Q:

Optimize query collecting all related items

The following table is my menu master table that has an unlimited menu depth. Every menu can have a submenu and a sub-submenu and so on.
The problem I am facing is getting all items that have the same top-level parent.
One solution is to loop while parent is not null and second solution is to create a view with a parent id and all sub menu ids with comma separated column.
Then one select command will give the parent id. My table is as follows:
CategoryID  | ParentID
1           | null
2           | null
3           | 1
4           | 1
5           | 2
6           | 2
7           | 3

Output should be
CategoryID  | AllRelatedCategory
1           | 1,3,4,7
2           | 2,5,6

My current code is as follows. Problem is that it's working only with 3 levels of the hierarchy.
;with cte as
(
select a.CategoryID col1, convert(varchar, a.CategoryID) col2, a.ParentID
from [dbo].[TB_CATEGORY_MASTER] a where a.ParentID is null

union
select a.CategoryID col1, (convert(varchar, isnull(b.CategoryID,''))) col2, a.ParentID
from [dbo].[TB_CATEGORY_MASTER] a
left join [dbo].[TB_CATEGORY_MASTER] b on a.CategoryID=b.ParentID

union
select a.CategoryID col1, (convert(varchar, isnull(c.CategoryID,''))) col2, a.ParentID
from [dbo].[TB_CATEGORY_MASTER] a
left join [dbo].[TB_CATEGORY_MASTER] b on a.CategoryID=b.ParentID
left join [dbo].[TB_CATEGORY_MASTER] c on b.CategoryID=c.ParentID
)

select distinct c.col1,
  STUFF(
         (SELECT distinct ', ' + c1.col2
          FROM cte c1
          where c.col1 = c1.col1
          FOR XML PATH ('')), 1, 1, '') col2
from cte c
where c.ParentID is null

A:

with    cte
        as
        (
            select      CategoryID  as root_CategoryID
                       ,1           as lvl
                       ,CategoryID

            from        TB_CATEGORY_MASTER

            where       ParentID is null

            union all

            select      c.root_CategoryID
                       ,c.lvl + 1
                       ,t.CategoryID

            from                    TB_CATEGORY_MASTER  as t

                        join        cte                 as c

                        on          c.CategoryID = t.ParentID
            )

select     t.CategoryID

          ,(select      case when lvl = 1 then '' else ',' end
                      + cast (c.CategoryID as varchar(10))

            from        cte as c

            where       c.root_CategoryID = t.CategoryID

            order by    lvl

            for xml path('')
            )                   as AllRelatedCategory

from        TB_CATEGORY_MASTER  as t

where       ParentID is null

+------------+--------------------+
| CategoryID | AllRelatedCategory |
+------------+--------------------+
|          1 | 1,3,4,7            |
|          2 | 2,5,6              |
+------------+--------------------+


Useful Links

I support Local Empowerment. So, I’m sharing this Everest Base Camp Trek to promote a new way of trekking where trekkers can empower the local service providers like lodges, guides and porters by booking services directly through them. #empoweringthehimalayas #freetriptoeverest


/*
 * See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional
 * information regarding copyright ownership.
 *
 * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
 * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
 * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
 * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
 */
package packagefile.macrojarextension;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import javax.inject.Named;
import javax.inject.Singleton;

import org.xwiki.component.annotation.Component;
import org.xwiki.rendering.block.Block;
import org.xwiki.rendering.block.SpaceBlock;
import org.xwiki.rendering.block.WordBlock;
import org.xwiki.rendering.macro.AbstractNoParameterMacro;
import org.xwiki.rendering.macro.MacroExecutionException;
import org.xwiki.rendering.transformation.MacroTransformationContext;

//It is a static registration but it's a generated jar
@Component(staticRegistration = false)
@Named("macrojarextension")
@Singleton
public class TestMacro extends AbstractNoParameterMacro
{
    public TestMacro()
    {
        super("Macro Jar Extension");
    }

    @Override
    public List<Block> execute(Object parameters, String content, MacroTransformationContext context)
        throws MacroExecutionException
    {
        return Arrays.<Block> asList(new WordBlock("test"), new SpaceBlock(), new WordBlock("result"));
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsInlineMode()
    {
        return true;
    }
}


Field-scale roles of density, temperature, nitrogen, and predation on aphid population dynamics.
Robust analyses of noisy, stage-structured, irregularly spaced, field-scale data incorporating multiple sources of variability and nonlinear dynamics remain very limited, hindering understanding of how small-scale studies relate to large-scale population dynamics. We used a novel, complementary Bayesian and frequentist state-space model analysis to ask how density, temperature, plant nitrogen, and predators affect cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) population dynamics in weekly data from 18 field-years and whether estimated effects are consistent with small-scale studies. We found clear roles of density and temperature but not of plant nitrogen or predators, for which Bayesian and frequentist evidence differed. However, overall predictability of field-scale dynamics remained low. This study demonstrates stage-structured state-space model analysis incorporating bottom-up, top-down, and density-dependent effects for within-season (nearly continuous time), nonlinear population dynamics. The analysis combines Bayesian posterior evidence with maximum-likelihood estimation and frequentist hypothesis testing using average one-step-ahead residuals.


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I just finished up migrating all the Capybara feature tests in my Rails/React app from Poltergeist to Headless Chrome. I ran into a few issues I didn’t see covered in other write-ups, so I thought I’d pull together what I learned and what I found useful.

Motivation

Poltergeist is based on the no-longer-maintained PhantomJS headless browser. When we started using PhantomJS a few years ago, it was the only good way to run headless browser tests, but today there’s a good alternative in Selenium with Chrome’s headless mode. (Firefox has a headless mode now as well.) I briefly tried out a switch to headless Chrome a while ago, but I ran into too many problems early on and gave up.

This time, I decided to try it again after running into a weird bug — which I still don’t know the cause of. (Skip on down if you just want the migration guide.) This was a classic yak shave…

I got a request to add support for more langauges for one a particular feature, plots of the distribution of Wikipedia article quality before and after being worked on in class assignments. The graphs were generated with R and ggplot2, but this was really unreliable on the international version of the app. To get it working more reliably, I decided to try to reimplement the graphs client-side, using Vega.js. The type of graph I needed — kernel density estimation — was only available in a newer version of Vega, so first I needed to update all the other Vega plots in the app to work on the latest version of Vega, which had a lot of breaking changes from the version we’d been on. That was tough, but along the way I made some nice improvements to the other plots along with a great-looking implementation of the kernel density plot. But as I switched over to the minified versions of the Vega libraries and got ready to call it done, all of a sudden my feature specs were all failing. They passed fine with the non-minified versions, but the exact same assets in minified form — the distributed versions, straight from a CDN — caused Javascript errors that I couldn’t replicate in a normal browser. My best guess is that there’s some buggy interaction between Vega’s version of UglifyJS and the JS runtime in PhantomJS, which is triggered by something in Vega. In any case, after failing to find any other fixes, it seemed like the right time to take another shot at the Poltergeist → headless Chrome migration — which I’m happy to say, worked out nicely. So, after what started as an i18n support request, I’m happy to report that my app no longer relies on R (or rinruby to integrate between R and Ruby) and my feature tests are all running more smoothly and with fewer random failures on headless Chrome.

😀

Using R in production was fun and interesting, but I definitely won’t be doing it again any time soon.

If you want to see that Vega plot that started it all, this is a good place to look. Just click ‘Change in Structural Completeness’. (Special thanks to Amit Joki, who added the interactive controls.)

Setting up Capybara

The basic setup is pretty simple: put selenium-webdriver and chromedriver-helper in the Gemfile, and then register the driver in the test setup file. For me it looked like this:

Adding or removing the headless option makes it easy to switch between modes, so you can pop up a real browser to watch your tests run when you need to debug something.

Adding the chrome: stable addon in .travis.yml got it working on CI as well.

Dealing with the differences between Poltergeist and Selenium Chromedriver

You can run Capybara feature tests with a handful of different drivers, and the core features of the framework will work with any driver. But around the edges, there are some pretty big differences in behavior and capabilities between them. For Poltergeist vs. Selenium and Chrome, these are the main ones that I had to address during the migration:

More accurate rendering in Chrome

PhantomJS has some significant holes in CSS support, which is especially a problem when it comes to misrendering elements as overlapping when they should not be. Chrome does much more accurate rendering, closely matching what you’ll see using Chrome normally. Relatedly, Poltergeist implements .trigger('click'), which unlike the normal Capybara .click , can work even if the target element is underneath another one. A common error message with Poltergeist points you to try .trigger('click') when the normal .click fails, and I had to swap a lot of those back to .click.

Working with forms and inputs

The biggest problem I hit was interacting with date fields. In Poltergeist, I was using text input to set date fields, and this worked fine. Things started blowing up in Chrome, and it took me a while to figure out that I needed provide Capybara with Date objects instead of strings to make it work. Capybara maintainer Thomas Walpole (who is incredibly helpful) explained it to me:

fill_in with a string will send those keystrokes to the input — that works fine with poltergeist because it doesn’t actually support date inputs so they’re treated as standard text inputs so the with parameter is just entered into the field – Chrome however supports date inputs with it’s own UI.
By passing a date object, Capybara’s selenium driver will use JS to correctly set the date to the input across all locales the browser is run in. If you do want to send keystrokes to the input you’d need to send the keystrokes a user would have to type on the keyboard in the locale the browser is running in —In US English locale that would mean fill_in(‘campaign_start’, with: ’01/10/2016’)

Chromedriver is also pickier about which elements you can send input to. In particular, it must be focusable. With some trial and error, I was able to find focusable elements for all the inputs I was interacting with.

Handling Javascript errors

The biggest shortcoming with Selenium + Chrome is the lack of support for the js_errors: true option. With this option, a test will fail on any Javascript error that shows up in the console, even if the page is otherwise meeting the test requirements. Using that option was one of the main reasons we switched to Poltergeist in the first place, and it’s been extremely useful in preventing bugs and regressions in the React frontend.

Fortunately, there’s a fairly easy way to hack this feature back in with Chrome, as suggested by Alessandro Rodi. I modified Rodi’s version a bit, adding in the option to disable the error catching on individual tests — since a few of my tests involve testing error behavior. Here’s what it looks like, in my rails_helper.rb:

Different behavior using matchers to interact with specific parts of the page

Much of the Capybara API is driven with HTML/CSS selectors for isolating the part of the page you want to interact with.

I found a number of cases where these behaved differently between drivers, most often in the form of Chrome reporting an ambiguous selector that matches multiple elements when the same selector worked fine with Poltergeist. These were mostly cases where it was easy enough to write a more precise selector to get the intended element.

In a few cases with some of the intermittently failing specs, Selenium + Chrome also provided more precise and detailed error messages when a target element couldn’t be found — giving me enough information to fix the badly-specified selectors that were causing the occasional failures.

Blocking external urls

With Poltergeist, you can use the url_blacklist option to prevent loading specific domains. That’s not available with Chromedriver. We were using it just to reduce unnecessary network traffic and speed things up a bit, so I didn’t bother trying out the alternatives, the most popular of which seems to be to use Webmock to mock responses from the domains you want to block.

Status code

In Poltergeist, you can easily see what the HTTP status code for a webpage is: page.status_code. This feature is missing altogether in Selenium. I read about a few convoluted ways to get the status code, but for my test suite I decided to just do without explicit tests of status codes.

Other useful migration guides and resources

There are a bunch of blog posts and forum threads on this topic, but the two I found really useful are:

I gave DeepCover a try with my main project, the Wiki Education Dashboard, and the coverage of the Ruby portions of the app dropped from 100% to 96.75%. Most of that is just one-line guard clauses like this:

return unless Features.wiki_ed?

But there are a few really useful things that DeepCover revealed. First off, unused scopes on Rails ActiveRecord models:

This method was overriding the ActiveRecord update method, adding an option to update without saving. But we no longer use that second argument anywhere in the codebase, meaning I could delete the whole method and rely on the standard version of update.

I published a watchface for Pebble smartwatches that shows you the nearest Wikipedia article that lacks a photograph. Have a Pebble and like to — or want to — contribute to Wikipedia? Try it out! It’s called Diderot. (Collaborators welcome!)

After using it myself for about a month and a half, I’ve finally added photographs to all the Wikipedia articles near my house within the range of Wikipedia’s ‘nearby’ API.

Extra thanks go to Albin Larrson, who built the WMF Labs API that my app uses to find nearby unillustrated articles. The great thing about it is that it filters out articles that have .png or .svg images, so you still find the articles that have only a map or logo rather than a real photograph.

Last night I learned the hard way what happens when Rails migrations break.

My main project, the Wiki Ed Dashboard, is set up for automatic deployment — via Capistrano and travis-ci— whenever we push new commits to the staging or production branch. It’s mostly nice.

But I ran some migrations yesterday that I shouldn’t have. In particular, this one added three new columns to a table. When I pushed it to staging, the migration took about 5 minutes and then finished. Since the staging app was unresponsive during that time, I waited until the evening to deploy it to production. But things went much worse on production, which has a somewhat large database. The migration took more than 10 minutes — at which point, travis-ci decides that the build has become unresponsive, and kills it. The migration didn’t complete.

No problem, I thought, I’ll just run the migration again. Nope! It tursn out that the first column from that migration actually made it into the MySQL database. Running it again triggered a duplicate column error. Hmmm… okay. Maybe all the columns got added, but the migration didn’t get added to the database? So I manually added the migration id to the schema_migrations table. Alas, no. Things are still broken, because the other two columns didn’t actually get added.

That’s why Rails migrations have an up and a down version, right? I’ll just migrate that one down and back up. But with only one of three columns present, neither the up nor the down migration would run. I ended up writing an ad-hoc migration to add just the second and third columns, deploying it from my own machine, and then deleting the migration afterwards. I fixed production, but it wasn’t pretty.

My takeaway from this: if you deploy via Capistrano — and especially if you deploy straight from your continuous integration server — then write a separate migration for every little thing. When things go bad in the middle of deployment, you don’t want to be stuck with a half-completed migration.

Since I started both running semi-regularly and also biking 30+minutes on the Burke a couple times per week, I’ve started listening to a lot of podcasts — mainly focusing on technology (especially free software, web development, and Ruby) and product management. I’ve listening to enough good, and enough bad, that I want to share some of the podcasts I’ve found most interesting and helpful.

Weekly podcasts

These are the most consistently good, consistently released ones I listen to. Not every episode is great, but they are worthwhile enough of the time that I usually at least sample a bit of each new episode.

Ruby Rogues – a great panel, featuring the awesome Coraline Ada Ehmke, among others. It’s excellent both for Rubyists specifically and as a general software discussion venue.

Talk Python To Me – a superb interview-based podcast. The focus is Python, but it’s very accessible even without a deep knowledge of the specific language, and I often get ideas from it that are relevant for my work. Episodes usually start with a lot of personal narrative about how the interviewee got to where they are, which is often really interesting.

CodePen Radio – this one is focused on the startup codepen.io, and is usually a fun listen. The range of topics — all drawn from running a web app-based startup — maps pretty nicely onto the things that are relevant for me, running the technology side of a small nonprofit. (I’ve still never used CodePen, and don’t feel like I need to in order to get value from the podcast.)

The Changelog – the best of the handful of free / open source software podcasts, this one is interview based, usually goes deeply into the background of each guest, and has consistently interesting guests.

Javascript Jabber – the javascript companion to Ruby Rogues, this one is a little more scattered and less consistently insightful, but still has a pretty high ratio of solid episodes.

Ruby5 – this short podcast comes out twice per week, and basically runs down interesting news and new releases in the Ruby and Rails worlds. It’s a little cheesy, but it’s worth your time if you work with Ruby or Rails.

Individual episodes

These are some of the podcast episodes that I recommend. Some come from the podcasts above, and others are individual episodes from podcasts that I otherwise don’t listen to regularly or wouldn’t recommend highly.


Related Content

These are some of the accounts from the tragedy, ranging from horror to heroism:

'It just didn't sound right'

An person among the crowd of more than 22,000 during a Jason Aldean concert at the Route 91 Harvest Festival told CNN, like many at the show, at she believed the shots sounded like "firecrackers," but quickly people realized they were gunshots. The witness said she could hear the shots start and stop, like the shooter was changing weapons.

"My boyfriend had me hide behind a building, because it just didn't sound right. We hid behind the building because it just didn't sound right. About 10 minutes later the police came and then blocked off all the streets. Just very overwhelming and very scary."

A man talked to a Fox News reporter at the scene. He stayed in the concert venue behind a table until people cleared and SWAT arrived.

"There were a couple bodies there, and (I) started loading them into a truck. ... I don't know if they were dead or not. One of them looked like she was probably dead. The other two, I'm not sure."

'One guy ended up dying in my arms'

Talking with a reporter from ABC News, a man described his friend saying "I just got hit" and was hit three times. People dived for the ground as chaos erupted. he said they hid under the stage before getting him over a fence and getting four people in his truck. They found an ambulance, but one of the victims "ending up dying in my arms, because he was bleeding." Three more people got in the ambulance, but his friend survived.

A witness described acts of heroism during the shooting and in the immediate aftermath in an interview with NBC: "It was everywhere. Thank God it was a country concert. You saw a lot of ex-military jumping into gear. I saw guys plugging bullet holes with their fingers. I saw police officers, while everyone else was crouching, police officers standing up as targets, just trying to direct people to tell them where to go. The amount of bravery I saw, words can't describe what it was like."

Taylor Benge didn't know where the bullets were coming from. All he saw were the bodies.

No matter what place you went for cover, there was two to three bodies to accompany that and really I just didn't know," he told CNN. "I was very uncertain (for my life), just because I didn't know (the shooter) had that vantage point and seeing all those corpses around me in every tiny spot of cover. I can't imagine what the actual number is."

'We stepped over the bodies'

In an interview with CNN, media personality Storme Warren described the shooting as a "war movie":

"We're just trying to put into words what we just experienced, and we can't. We can't come up with it, he said. "You can't. It's like watching a war movie that you feel like you live through, and you were witnessing something that was fictional and that it didn't really happen but it did. We stepped over the bodies, we saw the people, we saw the heart-wrenching sadness from relatives grabbing hold of their loved ones, and you saw the chaos and the disbelief and complete stress and ... disbelief is the word. It's the only word you can come up with."

Warren, however, said "if there is a silver lining," it is that people were helping people in the aftermath.

'Owe my life' to metro officer

A woman with her husband told CBS they were running by concession booths when a police officer, "who I owe my life to," beckoned them into one. He said "Come here, come here, get in here, get in here!" Another two women were there.

"The officer actually covered me up to protect me from being shot. ... It was like you could hear the shots, just going back and forth and ricocheting, and then it would stop, and then we thought, 'OK, it's over, it's over. Then it would start again."

Musician Bryan Hopkins told CNN "23 to 30" people crammed into a trailer which turned out to be a freezer. When the gunfire didn't stop, he knew they couldn't stay.

"I turned to a couple of the guys that are in there behind me and said, 'We gotta leave. If there's people running around with guns, they're gonna find us.'" he told CNN.

"The thing I'll always remember is a police officer who ran towards me and said, 'This way,' pointed to where to run, and then ran towards the gunfire."

Truck helps mother, daughter escape, picks up wounded victims

Jenn Salazar, an Albuquerque resident, was attending the show with her daughter. She said Jason Aldean was "maybe into the third song" of his set when the shots rang out. "We didn't think much at first" until the seriousness of the situation dawned on the crowd. She said they ran as fast as they could to the parking lot. They saw two people in a truck. Looking for a way out, she said "please, please, please," and the people in the truck allowed them in. Salazar added that the truck also picked up two wounded people in the bed of the truck.

A female witness described to CNN the chaotic and bloody scene that unfolded as she tried to help victims:

"They yelled me over, they said 'we need your help, we need you to hold this jacket on this guy's head, he's been shot in the back of the head.' I said okay. And I'm standing there and I'm holding it, and the blood is dripping down and you can feel the hole in the back of his head. And they said 'his name is Chris that's all we know,'" she recalled. "My hand was on his shoulder and...I don't know. I don't think he made it, because his chest wasn't moving anymore."

She helped several people move a victim on a maintenance ladder.

"I grabbed the corner of the ladder, and I had my hand on the guy's arm," she said. "As those guys were walking back, I felt his fingers kind of tighten, and just kind of loosen."

The woman describes answering the man's phone and telling the caller that he had died:


October market fall sparks debate over index ETFs

While the index ETF market has grown strongly in Australia over the past few years, the sector has always had its sceptics. In the past week Zenith has published a review of smart beta ETFs questioning their ability to produce “persistent outperformance”, and investment manager Roger Montgomery has released a paper calling index ETFs “a transmission mechanism for a tech stock bubble”.

Zenith says there is no evidence of “persistent outperformance” among smart beta strategies and questions whether investors and being adequately compensated for making the “active choice” of a smart beta ETF.

Online investment adviser Stockspot, which recommends that its clients use ETFs, struck back in a newsletter last week, saying there was no evidence that active funds did a better job of protecting investors when markets sold off.

Zenith says global index proliferation now means that in some equity markets there are “considerably more investable indices than there are listed equities”.

“Many newer ETPs boast indices that deliver materially different outcomes than their older and broader peers,” the researcher says.

Investors increasingly need to make active choices regarding their passive investments. If an investor decides to employ an approach that is not seeking to capture a broad-based or market cap weighted exposure, Zenith believes the investor is effectively expressing an active stance.

Such strategies raise several questions, such as what unintended consequences can arise.

Zenith looked at whether investors have been adequately compensated by electing to pursue smart beta ETFs. It analysed each ETF’s excess return relative to an investable index-based strategy. It used the Vanguard Australian Shares Index ETF and the Vanguard International Shares Index Fund for its comparisons.

It found that “persistent outperformance is less of an outcome than cyclicality”.

According to Montgomery, the chief investment officer of Montgomery Investment Management, index ETFs are a bubble that are in turn a transmission mechanism for a tech stock bubble

“In late 2018, we are at a fork in the road where investors may want to reconsider their strategies. The trillions of dollars flowing into ETFs peaked in March and we’re starting to see tech stocks return to earth,” Montgomery says.

“The FAANG stocks, which include the likes of Amazon, Facebook and Google, lost a combined US$127.7 billion in value in October alone.

“Many investors in ETFs that follow indexes are as exposed as those who bought collateralised debt obligations before the GFC.

“As the nine-year bull market has progressed, we have seen United States index fund investors become overdependent on a hyper-narrow band of technology stocks.

“Today we stand on a precipice – the investment universe has not seen so much capital concentrated in a single sector that, through convenient products, can be sold at the click of a mouse.”

Montgomery argues that the proportion of the US equity market’s high returns that have been delivered by a handful of mega-cap stocks is historically unprecedented. As index ETFs have grown, they have been forced to invest ever greater amounts in these larger companies, irrespective of price or profit outlook.

“The stock turnover of the major US index ETFs has been significantly higher than the turnover of even their largest holdings. This would lead to a combination of high returns and low volatility on the way up, but the reverse would be true when investors begin exiting,” he says

“We now appear to be at a fork in the road. There will be over-reactions as higher quality tech companies are thrown out with the proverbial bath water.”

While the S&P 500 grew 331 per cent in the nine years since the low of 2009, Amazon was up 2100 per cent, Apple more than 1100 per cent, Netflix 5300 per cent and Google 586 per cent. Adding Facebook, Microsoft and NVIDIA to that list, seven stocks accounted for more than 15 per cent of the entire S&P 500 and just shy of 50 per cent of the Nasdaq 100.

As recently as July, Netflix traded at a price-earnings ratio of 201 times. Only a few weeks ago Amazon was on a PE multiple of 156 times.

Stockspot cites the work of Rui Dai, an analyst at Wharton Research, who analysed fund performance in the US and found that between 2007 and 2009, when the market fell 50.2 per cent, the average active fund fell by 49.7 per cent.

In the tech wreck of 2000 to 2002, when the market fell 43.4 per cent, the average active fud lost 43.2 per cent. In the falls of 2015 and 2016 the typical active fund did worse than the market.


Specific binding of prostaglandin F2 alpha to membranes of rat corpora lutea.
Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) binds specifically to a partially purified membrane preparation from rat corpora lutea. The high affinity, low capacity binding component asa a Kd = 4.7 nM and has a capacity of 0.38 pmol/mg protein. Binding kinetics were temperature-dependent with an association rate constant of 2.5 x 10(5) 1/mol-sec and a dissociation rate constant of 4.3 x 10(-4) sec-1 at 22 degrees C. Little competition for binding was shown by other prostaglandins and prostaglandin metabolites; the PGF2 alpha analogue ICI 81008 (16-m-trifluoromethylphenyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha) showed a binding affinity similar to that of PGF2 alpha. The specific binding of PGF2 alpha to luteal cell membranes was confirmed by electron microscopy using a ferritin--PGF2 alpha conjugate. Ferritin--PGF2 alpha was found predominantly on luteal cell surfaces; little binding occurred on other types of cells present. These data demonstrate specific binding of PGF2 alha to rat luteal membranes. It is suggested that the luteolytic action of PGF2 alpha in the rat may be receptor-mediated.


// Copyright (c) 2015-present Mattermost, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
// See LICENSE.txt for license information.

package model

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"io"
)

const (
	PUSH_STATUS           = "status"
	PUSH_STATUS_OK        = "OK"
	PUSH_STATUS_FAIL      = "FAIL"
	PUSH_STATUS_REMOVE    = "REMOVE"
	PUSH_STATUS_ERROR_MSG = "error"
)

type PushResponse map[string]string

func NewOkPushResponse() PushResponse {
	m := make(map[string]string)
	m[PUSH_STATUS] = PUSH_STATUS_OK
	return m
}

func NewRemovePushResponse() PushResponse {
	m := make(map[string]string)
	m[PUSH_STATUS] = PUSH_STATUS_REMOVE
	return m
}

func NewErrorPushResponse(message string) PushResponse {
	m := make(map[string]string)
	m[PUSH_STATUS] = PUSH_STATUS_FAIL
	m[PUSH_STATUS_ERROR_MSG] = message
	return m
}

func (me *PushResponse) ToJson() string {
	b, _ := json.Marshal(me)
	return string(b)
}

func PushResponseFromJson(data io.Reader) PushResponse {
	decoder := json.NewDecoder(data)

	var objmap PushResponse
	if err := decoder.Decode(&objmap); err != nil {
		return make(map[string]string)
	} else {
		return objmap
	}
}


Indian Law Resource Center - Ending Violence Against Native Womenhttps://indianlaw.org/issue/ending-violence-against-native-women
In the United States, violence against indigenous women has reached unprecedented levels on tribal lands and in Alaska Native villages. More than 4 in 5 American Indian and Alaska Native women have experienced violence, and more than 1 in 2 have experienced sexual violence. Alaska Native women continue to suffer the highest rate of forcible sexual assault and have reported rates of domestic violence up to 10 times higher than in the rest of the United States. Though available data is limited, the number of missing and murdered American Indian and Alaska Native women and the lack of a diligent and adequate federal response is extremely alarming to indigenous women, tribal governments, and communities. On some reservations, indigenous women are murdered at more than ten times the national average.Statistics define the scale of the problem, but do nothing to convey the experience of the epidemic. They tell part of the story, but fail to account for the devastating impacts this violence has on the survivors, Indian families, Native communities, and Indian nations themselves. Native children exposed to violence suffer rates of PTSD three times higher than the rest of the general population. Nevertheless, the statistics make absolutely clear that violence against Native women is a crisis that cannot wait to be addressed.The Center’s Safe Women, Strong Nations project partners with Native women’s organizations and Indian and Alaska Native nations to end violence against Native women and girls. Our project raises awareness to gain strong federal action to end violence against Native women; provides legal advice to national Native women’s organizations and Indian nations on ways to restore tribal criminal authority and to preserve tribal civil authority; and helps Indian nations increase their capacity to prevent violence and punish offenders on their lands. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND DENIAL OF EQUALITY UNDER THE LAWIt is outrageous that the vast majority of these women never see their abusers or rapists brought to justice. An unworkable, race-based criminal jurisdictional scheme created by the United States has limited the ability of Indian nations to protect Native women from violence and to provide them with meaningful remedies. For more than 35 years, United States law has stripped Indian nations of all criminal authority over non-Indians. As a result, until recent changes in the law, Indian nations were unable to prosecute non-Indians, who reportedly commit the vast majority (96%) of sexual violence against Native women. The Census Bureau reports that non-Indians now comprise 76% of the population on tribal lands and 68% of the population in Alaska Native villages. Many Native women have married non-Indians. However, it is unacceptable that a non-Indian who chooses to marry a Native woman, live on her reservation, and commit acts of domestic violence against her, cannot be criminally prosecuted by an Indian nation and more often than not will never be prosecuted by any government.Federal and state officials having authority to protect Native women and girls are failing to do so at alarming rates. By their own account, between 2005 and 2009, U.S. attorneys declined to prosecute 67% of the Indian country matters referred to them involving sexual abuse and related matters. Even grimmer, due to the lack of law enforcement, many of these crimes in Native communities are not even investigated.United States law creates a discriminatory system for administering justice in Native communities−−a system that allows criminals to act with impunity in Indian country, threatens the lives and violates the human rights of Native women and girls daily, and perpetuates an escalating cycle of violence in Native communities. Women who are subjected to violence should not be treated differently and discriminated against just because they are Native and were assaulted on an Indian reservation or in an Alaska Native village!VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSAll this highlights the United States’ failure not only under its own law, including the trust responsibility to Indian nations, but also its obligations under international human rights law such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Perhaps the most basic human right recognized under international law is the right to be free of violence. Through international advocacy, the Center and its partners not only educate, but also add world pressure on the United States regarding its obligations to end the epidemic of violence against Native women. Toward that end, the Center and its partners have raised awareness about violence against Native women in the United States within the United Nations through its Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (2007), Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism (2008), Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women (2011), Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2012), and repeatedly through the Human Rights Council and the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. The Center and its partners also have brought regional international attention to violence against Native women within the Organization of American States (OAS). In 2008, on behalf of numerous nonprofit organizations and tribal governments, the Center and Sacred Circle National Resource Center to End Violence Against Native Women submitted an amicus brief in support of Jessica Gonzales Lenahan, who filed the first human rights case involving domestic violence in any international body against the United States. The case, which involved the deliberate failure of local police to enforce a domestic violence protection order, did not arise in Indian country. However, it has major implications for Native women who rarely see their abusers brought to justice. In 2011, the Center and its partners, the NCAI Task Force on Violence Against Native Women and the National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center, participated in the first ever thematic hearing on violence against Native women in the United States before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. The Commission has since expressed concern about violence against indigenous women in the United States, noting that such situations tend to be accompanied by impunity and urging the United States to address this violence through laws, policies, and programs. In 2018, the Center, the Alaska Native Women's Resource Center, and the National Indigenous Women's Resource Center participated in a second thematic hearing on violence against Native women in the United States. The hearing paid particular attention to the urgent situation of Alaska Native women, who are vastly over-represented in the domestic violence population and terribly underserved by state law enforcement, and also to the crisis of missing and murdered indigenous women. REFORMING FEDERAL LAW TO RESTORE SAFETY TO NATIVE WOMENThe Center collaborates with Native women’s organizations and Indian nations to change and improve United States law that unjustly restricts Indian nations from adequately investigating, prosecuting, and punishing these crimes against all perpetrators. The Center supports efforts to strengthen Indian nations in restoring safety to Native women. Our project recognizes that protection of Native women must involve strengthening the ability of Indian nations to effectively police their lands and prosecute and punish criminal offenders.A center piece of our work with partner organizations has concerned the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), which expired in 2011. The Indian Law Resource Center, the National Congress for American Indians Task Force on Violence Against Women, Clan Star, Inc., and the National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center have been working both domestically and internationally to restore safety to native women and to protect their most basic human right, the right to be free of violence. We supported efforts to add provisions to VAWA that would restore tribal criminal authority to address violence against Native women by non-Natives in Indian country. In 2012, the Senate passed such a bill by a strong bipartisan vote, however, the House stripped out protections for the most vulnerable, including Native women. Then, time simply ran out for the 112th Congress, leaving the lives of Native women threatened daily and tribes as the only governments in the United States without authority to protect women from domestic and sexual violence in their communities.The 113th Congress acted quickly, passing a bipartisan VAWA with tribal provisions intact. On March 7, 2013, President Obama signed the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (VAWA 2013) into law, an historic step forward that reflects not only the United States’ commitment to protect Native women from domestic violence, dating violence, and violations of protective orders, but also its restoration and reaffirmation of inherent tribal sovereignty to protect their citizens from violence. Tribal participation in the new jurisdictional provisions is voluntary. VAWA expired in 2018 and is pending reauthorization in the 116th Congress.TRAINING NATIVE COMMUNITIESRestoring tribal criminal authority will only end violence against Native women if Indian nations have the institutional capacity and readiness to exercise such jurisdiction. Many Indian nations are developing the infrastructure for tribal justice systems to provide safety to Native women and girls within their territories, including tribal police departments, codes, and courts. Many have domestic violence codes; training for tribal law enforcement, tribal courts, prosecutors, and probation officers; and various programs for domestic violence offenders.The Safe Women, Strong Nations project contributes to these efforts by providing Indian nations and Native women’s organizations with assistance to build the capacity of Indian nations to investigate, prosecute, and punish those who commit violence against Native women and restore safety to Native women. This includes assisting Native women’s organizations and Indian nations in better understanding criminal jurisdiction in Indian country and implementing provisions in the Tribal Law and Order Act and VAWA 2013. The Center also assists and prepares Native women’s organizations and Indian nations in using international advocacy to end violence against Native women.FOR MORE INFORMATIONFor further information, visit our Safe Women, Strong Nations project at https://indianlaw.org/safewomen.enProtection against violence is a fundamental human righthttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/protection-against-violence-fundamental-human-right

Jessica Lenahan tells her story of domestic violence and how the Castle Rock Police Department in Colorado failed to protect her.

In 2011, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights issued a landmark decision in Jessica Lenahan (formerly Gonzales) v. U.S., finding the United States violated its obligations under international human rights law to use diligence and reasonable measures to protect a woman and her children from violence. The case arose from the repeated failure of the Castle Rock Police Department to enforce Ms. Lenahan’s restraining order, resulting in the tragic death of her three children. Previously, the U.S. Supreme Court had dismissed her case against the police department holding that individuals have no constitutional rights to enforce protection orders.

Though the case neither occurred in Indian country or an Alaska Native village nor involved a tribal protection order, it challenged a U.S. Supreme Court decision and law enforcement practices with major implications for Indian and Alaska Native women. Tribal protection orders often are the primary recourse Native women have against domestic violence perpetrators. These protection orders are only good to the extent they are enforced. Because of these special implications, in 2008, the Indian Law Resource Center, Sacred Circle National Resource Center to End Violence Against Native women, and nineteen other entities filed an amicus brief to inform the Inter-American Commission about the epidemic of violence against Native women in the United States and the devastating effect of the Lenahan decision on Native women.

The failure of state law enforcement officials to recognize and enforce tribal protection orders continues to leave Native women and their children extremely vulnerable to violence. Just recently, in July 2014, it was necessary for then Associate Attorney General Tony West to inform the Alaska Attorney General that the State of Alaska is legally obligated under federal law to honor tribal court protection orders regardless of whether those orders have been filed or registered in a state court.

On October 27, 2014, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights held a thematic hearing to follow up on its recommendations related to the Lenahan case. Among other things, these included opening an investigation into the deaths of Ms. Lenahan’s three daughters; providing Ms. Lenahan with reparations for the violations of her human rights; and commencing an investigation into the pattern and practice of inappropriate law enforcement responses to domestic violence victims; and adopting or reforming laws to protect women from domestic violence. Both the Commission and Ms. Lenahan noted the lack of progress by the U.S. in implementing the recommendations. Ms. Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, the causes and consequences, urged the United States to address both the legislative and structural causes that lead to violence against women. Commissioner Tracy Robinson, also the Rapporteur on the Rights of Women, reported that the Commission has a strong interest in the extent that international human rights standards are being integrated into new policies concerning violence against women.

Help make the first case brought by a domestic violence survivor – Jessica Lenahan – against the U.S. in an international forum count. Please watch and share Jessica’s advocacy video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvPtMCrl4J4

Domestic Violence Awareness Month is ending, but violence against women, especially American Indian and Alaska Native women, is not.

Learn more about violence against Native women at www.indianlaw.org and check out “The Inter-American Human Rights System ─ Combating Violence Against Native Women in the United States,” our resource guide on advocacy efforts for indigenous women’s organizations seeking to bring human rights claims to the international arena.
 Tue, 11 Nov 2014 16:17:54 +0000ginny1065 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/protection-against-violence-fundamental-human-right#commentsSheila Harjohttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/sheila-harjo

Despite the abuse that almost took her life, Harjo now declares, “I’m not a victim. I’m a survivor. I am the First Lady of The Seminole Nation. I’m a councilwoman. I now have the opportunity to share my story and let people know it can happen to anybody. It’s not drunks. It’s not the poor people. It’s not the uneducated. It’s anybody.”

Harjo is on a mission to protect abused women and their children and to change a culture that has ignored, even accepted, abuse. What she once hid from her closest friends and family members she now shares openly with the hope of helping others.

She was a divorcee and mother of two when she married a man she had known since she was 12 years old, someone she considered “always sweet, fun loving, smiling” and someone “everybody loved.” Together they had one child.

Less than three months after they were married, her husband slapped her. “It hurt so bad,” she recalls. “It was one of those white burning fire things. My face was just burning.” In disbelief, she walked from the room. “Looking back now, I know that was my very first mistake, just letting it go, not saying anything to him. It was like it never happened. We just ignored it.”

But it wasn’t long until she was assaulted again, and again. “Each time he got mad, each time he abused me, it got a little bit worse.” Yet Harjo says she continued to live in denial, refusing to see herself as an abused wife. “I always gave him an excuse.”

After one vicious beating, she was taken to Carl Albert Indian Hospital in Ada, Oklahoma. “They asked me what happened. I lied. I told them I had a dirt bike wreck. I did not want to believe that he had done this to me.”

Before leaving the hospital, Harjo finally acknowledged the truth: “I realized that battered woman that you see on TV is me. That is me. I am a battered woman.”

Eventually she took out a restraining order and filed for divorce, actions that prompted her former husband to take his own life.

Harjo credits her friends and family with helping her not blame herself for his suicide. “I know it wasn’t me…that’s something we all have to reach at some point it time. It’s not you. No matter what you do you’re not going change them. They have to change themselves…. I reached that point.”

Harjo also found support, strength, and hope at her Hitchitee Church, a place filled with joyful memories for her. “I grew up here. I could come here and feel secure. I could feel safe. This is home . . . this is just a building, but to me it’s sacred ground because so much has gone on here in my life.”

Harjo has been a driving force in helping her tribe establish a domestic violence program and a shelter for abused women and their children. In six years, the shelter has grown from one-and-a-half staff members to 14. The program, beginning with children, seeks to stop the cycle of abuse.

Teaching a small child who hits another child that everything can be made right by saying “I’m sorry” is unacceptable, she says. Her own abuser did that. “No,” she exclaims, “telling me you’re sorry is not all right. Don’t hit.”

Harjo tells women not to blame themselves for their abuse. “Anything you do does not give him the right to beat you, to hurt you, to abuse you. . . . Help yourself. Help your children. Get out of the situation at the first sign. Don’t be silent. Tell somebody. Leave. Stand up for yourself. That first slap can lead to so much more. Just stop it there.”

SHEILA HARJO is a survivor and out-spoken public advocate for victims of domestic abuse. As First Lady of The Seminole Nation of Oklahoma and Councilwoman, she has helped her tribe establish a shelter for abused women and their children and develop a program to break the cycle of abuse she says is all too common among Native families.

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 Tue, 15 Oct 2013 18:51:14 +0000lisa1001 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/sheila-harjo#commentsPresident Obama signs VAWA Reauthorization into Lawhttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/president-obama-signs-vawa-reauthorization-law

Native women's advocates in the United States are praising lawmakers for passage of an inclusive, bipartisan Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act that will afford protection to all women and victims of violence. The bipartisan bill, S. 47, passed by the Senate on February 12, 2013, and now by the House, 286 to 138, includes critical provisions to restore and strengthen tribal authority to protect Native women from violence in Indian country. The hard-fought passage comes over 500 days after VAWA expired and the legislation stalled during the 112th Session of Congress.

“This bill is a major stride forward in fixing longstanding jurisdictional gaps in United States law that threaten the safety and lives of Native women, violate their human rights daily, and allow perpetrators of crimes on tribal lands to evade prosecution,” said Jana Walker, Senior Attorney and Director of the Indian Law Resource Center’s Safe Women, Strong Nations project. “We hope that today’s vote will help end the epidemic levels of violence against Native women in Indian country and lead to justice for all victims, including Native women who are among the most vulnerable in this country.”

Once signed into law, the bill will restore concurrent criminal jurisdiction to tribal governments over non-Indians having ties to the tribe and who commit domestic violence and dating violence against Native women in Indian country or violate protection orders. Non-Indian offenders commit the vast majority of violent crimes against Native women. “In many cases, these non-Indian perpetrators make a deliberate choice to live on our reservations, whether in connection with marriage to a tribal member or to avoid accountability for violent crimes committed against Native women,” said Terri Henry, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Tribal Councilwoman-Paint Town Community and Co-Chair of the National Congress of American Indians Task Force on Violence Against Native Women. Current United States law creates a criminal jurisdiction gap for tribal governments over non-Indians, and the federal and state officials with authority to prosecute these crimes are failing to do so at alarmingly high rates. “This bill will strengthen the ability of tribal governments to protect Native women locally from domestic and dating violence,” Henry added.

The long overdue reauthorization of VAWA comes at a critical time. “One in three Native women will be raped in her lifetime, and six in ten will be physically assaulted," said Lucy Simpson, Executive Director of the National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center, Inc. Simpson added that, “even worse, on some reservations, the murder rate for Native women is ten times the national average.”

“Native women have endured violence since colonization, and their blood continues to be shed due to the unjust and unacceptable jurisdictional loopholes in United States law,” said Juana Majel, 1st Vice President of the National Congress of American Indians and Co-Chair of its Task Force on Violence Against Native Women. “We are pleased that Congress has finally stepped up to address the unchecked violence against Native women by freeing the hands of Indian nations – the most appropriate entities – to protect Native women in their own communities from rapists and batters,” she added.

The Indian Law Resource Center, the National Congress for American Indians Task Force on Violence Against Women, Clan Star, Inc., and the National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center have been working diligently both domestically and in the international arena to restore safety to Native women and to protect their most basic human right, the right to be free of violence.

S. 47, the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act, now heads to President Obama to be signed into law.

Partner Organizations

About the Indian Law Resource Center

Contact: Jana L. Walker
email: jwalker@indianlaw.org

The Indian Law Resource Center is a non-proﬁt law and advocacy organization established and directed by American Indians. The Center is based in Helena, Montana and also has an office in Washington, DC. The Center provides legal assistance to Indian and Alaska Native nations who are working to protect their lands, resources, human rights, environment, and cultural heritage. The Center’s principal goal is the preservation and well-being of Indian and other Native nations and tribes, and its Safe Women, Strong Nations project works to end violence against American Indian and Alaska Native women. For more information, visit www.indianlaw.org.

About the National Congress of American Indians

Contact: Thom Wallace
(202) 466-7767, email: twallace@NCAI.org

The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is the oldest and largest national organization of American Indian and Alaska Native tribal governments. As the collective voice of tribal governments in the United States, NCAI is dedicated to ending the epidemic of violence against American Indian and Alaska Native women. In 2003, NCAI created the NCAI Task Force on Violence Against Women to address and coordinate an organized response to national policy issues regarding violence against Indian women. The NCAI Task Force represents a national alliance of Indian nations and tribal organizations dedicated to the mission of enhancing the safety of American Indian and Alaska Native women.

About Clan Star, Inc.
Contact: Terri Henry
(828) 497-5507

Clan Star, Inc. is a not-for-profit organization incorporated under the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in 2001, devoted to improving justice to strengthen the sovereignty of Indigenous women through legal, legislative, and policy initiatives, and, education and awareness. Clan Star provides technical assistance, training, and consultation throughout the United States to Indian tribes and tribal organizations in the development of public policy strategies addressing violence against women.

About the National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center

Contact: Lucy Simpson, Executive Director
Email: lsimpson@niwrc.org

The National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center (NIWRC) is a nonprofit organization that provides technical assistance, policy development, training, materials, and resource information for Indian and Alaska Native women, Native Hawaiians, and Native non-profit organizations addressing safety for Native women. The NIWRC’s primary mission is to restore safety for Native women. For more information, visit www.niwrc.org.

 Thu, 28 Feb 2013 17:02:49 +0000lisa951 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/president-obama-signs-vawa-reauthorization-law#commentsTo the Indigenous Woman...https://indianlaw.org/safewomen/indigenous-woman-video

Native women are murdered at 10 times the national rate; 1 out 3 Native women will be raped in her lifetime, and 3 out of 5 physically assaulted. Even worse, 88% of the perpetrators are non-Indian and cannot be prosecuted by tribal governments. Stand and take action now to restore safety and justice for Native women.  Do Something!
 Mon, 15 Oct 2012 17:36:34 +0000lisa920 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/indigenous-woman-video#comments VAWA's Tribal Provisions Better Protect Native Women Locallyhttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/vawas-tribal-provisions-better-protect-native-women-locally

May 14, 2012

Helena, Mont. -- Dianne Millich, a member of the Southern Ute Indian Tribe in Colorado, already knows better than anyone about the importance of the tribal provisions in the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act, S. 1925, which was passed by the Senate with strong bipartisan support. She is a survivor of violent domestic abuse that has gone unprosecuted for two reasons: she lives on tribal land and her attacker was a non-Indian. On May 8th, the House Judiciary Committee marked up and passed H.R. 4970, a stripped-down VAWA that excludes a number of key provisions found in the Senate bill, including those bearing on the safety of Native women and communities. During markup, the Committee refused to allow debate or even to consider a substitute amendment offered by Ranking Member John Conyers (D-MI) similar to S. 1925.

At the core of the debate is whether the VAWA reauthorization will include tribal provisions to address jurisdictional gaps in federal law--gaps that fail to protect Native women from domestic violence, dating violence, and violations of protection orders by non-Indians.

“All of these types of crimes, some 88% of which are committed by non-Indians, are prevalent on Indian reservations and threaten the lives of Native women daily,” said Jana Walker, senior attorney and director of the Indian Law Resource Center's Safe Women, Strong Nations project. According to the Census Bureau, 77% of the population living on reservations and other Indian lands are now non-Indians. Over 50% of Native women are married to non-Indians. To Millich, legislation, such as S. 1925, would not only protect her, but also thousands like her. Right now, she says the legal system has already shown that violence against her, an American Indian woman, has no legal consequences.

“I left and returned to my husband more than 20 times.” said Millich. “After a year of abuse and more than 100 incidents of being slapped, kicked, punched, and living in horrific terror I left for good. But the violence didn't stop.”

Throughout her ordeal, Millich lived with her non-Indian husband on the reservation of her tribe. She called the Southern Ute Tribal Police repeatedly, but, under existing law, the Tribal Police lacked jurisdiction to arrest and prosecute her husband because he was white. She also called the La Plata County deputy sheriff, but they lacked jurisdiction to help because she was Indian and lived on tribal land.

Such crimes typically fall exclusively under federal jurisdiction. This means that Native women and Native nations must rely on federal officials to prosecute these crimes. Accordingly, to the government’s own records, U.S. attorneys decline about 67% of all sexual abuse matters referred to them from Indian country. As a result, non-Indians committing such crimes may act without fear of punishment, allowing a cycle of escalating violence in Native communities. All this explains the epidemic levels of violence on tribal lands: 34% of Native women will be raped, and 39% will suffer domestic or intimate partner violence. Native women are 2½ times more likely than other women in this country to be violently assaulted. “Horrifically, on some reservations, the murder rate for Native women is 10 times the national average. And all this takes place as Native women are denied meaningful access to justice,” said Juana Majel Dixon, 1st Vice President of the National Congress of American Indians and Co-Chair of the NCAI Task Force on Violence Against Women.

After filing for divorce, Millich’s husband vandalized her home and then showed up at her on-reservation office with a 9mm hand gun. She survived only because a co-worker pushed her out of the line of fire. That co-worker was shot in the process. Her husband fled and was captured two weeks later in New Mexico on drug and weapons charges.

“The tribal provisions in S. 1925 would offer badly needed improvements for protecting Native women, including offering Native nations jurisdiction to deal with certain misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence by non-Indians against Native women. Presently, tribal governments are the only governments in America that lack authority to protect their citizens from such crimes. This would increase the ability of tribal governments to exercise some local control aimed at keeping Native women and our communities safe,” added Terri Henry, Co-Chair, NCAI Task Force on Violence Against Women, and Councilwoman, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.

To this day, Millich’s husband has not faced charges of domestic violence. She was left to rebuild her life with no victim compensation.

“I am a Native woman and my family has lived on our reservation for more than seven generations. The legal system failed me,” said Millich.

On May 10th, the Congressional Native American Caucus sponsored a bipartisan briefing, "The Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act and Safety for Indian Women," to highlight the importance of the tribal provisions. (See agenda and testimony below.) The full House of Representatives is expected to vote on its VAWA reauthorization bill soon -- as early as mid week.

Fri, 11 May 2012 15:23:05 +0000ginny897 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/safewomen/vawas-tribal-provisions-better-protect-native-women-locally#commentsPanel Urges UN to Act on Indigenous Women’s Rightshttps://indianlaw.org/swsn/UNPFII_2019

On April 24, 2019, Alaska Native Women’s Resource Center, Indian Law Resource Center, National Congress of American Indians, and the National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center held a panel discussion at the United Nations in New York, Violence against Indigenous women in the United States: How Indigenous nations and women are leading the movement to end the epidemic of violence in Indian country and Alaska Native villages. This was a side event at the annual session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of the United Nations’ bodies specifically tasked with examining matters affecting, indigenous peoples around the world including their human rights.

Terri Henry, a member of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, opened the panel with a review of the international human rights framework that protects indigenous women’s rights. “When crimes against indigenous women are not being investigated or prosecuted as zealously as crimes against non-indigenous women, then there are racial equity rights that are implicated.” Calling for law reform to better protect indigenous women, Ms. Henry added that “non-discrimination standards are at the center of the human rights system and also the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which recognizes the right of indigenous peoples and individuals to be free from any kind of discrimination.”

Paula Julian, Senior Policy Specialist for National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center, spoke about the need to continue grassroots organizing and law reform work to indigenize federal law to reflect the needs and realities of American Indian and Alaska Native women. She drew attention to the legislative and policy victories Native women and nations have won, including the tribal provisions in VAWA 2013 and the 2009 apology by the United States Congress in which Congress acknowledged “years of official depredations, ill-conceived policies” and explicitly apologized for “many instances of violence, maltreatment, and neglect inflicted on Native peoples by citizens of the United States” throughout U.S. history. While emphasizing the importance of these victories, Paula urged the audience to continue pressing the United States for concrete actions. “As citizens of our countries and of the world, we are responsible for holding our governments accountable,” she said. “Apologies and promises are worthless unless we hold our leaders accountable, and provide direction with solutions rooted in Indigenous voices, languages, teachings and laws."

Alaska Native Women’s Resource Center’s Executive Director Tami Truett Jerue concluded the discussion by noting how United States laws, even laws benefitting tribes in the lower-48, continue to fail to protect Alaska Native women. She called for jurisdictional changes to allow Alaska Native villages to better protect the women and girls in their territories. “Our mothers are our hearts. Our children are our hearts. We must have the right to safety.”

Besides educating UN staff and indigenous advocates about these issues, the speakers offered two recommendations to the UN. First, they called on the Permanent Forum to propose an international expert group meeting to study and discuss missing and murdered indigenous women as a complex international phenomenon that needs a multi-faceted response from the UN. “We know that this is not a problem unique to the United States and Canada,” said Chris Foley, staff attorney at the Indian Law Resource Center. “It is a violation of indigenous women’s human rights that is occurring worldwide and it is very often connected with human trafficking, with issues of femicide and legal impunity, and with colonialism and discriminatory criminal justice systems.” Secondly, panelists urged the UN to adopt new rules to improve the ability of indigenous peoples’ representative institutions, including tribal and village governments, to participate in UN meetings on matters affecting them. “Our governments have the expertise, the resources, and the legitimacy to speak about our needs, but the UN needs to create space for our leaders to advocate directly for us and the UN needs to give our governments a status that respects them as rights-holders and global actors,” said Foley.
  Download PFII Side Event Program (final).pdf (1.28 MB)  Download UNPFII 2019 UN Recommendations (Final).pdf (84.53 KB) Fri, 10 May 2019 17:33:33 +0000lisa1399 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/swsn/UNPFII_2019#commentsIndigenous Communities Seek More Support to Keep Women, Children Safehttps://indianlaw.org/link/indigenous-communities-seek-more-support-keep-women-children-safe
https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/indigenous-communities-seek-more-support-ke... Pulitzer Center | BY BROOKE STEPHENSON | March 19, 2019:
Brutal crimes in Kake, Alaska, have brought the national problem of the lack of safety for indigenous women close to home for the people of the small Alaska Native village. In Alaska, the problem is compounded by the seclusion of indigenous communities, jurisdictional complications and a lack of state funds, which leave many communities with ineffective or nonexistent law enforcement.
 Wed, 20 Mar 2019 16:40:50 +0000lisa1392 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/link/indigenous-communities-seek-more-support-keep-women-children-safe#commentsVAWA Reauthorization Bill With Strengthened Tribal Provisions Advances Out of the Househttps://indianlaw.org/swsn/VAWA_Bill_2019

The Reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act 2019 (HR 1585) passed the House of Representatives on April 4, 2019 with bipartisan support. The bill now moves for consideration in the U.S. Senate.

Critically, this new version of the law would not only reaffirm the tribal provisions found in VAWA 2013, but would expand the list of crimes that tribes are able to prosecute to include sexual violence, sex trafficking, stalking and assault of law enforcement or corrections officers. The draft bill also explicitly recognizes the specific jurisdictional complexities that Alaska Native Villages face due to the fact that the Native land in Alaska is not generally defined as “Indian country” under current federal law, a term used to define the geographic areas where tribes are able to exercise jurisdiction. To begin addressing this issue, the bill would establish a pilot project to allow up to five tribes in Alaska to exercise criminal jurisdiction in the same way that the law allows tribes in the Lower 48.

For more information about the urgent need for provisions to address the extreme rates of violence against Alaska Native women, please visit the Alaska Native Women’s Resource Center at http://www.aknwrc.org/reauthorization-of-vawa-house-bill-1585-introduced/.

The full text of the current bill is available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1585/text.

 Tue, 19 Mar 2019 19:59:03 +0000lisa1391 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/swsn/VAWA_Bill_2019#commentsLegislative Update – 116th Congress (2019-2020)https://indianlaw.org/swsn/legislative-update-%E2%80%93-116th-congress-2019-2020

Updated April 8, 2019 | Several bills have been introduced in the Senate thus far this year that could help address the epidemic levels of violence against indigenous women.

The Reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act 2019 (HR 1585) passed the House of Representatives on April 4, 2019 with bipartisan support. The bill now moves for consideration in the U.S. Senate.

Critically, this new version of the law would not only reaffirm the tribal provisions found in VAWA 2013, but would expand the list of crimes that tribes are able to prosecute to include sexual violence, sex trafficking, stalking and assault of law enforcement or corrections officers. The draft bill also explicitly recognizes the specific jurisdictional complexities that Alaska Native Villages face due to the fact that the Native land in Alaska is not generally defined as “Indian country” under current federal law, a term used to define the geographic areas where tribes are able to exercise jurisdiction. To begin addressing this issue, the bill would establish a pilot project to allow up to five tribes in Alaska to exercise criminal jurisdiction in the same way that the law allows tribes in the Lower 48.

For more information about the urgent need for provisions to address the extreme rates of violence against Alaska Native women, please visit the Alaska Native Women’s Resource Center at http://www.aknwrc.org/reauthorization-of-vawa-house-bill-1585-introduced/.

The full text of the current bill is available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1585/text.

A bill to reauthorize the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act, S. 85, was introduced by Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA) on January 10, 2019. The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) is an important source of funding for tribal domestic violence programs. Funding is used for a broad range of victim support services, including emergency shelter, crisis hotlines, counseling services, victim assistance initiatives. The FVPSA reauthorization process creates important opportunities to improve the federal response to violence against American Indian and Alaska Native women. For example, the FVPSA reauthorization could increase dedicated tribal funding in the law and allow tribal coalitions to access funds in the same manner as state coalitions. The reauthorization also could permanently include two important programs--the StrongHearts Native Helpline and the Alaska Native Women’s Resource Center—in the continuous funding scheme of FVPSA. The Helpline offers a toll-free telephone helpline to assist Native Americans affected by domestic violence and dating violence, while the Alaska Native Women’s Resource Center, an Alaska non-profit entity, works to strengthen local, tribal government’s responses through community organizing efforts advocating for the safety of women and children in their communities and homes, especially against domestic and sexual abuse and violence. The bill was referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

The Securing Urgent Resources Vital to Indian Victim Empowerment Act or the SURVIVE Act, S. 211, was introduced by Sen. John Hoeven (R-ND) with ten bipartisan cosponsors on January 24, 2019 and was referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs. The bill would amend the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 to secure urgent resources vital to Indian victims of crime. The bill would give tribes access to a critical source of funding by make a 5% set aside permanent for tribes from the Crime Victims Fund. On January 29, 2019, the Committee on Indian Affairs ordered the bill to be reported without amendment favorably.

Sen. John Hoeven (R-ND) introduced the Tribal Law and Order Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2019 on January 24, 2019. Section 2 of the bill would include findings that according to the Department of Justice in 2014, 34% of the total Indian country criminal matters submitted for prosecution were declined and that this percentage has not significantly decreased since enactment of the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010. Additionally, the bill would note that only about 43% of the total need for law enforcement officers working on public safety in Indian country is being met. On January 29, 2019, the Committee on Indian Affairs ordered the bill to be reported without amendment favorably.

S. 227, Savanna’s Act, was introduced by Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) on January 25, 2019, with 13 bipartisan cosponsors. The bill that would improve information sharing among federal and tribal law enforcement and improve data collection on the missing in Indian country. The bill has been referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs.

The Native Youth and Tribal Officer and Protection Act, S. 290, introduced by Sen. Tom Udall (D-NM) on January 31, 2019, would effectively expand the tribal jurisdiction provisions of VAWA 2013 to allow tribes to exercise criminal jurisdiction over an additional set of crimes—acts of violence against children and tribal law enforcement officers. Tribes who have implemented the Special Domestic Violence Criminal Jurisdiction under VAWA 2013 have recognized that the lack of jurisdiction over the crimes that often co-occur with acts of domestic violence has resulted in unnecessary complications. While implementing tribes may be able to prosecute an offender for domestic violence, they are unable to bring charges against the same person for crimes committed against children as part of the same domestic violence incident or for assaults on law enforcement responding to domestic violence calls.

On January 31, 2019, Sen. Tina Smith (D-MN) introduced the Justice for Native Survivors of Sexual Assault Act, S. 288. Like the Native Youth and Tribal Officer Protection Act, the Justice for Native Survivors of Sexual Assault Act would also expand tribal jurisdiction, although this bill addresses crimes of sexual violence, sex trafficking and stalking.

The Studying the Missing and Murdered Indian Crisis Act, S. 339, was introduced by Sen. Jon Tester (D-MT) on February 5, 2019, to direct the Comptroller General to submit a report on law enforcement agencies’ response to reports of missing or murdered Indians. The bill was referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs. According to a press release from Senator Tester’s office, the bill would commission a federal study on the crisis of missing and murdered indigenous women, directing the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to conduct a full review of how federal agencies respond to reports of missing and murdered Native Americans and recommend solutions based on their findings. Besides improving law enforcement cooperation and information sharing, the bill also would direct the GAO to make recommendations on how best to address social, economic, and other underlying factors fueling this crisis. (https://www.tester.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=6611). The bill was referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs.

The House and Senate approved H.J. Res. 31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act on February 14, 2019, which was signed into law by the President on February 15, 2019. The omnibus appropriations bill will fund the federal government though September 30, 2019 and end the longest government shutdown in history. The Act provides funding for seven appropriations bills. Congress rejected funding cuts to Indian Affairs sought by the Administration. The final bill exceeds the FY 2018 enacted levels by $266.4 million for the Indian Health Service and $17.4 million for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Administration is expected to release a proposed FY 2020 budget the week of March 11. Significantly, the bill does not include any extensions to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). Democrats apparently successfully lobbied to keep a clean extension of VAWA out of the appropriations legislation in order to create leverage for negotiating a broader VAWA reauthorization in the coming months. Although VAWA lapsed on February 15, 2019, the tribal provisions in the law, including Special Domestic Violence Criminal Jurisdiction, remain in effect. We expect a VAWA Reauthorization bill to be introduced early this year.
 Tue, 26 Feb 2019 16:36:47 +0000lisa1382 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/swsn/legislative-update-%E2%80%93-116th-congress-2019-2020#commentsHarassment pervades the Bureau of Indian Affairshttps://indianlaw.org/swsn/harassment-pervades-bureau-indian-affairs
https://www.hcn.org/issues/50.6/tribal-affairs-harassment-pervades-interiors-bur... High Country News | Anna V. Smith | March 13, 2018
One of the oldest agencies in the Department of Interior appears to have some of its worst harassment problems. Photo: Office of Public Affairs - Indian Affairs. Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs Tara Sweeney and Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke participate in a discussion with tribal leaders at Department of the Interior headquarters in Washington, D.C.  Tue, 08 Jan 2019 17:34:22 +0000lisa1376 at https://indianlaw.orghttps://indianlaw.org/swsn/harassment-pervades-bureau-indian-affairs#comments


Happy Birthday Dr Charles – 06/18/16

A special show to celebrate the birth of the one and only Dr. Charles! Guest hosts were of course Macron and Dr. Charles along with JagTV and Lord Gloria. On this show we started off by calling some some random Circle K locations and in the process we ended up getting free food for a homeless and hungry vet, probably one of our finest moments since what started out as a prank ended up as a really great deed for a man in need. Wherever you are dude we hope you enjoyed your free meals. To anyone from Circle K reading this I apologise, but I hope you can see the funny side, and send me the bill! After that we managed some very funny complainer calls to balance out the karma including a pastor who yelled at us lots. We then made some very random but hilarious Craigslist calls which included some furious jewish beverage sellers and an extremely irate goat farmer to round things off. Thank you to everyone involved, a very happy birthday to Dr. Charles and please stay tuned to macronshow.com because we have lots more to come!

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Q:

Failed to save data using EF6. Error: OriginalValues cannot be used for entities in the Added state

I am quite new to entity framework. As a starter to understand more about EF, I am trying to make a generic implementation of EF6 following example of http://genericunitofworkandrepositories.codeplex.com/ . I was able to save data using same entity while tried plain and simple implementation when I started creating the project. But, now i got error while I tried to save data.
The Error:

OriginalValues  '(($ReturnValue1)).OriginalValues' threw an exception of type
  'System.InvalidOperationException'    System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.DbPropertyValues
  {System.InvalidOperationException}

The message was: OriginalValues cannot be used for entities in the Added state.
Stack trace:
   at System.Data.Entity.Internal.InternalEntityEntry.ValidateStateToGetValues(String method, EntityState invalidState)
   at System.Data.Entity.Internal.InternalEntityEntry.get_OriginalValues()
   at System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.DbEntityEntry`1.get_OriginalValues()

I have it available on github. Can anyone help me resolve this problem? I am stuck here from yesterday :). I saw similar post on stack overflow. But, they got problem like null value passed where there is no null value can be accepted in db. In my case, that is not the problem. Please check my repository and suggest what i can do.. Any help appreciated. here is the lib link: https://github.com/tazbir/TryLib
Edit:
The place of error is here:
public void SyncObjectState<TEntity>(TEntity entity) where TEntity : class, IObjectState
        {

Entry(entity).State = StateHelper.ConvertState(entity.ObjectState);(error triggers after executing this line)

        }

public class StateHelper
    {
        public static EntityState ConvertState(ObjectState state)
        {
            switch (state)
            {
                case ObjectState.Added:
                    return EntityState.Added;

                case ObjectState.Modified:
                    return EntityState.Modified;

                case ObjectState.Deleted:
                    return EntityState.Deleted;

                default:
                    return EntityState.Unchanged;
            }
        }
    }

A:

I resolved the issue by removing overridden method SaveChanges from the base class. Though I will have to investigate why removing SaveChanges() method resolved the issue.
here is the code block that I removed from my context class to get it work.
public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            SyncObjectsStatePreCommit();
            var changes = base.SaveChanges();
            SyncObjectsStatePostCommit();
            return changes;
        }

thanks guys... You might not be able to understand the scenario. If anybody wants to play with this, you can check out my repository at github.
take care


The CSO says that on an annual basis, GDP fell by 0.1% and GNP was down 4.2%. Consumer spending and government spending both fell by 1.3% during the third quarter, while investment slumped by 20.9%. Exports increased by 0.8%.

Compared to the previous 12 months, consumer spending and government spending both fell by 3.9% while investment slumped by 22.2%.

For the first nine months of 2011, there was a balance of payments deficit of $895 million, compared with a deficit of $1 billion in the same period last year.

Meanwhile, credit ratings agency Fitch stated that Ireland and six other European governments were on “negative credit watch.”

“Following the EU summit on 9-10 December, Fitch has concluded that a ‘comprehensive solution’ to the euro zone crisis is technically and politically beyond reach,” it said


They singled out former directors Richard Adam, Richard Howson and Philip Green for particular scrutiny, saying the men had expanded the firm through ill-judged acquisitions while hiding Carillion’s financial problems from shareholders.

“Even as the company very publicly began to unravel, the board was concerned with increasing and protecting generous executive bonuses,” the MPs added.

“Long term obligations, such as adequately funding Carillion’s pension schemes, were treated with contempt.”

They said the directors had presented themselves during parliamentary hearings as “self-pitying victims” of “unforeseeable mishaps”.

But Carillion’s former finance director, Richard Adam, said he rejected the committees’ conclusions and objected to quotes in the MPs report, which he said had been misattributed to him.

Former chairman Philip Green said: “The board always sought to make decisions on the best available information and with the best professional advice; furthermore we always strived to act in the interests of the company and all its stakeholders.”

What are the auditors accused of?

The two select committees also attacked the big four accounting firms for approving Carillion’s accounts despite its spiralling debts.

They said Ernst & Young was paid £10.8m for “six months of failed turnaround advice”, while Deloitte received £10m to be Carillion’s internal auditor, but was either “unable or unwilling” to identify failings in financial controls, or “too readily ignored them”.

They also said KPMG had failed to question Carillion’s financial judgements, while PwC was “continuing to gain” as its official receiver “without adequate scrutiny”.

Ms Reeves said the competition authorities should consider breaking up the big four accountancy firms “to help increase competition and deal with conflicts of interest”.

But a KPMG spokesman said it believed it had conducted its audits of Carillion “appropriately”, and Ernst & Young said it was “extremely disappointed that despite all efforts the business was not rescued”.

Deloitte said it was “disappointed with the conclusions of the committees” while PwC defended its role as official receiver.

“Our priority has been to keep public services running safely across the country while saving thousands of jobs,” said PwC chairman and senior partner Kevin Ellis.

Image copyrightPA

Image caption
Carillion delivered “swathes” of public services, MPs said

Michael Izza, chief executive of the Institute of Chartered Accountants, told the Today programme the report felt like a watershed moment for the industry.

“It gives us an opportunity to think again about what we need to do to fix this. Because if we don’t fix this I don’t think we’re going to have a profession in 20 years time.”

What are regulators and the government accused of?

The MPs also accused regulators of being too “passive” in tackling Carillion’s problems, adding that the government had “nurtured” an environment in which the collapse of an outsourcing firm was “a distinct possibility”.

“When swathes of public services are affected, close monitoring of exposure to risks would seem essential,” the report said.

“Yet we have a semi-professional part-time system that does not provide the necessary degree of insight for government to manage risks.”

Frank Field, chair of the Work and Pensions Committee, said: “Government urgently needs to come to Parliament with radical reforms to our creaking system of corporate accountability.

“British industry is too important to be left in the hands of the likes of the shysters at the top of Carillion.”

A Cabinet Office spokeswoman said: “We have recently announced a number of measures to support government suppliers – strengthening our commitment to prompt payment; protecting staff, businesses and small suppliers from irresponsible directors.

“We welcome the report from the joint select committee and will respond fully in due course.”


Graphic recording is a full body and mind activity. But what goes on inside our minds and bodies when we scribe? Do periods of "creative flow" lead to healthier psyches and stronger immune systems? Do the skills and habits of graphic facilitators lead to improved problematic social behaviors and emotional problems while enhancing biochemical markers of health?
Thaddeus Pace is a biological psychologist at Emory University, exploring how compassion meditation and other complementary practices may improve the health and well-being of children and adults in challenging circumstances. “As a biological psychologist, I’m very interested in what connects stress to health, and I’m also interested in novel ways to intervene to make us healthier people.”

For more information about Tad's work, check out his POP! TECH talk here:


Proximal gastric exclusion for unresectable gastric cancer.
Patients with unresectable distal gastric cancer causing obstruction have classically undergone palliative gastrojejunostomy, but high mortality rates and delayed return of gastric emptying have been reported. The aim of the present study was to compare gastrojejunostomy and proximal gastric exclusion in patients with unresectable distal gastric cancer. Until 1996, patients with unresectable obstructing distal gastric cancer underwent antecolic gastrojejunostomy, but since 1997 we have performed proximal gastric exclusion for these patients. Mortality, morbidity, time taken to resume oral fluids and normal diet, length of palliation and survival were compared. There was no mortality in either the gastrojejunostomy group (n = 4) or the exclusion group (n = 6). A single patient in the gastrojejunostomy group developed a sacral sore and another patient had recurrent vomiting following gastrojejunostomy. Exclusion resulted in a quicker return to diet and a slightly longer survival, although these were not statistically significant. Proximal gastric exclusion offers a safe, quick and life-enduring palliation for unresectable malignant gastric outlet obstruction.


Performance of Density Functional Theory for Second Row (4d) Transition Metal Thermochemistry.
The performances of 22 density functionals, including generalized gradient approximation (GGA), hybrid GGAs, hybrid-meta GGAs, and range-separated and double hybrid functionals, in combination with the correlation consistent basis sets and effective core potentials, have been gauged for the prediction of gas phase enthalpies of formation for the TM-4d set, which contains 30 second row transition metal-containing molecules. The enthalpies of formation determined by the 22 density functionals were compared to those generated via the relativistic pseudopotential correlation consistent Composite Approach (rp-ccCA), which has a goal of reproducing energies akin to those from CCSD(T,FC1)-DK/aug-cc-pCV∞Z-DK calculations. B3LYP/cc-pVTZ-PP optimized geometries were used in this study, though structures determined by other functionals also were examined. Of the functionals employed, the double hybrid functionals, B2GP-PLYP and mPW2-PLYP, yielded the best overall results with mean absolute deviations (MADs) from experimental enthalpies of formation of 4.25 and 5.19 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The GGA functionals BP86 and PBEPBE resulted in deviations from experiment of nearly 100 kcal mol(-1) for molecules such as molybdenum carbonyls. The ωB97X-D functional, which includes the separation of exchange energy into long-range and short-range contributions and includes a dispersion correction, resulted in an MAD of 6.52 kcal mol(-1).


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Sergey Ponomarev

Sergey Nikolayevich Ponomarev (; born 6 December 1956) is a Russian football coach and a former player.

Club career
He played in the third-tier Soviet Second League and lower levels during the existence of the Soviet Union, and made his second-tier debut when the Soviet Union dissolved and the Russian football pyramid was created in 1992, in the Russian Football National League.

Ponomarev was the first foreign professional footballer to play in the Iranian Football League (Azadegan League) after the Iranian Revolution. In 1994, he was invited to Isfahan, Iran by his countrymen Yevgeny Liyadin who was coach of F.C. Zob Ahan at the time, where he played for one season.

Coaching career
He coached FC Ryazan in the third-tier Russian Professional Football League in 2001 and 2002.

References
IranLig
Tebyan

Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Soviet footballers
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C. players
Category:Russian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Iran
Category:Russian expatriates in Iran
Category:Russian football managers