K_1$.

\[lem:3.2.1\] An action ${\mathbf{a}}:G\times K \to K$ of a Lie 2-group $G$ on a Lie groupoid $K$ gives rise to a homomorphism of 2-groups $$\label{eq:3.1.1}
{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}:G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(K).$$ In particular for each object $x\in G_0$ there is a functor ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x):K\to K$ satisfying $${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)\, (b\xleftarrow{\sigma}a):= x\cdot b\xleftarrow{1_x\cdot \sigma}
x\cdot a$$ for all arrows $b\xleftarrow{\sigma}a$ of the groupoid $K$. And for each arrow $y\xleftarrow{\gamma}y$ of $G$ there is a natural transformation ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma):{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)\Rightarrow {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(y)$ satisfying $${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma) (b) = \gamma \cdot 1_b$$ for all objects $b$ of $K$.

The functor is a homomorphism of 2-groups if and only if

1.  ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(e_0\xleftarrow{e_1}e_0) =\,\,
      ({\mathrm{id}}_K\stackrel{1_{{\mathrm{id}}_K}}{\Leftarrow} {\mathrm{id}}_K)$ and

2.  ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_2 \cdot \gamma_1) = {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_2)\circ
      _{hor} {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_1)$ for any pairs of arrows $\gamma_2,
      \gamma_1$ of $G$. (Here as before $\cdot$ denotes the multiplication in the Lie group $G_1$.)

\[rmrk:3.7.1\] Recall that given four functors and two natural transformations as below $$\xy
(-45,0)*+{\mathsf{C}}="1";
(-15, -0)*+{\mathsf{B}}="2";
( 15, 0)*+{\mathsf{A}}="3";
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{k} "2";"1"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{n} "2";"1"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{g} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{h} "3";"2"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \alpha} (0, 2.5)*{};(0, -2.5)*{}};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \beta} (-30, 2.5)*{};(-30, -2.5)*{}};
\endxy$$ the component $(\beta\circ_{hor}\alpha)(a)$ of the horizontal composition of $\beta$ and $\alpha$ at an object $a\in {\mathsf{A}}_0$ is given by $$(\beta\circ_{hor}\alpha)(a) =
\beta_{g(a)} \ast n (\alpha_a)$$ where $\ast: {\mathsf{C}}_1 \times _{{\mathsf{C}}_0}{\mathsf{C}}_1\to {\mathsf{C}}_1$ is the composition in the category ${\mathsf{C}}$.

Since ${\mathbf{a}}:G\times K\to K$ is a functor, for any two composable arrows $\sigma_2, \sigma_1$ in $K$ and for any object $x$ of $G$ $${\mathbf{a}}(1_x, \sigma_2\ast \sigma_1) = {\mathbf{a}}((1_x, \sigma_2)\ast (1_x, \sigma_1))
= {\mathbf{a}}(1_x, \sigma_2)\ast {\mathbf{a}}(1_x, \sigma_1).$$ We also have ${\mathbf{a}}(1_x, \sigma_2\ast \sigma_1) = {\mathbf{a}}((1_x, \sigma_2)\ast
(1_x, \sigma_1))$ and ${\mathbf{a}}(1_x, \sigma_2)\ast {\mathbf{a}}(1_x, \sigma_1) =
{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)(\sigma_2)\ast {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)(\sigma_1)$. Hence $${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)(\sigma_2\ast \sigma_1) =
{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)(\sigma_2)\ast{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)(\sigma_1).$$ We conclude that ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)$ is a functor for all objects $x$ of the 2-group $G$.

To check that for an arrow $x\xrightarrow{\gamma} y$ in $G$, ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma)$ is a natural transformation from the functor ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)$ to the functor ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(y)$ we need to check that for any arrow $b\xleftarrow{\sigma} a$ in $K$ $$\label{eq:3.3.3}
{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma) (b)\ast {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)(\sigma) = {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(y)
(\sigma)\ast{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma) (b).$$ Now $$\begin{aligned}
  {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma) (b)\ast {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x)(\sigma) &=& (\gamma\cdot 1_b )\ast (1_x \cdot \sigma)\\
  &=& (\gamma \ast 1_x) \cdot (1_b\ast \sigma)\qquad
\textrm{ (since } a \textrm{ is a functor) }\\
  &=& \gamma \cdot \sigma.\end{aligned}$$ Similarly $${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(y)
(\sigma)\ast{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma) (b)= \gamma \cdot \sigma$$ as well. Hence holds and ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma)$ [*is*]{} a natural transformation. Since $K$ is a groupoid ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma)$ is a natural isomorphism.

It is easy to see that ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(e_0)$ is the identity functor ${\mathrm{id}}_K$ and that ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(e_1)$ is the identity natural isomorphism $1_{{\mathrm{id}}_K}$.

To prove that ${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}$ is a homomorphism of 2-groups it remains to check that $${\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_2\cdot \gamma_1) = {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_2)\circ_{hor}{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_1)$$ for all arrows $\gamma_2,\gamma_1$ of $G$. This is a computation. Fix an object $a$ of $K$. Then $$\begin{aligned}
{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_2)\circ_{hor}{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_1)&=& {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_2)({\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_1) a)
\ast ({\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(x_2)\left( {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_1)a\right)\qquad
\textrm{ (by Remark~\ref{rmrk:3.7.1}) }  \\
&=&(\gamma_2 \cdot 1_{y_2\cdot a})\ast \left(1_{x_2}\cdot (\gamma_1\cdot 1_a)\right)
\qquad \textrm{(by definition of }{\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}})\\
&=& \gamma_2\cdot (\gamma_1 \cdot 1_a) = (\gamma_2\cdot ]\gamma_1)\cdot 1_a
\qquad \textrm{ since the left diagram in \eqref{eq:3.2.1} commutes})\\
&=& {\hat{{\mathbf{a}}}}(\gamma_2\cdot\gamma_1)(a).\end{aligned}$$

\[lem:2.2.0\] For any Lie 2-group $G$ there is a homomorphism of 2-groups $$L:G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(G),\qquad
(x\xrightarrow{\gamma}y)\mapsto (L_x\stackrel{L_\gamma}{\Rightarrow}L_y)$$ where the smooth functors $L_x:G\to G$ are defined by $$L_x (\sigma) = 1_x \cdot \sigma$$ and the natural isomorphisms $L_\gamma:L_x\Rightarrow L_y$ are defined by $$L_\gamma(a) = \gamma \cdot 1_a$$ for all objects $a$ of $G$. Here $\cdot$ denotes the multiplication in the group $G_0$ and in the group $G_1$.

The multiplication functor $m:G\times G\to G$ is an action of the Lie 2-group $G$ on the Lie groupoid $G$. Now apply Lemma \[lem:3.2.1\].

Let $G$ be a 2-group and $K$ a Lie groupoid. A homomorphism $\rho:G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(K)$ induces a homomorphism $$T\rho:G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(TK), \qquad T\rho (x\xrightarrow{\gamma}y) =
T\rho(x)\stackrel{T\rho(\gamma)}{\Rightarrow}T\rho(y).$$

The homomorphism $T\rho$ is obtained by composing the functor $\rho$ with the tangent 2-functor $T:{\mathsf{LieGpd}}\to {\mathsf{LieGpd}}$.

We denote the 2-vector space underlying the Lie 2-algebra of vector fields on a Lie groupoid $K$ by the same symbol ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$.

Let $V$ be a 2-vector space. We define the 2-group $\mathrm{GL}(V)$ of automorphisms of a 2-vector space $V$ as follows. The group of objects $\mathrm{GL}(V)_0$ consists of strictly invertible linear (i.e., internal) functors $f:V\to V$. The group operation on $\mathrm{GL}(V)_0$ is the composition of functors. The group of morphisms $\mathrm{GL}(V)_1$ is the group of internal natural isomorphisms under vertical composition. The composition homomorphism $*: \mathrm{GL}_1\times_{ \mathrm{GL}_0}
 \mathrm{GL}_1\to  \mathrm{GL}_1$ is the horizontal composition of natural isomorphisms. There are also evident source, target and unit maps: $$s(f\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow}g) = f, \quad
t(f\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow}g) =g, \quad 1 (f) =
(f\stackrel{{\mathrm{id}}_f}{\Rightarrow}f).$$

\[lem:2.2.1\] Let $G$ be a Lie 2-group and $K$ a Lie groupoid. A homomorphism $\varphi:G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(K)$ of 2-groups (i.e., a functor internal to the category of groups) gives rise to a homomorphism of 2-groups $$\Phi:G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(K)),$$ a representation of the 2-group $G$ on the 2-vector space of vector fields on the Lie groupoid $K$.

As a first step given an object $x$ of $G$ we would like to define a functor $\Phi(x):{\mathbb{X}}(K)\to {\mathbb{X}}(K)$ by setting $$\Phi (x) (v\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow} w) = \xy
(-20,0)*+{TK}="1";
(-5,0)*+{TK}="2";
( 10,0)*+{K}="3";
(25,0)*+{G}="4";
{\ar@{->}_{T\varphi(x)} "2";"1"};
{\ar@{->}_{\varphi({x{^{-1}}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{w} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{v} "3";"2"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \alpha} (3,3)*{};(3,-3)*{}}
\endxy.$$ for all arrows $v\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow}w$ in the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$. An object of ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ is a functor $v:K\to TK$ with $\pi\circ v =
{\mathrm{id}}_K$. Since $\varphi(x{^{-1}})$ and $T\varphi(x)$ are functors, $$\Phi(x)v:= T\varphi(x)\circ v \circ \varphi(x{^{-1}})$$ is a functor. Moreover $$\begin{aligned}
\pi \circ (\Phi(x)v)&=& \pi \circ  T\varphi(x)\circ v \circ \varphi(x{^{-1}})\\
&=& \varphi(x) \circ \pi \circ v \circ \varphi(x{^{-1}})\qquad
\textrm{ since }\pi \circ T\varphi = \varphi \circ \pi \\
&=&\varphi(x)\circ {\mathrm{id}}_K \circ \varphi(x{^{-1}}) = {\mathrm{id}}_K.\end{aligned}$$ Hence $\Phi(x)v$ is an object of ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ for all $x\in G_0$ and all $v\in {\mathbb{X}}(K)_0$.

An arrow in ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ from an object $v$ to an object $w$ is a natural transformation $\alpha:v\Rightarrow w$ with $\pi \alpha =1_{{\mathrm{id}}_K}$. Now since $\Phi(x)\alpha$ is obtained from a natural transformation $\alpha$ by whiskering with functors (namely $\Phi(x)\alpha
=T\varphi(x)\alpha \varphi(x{^{-1}})$), $\Phi(x)\alpha$ is a natural transformation from $\Phi(x)v$ to $\Phi(x)w$. Additionally $$\begin{aligned}
\pi(\Phi(x)\alpha)&=& \pi T\varphi(x) \alpha \varphi(x{^{-1}})\\
&=& \varphi(x) \pi  \alpha \varphi(x{^{-1}})\\
&=& \varphi(x)1_{{\mathrm{id}}_K}\varphi(x{^{-1}}) = 1_{{\mathrm{id}}_K}.\end{aligned}$$ Hence $\Phi(x)\alpha$ is an arrow in the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$. Finally the purported functor $\Phi(x)$ preserves composition of arrows because whiskering by functors commutes with the vertical composition of natural transformations. We conclude that $\Phi(x):{\mathbb{X}}(K)\to {\mathbb{X}}(K)$ is a well-defined functor.

Since the components $T\varphi(x)_0:TK_0 \to TK_0$ and $T\varphi_1:TK_1\to TK_1$ are fiberwise linear, for any scalars $c,d\in {\mathbb{R}}$ and any two multiplicative vector fields $v,w:K\to TK$ $$\Phi(x)( c v + dw) = c \Phi(x) v + d \Phi(x) w.$$ Similarly for any two arrows $\alpha_1:v_1\Rightarrow w_1$, $\alpha_2:v_2\Rightarrow w_2$, any two scalars $c_1, c_2\in {\mathbb{R}}$ and any object $a$ of $K$ $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi(x)(c_1 \alpha_1+ c_2 \alpha_2)\, (a)
&=& T\varphi(x) (c_1 \alpha_1 (\varphi(x{^{-1}})(a)
+c_2 \alpha_2 (\varphi(x{^{-1}})(a))\\
&=& c_1 (T\varphi(x) \alpha_1 \varphi(x{^{-1}}))(a)
+c_2 ( T\varphi(x)\alpha_2 \varphi(x{^{-1}}))(a)\\
&=& (c_1 \Phi(x)\alpha_1 + c_2 \Phi(x)\alpha_2)(a).\end{aligned}$$ We conclude that $\Phi(x)$ is a 1-morphism of 2-vector spaces.\
Given an arrow $x\xleftarrow{\gamma} y$ in $G$ we would like to define a natural transformation $\Phi(\gamma):\Phi(x)\Rightarrow \Phi(y)$ by setting $$\Phi(\gamma)v:=
\xy
(-30,0)*+{TK}="1";
(-5,0)*+{\,\,TK}="2";
( 10,0)*+{K}="3";
(35,0)*+{K}="4";
{\ar@{->}_{v} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{T\varphi(x)} "2";"1"};
 {\ar@/_1.pc/_{T\varphi(y)} "2";"1"};
 {\ar@/^1.pc/^{\varphi(x{^{-1}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{\varphi(y{^{-1}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle T\varphi(\gamma)} (-20,3)*{};(-20,-3)*{}};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle \varphi(\gamma{^{-1}})} (19,3)*{};(19,-3)*{}};
\endxy$$ for all multiplicative vector fields $v:K\to TK$. By construction $\Phi(\gamma)v$ is a natural transformation from $T\varphi(x)\circ v
\circ \varphi(x{^{-1}}) = \Phi(x)v$ to $T\varphi(y)\circ v \circ
\varphi(y{^{-1}}) = \Phi(y)v$. Moreover $$\begin{aligned}
\pi (\Phi(\gamma)v)&=& \pi T\varphi(\gamma)v\varphi(\gamma{^{-1}})\\
&=& \varphi(\gamma) (\pi \circ v) \varphi(\gamma{^{-1}})\\
&=& \varphi(\gamma)\circ_{vert} 1_{{\mathrm{id}}_K}\circ_{vert} \varphi(\gamma{^{-1}})\\
&= & 1_{{\mathrm{id}}_K}  \qquad (\textrm{ since }\varphi \textrm{ is a homomorphism}).\end{aligned}$$ We conclude that for any multiplicative vector field $v$ the natural transformation $\Phi(\gamma)v$ is an arrow in the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$.

It is easy to check that $\Phi(\gamma):{\mathbb{X}}(K)_0 \to {\mathbb{X}}(K)_1$ is linear. We now check that $\Phi(\gamma)$ is an actual natural transformation from $\Phi(x)$ to $\Phi(y)$. That is, we check that for any arrow $v\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow}w$ in ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$ the diagram $$\xy
(-15,10)*+{\Phi(x)w}="1";
(15,10)*+{\Phi(x)v}="2";
( -15,-10)*+{\Phi(y)w}="3";
(15,-10)*+{\Phi(y)v}="4";
{\ar@{=>}^{\Phi(x)\alpha} "2";"1"};
{\ar@{=>}_{\Phi(\gamma)w} "1";"3"};
{\ar@{=>}^{\Phi(\gamma)v} "2";"4"};
{\ar@{=>}_{\Phi(y)\alpha} "4";"3"};
\endxy$$ commutes in the category ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$. By definition the composition of the arrows $\Phi(\gamma)w$ and $ \Phi(x)\alpha$ is the vertical composition of the diagrams $$\xy
(-20,0)*+{TK}="1";
(-5,0)*+{TK}="2";
( 10,0)*+{K}="3";
(25,0)*+{G}="4";
{\ar@{->}_{T\varphi(x)} "2";"1"};
{\ar@{->}_{\varphi({x{^{-1}}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{w} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{v} "3";"2"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \alpha} (3,3)*{};(3,-3)*{}}
\endxy$$ and $$\xy
(-30,0)*+{TK}="1";
(-5,0)*+{\,\,TK}="2";
( 10,0)*+{K}="3";
(35,0)*+{K}="4";
{\ar@{->}_{w} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{T\varphi(x)} "2";"1"};
 {\ar@/_1.pc/_{T\varphi(y)} "2";"1"};
 {\ar@/^1.pc/^{\varphi(x{^{-1}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{\varphi(y{^{-1}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle T\varphi(\gamma)} (-20,3)*{};(-20,-3)*{}};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle \varphi(\gamma{^{-1}})} (19,3)*{};(19,-3)*{}};
\endxy$$ which is $$T\varphi(\gamma)\circ_{hor} \alpha \circ _{hor} \varphi(\gamma{^{-1}}).$$ Similarly $$\Phi(y)\alpha\circ_{vert} \Phi(\gamma)\alpha
= T\varphi(\gamma)\circ_{hor} \alpha \circ _{hor} \varphi(\gamma{^{-1}})$$ as well. Therefore $\Phi(\gamma):\Phi(x)\Rightarrow \Phi(y)$ is a 2-morphism of 2-vector spaces.\
We finish the proof by checking that $\Phi$ is a homomorphism of 2-groups. Clearly $\Phi(e_0) = {\mathrm{id}}_{{\mathbb{X}}(K)}$ and $\Phi(1_{e_0}) = 1_{
  {\mathrm{id}}_{{\mathbb{X}}(K)}}$. For any two objects $x_2, x_1$ of $G$ $\varphi(x_2\cdot x_1) = \varphi(x_2)\circ \varphi(x_1)$ and $T\varphi(x_2\cdot x_1) = T\varphi(x_2)\circ T\varphi(x_1)$ Consequently for any multiplicative vector field $v$ $$\begin{aligned}
  \Phi(x_2\cdot x_1)v
&=& T(\varphi(x_2\cdot x_1)\circ v \circ \varphi((x_2\cdot x_1){^{-1}})\\
&=&T\varphi(x_2)\circ T\varphi(x_1)\circ v \circ
\varphi(x_2{^{-1}})\circ \varphi(x_1{^{-1}})\\
&=& \Phi(x_2)(\Phi(x_1)v).\end{aligned}$$ Checking that $\Phi(\gamma_2\cdot \gamma_1) = \Phi(\gamma_2)\circ
_{hor} \Phi(\gamma_1)$ is a bit more involved. Note first that $$\varphi (\gamma_2 \cdot \gamma_1) = \varphi(\gamma_2) \circ_{hor}
\varphi(\gamma_1)$$ since $\varphi$ is a homomorphism (1-morphism) of 2-groups. Similarly $$T\varphi (\gamma_2 \cdot \gamma_1) =
 T\varphi(\gamma_2) \circ_{hor} T\varphi(\gamma_1) .$$ Recall that the arrows in the category $\mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(K))$ are natural isomorphisms, and that the composition of arrows in $\mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(K))$ is the vertical composition. Hence by Remark \[rmrk:3.7.1\] for any object $u$ of ${\mathbb{X}}(K)$, $$(\Phi(\gamma_2)\circ_{hor}\Phi(\gamma_1))(u)
= \left(\Phi(\gamma_2)(\Phi(y_1) u)   \right) \circ_{vert}
 \left(\Phi(x_2)(\Phi(\gamma_1) u)   \right).$$ Since $$(\Phi(x_2)(\Phi(\gamma_1) u) \quad =\qquad
\xy
(-50,0)*+{TK}="0";
(-30,0)*+{TK}="1";
(-5,0)*+{\,\,TK}="2";
( 10,0)*+{K}="3";
(35,0)*+{K}="4";
(54,0)*+{K}="5";
{\ar@{->}_{T\varphi (x_2)} "1";"0"};
{\ar@{->}_<<<{u} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{T\varphi(x_1)} "2";"1"};
 {\ar@/_1.pc/_{T\varphi(y_1)} "2";"1"};
 {\ar@/^1.pc/^{\varphi(x_1{^{-1}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{\varphi(y_1{^{-1}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@{->}_{\varphi(x_2{^{-1}})} "5";"4"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle T\varphi(\gamma_1)} (-20,3)*{};(-20,-3)*{}};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle \varphi(\gamma_1{^{-1}})} (19,3)*{};(19,-3)*{}};
\endxy$$ and $$\Phi(\gamma_2)(\Phi(y_1) u) \quad =\qquad
\xy
(-50,0)*+{TK}="0";
(-24,0)*+{TK}="1";
(-5,0)*+{\,\,TK}="2";
( 10,0)*+{K}="3";
(29,0)*+{K}="4";
(55,0)*+{K}="5";
{\ar@{->}_{T\varphi (y_1)} "2";"1"};
{\ar@{->}_<<<{u} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{T\varphi(x_2)} "1";"0"};
 {\ar@/^1.pc/^{T\varphi(y_2)} "1";"0"};
 {\ar@/^1.pc/^{\varphi(x_2{^{-1}})} "5";"4"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{\varphi(y_2{^{-1}})} "5";"4"};
{\ar@{->}_{\varphi(y_1{^{-1}})} "4";"3"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle T\varphi(\gamma_2)} (-40,3)*{};(-40,-3)*{}};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle \varphi(\gamma_2{^{-1}})} (40,3)*{};(40,-3)*{}};
\endxy,$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\left(\Phi(\gamma_2)(\Phi(y_1) u)   \right) \circ_{vert}
 \left(\Phi(x_2)(\Phi(\gamma_1) u)   \right)
&=&
\left( T\varphi(\gamma_2)\circ_{hor} T\varphi(\gamma_1)\right)u
\left(\varphi(\gamma_1{^{-1}})\circ_{hor} \varphi(\gamma_2{^{-1}})\right)
\\
&=& (T\varphi)(\gamma_2\cdot \gamma_1)\, u\,
\varphi((\gamma_2\cdot \gamma_1){^{-1}})\\
&=&  \Phi(\gamma_2\cdot \gamma_1)u.\end{aligned}$$ We conclude that $\Phi(\gamma_2\cdot \gamma_1) = \Phi(\gamma_2)\circ
_{hor} \Phi(\gamma_1)$ for all arrows $\gamma_2, \gamma_1$ of the Lie 2-group $G$. It now follows that $\Phi: G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(K))$ is a homomorphism of 2-groups.

We are now in position to construct the representation $\lambda:G\to
\mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ of a Lie 2-group $G$ on its 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ of vector fields coming from the multiplication on the left.

\[lem:3.13\] Left multiplication on a Lie 2-group $G$ induces a homomorphism of 2-groups $$\lambda: G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$$ from $G$ to the 2-group $\mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ of automorphisms of the 2-vector space of vector fields on the Lie groupoid $G$. For each object $x$ of $G$, $\lambda(x):{\mathbb{X}}(G)\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is a linear functor with $$\lambda(x)\,(v\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow}w) =
\xy
(-20,0)*+{TG}="1";
(-5,0)*+{TG}="2";
( 10,0)*+{G}="3";
(25,0)*+{G}="4";
{\ar@{->}_{TL_x} "2";"1"};
{\ar@{->}_{L_{x{^{-1}}}} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{w} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{v} "3";"2"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \alpha} (3,3)*{};(3,-3)*{}}
\endxy$$ for each arrow $v\stackrel{\alpha}{\Rightarrow}w$ of $G$. Here as before $L:G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(G)$ is the homomorphism of 2-groups induced by multiplication on the left. For each arrow $x\xrightarrow{\gamma}y$ of $G$, $\lambda(\gamma):\lambda(x)\to \lambda(y)$ is a natural isomorphism with $$\lambda(\gamma)v =
\xy
(-25,0)*+{TG}="1";
(-5,0)*+{\,\,TG}="2";
( 10,0)*+{G}="3";
(30,0)*+{G}="4";
{\ar@{->}_{v} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{TL_x} "2";"1"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{TL_y} "2";"1"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{L_{x{^{-1}}}} "4";"3"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{L_{y{^{-1}}}} "4";"3"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle TL_\gamma} (-15,3)*{};(-15,-3)*{}};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<<{\scriptstyle L_{\gamma{^{-1}}}} (19,3)*{};(19,-3)*{}};
\endxy$$ for all objects $v$ of the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$.

by Corollary \[lem:2.2.0\] multiplication on $G$ gives rise to a homomorphism of 2-groups $L:G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}(G)$. By Lemma \[lem:2.2.1\] the homomorphism $L$ gives rise to the homomorphism $\lambda: G\to
\mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$.

A map of Lie 2-algebras $p: {\mathfrak g}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ {#sec:p}
=============================================================

Recall that to a Lie 2-group $G= \{G_1{\rightrightarrows}G_0\}$ one can associate a Lie 2-algebra ${\mathfrak g}= \{{\mathfrak g}_1{\rightrightarrows}{\mathfrak g}_0\}$ by applying the ${\mathsf{{Lie}}}$ functor to the Lie group $G_0$ of objects, the Lie group $G_1$ of morphisms and to the structure maps of $G$. That is, ${\mathfrak g}_0 =
T_{e_0}G_0$, ${\mathfrak g}_1 = T_{e_1}G_1$ and so on. In this section we prove:

\[thm:4.1\] Let $G$ be a Lie 2-group and ${\mathfrak g}$ the associated Lie 2-algebra There is a morphism of Lie 2-algebras $p:{\mathfrak g}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ from the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathfrak g}$ to the Lie 2-algebra of multiplicative vector fields ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$. Moreover the functor $p$ is injective on objects and fully faithful.

The theorem has an immediate corollary:

The image $p({\mathfrak g})$ of the functor $p:{\mathfrak g}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is a full Lie 2-subalgebra of the Lie 2-algebra of vector fields ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$. This 2-subalgebra $p({\mathfrak g})$ is isomorphic to ${\mathfrak g}$.

We construct $p$ as a composite of two of functors.

A Lie 2-algebra ${{\mathscr L}}(G)$ associated to a Lie 2-group $G$
-------------------------------------------------------------------

\
Recall that to define a Lie bracket on the tangent space at the identity $T_eH$ of a Lie group $H$ one identifies $T_eH$ with the space of left-invariant vector fields ${{\mathcal X}}(H)^H$ on $H$.

Similarly given a Lie 2-group $G$ we define the Lie 2-algebra ${{\mathscr L}}(G)$ as follows. We define the Lie algebra of objects ${{\mathscr L}}(G)_0$ of ${{\mathscr L}}(G)$ to be the Lie algebra of left-invariant vector fields ${{\mathcal X}}(G_0)^{G_0}$ on the Lie group $G_0$. We define the Lie algebra of morphisms ${{\mathscr L}}(G)_1$ to be the Lie algebra ${{\mathcal X}}(G_1)^{G_1}$ of left-invariant vector fields on the Lie group $G_1$. The source map $\mathbf{s}:{{\mathscr L}}(G)_1 \to
{{\mathscr L}}(G)_0$ is defined by setting the source of a vector field $\alpha
\in {{\mathscr L}}(G)_1$ to be the unique left-invariant vector field $v\in
{{\mathscr L}}(G)_0$ which is $s:G_1\to G_0$ related to $\alpha$. The target map $\mathbf{t}:{{\mathscr L}}(G)_1 \to {{\mathscr L}}(G)_0$ is defined similarly. The unit map $\mathbf{1}:{{\mathscr L}}(G)_0\to {{\mathscr L}}(G)_1$ is defined by setting $\mathbf{1}_u$ to be the unique left-invariant vector field on $G_1$ which is $1:G_0\to G_1$ related to $u\in {{\mathscr L}}(G)_0$. The composition $$\circledast: {{\mathscr L}}(G)_1 \times_{{{\mathscr L}}(G)_0}{{\mathscr L}}(G)_1 \to {{\mathscr L}}(G)_1$$ is defined pointwise; it is induced by the composition $$\star: TG_1 \times_{TG_0} TG_1\to TG_1$$ in the tangent groupoid $TG$ (recall that $\star = T\ast$, where $\ast: G_1\times_{G_0}G_1 \to G_1$ is the composition in $G$). Thus $\circledast$ is defined by $$(\alpha\circledast\beta)\,(\gamma) := \alpha(\gamma)\star \beta(\gamma)$$ for all arrows $\gamma\in G_1$. Routine computations establish that ${{\mathscr L}}(G)$ is indeed a Lie 2-algebra.

There is an evident functor $$\ell: {\mathfrak g}= \{T_{e_1} G_1{\rightrightarrows}T_{e_0} G_0\} \to {{\mathscr L}}(G).$$ which sends a vector $v\in {\mathfrak g}_0 = T_{e_0}G_0$ to the corresponding left-invariant vector field $\ell(v)$ on the Lie group $G_0$ and an arrow $\alpha:v\to w \in {\mathfrak g}_1 = T_{e_1}G_1$ to the corresponding left-invariant vector field $\ell(\alpha)$ on the Lie group $G_1$. By definition of the Lie brackets on ${\mathfrak g}_0$ and on $ {\mathfrak g}_1$ the maps $\ell:{\mathfrak g}_0\to {{\mathscr L}}(G)_0$, $\ell: {\mathfrak g}_1\to {{\mathscr L}}(G)_1$ are Lie algebra maps. On the other hand $\ell$ is also an isomorphism of categories — its inverse is given by evaluation at the identities: $$\ell{^{-1}}(\beta: u\to u') = \beta(e_1): u(e_0)\to
u'(e_0).$$

We next construct a functor $q: {{\mathscr L}}(G)\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$. Given a left-invariant vector field $u$ on the Lie group $G_0$ we define a multiplicative vector field $q(u)$ as follows. We take the object part $q(u)_0:G_0\to TG_0$ to be $u$: $$\label{eq:3.1}
q(u)_0 := u.$$ We define $q(u)_1:G_1\to TG_1$ by setting $$\label{eq:3.2}
q(u)_1 (\gamma) = (T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma \circ T1) \,( u(e_0))$$ for all $\gamma\in G_1$. Here and elsewhere in the paper ${{\mathcal L}}_\gamma:
G_1\to G_1$ is the left multiplication by $\gamma$ and $T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma:TG_1\to TG_1$ is its derivative. It is clear that both $q(u)_0$ and $q(u)_1$ are vector fields. It is less clear that $q(u):G\to TG$ is a functor.

\[lem:3.1\] For any vector $u\in T_{e_0} G_0$ the vector field $q(u)_1:G_1\to TG_1$ defined by preserves composition of arrows: $$\label{eq:3.3}
q(u)_1 (\gamma_2 \ast \gamma_1)
= \left(q(u)_1 (\gamma_2) \right)\star \left(q(u)_1 (\gamma_1)\right).$$ for all composable arrows $(\gamma_2, \gamma_1)\in G_1
\times_{G_0}G_1$. Here as before $\ast$ is the composition in the Lie groupoid $G$ and $\star $ is the composition in the tangent groupoid $TG$.

For a manifold $M$ and a point $q\in M$ we write $(q,X)$ for the tangent vector $X \in T_qM$. With this notation it is easy to see that $$T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma (\sigma, X) = Tm ((\gamma, 0), (\sigma, X))$$ for all $\gamma, \sigma\in G_1$, $X\in T_\sigma G_1$. Note also that since the composition $\star  = T\ast: T(G_1\times_{G_0}G_1)\to TG_1 $ is fiberwise linear, $$(\gamma_2, 0)\star (\gamma_1, 0) = (\gamma_2 \ast \gamma_1, 0).$$

Recall that the tangent functor $T:{\mathsf{{Man}}}\to {\mathsf{{Man}}}$ extends to a 2-functor $T:{\mathsf{LieGpd}}\to {\mathsf{LieGpd}}$ on the 2-category of Lie groupoids. As a special case (any Lie group is a Lie groupoid with one object) the functor $T$ induces a functor on the category ${\mathsf{LieGp}}$ of Lie groups. Consequently for a Lie 2-group $G$ its tangent groupoid $TG$ is a Lie 2-group as well. The unit map of the groupoid $TG$ is the derivative $T1$ of the unit map $1:G_0\to G_1$. The interchange law (see Lemma \[lem:2.3\]) in the case of $TG$ reads: $$\label{eq:3.2}
Tm ((\mu_2\star \mu_1), (\nu_2 \star \nu_1)) =
Tm (\mu_2, \nu_2) \star Tm(\mu_1, \nu_1))$$ for all composable pairs $(\mu_2, \mu_1), (\nu_2, \nu_1)\in TG_1
\times _{TG_0}TG_1$. Now take $\nu_2 = \nu_1 = T1(u(e_0))$ which we abbreviate as ${\mathbf{1}}$. Then reads: $$\label{eq:3.3}
Tm ((\mu_2 \star
  \mu_1), ({\mathbf{1}}\star {\mathbf{1}}))=
(Tm(\mu_2, {\mathbf{1}}))\star (Tm(\mu_1, {\mathbf{1}})).$$

Then by definition of $q(u)_1$, for any $\gamma\in G_1$ $$q(u)_1 (\gamma) = T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma \,{\mathbf{1}}=
Tm ((\gamma, 0),  {\mathbf{1}}).$$ Therefore $$\begin{aligned}
q(u)_1\,(\gamma_2 \ast \gamma_1) &=& T{{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma_2 \ast\gamma_1} ({\mathbf{1}})\\
 &=& Tm ((\gamma_2\ast \gamma_1, 0), {\mathbf{1}})\\
 &=& Tm ((\gamma_2,0)\star (\gamma_1, 0), {\mathbf{1}}\star {\mathbf{1}})\\
&=& Tm ((\gamma_2,0), {\mathbf{1}})\star Tm ((\gamma_1, 0), {\mathbf{1}})
\qquad\textrm{ by \eqref{eq:3.3}}\\
&=& T{{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma_2}({\mathbf{1}})\star T{{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma_1}({\mathbf{1}})\\
&=&\left( q({u})_1 (\gamma_2)\right) \star \left(q({u})_1(\gamma_1)\right).\end{aligned}$$

It is easy to see that $Ts\circ q(u)_1 = q(u)_0 \circ s$, $Tt \circ
q(u)_1 = q(u)_0 \circ t$ and $q(u)_1\circ 1 = T1\circ q(u)_0$. We conclude that $q(u) = (q(u)_0, q(u)_1):G\to TG$ is a multiplicative vector field for any left-invariant vector field $u$ on the Lie group $G_0$. We thus have constructed the functor $q$ on objects.

An arrow $v\xrightarrow{\alpha} u$ in ${{\mathscr L}}(G)$ is a vector field $\alpha: G_1\to TG_1$ which is source map $s$ related to $v$ and target map $t$ related to $u$. Define $q(\alpha):G_0 \to TG_1$ by $$q(\alpha) = \alpha \circ 1,$$ where as before $1:G_0\to G_1$ is the unit map. We need to check that $q(\alpha)$ is an arrow in the category ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ from $q(v)$ to $q(u)$. That is, we need to check that $q(\alpha)$ is a natural transformation from $q(v)$ to $q(u)$ with $$\label{eq:3.4}
\pi_G (q(\alpha)\,(x)) = 1_x$$ for all $x\in G_0$.

Checking that holds is easy. Since $\alpha$ is a vector field on $G_1$, $$\pi_{G_1} (\alpha (\gamma)) = \gamma$$ for all $\gamma\in G_1$. In particular $ \pi_{G_1} (\alpha (1_x)) =
1_x$ for all $x\in G_0$, which implies .

We now check that $q(\alpha)$ is in fact a natural transformation from the functor $q(v)$ to the functor $q(u)$. Since $\alpha$ is $s$-related to $v$ $$Ts (q(\alpha)\,(x)) = Ts (\alpha (1_x)) =v_0 (s(1_x)) = v_0 (x)$$ for all $x\in G_0$. Since $q(v)_0 = v_0$ it follows that the source of the putative natural transformation $q(\alpha):G_0 \to TG_1$ is $q(v)$. Similarly the target of $q(\alpha)$ is $q(u)$. It remains to check that $q(\alpha)$ is actually a natural transformation: that is, for any arrow $x\xrightarrow{\gamma} y$ in $G$, the diagram $$\xy
(-15,10)*+{q(v)(x)}="1";
(15,10)*+{q(v)(y)}="2";
( -15,-10)*+{q(u)(x)}="3";
(15,-10)*+{q(u)(y)}="4";
{\ar@{->}^{q(v)(\gamma)} "1";"2"};
{\ar@{->}_{q(\alpha)(x)} "1";"3"};
{\ar@{->}^{q(\alpha)(y)} "2";"4"};
{\ar@{->}_{q(u)(\gamma)} "3";"4"};
\endxy$$ commutes in the category $TG$, i.e., $$\label{eq:3.5}
q(\alpha)(y)\star q(v)(\gamma) = q(y)(\gamma)\star q(\alpha) (x).$$ By definition of $q(\alpha)$, $$q(\alpha) (y)  =\alpha (1_y).$$ Since $\alpha$ is left-invariant $$\alpha (1_y) = T{{\mathcal L}}_{1_y}(\alpha (e_1)) =
   Tm ((1_y, 0), (1_{e_0}, \alpha (1_{e_0}))).$$ Similarly $$q(\alpha) (x) = Tm ((1_x, 0), (1_{e_0}, \alpha (1_{e_0}))).$$ On the other hand, $$q(v)(\gamma) = T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma ({\mathbf{1}}_{v_0(e_0)}) =
Tm ((\gamma, 0), (1_{e_0}, {\mathbf{1}}_{v_0(e_0)})).$$ Similarly, $$q(u)(\gamma) =
Tm ((\gamma, 0), (1_{e_0}, {\mathbf{1}}_{u_0(e_0)})).$$ Now $$\begin{aligned}
q(\alpha)(y) \star p(v) (\gamma)
&=& Tm ((1_y,0), (1_{e_0}, \alpha(1_{e_0})))\star
Tm ((\gamma, 0), ((1_{e_0}, v_1(1_{e_0})))\\
&=& Tm ((1_y,0)\star(\gamma, 0),
(1_{e_0}, \alpha(1_{e_0}))\star (1_{e_0},  {\mathbf{1}}_{v_0(e_0)}))\\
&=& Tm ((1_y\ast\gamma, 0), (1_{e_0}, \alpha(1_{e_0}))) \\
&= & Tm( (\gamma, 0),(1_{e_0}, \alpha(1_{e_0}))).\end{aligned}$$ Similarly, $$\begin{aligned}
 q(u) (\gamma)\star q(\alpha)(x)
&=& Tm ((\gamma, 0), (1_{e_0}, {\mathbf{1}}_{u(1_{e_0})}))\bullet
Tm ((1_x,0), (1_{e_0}, \alpha(1_{e_0})))
\\
&=& Tm ((\gamma, 0)\star (1_x,0),
( 1_{e_0}, {\mathbf{1}}_{u(1_{e_0})})) \star (1_{e_0}, \alpha(1_{e_0}))\\
&= & Tm( (\gamma, 0),(1_{e_0}, \alpha(1_{e_0}))).\end{aligned}$$ It follows that holds. Hence $q(\alpha)$ is an arrow in ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ from $q(v)$ to $q(u)$.

It is not hard to check that the map $q: {{\mathscr L}}(G) \to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ constructed above is in fact a functor. We need to check that $q$ is a map of Lie 2-algebras. For this it suffices to check that $q_0:
{{\mathscr L}}(G)_0 \to {\mathbb{X}}(G)_0$ and $q_1: {{\mathscr L}}(G)_1 \to {\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ are Lie algebra maps.

Recall that the Lie bracket of two multiplicative vector fields $X=(X_0, X_1)$ and $Y= (Y_0, Y_1)$ is given by $$[X,Y]:= ([X_0, Y_0], [X_1, Y_1]).$$ It follow from the definition of the functor $q$ on objects that for any two vector fields $u,v\in {{\mathscr L}}(G)_0$

-   $[q(u)_0, q(v)_0] = q([u,v])_0$ and

-   $q([u,v])_1$ is the unique left-invariant vector field on $G_1$ which is 1-related to $[u,v]$. Hence $$q([u,v])_1 = [q(u)_1, q(v)_1].$$

We conclude that $$q:{{\mathscr L}}(G)_0 \to {\mathbb{X}}(G)_0$$ is a map of Lie algebras.

We next check that $q:{{\mathscr L}}(G)_1 \to {\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ is also a map of Lie algebras. Recall the construction of a Lie algebra structure on the space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ starts with the injective linear map $j: \Gamma(A_G)
\to {{\mathcal X}}(K_1)$ that maps the section of the Lie algebroid $A_G\to
G_0$ to the corresponding right-invariant vector field (see ). We then embed ${\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ into the space of vector fields ${{\mathcal X}}(G_1)$ by the map $J$ (see ) and give ${\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ the induced Lie algebra structure: for $\alpha, \beta\in
{\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ their bracket $[\alpha, \beta]$ is the unique element of the vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ with $$J([\alpha, \beta]) = [J(\alpha), J(\beta)].$$

(We use the notation developed above.) For any left-invariant vector field $\alpha \in {{\mathscr L}}(G)\equiv {{\mathcal X}}(G_1)^{G_1}$ $$J(q(\alpha)) = \alpha.$$ Hence $q:{{\mathscr L}}(G)_1 \to {\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ is a Lie algebra map.

Since $G$ is a Lie 2-group, for any $(\sigma, \gamma)\in
  G_1\times_{G_0}G_1$ $$R_\gamma (\sigma) = \sigma * \gamma = \gamma \cdot (1_{t(\gamma)}){^{-1}}\cdot \sigma$$ by Lemma \[lem:1\]. Therefore for any curve $\sigma (\tau)$ in $G_1$ lying entirely in a fiber of the source map $s:G_1\to G_0$ with $\sigma (0) = 1_y $ for some $y\in G_0$ $$TR\gamma (\dot{\sigma}(0)) = \left.\frac{d}{d\tau}\right|_0 \sigma
(\tau)\ast \gamma = \left.\frac{d}{dt}\right|_0 \gamma \cdot (1_y){^{-1}}\cdot \sigma (\tau)=
T{{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma \cdot (1_y){^{-1}}} (\dot{\sigma}(0)).$$ It follows that for any section $\zeta \in \Gamma (A_G)$ of the algebroid, $j(\zeta ) \in {{\mathcal X}}(G_1)$ is given by $$\label{eq:3.6}
j(\zeta) \, (\gamma) = T{{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma \cdot (1_{t(\gamma)}){^{-1}}} (\zeta (t(\gamma))).$$ Now, for any arrow $\alpha: u\to v$ in ${{\mathscr L}}(G)_1$, $$q(\alpha) = \alpha \circ 1: q(u)\Rightarrow q(v).$$ Hence for any arrow $y\xrightarrow{\gamma}x$ in the Lie groupoid $G$ $$\begin{aligned}
  J(q(\alpha))\,(\gamma) &=& j(q(\alpha)-{\mathbbm{1}}_{q(u)}) + q(u)_1 (\gamma)\\
  &=& T{{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma \cdot(1_y){^{-1}}} (\alpha (1_y) -T1 (u(y)))
  + T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma (q(u)_1 (e_1)) \\
  &&\qquad (\textrm{ by \eqref{eq:3.6} and left-invariance of }q(u)_1)\\
  &=& \alpha (\gamma\cdot (1_y){^{-1}}\cdot 1_y) -
  (T{{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma \cdot(1_y){^{-1}}}\circ  T1 \circ T{{\mathcal L}}_y)\, u(e_0)
+ T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma (T1 (u(e_0))).\end{aligned}$$ Now for any $z\in G_0$ $$({{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma \cdot(1_y){^{-1}}} \circ 1 \circ {{\mathcal L}}_y)\, (z) =
\gamma \cdot (1_y){^{-1}}\cdot 1_{yz}= \gamma \cdot  (1_y){^{-1}}\cdot 1_y \cdot 1_z,$$ where the last equality holds since $1:G_0\to G_1$ is a homomorphism. Hence $${{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma \cdot(1_y){^{-1}}} \circ 1 \circ {{\mathcal L}}_y = {{\mathcal L}}_\gamma \circ 1.$$ and consequently $$T{{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma \cdot(1_y){^{-1}}}\circ  T1 \circ T{{\mathcal L}}_y =  T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma \circ T1.$$ It follows that $$J(q(\alpha)) \, (\gamma) = \alpha (\gamma)$$ for all $\gamma \in G_1$ and all $\alpha \in {{\mathscr L}}(G)_1$.

Now by definition of the bracket on the vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$, for any $\alpha, \beta \in {{\mathscr L}}(G)_1$ the bracket $[q(\alpha), q(\beta)]$ is the unique element of ${\mathbb{X}}(G)_1$ such that $$J ([q(\alpha), q(\beta)]) = [J(q(\alpha)), J(q(\beta))].$$ On the other hand $$J (q [\alpha, \beta])) = [\alpha, \beta] = [J(q(\alpha)), J(q(\beta))]$$ as well. Hence, $$q([\alpha, \beta]) = [q(\alpha), q(\beta)]$$ for all $\alpha,\beta\in {{\mathcal L}}(G)_1$.

We conclude that the functor $$q: {{\mathscr L}}(G) \to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$$ from the category ${{\mathscr L}}(G)$ of left-invariant vector fields on the Lie 2-group $G$ to the category ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ of multiplicative vector fields on the Lie groupoid $G$ is a 1-morphism of Lie 2-algebras. By construction $q$ is fully faithful and is injective on objects. We now define $p:{\mathfrak g}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ to be the composite $$p := q\circ \ell.$$ By construction $p$ is fully faithful and injective on objects.

Universal properties of the inclusion $i: p({\mathfrak g})
  \hookrightarrow {\mathbb{X}}(G)$  {#sec:u}
==========================================================

As before $G$ denotes a Lie 2-group and ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ the Lie 2-algebra of multiplicative vector fields on the Lie groupoid $G$.

\[lem:4.1\] A multiplicative vector field $u =(u_0,
  u_1):G\to TG$ on a Lie 2-group $G$ satisfies $$\lambda(\gamma)(u) = 1_u$$ for an arrow $\gamma$ of $G$ if and only if for all $z\in
G_0$ $$\label{eq:4.4}
  u_1(1_z) = T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma(u_1 ({{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma{^{-1}}}(1_z))).$$ As before ${{\mathcal L}}_\sigma:G_1\to G_1$ denotes the multiplication on the left by $\sigma\in G_1$ and $\lambda:G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ is the action of $G$ on its vector fields induced by left multiplication (see Lemma \[lem:3.13\]).

The proof is a computation.

Recall that for an arrow $x\xrightarrow{\gamma}y\in G_1$ the $u$-component of the natural transformation $\lambda(\gamma):\lambda(x)\Rightarrow \lambda(y)$ is defined to be the composite $$\xy
(-45,0)*+{TG}="1";
(-15, -0)*+{TG}="2";
( 15, 0)*+{G}="3";
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{TL_y} "2";"1"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{TL_x} "2";"1"};
{\ar@/^1.pc/^{uL_{y{^{-1}}}} "3";"2"};
{\ar@/_1.pc/_{u L_{x{^{-1}}}} "3";"2"};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle uL_\gamma} (0, 2.5)*{};(0, -2.5)*{}};
{\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle TL_\gamma} (-30, 2.5)*{};(-30, -2.5)*{}};
\endxy$$ Hence for any object $z\in G_0$ $$\begin{aligned}
  \left(\lambda(\gamma) (u)\right) (z)
  &=& \left((TL_\gamma)\circ _{hor} (uL_{\gamma{^{-1}}})\right) (z) \\
  &=& (TL_\gamma)\left((u_0 \circ L_{y{^{-1}}})(z)]\right)
  \star (TL_x) (u_1 (L_{\gamma{^{-1}}} (z))
\qquad \textrm{ (by Remark~\ref{rmrk:3.7.1}})\end{aligned}$$ where $\star$ is the composition in the Lie groupoid $TG$. For any tangent vector $\dot{a}\in T_a G_0$ $$TL_\gamma (a,\dot{a}) = Tm ((\gamma, 0), (1_a, T1(\dot{a})))$$ Hence $$(TL_\gamma)\left((u_0 \circ L_{y{^{-1}}})(z) \right) =
Tm ((\gamma, 0), (1_{y{^{-1}}z}, T1 \,u_1 (1_{y{^{-1}}z}))).$$ For any tangent vector $\dot{\sigma}\in T_\sigma G_1$ $$TL_x (\sigma,\dot{\sigma}) = Tm ((1_x, 0), (\sigma, \dot{\sigma})).$$ Hence $$(TL_x) (u_1 (L_{\gamma{^{-1}}} (z))
= Tm ((1_x, 0), (\gamma{^{-1}}1_z, u_1 \gamma{^{-1}}1_z)).$$ Recall that since $Tm: TG\times TG \to TG$ is a functor, for any two pairs of composable arrows $ ((\sigma_2 , \dot{\sigma}_2)$, $(\sigma_1,
\dot{\sigma}_1)), ((\sigma_4, \dot{\sigma}_4), (\sigma_3,
\dot{\sigma}_3)) \in TG_1 \times _{TG_0}TG_1 $ $$Tm  ((\sigma_2 , \dot{\sigma}_2)\star (\sigma_1,
\dot{\sigma}_1)), ((\sigma_4, \dot{\sigma}_4) \star (\sigma_3,
\dot{\sigma}_3)) =
Tm ((\sigma_2 , \dot{\sigma}_2), (\sigma_4, \dot{\sigma}_4)) \star
Tm ((\sigma_1, \dot{\sigma}_1)) \star  (\sigma_3,\dot{\sigma}_3))$$ Hence $$\begin{aligned}
\left(\lambda(\gamma) (u)\right) (z)
&=& (TL_\gamma)\left((u_0 \circ L_{y{^{-1}}})(z)]\right)
\star (TL_x) (u_1 (L_{\gamma{^{-1}}} (z))\\
&=& Tm ((\gamma, 0), (1_{y{^{-1}}z}, T1 \,u_1 (1_{y{^{-1}}z}))) \star
Tm ((1_x, 0), (\sigma, \dot{\sigma}))\\
&=&
Tm ((\gamma, 0)\star (1_x, 0), (1_{y{^{-1}}z}, u_1(1_{y{^{-1}}z}))\star
(\gamma{^{-1}}1_x, u_1 (\gamma{^{-1}}1_x)))\\
&=& Tm ((\gamma\ast 1_x, 0), (1_{y{^{-1}}z} \ast (\gamma{^{-1}}1_x),
T1(u_0(y{^{-1}}z))\star u_1 (\gamma{^{-1}}1-x)))\\
&=& Tm ((\gamma, 0), (\gamma {^{-1}}1_z, u_1 (\gamma{^{-1}}1_z)).\end{aligned}$$ Now, for any $\dot{\sigma}\in T_\sigma G_1$, $$T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma (\sigma, \dot{\sigma}) = Tm ((\gamma,0), (\sigma, \dot{\sigma})),$$ where, as before ${{\mathcal L}}_\gamma: G_1\to G_1$ is the left multiplication by $\gamma$ and $T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma:TG_1\to TG_1$ is its derivative. Therefore $$\left(\lambda(\gamma) (u)\right) (z) = T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma (u_1 ({{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma{^{-1}}} 1_z)).$$ Since the $z$ component of $1_u:u\Rightarrow u$ is $T1 (u_0(z))$ and since $T1 (u_0(z)) = u_1 (1_z)$ (because $u:G\to TG$ is a functor), the result now follows: $$T{{\mathcal L}}_\gamma (u_1 ({{\mathcal L}}_{\gamma{^{-1}}} 1_z)) = u_1 (1_z).$$

\[thm:5.2\] Let $G$ be a Lie 2-group, ${\mathfrak g}$ the associated tangent Lie 2-algebra, $p:{\mathfrak g}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is the map of 2-vector spaces constructed in Theorem \[thm:4.1\], $i:p({\mathfrak g})\hookrightarrow {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ the inclusion of 2-vector spaces and $\lambda: G\to {\mathrm{Aut}}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ is the action of the Lie 2-group $G$ on its Lie 2-algebra of multiplicative vector fields by left multiplication (see Lemma \[lem:3.13\]).

1.  The diagram $$\label{diag:4.1}
    \xy
    (0,15)*+{p({\mathfrak g})}="1";
    (-15, -5)*+{{\mathbb{X}}(G)}="2";
    ( 15, -5)*+{{\mathbb{X}}(G)}="3";
    {\ar@{->}_{i} "1"; "2"};
    {\ar@{->}^{i} "1"; "3"};
    {\ar@/^1.pc/^{\lambda(y)} "3";"2"};
    {\ar@/_1.pc/_{\lambda(x)} "3";"2"};
    {\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \lambda(\gamma)} (0,-2.5)*{};(0,-7)*{}}
    \endxy$$ commutes for any choice of arrow $x\xrightarrow{\gamma} y\in G_1$. That is, $$\lambda(x)\circ i = i$$ for all $x\in G_0$ and $$\lambda(\gamma)i =1_i$$ for all $\gamma \in G_1$ (here $\lambda(\gamma)i$ is the whiskering of the natural transformation $\lambda(\gamma)$ by the functor $i$).

2.  For any map $\psi:{\mathfrak h}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ of 2-vector spaces such that the diagram $$\label{diag:4.2}
    \xy
    (0,15)*+{{\mathfrak h}}="1";
    (-15, -5)*+{{\mathbb{X}}(G)}="2";
    ( 15, -5)*+{{\mathbb{X}}(G)}="3";
    {\ar@{->}_{\psi} "1"; "2"};
    {\ar@{->}^{\psi} "1"; "3"};
    {\ar@/^1.pc/^{\lambda(y)} "3";"2"};
    {\ar@/_1.pc/_{\lambda(x)} "3";"2"};
    {\ar@{=>}^<<<{\scriptstyle \lambda(\gamma)} (0,-2.5)*{};(0,-7)*{}}
    \endxy$$ commutes for all choices of arrows $x\xrightarrow{\gamma} y\in G_1$ there exists a unique map of 2-vector spaces $\bar{\psi}:{\mathfrak h}\to p({\mathfrak g})$ so that $$\psi = i\circ \bar{\psi}.$$

In other words $i:p({\mathfrak g})\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is a (strict conical) limit of the functor $\lambda: G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$.

In the course of the proof we realize the limit of the functor $\lambda: G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$ explicitly as a sub 2-vector space of the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ cut out by equations.

We argue first

-   For any multiplicative vector field $u=(u_0, u_1):G\to TG$ $$\label{eq:4.5}
    \lambda(x)u = u \quad \textrm{ for all } x\in G_0\qquad \textrm{ and } \qquad
    \lambda(\gamma)u = 1_u \quad \textrm{ for all }\gamma \in G_1$$ if and only if $$\label{eq:4.6}
    u = p(u(e_0)).$$

-   For any morphism $\alpha:u\Rightarrow v$ in the category ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ $$\label{eq:4.5ii}
    \lambda (x) (\alpha) = \alpha \textrm{  for all }x\in G_0$$ if and only if $$\label{eq:4.6ii}
    \alpha = p(\alpha (e_0)).$$

By Lemma \[lem:4.1\] $\lambda(\gamma))(u) = 1_u$ if and only if holds for all $z\in G_0$. It is easy to see that is equivalent to the vector field $u_1$ on the Lie group $G_1$ being left-invariant.

On the other hand $\lambda(x)u = u$ for all $x\in G_0$ translates into $$\begin{aligned}
T{{\mathcal L}}_x \circ u_0 \circ {{\mathcal L}}_{x{^{-1}}} = u_0\\
\textrm{and}\\
T{{\mathcal L}}_{1_x} \circ u_1 \circ {{\mathcal L}}_{1_x{^{-1}}} = u_1.\end{aligned}$$ Thus implies that $u_0$ and $u_1$ are both left-invariant. Moreover, since $u$ is multiplicative and $e_1 =
1(e_0)$, $u_1 (e_1) = T1 u_0(e_0)$. Hence implies .

Conversely, suppose $(u_0, u_1) = p(a)$ for some $a\in {\mathfrak g}_0$. By construction of the functor $p$, $a= u_0(e_0)$. Moreover $u_1$ is a left-invariant vector field on $G_1$ with $u_1(e_1) = T1 (u_0 (e_0))$. Hence equation hold for all $z\in G_0$ and all $\gamma \in G_1$, which implies that $\lambda(\gamma)u = 1_u $ for all $\gamma \in G_1$. It also implies that $$T{{\mathcal L}}_{1_x} \circ u_1 \circ {{\mathcal L}}_{1_{x{^{-1}}}} = u_1$$ for all $x\in G_1$. On the other hand, by construction of the functor $p$ the vector field $u_0$ on $G_0$ is left-invariant. Hence $$T{{\mathcal L}}_{x} \circ u_0 \circ {{\mathcal L}}_{{x{^{-1}}}} = u_0$$ for all $x\in G_0$. Therefore $\lambda (x) u = u$ for all $x\in G_0$. We conclude that if $u = p(a)$ then holds. This finishes our proof of (i).

By definition of the functor $\lambda(x)$, $$(\lambda(x)\alpha)(z) = TL_x (\alpha (x{^{-1}}z))$$ for all $z\in G_0$. By definition of the functor $L_x$ on arrows, $$TL_x (\alpha (x{^{-1}}z)) = T{{\mathcal L}}_{1_z} (\alpha (x{^{-1}}z)$$ where as before ${{\mathcal L}}_{1_z}$ is left multiplication by $1_z\in G_1$. Thus if $\lambda (x)\alpha = \alpha$ then $$\alpha(x)  = T{{\mathcal L}}_{1_x} (\alpha (e_0))$$ Hence implies .

Conversely, if $\alpha = p(b)$ for some $b\in {\mathfrak g}_1$ then $\alpha(x) = T{{\mathcal L}}_{1_x} b$ for all $x\in G_0$ and $\alpha (e_0)= T{{\mathcal L}}_{1_{e_0}} b = b$. This finishes our proof of (ii).

The proof of part (1) of the theorem is now easy. By (i), for any object $a\in {\mathfrak g}_0$, and any object $x\in G_0$, $$\lambda (x)(p(a)) = p(a).$$ By (ii), for any object $b\in {\mathfrak g}_1$ and any arrow $\gamma \in G_1$ $$\lambda(\gamma)(p(b)) = p(b).$$ Hence commutes.

Now suppose $\psi: {\mathfrak h}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is a map of 2-vector spaces making the diagram commute. Then for any object $X$ of ${\mathfrak h}$ $$\lambda(x) \psi(X)= \psi(X) \quad \textrm{ for all } x\in G_0\qquad
\textrm{ and } \qquad
\lambda(\gamma)\psi(X) = 1_{\psi(X)} \quad \textrm{ for all }\gamma \in G_1$$ Consequently by (i) $$\psi(X) = p (\psi(X) (e_0)).$$ The commutativity of also implies that $$\lambda (x) (\psi(Y)) = \psi(Y) \textrm{  for all }x\in G_0$$ for any arrow $Y$ in ${\mathfrak h}$. Then by (ii) $$\psi(Y) = p(\psi(Y)\, (e_0)).$$ We conclude that the image of $\psi:{\mathfrak h}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ is contained in $p({\mathfrak g})$ and the result follows.

We are now in position to prove our main result by putting together all the work we have already done.

By Lemma \[lem:3.13\] the action of the Lie 2-group $G$ on itself by multiplication on the left gives rise to a homomorphism of 2-groups $\lambda:G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$. By Theorem \[thm:4.1\] we have a 1-morphism of Lie 2-algebras $p:{\mathfrak g}\to {\mathbb{X}}(G)$ which is fully faithful and injective on objects. In particular $p:{\mathfrak g}\to p({\mathfrak g})$ is an isomorphism of Lie 2-algebras.

On the other hand by Theorem \[thm:5.2\], the 2-vector space $p({\mathfrak g})$ underlying the Lie 2-algebra $p({\mathfrak g})$ is a limit of the functor $\lambda:G\to \mathrm{GL}({\mathbb{X}}(G))$. Hence it makes sense to say that $p({\mathfrak g})$ is the 2-vector space ${\mathbb{X}}(G)^G$ of left-invariant vector fields. As we remarked previously $p({\mathfrak g})$ is also a Lie 2-subalgebra of ${\mathbb{X}}(G)$ which is isomorphic to the Lie 2-algebra ${\mathfrak g}$.

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Keyword: Tosen Jordan

In an exhilarating finish to the 33rd renewal of the Japan Cup (Jpn-I), filly Gentildonna nosed out another filly, Denim and Ruby, Nov. 24 at Tokyo Race Course to become the first to win the prestigious event twice.

In a battle between Triple Crown winners, Gentildonna became the first 3-year-old filly to win the Japan Cup (Jpn-I) when she took on favored Orfevre in a furious stretch duel and edged the older colt by a nose.

Longshot Beat Black defeated a powerful field that included 2011 Horse of the Year and Triple Crown winner Orfevre in the marathon $3.4 million Tenno Sho Spring (Jpn-I) at Japan's Kyoto Racecourse April 29.

Buena Vista, disqualified from first to second for interference in last year's Japan Cup (Jpn-I), found no such problems this year. The 5-year-old mare surged late to win the $6.1 million event Nov. 27 at Tokyo Racecourse.

Victoire Pisa, a son of Neo Universe, posted his fourth graded stakes triumph when he took the lead at the top of the stretch and held off all challengers to win the (US$4.2 million) Arima Kinen (Jpn-I).


Surgical indications in low lumbar burst fractures: experiences with Anterior Locking Plate System and the reduction-fixation system.
A study of 14 surgically treated patients with low lumbar burst fractures (L3 to L5) is reported. Initially, 13 patients presented with incomplete neurologic deficits below the level of injury. The follow-up period ranged from 24 to 40 months, with an average of 30 months. In group 1, seven patients underwent one-stage anterior decompression, fusion, and Anterior Locking Plate System (ALPS) fixation. In Group 2, seven patients had posterior surgery with decompression, portero-lateral fusion, and a short segment fixation, one above and one below the injuried level, with the reduction-fixation transpediculate system. Indications for one-stage anterior surgery consisted of patients with incomplete neurologic deficits, segmental kyphotic deformity caused by loss of anterior vertebral height (< 50%), or canal encroachment < 50%. When there is significant radiologic evidence of lamina fractures, displaced or greenstick type, or injuries that occurred at the L5 level, the posterior approach was undertaken initially. This may be followed by anterior surgery if satisfactory vertebral height restoration or canal clearance was not achieved. Five dura tears (36%) were noted during surgery: two tears in group 1 and three tears in group 2. There were two patients in group 2 (29%) who had screws broken; however, none in group 1 demonstrated implant failure. In the low lumbar region, the step-off ALPS plate is preferable to the straight plate because of the increasing size of the vertebral body toward the caudal area. A low profile and easy application were its advantages. However, the ALPS could not be distracted or compressed anteriorly.


I'm not saying Vancamp to play Sin
I think she'll be Sharon
But it could work to have Sin be the antagonist
Make her like Silva in the latest Bond or Jeremy-Irons-Gruber in Die Hard with a Vengeance
creepy intimidating bad guy with a grudge


Apple building fuel cells to help power N. Carolina data center

Apple begins a renewable fuel cell project in North Carolina to help power its facilities.

Apple plans to build a massive fuel cell facility in North Carolina to accompany the data center that powers iCloud. The company revealed its plans as part of a filing with the North Carolina Utilities Commission and was first reported by the Greensboro News & Observer, which noted over the weekend that the project will be the "national's largest such project not built by an electric utility company."

The fuel cell project will be built in Maiden, NC, near the company's existing data center and in the same complex as Apple's 171-acre solar farm. "[Apple's] facility will consist of 24 fuel cell modules. It will extract hydrogen from natural gas supplied by Piedmont Natural Gas," wrote the News & Observer. "To qualify as a renewable facility, Apple or Bloom will arrange to produce landfill methane gas or some other biogas to offset its natural gas use. The biogas supplier has not been named, but that information will have to be disclosed to win approval from the N.C. Utilities Commission."

Apple recently published its own report (PDF) outlining its various green initiatives, which mentions that the company has "secured regulatory authority to supplement our energy needs in Cupertino and Santa Clara Valley with offsite, grid-purchased renewable energy, which was not previously possible." The company wrote that it plans to eventually power all its facilities with 100 percent renewable energy, and the fuel cell project in North Carolina appears to be a major first step in that plan.

Jacqui Cheng
Jacqui is an Editor at Large at Ars Technica, where she has spent the last eight years writing about Apple culture, gadgets, social networking, privacy, and more. Emailjacqui@arstechnica.com//Twitter@eJacqui


Compress HTTP requests at the Rails layer.

This uses `Rack::Deflater`, and is done at the app layer instead of at the Web
server layer.


Windy Pants

So this ninja is invincible is he? No! A new opponent shall be waiting for him. And with a blow of wind his journey will come to a smelly end! -
The Samurai Warlord stating his plan to use Windy Pants.

Contents

As Hiro gets closer to the main room of the Night Castle, he is able to hear and smell farting. When he finally gets to the room, he finds the source: Windy Pants.

Windy Pants uses his own flatutlence as a weapon, using his fan to guide the toxic stench towards Hiro in an attempt to suffocate Hiro. Hiro has to use this gas to get Windy Pants emersed in his own stench, then slash his backslide, finally jumping onto his head and slashing his face. After doing this once, Windy Pants will use his gas to keep Hiro from getting close, then use the flatlulence again to try and suffocate Hiro.

After being attacked a total of three times, Windy Pants begins to twitch violently and groan. Finally, he explodes, leaving behind only his fan and a horrible-smelling blast of gas. His defeat is reported to the Samurai Warlord.

Like his name suggested, Windy Pants farted heavily often. As a result, he used his own flatulence as a weapon, being able to direct it with his fan in order to suffocate his opponent. He also had the ability to create a blast of gas so strong that it would lift him off the ground.


        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE

         MICHAEL DWAYNE EDWARDS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                                Circuit Court for Hickman County
                                          No. 06-5020C

                   No. M2006-01043-CCA-R3-HC - Filed February 15, 2007

                         ORDER DENYING PETITION TO REHEAR

        Pursuant to Rule 39 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, the State of Tennessee,
through the Attorney General, requested rehearing of the opinion filed in this case on January 17,
2007, which reversed the trial court’s summary dismissal of the petition for writ of habeas corpus
and remanded the case for the appointment of counsel and an evidentiary hearing related to the
allegation that the petitioner’s sentence was illegal due to an improper offender classification.

        The state argues that the petition was properly dismissed because, even if true, the illegal
range determination would render the petitioner’s sentence merely voidable, not void. As cited by
the state:

        If the court rendering a judgment has jurisdiction of the person, the subject-matter,
        and has the authority to make the challenged judgment, the judgment is voidable, not
        void; and the challenged judgment may not be collaterally attacked in a suit for
        habeas corpus relief.

Passarella v. State, 891 S.W.2d 619, 627 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)(ineffective assistance of counsel
allegation not proper subject of habeas proceeding because such allegation renders the judgment only
voidable)(emphasis added). This court acknowledges the holding of Passarella but finds that the
state’s reliance on it is misplaced. “[A] trial court’s jurisdiction with regard to sentencing is limited
by [l]egislative enactments.” McConnell v. State, 12 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tenn. 2000)(length of plea
bargained sentence that exceeded that which was provided for in the 1989 Sentencing Act was
illegal). Therefore, if a trial court imposes a sentence in contravention of a statute, it is without
authority to do so and the judgment may be collaterally attacked in a habeas corpus proceeding . As
stated in this court’s opinion, “a sentence imposed in direct contravention of a statute is void and
illegal.” State v. Burkhart, 566 S.W.2d 871, 873 (Tenn. 1978). The state cites McConnell for the
proposition that offender classification and release eligibility are non-jurisdictional. However, the
state misconstrues the holding of McConnell in which the supreme court actually commented that
the use of offender classification and release eligibility as subjects of plea bargaining are non-
jurisdictional. In other words, release eligibility offender classification can be the subject of plea
negotiations and agreed to by a defendant provided that the sentence imposed is within the statutory
authority of the sentencing act. Unlike the situation described in McConnell, the challenged
judgment in this case resulted from a sentence imposed by the trial court after a jury conviction. The
impact of our supreme court’s holdings in the arena of habeas corpus litigation is that if a petitioner
alleges that he is imprisoned by virtue of an illegal judgment with pertinent documentation in support
of the allegation and the legality of the judgment can be determined by reviewing the trial court
record supporting the judgment, the petition should not be dismissed without a hearing. Charles G.
Summers v. State, No. M2004-02806-SC-R11-HC (Tenn. Jan. 23, 2007). For all these reasons, we
find that the petition sufficiently raised an issue regarding the legality of the sentence and that the
trial court should have appointed counsel and conducted an evidentiary hearing on the merits of the
petition.

        As a procedural point, the state alleges that clarification is needed regarding our instructions
on remand. The petition for habeas corpus relief alleges an improper offender classification due to
the trial court’s reliance upon an inapplicable conviction and the petitioner attached pertinent
documents from the record of the underlying proceedings to support his factual assertions. We held
in our opinion that it was error for the trial court to have summarily dismissed the petition and
remanded the case for the appointment of counsel and an evidentiary hearing to determine whether
the petitioner’s offender classification was improper. See McLaney v. Bell, 59 S.W.3d 90, 92-95
(Tenn. 2001)(petition sufficiently raised issue of illegal concurrent sentences imposed for offenses
committed while on bail but trial court summarily dismissed the petition and the supreme court
remanded for appointment of counsel and evidentiary hearing on merits). This court cannot discern
how any further clarification is necessary.

       For the foregoing reasons, the petition to rehear is denied.

       Costs of the appeal are taxed to the State of Tennessee.

                                                       PER CURIAM
                                                       D. Kelly Thomas, Jr., Judge
                                                       David G. Hayes, Judge
                                                       Alan E. Glenn, Judge

                                                       D. Kelly Thomas, Jr., Judge
                                                       For the Court


The role of estrogen receptor, androgen receptor and growth factors in diethylstilbestrol-induced programming of prostate differentiation.
Recently, others and we have demonstrated that prenatal exposure to an extremely low dose of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and other estrogenic compounds produces a significant effect on mouse prostate development in vivo and in vitro in the presence and absence of androgen. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which DES produces this effect and determined the role of its estrogenic activity on the growth and branching, induced by DES in the 17-day-old fetal prostate in culture. Additionally, we investigated whether the androgen receptor (AR) plays a role and whether any of the growth factors, namely, EGF and IGF-1 which are known to modulate the estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR)-dependent process, mediate the DES-induced effects. Using the organ culture bioassay of prostate development, we demonstrate that DES enhanced the growth and branching of the prostate at both 0.1 and 0.5 pg/ml dosages, thus, confirming a previous report of ours. An anti-estrogen, ICI164,387 blocked both of the effect of DES, suggesting that both of these two effects are ER dependent. Anti-androgen, flutamide also blocked both branching and prostatic growth induced by DES, while cyproterone acetate blocked only the branching effect, suggesting a role for AR in the DES-induced effects. Depletion of EGF by anti-EGF antibody blocked the DES-induced effects and this was reversed following EGF replacement in the organ culture system. Anti-IGF-1 antibody, on the other hand, only blocked the branching effect, but produced no effect on the prostatic growth, induced by DES. Estrogenic chemicals, bisphenol A and DES enhanced EGF-mRNA level of the cultured prostates. Taken together, it appears that DES-induced prostatic enlargement involves enhancement of ER-dependent EGF and IGF-1 synthesis, mediating prostatic enlargement and androgen action.


Freddie Forsland

Freddie Forsland is a Swedish former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

References

Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Swedish footballers
Category:Allsvenskan players
Category:Malmö FF players
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)