module.exports = function(grunt) {
    grunt.initConfig({
        pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),

        banner:
            '/*!\n'+
            ' * Bootstrap Confirmation <%= pkg.version %>\n'+
            ' * Copyright 2013 Nimit Suwannagate <ethaizone@hotmail.com>\n'+
            ' * Copyright <%= grunt.template.today("yyyy") %> Damien "Mistic" Sorel <http://www.strangeplanet.fr>\n'+
            ' * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")\n'+
            ' */',

        // compress js
        uglify: {
            options: {
                banner: '<%= banner %>\n'
            },
            dist: {
                files: {
                    'bootstrap-confirmation.min.js': [
                        'bootstrap-confirmation.js'
                    ]
                }
            }
        },

        // jshint tests
        jshint: {
            lib: {
                files: {
                    src: [
                        'bootstrap-confirmation.js'
                    ]
                }
            }
        }
    });

    grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-uglify');
    grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-jshint');

    grunt.registerTask('default', [
        'uglify'
    ]);

    grunt.registerTask('test', [
        'jshint'
    ]);
};


537 So.2d 1200 (1989)
STATE of Louisiana, Plaintifff-Appellant,
v.
Karl R. DUPRE, Defendant-Appellee.
No. CR88-177.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Third Circuit.
January 10, 1989.
Writ Denied April 21, 1989.
*1201 Morgan Goudeau, Dist. Atty., Donald Richard, Asst. Dist. Atty., Opelousas, for plaintiff-appellant.
Elbert Guillory, Opelousas, for defendant-appellee.
Before DOMENGEAUX, LABORDE and KNOLL, JJ.
KNOLL, Judge.
The sole issue on this appeal by the State is whether the the trial court erred in granting a post verdict judgment of acquittal, thereby rejecting a six member jury verdict which had found defendant, Karl R. Dupre, guilty of molestation of a juvenile when the offender has control or supervision over the juvenile, a violation of LSA-R.S. 14:81.2(A) and (C). We reverse and remand for sentencing.
FACTS
Defendant was charged with molesting S.L., his common law wife's ten year old daughter. S.L. was born of the common law wife's prior marriage. S.L. and her three year old sister shared a double bed in the house where L.S., her mother, her sister and defendant all lived. At trial, S.L. testified that defendant came into her bedroom after her mother was asleep, woke her up, undressed her, and then sexually molested her. On either the next day or the following, S.L. told her physical education teacher about the incident. Child protection authorities were summoned, and an investigation ensued. A medical examination performed in connection with the investigation showed that S.L. had tinea cruris, a fungal inflammation, to her groin which, though normally associated with men, can occur spontaneously in either sex and can be spread through sexual contact. As a result of its investigation, child protection authorities removed S.L. from her mother's home, and this criminal prosecution was initiated against defendant.
JUDGMENT OF ACQUITTAL
The State contends that the trial court erred in granting defendant's post verdict judgment of acquittal.[1]
LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 821 provides in pertinent part:
"A post verdict judgment of acquittal shall be granted only if the court finds that the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the state, does not reasonably permit a finding of guilty."
The trial court was presented with a motion for new trial and a motion for post verdict judgment of acquittal. Without any reasons, it granted the post verdict judgment of acquittal. Since the motion for a new trial was not acted upon, we assume the trial court denied it. Defendant's argument in support of the trial court's action is twofold: the victim's testimony was not credible, i.e., the victim shared a double bed with her three year old sister, and, therefore, this offense could not have occurred without waking the three year old, and a rational trier of fact could not accept her testimony of the events that transpired because her story was not believable, and she was motivated to do some harm to defendant because he was strict with her. Because of defendant's arguments and the State's appellate argument, we find it necessary to comment on the distinction between the two post verdict motions filed and the proper legal analysis involved in assessing each.
In State v. Korman, 439 So.2d 1099, 1100-1101 (La.App. 1st Cir.1983), our brethren of the First Circuit made the following distinction between the motion for a new trial and that for post verdict judgment of acquittal:

*1202 "There is a distinction between legally insufficient evidence and the weight of the evidence, both in substance and in the manner of review. This distinction was recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652, (1982), where at 102 S.Ct. pg. 2213 the court stated,
'After examining the policies supporting the double jeopardy clause, we hold that a reversal based on the weight, rather than the sufficiency of the evidence permits the State to initiate a new prosecution.'
It is our view, and we so hold, that only the weight of the evidence can be reviewed by the trial judge in a motion for new trial under C.Cr.P. Art. 851. The trial judge can grant a new trial only if dissatisfied with the weight of the evidence, and in so determining the trial judge makes a factual review as a thirteenth juror rather than under the Jackson standard. If he grants a new trial because of the weight of the evidence, that new trial can proceed without being barred by double jeopardy. Tibbs v. Florida, supra. Such a determination by the trial judge is not subject to review by the appellate courts because of Louisiana Constitution Article 5, Sec. 10(B) and C.Cr.P. Art. 858.
On the other hand, if the trial judge finds the evidence legally insufficient, he must do so under C.Cr.P. Art. 821 which decision is subject to appellate review on application of the state. The trial judge cannot act as a thirteenth juror in reviewing a jury verdict under C.Cr.P. Art. 821, but must review under the much more restrictive Jackson standard."
Applying the weight of the evidence rule to the motion for a new trial in the case sub judice, we find, and the record supports, that the weight of the evidence rested on the credibility of S.L. This was defendant's defense and attack. Defendant presented the testimonies of S.L.'s mother, aunt, cousins and friend that S.L. was lying. The record shows that S.L.'s testimony was consistent, even under vigorous cross-examination. Since the trial court denied defendant's motion for new trial, by implication, therefore, we must assume that the trial judge accepted the jury's credibility determinations in favor of the victim's version of the facts. Accordingly, assuming the credibility of the victim's testimony, we are presented solely with a question of whether the trial judge erred in his determination that the evidence was legally insufficient to maintain defendant's conviction.
When reviewing the sufficiency of evidence, it must be determined whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Captville, 448 So.2d 676 (La.1984). In addressing the question of sufficiency of the evidence, the reviewing court is not called upon to decide whether it believes the witnesses or whether the conviction is contrary to the weight of the evidence. State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305 (La.1988).
"The actual trier of fact's rational credibility calls, evidence weighing and inference drawing are preserved through the requirement that upon judicial review all of the evidence is to be considered as if by a rational fact finder in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and by the admonition that the sufficiency inquiry does not require a court to ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at trial established guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." (Footnotes omitted.) Id., at page 1311.
The elements of the crime of molestation of a juvenile are set out in LSA-R.S. 14:81.2 which provides in pertinent part:
"A. Molestation of a juvenile is the commission by anyone over the age of seventeen of any lewd or lascivious act upon the person or in the presence of any child under the age of seventeen, where there is an age difference of greater than two years between the two persons, with the intention of arousing or gratifying the sexual desires of either person, by the use of force, violence, duress, menace, *1203 psychological intimidation, threat of great bodily harm, or by the use of influence by virtue of a position of control or supervision over the juvenile. Lack of knowledge of the juvenile's age shall not be a defense.
* * * * * *
C. Whoever commits the crime of molestation of a juvenile when the offender has control or supervision over the juvenile shall be fined not more than ten thousand dollars, or imprisoned, with or without hard labor, for not less than one nor more than fifteen years, or both."
Our jurisprudence has concluded that the testimony of the victim is sufficient to establish the elements of an offense. State v. Johnson, 446 So.2d 1371 (La.App. 1st Cir.1984), writ denied, 449 So.2d 1347 (La. 1984).
In State v. Mussall, supra at page 1310, the Louisiana Supreme Court stated:
"The principal criterion of a Jackson v. Virginia review is rationality. This is because under Winship and Jackson, Fourteenth Amendment due process demands that in state trials, as has been demanded traditionally in federal trials, a criminal conviction cannot constitutionally stand if it is based on a record from which no rational trier of fact could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, under the Jackson methodology a reviewing court is required to view the evidence from the perspective of a hypothetical rational trier of fact in determining whether such an unconstitutional conviction has occurred. In reviewing the evidence, the whole record must be considered because a rational trier of fact would consider all of the evidence, and the actual trier of fact is presumed to have acted rationally until it appears otherwise. If rational triers of fact could disagree as to the interpretation of the evidence, the rational trier's view of all of the evidence most favorable to the prosecution must be adopted. Thus, irrational decisions to convict will be overturned, rational decisions to convict will be upheld, and the actual fact finder's discretion will be impinged upon only to the extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law.
The Jackson doctrine or methodology is a compromise between the one extreme that maximizes the protection against the risk that innocent persons will be erroneously convicted by appellate replication of criminal trials and the other extreme that places the greatest faith in the ability of the triers of facts to produce just verdicts. Not only did the Supreme Court abjure any requirement that a reviewing court retry the issue of guilt, but it also rejected all forms of limited review under which a partial or one-dimensional view of the evidence is accepted as an index of its actual probative value. The Jackson doctrine does not permit the reviewing court to view just the evidence most favorable to the prosecution and then to decide whether that evidence convinced it beyond a reasonable doubt. Nor does it require a court to decide whether, based on the entire record, the average rational trier of fact could be convinced of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. And of course, the high court abrogated the `no evidence' rule of Thompson v. Louisville, 362 U.S. 199, 80 S.Ct. 624, 4 L.Ed.2d 654 (1960) because `it could not seriously be argued that ... a modicum of evidence could by itself rationally support a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.'" (Footnotes omitted.)
In the case sub judice, the record establishes that the State showed by direct evidence that: (1) defendant was 24 years of age; (2) the victim was 10 years of age; (3) at least a two year difference in age existed between the victim and defendant; (4) defendant removed the victim's pajamas and her underclothes; (5) defendant had the victim roll over on to her stomach, and he positioned himself on top of her, placing his penis between her legs and manipulated himself; (6) defendant had an emission of "white sticky stuff" which the victim wiped off; (7) defendant lived in the same home as the victim, and together with the victim's mother had control or supervision *1204 over the victim; and (8) Dr. Jay Smith, the doctor who examined the victim, testified by stipulation that there was a fungal inflammation, tinea cruris, on the victim's groin and that this inflammation, though normally associated with men, can occur spontaneously in either sex and can spread through sexual contact.
The jury heard the victim's testimony, the largest part of which was under vigorous cross-examination, which thoroughly explored her description of the events and her possible motivations for initiating this prosecution. In addition, it also heard the testimony of the various defense witnesses which attempted to contradict and discredit S.L. Applying the precepts enunciated above, we conclude that, after viewing all of the evidence favorably to the prosecution as a rational fact finder, the trial court erred in rejecting the jury verdict. Our review of the record under the Jackson methodology indicates that the jury's decision was rational, and it could have found defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, under the more restrictive Jackson rationale, the trial court should have denied defendant's motion for post verdict judgment of acquittal, since at this stage of the proceeding, credibility was no longer an issue, and there was no showing that the jury acted irrationally.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial judge is reversed and set aside. It is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the jury verdict which found defendant guilty of molestation of a juvenile is reinstated, and this case is remanded to the trial court for sentencing of defendant.
REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR SENTENCING.
LABORDE, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
LABORDE, Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. The majority thoroughly analyzes the use of the procedural vehicles of a motion for new trial and post verdict judgment of acquittal and the legal standards applicable to each. In my view, the majority's mechanical application of this methodology does not adequately protect the rights of the criminal defendant in this case.
A review of the record in the light most favorable to the prosecution convinces me that no rational fact finder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
The defense presented the testimony of three witnesses who stated that S.L. admitted to them that she was lying about the incident. S.L.'s mother testified that she went to the welfare office to see S.L. and S.L. told her that she had been lying. The mother further testified that S.L. had told her of a similar incident with the defendant several months earlier, but then told her that it was really just a "bad dream." The mother's testimony did indicate that S.L. had made similar claims of being molested several years earlier and at least one of these, the mother believed was true. The mother stated that in the prior incidents, S.L. related basically the same story as she did in her allegations against the defendant. The mother stated that she believed there were several reasons that her daughter may have lied. The defendant had recently punished S.L. for receiving bad grades in school. The mother testified that S.L. told her, "that the only reason she told the lie that Karl did her anything was because she was punished and that she was going to get back at him." The mother also believed that maybe her daughter was mad because the mother and defendant had argued on the night prior to this incident. She further testified that S.L. was very jealous of her younger brother and often sought ways to get attention. Finally, she stated that S.L. told her that two friends had told her what to say in order to claim that defendant had molested her.
The defense also presented the testimony of S.L.'s cousin. She testified that she went to the welfare office with S.L.'s mother to visit S.L. S.L. then told them that she had lied about the incident and that "Daniel did it." (The record indicates that S.L.'s mother caught someone named Daniel *1205 apparently molesting her daughter when she was about 5 years old).
Finally, the defense presented the testimony of S.L.'s aunt. She too testified that she heard S.L. say at the welfare office that she had lied. She also testified that she was present at S.L.'s house when S.L. stated "I got punished so I was going to punish him."
After the jury returned a guilty verdict, the trial judge was presented with motions for a new trial and a post verdict judgment of acquittal. He granted the latter. The majority opinion states that since the trial judge did not grant the motion for new trial, we must assume that he accepted the jury's credibility determinations. On the contrary, it is readily apparent to this judge that the trial judge did not agree with those credibility determinations. To refute those credibility determinations, the trial judge should have granted defendant a new trial and thus he could have acted as a "thirteenth juror" and assessed the credibility of the witnesses. Instead he erred in using the improper procedural vehicle.
Our system of criminal justice protects each person accused of a crime against conviction except where the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. After carefully reviewing the record, I agree with the trial judge that reasonable jurors would necessarily have a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of every essential element of this crime. However, because the trial judge used the wrong procedural vehicle, the majority concludes that issues of credibility are not relevant, and holds that this court must reverse and reinstate the jury's verdict. I strongly disagree with the majority's conclusion where there exists so many ample grounds for doubting defendant's guilt. Our acceptance of the reasonable doubt standard reflects a profound judgment about the way justice is to be administered in our criminal system. This requirement is founded on a fundamental value determination of our society that it is far worse to convict an innocent man than to let a guilty man go free. In Re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring). Being acutely aware of this fundamental value determination, I respectfully dissent.
NOTES
[1]  Defendant erroneously styled his motion as a directed verdict. We carefully reviewed the content of the motion and find it in actuality is an LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 821 motion for post verdict judgment of acquittal, and will treat it as such in this appeal.


   Uncovering The Dark Side of P4P  - nickb
http://torrentfreak.com/uncovering-the-dark-side-of-p4p-080824/
======
iigs
Eh. There are already passive "P4P" type tools for carriers, but they are not
commonplace or widespread yet. Except for AT&T trying their level best to
forego common carrier status, I don't think any ISP wants to get in the
business of discriminating anyone's traffic (every big ISP probably has some
subsection of their marketing department that thinks this is a good idea, but
the people at the top know where their bread is buttered and shut this stuff
down pretty fast).

So long as common carrier status is generally recognized, this should legally
look no different than an ISP that uses a web cache or web accelerator
technology.

Everybody has to maintain the perception that they're not building some giant
napster-in-the-sky that is going to crush the ?IAAs, but everyone who is doing
technical work knows what data goes across the internet and knows the
usefulness of this product is relative to what percentage of the peer-peer
data it can carry.

~~~
wmf
ISPs aren't common carriers now.

P4P doesn't involve any discrimination by the ISPs, since it merely provides
hints to P2P apps about which peers are faster. As several people have pointed
out, there's no point in providing misleading hints, since it would just cause
P2P apps to ignore them altogether.

------
Herring
好的, I've been itching for a good arms race. We won round 2 much too easily &
everything's stagnated.


Earlier this week District Court Judge Liam O’Grady denied Megaupload's request to drop the company from the indictment. The judge, however, noted that the cyberlocker could ask for a temporary dismissal until it is decided whether the U.S. Government can serve Megaupload. This ruling surprised Kim Dotcom and his legal team, who quickly filed a new motion pointing out that they already made this request during a hearing in July.

On Tuesday, Megaupload’s request to have the criminal charges against it dropped on the grounds that the U.S. Government failed to serve the company, was denied.

District Court Judge Liam O’Grady believes that the authorities could still satisfy the serving requirement if they can prove that Megaupload is an alter ego of Kim Dotcom.

While the motion to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction was denied, the judge’s order did leave an option open to dismiss the case temporarily, until Megaupload is properly served.

This suggestion baffled Dotcom and his lawyers, who expressly requested such a temporary dismissal during a hearing in July.

Kim’s surprised

Megaupload’s legal team jumped on the issue and a day later they have filed a renewed request to dismiss the indictment, pointing out the apparent mistake made by Judge O’Grady.

“Megaupload respectfully submits that at oral argument on the motion to dismiss it requested, as an alternative remedy, dismissal without prejudice pending extradition,” they write.

In the supporting memorandum of law Megaupload’s lawyers quote directly from the transcript of the July hearing, where they suggested a temporary dismissal as an option.

“We do think that the alternative would be dismissal without prejudice, allow the Government at the appropriate time to then supercede the indictment again, add the corporation into the indictment.”

“But, in the meantime, having the company subject to the incredible burden of a criminal prosecution with no ability to defend itself and no service is an extraordinary result and one that is unprecedented.”

Dotcom’s legal team reiterates that Megaupload’s due process is at stake. The company has already been destroyed and is being held ransom by the U.S. Government, without any funds to establish a proper defense.

“Before this Court is a corporation that has been criminally indicted, has had its website seized, has had its business destroyed, has had all of its assets criminally frozen, and then been left in an indefinite, ongoing state of criminal limbo, all without the Government complying with Rule 4, attempting to comply with Rule 4, or identifying any prospect that it might comply with Rule 4 any time in the foreseeable future.”

“This combination of circumstances seems inimical to due process, especially considering that the rights of a criminal defendant are at stake,” the lawyers add.

With the renewed motion to dismiss, Megaupload hopes to have the criminal charges against it dropped, at least until the U.S. Government finds a way to serve the company. This may take weeks, months, or may not happen at all.

It is now up to Judge O’Grady to rule on this renewed request, which may come as quite an embarrassment in such a high profile case.

Meanwhile, Kim Dotcom is preparing the comeback of Megaupload, which he says will be bigger and better than its predecessor.


Q:

How to lookup values and insert contents between two spreadsheets?

I have to manage a lot of information in Excel. I have two spreadsheets in one workbook. The first one shows different names on the second row (Abasolo TAMPS 1, Abasolo TAMPS 10, etc) and the second one shows also names (Column A) but next to them there are also some parameters like Wind Speed, Distance, X and Y (Column B). Does any one know how to programm in VBA a way to tell Excel to take the first value on the column A (Say Abasolo, TAMPS 17) on the second spreadsheet (image of the right), look them up in the second row of the first spreadsheet (image on the left), take the set of parameters next to the name and insert them on row 11 and the intersecting column on the first spreadsheet (image of the left, where the "2's" are). That for all the values on column A of the second spreadsheet.

A:

You can VLOOKUP to achieve this.
Sheet 2 parameters

Sheet 1 VLookup

I used the function
=VLOOKUP(B$4,Sheet2!$A$2:$B$3,2,FALSE)

in Cell B6 on sheet1.
To maintain line breaks, you will need to ensure wrap text is used for the destination cells as shown below

You can read more about VLOOKUP here.
VLOOKUP


Should you find out baby's gender in utero?

Elizabeth Weiss McGolerick is a freelance writer and editor who contributes regularly to SheKnows, MintLife, AOL, iVillage and other sites. In her articles, Elizabeth covers a variety of subjects including relationships, pregnancy, paren...

To know or not to know

Boy or girl? Some parents want to know their child’s gender before his or her birth. Others eagerly anticipate the surprise. Whatever the case, every parent has their own reasons for finding out… or not.

It's time for the 18-week ultrasound! Should you find out the gender of your baby? Discover how other parents chose and learn the questions to ask yourself about this second-trimester milestone.

Multiple kids, different decisions

These parents of more than one child opted for the best of both worlds:

"We did it both ways – surprise the first time, found out the second. I would never find out again. It was the most amazing moment of my life when #1 was born and we learned her gender; I felt like finding out in the ultrasound room was a little anticlimactic." ~ Tracy K., mom of two

"We didn't find out with baby #1. When else do you get that big a surprise! We tried to find out with the second but she didn't cooperate. In the end, it didn't matter not knowing. We used the gender-neutral clothes we got from our first and everyone loves to buy baby girl clothes!" ~ Linda J., mom of two

Parents who learned baby's gender

To satisfy curiosity or ease preparation, these parents wanted their surprise delivered before the end of nine months:

"The practical won out over the sentimental. Knowing made things far easier for us and our gracious, baby-stuff-giving family. Each of their entrances into the world turned me into a blubbering fool anyhow." ~ Matt S., dad of three

"I wanted to know for planning purposes because I was getting a lot of girl hand-me-downs. This is mostly due to me being cheap/frugal." ~ Angie D., mom of one

"It's a surprise – all you're doing is altering when you get that surprise, be it pre-delivery or at delivery. Knowing makes all the details so much simpler!" ~ Peter S., father of two

Parents who prefer surprises

Mum's the word for these moms and dads:

"We chose to not find out. It was something we could find out together when baby arrived, and no one could interfere or try to coax it out of us. So many well-meaning folks tried to predict the baby's gender by the way I was carrying, my complexion, my level of sickness, heartburn, etc. It turned out to be amusing and zero-percent accurate." ~ Mary F., mom of two

"We figured that life doesn't give too many surprises. Glad we didn't find out; it was a moment of absolute joy." ~ Dan R., dad of one

"We wanted to be surprised. We knew that both kids would sleep in our room for a few months, so decor didn't matter much. It's just nice to have something unknown. You see them via video and pictures as they grow… but not having any clue as to who to expect makes it memorable." ~ Lee W., father of two

To find out or not to find out

On the fence about whether you should learn your child's gender before he or she is born? Ask yourself the following questions:

Are you a planner?

Do you dislike surprises?

Do you wish you could refer to the baby as "he" or "she" rather than "it"?

Do you like to have time to adjust to change?

If you answered "yes" to any of these questions, finding out may be the right choice for you. Remember, the right decision is what will make you and your partner happiest!


Q:

Backfill data frame in R based on maximum number

I have a data frame with a number of id's and max values.
df <- data.frame(id = c("a", "b", "c"), max.number = c(0, 6, 4))

  id max.number
1  a          0
2  b          6
3  c          4

I want to create a new data frame that backfills down to zero for each id.  It would look like:
  id     number
1  a          0
2  b          0
3  b          1
4  b          2
5  b          3
6  b          4
7  b          5
8  b          6
9  b          0
10 c          1
11 c          2
12 c          3
13 c          4

I've tried to do this through a nested for loop but can't get it to work correctly.  I would love some guidance in doing this with apply if possible.

A:

This would be very easy with a data.table table:
# install.packages("data.table")
library(data.table)

df <- data.frame(id = c("a", "b", "c"), max.number = c(0, 6, 4))
dt <- as.data.table(df)
# or directly:
# dt <- data.table(id = c("a", "b", "c"), max.number = c(0, 6, 4))
dt[, .(number=seq(0, max.number)), by=id]

Output:
    id number
 1:  a      0
 2:  b      0
 3:  b      1
 4:  b      2
 5:  b      3
 6:  b      4
 7:  b      5
 8:  b      6
 9:  c      0
10:  c      1
11:  c      2
12:  c      3
13:  c      4


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When renting a dumpster, there are a few things to consider. First, you need to think about whether you need a dumpster at all. Some residential projects such as garage & basement cleanouts might be better suited to using a junk removal service instead. These guys will come to your home, clean out all the junk from your space, load it on their truck and off they go. However, for big or long projects, this might not be ideal. In that case, you would be better off renting a dumpster for up to 14 days. This will give you plenty of time to complete your project, but you will need to do the heavy lifting yourself. When you are done, call the dumpster rental company and they will haul away your trash.

So you have decided you need a dumpster. What next?

You have determined that you definitely need a dumpster. What now? First, you should learn a few key terms. First, dumpsters can be referred to as “roll-offs”, “cans”, “containers” or “boxes”. Most dumpsters are rented by size; cubic yards. When you call around for pricing, you will be asked what size you need. A “10 yard” dumpster (10 cubic yards) is good size for a small cleanout project. Going up from there are 20 yard, 30 yard and 40 yard containers. Depending on the company, the price may include weight or “tonnage”. Each dumpster can hold a maximum amount of weight in tons, so keep that in mind as you decide what size you need. If you have extra heavy items, you may want to get a size larger just so you are not charged any overage fees for weight.

Find the best price

Finding the best price for a dumpster is usually a matter of calling around a few places. But be sure to compare apples to apples; some companies include tonnage, pickup & delivery, and other fees in a flat price, while others just give you the base rate for the rental and charge for weight and fees on top. Make sure to ask questions so there are no surprises. Most companies will accept a credit card over the phone or online to book the dumpster.

Prepare your home for the dumpster’s arrival

Now that you have found a great price on a dumpster, decided what size to rent, and scheduled delivery, you will need to make sure you have a clear spot for the dumpster to go. Most dumpsters can be placed on a driveway or in your yard. Speak to the dumpster representative to make sure that you have given them enough space and that their truck can properly load and unload your dumpster.

Allowed materials

There are many things you can’t put into a dumpster, such as hazardous materials, paint, mattresses, and appliances. You will want to check with your dumpster rental company to get a complete list of prohibited items. When in doubt, simply ask! You do not want to get charged any extra fees because you were not well informed.

Requesting extra time or more dumps

If you happen to need the dumpster for longer than the terms of your rental (usually 7-14 days), you can usually call the company up for an extension. The usual rate for additional days is about $10/day. If you have completely filled up your dumpster and need it to be dumped and returned, that is usually going to cost the full price of another dumpster rental, since you are basically getting a brand new dumpster.

That just about covers the basics of the dumpster rental procedure. Ideally, it should be a simple & smooth transaction. At Dumpster Cheap, we try hard to keep our customers happy and our prices low. So, if you are ready to get started, give us a call today!

Finding Dumpster Renting in Fords Branch, KY

Dumpsters are available in different sizes according to your tailored prerequisites. When you enable the dumpster hire organizations know about your specific requirements, the right sized dumpster will probably be delivered to your job location. Comprehending the pricing technique of the company before putting in an order will help you for making the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY more affordable. Dumpsters are usually listed based on the dimensions and amount of the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY. Therefore before you place an order for Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY use a transparent photo about the sized the dumpster and period of the actual Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY. If you don't have a concept, you can even obtain assistance from the actual Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY companies going to the best deal. Enquire about the charges charged for the extra disposal above the tonnage limit to make the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY more affordable.

Once the advertising starts, it's important so that you can find things that you want to promote. We all have anything lurking within the corners of our own homes that individuals no longer need! Old apparel, forgotten youngster's toys, and mismatched dishware are always great places to start. For those who have enough time, search through your underground room, attic, and garage regarding other neglected items that are only gathering dust. You will be shocked at how many things you'd probably kept about unintentionally.

A premier Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY disposal organization will complete a large will need as local neighborhoods switch to pay-per-throw area trash packages. These packages burden some sort of tax payer with additional fees to own there rubbish picked up. A perfect storm for an established or even upstart organization. Why along with what else is really a premier discretion business the response to Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY needs? This article highlight several reasons why you should do some study before selecting a corporation to fulfill individuals needs.

The existing carpeting could be thrown out into your rented dumpster. This carpeting might have had to connected with been reduce to get it off the floor. Guess what happens a mess this can cause. Renting some sort of dumpster can make your lifetime as well as the design crew's life much easier by simply being able to toss this into the dumpster.

You simply must look for a dumpster company that offers different size dumpsters. You will want at least three options within small, moderate and large. The tiny dumpsters are regarding smaller employment such as if you have to tear aside and renovate a bathroom. The tiny dumpster should keep at least 2 tons of debris.

The junk carry professional is wonderful for more than just rubbish removal, even so. Most neighborhood companies also offer Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY services for anyone individuals who have some sort of do-it-yourself attitude. Should you be performing an estate cleanout, moving, or completing a home enhancement project, you will require some way connected with disposing of your scraps. An area dumpster service can drop off some sort of dumpster at a timetabled time and figure it out once you are finished, letting you work at your pace. Dumpster leases from a neighborhood trash treatment company provides you with the ultimate within convenience and dependability.

Men and women require Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY services for many reasons. For example, some sort of landlord typically needs to clear the residence where the last tenants still left garbage piled high. An expert home carpenter often takes various trips to your county dump. Or perhaps, you've just got a big cleanup task to do and you require a place to home all the squander. Usually, renting of these king-size garbage pots is the location of large design companies, although there many Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY companies that rent substantial dumpsters (also called rotate offs) to popular people too. Hiring rotate off dumpster can be a great choice for anybody who doesn't want garbage as the obstacle when it comes to getting the done.

Who Employs Dumpster Rentals in Fords Branch

Ever watch the telly show Thoroughly clean Sweep and need that cleaning your home construction project could be so easy? Letting a dumpster for any remodeling jobs and for taking away construction supplies is the reply. Removing dirt is going to be considerably bigger than anyone thought. Letting a personal dumpster is the perfect way to haul aside those removed materials off your property. Better still the professionals have made the entire rental process incredibly hassle-free and they supply low rates that permit cleanup to always be affordable and simple.

By renting a new dumpster you will also obtain the work done quicker along with move the dumpster right off from the property thus leaving a nice and thoroughly clean yard.

The effects on the environment are many nevertheless the reason is but one, pollution. Your disasters on the globe are taking a new worst face making the sooner ones regular news. For anyone who is living in areas that are rapidly affected by unfortunate occurances such as quake zone, located nearby beach and home regional a forest, it is better to be prepared than being sorry.

You might have to educate yourself in regards to the risks that you're going to encounter due to disasters over these dangerous specific zones and ways to manage these kind of risks. Always try to offset the ill effects of polluting of the environment, the major reason for these unfortunate occurances. Dumpster rental from a skilled rental service company that can dispose the trash in Eco-friendly fashion and reduce the ill effects of pollution about the environment as a result, acts as standing block intended for natural disasters going on on the planet, nevertheless, these unfortunate occurances are not below our control and they in no way take permission to enter your house. You should be built with all the necessary items to cope with the situation.

Propane gas tanks are exceedingly dangerous and are not allowed to always be thrown away. Look at state laws and regulations for the correct way to dispose of propane tanks.

Dumpsters easily obtainable in Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch company Tennesse are generally are of two sorts, one junk dumpster and the different roll off dumpster. Trash dumpsters are often small in proportion and they easily fit into small junk disposal jobs like bistro cleanups along with departmental clean-ups. They usually cover anything from 3 yard to 6 garden and are greatest fit to the small jobs.

Compare the typical price of dumpster companies and find out exactly what is the average selling price in the market. It's advisable that you choose dumpsters on rent that specifically provide dumpsters. Using the services of such companies from online liaisons or retailers can cost you more as these intermediaries charge you a new finding fee. Therefore, when you directly approach Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branchs, then you are most likely to save on hiring these individuals.

Every residence maker will come across some waste materials that needs to always be piled up inside their daily life, whether demolition of property, cutting of lawn or keep your residence clean and neat for which you may need hiring a Dumpster from the professional rental service agency. The size of dumpster differs depends within the need for the residence maker to hire it.

One side that customer has to always be extra thorough before hiring a new dumpster is about spot of the dumpster in the job internet site. The dumpster uses a place twice its dimensions. The surrounding of these area really should be kept to make sure that rodents along with rats tend not to crawl in the container. You might have to check with the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch provider in advance about the style of trash acknowledged by these individuals. Disposing unaccepted junk into the dumpster will invite charges. You will a different charge intended for trash disposed into the dumpster on top of the limits.

Dumpsters can be found in different sizes according to your customized requirements. When you let the dumpster employ companies know about your specific needs, a right sized dumpster will be shipped to your job place. Knowing the charges methodology with the company previous to placing an order will assist you to in making this Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY more affordable. Dumpsters are often priced in line with the size along with period of this Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY. So prior to placing an order for Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY have a translucent picture with regards to the size of this dumpster and period of the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY. If you don't have an idea, you can even get the assistance of the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY corporations to hit the best selection. Enquire about the costs levied for your extra convenience above the tonnage restriction to make the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY cheaper.

Weight Limit: Every dumpster has an weight restriction which means you can certainly put your throwaways to a limit only. The load limit of dumpsters can range among 2 to 12 tons. The particular dumpsters are deliberated and if excess weight is found over the permitted restriction than you've got to pay extra income. So it is quite necessary to receive information about this dumpster weight restriction.

One of the crucial sides of owning a commercial business is waste management. It is important to possess a place where you can dispose of waste and have that transported absent. Many companies learn that Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KYs and other solid waste services are important to the everyday function of the business. In such a case, Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KYs is an excellent option which will solve your current waste management problems. Not only can these rentals be important for businesses, but Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KYs can be an excellent selection for residents also who may need some extra rubbish services. Certainly, whether you are booking dumpsters for commercial or residential use, there are many important specifics you must don't forget.

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When the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY provider is definitely hooked with your project, you'll enjoy the right to decide this timings of dumpster introduction and get. A professional Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY service provider will take complete responsibility of clearing your current trash through tip to bottom with a highly rated service. When the dumpster is placed at the location, you'll be able to immediately start tossing the garbage into the dumpster along with the Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY provider will clear the rubbish and delete it with eco- friendly way causing virtually no harm to environmental surroundings. Certain things how the customer possesses to be translucent about before getting associated with Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY service provider is variety of the trash that needs clearing, time-frame for which this dumpster is rental and sort of the rubbish that is broke up with into the rubbish dumpster. This information acts as synopsis to this Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY provider in assisting the customer to right sized dumpster in the best price tag.

Dumpster Rentals Get rid of All Rubbish Quickly and Easily in Fords Branch, KY

Individuals always are back connected with something which is completely and they would including match themselves with the transforming trends with the society plus it quite often within the countries including USA. Not merely purchasing the new items that get into the market additionally, they to make modification their homes simply by ripping surfaces, re roofs, changing lavatory fixtures etc to meet with the existing trends. These tasks finish up in leaving large volumes of spend which needs to be got rid of.

It sounds good when you notice all your needs can be achieved at a single shop i actually.e. selling price quantity as well as disposal objects. Dumpster Direct can be Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY service provider who may have its reputation in United states, serving large base of the buyers both residential and commercial. The company getting spread in the united states and well-known for its immediate delivery as well as pick up will assist you to the best in getting all your spend management needs fulfilled. On getting regarding Dumpster Direct you are usually sure to receive an awesome services at amazing prices.

The dumpster company ought to offer skids or even some type of safeguard for your client's driveways. You don't wish an unhappy consumer due to deterioration to their garage. By using a skid among the wheel's as well as driveway, you will keep the garage looking like brand-new.

Waste is one of the major allies of the environmental pollution in the world. Numerous commercial and residential assignments do bring about to the source connected with environmental pollution. Few of them consist of construction assignments, business clean-ups, business redecorating, house renovation, house clean-up, yard clean-up.

You can easily rent a new next day dumpster in Maryland. It should be as easy as creating a quick mobile call to schedule your current rental.

Perhaps you are creating a party or even some form of get together or even accomplishing spring cleaning at your residence you would more than likely want to make use of disposal receptacles. With a disposal bin, you can leave the actual garbage bin in various areas where visitors can place the trash for straightforward cleanup in the future.

If you have used someone to colour your kitchen, they may throw away the actual dried up colour cans. Consult the rental dumpster company as most will not allow wet colour cans to the dumpster as it is a new hazard. This is for the safety with the customer along with the employees who work at the company that housing costs out the dumpsters. There are more products that will not be permitted into a dumpster when you rent the idea. Please check while using company on what their principles are beforehand.

There are many instances when you may need a Best Dumpster Rental in Fords Branch, KY. Maybe you purchased a brand-new second home that you just consider a log cabin. You got the truly amazing price on the cabin which has a gorgeous lawn and body of water rights. The cabin needs to have some redecorating done. The first item you observe that needs to be used care of would be the roof. The top is starting to drip and the roof shingles are slowly but surely being taken off of the roofing as the nails are springing up from it.

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Universal TV (Turkish TV channel)

Universal TV is a Turkish pay television network, owned by Universal Networks International, a division of NBCUniversal. The network was launched in Turkey in December 2009 on D-Smart and in February 2010 on Teledünya. From March 1, 2011, the Channel is also available in its HD version exclusively on D-Smart Platform.

Universal TV broadcasts TV series and movies produced by Universal Studios, Warner Bros. International Television, 20th Century Fox Film Corporation and CBS Paramount. It has aired many series for first time on Turkish TV, such as Law & Order, Flashpoint and Trauma. Also part of the programming are non-scripted shows like Flipping Out and Million Dollar Listing.
It aired series exclusively produced by Universal Studios for the first time in Turkey, such as Rookie Blue, Haven, Shattered and Fairly Legal. The network also showed many Hollywood blockbusters of various genres such as Space Jam, Maverick, Wild Wild West and Mars Attacks!.

Programmes

Current Shows
 30 Rock
 Covert Affairs
 Destination Truth
 Eureka
 Face Off
 Flashpoint
 Flipping Out
 Haunted Collector
 Haven
 House M.D.
 Jersey Couture
 Million Dollar Listing
 Law & Order
 Law & Order: Criminal Intent
 Law and Order: UK
 Parenthood
 Rocco's Dinner Party
 Psych
 Rookie Blue
 Royal Pains
 Sea Patrol
 Shattered
 Smash
 Suits
 The Office
 Top Design
 Up All Night
 100 Questions
 Against the Wall
 Any Human Heart
 Caprica
 Cold Squad
 Columbo
 Dance Your Ass Off
 Fairly Legal
 Hair Battle Spectacular
 Law & Order: Trial by Jury
 Law & Order: Los Angeles
 Mercy
 Monk
 Perfect Couples
 Running Russell Simmons
 Outlaw
 Outsourced
 The Cape
 The Event The Fashion Show Trauma''

See also
Universal Channel

External links
Official Turkish Site

Category:Television channels and stations established in 2009
Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2013
Category:Defunct television channels in Turkey
Category:Turkish-language television stations
Category:NBCUniversal networks


Introduction {#S1}
============

In real world tasks decision-making and working memory often occur in the context of other complex behaviors, including spatial navigation. For example, when driving through a city towards a destination, sensory information defining context and place engages memory and decision circuits to plan turns at upcoming intersections. The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a prime candidate for the neuronal circuitry combining the cognitive processing elements necessary for such tasks. In primates the PPC is important for perceptual decision-making and categorization^[@R1]--[@R3]^, movement planning^[@R4]^, and spatial attention^[@R5]^. Studies in rats suggest that the PPC is also important for encoding route progression during navigation^[@R6]--[@R9]^. Using a virtual reality system for mice^[@R10]^ and cellular resolution optical imaging methods^[@R11]--[@R12]^, we developed a T-maze-based navigation paradigm combining all these cognitive elements and characterized the neuronal circuit dynamics in the PPC, which have not been studied in this combined behavioral context.

Neuronal activity patterns in the PPC have been studied using microelectrode recordings during spatial attention, working memory, and perceptual decision tasks. These studies have commonly found cells with sustained firing rate changes spanning entire task periods (cue, delay, response periods)^[@R2],[@R4]--[@R5],[@R13]^. For example, cells with persistent activity throughout the delay period of memory-guided saccade/reach tasks have frequently been recorded^[@R14]--[@R15]^. Also, studies have identified neurons with ramps of increasing firing rate spanning the accumulation of evidence period in a motion perception task^[@R1]--[@R2]^. Neurons with sustained activity during the same task period often have similar activity time courses, suggesting the presence of classes of cells (e.g. delay cells) and implying that the task-dependent neuronal dynamics are low-dimensional. The low-dimensional dynamics can be reproduced in recurrent attractor network models, in which each cell's activity is typically an amplitude-scaled version of a prototypical time series^[@R16]--[@R21]^. In contrast, recent analysis of prefrontal cortex activity has identified heterogeneous neuronal activity time courses, in which a neuron's activity can be thought of as the sum of a few activity modes^[@R22]--[@R24]^. In addition, there is growing evidence for sequences of neuronal activation within local circuits, in which each neuron is active for only a fraction of a task period, including during working memory tasks in the prefrontal cortex^[@R25]--[@R28]^ and the hippocampus^[@R29]^ and during an object construction task in the PPC^[@R30]^. Sequences suggest dynamics that are high-dimensional, without the presence of classes of cells with relatively homogeneous activity time courses.

We explored whether PPC dynamics are best described in terms of cell classes or high-dimensional dynamics. During a navigation-based decision task the dynamics were high-dimensional: neurons were active in choice-specific sequences in which information moves from one neuronal population to another across time in the task; although the neuronal activity patterns could be divided into cue, delay, and response groups, sequences were present within each group. Furthermore, exploiting the ability of cellular resolution optical measurements to provide the relative anatomical location of the recorded cells^[@R12],[@R31]--[@R32]^, we found that neurons active during behaviorally-distinct task periods and on trials with different behavioral choices were spatially intermixed over microcircuit length scales.

A PPC-dependent navigation-based decision task for head-restrained mice {#S2}
=======================================================================

Using a virtual reality system^[@R10]^, we trained mice to navigate through a virtual T-maze in a task that incorporated both visual discrimination and a memory-guided response (Methods; [Fig. 1a](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Visual cues present in the initial section of the maze indicated which direction to turn at the T-intersection to receive a water reward (one set of cues to indicate a right turn and a second set for a left turn; [Supplementary Fig. 1c](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Between the cue section and the T-intersection, mice ran through a delay maze section that was identical on left and right turn trials; visual information about the reward location was thus present only in the cue section. The task resembled traditional delay tasks^[@R14]--[@R15],[@R33]^ in its cue-delay-response structure but differed in that ongoing sensorimotor activity was present throughout the task, including the delay period. Mice performed the task with high levels of accuracy (83 ± 9% correct, p \< 0.0001 vs. 50%, t-test; [Fig. 1b](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Within and across trials, individual mice ran at highly consistent speeds ([Supplementary Fig. 2](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}); however, running speeds varied between mice and the maze position at which mice began rotating the spherical treadmill to make a right or left turn differed across trials (turn onset; [Fig. 1c](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 3; Methods](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). To compare behaviorally similar epochs of the task across trials, individual trials were aligned to the time points when the cue was no longer visible (cue offset), the turn onset, and the end of the trial; these alignment points formed the boundaries of cue (trial start to cue offset: 5.1 ± 2.6 s), delay (cue offset to turn onset: 4.2 ± 1.2 s), and turn task periods (turn onset to trial end: 3.0 ± 1.8 s).

Because the location of the mouse PPC has not been characterized, we first performed retrograde and anterograde labeling experiments to locate it anatomically ([Methods, Supplementary Fig. 4](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We identified a region consistent with the rat and primate PPC based on the set of areas from where it received axonal projections, the areas to which it sent projections, and its location relative to other cortical regions^[@R8],[@R34]^ (anterior to visual cortex and posterior to somatosensory cortex). We therefore considered this area to be the mouse PPC.

To test if the PPC was required for the behavioral task, we inactivated it using bilateral injections of the GABA~A~ receptor agonist muscimol. Muscimol reversibly decreased behavioral performance from high levels of accuracy in control sessions to near chance levels, but did not affect the rate of trials performed (Fraction correct: no injections 87 ± 7%, saline 85 ± 5%, muscimol 54 ± 5% p \< 0.0001 vs. no injections, t-test; Trials per minute: no injections 3.2 ± 0.5, muscimol 3.1 ± 0.3, p \> 0.8, t-test; [Fig. 1d](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, PPC inactivation did not significantly affect performance on a visually-guided task in which a visual cue was present at the reward site and visible throughout the trial, indicating that the decrease in performance on the memory-guided task was unlikely due to a major visual or motor deficit (no injections: 90 ± 5%, muscimol: 87 ± 5%, p \> 0.2, t-test; [Fig. 1e](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 1b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

Imaging sequences of neuronal activity {#S3}
======================================

We used two-photon microscopy to image layer 2/3 PPC neurons expressing the genetically-encoded calcium indicator GCaMP3, which increases in fluorescence intensity in response to action potential firing^[@R35]^ (Methods). On average, we imaged \~65 cells simultaneously within a \~300 µm by \~150 µm area (range: 37--94 cells). Nearly all imaged cells showed statistically significant Ca^2+^ transients during the behavioral session (96% of cells had \> 0.2 transients per minute; Methods). Of the cells with high levels of activity (\> 2 Ca^2+^ transients per minute on average; [Supplementary Fig. 5](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), \~73% had significant increases in their mean fluorescence intensity traces (ΔF/F, averaged across trials) during a specific time in the trial or inter-trial interval (task-modulated cells; [Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Figs. 6--7](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These task-modulated cells had Ca^2+^ transients for only short time intervals on individual trials (11 ± 8% of time points in trials with a transient) such that only a small fraction of neurons was active simultaneously ([Fig. 2b--e](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Figs. 8, 9a](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}); cells with prolonged activity patterns covering a large fraction of the trial were not observed. The majority (\~71%) of task-modulated cells had significantly different levels of activity on correct right and left choice trials (choice-specific cells). Similar choice-specific, task-modulated activity patterns were observed in extracellular electrophysiological recordings ([Supplementary Figs. 10--11](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Cells were also active on error trials, such that neurons active during the cue period tended to be correlated with the cue identity, and neurons active during the turn period in general were correlated with the behavioral response ([Supplementary Fig. 12](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Only a small fraction of cells had obvious reward-related signals (\~2% of active cells with p \< 0.01, t-test, comparing ΔF/F values within \~0.6 s after the reward was given on correct trials or missed on error trials).

When the activity patterns of all the choice-specific, task-modulated cells were ordered according to the time profile of their Ca^2+^ transients, the active periods across cells were staggered relative to one another in time forming a sequence of neuronal activation covering the entire trial length ([Fig. 2c--d](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 7c](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Different sequences of neurons were activated on left and right trials ([Fig. 2c--d](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and absence of activity in [Fig. 2d](#F2){ref-type="fig"} lower plot, [Supplementary Fig. 14e](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Although these plots of sequences combined cells from different experiments and averaged across trials, similar properties were observed when considering only the cells imaged in a single mouse and on individual trials ([Fig. 2c](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 13](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Sequences were also apparent in the \~29% of task-modulated cells that did not have choice-specific activity; these cells participated in the sequences for both right and left choice trials ([Supplementary Fig. 7b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In total \~73% of the highly active cells participated in sequences. Sequences similar to those during the task were not observed in shuffled versions of the dataset, demonstrating that the sequences were not an artifact created by ordering the data ([Supplementary Fig. 14a--d](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

Because previous studies of the PPC have categorized cells into classes with cue, delay, or response period activity^[@R14]--[@R15]^, we examined if neurons in the sequence were grouped based on behavioral periods. The distribution of activity times of all cells in the population (calculated for each cell as the center-of-mass (COM) in time of the mean ΔF/F during the trial, *t*~COM~) had three peaks corresponding to the cue, delay, and turn periods, suggesting a possible grouping by behavioral period ([Fig. 3a](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Consistently, principal component analysis (PCA) on the mean ΔF/F traces for all cells revealed three intermixed groups, with each group mostly containing cells preferring the same behavioral period ([Fig. 3a--b](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 15](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

Although the population of neurons could be divided into groups, the temporal activity patterns within each individual period were heterogeneous and formed sequences ([Fig. 3c](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Cells within their preferred period were active for only a fraction of the period (35 ± 16% of time points in preferred periods with a Ca^2+^ transient) with different cells active at different times. Although cells with activity covering a large fraction of the period were occasionally observed (e.g. [Fig. 2c](#F2){ref-type="fig"} top panel), these cells were rare (4% of cells with activity lasting for \> 60% of the period; [Supplementary Fig. 9b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}); the distribution of epoch coverage by an individual neuron's activity was similar during the delay and cue or turn periods (p \> 0.1, KS test). Furthermore, Pearson's correlations between the non-averaged ΔF/F traces for cell pairs with the same trial-type and behavioral period preferences varied widely, with a large fraction of pairs having low correlation coefficients ([Supplementary Fig. 16a](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The low correlation coefficients could be due to activity at different times in the period, as expected for sequences, or activity at the same time in the trial except on different trials. However, the probability that both cells in these pairs had Ca^2+^ transients or both cells did not have transients on the same trial during their preferred epoch was generally high ([Supplementary Fig. 16b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), suggesting that the diversity primarily resulted from differences in the activity times of cells within trials. Together these data indicate that classes of cells with homogeneous activity patterns were not present. Rather, choice-specific sequences of neurons were activated in all behavioral periods, with a lower density of cells in the sequence at the borders between periods.

To further examine the sequential neuronal activation on individual trials, we calculated correlations between the activity patterns of cells using the non-averaged ΔF/F time series. Cells that were active at similar time points in the trial on average (measured as the difference in *t*~COM~ values on correct trials, Δ*t*~COM~) had, on correct trials and in their preferred behavioral periods, highly correlated ΔF/F traces and peaks in their cross correlation at a lag approximately equal to Δ*t*~COM~ ([Supplementary Fig. 16d--h](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}); these relationships in the non-averaged ΔF/F time series provide further evidence for sequential activity on individual trials. Cells that were active at similar times on correct trials were also highly correlated on error trials and in non-preferred periods ([Supplementary Fig. 16c--f](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Additionally, cells that were sequentially activated during their preferred behavioral period on correct trials were sequentially active with similar lags during error trials and other time points in the task ([Supplementary Fig. 16g--i](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

The choice-specific activity could result if mice experienced different visual stimuli and running patterns on right and left trials and if PPC activity was modulated by those differences. To examine this, we first performed a multiple regression analysis to determine the potential effects of the parameters defining the mouse's running trajectory on the fluorescence changes during the delay period ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These parameters could not explain the choice-specific activity patterns, suggesting that any differences in running trajectories between right and left trials did not trigger the activity we observed. In addition, we performed two sets of experiments to further examine whether the maze visual stimuli alone or the mouse's running patterns triggered PPC activity. In the first experiments, movies of simulated left and right turn runs through the T-maze, which closely approximated real runs, were played to mice that passively viewed the visual scenes (open-loop experiments; [Supplementary Fig. 17a--b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In the second experiments, mice were trained on a virtual linear track to perform a simple running back and forth task (run to one end for a reward, turn around, run to the other end for the next reward). The linear track had several visual patterns on the walls, all of which were the same as patterns in portions of the T-maze ([Supplementary Fig. 18a--b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The task required similar running and turning behaviors to the T-maze, except that turns were not memory-guided based on visual cues and a delay period and there was not a two-alternative forced-choice structure. The overall levels of activity during the simulated T-maze runs or during the linear track task were much lower than when mice actively performed the T-maze task ([Supplementary Figs. 17c--d, 18c--d](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Also, only a small fraction of neurons had significant increases in activity at specific locations in the maze, either during the simulated T-maze runs or in the linear track, suggesting that cells were not activated robustly by location-specific visual scenes or running patterns (simulated runs: 1.3%, linear track: 5.8%, T-maze: 32.3%; [Supplementary Figs. 17e--k, 18e--k](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Together these results suggest that PPC neurons in the T-maze were not activated only by the visual information or by the running patterns of the mouse.

Choice-specific neuronal circuit trajectories {#S4}
=============================================

The heterogeneous and sequential neuronal activity patterns during the T-maze task indicated that we should consider the dynamics of the population rather than classes of cells. We therefore analyzed the dynamics as a trajectory through a state space of neuronal population activity (neuronal circuit trajectory)^[@R36]--[@R38]^. At each time point, the activity state of the circuit containing *n* simultaneously imaged neurons was defined as a point in an *n*-dimensional space, with each dimension representing the activity (ΔF/F values) of a single neuron. Different trajectories (visualized using factor analysis for dimensionality reduction) were traversed for trials with different behavioral choices ([Fig. 4a--b](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 19a](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The trajectories for correct right and left choice trials began the trial at similar positions, gradually diverged to reach a peak separation near the time of the behavioral choice, and converged to the starting point in the inter-trial interval ([Fig. 4a--d](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). To quantify the trajectory divergence, we used a classifier based on the distance from an individual trial trajectory to the mean right and left choice trajectories at single time points. It was possible, from the activity of a small population of neurons located in close anatomical proximity (\~65 neurons separated by \< 250 µm), to predict the mouse's choice on single correct trials at better than chance levels during the cue, delay, and turn periods (Methods; [Fig. 4e](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 19b--c](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The activity in the PPC can therefore be considered as divergent, choice-specific trajectories through a state space of neuronal population activity.

Trajectories were highly variable on error trials. Some trajectories began close to the correct choice trajectory during the cue period and transitioned toward the error choice trajectory later in the trial; such transitions occurred at a wide range of points in the trial (gray traces in [Fig. 4f](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 19f](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Other trajectories were similar to the error choice trajectory throughout the trial ([Fig. 4f](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, black traces). On average, the error trial trajectories were more similar to the correct choice trajectory during the cue period and closer to the error choice trajectory during the turn period (cue offset: trajectory selectivity index = −0.13 ± 0.22, p \< 0.001 vs. 0, t-test; trial end: trajectory selectivity index = 0.18 ± 0.15, p \< 0.001 vs. 0; [Fig. 4g](#F4){ref-type="fig"}; consistent results based on classification, [Fig. 4h](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, individual trajectories transitioned between the mean correct right and left choice trajectories at many time points during trials, but most frequently switched during the delay period.

Anatomical micro-organization of PPC dynamics {#S5}
=============================================

To determine how the cells implementing the activity dynamics were anatomically organized, we first examined if cells with different response preferences, such as activity peaks at different times in the trial or different preferences for right and left choice trials, were present in the same regions of the PPC or separated into different areas. Each \~250 µm by \~125 µm area (i.e. field-of-view with simultaneously imaged cells) contained both right and left choice-preferring cells of approximately equal numbers and cells with activity peaks at a wide range of times in the trial ([Fig. 5a--c](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 20](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Next, within each imaged area we compared the activities of pairs of neurons as a function of the distance between the neurons' cell bodies. The difference in the trial-type selectivity for cells in a pair did not depend significantly on the distance between cells, indicating that left and right choice-preferring cells were intermixed (ρ = 0.04, Spearman's correlation, p \> 0.05; [Fig. 5e](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, Δ*t*~COM~ for a cell pair did not differ with the distance between the cells, indicating that cells active during different periods of the task were intermingled (ρ = −0.01, p \> 0.6; [Fig. 5d](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). However, cells that were separated by less anatomical distance had ΔF/F traces that were significantly more correlated than cell pairs further apart, but the relationship between the correlation coefficient and distance was weak (all pairs of active cells: ρ = −0.16, p \< 0.001; pairs with the same trial-type and behavioral period preference: ρ = −0.22, p \< 0.001 [Fig. 5f](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). This weak relationship could be due to overlapping fluorescence changes, such as from dendritic signals, or could reflect an actual, weak spatial organization. Regardless, cells with highly different activity patterns were intermixed over short length scales, and an anatomical separation of the response properties we measured was not present.

Discussion {#S6}
==========

The choice-specific sequences of PPC neuronal activation we report here add to the growing list of studies that have identified cortical sequences of activity states during working memory tasks^[@R27]--[@R30]^. Furthermore, because we demonstrated that PPC activity was necessary only for the memory-guided task, the sequences of activation were likely important at least for the memory aspect of the task. Sequence-based dynamics may therefore be a common framework for circuit function during memory and decision tasks, including during navigation behaviors. Such dynamics could potentially be implemented using feedforward architectures^[@R39]--[@R40]^ or liquid state machines^[@R41]--[@R42]^ related to those that have been proposed for working memory.

Our results also offer a way to unite previous work on neural coding in the PPC. Navigation, memory, and choice information may be combined in the sequences such that the identity of the active sequence reflects choice-related information for working memory and movement planning^[@R4]--[@R5]^ and the currently active cell within the sequence reflects spatial or temporal progression through the task^[@R7],[@R43]^, which were highly correlated in our task ([Supplementary Fig. 2](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). It seems unlikely that PPC neurons only provided location information in a context-dependent manner, like hippocampal place cells^[@R29],[@R44]^, because unlike place cells PPC neurons did not encode spatial location during a linear track task ([Supplementary Fig. 18](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) or other tasks^[@R6]--[@R7]^.

A possible explanation for heterogeneity and sequences in our experiments versus stereotypy and low-dimensional dynamics, which have been emphasized in previous recordings and models of PPC activity^[@R1],[@R13]--[@R18],[@R20]--[@R21]^, is that the PPC adopts different dynamics depending on the demands of the behavioral task. Because traditional delayed saccade tasks, for example, have one spatiotemporal component during the delay period (fixation before making a response), the PPC may adopt sustained activity patterns. In contrast, during tasks that involve many spatial and temporal components, as are common in natural behaviors and during navigation, the PPC may utilize sequences of activation. Alternatively, sequences of activity may be present in the primate PPC during traditional tasks but have yet to be identified, consistent with emerging evidence for heterogeneous temporal response properties^[@R22]--[@R24],[@R30]^. In addition, different regions or layers of the PPC may have differing activity dynamics^[@R45]^, or the dynamics of rodent and primate PPC circuits may differ.

Because cells that were active at distinct time points in the task and that participated in different choice-specific sequences were spatially intermingled, our results indicate that functionally distinct subnetworks are anatomically interlaced in the PPC. This extends previous work in sensory cortex, motor cortex, and the hippocampus showing spatial intermixing of heterogeneous response properties in cells encoding qualitatively similar types of information (e.g. orientation selectivity in visual cortex) or cells with activity during similar task epochs^[@R12],[@R31]--[@R32]^. These findings differ from the predictions of models that have emphasized the spatial clustering of similar response patterns, as in functional columns, and that propose connectivity defined by axonal-dendritic overlap without fine-scale specificity^[@R46]--[@R47]^. Rather, our results support a model in which microcircuits are formed by highly specific synaptic connectivity and are comprised of neuronal motifs, such as those identified in brain slice recordings in sensory cortices^[@R48]--[@R49]^ and amongst visual cortical neurons with the same orientation selectivity^[@R50]^. Our results showing that cell pairs that were sequentially active during their preferred periods on correct trials had similar activity relationships even during error trials and the inter-trial interval suggest the presence of such motifs ([Supplementary Fig. 16g--i](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

Our behavioral paradigm did not isolate the decision-making process. We note however that activity trajectories occasionally switched during a trial between the prototypical correct left and right choice trajectories, including frequently on error trials, suggesting that the mouse's decision was not necessarily irreversibly reached immediately after a trial's start (trajectory selectivity switch during the delay period or last 1 s of the cue period: 63% of error trials, 20% of correct trials; [Fig. 4d,g](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, [Supplementary Fig. 19e--f](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Sequences may therefore play a role in some aspect of decision-related processes, but further experiments will be necessary to assess this possibility.

Our results motivate consideration of a conceptual framework for decision-making and working memory in which sensory information used for the decision activates a neuronal sequence of activity. The sequence begins in a choice-independent state, which could be mediated by neurons that are not choice-specific ([Supplementary Fig. 7b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), and then moves toward a choice-specific trajectory and away from other trajectories in a manner dependent on the incoming information. A decision is proposed to be reached when the sequence of activity intersects a choice-specific trajectory; different decisions involve intersections with different trajectories. Upon reaching a decision, a working memory can be maintained by continuing along that choice-specific trajectory. Changing decisions would occur through transitions between trajectories, but as time progresses in the task, the state space distance between trajectories increases, in effect creating a larger barrier to change. In this view, decision-making and working memory utilize an ordered progression through a sequence in which information moves from one population of neurons to another over time. The framework we propose is an extension of a point-of-view first considered in describing the dynamics underlying behavioral choices in the leech nervous system^[@R37]^. It has both some similarities and differences from drift/diffusion-to-bound, race, and recurrent network models of decision-making implemented as neuronal integrator winner-take-all circuits^[@R2],[@R16]^. These models are similar to the trajectory-based view in that different decisions correspond to a divergence in state space surrounding a separatrix. However, these models differ from the sequence framework in that decisions are reached when the activity approaches a choice-specific fixed point with working memory maintained as stable activity at that point. Thus, although these circuits can demonstrate divergent trajectories to reach the fixed points associated with different choices, the trajectories are defined by relatively homogeneous changes in the activity of the population, and the same set of neurons participate in all stages of the decision-making and working memory process.

Methods summary {#S7}
===============

A complete description of the experimental methods and data analysis is available in the [Supplementary Information](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.

Supplementary Material {#SM}
======================

We thank D. Dombeck for assistance on imaging methods and analysis, C. Domnisoru, M. de Bettencourt, C. Brody, and A. Miri for discussions and M. Goldman, J. Hopfield, D. Aronov, B. Scott, and T. Hanks for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the NIH (R01-MH083686), a fellowship from the Helen Hay Whitney Foundation (C.D.H.), and a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award at the Scientific Interface (C.D.H.)

**Author contributions**

C.D.H. performed experiments with assistance from P.C. on the retrograde tracing experiments. D.W.T. implemented the imaging instrumentation. C.D.H. analyzed the data with strategy and methods contributions from D.W.T.. C.D.H. and D.W.T. wrote the paper.

![A PPC-dependent decision task in virtual reality\
Schematic of the two versions of the virtual T-maze that differed only in the cue period and the reward location. Patterns in the schematic reflect the patterns present on the virtual maze walls.Behavioral performance on individual training (gray) and imaging (black) sessions.Rotational velocity of the spherical treadmill about the vertical axis for view angle changes on correct right (red) and left (blue) trials, aligned to the cue offset and the turn onset.Behavioral performance on a memory-guided task from (a) after receiving no injections (gray), saline (open circles), or muscimol (black) bilaterally in the PPC. Connected dots are from individual mice across daily sessions (n = 3 mice).Same as in (d) except for a visually-guided task ([Supplementary Fig. 1b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).](nihms354701f1){#F1}

![Imaging PPC neuronal activity during the T-maze task\
Left: Example image of GCaMP3-expressing neurons in layer 2/3. Right: Example fluorescence intensity traces (ΔF/F; gray portions indicate significant Ca^2+^ transients, Methods) for three example cells from the left panel on correct right (red) and left (blue) trials.Activity patterns during the task for cells 1--3 from (a). Top: Color-coded ΔF/F traces for individual correct left and right choice trials. Each row is a single trial aligned to the cue offset, turn onset, and trial end. Bottom: Mean ΔF/F traces for correct right (red) and left (blue) choice trials. Dashed lines indicate mean ± sem.Normalized mean ΔF/F traces for all the choice-specific, task-modulated cells (one cell per row) imaged in a single mouse and divided by left-preferring (n = 51) and right-preferring (n = 54) cells. Traces were normalized to the peak of each cell's mean ΔF/F trace on preferred trials and sorted by the peak time. Some cells were imaged on different days and in different fields-of-view.Same as in (c), except for all mice (n = 404 cells from 6 mice) on preferred and opposite trials.Fraction of active cells with significantly different activity levels on right and left choice trials as a function of trial time.](nihms354701f2){#F2}

![Neuronal activity in individual behavioral periods\
Histogram of the times of the center-of-mass of the mean ΔF/F trace (*t*~COM~) for choice-specific, task-modulated cells. Cells were separated into three groups (cue-, delay-, and turn-preferring cells; varying shades of green) based on peaks in the distribution.PCA on the normalized mean ΔF/F traces for all the choice-specific, task-modulated cells. Left: Scores for each cell plotted for the first two principal components. Right: Cells categorized based on the groupings from (a). n = 404 cells.Sorted normalized mean ΔF/F traces for cue-preferring (n = 101), delay-preferring (n = 133), and turn-preferring (n = 170) cells, aligned to the trial start, cue offset, and turn onset, respectively, on the preferred trial-type.](nihms354701f3){#F3}

![Neuronal circuit trajectories on correct and error trials\
Time course of mean choice-specific trajectories on correct right (red) and left (blue) choice trials from one session (plotted for the first three common factors). Points labeled 1, 2, 3 correspond to the mean times of the cue offset, turn onset, and trial end, respectively.Example individual (thin lines) and mean (thick lines) trajectories for correct trials from the session in (a).Euclidean distance between the mean trajectories on correct right and left choice trials (n = 29 individual sessions, gray). The black line indicates the mean.Trajectory selectivity index for individual correct trials from a single session, defined based on distances as (*d*~to\ mean\ traj,\ opposite\ choice~ -- *d*~to\ mean\ traj,\ same\ choice~)/(*d*~to\ mean\ traj,\ same\ choice~ + *d*~to\ mean\ traj,\ opposite\ choice~). Values close to 1 and -1 indicate that the individual trial trajectory was near the mean trajectory of the same and opposite behavioral choice, respectively. Mean trajectories were defined using correct trials only. Gray and black lines indicate individual trials and the mean, respectively.Classification accuracy for determining the behavioral choice of the mouse at different time points in the task during individual sessions (gray, n = 29; black, mean). The classifier was based on a distance-dependent classification scheme (see Methods) using correct trials.Example individual trial trajectories (gray and black) on right choice and left choice errors trials, plotted with the mean trajectories for correct right (red) and left (blue) choice trials.Same as for (d), except on error trials.Same as for (e), except on error trials.](nihms354701f4){#F4}

![Anatomical micro-organization in the PPC\
Example field-of-view with cells outlined and choice-specific, task-modulated cells colored. Top: Cells' trial-type selectivity, defined as (ΔF/F~right\ trials~ − ΔF/F~left\ trials~) / (ΔF/F~right\ trials~ + ΔF/F~left\ trials~). Values close to 1 (red) and -1 (blue) indicate right and left choice preferences, respectively. Bottom: Cells' time of the center-of-mass of the mean ΔF/F trace (*t*~COM~). *t*~COM~ = 0 corresponds to \~3 s before the cue offset.Box plots of *t*~COM~ values for task-modulated cells in individual fields-of-view (box edges, first and third quartiles; vertical line in the box, median; whiskers, range)Number of right and left choice-preferring cells in each field-of-view (n = 29; unity line is shown).Difference in *t*~COM~ as a function of the distance between cells.Difference in the trial-type selectivity index as a function of the distance between cells.Pearson's correlation between non-averaged ΔF/F traces (all time points) for all pairs of active cells (black) and cell pairs with the same trial-type and behavioral period preference (gray) as a function of the cell-cell distance.](nihms354701f5){#F5}

[^1]: Present address: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115