---
abstract: 'We study the baryon asymmetry of the universe in the supersymmetric standard model (SSM). At the electroweak phase transition, the fermionic partners of the charged SU(2) gauge bosons and Higgs bosons are reflected from or transmitted to the bubble wall of the broken phase. Owing to a physical complex phase in their mass matrix, these reflections and transmissions have asymmetries between CP conjugate processes. Equilibrium conditions in the symmetric phase are then shifted to favor a non-vanishing value for the baryon number density, which is realized through electroweak anomaly. We show that the resultant ratio of baryon number to entropy is consistent with its present observed value within reasonable ranges of SSM parameters, provided that the CP-violating phase intrinsic in the SSM is not much suppressed. The compatibility with the constraints on the parameters from the electric dipole moment of the neutron is also discussed.'
address: |
     Department of Physics, Ochanomizu University\
    Otsuka 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, Japan\
author:
- 'Mayumi Aoki, Noriyuki Oshimo, and Akio Sugamoto'
title:  Electroweak baryogenesis from chargino transport in the supersymmetric model
---

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Introduction {#sec1}
============

The astronomical observations indicate that there exist more baryons than antibaryons in our universe. This baryon asymmetry of the universe may be understood within the framework of physics at the electroweak scale [@kuzmin], since all the necessary ingredients for baryogenesis could be available there [@ewbrev]. Although the standard model (SM) does not account for the asymmetry quantitatively, certain extensions of the SM would be able to overcome those difficulties which the SM encounters. This possibility could give some hints for physics beyond the SM. In particular, it turned out that CP violation in the SM arising from the Kobayashi-Maskawa phase does not lead to an enough amount of asymmetry between the numbers of baryons and antibaryons. The baryon asymmetry could be a unique phenomenon ever found, other than the  system, which enables us to study CP violation.

In this paper, we discuss the possibility of baryogenesis at the electroweak phase transition in the supersymmetric standard model (SSM). This model [@ssmrev], which is one of the most plausible extensions of the SM from the viewpoint of physics at the electroweak scale, contains new sources of CP violation [@cp] wanted for the baryogenesis. In addition, the electroweak phase transition may be strongly first order in the SSM, which is also necessary for the baryogenesis though not compatible with the Higgs boson mass in the SM. Indeed, the constraints on the Higgs boson masses from this requirement could be relaxed [@ewpt] compared to the SM, owing to the richness of Higgs fields, especially by adding a gauge singlet field. It would be thus of great importance to study whether the electroweak baryogenesis is viable in the SSM.

The baryogenesis at the electroweak phase transition could occur within or outside the bubble wall of the broken phase, where baryon number violation by electroweak anomaly is not suppressed. We consider the baryon number generation outside the wall, which has been suggested to give an enough amount of asymmetry in the SSM [@nelson1; @nelson2]. For this process the baryon number is well estimated through the charge transport mechanism [@nelson1; @ctm]. The mediators on which our study is focused are charginos, which consist of the fermionic partners of the charged SU(2) gauge bosons and Higgs bosons and have a mass matrix with a physical complex phase. Since these particles couple to the Higgs bosons by the SU(2) gauge interaction, their scatterings at the wall are not so weak as the leptons, while their asymmetries in the symmetric phase are maintained longer than the quarks. It will be shown that the baryon asymmetry of the universe can be explained in the SSM within the reasonable values for its model parameters. However, the allowed range for the new CP-violating phase is not so wide as estimated before [@nelson1; @nelson2], so that the baryogenesis could give nontrivial constraints on the SSM. Although the baryogenesis within the wall might also be possible in the SSM [@spon], it has been generally shown that an enough amount of baryon asymmetry cannot be produced within the wall only [@dine].

In Sec. \[sec2\] we briefly review the source of CP violation in the chargino sector. In Sec. \[sec3\] we discuss CP asymmetries in the reflection and transmission rates for the charginos at the bubble wall. The procedure for computing these rates, which gives accurate results, is presented explicitly. In Sec. \[sec4\] we calculate the ratio of baryon number to entropy following the charge transport mechanism. The dependences of the ratio on various parameters are also analyzed. Summary is given in Sec. \[sec5\].

Supersymmetric model {#sec2}
====================

A new source of CP violation in the SSM comes from the mass matrices of the SU(2)$\times$U(1) gauginos and Higgsinos. The mass terms for the charged gauginos $\lam$ and Higgsinos $\psm$, $\psp$ are given by $$\begin{aligned}
 {\cal L}&=&-(\overline{\lam} \quad \overline{\psp})M^-\PL
    \left(\matrix{\lam  \cr
                  \psm }  \right)
              +{\rm h.c.},   \\
\label{1}
    M^- &=& \left(\matrix{\m2 & -g\v1^*/\r2 \cr
                -g\v2^*/\r2 & \mH}        \right),
\label{2} \end{aligned}$$ where $\m2$ denotes the mass parameter for the SU(2) gauginos arising from the supersymmetry soft-breaking term; $\mH$ denotes the mass parameter for the Higgsinos from the bilinear term of Higgs superfields in superpotential; and $\v1$ and $\v2$ are respectively the vacuum expectation values of the Higgs bosons with U(1) hypercharges $-1/2$ and $1/2$. The mass matrix (\[2\]) is diagonalized by unitary matrices $C_R$ and $C_L$ as $$C_R^\dagger M^-C_L = {\rm diag}(\mw1, \mw2) \quad
                       (\mw1 <\mw2 ),
\label{3}$$ giving the mass eigenstates for the charginos $\c$.

In general, the parameters $\v1$, $\v2$, $\m2$, and $\mH$ in the mass matrix (\[2\]) have complex values. Although there is some freedom of defining phases for the particle fields, if the SU(2)$\times$U(1) gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken and thus $\v1$ and $\v2$ have non-vanishing values, all the complex phases cannot be rotated away. The redefinitions of the fields make it possible without loss of generality to take $\m2$, $\v1$, and $\v2$ for real and positive. Then $\mH$ cannot be made real. Therefore, there is one physical complex phase in the mass matrix for the charginos, which we express as $$\mH=|\mH|\exp(i\theta).
\label{4}$$ Owing to this complex phase, CP invariance is broken in the interactions for the charginos. Similarly the mass matrix for the neutral gauginos and Higgsinos contains the CP-violating phase.

CP asymmetry {#sec3}
============

At the electroweak phase transition of the universe, if it is first order, bubbles of the broken phase nucleate in the SU(2)$\times$U(1) symmetric phase. In the symmetric phase the gauginos and the Higgsinos are in mass eigenstates themselves. On the other hand, they are mixed to form mass eigenstates in the wall and in the broken phase, owing to non-vanishing vacuum expectation values of the Higgs bosons. Consequently, the gauginos incident on the wall from the symmetric phase can be reflected to become Higgsinos, and vice versa. The charginos from the broken phase can be transmitted to the symmetric phase and become gauginos or Higgsinos. In these processes CP violation makes a difference in reflection or transmission probability between a particle state with a definite helicity and its CP-conjugate state. The induced CP asymmetries shift equilibrium conditions in the symmetric phase for non-vanishing baryon number.

The reflection and transmission rates at the wall are obtained by solving the Dirac equations for the charginos. In the rest frame of the wall the Dirac equations are given by $$\left(\matrix{-i\delt &  \m2  & 0 & -g\v1^*/\r2 \cr
                         -\m2^*  & i\delt & g\v2/\r2 &   0 \cr
                          0  & -g\v2^*/\r2 &   -i\delt & \mH \cr
                      g\v1/\r2 &  0 & -\mH^* &   i\delt}       \right)
  \left(\matrix{\la1 \cr
                         \la3 \cr
                         \ps1 \cr
                         \ps3 \cr}    \right)
                   =i\frac{\partial}{\partial z}
  \left(\matrix{\la1 \cr
                         \la3 \cr
                         \ps1 \cr
                         \ps3 \cr}    \right),
\label{5}$$ $$\left(\matrix{-i\delt &  \m2^*  & 0 & -g\v2/\r2 \cr
                         -\m2  & i\delt & g\v1^*/\r2 &   0 \cr
                          0  & -g\v1/\r2 &   -i\delt & \mH^* \cr
                      g\v2^*/\r2 &  0 & -\mH &   i\delt}      \right)
  \left(\matrix{\la4 \cr
                         \la2 \cr
                         \ps4 \cr
                         \ps2 \cr}   \right)
                  =i\frac{\partial}{\partial z}
   \left(\matrix{\la4 \cr
                         \la2 \cr
                         \ps4 \cr
                         \ps2 \cr}   \right),
\label{6}$$ where the wall is taken to be parallel to the $xy$-plane and perpendicular to the velocity of the particles. The components of the Dirac fields are expressed as $$\lam\equiv\left(\matrix{\la1 \cr
                             \la2 \cr
                             \la3 \cr
                             \la4 \cr}  \right),   \quad
  \PL\psm+\PR\psp\equiv\left(\matrix{\ps1 \cr
                                     \ps2 \cr
                                     \ps3 \cr
                                     \ps4 \cr}  \right).
\label{7}$$ We have adopted the chiral representation for the Dirac $\gamma$ matrices. In the symmetric phase the vacuum expectation values $\v1$ and $\v2$ vanish, while in the broken phase they are related to the $W$-boson mass as $M_W=(g/2)\sqrt{|\v1|^2+|\v2|^2}$. The vacuum expectation values vary along the $z$-axis in the wall. For simplicity, we assume that the wall is situated from $z=0$ to $z=2\dW$ and the $z$-dependences of $\v1$ and $\v2$ are given by $$\begin{aligned}
   \sqrt{|\v1|^2+|\v2|^2}&=&
           \frac{M_W}{g}\{1+\tanh(\frac{z}{\dW}-1)\pi\}, \nonumber \\
   \frac{\v2}{\v1}&=&\tb,
\label{8}\end{aligned}$$ where the ratio $\v2/\v1$ is taken to be constant and equal to its value $\tb$ in the broken phase. The symmetric phase is in the region $z<0$.

As a prototype for the calculation of the reflection and transmission rates, we consider the case that a gaugino with a positive helicity and energy $E$ enters from the symmetric phase. Then the reflected particle (gaugino, Higgsino) has a negative helicity and the transmitted particle (charginos) has a positive helicity by angular momentum conservation. The boundary condition at $z=0$ becomes $$\left(\matrix{\la1 \cr
                         \la3 \cr
                         \ps1 \cr
                         \ps3 \cr}    \right)=
             \{X_1(0)+AX_2(0)+BX_3(0)\}\exp(-iEt),
\label{9}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
       X_1(0)&=&\sqrt{\frac{E+\plam}{2\plam}}
\left(\matrix{1 \cr
              \m2/(E+\plam) \cr
              0 \cr
              0 \cr}              \right),   \quad
      X_2(0)=\sqrt{\frac{E+\plam}{2\plam}}
\left(\matrix{ \m2/(E+\plam) \cr
                         1 \cr
                         0 \cr
                         0 \cr}    \right),  \nonumber \\
      X_3(0)&=&\exp(-i\theta)\sqrt{\frac{E+\ppsi}{2\ppsi}}
\left(\matrix{0 \cr
              0 \cr
              \mH/(E+\ppsi) \cr
              1 \cr}           \right),
\label{10}\end{aligned}$$ where $\plam$ and $\ppsi$ stand for the absolute values of the momenta for the gaugino and the Higgsino. The incident gaugino, the reflected gaugino, and the reflected Higgsino correspond to $X_1$, $X_2$, and $X_3$ , respectively. The boundary condition at $z=2\dW$ becomes $$\left(\matrix{\la1 \cr
                         \la3 \cr
                         \ps1 \cr
                         \ps3 \cr}    \right)
           =\{CY_1(2\dW)+DY_2(2\dW)\}\exp(-iEt),
\label{11}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
       Y_1(2\dW)&=&\sqrt{\frac{E+\p1}{2\p1}}
\left(\matrix{C_{R11} \cr
              C_{L11}\mw1/(E+\p1) \cr
              C_{R21} \cr
              C_{L21}\mw1/(E+\p1) \cr}  \right)\exp(i2\p1\dW),
          \nonumber \\
      Y_2(2\dW)&=&\sqrt{\frac{E+\p2}{2\p2}}
\left(\matrix{C_{R12} \cr
              C_{L12}\mw2/(E+\p2) \cr
              C_{R22} \cr
              C_{L22}\mw2/(E+\p2) \cr}  \right)\exp(i2\p2\dW),
\label{12}\end{aligned}$$ where $\p1$ and $\p2$ stand for the absolute values of the momenta for the two charginos. The lighter and heavier charginos correspond to $Y_1$ and $Y_2$, respectively. For the wave functions $X_1$, $X_2$, and $X_3$ given at $z=0$, those at $z=2\dW$ are obtained by numerically solving the differential equation (\[5\]). The reflection and transmission amplitudes $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ then satisfy the simultaneous equation $$X_1(2\dW)+AX_2(2\dW)+BX_3(2\dW)=CY_1(2\dW)+DY_2(2\dW),
\label{13}$$ which is solved algebraically. The reliability of these numerical calculations may be checked by the sum $|A|^2+|B|^2+|C|^2+|D|^2$, which is in excellent agreement with unity in our results.

We calculate the asymmetries of the transition rates between CP conjugate processes $$\begin{aligned}
       A_\g&=&R(\gp\rightarrow\hm)+R(\gm\rightarrow\hp)
            -R(\agm\rightarrow\ahp)-R(\agp\rightarrow\ahm),
\nonumber   \\
      A_{\c}&=&R(\cp\rightarrow\hp)+R(\cm\rightarrow\hm)
                 -R(\acm\rightarrow\ahm)-R(\acp\rightarrow\ahp),
\label{14}\end{aligned}$$ where $\g$ and $\h$ denote the gaugino and the Higgsino in the symmetric phase, respectively, and $\c$ the chargino in the broken phase. The subscripts $(+)$ and $(-)$ refer to a positive and a negative helicities, respectively. If CP is not violated, $A_\g$ and $A_{\c}$ vanish. In Fig. \[fig1\] the absolute values of these CP asymmetries are shown for (a) $A_\g$, (b) $A_{\omega_1}$, and (c) $A_{\omega_2}$ as functions of the particle energy $E$, taking $\theta=\pi/4$, $\tb=2$, $\m2=|\mH|=200$ GeV, and $\dW=1/200$ (GeV)$^{-1}$. The sign of $A_\g$ is negative for $E<\mw2$ and positive for $E>\mw2$, and those of $A_{\omega_1}$ and $A_{\omega_2}$ are positive and negative, respectively. The sum of $A_\g$, $A_{\omega_1}$, and $A_{\omega_2}$ vanishes by CPT invariance. The CP asymmetry $A_\g$ has values of order of 0.1 for the energy range in slightly excess of the particle mass and has much smaller values in the other energy range. Since the mass of the lighter chargino becomes smaller than that of the gaugino, the gaugino is transmitted to the broken phase at a large rate. This makes the magnitude of $A_\g$ rather small in spite of an unsuppressed value for the CP-violating phase.

Baryon asymmetry {#sec4}
================

The CP asymmetries of the reflection and transmission rates for the charginos lead to a bias on equilibrium conditions favoring baryon asymmetry in the symmetric phase. The free energy is then minimized at a non-vanishing baryon number, to which the initial equilibrium state with no baryon asymmetry approaches through electroweak anomaly. A simple procedure for relating the CP asymmetries with the bias [@nelson1] is to introduce chemical potentials for conserved and approximately conserved quantum numbers and set these quantum numbers for zero. This makes the chemical potential of baryon number given by a hypercharge density, which is induced by the CP asymmetries. Although this procedure may not be completely correct, it would be able to provide a rough estimate for the bias.

Since the hypercharges of the gauginos and the Higgsinos are $0$ and $-1/2$, respectively, the bubble wall emits a net flux of hypercharge by CP violation. The transitions which cause a change of hypercharge in the symmetric phase are (i) $\g\rightarrow\h$, (ii) $\h\rightarrow\g$, $\h\rightarrow\c$, (iii) $\c\rightarrow\h$, and their CP-conjugate transitions. The sum of the probabilities for the transitions in the reaction (ii) is however the same as that for their CP conjugate transitions by CPT invariance, so that a net hypercharge flux can be induced through the reactions (i) and (iii).

The hypercharge flux is calculated by convoluting the transition rates with the thermal flux of incoming particles. In the thermal frame at temperature $T$, the incoming flux from the symmetric phase and that from the broken phase, $f_s$ and $f_b$, are given by $$\begin{aligned}
  f_s&=&\int\int\int_{D_s}\frac{d^3{\bf p}}{(2\pi)^3}
                   (\frac{p_z}{E_T}+v_W)[\exp(\frac{E_T}{T}+1)]^{-1}
           \quad  (D_s:  \frac{p_z}{E_T}+v_W>0),       \nonumber \\
f_b&=&-\int\int\int_{D_b}\frac{d^3{\bf p}}{(2\pi)^3}
                   (\frac{p_z}{E_T}+v_W)[\exp(\frac{E_T}{T}+1)]^{-1}
           \quad  (D_b:  \frac{p_z}{E_T}+v_W<0),
\label{15}\end{aligned}$$ where $E_T$ and $p_z$ represent the total energy and the $z$-component of the momentum for the particle. The wall is taken to be perpendicular to the $z$-axis and moving with the velocity $-v_W (v_W>0)$. The net hypercharge flux therefore becomes $$\begin{aligned}
  F_Y&=&F_\g+\sum_{i=1}^2F_{\c},
\label{16}    \\
  F_\g&=&-\frac{1}{2}\frac{(1-\vW2)T}{(2\pi)^2}
    \int_{\m2}^\infty dE
      E\log[1+\exp\left(
      -\frac{E-v_W\sqrt{E^2-\m2^2}}{T\sqrt{1-\vW2}}
          \right)]
               A_\g,            \nonumber \\
F_{\c}&=&-\frac{1}{2}\frac{(1-\vW2)T}{(2\pi)^2}
    \int_{\mwi}^\infty dE
      E\log[1+\exp\left(
        -\frac{E+v_W\sqrt{E^2-\mwi^2}}{T\sqrt{1-\vW2}}
           \right)]
               A_{\c},             \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ where $E$ represents $\sqrt{p_\perp^2+m^2}$, $p_\perp$ and $m$ denoting the component of the momentum perpendicular to the wall in the wall rest frame and the mass, respectively, for the relevant particle.

Assuming detailed balance for the transitions among the states of different baryon numbers, the rate equation of the baryon number density $\rho_B$ is given by [@dine2] $$\frac{d\rho_B}{dt}=-\frac{\Gamma}{T}\mu_B,
\label{17}$$ where $\Gamma$ denotes the rate per unit time and unit volume for the transition between the neighboring states different by unity in baryon number, and $\mu_B$ stands for the chemical potential of baryon number which represents a bias on the fluctuation of baryon number. In the symmetric phase the rate $\Gamma$ is estimated as $$\Gamma=3\kappa(\alpha_WT)^4 ,
\label{18}$$ where $\kappa$ is of order of unity [@ambjorn].

The chemical potential $\mu_B$ may be related to the hypercharge density through equilibrium conditions [@ewbrev; @nelson1]. In the symmetric phase the gauge interactions and the $t$-quark Yukawa interactions are considered to be in chemical equilibrium. We also take that the self interactions of the Higgs bosons, the Higgsinos, and the gauginos are in equilibrium, respectively. Among the supersymmetric particles, the squarks, sleptons, and gluinos are assumed to be heavy enough. Before the net hypercharge flux is emitted from the wall, the baryon number and the lepton number vanish. We thus impose for equilibrium conditions vanishing values on the baryon and the lepton number densities in each generation, and on the number densities of the right-handed quarks and leptons except the $t$-quark. These constraints lead to the chemical potential for baryon number given by $$\mu_B=-\frac{2\rho_Y}{7T^2},
\label{19}$$ where $\rho_Y$ stands for the hypercharge density. The net hypercharge flux into the symmetric phase induces a net hypercharge density, which makes $\mu_B$ non-vanishing.

We now estimate the baryon number density $\rho_B$ from Eqs. (\[17\]), (\[18\]), and (\[19\]) as $$\begin{aligned}
   \rho_B&=&\frac{2\Gamma}{7T^3}
   \int_{-\infty}^{z/v_W}dt\rho_Y(z-v_Wt)
   =\frac{2\Gamma}{7T^3v_W}\int_0^\infty dz\rho_Y(z)
   \nonumber \\
   &\approx&\frac{2\Gamma F_Y\tau_T}{7T^3v_W}, \end{aligned}$$ where $\tau_T$ is the time which carriers of the hypercharge flux spend in the symmetric phase. This transport time $\tau_T$ may be approximated by the mean free time of the carriers. The rough estimate for $\tau_T$ gives a value of order of $10^2/T-10^3/T$ for the leptons [@joyce], which would also be applicable to the gauginos and the Higgsinos. The ratio of the baryon number to entropy is given by $$\frac{\rho_B}{s}=\frac{135\kappa\alpha_W^4F_Y\tau_T}
                                       {7\pi^2g_*v_WT^2},$$ where $g_*$ represents the relativistic degrees of freedom for the particles. For definiteness, we take $g_*=124.75$, where SU(2)$\times$U(1) gauginos and Higgsinos are taken into account as well as gauge bosons, Higgs bosons, quarks, and leptons.

We show the ratio of baryon number to entropy in Fig. \[fig2\] as a function of the mass parameter $\m2 (=|\mH|)$ for $\tb=2$ and (a) $\theta=\pi/4$ and (b) $\theta=0.1$. For simplicity, we have taken the same value for $\m2$ and $|\mH|$. In the mass range where curves are not drawn, the lighter chargino has a mass smaller than 45 GeV, which is ruled out by experiments [@pdg]. The temperature is taken for $T=200$ GeV. The wall velocity $v_W$ and the wall width $\dW$ have been estimated in the SM as $v_W=0.1-1$ and $\dW\sim 10/T$ [@turok], although there are large uncertainties and model dependences. If the phase transition is strongly first order, the wall width generally becomes thinner. We take four sets of values for $v_W$ and $\dW$ listed in Table \[tab1\], which correspond to four curves (i.a)-(ii.b). For definiteness we set the transport time for $\tau_T=100/T$. The resultant ratio is around $10^{-10}$ for $\theta=\pi/4$ and $10^{-11}$ for $\theta=0.1$, which are consistent with the present observed value $\rho_B/s=(2-9)\times 10^{-11}$ [@pdg]. Except the CP-violating phase $\theta$, the ratio does not vary much with the SSM parameters $\m2$, $|\mH|$, and $\tb$. In Fig. \[fig3\] the ratio of baryon number to entropy is shown as a function of $\theta$ for (i) $T=100$ GeV and (ii) $T=200$ GeV, taking $\tb=2$, $\m2=|\mH|=200$ GeV, $v_W=0.6$, and $\dW=1/T$. If the CP-violating phase is of order of $0.01$, only a large value for $\tau_T$ of order of $10^{3}/T$ barely gives a compatible value.

In the SSM the CP-violating phase $\theta$ gives large contributions to the electric dipole moments (EDMs) of the neutron and the electron at one-loop level through the diagrams mediated by the charginos [@edm]. In Fig. \[fig4\] the neutron EDM is shown as a function of $\m2 (=|\mH|)$ for $\tb=2$. Four curves correspond to four sets of values for $\theta$ and the mass for the $u$- and $d$-squarks, which are listed in Table \[tab2\]. The experimental upper bound on the magnitude of the neutron EDM is about $10^{-25} e$cm [@pdg]. In order to satisfy this bound, the squark mass should be around or larger than 1 TeV for $\theta\sim 0.1$ and 3 TeV for $\theta\sim 1$. Similar constraints are obtained from the EDM of the electron.

Summary {#sec5}
=======

We studied the electroweak baryogenesis mediated by the charginos in the SSM following the charge transport mechanism. The observed baryon asymmetry is explained in reasonable ranges of the SSM parameters. However, the CP-violating phase cannot be so small as estimated in the literature. This is mainly because the gauginos or the Higgsinos incident on the wall from the symmetric phase can be transmitted to the broken phase, thus reducing the overall reflection rates in the wide region of the parameter space. Assuming a moderate value for the transport time, the phase should be at least of order of $0.1$. If this is the case, the squark masses are predicted to be around or larger than 1 TeV from the analysis of the EDM of the neutron.

The SSM has some ambiguities in the Higgs sector. The minimal version of the SSM contains two Higgs doublets and no singlet. However, having a singlet field may well be motivated from various standpoints in particle physics, which could make the electroweak phase transition strongly first order. It should be noted that the chargino sector relevant to our discussions does not depend much on whether the SSM has a singlet or not, so that our analyses are mostly applicable to both cases. The baryon asymmetry could also be generated by the neutralinos which consist of neutral SU(2)$\times$U(1) gauginos and Higgsinos. This neutralino contribution would be at most the same order of magnitude as the chargino contribution.

One of the authors (N.O.) thanks A.E. Nelson for informing him of their work [@nelson1]. We thank T. Uesugi and K. Yamamoto for helpful discussions. This work is supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research for the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (No. 08640357).

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  ------- ------- ------- -------- --------
           (i.a)   (i.b)   (ii.a)   (ii.b)
   $v_W$    0.1     0.1     0.6      0.6
   $\dW$    1/T     5/T     1/T      5/T
  ------- ------- ------- -------- --------

  : The values of $v_W$ and $\dW$ for curves (i.a)–(ii.b) in Fig. \[fig2\].[]{data-label="tab1"}

  ------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------
                         (i)      (ii)     (iii)   (iv)
       $\theta$        $\pi/4$   $\pi/4$    0.1    0.1
   Squark mass (TeV)      1         5        1      5
  ------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------

  : The values of $\theta$ and the squark mass for curves (i)–(iv) in Fig. \[fig4\]. []{data-label="tab2"}


CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va. — A white supremacist rally planned for noon on Saturday, and billed as the largest in decades, was declared an “unlawful assembly” and was cleared by law enforcement. The gathering turned violent before noon, as waves of arriving white nationalist marchers armed with cudgels and carrying shields met with heckles and projectiles from counterprotesters who sought to block their route.

Governor Terry McAuliffe (D-VA) declared a state of emergency “to aid state response to violence” at the rally. National Guard could be seen, as well as state police. The city of Charlottesville also declared a local emergency, which allows it to access additional resources to respond to the conflict. Late Friday night, a judge granted the white nationalist group permission to rally in protest of the city’s decision to take down a statue of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee from Emancipation Park.

Police in riot gear have now taken the high ground in Emancipation Park. #Charlottesville pic.twitter.com/PvS0KImPgK — Robert King (@RbtKing) August 12, 2017

As the crowd built up outside the park where the rally was to be held, minor scuffles started breaking out between counter protesters – a mix of silent prayer, Black Lives Matter and anti-fascist – knowns as “antifa” – and the KKK-like group promoting white supremacy.

The park entrance where the worst of the violence erupted had earlier in the day been blocked by clergy in religious robes, members of a separate nonviolent resistance protest against the hate rally. Standing two and three deep, shoulder to shoulder, the clergy eventually gave way in the face of a concerted forward march by the white power vanguard with their shields.

A tense scene had pervaded for hours Saturday morning, with occasional small scuffles here and there, but it was not until around 11 o’clock that the violence fully broke out.

Virginia state troopers shut down two corners of the park where the rally was to be held. This left open two staircase entrances on the other two corners along Market Street, with barriers guiding rallygoers single-file into the park.

Fights occasionally break into the open with clubs, shields, pepper spray. The only de-escalation is self-policing by each side. CREDIT: ThinkProgress/Joshua Eaton

At one of those two entrances, a group of heavily armed, unidentified militiamen stood by the groups of white nationalists, while a group of antifa counterprotesters sought to rile them up. State police stood above, between metal barriers at the edge of the park, watching.

At the other entrance a group of clergy stood two deep at the top of the stairs, seeking to block passage. But after the corner below erupted in clashes, the group was forced to stand aside as white nationalists filed up this staircase and made it into the park. It was unclear if the clergy resisted.

From that new vantage point, Unite the Right rallygoers began throwing water bottles back at the antifa group that had begun flinging bottles, balloons, and other objects. ThinkProgress reporter Joshua Eaton also noted that protesters, armed with homemade shields, were using mace and pepper spray on each other.

Between these two entrances, a fight began between antifa counterprotesters and white nationalists, focused near the corner where this ThinkProgress Facebook Live video took place, there have been fights as well as bottles and smoking cannisters thrown.

Throughout all of this, the Virginia state troopers stayed off to the side, not intervening, as they have almost the entire area cordoned off.

Armed militiamen stand in front of riot police after Saturday's white supremacist rally was deemed an unlawful gathering in Charlottesville, VA. CREDIT: ThinkProgress/Joshua Eaton

After the Facebook Live video, ThinkProgress reporter Alan Pyke watched a smoking cannister fired from the group of white supremacists in the park into the group of counterprotesters.

Then a white nationalist organizer in the park announced through a bullhorn that the rally had been deemed an unlawful assembly and they’ve been ordered to disperse. A Charlottesville police officer then confirmed this through a megaphone and ordered everyone to disperse. Fights continued to spasm through the crowd for another half hour as most filed away through the streets open to them.

Arrests are being made following declaration of unlawful assembly at Emancipation Park in Charlottesville. #cvilleaug12 pic.twitter.com/6XAn1hYLAS — VA State Police (@VSPPIO) August 12, 2017

Eaton, standing one block away from the park, said that while riot police used a small amount of tear gas to clear the gathering, they initially allowed protesters to gather in nearby intersections and streets.

“Protests have now largely moved to the side streets,” said Eaton who could see hundreds of protesters in the two blocks around the park after the rally was disbursed.

Protestors at rally in Emancipation Park charge at VSP troopers. #cvilleaug12 pic.twitter.com/GwheDCi3hL — VA State Police (@VSPPIO) August 12, 2017

The “scores” of riot police started to line up at the 1st Street intersection near the park and started to push protesters out of the streets.

Observing the tense scene leading up the march, Eaton and Pyke initially noted the sparse police presence there.

The white supremacists also marched through the campus of the University of Virginia on Friday night, seemingly setting the tone for Saturday. Eaton reported:

…hundreds of white, mostly male, protesters broke over the steps of the UVA rotunda, flaming torches held aloft. As they spilled into the courtyard below, the protesters surrounded the Jefferson statue and the counter-protesters with a circle of torches as they chanted “you will not replace us” and “white lives matter.”

Earlier this week, Sebastian Gorka, a deputy assistant to President Trump, told Breitbart News that people should stop criticizing white supremacists so much.

D. Parvaz contributed reporting to this article.

Watch below for scenes from the rally:


NEW DELHI: Congress leader P Chidambaram was on Thursday sent to CBI custody till August 26 by a Delhi court which said his custodial interrogation was justified in the INX Media corruption case."Allegations against Chidambaram are serious in nature and in-depth investigation is required," the court said as it rejected the arguments of the Congress leader's lawyers."Considering the facts and circumstances, I am of the view that police custody is justified," special judge Ajay Kumar Kuhar said after listening to the arguments of both sides."Trail of money, if so paid, is to be ascertained. It is a case based on documentary evidence and those documents need to be traced," the court said.The court observed that allegations of payment to Chidambaram in 2007-08 and 2008-09 are specific and categorical."Investigation needs to be brought to a logical end for which custodial interrogation is sometimes found useful and fruitful," it said.Ruling in favour of CBI, the court ordered that during Chidambaram's custody the agency will get him medically examined regularly as per the rules, and allowed his family members and lawyers to meet him for half an hour every day.Chidambaram was produced in the court amidst tight security and senior advocate Kapil Sibal, appearing for him, argued that the first arrest in the case was of Bhaskar Raman, chartered accountant of Karti, who is presently out on bail.The court heard the arguments of the CBI and Chidambaram's counsel for over one-and-half hours during which the agency said there was a need to unearth a larger conspiracy and to go to the root of the case.Chidamabaram's counsel opposed the CBI plea saying that all the other accused, including his son Karti, have already been granted bail in the case.Besides that, Peter and Indrani Mukherjea, also accused in the case, are out on default bail as they are in jail in connection with another matter, Sibal said.He said the FIPB approval was given by senior officials, who were not arrested.He also contended that grant of bail was a rule and the issue before the court was of personal liberty.However, solicitor general Tushar Mehta said CBI has to interrogate Chidambaram in custody as he was non-cooperative and evasive in replies.The solicitor general told the court that the agency was not extorting confession from Chidambaram but it had the right to reach the root of the case."It is a serious case involving intelligent people and we will fail in our duty if we don't get to the root of the case," the solicitor general said, adding that even Karti underwent custodial interrogation in the case.Mehta said Chidambaram has tremendous potential of not cooperating in probe since he is highly intelligent and certain facts about the case cannot be narrated in the open court.Besides Sibal, senior advocate Abhishek M Singhvi also appeared for Chidambaram, and opposed CBI's plea saying that the former Union minister was not a flight risk.Singhvi said the entire CBI case was based on the statement of Indrani Mukherjea, who has turned approver in the case.He said Chidambaram cannot answer what CBI wants to hear and added that the agency cannot seek remand on the ground of evasive replies.He also argued that there was no allegation of tampering of evidence by CBI.Singhvi further contended that police remand can only be granted in special circumstances and this was a case where there was no new development.He said the agency was asking Chidambaram only old questions since his arrest on Wednesday night.Mehta countered the arguments advanced on behalf of Chidambaram, saying that everybody was equal before the court.He also opposed the plea that Chidambaram be allowed to argue for himself, saying he has able lawyers representing him.Mehta said during his initial arguments that Chidambaram entered into a criminal conspiracy with others in the scam.Chidambaram was arrested after issuance of non-bailable warrant against him, he said, adding that it is a serious and monumental case of money laundering."He is not cooperating in the investigation," Mehta said, adding that he has been evasive in replies and grave offence was committed.He also said Chidambaram's custodial interrogation was necessary to unearth the "quid pro quo and larger conspiracy" and he is required to be confronted with documents.Mehta contended that serious, active and informed role of the accused is made out and money trail is made out and has to be probed.Opposing CBI's arguments, Sibal contended that what the agency said be not taken as "gospel truth".He said that Chidambaram was asked 12 questions and he had already answered six of them previously.Sibal said Chidambaram had requested the agency sleuths to take him in custody on Thursday morning as he had not slept for last 24 hours.But they did not listen to him and took him last night itself, he said.Sibal further argued that CBI could have written a letter to Chidambaram for producing the documents alleged to be in his possession and the agency cannot say he was evasive during the investigation.After the pronouncement of the order, 73-year-old Chidambaram was immediately taken out of the court room by the CBI team.Chidambaram, who was Union home minister and also finance minister during the UPA rule from 2004 to 2014, was arrested Wednesday night after he failed to get protection from the Supreme Court, which did not list for an urgent hearing his appeal against the Delhi high court verdict dismissing his anticipatory bail plea on Tuesday.The CBI had registered an FIR on May 15, 2017, alleging irregularities in the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) clearance granted to the INX Media group for receiving overseas funds of Rs 305 crore in 2007 during Chidambaram's tenure as the finance minister.Thereafter, the ED lodged a money laundering case in this regard in 2018.


Q:

Why can't the second MAV reach the Hermes?

In the beginning of The Martian, the first MAV can reach orbiting Hermes just fine with 5 passengers on board. Yet towards the end of the movie, we are shown that the second MAV needs to lose weight to do the same, even with only one passenger. Why is this?

A:

As explained in this answer:

Shortly after Watney discovers he's stranded he mentions the Ares IV
  MAV is already on-planet, though it is far away - much further away
  than the buggy can take him. Needing to reach the Ares IV mission site
  (where the Ares IV MAV is already) is what prompts him to start
  retrofitting the buggy for longer journeys.
The MAV is an ascent vehicle, only designed to get its occupants into
  Mars orbit, and not much else. The Hermes should have been in Martian
  orbit when the Ares IV MAV launched, and the MAV would have no trouble
  reaching the ship.
However to rescue Watney the Hermes' return trajectory involved a
  slingshot around Mars, intentionally avoiding entering orbit so they'd
  be able to return home. This meant the Hermes was going significantly
  faster than the speed the MAV was designed to intercept at. In order
  for the MAV to gain enough velocity, its weight had to be reduced.


Colney Expansion Original Plans Shocker

Some stories you have to dig for. Furiously scratch at the undergrowth to reveal the glowing truth. A truth that had been concealed by desperate people willing to resort to skullduggery and nefarious means to secrete the facts. You may get dirty in the process but the public deserve to know. The lengths you must resort to may weigh upon your conscience – but the truth will out. Other stories literally fall into your lap.

I was at my usual spot outside Arsenal’s Colney training complex. The security guard who stood sentry had been made aware of my visage some time ago and had made it his duty to stymie my attempts to gain access to the holy grail of Gooner fandom. As the players luxury automobiles drove past me, some took pity on this devoted, if slightly unhinged fan and stopped to sign autographs. That is until they recognised my face and hurriedly zoomed away. The piece of DNA I needed from Santi Cazorla to create the ultimate Arsenal player would have to wait. I already had all the spit I could ever need from the rest of the squad as they grew to hate my repeated attempts to steal their underwear.

I stood in vain hope that a player would stop their car, wind down the window and leave their luxurious head of hair unguarded. Not one even remotely slowed their sojourn into training. I slumped into my foldable chair and supped at my flask of Um Bongo. I would wait out the hours it would take for my heroes to finish honing and sculpting their talents and attempt to curry favour with them as they exited. Maybe try laying in front of the cars as they approached again – although the bruises on my abdomen proved to be an effective reminder of the risk involved.

As I sat musing on tactics to obtain the last jigsaw piece to my Gunner-RoboCop, in my field of vision thanks to my powerful binoculars fell a nondescript suited man shaking hands with none other than Ivan Gazidis. They were shaking hands at the exterior door. Gazidis went back inside and the suited man started to walk up the slim road to where I sat.

He approached me and asked where the nearest bus stop was. It was strange that such an official looking man would look to use public transport as transit. I informed him of the long distance involved but no emotion nor reaction was displayed. With a curt nod he started the long walk towards the bus stop.

I watched him until he could no longer be seen. The encounter struck me as strange, especially seeing as the man had just been involved in a meeting with Arsenal hierarchy.

I contemplated on the finer nuances of the interaction until my eyes fell upon the floor and what lay upon it.

It is now common knowledge that Arsenal have been granted permission to extend and improve the facilities at their expansive Colney training complex. The plans have been viewed and details that were previously sequestered were now in the public eye. The details I held in my hand at that moment were also of training ground plans but held no parallel with the plans that are currently in place.

The object that lay on the floor – upon closer scrutiny – were the original plans for the Colney expansion plans. The details that lay in my palm were vastly different to the ones that everyone know of now. I stuffed the valuable papers into my coat and sped away from the scene. The DNA chase could wait.

I went back to my abode so I could pore over the plans.

The details that I was privy to and now share with you all are of stark contrast to the ones that have been officially released.

The biggest difference would be that all ceilings of all buildings were originally going to be lifted by about seven inches to negate the maintenance costs of continually fixing where Per Mertesacker kept headbutting door frames and lighting. Common sense really.

Amongst the other startling revelations was a planned salon for Mikel Arteta. Seeing as Arteta may be at the club post-career, the club were looking to accomodate Mikel’s demands that his hair must always be of immaculate standard. The permanent transfer of Nicky Clark however, was ongoing.

Another eyebrow-raiser was a Hall of Mirrors that was exclusively for Olivier Giroud. Our chisel-jawed Gaul had complained of a lack of opportunity to view his wonderful features and thus, the club had looked to give him a room devoted to the pursuit of physical perfection.

Seeing as injuries had blighted our start to the season and had continued to dine upon our players, an expansion to the medical centre was in the original plans, but attached to the building was an offshoot of this facility. In this attachment was a massive playroom, filled with ballpits, board games, the finest gaming consoles and other assorted fun activities. It was exclusively for Abou Diaby in his downtime from extensive massages and horse placenta applications. There was ample room for his choice of playmates, be it Jack Wilshere, Aaron Ramsey or Keiran Gibbs – who had regularly frequented the injury centre in the past.

A boxing ring had also been lined up amongst the other fitness paraphernalia. This had another use though, other than another novel way to develop strength and core fitness. Steve Bould had requested it, on the grounds that the frustration he had in seeing his defensive suggestions falling on deaf ears in the early part of the season had caused his ulcers to act up. He had needed a safe method of catharsis in order to improve his health and keep the three hairs that sat upon his head.

Other improvements that had been included in the first set of plans were a permanently running treadmill so Alexis Sanchez can continue his chase for the zenith of fitness, a stage in the centre of the canteen so Carl Jenkinson and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain could work on their ‘banter’ and entertain the players and staff, a gymnastics expert for Laurent Koscielny so he could continue to excel in acrobatic clearancesand not forgetting a ban on zips of any kind within the training complex.

At the back of the dossier, was a single sheet of paper stamped in red ink with the word ‘CONFIDENTIAL’. This sheet contained the biggest and perhaps the most controversial of all the advancements Arsenal had planned.

Dead in the centre of the facilities would be a room filled with high-backed chairs and luxurious comfort. Music that relaxed and enchanted the soul would be piped in to set at ease any who was within its confines. The men who would have access to this sacrosanct room would require a key of which only three would have existed.

Only Jack Wilshere, Wojicech Szczesny and Arsene Wenger would have had possession of the keys. They would go there to unwind and relax. They would go there to smoke the finest of cigars from Cuba and cigarettes rolled on the thighs of Robert Pires. It was a smoking room.

I recoiled when reading this for the first time. These original plans though, they must be disseminated . The people must know. I’ve kept this to myself and have been forced to live out of my car, moving from place to place as the Club have me in their sights. I live in fear and in the shadows. I know I haven’t much time left. My Arsenal DNA project would never reach fulfillment. You all must know the truth. I must leave. Someone is knocking on my car window and I didn’t order room service…………….


Circular Water Management

Used water is not an alternative supply to fresh water - it has always been the supply. Although water is renewable, there is only a fixed amount on earth. The same water that was here billions of years ago still exists today and must be used again and again over centuries to come.

This means there is no "new" water available, and much water must be treated in order to be re-used. When wastewater is treated, those discharges become a source of drinking water for downstream users. Most of the world's population drinks from rivers and streams that have received these discharges.

The Challenge

Water use has tripled globally since 1950 and demand is growing rapidly. It's estimated that 80% of used water is discharged back to the natural environment without any treatment, and this reduces the potential for the water it is polluting to be used effectively.

The Business Case

Increased water demand from people, agriculture, energy and industry endangers water supply security. However, reusing and recycling water enhances that security by saving large quantities of freshwater – while lowering costs, reducing environmental pollution and improving carbon footprints. Given the increasing demand on limited resources though, focusing solely on efficiency is not sufficient.

The Business Solution

Our circular water management business solution aims to change the business mindset so that by 2020, water treatment, water efficiency, and recycling and re-use projects are cost-effective options and common practice worldwide.

We will explore ways to avoid wasting useful resources (water, energy, heat, nutrients, bioplastics) through more sustainable and circular business models. We will implement actions to increase awareness of the opportunities in cross-sector collaboration (e.g. industry-to-industry, municipal-to-industry, industry-to-agriculture) and their financial viability.

We aim to maximize water re-use by developing pilot projects and guidelines, showcasing best practices and sharing smart solutions.


Q:

Glimpse.MVC4 1.3.2 tabs are not showing up

I'm new to Glimpse. My setup: MVC4, EF5, VS 2012, .NET 4.5.
I installed Glimpse using the Package Manager Console. Output:
PM> Install-Package Glimpse
Successfully installed 'Glimpse 1.5.0'.
Successfully added 'Glimpse 1.5.0' to MyProject.Web.

PM> Install-Package Glimpse.AspNet
Attempting to resolve dependency 'Glimpse (= 1.4.2)'.
Successfully installed 'Glimpse.AspNet 1.3.1'.
Successfully added 'Glimpse.AspNet 1.3.1' to MyProject.Web.

PM> Install-Package Glimpse.Mvc4
Attempting to resolve dependency 'Glimpse.AspNet (= 1.3.0)'.
Attempting to resolve dependency 'Glimpse (= 1.4.2)'.
Successfully installed 'Glimpse.Mvc4 1.3.2'.
Successfully added 'Glimpse.Mvc4 1.3.2' to MyProject.Web.

PM> Install-Package Glimpse.Ado
Attempting to resolve dependency 'Glimpse (= 1.4.0)'.
Successfully installed 'Glimpse.Ado 1.4.1'.
Successfully added 'Glimpse.Ado 1.4.1' to MyProject.Web.

PM> Install-Package Glimpse.EF5
Attempting to resolve dependency 'Glimpse.Ado (= 1.4.1)'.
Attempting to resolve dependency 'Glimpse (= 1.4.0)'.
Successfully installed 'Glimpse.EF5 1.3.1'.
Successfully added 'Glimpse.EF5 1.3.1' to MyProject.Web.

Browsing to:
http://localhost/glimpse.axd

gives this result:
Registered Tabs:
 Glimpse.Ado (1.4.1)
  SQL - Glimpse.Ado.Tab.SQL - EndRequest
 Glimpse.AspNet (1.3.1)
  Configuration - Glimpse.AspNet.Tab.Configuration - EndRequest
  Environment - Glimpse.AspNet.Tab.Environment - EndRequest
  Request - Glimpse.AspNet.Tab.Request - EndRequest
  Routes - Glimpse.AspNet.Tab.Routes - EndRequest
  Server - Glimpse.AspNet.Tab.Server - EndRequest
  Session - Glimpse.AspNet.Tab.Session - EndSessionAccess
 Glimpse (1.5.0)
  Timeline - Glimpse.Core.Tab.Timeline - EndRequest
  Trace - Glimpse.Core.Tab.Trace - EndRequest

Runtime Policies:
 Glimpse.AspNet (1.3.1)
  Glimpse.AspNet.Policy.LocalPolicy - BeginRequest *This policy means that Glimpse won't run remotely.*
 Glimpse (1.5.0)
  Glimpse.Core.Policy.AjaxPolicy - BeginRequest
  Glimpse.Core.Policy.ContentTypePolicy - EndRequest
  Glimpse.Core.Policy.ControlCookiePolicy - BeginRequest
  Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy - ExecuteResource
  Glimpse.Core.Policy.StatusCodePolicy - EndRequest
  Glimpse.Core.Policy.UriPolicy - BeginRequest

Detailed Settings:

Inspectors:
 Glimpse.Ado (1.4.1)
  Glimpse.Ado.Inspector.AdoInspector
 Glimpse.AspNet (1.3.1)
  Glimpse.AspNet.Inspector.RoutesInspector
 Glimpse (1.5.0)
  Glimpse.Core.Inspector.TraceInspector
 Glimpse.EF5 (1.3.1)
  Glimpse.EF.Inspector.EntityFrameworkInspector

Resources:
 Glimpse (1.5.0)
  glimpse_ajax - Glimpse.Core.Resource.AjaxResource - parentRequestId (True), hash (False), callback (False)
  glimpse_client - Glimpse.Core.Resource.ClientResource - hash (False)
  glimpse_config - Glimpse.Core.Resource.ConfigurationResource -
  glimpse_history - Glimpse.Core.Resource.HistoryResource - top (False), hash (False)
  glimpse_logo - Glimpse.Core.Resource.LogoResource - hash (False)
  glimpse_metadata - Glimpse.Core.Resource.MetadataResource - hash (False), callback (False)
  glimpse_popup - Glimpse.Core.Resource.PopupResource - requestId (True), hash (False)
  glimpse_request - Glimpse.Core.Resource.RequestResource - requestId (True), hash (False), callback (False)
  glimpse_sprite - Glimpse.Core.Resource.SpriteResource - hash (False)
  glimpse_version_check - Glimpse.Core.Resource.VersionCheckResource - hash (False), stamp (True), callback (False)

Client Scripts:
 Glimpse (1.5.0)
  Glimpse.Core.ClientScript.Client - ClientInterfaceScript
  Glimpse.Core.ClientScript.Data - RequestDataScript
  Glimpse.Core.ClientScript.Metadata - RequestMetadataScript

Framework Provider: Glimpse.AspNet.AspNetFrameworkProvider
Html Encoder: Glimpse.Core.Extensibility.AntiXssEncoder
Logger: Glimpse.Core.Extensibility.NLogLogger
Persistence Store: Glimpse.Core.Framework.ApplicationPersistenceStore
Resource Endpoint: Glimpse.AspNet.HttpHandlerEndpointConfiguration
Serializer: Glimpse.Core.Extensibility.JsonNetSerializer
Default Resource: Glimpse.Core.Resource.ConfigurationResource - glimpse_config
Default Runtime Policy: Glimpse.Core.Extensibility.RuntimePolicy
Proxy Factory: Glimpse.Core.Framework.CastleDynamicProxyFactory
Message Broker: Glimpse.Core.Extensibility.MessageBroker
Endpoint Base Uri: ~/Glimpse.axd

Registered Packages:

NOTE, doesn't represent all the glimpse dependent Nuget packages you have installed, just the ones that have registered as a Glimpse Nuget package

Glimpse.Ado - 1.4.1
Glimpse.EF5 - 1.3.1
Glimpse - 1.5.0
Glimpse.AspNet - 1.3.1
Glimpse.Mvc4 - 1.3.2 <--- was missing earlier, but after clearing
                          temporary asp.net files, this appeared.

I can see the Glimpse icon on the browser and I can see the following tabs with data:

Configuration
Environment
Request
Routes
SQL
Server
Session
Timeline
Trace

But any tab related to MVC4 is missing.

Execution
Model Binding
Metadata
Views

Things that I've tried to fix this problem, but failed.

Tried using @Html.GlimpseClient() as I was getting  not found as seen in the log, but it didn't help. I was able to see Glimpse icon and other tabs even when I was getting this error.
I don't have any custom model binders, it is just a regular MVC4 web project. So I don't the fix for the custom model binder will work. I maybe wrong.
Cleared "temporary asp.net files" and now on the "Registered Packages:" list above, I see Glimpse.Mvc4 - 1.3.2. Vola! But, I still don't see MVC related tabs.

Stuck here now. I'm enjoying data in other tabs very much, but would love to get the MVC tabs as well.
Glimpse log:
2013-07-23 02:23:50.2773 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |
2013-07-23 02:23:59.0328 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |
2013-07-23 02:24:07.2382 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |
2013-07-23 02:24:26.9564 | WARN | Unable to locate '</body>' with content encoding 'Unicode (UTF-8)'. Response may be compressed. |
2013-07-23 02:24:27.4934 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |
2013-07-23 02:24:41.8112 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ModifyResponseHeaders' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.AjaxPolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'BeginRequest'. |
2013-07-23 02:24:42.7413 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ModifyResponseHeaders' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.AjaxPolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'BeginRequest'. |
2013-07-23 02:24:55.0730 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ModifyResponseHeaders' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.AjaxPolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'BeginRequest'. |
2013-07-23 02:24:59.2632 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |
2013-07-23 02:25:07.2067 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |
2013-07-23 02:25:12.0079 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |
2013-07-23 02:25:15.0111 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'Off' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.ContentTypePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'EndRequest'. |
2013-07-23 02:25:15.0111 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'Off' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.ContentTypePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'EndRequest'. |
2013-07-23 02:25:15.1161 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'Off' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.ContentTypePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'EndRequest'. |
2013-07-23 02:25:15.3461 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |
2013-07-23 02:25:19.7284 | DEBUG | RuntimePolicy set to 'ExecuteResourceOnly' by IRuntimePolicy of type 'Glimpse.Core.Policy.GlimpseResourcePolicy' during RuntimeEvent 'ExecuteResource'. |

A:

Apparently it was the same issue as mentioned here
So the workaround, until the next version of Glimpse contains the fix, is by adding BuildManager.GetReferencedAssemblies() to the Application_Start method inside the Global.asax


The Budget 2015:

Some of the things that were announced

We wanted to highlight a few of the main points of interest for us here. However, we can’t say we were too excited by the £250,000 pledged to new research in relation to the difficulties faced by urban seagulls!

Of particular interest, we have been tracking the improved press that peer-to-peer lending is getting. These are loans and financial products advanced by individuals mostly online, cutting out financial institutions (find out more about crowd-sourced loans here). Investments on these platforms are now permitted in ISA accounts. This is coupled with new rules that permit savers to withdraw money from an ISA and repay it in the same year; not losing their entitlement. We see this as the start of more reform to come in the alternative finance arena.

A few other budget highlights are outlined below:

corporation tax was cut to 20%

the government has pledged a £1.3bn package of support for the oil and gas industry. It is predicted that this will lead to an increase of £4bn of extra investment by 2020 with an associated increase in production by 15%

NS&I’s pensioner bonds will be available until May 2015. The original aim of £10bn allocated will have an uplift of £3.2bn of financing

a new personal savings allowance will be implemented from April 2016 which will not tax the first £1,000 of savings income for basic-rate taxpayers, and the first £500 for higher-rate taxpayers

after we saw the closure of many drinking establishments in the last few years, the budget set forth the third annual reduction that supports the industry, with 1p off a pint of beer and 2% cut on duty for Scotch and cider

the fuel duty increase that was expected to be in September has been delayed

we welcomed the doubling of UKTI resources in order to encourage exports to China. This works towards the growth target for the UK of 2.4% by 2019. We also can’t complain about the £600m to increase the speed of internet and phone calls

Osborne responded to the fallout from the HSBC scandal by allowing criminal charges for tax evasion

the tax free allowance has increased to £10,800 next year and £11,000 the year following. This is set to assist 27m people

the 40% rate of tax has increased to £43,300 in 2017-18. The Chancellor has expressed a desire to raise this to £50,000 with a tax free allowance of £12,500

a ‘Help to Buy’ ISA means that the Government will put £50 into every £200 saved, up to £15,000. This comes with a limit on the associated purchase price of the property of £250,000 or less outside London or £450,000 or less in London.


A father accused of murdering his four-year-old didn't call 911 for at least 40 minutes despite his daughter suffering a "catastrophic" spinal injury that left her unconscious and in cardiac arrest, a judge in Calgary was told Monday.

Oluwatosin Oluwafemi is charged with second-degree murder in the death of his daughter, Olive Rebekah Oluwafemi.

In the hours after her death on Dec. 19, 2014, police took photos of the child's body showing injuries covering her entire body from her ears to her feet.

Oluwafemi's trial got underway Monday morning with prosecutor Melissa Bond outlined the evidence in an opening statement.

Prosecutors say Oluwafemi was the only one who had the opportunity to inflict the fatal injuries on Rebekah.

Husband calls wife, not 911

On that day in 2014, Oluwatosin Oluwafemi's wife, Itunu Oluwafemi, left for work around 8:30 a.m.

Around noon, a furnace repairman showed up at the Oluwafemi's home and is expected to testify that he observed Rebekah in the family room playing quietly.

Just after 3 p.m., Oluwatosin called his wife. She left work immediately and arrived home 20 minutes later to see her husband performing CPR on their daughter.

Shortly after that, a family friend also arrived at the Oluwafemi home where she "observed Rebekah's lifeless body." Tayo Awotesu told Rebekah's parents to call 911

By 3:40 p.m., paramedics arrived at the house. They found the girl unconscious, not breathing and in cardiac arrest.

Rebekah was taken to hospital but was pronounced dead at 4:43 p.m.

Medical staff contacted police. A detective took photos of Rebekah's body that showed injuries all over her body including bruises on her head, neck, ear, chest, back, legs, arms, hands, thighs and feet.

The fatal injury was a "catastrophic injury" to her cervical spine.

Parents uncooperative, investigators say

At the time of Oluwafemi's arrest, investigators said the parents were unco-operative and had told police Rebekah was injured when she fell down the stairs.

The medical examiner found the child died of several blunt force injuries.

Oluwafemi and his family moved to Ontario within weeks of Rebekah's death and were living in Keswick, north of Toronto.

Oluwafemi was charged one year after her death.

He's currently out on bail.

Court of Queen's Bench Justice Suzanne Bensler is presiding over the three-week trial.

Oluwafemi is represented by defence lawyer Rebecca Snukal. Melissa Bond and Donna Spaner are prosecuting the case.


Q:

How to call another view models constructor in MVVM Light

I've got a method that authenticates a users login.  If the user correctly logs in I'd like to call two view models contructors just in case the user has logged in.  Below is my sample code.  What is the best way to acheive this?
Sending view model:
        if (UserName == userName && Password == password)
        {
            ProjectManager.Instance.IsAdmin = true;
            isLoggedIn = true;
            IsLoggedIn = true;
            ValidLoginImage();
            LoginStatus = "Admin Logged In";
            MessengerInstance.Send(true);

        }

Receiving View Model:
    private void RegisterForMessages()
    {
        MessengerInstance.Register<bool>(this, UpdateEnabled);
    }

    private void UpdateEnabled(bool b)
    {
        IsLoggedIn = b;
    }

The registerformessage method never gets called.

A:

Since you're already using MvvmLight, I'd just send a message containing a boolean that calls a method in the view model to update it.  Register for the messages in the view model that needs updating.  Then it will wait for the "ok i'm logged in" boolean, then run some method that updates your IsEnabled property.  Put this in the view model that needs to be updated:
/// <summary>
        /// Listen for messages from other ViewModels
        /// </summary>
        private void RegisterForMessages()
        {
            MessengerInstance.Register<bool>(this, UpdateMyStuff);
        }

private void UpdateMyStuff(bool b)
        {
            IsEnabled=b;
        }

Then send the message when the user logs in this with this:
//logged in successfully code here...
MessengerInstance.Send(true);  //or your IsLoggedIn property

you can send false if this view has logout or whatever.
This will let your view model know the status of whether the user is logged in, and allow you to update accordingly.  obviously, you need to make sure you implement INotifyPropertyChanged etc.  This is all part of MVVMLight already.  If your viewmodel implements MvvmLight's ViewModelBase, it will already be ready for you.


Figure 1 is a duplicate of Figure 8. Please view the correct Figure 1 here:

![](pone.e0842765-3cae-4737-8b5b-96aeb12d7fb5.g001){#pone-e0842765-3cae-4737-8b5b-96aeb12d7fb5-g001}

**Competing Interests:**No competing interests declared.


Swat-CUP

SWAT-CUP (SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Procedures) is a program designed to integrate various calibration/uncertainty analysis programs for SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool) using the same interface. Currently the program can run SUFI2 (Abbaspour et al., 2007), GLUE (Beven and Binley, 1992), and ParaSol (van Griensven and Meixner, 2006). To create a project, the program guides the user through the input files necessary for running a calibration program. Each SWAT-CUP project contains one calibration method and allows user to run the procedure many times until convergence is reached. User can save calibration iterations in the iteration history for later use. Also we have made it possible to create charts of observed and simulated data and the predicted uncertainty about them.

Targets
 Integrate various calibration/uncertainty analysis procedures for SWAT in one user interface and visualize the results.
 Make the calibrating procedure easy to use for students and professional users of SWAT.
 Make the learning of the programs easier for beginners.
 Provide a faster way to do the time-consuming calibration operations and standardize calibration steps.
 Add extra functionalities to calibration operations such as creating graph of calibrated results and data comparison.

User Interface
SWAT-CUP uses an advanced user-friendly interface, similar to the Microsoft Office 2007, with the same UI features. Everything has the same standard as Microsoft products, so all users can easily learn and use the program.

Users
As SWAT-CUP is related to SWAT software and has extra functionalities for calibration and uncertainty analysis, SWAT-CUP would be useful for all SWAT users.

SWAT-CUP2 was made possible with contributions from:
 Mahdi Vejdani and Sohail Haghighat of Neprash Company who wrote the SWAT-CUP interface
 Raghvan Srinivasan of Texas A&M University who provided financial support
 Jing Yang of Eawag who initially linked the optimization procedure to SWAT and created the MCMC algorithm as part of his PhD thesis with supervision of Peter Reichert and Karim C. Abbaspour.

References

 Abbaspour, K.C., J. Yang, I. Maximov,., R. Siber, K. Bogner, J. Mieleitner, J. Zobrist, R. Srinivasan. 2007. Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT. Journal of Hydrology, 333:413-430.
 Abbaspour, K.C., 2005. Calibration of hydrologic models: when is a model calibrated in Zerger, A. and Argent, R.M. (eds) MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, December 2005, pp. 2449–12455. . http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/papers/abbaspour.pdf
 Abbaspour, K.C., Johnson, A., van Genuchten, M.Th., 2004. Estimating uncertain flow and transport parameters using a sequential uncertainty fitting procedure. Vadose Zone Journal 3(4), 1340–1352.
 Abbaspour, K. C., R. Schulin, M. Th. Van Genuchten, 2001. Estimation of unsaturated soil hydraulic parameters using ant colony optimization. Advances in Water Resources,24: 827–841.
 Abbaspour, K. C., M. Sonnleitner, and R. Schulin. 1999. Uncertainty in Estimation of Soil Hydraulic Parameters by Inverse Modeling: Example Lysimeter Experiments. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J., 63: 501–509.
 Abbaspour, K. C., M. Th. van Genuchten, R. Schulin, and E. Schläppi. 1997. A sequential uncertainty domain inverse procedure for estimating subsurface flow and transport parameters. Water Resour. Res., v. 33, no. 8., pp. 1879–1892.
 Arnold, J.G., Srinivasan R., Muttiah R.S., Williams J.R., 1998. Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment - Part 1: Model development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34(1), 73–89.
 Bard, 1974. Non Linear Parameter Estimation. Academic Press, New York N.Y.
 [George E. P. Box|Box, G.E.P.]; G.C. Tiao (1973) Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis, Addison-Wesley- Longman, Reading, Mass
 Beven, K. and Freer, J., 2001. Equifinality, data assimilation, and uncertainty estimation in mechanistic modelling of complex environmental systems using the GLUE methodology. Journal of Hydrology, 249(1-4): 11–29.
 Beven, K. and Binley, A., 1992. The Future of Distributed Models - Model Calibration and Uncertainty Prediction. Hydrological Processes, 6(3): 279–298.
 Duan, Q., Global Optimization for Watershed Model Calibration, in Calibration of Watershed Models, edited by Q. Duan, H. V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, A. N. Rousseau, and R. Turcotte, pp. 89–104, AGU, Washington, DC, 2003.
 Duan, Q., V. K. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, Effective and efficient global optimization for conceptual rainfall-runoff models, Water. Resourc. Res., 28:1015-1031, 1992.
 Duan, Q., S. Sorooshian, H. V. Gupta, A. N. Rousseau, and R. Turcotte, Advances in Calibration of Watershed Models, AGU, Washington, DC, 2003.
 Eckhardt K and J.G. Arnold. Automatic calibration of a distributed catchment model., J.Hydrol., 251: 103–109. 2001.
 Faramarzi, M., K.C. Abbaspour, H. Yang, R. Schulin. 2008. Application of SWAT to quantify internal renewable water resources in Iran. Hydrological Sciences. .
 Gelman, S., Carlin, J.B., Stren, H.S., Rubin, D.B., 1995. Bayesian Data Analysis, Chapman and Hall, New York, USA.
 Gupta, H. V., S. Sorooshian, and P. O. Yapo, Toward improved calibration of hydrologic models: multiple and noncommensurable measures of information, Water. Resourc.Res., 34:751-763, 1998.
 Holland, J.H. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 183 p, 975, 1975.
 Hornberger, G.M. and Spear, R.C., 1981. An Approach to the Preliminary-Analysis of Environmental Systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 12(1): 7–18.
 Kuczera, G., Parent, E., 1998. Monte Carlo assessment of parameter uncertainty in conceptual catchment models: the Metropolis algorithm. Journal of Hydrology,211(1-4): 69–85.
 Legates, D. R. and G. J. McCabe, Evaluating the use of "goodness-of-fit" measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation, Water. Resourc. Res., 35:233-241,1999.
 Madsen, H., Parameter estimation in distributed hydrological catchment modelling using automatic calibration with multiple objectives. Advances in water resources, 26, 205–216, 2003.
 Marshall, L., D. Nott, and A. Sharma 2004. A comparative study of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling. Water Resources Research, 40, W02501, .
 McKay, M.D., Beckman, R. J., Conover, W.J., 1979. A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code. Technometrics. 21, 239–245.
 Nash, J. E., J. V. Sutcliffe, 1970. River Flow Forecasting through Conceptual Models 1. A Discussion of Principles. Journal of Hydrology 10(3), 282–290.
 Nelder, J.A., R. A. Mead, simplex method for function minimization, Computer Journal, 7,308-313, 1965.
 Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., 1992. Numerical Recipe, The Art of Scientific Computation. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain.
 Romanowicz, R. J., Beven K., and Tawn J. 1994. Evaluation of Predictive Uncertainty in Nonlinear Hydrological Models Using a Bayesian Approach. In: Statistics for the Environment 2, Water Related Issues, eds V. Barnett and K. F. Turkman, 297–315, Wiley, Chichester.
 Schuol, J., K.C. Abbaspour, R. Srinivasan, and H. Yang. 2008a. Modelling Blue and Green Water Availability in Africa at monthly intervals and subbasin level. Water Resources Research. VOL. 44, W07406, .
 Schuol, J., Abbaspour, KC., Sarinivasan, R., Yang, H. 2008b. Estimation of freshwater availability in the West African Sub-continent using the SWAT hydrologic model. Journal of Hydroloy. 352(1-2):30-49.
 Van Griensven A. and W. Bauwens. 2003. Multi-objective auto-calibration for semidistributed water quality models, Water. Resourc. Res. 39 (12): Art. No. 16 December 1348.
 Van Griensven, A., Meixner, T., 2006. Methods to quantify and identify the sources of uncertainty for river basin water quality models. Water Science and Technology, 53(1): 51–59.
 Vrugt, J. A., H. V. Gupta, W. Bouten, and S. Sorooshian. 2003. A shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis Algorithm for Estimating Posterior Distribution of Watershed Model Parameters, in Calibration of Watershed Models, ed. Q. Duan, S. Sorooshian,
 H. V. Gupta, A. N. Rousseau, and R. Turcotte, AGU Washington DC, .
 Yang, J., Reichert, P., Abbaspour, K.C., Yang, H., 2007. Hydrological Modelling of the Chaohe Basin in China: Statistical Model Formulation and Bayesian Inference. Journal of Hydrology, 340: 167–182.
 Yang, J., Abbaspour K. C., Reichert P., and Yang H. 2008. Comparing uncertainty analysis techniques for a SWAT application to Chaohe Basin in China. In review. Journal of Hydrology. 358(1-2):1-23.
 Yapo, P. O., Gupta, H.V., Sorooshian, S., 1998. Multi-

External links

 EAWAG.CH
 NeprashGostar.com
 Neprash.com
 Texas University

Category:Hydrology


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wiring board in which two or more conductive layers and two or more insulation layers are alternately laminated on both sides of a core substrate, and to a method for manufacturing such a wiring board.
2. Discussion of the Background
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-210952 describes a wiring board, which has a through-hole conductor formed by filling plating in a through hole and a via conductor formed by filling plating in a via hole. Such a through-hole conductor and via conductor are stacked vertically one over another (in a direction Z).
The contents of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2001-210952 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety in the present application.


Technical Specs

24" Transitional Double Towel Bar

A modern twist on traditional design aesthetics, the blended transitional Clarendon collection complements a full spectrum of bath and powder rooms with both curved and rectangular forms. Complements a variety of Amerock cabinet hardware and coordinates well with Amerock's Mulholland Collection.

Amerock is defining cabinet hardware fashion in homes everywhere. Amerock continues to introduce new designs, colors, and finishes, based on constant surveys of decorating trends and consumer preferences. Amerock brings you fresh, lasting looks which appeal to a variety of tastes

2 Questions from the Community

The Amerock BH26505 is not designed to be trimmed down.

The Amerock BH26505 is made of zinc and brass.

What is this bar made of?

A. The Amerock BH26505 is made of zinc and brass.

Product Reviews

Rated 3 out of
5 by
Tlady from
wash cloth mars finishI bought this bar about 2 years ago and have daily put a wet wash cloth on it to dry. Recently I noticed that the dark bronze finish was hazy white. Thinking that it was mineral scale, I tried to remove it with Barkeepers Friend only to find that it removed the dark finish completely. I suppose I have voided the warranty, so I will be buying another holder to match the other hardware in my bathroom. Just beware of using wet cloths on a consistent basis. Otherwise I love the look and the sturdiness of this item.

Date published: 2014-02-25

Rated 5 out of
5 by
FloridaRemodelGal from
Great style, awkward putting towels on front bar.I wanted to use double towel bars to allow my towels to be folded fewer times, so they would dry better. I decided to put wash cloths on the back, and towels on the front one.
I checked the distance between bars in the item specifications, and they seemed far enough apart. I happen to use a very large towel, called bath sheets, and it is very thick. I have to be careful when I put the towel on the front, or I knock off the washcloth on the back bar.
(If the bars were farther apart, they probably would protrude so far that they would be in the way.)
I really do like the style, as it blends well with my 20-year-old bathrooms, which have modern elements such as vessel sinks.
Would I use them again? - I would. I like the function of additinal space for towels, but I have to be very careful when replacing towels.

Date published: 2013-05-21

Rated 5 out of
5 by
BigSis from
Beautiful towel barWe have limited space for towel bars, so this double bar was our best choice. I am able to put two bath towels on the back rod, with hand towels and washcloths on the front rod. It works nicely in our circumstances. The product is well made and of excellent quality, and is exactly as represented. I really like the build.com website for all of the information and specifications it provides. Also, they shipped very quickly and everything arrived in excellent condition. I highly recommend.

Date published: 2014-12-06

Rated 5 out of
5 by
bddd from
Love it!Exactly what we wanted! We are very pleased with the purchase!

Date published: 2013-04-06

2015-03-02T19:24CST

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Amerock Clarendon Collection

Warranty Info

Guardian

Lifetime Guarantee

The Amerock® Corporation warrants that all products protected with the Guardian Lifetime Guarantee™ against defects in material and workmanship for as long as the original consumer purchaser owns the product. If the finish of any of the items protected by the Guardian Lifetime Guarantee™ tarnishes or corrodes, Amerock® will send to the original purchaser, without charge, a new replacement product of the same or comparable style and quality. If a replacement is no longer available, Amerock® will refund to the original purchaser the current retail value of the knob or pull. This warranty does not include removal of the defective product or installation of the replacement product, which are the responsibilities of the original purchaser. This warranty does not cover product failure caused by improper installation, product abuse, casualty, or other abnormal conditions.

If a defective knob or pull is encountered, please take the following action to receive a replacement:


These last vacation days have been crazy-amazing, I got to say. First off, we had a wonderful family re-union on Thanksgiving since everyone arrived back home from all parts of the US. However, back in the day, when we were very young, we enjoyed Black Friday shopping. We weren’t fans of all the violence and dangers […]

Many times before, I have talked about the dynamics within my own family both before the adoption and after the adoption. And although many of you will wonder how can a young child remember dynamics (since adoption took place over 10 years ago), I assure you that children’s memories rarely fade away. So feel free […]

I’m not going to make things to complicated with time frames and when exactly did this trip take place. It was somewhere within the first five years of the adoption. Basically we had never at that point taken a family trip-vacation (not even prior to the girls arriving at our home) and we thoughts it […]

In older articles posted on Ansa Nest, I have briefly talked about the experience we had as a family during the adoption of 3 African girls. And when reading something like this, or listening to a similar story, it sometimes seems extremely fascinating. Keep in mind that my mother decided to adopt because of an […]

In a certain part of this site or even in other posts created, I speak briefly about the initial reason of the adoption. So far, it has been best described in the first few paragraphs of this post. Some extra details though are important to be mentioned. In short: Why did my parents (mostly my […]

Very soon in my sister’s journey, everything seemed to be in place: The awkwardness was gone, the first initial “shock” was nowhere to be found and there was a very good sense of family unity. Not everyone fully adapted (even to this day) to this change. My two older brothers had different views on the adoption […]

We are at this point of our story, where an introduction has been made by both parties and we are all trying to fit in our minds this very bizarre change in our family format. It isn’t easy (especially for the younger ones) to adapt to something like this that quickly. So during all the time […]

Reading through my website and the past blogs I had posted, I realized that I haven’t really given you a geographical location in which everything from the time of the adoption is taking place. Maybe I did this intentionally? Keep you guys in suspense? In any case, everything is taking place in the South. Specifically […]

The following events and stories to be talked about, are continuing the logic of the previous posts and are following the time frames in which these events took place. Throughout the first few weeks and especially after some major strange behaviors faded away, everyone was able (including my sisters) to start meeting each other in depth […]

In my latest post, I mentioned basically very briefly the events that took place from the day an adoption was decided, until my father and 3 black sisters arrived at our home. I still remember waking up from a very short after-lunch nap (honestly don’t know if I even slept by the anxiety.) I was […]


Friday, November 21, 2008

Black Wholecuts

Friday! Already.

We are excited. Lots happened this week. All very embryonic, but you will be the first to know as soon as we have concrete news.

My favourite bespoke shoe, the wholecut. Just about to make one and it's always a pleasure. One piece of leather; one seam. How is it possible? It's the closest the shoemaker gets to alchemy. I think it is the simplest yet most elegant shoe, the quintessence of Englishness.

This model is black with a red lining and made on a very pointed last. It's going to be beautiful handmade bespoke shoe and is destined to be one of our new bespoke samples, so you may see it in our publicity material.

The insole is prepared and it's ready for lasting. The stitches are bigger than normal because it is not going to be worn and does not have to have the usual strength. On a normal shoe, it is 4 stitches to the inch. Or just under. Any smaller and you weaken the insole, which is the core strength of the shoe. If that fails, the shoe will fall apart.


Dietary and genetic effects on low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity.
We have tested whether differences in distribution and dietary responsiveness of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses contribute to the variability in the magnitude of LDL-cholesterol reduction induced by diets low in total and saturated fat and high in carbohydrate. Our studies have focused on a common, genetically influenced metabolic profile, characterized by a predominance of small, dense LDL particles (subclass pattern B), that is associated with a two- to threefold increase in risk for coronary artery disease. We have found that healthy normolipidemic individuals with this trait show a greater reduction in LDL cholesterol and particle number in response to low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets than do unaffected individuals (subclass pattern A). Moreover, such diets result in reduced LDL particle size, with induction of pattern B in a substantial proportion of pattern A men. Recent studies have indicated that this response is under genetic influence. Future identification of the specific genes involved may lead to improved targeting of dietary therapies aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease risk.


RanBP2 (red) anchors Epac1 (green) to the nuclear envelope in control cells (left), but RanBP2 knockdown leads to Epac1\'s enrichment in the nucleus and cytoplasm (right).The nucleoporin RanBP2 tethers a GTPase regulatory protein to nuclear pores, thereby limiting its ability to promote cell adhesion, Gloerich et al. reveal.

Epac1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates the Rap1 GTPase to promote a variety of cellular functions, including intercellular and cell-matrix adhesion. Epac1 itself is activated by several cell signaling pathways through the second messenger cAMP. In addition, the exchange factor is anchored by various proteins to specific locations in the cell to control exactly where Rap1 is switched on.

Gloerich et al. discovered that Epac1 is anchored to the nuclear envelope by the nuclear pore protein RanBP2. However, the team found that Epac1 is kept inactive at this location because RanBP2\'s zinc fingers bind directly to the exchange factor\'s catalytic domain. Knocking down RanBP2 by RNAi released Epac1 into the cytoplasm and boosted its ability to activate Rap1 and promote cell adhesion.

cAMP was unable to free Epac1 from RanBP2\'s clutches, but the exchange factor was liberated at the onset of mitosis, when RanBP2\'s zinc fingers are phosphorylated by mitotic kinases. Senior author Johannes Bos doesn\'t yet know the identity of these kinases, but he speculates that Epac1\'s release in mitosis might help cells rapidly reestablish their contacts with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix following cell division.


EDIT: I found both answers to my question to be unsatisfactory. But I think this is because the question itself is unsatisfactory, so I reworded it in order to allow a good answer.

One take on contextuality is to develop an inequality on measurement outcomes that is satisfied for any ontological noncontextual theory, and see that it is violated by quantum mechanics.

Another take would be to assume an algebraic structure and see that if one restricts the observable algebra to be commutative, the expected values of certain operators are restricted to lie in a given range, whereas if we allow non-commutativity the range is greater.

These approaches coincide? I've seen plenty of works that assume that it does, but without discussing it; in particular there is this paper by Tsirelson that states (in the particular case of Bell inequalities) that both approaches are equivalent, but without proving it. Is it too obvious?

At first sight, an ontological noncontextual theory is much more general than some theory embedded in a C*-algebraic framework. Why then can't it generate stronger correlations than theories with commuting algebras of observables?

Can one find a more direct connection between non-commutativity and the violation of a contextual inequality?

4 Answers
4

Well, a reasonable approach to local hidden variables is to require commutativity of operators on different space-like separated systems. This is pretty straight forward to motivate, since otherwise you are essentially using non-local operators, which can be seen via the relevant transform instead as a non-local hidden variable theory with local operators.

You might want to check out Scott Aaronson's paper exploring the consequence of this when taken as an axiom together with some other desirable properties of hidden variable theories (Phys. Rev. A 71, 032325).

I'm not too sure it makes sense to talk about commutativity beyond this, since we care about post-measurement outcomes it is not clear that the domain of the operator should contain its image, and so multiplication, and hence the commutator, isn't necessarily defined.

I'm afraid you didn't understand my question. Commutativity of operators on different space-like separated system is respected by QM (or AQFT, for that matter). I'm talking about commutativity of the whole algebra. In fact it may not make sense to talk about commutativity in the strict sense; I've never seen anyone construct an operator algebra to model a hidden-variable theory. But if we only care about the measurement outcome, not the post-measurement state, we have commutativity in a trivial sense, by substituting the observable by its predefined outcome, which is just a real number.
–
Mateus AraújoSep 20 '11 at 14:35

@Mateus: I think I did understand, which is what my last paragraph attempts to address.
–
Joe FitzsimonsSep 20 '11 at 14:42

Non-commutativity of operators ensures that in general we can't construct a joint probability distribution over the observables that we model using those operators. In some states and for some choices of non-commuting operators we can construct joint probability distributions, for example the vacuum state and coherent states of a quantized simple harmonic oscillator generate a positive-definite Wigner function for position and momentum, which can be taken to be a probability distribution. Of course that possibility falls apart when one considers almost any superposition of coherent states, say. The Wigner function is not positive-definite in the general case, making the interpretation of the Wigner function as a probability distribution in the special cases quite tendentious.

Conversely, if we have a commutative algebra of operators we can construct a joint probability distribution over the any subset of the observables in any state over the algebra. One could take this property as a somewhat plausible definition of classicality.

For the technical basis of this, I like best two short papers, John Baez, Letters in Mathematical Physics 13 (1987) 135-136, and Lawrence J. LANDAU, PHYSICS LETTERS A, Volume 120, number 2 (1987), which put remarkably little interpretation in the way of the mathematics, but there is a substantial literature that has tried to get at this relationship in some sort of clear way.

A literature that gives an alternative way into the relationship between non-commutativity and measurement, and that focuses on the relationship between quantum theory and classical probability theory in a way that I find helpful, albeit not conclusive, is the positive-operator valued measure approach, which is well represented by the book by Paul Busch, Marian Grabowski, and Pekka J. Lahti, Operational Quantum Physics, Springer, 1995. Searching the literature or the ArXiv for anything more recent by any of these three authors will give you something enlightening to read. To my taste, Paul Busch is always worth reading.

As far as physicality is concerned, classical physics models measurements as not affecting other measurements, so that joint probability distributions over multiple measurements are possible. In the presence of any finite level of noise ---there always is noise, everywhere (only the thermal component of the noise goes away when one is close to absolute zero, the Lorentz invariant quantum component of the noise is not controllable)--- the uncontrolled nature of the noise is something that has to be accommodated by our models of our measurements. Quantum theory accommodates the non-trivial effects of joint measurements on each other by introducing non-commutativity of the operators that are used to model the measurements, whereas classical physics models the non-trivial effects of joint measurements on each other by modeling the measurement apparatus. Contextual models are precisely models that include the measurement apparatus, or the complete experimental apparatus, in the extreme case the whole universe, not just a putative measured system.

I don't think there is a more direct connection between noncontextuality and noncommutativity for a couple of reasons. Firstly, there are noncommutaive sets of observables and states that can be simulated by a noncontextual model. Think of the Kochen-Specker model for a qubit for example. Secondly, to really answer the question of what a violation of some inequality means, you should not assume that the data you collect in the experiment is necessarily produced by quantum theory (in particular, we don't do this for Bell's inequalities). Now, there are plenty of operational theories that are contextual (in Rob Spekkens sense) but that do not have a C*-algebraic structure, e.g. the theory wherein the state space is a square. Unless you can define what it means for measurements in these theories to be "commutative", which seems unlikely because they do not have an algebraic structure, then it is clear that the relationship between commutativity and noncontextuality breaks down in this context.

Good point. It would be interesting to find an operational definition of commutativity. But allow me to be picky: I think my answer is clear on relating commutative theories and noncontextual models; what it lacks is a relation between non-commutativity and contextuality.
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Mateus AraújoNov 7 '11 at 16:02

They can't, because ontological noncontextual theories are not more general than commuting subsets of quantum mechanics. In a nuthsell, commutative quantum mechanics is just classical probability theory, and the question whether there exists an ontological noncontextual model for quantum mechanics is precisely the question if it can be reduced to classical probability theory.

To see this, one needs Spekkens' operational definition of contextuality: an ontological noncontextual model is one where each state $\rho$ is represented by a probability distribution $\mu_\rho(\lambda)$ on an ontological space $\Lambda$, and each POVM $\{E^k\}$ by a probability distribution $\xi_{E^k}(λ)$. Then the probability of outcome $k$ will be given by $$\int \mathrm{d}λ\, \mu_\rho(λ) \xi_{E^k}(λ).$$

Now, if all $E^k$ commute, I can write $ρ$ in a basis in which they are diagonal. Then $$\mathrm{tr} (\rho E^k) = \sum_n \rho_{nn} E^k_{nn},$$ that is, the only part of $\rho$ who'll play a part in the expected value is its main diagonal, and that's just a probability distribution. If we do the identifications $\lambda \mapsto n$, $μ_ρ(λ) \mapsto ρ_{nn}$, and $\xi_{E^k}(λ) \mapsto E^k_{nn}$, we have an embedding of an ontological noncontextual model into commutative quantum mechanics.

In the particular case of nonlocality, one could see directly that a diagonal $\rho$ is always separable, and thus admits a local ontological model. The converse path, to construct a separable $\rho$ and commutative algebra from a local ontological model is essentially the same as above.

That said, I don't think my last question is answered; I'd still like to see a more direct, physical connection between non-commutativity and contextuality.