9. Gdański Festiwal Tańca

While I am in Poland, I take advantage of the places and events I can go. One of them is the Gdańsk Dance Festival which today starts its 9th edition.

Yesterday evening I could enjoy two premieres: A co gdyby and Świadomość nieswiadomości.

As you can see the titles may not seem very understandable in English… so I will write you here a little synopsis of each (extracted from the festival catalogue) and add some photos I took, so you can have a better idea.

A co gdyby

We could say that the translation is “What if…”, in this case applied to the fairy tales world. Magdalena Laudańska, Kalina Poranzińska, Sebastian Piotrowicz and Maciej Kosteczka use dance (and theatre) toshow to the kidswhat would it happen if the fairy tales characters escape or change their destiny: a wolf with pain in the back? A witch that doesn’t want to eat children anymore?

(c) Eva Campos Suárez

I have to say, that even if I couldn’t understand a word, I enjoyed it like a kid and I caught part of the story. Their performance made me travel to the fantasy world which I dreamed of when I was a child. I think all adults of the theatre enjoyed it as well.

I think this piece can have a lot of future among the children festivals and theatres, because not only the dancers make us laugh but also give us a nice and positive message.

Świadomość nieswiadomości

The translation of the name of this piece is a bit difficult, we could say that it’s “Consciousness unconscious”. Albert Ciastek brought us on stage the consciousness itselfthrough the physical theatre and five dancers in collaboration.Thanks to the help of the choreographer Anna Piotrowska and the live music played by Dominik Strycharski, the piecemoved us to an abstract world of concepts, contradictions and relations.

(c) Eva Campos Suárez

From my humble and non-professional point of view, this piece has potential but still needs more work. The rhythms were well structured, so I didn’t feel it was very long considering that it lasted almost an hour. Unfortunately, a lot of people went out of the hall because the music was too loud. Probably the intention was to push the performers and make us (the public) feel in another place rather than a chair in a room.


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539 F.2d 907
1976-2 Trade Cases   60,978
TAXI WEEKLY, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee,v.METROPOLITAN TAXICAB BOARD OF TRADE, INC., et al.,Defendants-Appellants,andTaxicab Bureau, Inc., et al., Defendants.
Nos. 1069, 1199, Dockets 76-7042, 76-7175.
United States Court of Appeals,Second Circuit.
Argued May 24, 1976.Decided July 13, 1976.

Seymour D. Lewis, New York City (Rosenman, Colin, Freund, Lewis & Cohen, New York City, David W. Cohen and Paul E. Levine, New York City, of counsel), for appellants.
Charles A. LaTorella, Jr., New York City, for appellant Botwinick.
Alan R. Wentzel, New York City (Casey, Lane & Mittendorf, Charles M. Pratt and Philip R. McKnight, New York City, of counsel), for appellee.
Before SMITH, HAYS and MESKILL, Circuit Judges.
J. JOSEPH SMITH, Circuit Judge:

1
Taxi Weekly, Inc.  (hereinafter, "the corporation") is a publishing firm which produced two specialized publications, primarily for distribution to the New York City taxi industry.  The corporation's larger publication, Taxi Weekly (which was sometimes also distributed under the label Taxi Age ), was the leading trade newspaper of the New York taxi industry, until the events giving rise to this lawsuit.  The demise of Taxi Weekly and the consequent insolvency of its parent corporation are at the core of this controversy and formed the basis for the action tried below.

2
Taxi Weekly was sold and distributed mainly in two ways.  The large fleet owners of the New York City cab industry would buy Taxi Weekly in bulk and distribute copies free of charge to their driver-employees.  Taxi Weekly was also purchased directly by those independent cab drivers who own their cars, rather than work as paid employees of the fleet owners.

3
With a partial change in the ownership of the corporation, there developed a certain amount of strain in the relationship between the corporation and some of the large fleet owners.  In the summer of 1964, the fleet owners began canceling their subscriptions to Taxi Weekly.  Soon thereafter, a rival trade paper was formed with the support of the fleet owners.  Later, Taxi Weekly began losing its major advertisers.  The upshot of these developments was the demise of Taxi Weekly as a commercially successful publication.  Since Taxi Weekly was the major source of income for the parent corporation, the demise of Taxi Weekly quickly led to the financial failure of the corporation.

4
The corporation claims that the failure of Taxi Weekly was not the result of legitimate economic circumstances.  Rather, the corporation asserts that Taxi Weekly lost the business of the fleet owners and major advertisers because certain of the fleet owners were determined to destroy Taxi Weekly and organized a successful group boycott of subscribers and advertisers to achieve that end.

5
Accordingly, the corporation began an antitrust action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Thomas P. Griesa, Judge ), charging that the demise of Taxi Weekly was the result of a group boycott conducted in violation of §§ 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 and 2, and the New York Donnelly Act, Gen.Bus. Law § 340.  Named as defendants were the fleet owners who allegedly organized and participated in the boycott of Taxi Weekly, the Metropolitan Taxicab Board of Trade, Inc.  (hereinafter, the "MTBOT") which was the trade association of the New York City fleet owners, and the executive director and public relations man of MTBOT.

6
After a jury trial, the defendants were found liable to the corporation for antitrust damages of $225,000, before trebling.1

7
The defendants appeal the decision of the district court on three grounds.  First, they assert that the court below lacked jurisdiction to entertain the corporation's action.  Second, the defendants-appellants argue that the evidence presented at the trial failed, as a matter of law, to establish their antitrust liability.  Third, the defendant-appellants maintain that the damages awarded by the jury were excessive and without any basis in fact.

8
The executive director of the MTBOT, defendant-appellant Botwinick, also raises certain evidentiary and procedural claims which apply only to his position.

9
Finding no merit in any of the asserted grounds for appeal, we affirm the decision of the district court as to jurisdiction, liability and damages.

I. Jurisdiction

10
It is well-established that, for jurisdiction under the Sherman Act, it is necessary for the conduct complained of to have "occurred in . . .  or substantially affect . . .  interstate commerce."  Lieberthal v. North Country Lanes, Inc., 332 F.2d 269, 270 (2d Cir. 1964).  See also Burke v. Ford, 389 U.S. 320, 321, 88 S.Ct. 443, 19 L.Ed.2d 554 (1967).  The defendant-appellant fleet owners argue that Taxi Weekly was merely a local newspaper with no substantial participation in or effect upon interstate commerce.  Because the impact of Taxi Weekly was purely intrastate in nature, the fleet owners argue, the demise of that paper did not have the requisite interstate consequences for Sherman Act jurisdiction.

11
Judge Griesa, relying on Lorain Journal Co. v. United States, 342 U.S. 143, 72 S.Ct. 181, 96 L.Ed. 162 (1951), rejected this argument, holding that Taxi Weekly did have sufficient interstate impact to establish Sherman Act jurisdiction.  We agree with Judge Griesa.

12
In Lorain Journal, a local, small city newspaper (the Journal) was held to have violated the Sherman Act by refusing to carry advertising for those merchants in the area who also purchased advertising from a local radio station.  In rejecting the argument that the conduct complained of was purely intrastate in character, the Supreme Court held that the Journal's actions vis-a-vis the local radio station had sufficient interstate implications for invocation of the Sherman Act.  Because the Journal and the radio station disseminated significant amounts of news from out-of-state and advertised many goods manufactured out-of-state, the Journal's actions were held to have sufficient interstate impact for the Sherman Act to have been violated.  Lorain Journal, supra at 150-52, 72 S.Ct. 181.

13
The facts in the instant setting are indistinguishable.  Taxi Weekly frequently ran out-of-state stories of interest to the taxi industry in New York City.  The advertisers of Taxi Weekly were largely manufacturers of cars and automotive parts who produced at and delivered from plants outside of New York state.  Thus, under the standards of Lorain Journal, Taxi Weekly was an instrument of interstate commerce whose improper demise had sufficient interstate implications to establish jurisdiction under the Sherman Act.  See also Hospital Building Co. v. Trustees of the Rex Hospital, --- U.S. ----, 96 S.Ct. 1848, 48 L.Ed.2d 338, 44 U.S.L.W. 4683 (1976); Greenville Publishing Co., Inc. v. Daily Reflector, Inc., 496 F.2d 391, 395 (4th Cir. 1974).

14
The fleet owners attempt to avoid the implications of Lorain Journal by arguing that, in that decision, the Supreme Court was defining the quantum of interstate impact necessary for a substantive violation of the Sherman Act, but not the level of interstate involvement necessary for Sherman Act jurisdiction.

15
Such an argument is without merit.

16
" Congress, in passing the Sherman Act, left no area of its constitutional power unoccupied; it 'exercised all the power it possessed.' "  United States v. Frankfort Distilleries, 324 U.S. 293, 298, 65 S.Ct. 661, 664, 89 L.Ed. 951 (1945).  In other words, interstate commerce for the purposes of the Sherman Act is coterminous with interstate commerce under the Constitution.

17
Nevertheless, the fleet owners imply that, notwithstanding the teaching of Frankfort Distilleries, interstate commerce for the purposes of Sherman Act jurisdiction is to be defined less expansively than interstate commerce for the substantive purposes of the Sherman Act.  Such a construction of the Act implies that certain restrictions in interstate commerce may violate the Sherman Act substantively, but fall outside the Act's jurisdiction.

18
The conflict between this restrictive construction of the Act and the expansive construction compelled by Frankfort Distilleries is apparent.  If the Act constituted an exercise of "all the power" Congress constitutionally possessed to regulate interstate commerce, the jurisdictional definition of interstate commerce cannot be more restrictive than the substantive one, for then an area of interstate commerce would be jurisdictionally unreachable under the Act.

19
In short, Lorain Journal is, as Judge Griesa held, controlling here.  Taxi Weekly often printed out-of-state news.  Advertising fees from out-of-state firms constituted a large portion of Taxi Weekly's incoming revenues.  The demise of Taxi Weekly thus had sufficient interstate implications for Sherman Act jurisdiction in the court below.

II. Liability

20
The fleet owners next argue that, as a matter of law, there was inadequate evidence in the court below from which the jury could properly have found the fleet owners liable.  We disagree and affirm the antitrust liability of the defendants-appellants.

21
The fleet owners assert three grounds for reversing the district court's findings as to their liability.  First, they argue that there was insufficient evidence to prove a conspiracy among the fleet owners to boycott Taxi Weekly.  Second, the fleet owners argue that, if they did conspire together, they lacked the intent to destroy Taxi Weekly and therefore did not violate the Sherman Act.  Third, the defendant-appellant fleet owners assert that their conspiracy, assuming it did exist and was the cause of Taxi Weekly's demise, did not restrain trade or diminish competition within the meaning of the Sherman Act since another newspaper for the cab industry took the place of Taxi Weekly.

22
None of these arguments is persuasive.

23
It is, of course, not our responsibility to examine the evidence in this case de novo.  Rather, we are to review the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below, i. e., the corporation, to determine if there was a reasonable basis for the jury's decision.  Michelman v. Clark-Schwebel, 534 F.2d 1036, 1038 (2d Cir. 1976).

24
Utilizing this legal standard, we conclude that there was an adequate basis from which the jury could have found that the defendant-appellant fleet owners, acting individually and in their respective capacities as officers of MTBOT, formed a conspiracy with the intent to drive Taxi Weekly out of business.

25
On July 13, 1964, an industry meeting was held at the office of defendant-appellant Botwinick, the executive director of the MTBOT.  In attendance, in addition to Botwinick, were MTBOT's public relations man and its attorney, as well as leaders of the New York driver-owners.  The next day, each of the defendant-appellant fleet owners called the corporation to cancel his subscription to Taxi Weekly.  The fleet owners who canceled on July 14, 1964 all called the corporation within a single, half-hour period.  Two of the fleet owners who canceled during that half-hour deluge had earlier increased their subscriptions to Taxi Weekly.  Indeed, none of the fleet owners who canceled on July 14, 1964 had ever complained personally to the corporation about any aspect of Taxi Weekly.

26
Moreover, each fleet owner who canceled on July 14 was an official of MTBOT, and the MTBOT staff man for public relations, who attended the July 13 meeting in Botwinick's office, was active behind the scenes in forming a trade publication to rival Taxi Weekly.  Finally, the major advertisers of Taxi Weekly, who sold cars and equipment to the fleet owners on a large scale, were pressured by certain of the fleet owners to cancel advertising placed earlier in Taxi Weekly.

27
This evidence provided an adequate basis from which the jury could have concluded that the fleet owners formed a conspiracy, dating from at least July 13, 1964, designed to force Taxi Weekly out of business through concerted cancelations of subscriptions, pressure upon major advertisers and the sponsorship of a competitor to eliminate Taxi Weekly.  The record supports the conclusion that there was a conspiracy and that it had as its goal the economic destruction of Taxi Weekly.

28
The defendants-appellants nevertheless cite Interborough News Co. v. Curtis Publishing Co., 225 F.2d 289 (2d Cir. 1955) and argue, on its authority, that there is insufficient evidence here upon which antitrust liability can be predicated.

29
Such reliance on Interborough is misplaced.

30
In Interborough, a company (Interborough) which had been distributing magazines in the New York area for various publishers found that the publishers were switching their business from Interborough to other distributing agencies.  These competing distributors had been organized "under the aegis" of one of the publishers who had become unhappy with Interborough's service.  Interborough, supra at 291.  The publisher who had helped organize the new distributing agencies apparently proselytized among the other publishers to switch their business from Interborough to the new agencies.

31
Interborough claimed to be the victim of a group boycott.  The trial judge disagreed and dismissed the complaint after Interborough presented its case.  The Court of Appeals affirmed.

32
Interborough is clearly distinguishable on factual grounds from the situation here.  The district court in Interborough found that each of the publishers who switched from Interborough to a competing distributor did so of his "own independent judgment."  The Court of Appeals declined to hold that finding clearly erroneous.  Interborough, supra at 291.

33
Indeed, the record in Interborough was replete with indications that the publishers who left Interborough for other distributors made the switch independently of one another.  The publishers made the switch from Interborough at different times and under different circumstances.  Some of the publishers went back to Interborough before leaving permanently.  As the Court of Appeals observed in Interborough, the evidence there "establishe(d) conclusively that no joint action was agreed upon or taken" by the publishers with respect to Interborough.  Interborough, supra at 293.

34
The facts here are otherwise.  There was, as we noted above, ample evidence from which the jury could have inferred that there was a concerted effort among the fleet owners, from at least July 13, 1964, to destroy Taxi Weekly.  A series of genuinely independent decisions to leave Taxi Weekly would have been protected by our decision in Interborough.  A conspiracy to boycott in restraint of trade, however, is not.  The concerted action to leave following the July 13 meeting and the pressure on the advertisers amply support the finding of such a conspiracy.

35
In short, the claim of the defendants-appellants that there is insufficient evidence to establish liability is without merit.  The record thoroughly supports a finding that there was an organized effort among the fleet owners to destroy Taxi Weekly.

36
Finally, the fleet owners argue that no diminution of competition resulted from the demise of Taxi Weekly and that therefore no antitrust liability may be predicated upon Taxi Weekly's failure.  According to this theory, Taxi Weekly cannot be viewed as an independent, self-sustaining business.  Rather, the defendants-appellants assert, Taxi Weekly must be characterized as the official house organ of the New York City cab industry.  Hence, they further claim, because Taxi Weekly was the cab industry's official trade paper, this court must utilize the same rules here as are applied when manufacturers switch their exclusive distributorships from one firm to another.

37
There is a line of cases which indicates that, under certain circumstances, manufacturers may collectively switch their business from one distributing firm to another without running afoul of the antitrust laws.  If the collective decision to switch distributorships is motivated by legitimate economic considerations and not the desire to ruin the business of the old distributor, the courts have sometimes held that the Sherman Act may not be violated by such a change in distributorship.  See, e. g., Cartrade, Inc. v. Ford Dealers, 446 F.2d 289 (9th Cir. 1971); Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. v. Hawaiian Oke & Liquors, Ltd., 416 F.2d 71 (9th Cir. 1969).

38
The rationale of these decisions is two-fold.  First, it is often thought necessary for manufacturers to switch distributors en masse in good faith because of economies of scale.  Second, such a switch is not thought to diminish competition since, after the decision to do business with a new distributing firm, the same number of firms are distributing the manufacturer's products as before, i. e., one.

39
The defendants-appellants argue that such cases as Cartrade and Seagram apply here.  According to this argument, Taxi Weekly, as the industry's house paper, is to be treated by the same rule as an industry's exclusive distributor and, therefore, any collective decision to switch patronage from Taxi Weekly was protected from antitrust liability by Cartrade and Seagram.  As in those cases, the decision to switch from Taxi Weekly to another trade paper did not diminish competition since, after the switch and its consequences were fully felt, the New York taxi industry had the same number of trade publications as before, i. e., one.

40
We find this argument unpersuasive.

41
Without fully analyzing the implications of Cartrade and Seagram, we note that there are two factors which distinguish the situation here from those earlier cases.  First, as we observed above, the decision of the fleet owners to cancel their Taxi Weekly subscriptions was not a good faith decision motivated by the type of legitimate business concerns evident in Cartrade and Seagram.  The fleet owners did not simply switch their business from Taxi Weekly in search of better service; they wanted to destroy Taxi Weekly.  Whatever protection Cartrade and Seagram may give, that protection does not extend to situations where there is, in addition to any legitimate economic considerations for switching firms, also an intent to destroy one of the businesses in question.

42
Second, on the facts of this case, Taxi Weekly was not the house organ of the New York cab industry and, therefore, we must reject the fundamental premise of the fleet owners' argument, i. e., the asserted similarity between Taxi Weekly's status as an official trade paper and the situation of the exclusive distributorships in Seagram and Cartrade.  Taxi Weekly was an independent, closely-held, corporation owned by private shareholders with no connection to the cab industry.  Taxi Weekly received no subsidy or support from the industry, other than the fees paid for subscriptions.  Taxi Weekly's editorial policy was often adverse to the interests of the fleet owners, who now nevertheless claim that the paper was their house organ.  Taxi Weekly was operated for profit.  It had no official sponsorship from the MTBOT.  Taxi Weekly, unlike a manufacturer's distributor, had no contract with the MTBOT or the fleet owners specifying Taxi Weekly's obligations to them.  A substantial portion of its circulation was to independents and owner-drivers, whose interests were not always those of the fleet owners.  In short, Taxi Weekly, while obviously involved in the cab industry by virtue of its subject matter and readership, was not a house organ.  Hence, we reject the asserted similarity between Taxi Weekly's status as an official trade paper and the status of the exclusive distributorships in Cartrade and Seagram, on the ground that Taxi Weekly was not an official house organ.2

43
We therefore affirm the liability of the defendants-appellants for having participated in a conspiracy designed to destroy Taxi Weekly as a commercially successful venture, and we reject any defense predicated upon Taxi Weekly's asserted status as a house organ.3

III. Damages

44
The fleet owners also argue that the jury awarded excessive damages to the corporation.

45
Our review of the record indicates that there was an adequate basis for the jury's award and, accordingly, we decline to upset the jury's calculation of damages.

46
The corporation computed its requested damages in the following manner.  First, the average annual compensation received by the corporation's shareholders for the years 1962, 1963 and 1964 was divided into its salary component, i. e., the part earned by the shareholders for their labors for the corporation, and its profit component, i. e., the part of the compensation received by the stockholders qua stockholders.  This latter figure, the shareholders' entrepreneurial profit, was further reduced by anticipated state and federal taxes.  To the resulting net earnings figure, the corporation applied a price/earnings ratio of ten.  This resulted in the estimation of the going concern value of the corporation at $248,230.  The jury awarded $225,000 before trebling.

47
The fleet owners now argue, on the authority of Coleman Motor Co. v. Chrysler Corp., 525 F.2d 1338 (3d Cir. 1975), that the corporation's expert witness miscalculated the corporation's net earnings by attributing too large a share of the owners' compensation to profit, rather than salary.

48
It is, of course, well-established that, in calculating the profits of a firm for antitrust purposes, it is necessary to separate that part of the owners' compensation which is attributable to their labor from that part of the owners' compensation which is entrepreneurial profit.  Only the part of the owners' compensation which is profit can be included in the calculation of the damage award.  Standard Oil Co. of California v. Moore, 251 F.2d 188, 219 (9th Cir. 1957), cert. denied, 356 U.S. 975, 78 S.Ct. 1139, 2 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1958).

49
Contrary to the assertions of the fleet owners, this is not a case like Coleman.  In Coleman, no effort was made to divide the owner's income into its labor and profit components.  Instead, all compensation of the owner was included in the damage calculation.  Coleman, supra at 1352, n. 22.

50
That was not the situation here.  The calculation did divide the $50,000 received annually by the corporation's shareholders into a salary component ($15,000) and a profit component ($35,000).  Only the latter figure was included in the determination of the corporation's net earnings.  The $15,000 figure reflected the expert's judgment as to the salary cost of hiring a publisher to perform the tasks executed by the corporation's owners.  The residual $35,000, by definition, was held to represent entrepreneurial profit.

51
The jury was entitled to accept the $15,000 salary estimation.  There is accordingly no basis for this court to overturn the award.  The $15,000 figure is not clearly erroneous and, hence, it must be inferred that the other $35,000 paid to the owners of the corporation was entrepreneurial profit, properly included in the calculation of the damage award.

52
Just as a damage calculation must exclude that part of the owners' compensation attributable to the owners' labor, the award must also exclude that part of the owners' compensation which is a return to capital.  Standard Oil, supra.  Since no deduction for capital return was made by the corporation's expert, the fleet owners claim that the damage award is inflated.

53
The problem with the fleet owners' argument is that the corporation had virtually no capital beyond its nominal investment in office furniture.  The fleet owners nevertheless argue that the price which one of the owners paid to buy part of the corporation must have reflected a capital investment in the corporation.  This contention is obviously incorrect: the purchase price of an interest in the corporation went to the other owner of the corporation, not to the corporation itself, and that purchase price could reasonably be understood as reflecting the corporation's good will, rather than its capital stock.

54
In short, there was no basis for more than a de minimis reduction of corporate earnings for capital charges.  The damage award is not vulnerable on this score.

55
Finally, the fleet owners object to the price/earnings ratio of ten used to capitalize the corporation's earnings.  The essence of the fleet owners' argument is that the jury did not accept the fleet owners' attack on the corporation's price/earnings estimation.

56
The jury was free to accept or reject that figure after hearing the evidence for and against it.  The jury's acceptance of that figure should not be overturned, particularly in light of the fact that the fleet owners presented no alternative price/earnings ratio, while the corporation presented expert testimony in support.

57
Since the damage award was supported by evidence in the record below, we will not overturn it.

IV. Botwinick's Individual Claims

58
Defendant-appellant Botwinick, executive director of the MTBOT, makes two separate arguments in addition to those advanced by the fleet owners.  First, Botwinick argues that there is insufficient evidence to connect him with the conspiracy of fleet owners.  Second, Botwinick argues that certain flaws in the summary offered by the corporation's counsel require reversal.

59
Neither contention has any merit.

60
Once a conspiracy is established, it requires only a minimal level of additional evidence to connect an additional individual to it.  United States v. Pardo-Bolland, 348 F.2d 316, 325 (2d Cir. 1965).  A conspiracy among the fleet owners is established by the evidence discussed above.  There is, moreover, a sufficient basis for finding that Botwinick was part of it.  Botwinick was the chief-of-staff of the taxi trade association, whose officers were the major participants of the boycott against the corporation.  The day before the concerted cancellations of subscriptions began, Botwinick hosted an industry meeting at his office with leading driver-owners.  Also in attendance on July 13, 1964 in Botwinick's office was the MTBOT public relations man who subsequently organized another trade publication to rival Taxi Weekly.  Botwinick had acted as the fleet owners' agent in earlier discussions with the corporation concerning Taxi Weekly's editorial policies.

61
In short, there is enough evidence to implicate Botwinick in the conspiracy.

62
With respect to the alleged errors in the summary, Botwinick's brief admits that no objections were made at the time.  Accordingly, no objections should be entertained now.

V. Summary

63
As there is no basis on which to overturn the decision of the court below, its judgment is affirmed.

1
 Several other defendants were either dismissed from the action by Judge Griesa or exonerated by the jury.  Their status is not relevant to this appeal

2
 In rejecting the fleet owners' characterization of Taxi Weekly as a house organ, we express no opinion on the validity the asserted Cartrade-Seagram defense would have had had Taxi Weekly, in fact, been an official house paper

3
 At trial and on appeal, the corporation has maintained that the actions of the fleet owners established liability per se under the group boycott cases and that, accordingly, no proof of intent was necessary to establish the fleet owners' liability.  See, e. g., Klor's v. Broadway-Hale Stores, 359 U.S. 207, 211-12, 79 S.Ct. 705, 3 L.Ed.2d 741 (1959).  Since we hold that there was adequate evidence from which an intent to destroy Taxi Weekly could have been inferred, it is unnecessary for us to decide if liability could have been predicated here on a per se group boycott theory in the absence of such evidence


Using Data Analytics as Evidentiary Support for Financial Outcome Success in Nurse-Led Population-Based Clinics.
Achieving the highest quality in health care requires organizations to develop clinical improvements that result in measurable outcomes for success. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate an example of clinical quality improvement through the use of data analytics to generate evidence for financial return on investment in two nurse-led, population-based clinics.


Rip's Picks for Saturday, Aug. 25

1 - R HALLOGRAEME missed by nose at 2-5 for Margolis, who has had his charges on exacta tickets in 14-of-24 Monmouth races. Colt has experience edge against Plecther first-time starter LINKIN, who was bought at auction for $400,000. SILK TRIPPI was bred to win early, but raced greenly in debut.
(Top pair could be in photo finish).

2 - ALAAZO is sent down from Saratoga to make debut by red-hot Mott, who goes right to Bravo. AKIN goes grass-to-dirt for second start off claim by Richard Dutrow. READY TO PLAY/HARLEQUIN SKY entry have longshot potential.
($350,000 buy Alaazo gets softer debut than he would at Spa).

3 - EL CHILE DOG makes first start off victory for Levine, who wins 31% of time off claims. BRAZENLY BOLD/VALIDATION entry is main threat. FINNEGAN'S LAD, a $525,000 auction purchase in 2004, adds blinkers and goes grass-to-dirt for leading Philly trainer Vayders. Price play.
(El Chile Dog shortens up off victory at 1 1/16th miles).

4 - BOLD TRUST, a beaten favorite at Saratoga, Churchill Downs and Hollywood, is sent to softer spot at Monmouth by Asmussen. Can't fault TRIPPIN UP's preps for debut. COBRA STRIKE and BERNING BLAZE also have unveiled snappy works.
(Bold Trust is only colt in race with four starts; experience counts).

5 - CHUCKER was scratched Thursday at Saratoga for this spot after winning four of five starts this year. Coupled with SINNERS AND SAINTS, who jets in from coast for Dutrow. STOLEN TIME lost last by nose to top pick. Bravo stays aboard. PIETY has won 4 of 6 this year.
(Chucker's only loss this year came in Grade 3 run).

6 - BRIDAL PATH awoke with blinkers at Saratoga, but must escape also eligibles. WITCH WOMAN is one to beat after outfinishing SHAPIRA. LAST ROMANCE has back class.
(Bridal Path has been in exacta in 15-of-29 on turf, but would be price play here).

7 - TRYING BRIAN missed by neck at 3-5 going grass-back-to-dirt. TRIPPI APPEAL is working quickly after being freshened. BOSS ZACH came on again to miss by half in first race since Dec.
(Trying Brian's workouts had zip).

8 - GREENERY, in the money in 7 of 8 races, has proven she can get 1 3/8-mile distance for Clement (58% winners). TAP GOLD becomes one to beat if races comes off turf which happened yesterday. BRANTLEY has to be caught. IN RETURN drops from Grade 3 run; 3-for-5 at Shore.
(Tough to bet against Clement and Greenery, but there are price plays in here).

9 - INDIA gets the rail, Bravo and Monmouth's speed bias. HYSTERICALADY ships in from coast; won a Grade 1 race last time on main track. MAURALANKANA adds blinkers after fanning three wide.
(India has race over track morning-line favorite Hystericalady lacks).


MICHAEL KEARNS – Bloodbound

January 26 @ 8:30 pm - 10:00 pm

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The newest full-length play from Los Angeles theatre luminary and legendary artist-activist Michael Kearns, Bloodbound fights for the freedom to love against overpowering and unreasonable odds: familial implosion, interminable and unjustified incarceration, distorted sexual childhood boundaries, and roller coaster rides of mental illnesses starring all four family members – Mommy, Daddy, Older Brother, Younger Brother. Kearns’ play tracks the lives of two misfit brothers who are destined to love in spite of the gnarled realities they cannot avoid sharing. By remembering their past—in some cases, reliving critical, contradictory, and conflicting moments—perhaps the horrific fear of their mutual deaths (whether in a shitty hospital bed or a sweaty prison cell) will lessen as they approach the final curtain. Directed by Mark Bringelson, produced by Ryland Shelton for Moon Mile Run.

In June of 2017, Michael Kearns was awarded in a ceremony at ceremony at Los Angeles City Hall that kicked off the City’s seventh annual Heritage Month. Mayor Eric Garcetti and Councilmember Mitch O’Farrell were among the city officials who cited Kearns with a Trailblazer Award, alongside Alexandra Billings, Sara Ramirez and Alexei Romanoff. Kearns was specifically acknowledged for more than four decades of combining art and activism in a number of theatrical presentations he was attached to and a number of organizations he founded.

Kearns’ trailblazing reputation includes many firsts: He came out in the mid-Seventies, officially making him “Hollywood’s first openly gay actor” with one foot in the mainstream industry and one foot in the alternative art world. In 1991, he revealed his HIV-positive status on Entertainment Tonight and a few years later, he was the first HIV-positive, single, gay man to adopt. His Black daughter, he says, is “the most important force” in his life.


Conceiving himself in a sufficiently strong condition to
give battle to the Highlanders, General Hawley began to put the troops he had assembled at
Edinburgh in motion towards the west. His force amounted to upwards of 9,000 men, of whom,
1,300 were cavalry, and he might in a few days have increased it considerably by the
addition of some regiments which were on their march to join him. He had also reason to
expect the immediate arrival in the Firth of Forth of a body of 6,000 Hessians who had
embarked at Williamstadt on the 1st of January, by which accession his army would have
been almost doubled. Impatient, however, to acquire a renown which had ben denied to Cope,
his predecessor, of whose capacity he had been heard to speak very contemptuously, Hawley
resolved not to wait for his expected reinforcements, but to seize the laurels which were
in imagination already within his grasp.

Accordingly,
on the morning of the 13th of January, the first division of the royal army, consisting of
five regiments of foot, together with the Glasgow regiment of militia, and Hamilton's and
Ligonier's dragoons, all under the command of Mayor-general Huske, left Edinburgh and
marched westward to Linlithgow. Hearing that preparations had been made at Linlithgow for
the reception of these troops, and that provisions and forage had been collected in that
town for the use of Hawley's army, Lord George Murray left Falkirk at four o'clock the same morning
for Linlithgow, with five battalions of the
clans for the purpose of capturing these stores. He was joined on the road by Lord Elcho's
and Lord Pitsligo's troops of life-guards, whom he had ordered to meet him.

Before sunrise he had completely surrounded the town, and
as Lord George and been informed that Huske's division was to enter the town at night, he
called his officers together before marching into town, and having told them the object
for which they had come, he desired that they would continue ready to assemble in the
street on a moment's warning, in order to march wherever they might be directed. After
taking possession of the town, and apprehending a few militia, Lord George sent forward
some patrols on the road to Edinburgh, to reconnoitre while the Highlanders were engaged
in seizing the articles prepared for the royal forces; but they had scarcely been an hour
in town when these advanced parties discovered a body of dragoons advancing in their
direction. Two of the patrols came back at full speed, and having given Lord George notice
of their approach, he marched with his men out of the town.

The dragoons retired as the Highlanders advanced. Their
horse, with 200 of the best foot, followed them about two miles; but the main body
returned to Linlithgow, where they dined. With the exception of a few small reconnoitring
parties, the advanced body also returned to the town; but in less than an hour one of
these parties came in with information that the dragoons were again returning with a large
body of horse and foot. Lord George resolved to attack them when the half of them should
pass the bridge, half a mile west from the town, and after waiting with his men on the
streets till Huske had reached the east end of the town, he retired in the expectation
that the royalist general would follow him; but Huske, who marched above the town, though
he followed the Highlanders to the bridge, did not pass it. Lord George returned to
Falkirk, and by orders of the prince marched next day to Bannockburn.

On the 14th other three regiments marched from Edinburgh
towards Borrowstownness, to support the division under Huske, and these were followed next
day by three additional regiments. With these forces Huske marched on the 16th to Falkirk,
and encamped to the north-west of the town with his front towards Stirling. In the evening
he was joined by the remainder of the army, and the artillery, consisting of ten pieces of
cannon. General Hawley himself arrived at Callander House the same evening.

Next morning the army was joined by Cobham's dragoons, who
had just arrived from England, and by about 1,000 Argyleshire men, chiefly Campbells,
under the command of Lieutenant- colonel Campbell, afterwards Duke of Argyle. Besides this
corps, this whig clan furnished another of 1,000 men, which was posted about Inverary,
under Major-general Campbell, the colonel's father, to guard the passes. Along with the
army was a company called the Yorkshire Blues, raised, maintained, and commanded, by a
gentleman of the name Thornton. Several volunteers, among whom were several clergymen,
also accompanied the army on this occasion.

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package com.rsen.angcyo;

import android.graphics.Color;
import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
import android.graphics.drawable.LayerDrawable;
import android.graphics.drawable.ShapeDrawable;
import android.graphics.drawable.StateListDrawable;
import android.graphics.drawable.shapes.RoundRectShape;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Parcel;
import android.os.Parcelable;
import android.support.annotation.ColorInt;
import android.support.v4.app.FragmentManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.AppCompatButton;
import android.support.v7.widget.AppCompatTextView;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.view.View;

import com.angcyo.rsen.R;
import com.rsen.base.RBaseDialogFragment;
import com.rsen.util.ResUtil;

/**
 * 标准的对话框
 * Created by angcyo on 16-01-31-031.
 */
public class CommonDialogFragment extends RBaseDialogFragment implements View.OnClickListener {
    public static final String KEY_LISTENER = "listener";
    private AppCompatTextView titleView, msgView;//标题,内容
    private AppCompatButton negativeButton;//消极的按钮
    private AppCompatButton neutralButton;//中立的按钮
    private AppCompatButton positiveButton;//积极的按钮
    private OnButtonClickListener clickListener;

    public static CommonDialogFragment launch(FragmentManager manager, String title, String msg) {
        Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
        bundle.putString(KEY_TITLE, title);
        bundle.putString(KEY_MSG, msg);
        CommonDialogFragment fragment = new CommonDialogFragment();
        fragment.setArguments(bundle);
        fragment.show(manager, CommonDialogFragment.class.getSimpleName());
        return fragment;
    }

    @Override
    protected int getContentView() {
        return R.layout.rsen_common_dialog_fragment;
    }

    @Override
    protected void initView(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.initView(savedInstanceState);
        titleView = (AppCompatTextView) mViewHolder.v(R.id.title);
        msgView = (AppCompatTextView) mViewHolder.v(R.id.msg);
        negativeButton = (AppCompatButton) mViewHolder.v(R.id.negative_button);
        neutralButton = (AppCompatButton) mViewHolder.v(R.id.neutral_button);
        positiveButton = (AppCompatButton) mViewHolder.v(R.id.positive_button);
        neutralButton.setVisibility(View.GONE);//默认不显示中立按钮

        initPositiveBg();
        initOtherBg();

        positiveButton.setOnClickListener(this);
        neutralButton.setOnClickListener(this);
        negativeButton.setOnClickListener(this);

        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(mDialogTitle)) {
            titleView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
        } else {
            titleView.setText(mDialogTitle);
        }
        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(mDialogMsg)) {
            msgView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
        } else {
            msgView.setText(mDialogMsg);
        }

        if (savedInstanceState != null) {
            clickListener = savedInstanceState.getParcelable(KEY_LISTENER);
        }
    }

    public CommonDialogFragment setClickListener(OnButtonClickListener clickListener) {
        this.clickListener = clickListener;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * 设置积极按钮的背景
     */
    private void initPositiveBg() {
        int colorAccent = ResUtil.getThemeColorAccent(mBaseActivity);
        int color = getResources().getColor(colorAccent);
        ResUtil.setBgDrawable(positiveButton, generateDrawable(color, generatePressColor(color)));
    }

    /**
     * 设置其他按钮的背景
     */
    private void initOtherBg() {
        int color = Color.parseColor("#D6D7D7");
        ResUtil.setBgDrawable(negativeButton, generateDrawable(color, generatePressColor(color)));
        ResUtil.setBgDrawable(neutralButton, generateDrawable(color, generatePressColor(color)));
    }

    /**
     * 生成一个具有透明度的颜色
     */
    private int generatePressColor(@ColorInt int defaultColor) {
        return Color.parseColor("#20000000");
//        return Color.argb(0xBB, Color.red(defaultColor), Color.green(defaultColor), Color.blue(defaultColor));
//        StringBuilder colorBuild = new StringBuilder("#40");
//        colorBuild.append(Integer.toHexString(Color.red(defaultColor)));
//        colorBuild.append(Integer.toHexString(Color.green(defaultColor)));
//        colorBuild.append(Integer.toHexString(Color.blue(defaultColor)));
//        return Color.parseColor(colorBuild.toString());
    }

    private Drawable generateDrawable(@ColorInt int defaultColor, @ColorInt int pressColor) {
        float round = ResUtil.dpToPx(getResources(), 5f);
        StateListDrawable stateListDrawable = new StateListDrawable();
        RoundRectShape rectShape = new RoundRectShape(new float[]{round, round, round, round, round, round, round, round}, null, null);
        ShapeDrawable defaultDrawable = new ShapeDrawable(rectShape);
        defaultDrawable.getPaint().setColor(defaultColor);

        RoundRectShape rectShape2 = new RoundRectShape(new float[]{round, round, round, round, round, round, round, round}, null, null);
        ShapeDrawable pressDrawable = new ShapeDrawable(rectShape2);
        pressDrawable.getPaint().setColor(pressColor);
        LayerDrawable pressLayer = new LayerDrawable(new Drawable[]{defaultDrawable, pressDrawable});

        stateListDrawable.addState(new int[]{android.R.attr.state_pressed}, pressLayer);
        stateListDrawable.addState(new int[]{}, defaultDrawable);
        return stateListDrawable;
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        if (clickListener == null) {
            return;
        }
        int id = v.getId();
        boolean isDismiss = false;
        if (id == R.id.positive_button) {
            isDismiss = clickListener.onPositiveButtonClick(v);
        } else if (id == R.id.negative_button) {
            isDismiss = clickListener.onNegativeButtonClick(v);
        } else if (id == R.id.neutral_button) {//中立
            isDismiss = clickListener.onNeutralButtonClick(v);
        }

        if (isDismiss) {
            dismiss();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
        outState.putParcelable(KEY_LISTENER, clickListener);
        super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
    }

    public interface OnButtonClickListener extends Parcelable {
        boolean onPositiveButtonClick(View view);//积极的按钮

        boolean onNegativeButtonClick(View view);//消极的按钮

        boolean onNeutralButtonClick(View view);//中立的按钮
    }

    public static class SimpleButtonClickListener implements OnButtonClickListener {

        public static final Creator<SimpleButtonClickListener> CREATOR = new Creator<SimpleButtonClickListener>() {
            public SimpleButtonClickListener createFromParcel(Parcel source) {
                return new SimpleButtonClickListener(source);
            }

            public SimpleButtonClickListener[] newArray(int size) {
                return new SimpleButtonClickListener[size];
            }
        };

        public SimpleButtonClickListener() {
        }

        protected SimpleButtonClickListener(Parcel in) {
        }

        @Override
        public boolean onPositiveButtonClick(View view) {
            return true;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean onNegativeButtonClick(View view) {
            return true;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean onNeutralButtonClick(View view) {
            return true;
        }

        @Override
        public int describeContents() {
            return 0;
        }

        @Override
        public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
        }
    }
}


Live-Action POKÉMON Movie Confirmed

July 21, 2016

Detective Pikachu is headed to the big screen with the news that Legendary Entertainment and The Pokémon Company are teaming up for a live-action Pokémon movie.

The movie will begin production in 2017 and, though plot details are being kept under wraps, we do know it will be based on ‘The Great Detective Pikachu,’ which follows a talking version of the iconic yellow electric mouse as he solves mysteries with humans. So far the game has only been released in Japan on the Nintendo 3DS.

First introduced in Japan in 1996 with the Game Boy games ‘Pokemon: Red Version’ and ‘Pokemon: Blue Version,’ the media franchise has gone on to spawn countless video games, animated movies, a TV series, and of course, most recently, the world conquering ‘Pokémon GO.’

Unsurprisingly, the movie deal is built on the hopes of creating a live-action film franchise based on the popular pocket monster brand.


Microneedle pH Sensor: Direct, Label-Free, Real-Time Detection of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Bladder pH.
Acid-base homeostasis (body pH) inside the body is precisely controlled by the kidneys and lungs and buffer systems, such that even a minor pH change could severely affect many organs. Blood and urine pH tests are common in day-to-day clinical trials and require little effort for diagnosis. There is always a great demand for in vivo testing to understand more about body metabolism and to provide effective diagnosis and therapy. In this article, we report the simple fabrication of microneedle-based direct, label-free, and real-time pH sensors. The reference and working electrodes were Ag/AgCl thick films and ZnO thin films on tungsten (W) microneedles, respectively. The morphological and structural characteristics of microneedles were carefully investigated through various analytical methods. The developed sensor exhibited a Nernstian response of -46 mV/pH. Different conditions were used to test the sensor to confirm their accuracy and stability, such as various buffer solutions, with respect to time, and we compared the reading with commercial pH electrodes. Besides that, the fabricated microneedle sensor ability is proven by in vivo testing in mouse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bladders. The pH sensor procedure reported here is totally reversible, and results were reproducible after several rounds of testing.


‘Govt. is also trying to improve revenues via sources such as PSU dividends’

The fact that the government is increasingly dependent on tax revenue, especially indirect taxes, to meet its fiscal requirements is not a cause for worry, according to tax analysts, who say that the real benefits of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) have not yet taken effect. Once they do, government revenue from both direct and indirect taxes will grow significantly.

An analysis by The Hindu of the budget documents of the last five years has shown that the government’s dependence on tax revenue has steadily increased, with tax revenue making up a little more than 70% of its total receipts in 2018-19, up from 65% in 2014-15. Correspondingly, the share of revenue from non-tax sources (such as dividends from PSUs and the RBI) and capital receipts (such as disinvestment proceeds) has been declining.

Within tax revenue, the analysis shows that the share of indirect tax has been growing over the years, increasing to nearly 50% in 2018-19 from a little less than 45% in 2014-15. This increased dependence on tax revenue to meet its fiscal needs has meant that the government has had to push quite hard to increase its tax base at both the direct and indirect tax levels.

The view among tax analysts is that the government cannot take the risk of increasing tax rates, whether direct or indirect, for fear of a backlash from the public. So, the only option it has to boost tax revenues is to increase the tax base and stop evasion, both of which the government has been trying to do.

“Several steps such as analysing the business-wise monthly GST payments and ascertaining trends in State-wise movement of goods using the e-waybill data would have already been initiated to evaluate options for enhancing the GST taxpayer database and revenues,” M.S. Mani, partner, Deloitte India, said.

“Going forward, it is likely that the GST data would be correlated with information relevant from an income tax payment perspective so that incorrect tax filings can be corrected and revenues enhanced.

Detecting tax evasion

“Hence, the expansion of the GST taxpayer base, improving the return filings compliance and using the large amount of data available to detect tax evasion would become the cornerstone of the government’s measures to enhance tax revenues,” Mr. Mani added.

The other trend the government would be banking on is that increased economic activity and a higher GDP growth rate will boost consumption and hence, indirect tax collections, other analysts say.

“The indirect tax rate is fixed, so if there is price inflation, then the government receives a tax on that as well because product prices go up and so the tax component also goes up,” Ranen Banerjee, partner, PwC India, said. “The second aspect is that when the GDP grows, consumption also grows, and so you get more indirect taxes from that.”

Efficiency gains

“The efficiency gains of GST haven’t yet kicked in and once they do, this will give revenue buoyancy in the next 3-5 years,” Mr. Banerjee added.

However, he said that the worry for the government should be the fact that an increasing proportion of its indirect tax collections are coming from a single source — oil.

Non-tax revenue

Despite this optimistic outlook of future growth in tax revenue, the government has also been trying to improve its collections from other sources such as dividends from public sector companies and the Reserve Bank of India, and also through disinvestments.

The analysis of budget data shows that PSU dividends as a proportion of non-tax revenue have been growing over the years, from 16% in 2014-15 to 21.4% in 2018-19. The government has reportedly been pressurising the state-run oil companies to transfer larger dividends to the Centre every year.

It is also reportedly asking the state-run oil companies to buy back shares, and is also pushing more PSUs to list on the stock exchanges.

However, this is an untenable source of revenue for the government because they are based on finite resources.

Notably, dividends from the RBI, as a proportion of non-tax revenue, have been falling.

“Non-tax revenues, if you look at the majority, they have come from auctioning spectrum licences and royalties from oil, etc, and also disinvestment,” Mr. Banerjee said.

“All of these have a limit. Suppose you decide to sell everything, but after that, what? You cannot expand your budget based on this,” he said.


One of the GOP’s biggest financial backers has changed presidential horses.

Again.

Texas billionaire Harold Simmons donated $100,000 to a super PAC supporting the presidential bid of former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney in January, according to a fundraising report released Monday afternoon.

Simmons has now donated money to just about every Republican candidate -- and super PAC -- involved in the 2012 Republican primaries.

Simmons got started last February with a donation to Rep. Michele Bachmann of Minnesota. In April, he gave money to former House Speaker Newt Gingrich's campaign. Less than two weeks later, he sent a check to Tim Pawlenty, the former Minnesota governor.

In June, he gave to Romney, who received a $2,500 donation from Simmons. Less than a week later, he sent a check for $100,000 to a political group supporting his home state governor, Texas Gov. Rick Perry.

The next month, he sent a check to Rep. John Thune, a South Dakota Republican who never even got in the race. Sen. Mark Rubio (R-Fla.), tipped as a possible vice-presidential nominee, received a donation from Simmons in August.

When Perry formally entered the presidential race, Simmons gave him the legal maximum of $2,500.

After Perry dropped out of the race, Simmons switched to the surging Gingrich in December by donating $500,000 to a super PAC backing the former House speaker.

A month later, Simmons is back with Romney.

At the end of the day, it may not matter which Republican candidate has Simmons's backing.

Simmons simply wants to beat President Barack Obama. He has already donated more the $5 million to an independent campaign entity called American Crossroads that plans to spend as much as $300 million to defeat the president and other Democrats.

Click here for more on this story from The Wall Street Journal.


SUICIDE, INDUCED ABORTION AND STANDARDIZED DEATH RATE IN CROATIA In relation to neighbouring countries: Hungary, Slovenia and Italy.
Suicides and induced abortions are primarily both premature deaths. Standardized death rates often show the certain level of medical standards in the different countries. The aim of this paper was to determine suicide rates in Croatia and its neighbouring countries (Hungary, Slovenia and Italy) associated with induced abortions and standardized death rates Method: It was a register linkage study. Information on suicides of women in Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia and Italy were linked with induced abortions and standardized death rates in these countries. Nationwide data in Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia and Italy in the period 1996-2002 i.e. the latest available data for each county was used. There were suicide rates in women: Croatia (2000)-10.3, Hungary (1999)-15.4, Slovenia (1999)-13.4 and Italy (1998)-3.6. There were induced abortions (% of live born children): Croatia (2002)-17.8, Hungary (2002)-69.7, Slovenia (2002)-49.6 and Italy (2002)-24.0. There were standardized death rates (1/10.000 population): Croatia (1998)-113.8, Hungary (1996)-109.3, Slovenia (1996)-109.3 and Italy (1996)-70.7. The Croatian suicide rate and induced abortions have been lower than in Hungary and Slovenia. Croatia has been at the last place according to induced abortions but Croatia has been at the first place due to standardized death rates.


Almost three years ago, Chichester District Council invited the Brighton Society to meet the Council’s Community Development Officer to see what lessons could be learnt from Chichester’s experience of dealing with its graffiti problem.

Chichester Council’s campaign against graffiti began over fifteen years ago in response to quite severe graffiti problems in the Pallant Conservation Area. The Chief Executive at the time was very keen that the problem be addressed, and with strong support from the Councillors, provided a sufficiently adequate budget to make a start on dealing with the issue.

Their success can be judged by the evident embarrassment of our host that he was unable to find many examples of graffiti to show us in central Chichester. Of the few we did see, three had been intentionally left as examples of acceptable graffiti – see a couple of examples below.

….he was unable to find many examples…..these had been intentionally left

Every southbound car entering Brighton’s central avenue will be squeezed into a single lane of traffic this summer. Two years of roadworks to redesign traffic flow and pedestrian access around Valley Gardens will begin as early as June.

The decision to start digging up one of the busiest roads in the city during the tourist season was criticised by tourism experts, traders, residents’ groups, public transport pressure groups, taxi companies and unions. Critics have predicted “chaos” and “gridlock” and raised the spectre of tailbacks radiating far beyond the centre of the city. The council said disruption would be mitigated wherever possible.

Meanwhile the roadworks surrounding the Shelter Hall development at the foot of West Street will not finish this summer as planned but will continue until at least next autumn. That development is now projected to cost twice its original £10 million budget, and the council is working on ways to come up with extra money from its own tight resources as well as from central Government.

On Tuesday 6th February, a meeting of the Greater Brighton Economic Board confirmed work on the £11 million Valley Gardens scheme would begin in June, although yesterday a Brighton and Hove City Council spokeswoman said it “hoped” to start work on the highway “towards the end of summer”.

The first phase of the scheme will include closure of one of the two southbound lanes of traffic on the eastern side of Victoria Gardens from near St Peter’s Church. The Valley Gardens development seeks to open up the several, underused green spaces in the centre of the city from St Peter’s Church down to Old Steine.

At present the route is a one way system with two lanes running north, and two south. Once the redevelopment is complete, private vehicles will be restricted to the east of the gardens, with one lane northbound and one lane southbound. On the west, a much quieter road will carry just buses and taxis, northbound and southbound. Extra crossings, extra cycle lanes, and extensive planting and landscaping will make the area easier to access and enjoy on foot.

Yesterday the council said work and diversions would be well publicised and the main route would only occasionally be subject to complete closure.

Anne Ackord, who runs the Palace Pier and speaks for the Brighton and Hove Tourism Alliance, said: “Summer is never the best time to start any disruption. We need to get people in to the city, and we know parking is a problem as it is, so you don’t want anything to get in the way of the best possible summer. At the pier, we’re doing refurbishment work and maintenance now, because it’s winter and it’s quiet. We wouldn’t schedule anything to start later than Easter, because then you damage business.”

Adam Chinnery, chairman of the Seafront Traders Association, said: “It seems very odd, when we get massive domestic tourism that comes right down that road in the summer. And we don’t get nearly as much during the winter. It would seem a lot better to do this kind of project in the winter.”

Steve Percy, chairman of the People’s Parking Protest, said: “It’s going to be an absolute nightmare. I fail to see why Valley Gardens is going to start at the beginning of the tourist season when in fact it should have been started at the end of the season. That’s just common sense.”

Peter Elvidge, secretary of Brighton Area Buswatch, said: “It’s absolutely not the right time of year. “It’s going to be chaos I imagine. The Valley Gardens scheme is going to narrow the road down to a single lane through the roadworks, which will cause huge traffic jams and that will spread throughout the city.”

John Streeter, of Streamline Taxis, said: “I can see this scheme backfiring big time. There’s going to be major tailbacks coming into the city. Summer weekends are very busy and this will have a major impact.”

GMB union branch secretary Mark Turner said: “That’s not very clever timing really is it? That’s the beginning of the summer season, it’s the most important for the city and we’re going to cause major disruption to traffic. It’ll be bad for local businesses – we’ll be saying ‘come to Brighton and be gridlocked’.”

Not everyone was so negative. Theatre Royal manager John Baldock said: “Whenever you did it it’s going to upset somebody. Anything that can improve the city is a good thing, it’s never going to be painless.”

The scheme – originally a Green idea – has cross-party support so opposition politicians have focused on whether the Labour administration will make it happen efficiently.

Green Party spokesman Councillor Pete West said: “My concern is the Labour administration can’t deliver this competently – their project management is not good.

“Once they’ve started digging up, they need to complete within the shortest timeframe to minimise disruption.”

Conservative Party spokesman Councillor Lee Wares said: “It is essential the Labour administration carefully co-ordinate the construction phases to avoid interrupting all the events our city holds. With Shelter Hall now over-running by a year it is crucial that Labour don’t take their eye off the ball because if they do, it will be a disaster for the city.”

Labour Councillor Alan Robins, the administration’s lead member for tourism, said: “I knew it was going to start, I didn’t know the start date.”

Later in a council statement he said: “Brighton and Hove attracts up to 11 million visitors a year and our marketing activity already encourages visitors to come by train or use other forms of public transport, where possible, as we know that car travel is a major contributor to congestion and poor air quality.”

Many thanks once again to all those who donated to our campaign to preserve, protect and replace Springfield Road trees. It was a marvellous effort and no doubt those involved are wondering what happens now – so here is an update.

Since our crowdfunding campaign successfully closed we have been in close contact with the Council’s arboriculturalists who are checking which trees already need to be replaced, and assessing which trees are in danger. These sites once formally identified will therefore be preserved, we are assured, even if it takes a long while before actual replacement happens. The process will however be slow, as dead tree sites need in due course to be ‘ground out’ and we are told ordering trees happens at least a year in advance. For each site we will make the financial contribution from the funds raised as planned. It is possible we may see some replanting next spring, we are hoping for that, and certainly no later than the season after.

Looking longer term there has been much discussion about protecting our new trees when they arrive. All ideas are welcome, and Councillor Littman and residents are in discussion about how best to make sure saplings are not damaged by vehicles. All ideas are welcome.

When more is known, it will be posted as a further update on this site. Thank you once again to everyone who supported this.

Public information sessions will be held on Thursday February 1 and Saturday 3 February 2018 at Stanmer Tea Rooms from 9am to midday.

The draft Woodland Management Plan has been produced by an independent forestry consultant on behalf of the council’s parks projects team.

Before submitting plans to the Forestry Commission, we are seeking the views of interested parties, including park users and residents. The council is hoping to submit the plan for approval by March 2018.

Via: Katariina Järvinen (flickr)

The draft plan sets out how the woodland can be managed over the next 10 years to

Maintain and preserve open access.

Build resilience against Ash Dieback and other diseases and ensure existing woodland cover is maintained.

The plan is also supporting the Stanmer Restoration Project HLF application by:

Protecting historical, archaeological, and environmental elements on the estate.

Providing related activities such as rural skills, forest schools and wood based produce.

Increasing the city’s offer for volunteering work such as coppicing, pollarding, scrub clearing and general woodland management practices.

Managing the woodland is an important part of the Stanmer Park Restoration project, a joint initiative between Brighton & Hove City Council, Plumpton College and South Downs National Park Authority and funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) .

The plan can also be viewed in full on request at Hollingdean Depot Learning and Resource Centre (please contact the parks projects team 01273 294737 to arrange) and will be available at the Stanmer Tea rooms sessions.

People who own vehicles with higher emissions will have to pay 25% more for resident, business and traders parking permits under new charges set to come in this April.

Brighton and Hove City Council officers have recommended that there is no increase for standard permits – but permits for vehicles with more than 166g/km will go up by 25%, while the threshold for a low emissions 50% reduction will drop from 110g/km to 100g/km.


Q:

How do I remove this white space from the bottom of my page when I print?

I have a picture that I want to run to the bottom of the page edge. I've put the bottom margin to 0 and in the document view it appears at the bottom of the page. However, when in print preview and when actually printed there is a white space. How do I get rid of it?

A:

It is most likely coming from the printer you are printing to.  Most copiers/printers put 1-5mm of void area around the entire document.  This is intentional, to prevent jamming mainly, but other potential issues as well.  I believe the term here for what you are looking for, is called "full bleed".
Usually this is an option in the driver for color printers/copiers (depending on make/model), so your mileage may vary here.


NASHVILLE TENN. (WTVF) — Williamson County Schools have announced that the district will close Tuesday and Wednesday after a parent tested positive for COVID-19, also known as the new coronavirus. It's unclear if this is a new case or one of the known cases.

The district said a parent in the Brentwood area notified the district that they had tested positive for COVID-19 and that they had visited a school prior to that diagnosis. Williamson County Schools did not release the name of the school.

They are working with the Tennessee Department of Health, who will begin investigating the report today including investigating any contact with WCS faculty, staff and students, if needed.

JUST IN: Williamson County Schools will remain closed on Wednesday, March 11, 2020. The School Aged Child Care program will be open at inclement weather sites following inclement weather hours. Twelve month employees should follow the inclement weather protocol. — WCS (@WCSedu) March 11, 2020

The school district closed Friday and Monday for a deep cleaning after Governor Bill Lee confirmed the state's first case in Williamson County last week. The patient, described as a 44-year-old man, was quarantined at home.


The overall goal of the Occupational and Immunologic Lung Disease SCOR Program at the University of Iowa is to perform coordinated interdisciplinary research aimed at elucidating the basic mechanisms responsible for the development of these disorders. A related goal of the Occupational and Immunologic Lung Disease SCOR Program is to determine if information obtained from these basic studies improves the care of patients with these disorders. Bronchoalveolar lavage which obtains inflammatory and immune effector cells from the lung is an important technique for both types of studies. Project I (Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Interstitial Lung Disease) is a clinical study which evaluates the clinical use of bronchoalveolar lavage in selected interstitial lung disorders. Projects II-V (II: Local Immune Response at Sites of Disease in Sarcoidosis; III: Transport of Immunoglobulin Proteins in the Lung; IV: Epidemiology and Pulmonary Responses to Organic Dust Exposure; and V: Specific Cellular Mechanisms in a Rat Model of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis) are basic studies which evaluate the epidemiology and pathophysiology of various occupational and immunologic lung diseases. Acquisition of new information from these studies should enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis and improve our care of patients with these disorders. The five projects in the Occupational and Immunologic Lung Disease SCOR will be supported by two core facilities: an Administrative Core and a Biometry Core.


This invention relates in general to recirculating document feeders, and more particularly to a recirculating document feeder for use with an electrostatographic apparatus for producing precollated or post-collated simplex or duplex copies from simplex or duplex original documents.
Electrostatographic reproduction apparatus typically produce copies of original information on receiver members, such as cut sheets of plain bond paper for example. Such information may be formed on one side of a receiver sheet (referred to as a simplex copy) or on both sides of a receiver sheet (referred to as a duplex copy). In certain commercial reproduction apparatus capable of producing duplex copies, selected information is electrostatographically reproduced sequentially on the first sides of respective receiver sheets which are thereafter collected in an intermediate tray. Such sheets are then transported sequentially from the intermediate tray back through the apparatus where other selected information is reproduced respectively on the second sides of such sheets. This reproduction procedure is commonly referred to as "two-pass" duplex copying.
A recirculating document feeder for use with an electrostatographic reproduction apparatus capable of making pre-collated or post-collated simplex or "two-pass" duplex copies from simplex or duplex original documents is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,214 (issued Dec. 22, 1987, in the name of Randall). While such feeder represents a significant advancement over prior recirculating feeders, it requires accurate control over the operation of diverters necessary to direct the original documents in appropriate paths to accomplish the various desired modes of operation. Moreover, the document turnover mechanism subjects the document sheets to a degree of handling which can potentially damage the sheets. Since the document sheets are often fragile originals, such potential damage must be avoided if at all possible.


Event

Pozole Making Class at El Centro de la Raza

El Centro de la Raza (The Center for People of All Races) offers tamale making classes and is expanding class offerings! Learn how to cook our favorite dishes, share in our culture, and meet new people all at the same time! Class fees benefit our Senior Nutrition & Wellness Program.

Below is a list of our current classes, but check back often as we will keep updating this list throughout the year.

Pozole Classes:Pozole has its roots in the Nahuatl language. Pozolli, pronounced Pozo-lee, is a traditional Mesoamerican stew known for its main ingredients of red or green chile, meat and the hominy maize corn. This meal in a bowl is indigenous to the tribes living among the U.S. Southwest and Mexico that include the Hopi, Pueblos, the Aztecs and many others. Because of migration patterns by indigenous peoples and the commerce that took place prior to the arrival of the Spanish, indigenous peoples exchanged goods and ideas, this included foods and recipes. Pozolli dates back as far as the tamale and was often viewed as a celebratory meal. This is why today we prepare Pozole for important celebrations, holidays and times of rites of passage. Little has changed from its original ingredients that we still use today. Instructor Raquel hopes you will join her to learn how to make this celebrated traditional dish.


Q:

The equivalence class of the identity element of $G$ defined by $a \sim b$ iff $ab^{-1} \in H$ for $H\le G$.

I already proved that $a \sim b$ is an equivalence relationship.
I think that identity element $e$ of $G$ is defined as: $b b^{-1}$ because $(ab^{-1})(bb^{-1}) = ab^{-1}$
Now I'm just realizing that I also have to prove that $e\ a = a$.
so $(aa^{-1})(ab^{-1}) = ab^{-1}$ as well.
so either $a a^{-1}$ or $b b^{-1}$ are both identity elements?
I'm also getting caught up on what an equivalence class for an identity element actually is.

A:

Since $a \sim e \Leftrightarrow ae^{-1}=a \in H$, the equivalence class of $e$ is $H$. More generally, the equivalence class of $b\in G$ is the right coset $Hb$.


757 F.2d 1291
Hemphillv.Greer & Cross
84-2147
United States Court of Appeals,Seventh Circuit.
2/1/85

1
S.D.Ill.

AFFIRMED


Clinical Tools

DynaMed (Dynamic Medical Information System) is a quick and easy-to-use medical reference system designed for use at the point of care. DynaMed contains clinically organized summaries of nearly 1,800 topics and is updated daily from review of the research literature. This means that the reference information is always up-to-date and does not require new editions. DynaMed is a useful resource in clinical, educational and research settings. [From: About Dynamed]

UpToDate is a practical clinical information service designed to provide instant access to just the information you need. It is written by a recognized faculty of experts who each address a specific clinical issue. They synthesize the latest evidence and best practices and provide detailed recommendations. [Access to UpToDate is co-funded by the Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, and Hardin Library for the Health Sciences.]

Books

ClinicalKey provides access to more than 1100 medical texts published by Elsevier, articles from more than 500 journals, practice guidelines, drug information, and patient education handouts. All can be searched together, individually, or by type of resource (books, journals, etc.) ClinicalKey replaces MDConsult.Users must log in to (free) personal accounts to download PDFs.This resource is not compatible with Internet Explorer.


Updated 7:19 pm, Wednesday, November 8, 2017

In a new Hang Time for ESPN Mag & TV, ESPN's Sam Alipour spent some time with former Tomball High School standout and current Minnesota Timberwolves guard Jimmy Butler.

Alipour and Butler spent the day exploring all the natural beauty that Minnesota has to offer and the end product was more very entertaining.

As the pair prepared to get into the water of Lake Independence in a canoe, Butler made sure to put on two life jackets (he can't swim),

Before getting in the boat, Butler asks, "are there sharks out here?"

The boat then moves as he gets into it, prompting the first of two high-pitched screams from Butler during the video.

Later, when they got back to shore, the canoe capsizes and Butler lets out another scream as he takes a dip into a foot of water.

In between all the laughs and Butler's screams, Alipour and Butler do manage to have a very in depth conversation about Butler being the new guy in Minnesota, what led to him leaving Chicago, and his relationship with coach Tom Thibodeau.


1Department of Rural Health, The University of Melbourne, Shepparton, Victoria, Australia.2Center for Health Policy at Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA.3Rural Family Medicine, Family Medicine Residency of Idaho, Boise, Idaho, USA.


#include "isogram.h"
#include "test/catch.hpp"

using namespace std;

// Isogram exercise test case data version 1.7.0

TEST_CASE("empty_string")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("");

    const bool expected {true};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

#if defined(EXERCISM_RUN_ALL_TESTS)
TEST_CASE("isogram_with_only_lower_case_characters")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("isogram");

    const bool expected {true};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("word_with_one_duplicated_character")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("eleven");

    const bool expected {false};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("word_with_one_duplicated_character_from_the_end_of_the_alphabet")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("zzyzx");

    const bool expected {false};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("longest_reported_english_isogram")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("subdermatoglyphic");

    const bool expected {true};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("word_with_duplicated_character_in_mixed_case")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("Alphabet");

    const bool expected {false};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("word_with_duplicated_character_in_mixed_case_lowercase_first")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("alphAbet");

    const bool expected {false};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("hypothetical_isogrammic_word_with_hyphen")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("thumbscrew-japingly");

    const bool expected {true};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("hypothetical_word_with_duplicated_character_following_hyphen")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("thumbscrew-jappingly");

    const bool expected {false};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("isogram_with_duplicated_hyphen")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("six-year-old");

    const bool expected {true};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("made_up_name_that_is_an_isogram")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("Emily Jung Schwartzkopf");

    const bool expected {true};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("duplicated_character_in_the_middle")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("accentor");

    const bool expected {false};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

TEST_CASE("same_first_and_last_characters")
{
    const bool actual = isogram::is_isogram("angola");

    const bool expected {false};

    REQUIRE(expected == actual);
}

#endif


Colonial surplus

A colonial surplus is a way of measuring the effects of the relationship between colony and metropolis.

A colony, in the sense of a region being ruled by a foreign overseas power, was in a different position from that of an independent country. As Maddison remarked some time ago of India, ‘The major burden of foreign rule arose from the fact that the British raj was a regime of expatriates.’  Such expatriates generate a flow of funds out of the colony. Something similar would have occurred in Latin America during the post-Spanish period of ‘informal rule’ by British and American finance.

Simply, the Colonial Surplus is a measurement of the benefits in money terms gained by citizens, business and government of the colonising power (metropolis) from the colony. It is a measure of exploitation. It describes and calculates part of the economic relationship between colonising power and colony. The part it describes is revenue to the metropolis. The colonial surplus measures in money terms what the metropolis gets out of its colony, its gains. It includes the sum of the trading and financial relationship between the two. (and it covers gains made by other nationals operating in the colony). The foremost part deals with the balance of trade and services.

The presence of a Colonial Surplus may be evidenced by an export surplus on the part of the colony that was outstandingly large. The export surplus must be particularly large for it has to pay real expenses such as insurance and freight of the goods exported which may not be part of the colonial surplus. But it is better if there is a Balance of Payments account for the colony. Better still if this can be supported by statistics from the Balance of Payments or National Income for the metropolis or from other overseas accounts. It need not be supposed that those records of colonial exploitation are especially accurate for accountancy was in its infancy and there will be errors, omissions and downright evasions in them. Nonetheless used critically they should be enough to determine the size of the Colonial Surplus, if any.

Included in this calculation would be items not only like private and government dividends and profits transferred abroad but also pensions transferred abroad, travel expenses to and from the colony, other government expenditures overseas, changes in overseas bank balances and so on. Attention should be paid to profits made but not distributed in the colony and to investment out of undistributed profits which may or may not be included in the colony’s Balance of Payments. An example is the colony of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) where they could not be included in the Balance of Payments for lack of evidence.

In several colonies special arrangements were made for the transfer of funds that that should be included in the Colonial Surplus but do not appear in the colony’s balance of payments data. They have to be sought for elsewhere.

All but one of these items above deal with international transactions (or should do). The exception to this would be the inclusion of incomes made in the colony by non-indigenous private persons and businesses.

Further items might be added, such as the inclusion of the colonial budget (or part of it), special profits made by metropolitan nationals through their superior status, gains from exports to the colony that would not otherwise have been made and so on. These are more debatable items. All of them except for the colonial budget were presented and discussed in a paper on the Netherlands East Indies by a former colonial statistician in 1946. A further method to include underestimated profits and tributes was outlined by Amiya Bagchi in 2002.

Some authors incline to the view that taking changes into account the same principle may be utilised to measure exploitation of developing countries in the present-day world.
Other authors deny the whole validity of the concept.

See also
 British Empire
 History of colonialism

References

Surplus
Category:International economics


# Copyright 1999-2020 Gentoo Authors
# Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2

EAPI=7

DISTUTILS_USE_SETUPTOOLS=rdepend
PYTHON_COMPAT=( python3_{6,7,8} )

inherit distutils-r1

DESCRIPTION="Android Package Protector Identifier"
HOMEPAGE="https://github.com/rednaga/APKiD/"

HASH_COMMIT="5735cde8be1d52a9fa529101063ab3f3eb685424"
SRC_URI="https://github.com/rednaga/APKiD/archive/${HASH_COMMIT}.tar.gz -> ${P}.tar.gz"

LICENSE="GPL-3"
SLOT="0"
KEYWORDS="~amd64 ~x86"
IUSE="test"

RDEPEND="${PYTHON_DEPS}
	dev-python/yara-python[dex,${PYTHON_USEDEP}]
	app-forensics/yara:="
DEPEND="${RDEPEND}"

S="${WORKDIR}/APKiD-${HASH_COMMIT}"

src_prepare(){
	#relax yara and regenarate rules for the current version
	sed "s|yara-python==3.11.0|yara-python>=3.11.0|g" -i setup.py || die
	./prep-release.py
	default
}


Triangle Arthritis & Rheumatology Associates – IV Therapy

At Triangle Arthritis & Rheumatology Associates IV Therapy, we offer infusion therapy in a friendly, calm environment at our in-house infusion suite in Raleigh, NC. Our infusion area provides patients a welcoming atmosphere with calming music and reclining chairs, where our staff can administer treatment for arthritis, infusion therapy for osteoporosis, and more.

The nurses at our infusion suite are not only specially trained to provide the best Raleigh IV infusion therapy, but they’re also passionate about helping you feel relaxed throughout your treatment process. Even before your treatment begins, we’ll provide you with patient education to make sure you’re comfortable with the infusion process. If you have any questions about your treatment, our staff at Triangle Arthritis & Rheumatology Associates IV Therapy will be more than happy to give you the answers you need, as well as a peace of mind.

Feel free to call our office at 919-881-8272, or even reach out to us online to learn more about our infusion therapy services for patients in Raleigh, Durham, Cary, Chapel Hill, Garner, Apex, Morrisville, Holly Springs, Fuquay-Varina and the surrounding areas.

INFUSION MEDICATIONS:

Actemra Infusion

Remicade Infusion

Orencia Infusion

Rituxan Infusion

Benlysta Infusion

Simponi Aria

Reclast Infusion

Triangle Arthritis & Rheumatology Associates IV Therapy has been providing unmatched arthritis treatment to patients in the Raleigh-Durham, NC area for more than 20 years. In 1994, the practice was founded by Dr. Silvia Ross and Dr. Walter Chmelewski, both of whom share the common goal of helping people with rheumatic diseases by:

– Educating them on the symptoms and treatment of arthritis and rheumatic conditions

– Developing a treatment plan that is unique to them in efforts of relieving their pain and improving their overall functionality

As a result of our efforts, we have been able to considerably slow down disease progression in our Raleigh-Durham patients.


/* -*- C++ -*- */

//=============================================================================
/**
 *  @file    Functor_T.h
 *
 *   Templatized classes for implementing function objects that are
 *   used in various places in ACE.  There are currently two major
 *   categories of function objects in ACE: GOF Command Pattern
 *   objects, and STL-style functors for comparison of container
 *   elements.  The command objects are invoked via an <execute>
 *   method, while the STL-style functors are invoked via an
 *   <operator()> method.
 *
 *  @author Chris Gill <cdgill@cs.wustl.edu>
 *  @author Based on Command Pattern implementations originally done by
 *  @author Carlos O'Ryan <coryan@cs.wustl.edu>
 *  @author Douglas C. Schmidt <schmidt@cs.wustl.edu>
 *  @author Sergio Flores-Gaitan <sergio@cs.wustl.edu>
 *  @author and on STL-style functor implementations originally done by
 *  @author Irfan Pyarali  <irfan@cs.wustl.edu>
 */
//=============================================================================

#ifndef ACE_FUNCTOR_T_H
#define ACE_FUNCTOR_T_H
#include /**/ "ace/pre.h"

#include "ace/Functor.h"

#if !defined (ACE_LACKS_PRAGMA_ONCE)
# pragma once
#endif /* ACE_LACKS_PRAGMA_ONCE */

#include "ace/Functor_String.h"
#include "ace/Truncate.h"

ACE_BEGIN_VERSIONED_NAMESPACE_DECL

///////////////////////////////////
// GOF Command Pattern Templates //
///////////////////////////////////

/**
 * @class ACE_Command_Callback
 *
 * @brief
 * Defines a class template that allows us to invoke a GOF
 * command style callback to an object without knowing anything
 * about the object except its type.
 *
 * This class declares an interface to execute operations,
 * binding a RECEIVER object with an ACTION.  The RECEIVER knows
 * how to implement the operation.  A class can invoke operations
 * without knowing anything about it, or how it was implemented.
 */
template <class RECEIVER, class ACTION>
class ACE_Command_Callback : public ACE_Command_Base
{
public:
  /// Constructor: sets the @c receiver_ of the Command to @a recvr, and the
  /// @c action_ of the Command to @a action.
  ACE_Command_Callback (RECEIVER &recvr, ACTION action);

  /// Virtual destructor.
  virtual ~ACE_Command_Callback (void);

  /// Invokes the method @c action_ from the object @c receiver_.
  virtual int execute (void *arg = 0);

private:
  /// Object where the method resides.
  RECEIVER &receiver_;

  /// Method that is going to be invoked.
  ACTION action_;
};

/**
 * @class ACE_Member_Function_Command
 *
 * @brief Defines a class template that allows us to invoke a member
 * function using the GoF command style callback.
 */
template <class RECEIVER>
class ACE_Member_Function_Command : public ACE_Command_Base
{
public:
  typedef void (RECEIVER::*PTMF)(void);

  /// Con Constructor: sets the <receiver_> of the Command to recvr, and the
  /// <action_> of the Command to <action>.
  ACE_Member_Function_Command (RECEIVER &recvr, PTMF ptmf);

  /// Virtual destructor.
  virtual ~ACE_Member_Function_Command (void);

  /// Invokes the method <action_> from the object <receiver_>.  The
  /// parameter is ignored
  virtual int execute (void *);

private:
  /// Object where the method resides.
  RECEIVER &receiver_;

  /// Method that is going to be invoked.
  PTMF ptmf_;
};

/////////////////////////////////
// STL-style Functor Templates //
/////////////////////////////////

/**
 * @class ACE_Hash
 *
 * @brief Function object for hashing
 */
template <class TYPE>
class ACE_Hash
{
public:
  /// Simply calls t.hash ()
  unsigned long operator () (const TYPE &t) const;
};

/**
 * @class ACE_Pointer_Hash
 *
 * @brief
 * Function object for hashing pointers
 */
template <class TYPE>
class ACE_Pointer_Hash
{
public:
  /// Simply returns t.
  unsigned long operator () (TYPE t) const;
};

/**
 * @class ACE_Equal_To
 *
 * @brief
 * Function object for comparing two objects of
 * the given type for equality.
 */
template <class TYPE>
class ACE_Equal_To
{
public:
  /// Simply calls operator==
  bool operator () (const TYPE &lhs,
                    const TYPE &rhs) const;
};

/**
 * @class ACE_Less_Than
 *
 * @brief
 * Function object for determining whether the first object of
 * the given type is less than the second object of the same
 * type.
 */
template <class TYPE>
class ACE_Less_Than
{
public:
  /// Simply calls operator<
  bool operator () (const TYPE &lhs,
                    const TYPE &rhs) const;
};

ACE_END_VERSIONED_NAMESPACE_DECL

#if defined (__ACE_INLINE__)
#include "ace/Functor_T.inl"
#endif /* __ACE_INLINE__ */

#if defined (ACE_TEMPLATES_REQUIRE_SOURCE)
#include "ace/Functor_T.cpp"
#endif /* ACE_TEMPLATES_REQUIRE_SOURCE */

#if defined (ACE_TEMPLATES_REQUIRE_PRAGMA)
#pragma implementation ("Functor_T.cpp")
#endif /* ACE_TEMPLATES_REQUIRE_PRAGMA */

#include /**/ "ace/post.h"
#endif /* ACE_FUNCTOR_T_H */