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There’s nothing quite as revitalizing as a cold drink on a hot summer afternoon. These days, however, restaurant guests are looking for more than just refreshment from their cold beverages. They are seeking fewer calories, healthful options, or, perhaps, a jolt of energy.

Cold beverages, particularly carbonated ones, have been part and parcel of quick-service restaurants from the time the first units opened. Coca-Cola, for instance, has been served at White Castle since 1921, the year the business began.

Fizzy drinks, as a group, are still the most popular beverage option at limited-service restaurants, but noncarbonated drinks are picking up steam. Iced teas and coffees, various waters, lemonade, and juices have been growing quickly.

“There is absolutely more consumer interest in a wider array of beverages, and restaurant operators have realized that,” says Maeve Webster, research director at Datassential, a food industry market research firm and consultant with offices in Chicago and Los Angeles.

This is partly an aspect of the overall customization bent, which focuses on giving diners more options to meet their wants and needs.

“The marketplace is splintering,” says Gary Hemphill, senior vice president of information services at Beverage Marketing Corp. (BMC), a New York–based research and consulting firm. “People want more variety now and that means more beverage choices.”

This trend has been developing for the past few decades, but has become increasingly notable in recent years. According to BMC statistics, carbonated drink volume has declined seven consecutive years as consumers gravitate to noncarbonated choices.

“These are often items that have a healthier image, whether or not they really are, including teas, bottled waters, and functional products like energy drinks,” Hemphill says.

The BMC annual report for 2011 found that major carbonated brands made up half of the top 10 liquid refreshment beverages and bottled waters took three more spots. The other two were PepsiCo’s Gatorade energy drink and Tropicana fruit brands.

Energy drinks, which appeal to young males, were the fastest-growing beverage category, with annual volume jumping 14.4 percent. Coffees and teas also showed strong gains.

“[Quick-service] restaurant operators understand what is going on in the marketplace, with people looking to make different beverage choices,” Webster says. Offering a variety of drinks “increases owners’ flexibility and gives them the opportunity to compete better.”

Excepting carbonated beverages, the beverage offered most at limited-service restaurants is tea, particularly iced tea, which is on the menu at 63.2 percent of quick serves, according to Datassential. That is followed by various waters, which are on 57.5 percent of menus.

The water total may be underreported since many restaurants don’t list water on their menus if it comes from the tap or from a tab at the fountain dispenser.

Various brands of bottled water are in 46.6 percent of quick serves, while penetration is 5.5 percent for spring water, 4.3 percent for vitaminwater, and 3.1 percent for sparkling water.

The vitaminwater brand showed the biggest compounded annual growth of any beverage at fast feeders over the past five years, rising more than 27 percent per year. The next two are green tea and San Pellegrino mineral water, both at about 16 percent a year.

An old favorite, lemonade, is on the menu at 54.4 percent of limited-service units, while coffee is on 51.6 percent and orange juice is on 51.1 percent.

Juices, mostly orange and apple, appeared increasingly on menus in recent years as more quick serves added breakfast or replaced carbonated drinks on children’s menus.

“The push to get kids to move away from sodas and eat healthier led to the boost in juice offerings, even if they may not have less sugar,” Webster says. “It’s all about feeling better about what you are ordering.”

Offering a wide range of beverages also “is a way for [quick serves] to differentiate themselves from the competition,” Hemphill says. “Historically, [quick serves] have lagged a little in trends, but if an operator can figure out a way to move faster, there is opportunity.”

Not surprisingly, limited-service restaurants have been adding noncarbonated cold beverages at a rapid pace. According to statistics from MenuMonitor, the menu-tracking database created by restaurant market research and consulting firm Technomic Inc., there were more than 200 new cold beverages recently added at quick serves.

Iced teas made up the largest chunk of those additions, followed by iced coffee and waters.

“There have been a lot of innovations in tea because it has such a healthy halo,” Hemphill says. “It’s also a base for innovation, like green tea, that appeals to the sophisticated tea drinker but also for those seeking a healthier option.”

An increasing number of quick serves offer or have added fresh-brewed iced and sweet teas to meet consumers’ growing demand for a fresher, better-tasting product.

At the same time, iced and chilled coffee, espresso, and related beverages have grown steadily in the wake of aggressive marketing by coffee chains, such as Starbucks, and the addition of these types of drinks at McDonald’s and other extended-menu fast feeders.

“Americans had traditionally consumed coffee hot, but the cold coffee hurdle has been leapt,” Hemphill explains. “Most Americans are now comfortable in drinking coffee cold. So now it’s a year-round product, hot more often in winter, cold more often in summer.”

Iced coffees carry fairly high margins, he adds, and while some of the products may be labor intensive and time consuming, restaurants can do well with these items if they become part of the core strategy and generate strong repeat purchases.

While fountain drinks are a long-time staple at limited-service eateries, a number of outlets, including pizza parlors, sub shops, and fast-casual restaurants, also feature refrigerated cases that contain bottled or canned cold drinks.

The cans and bottles—glass or plastic—in fast-casual refrigerators, for instance, are often drinks not available at the fountain, including upscale carbonated beverages, flavored waters, teas, vitaminwater, and even beer.

As some mainline quick serves try to compete with fast casuals, they are considering adding their own refrigerated cases. Wendy’s is testing several ideas at its new prototype units, including a refrigerated case that includes some regular items (bottled water, milk and chocolate milk, and packaged apple juice) as well as nontraditional ones, such as canned NOS energy drinks.

The units are also trying out several iced coffees and Coca-Cola’s Freestyle dispensing machines, which offer Coke’s Dasani still water and other brands in a variety of flavors.

Wendy’s continues to measure customer feedback, sales, and costs for all these offerings, says company spokesman Denny Lynch.

Firehouse Subs is already sold on the customization potential of the Freestyle dispensers. The chain last year completed installation of the machines in all 500 of its restaurants.

“There are so many possible drink permutations,” says Don Fox, CEO of the Jacksonville, Florida–based company. “The Dasani water, for instance, has seven different flavors and those can be mixed any way the customer wants.”

The Freestyle offers more than 120 drink options, and that “certainly adds value,” Fox notes. “It’s all about segmentation and satisfying the consumers.”

Even with all of the beverage possibilities, Firehouse would not have added the machines if Coca-Cola did not include one thing not typical for the beverage company: a noncarbonated cherry syrup drink for making the chain’s cherry limeade.

Cherry limeade makes up 21 percent of the chain’s beverage sales.

“When our first restaurant opened in 1994, the cherry limeade was hand mixed,” Fox says. “Later we went to a mix [for the cherry drink’s base], but the founders weren’t really happy with it, so it was never sold outside Jacksonville.”

Within the past four years, however, the cherry base was deemed good enough to go system-wide. Guests squeeze lime wedges into the cherry drink to make limeade.

“We know it’s expensive to do that, but we build that into our cost of doing business,” Fox says. “It adds a quality halo to our beverage offerings.”

The Freestyle has helped Firehouse attract more dine-in business, particularly among families, and boosted the average ticket from $10.25–$10.50 to $11.25–$11.50.

One chain that combines a coffee house with a fast-casual bakery-café is Cosi. The company resulted from the 1999 merger of Xando Coffee and Bar with Cosi Sandwich Bar and provides guests a range of cold beverages, from coffees to specialty lemonades.

“We think it’s important to our guests to give them the combinations they want,” explains Keith Stewart, marketing director of the Deerfield, Illinois–based chain.

The company has seen an increase in customer demand for water products, but not at the expense of other beverages. “It’s additive,” Stewart says, “particularly with drinks like smartwater and vitaminwater,” which include electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, and herbs.

Cosi also has made a point of creating proprietary cold teas and coffees, including Ginger Green Tea, which the company will be premiering this year. And then there are the lemonades: Strawberry Pomegranate and Mango Pomegranate.

This year, Habanero Watermelon Lemonade, a limited-time offer, will return. The sweet drink, which has a hint of heat, arrives with four big pieces of watermelon on a skewer.

“We have so much produce on our menu that it’s easy for us to have strawberries to garnish a beverage or to add watermelon to our order,” Stewart says.

At Quiznos, beverages “are a very integral part of our offerings,” says Zach Calkins, vice president of culinary creations. “It’s a natural fit to combo” a drink with food.

Tea and noncarbonated bottled beverages, particularly waters, are popular with salads.

Last year, Quiznos, with about 2,300 U.S. locations, relaunched its tea offerings with three new blends: unsweetened, black tea infused with raspberry, and green tea with lemon, lime, and honey. Sweet tea is available at locations in the South.

The Denver-based company is also upgrading its lemonade. A new honey lemonade was tested last year in six markets and is now rolling out system-wide. Franchisees can choose this variety or the traditional raspberry lemonade.

“It’s optional,” Calkins says. “Markets like Salt Lake City and Albuquerque love this new lemonade, while markets in the South want the raspberry lemonade.”

Quiznos also offers a wide range of Pepsi’s Sobe bottled beverages. While some varieties, like green tea, consistently do well, the company regularly switches flavors in and out.

“We rely on our partnership with Pepsi to see where consumers are and what they want,” Calkins says. “It depends on what is popular in a particular area. They may tell us that a drink is really moving and recommend we put that in our cooler.”

The idea of having many beverages available gives customers plenty of choices, so there is less chance for drinks to result in a veto vote.

“By having all these options, we have not seen a downtick in our carbonated drinks at the expense of more people choosing other beverages,” Calkins explains. “You’ve got to zig and zag with consumers and try to stay ahead of them and what they crave.”


Introduction {#Sec1}
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Human-caused degradation of the natural environment is increasing, and a major driver of such degradation is artificial light at night (ALAN)^[@CR1],[@CR2]^. Over the last 100 years, since lighting technologies were developed and urbanization has progressed^[@CR3]^, ALAN has disrupted the natural nocturnal environment, worldwide. Presently, 23% of the earth's land mass experiences ALAN^[@CR4]^, and the level of light pollution is growing approximately 2% a year^[@CR5]^. Because most terrestrial biota have been exposed to regular cycles of sunlight and darkness throughout evolutionary history, disruption of the nocturnal environment by ALAN has ecological impacts on the biota^[@CR6]^.

In just a few decades, there has been a broad range of studies on the impacts of ALAN. For example, ALAN can alter foraging behaviour^[@CR7]--[@CR9]^, migratory behaviour^[@CR10],[@CR11]^, physiology^[@CR12],[@CR13]^ and mortality rates^[@CR14]^. More recently, some studies have found that population dynamics^[@CR15]^ and species interactions^[@CR16]^ can also be altered by ALAN. Whereas it is clear that ALAN can have significant effects on wildlife, its impacts may be complex. For example, many kinds of nocturnal invertebrates, such as beetles, flies, and moths, are attracted to artificial light ^[@CR17],[@CR18]^, which may have significant implications for populations and communities of these groups^[@CR19],[@CR20]^. In addition, however, attracted invertebrates are a food source for nocturnal predators of invertebrates, such as geckos, anurans, bats, and birds^[@CR21]--[@CR23]^. Although such phenomena are well documented^[@CR21],[@CR23]^, few studies quantify the effect of increased food availablity on predators, although they may be among the strongest impacts of ALAN. If, for example, mesopredators are attracted to areas with ALAN, and then consume other groups, this could be an important impact on community dynamics, given the impact of mesopredator release in other systems^[@CR24]^.

Furthermore, the effect of increased food availability on predators of invertebrates caused by ALAN may be influenced by various environmental factors, because the amount of invertebrates attracted to ALAN probably varies with weather and environment. For example, increasing temperature or rainfall may increase the number of invertebrates attracted to ALAN^[@CR1],[@CR6]^. On the other hand, increasing wind speed and ambient light, such as moon light, may decrease the effect of artificial light on invertebrate activity^[@CR1],[@CR6]^. It is likely that these effects on invertebrate activity flow on to influence predation success. This chain of reasoning has not been examined, but to better predict the impacts of ALAN on predators of nocturnal invertebrates, it appears we may need to understand the influence of a variety of environmental variables on predation success.

Although many previous studies have examined the effects of ALAN on native species, few have examined interactions between ALAN and invasive species^[@CR25]^. While both ALAN and invasive species are global issues causing biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystem function, these issues have been considered separately^[@CR25]^. They may interact, however, because invasive species often proliferate in urban areas, which are a major source of ALAN. There are many reasons why invasive species inhabit disturbed environments^[@CR26]^, and ALAN may be a contributing factor. For example, the abundance of invasive house geckos was higher in artificially lit environments^[@CR27]^, and they may be more willing to use artificially lit environments to obtain food resources than are native geckos, suggesting ALAN might contribute to their invasion success, globally^[@CR28]^. Revealing the potential impact on invasive species of ALAN could provide important insights for the management of invasive species.

Cane toads (*Rhinella marina*) are a tropical invasive species, originally native to south America^[@CR29],[@CR30]^. Originally introduced to control agricultural pests^[@CR31]^, they have been introduced to the Carribean, most Pacific Islands, several Japanese Islands, and to Papua New Guinea and Australia. Famously, cane toads produce highly toxic secretions stored in their parotoid glands, which are used as anti-predator defences^[@CR30]^. It has been well documented in Australia that when native predators, including snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and marsupials attempt to consume toads, they are often poisoned^[@CR31]--[@CR36]^. Thus toads typically have negative impacts on the native biota, and require management globally. Toads feed on nocturnal invertebrates, and ALAN provides an artificially large food resource for toads^[@CR37],[@CR38]^. Although ALAN may have a positive effect on the invasion success and proliferation of toads, environmental factors influencing the food intake of toads have not been investigated. Revealing environmental factors associated with the indirect effects of ALAN on toads could contribute to efficient management of invasive cane toads.

Here, we experimentally quantified the influence of ALAN on food intake in toads. In addition, we determined the effect of four environmental factors: ambient light, temperature, rainfall and wind speed on food intake by toads in the field. We constructed field enclosures supplied with artificial light for toads in northeast Australia. The toads were allowed to feed freely overnight, after which they were euthanised, and we measured the mass and taxonomic composition of their gut contents, and categorized them as 'flying' or 'non-flying'. We hypothesized that the mass of the gut contents of toads would increase with increasing temperature and rainfall, and with decreasing wind speed. We based these predictions on the likely impact of these environmental variables on invertebrate activity^[@CR1],[@CR6]^. Similarly, we hypothesized that the mass of toad gut contents would increase with decreasing lunar phase, and with ambient light pollution levels. We based these predictions on the likely impact of light sources (i.e., the moon and ALAN) on invertebrate activity in the vicinity of our artificial light, and assumed that toads would eat more if more invertebrates were available.

Material and methods {#Sec2}
====================

Experimental design {#Sec3}
-------------------

We constructed six outdoor experimental enclosures in rural areas vegetated with open eucalypt forest (mainly popular gum \[*Eucalyptus platyphylla*\]) with a grassy understorey around Townsville, Queensland, Australia (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Three enclosures were set along Hervey's Range road and the others were set along the Bruce Highway. The distance between these sites were 5--15 km (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). We drove four iron piles \[star pickets\] into the ground at the corners and wrapped these with UV stable plastic sheeting as walls (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Fig. [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Each enclosure measured 4 \* 4 m, with walls 1.2 m high, and we provided a plant pot as a refuge. Light globes (100 W, Fluorescent Light Bulb (A Type) EFA25ED/21-A101H, Asahi Electric CO., LTD. Osaka, Japan.) were placed 1.5 m high at the centre of each enclosure, and car batteries (which lasted all night without recharge) were used as a power supply for the lights (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Fig. [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). This light bulb has three peaks in the spectrum (blue \[400--450 nm\], green \[500--600 nm\] and red \[600--650 nm\]) to simulate daylight. We collected toads from Townsville and kept them without food for 40 h to ensure they had empty guts. We provided toads with water before each trial, to ensure they were fully hydrated. We then added five, randomly selected toads to each enclosure before sunset, and toads were allowed to feed overnight within the enclosure. The next morning, all of them were humanely euthanised using an overdose of buffered MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate) in a bath, and dissected in the laboratory at James Cook University. We recorded the mass of prey from each toad's gut, and calculated the average gut content mass per trial (per night and per enclosure). Because toads in a trial were non-independent, we used average gut content mass per trial, as our measure of 'predation success'. We conducted each trial for six days with different toads each day (applying a light-on treatment and light-off control, alternately) at each enclosure from December 2017 to April 2018. We also recorded light pollution levels at each enclosure, once, at the dark-moon phase, using a light meter (LUX METER FT3424, HIOKI E.E. CORPORATION, Nagano, Japan). Light pollution levels were as follows: site 1: 0.00 Lx, site 2: 0.01 Lx, site 3: 0.22 Lx, site 4: 0.00 Lx, site 5: 0.01 Lx, site 6: 3.65 Lx. We categorized them as follows: 0.00 Lx: no light pollution, 0.01 Lx: low levels of light pollution, 0.22 Lx: moderate levels of light pollution, 3.65 Lx: high levels of light pollution. When the lights were on, light intensities on the floor of the enclosures were as follows: site 1: 7.34 Lx, site 2: 7.59 Lx, site 3: 7.57 Lx, site 4: 7.30 Lx, site 5: 7.81 Lx, site 6: 7.73 Lx.Figure 1A map of study area. The urban area (Townsville, Queensland, Australia) is shown in grey. The 6 experimental enclosure sites are shown as black circles. Roads are shown as light lines, and coastlines as heavier lines.Figure 2Overview of the enclosure experiment. We constructed six outdoor experimental enclosures in open eucalypt forest, and put 5 toads in each enclosure. The following day, we dissected them and recorded the mass of prey in each of their guts.

The size of individual toads that went into the enclosures varied, and we thought it possible that toad body size may influence the amount they consumed. We tested for a relationship between gut content mass per individual and snout-vent length (SVL) using a linear regression, and there was no significant relationship between these variables, so toad body size is not reported further (p \> 0.05 Supplementary Fig. [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}. Supplementary Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).

Although we did not measure the influx of insects to the light, we assumed that the number of insects falling to the ground and available to toads was a measure of this variable. This seems a reasonable assumption because insect researchers often evaluate the abundance of insects using captured fallen insects attracted to light traps^[@CR39]^. They also use the number of fallen insects attracted to light to forecast pest outbreaks for agriculture^[@CR40]^.

We used available public weather data from the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology to obtain temperature, rainfall and wind speed at each site^[@CR41]^, and lunar phase from 'timeanddate.com'^[@CR42]^, which we used as covariates, potentially influencing mean toad gut content mass.

Statistical analysis {#Sec4}
--------------------

To examine the relationships between mean mass of toad gut contents in the experimental enclosures, and various environmental factors, we used the 'lme4' package to conduct generalized linear mixed modelling (GLMM). The error distribution was identified as a Gaussian distribution. We used average gut content mass of all the toads in a trial as the response variable, and we used the experimental artificial light treatment (light-on vs light-off), light pollution level, temperature, rain fall, wind speed and lunar phase as explanatory variables. We also examined interactions between the experimental artificial light treatment and the light pollution level, the experimental artificial light treatment and lunar phase, and the light pollution level and lunar phase, to look for interactions between the impact of artificial light, and natural light. Enclosure number was included as a random effect. We standardized numeric explanatory variables (we subtracted the mean from each data point and divided by the standard deviation to scale the data to a mean of 0 and a variance of 1). We conducted model comparison using the 'dredge' function in the 'MuMIn' package to evaluate the relative importance of each explanatory variable. Additionally we tested whether percentage of flying invertabrates in gut contents of toads increased when lights were on using Welch Two Sample t-test. All statistical analysis was performed in R V 3.6.0^[@CR43]^.

Results {#Sec5}
=======

Experimental trials {#Sec6}
-------------------

We conducted 37 trials (site 1, 2, 3, 5 & 6: 6 trials, site 4: 7 trials) (Supplementary Table [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) and we collected gut contents from 171 toads (site 1: 29 toads, site 2: 28 toads, site 3: 28 toads, site 4: 32 toads, site 5: 27 toads, site 6: 27 toads).

Variables influencing mean food intake per experimental trial {#Sec7}
-------------------------------------------------------------

Model comparisons showed that the experimental artificial light treatment (light-on vs light-off), ambient light pollution levels, lunar phase, and the interactions between experimental artificial light treatment and ambient light pollution level, and between the experimental artificial light treatment and lunar phase were selected in all models with delta AIC \< 2 (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The light-on treatment increased mean gut content mass of invasive toads (Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}), but the impact of the experimental artificial light treatment was influenced negatively (i.e., mean gut contents were reduced) by both increased light pollution levels at each site (Fig. [3b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}), and light lunar phases (gut contents were least when the moon was full) (Fig. [3c](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, mean gut contents of invasive toads were likely to increase with increasing temperature (Fig. [3d](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Rainfall and wind speed were selected in several models (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}), and mean gut contents of invasive toads were likely to increase slightly with increasing rainfall (Fig. [3e](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) and wind speed (Fig. [3f](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). When lights were on, percentage of flying taxa consumed by toads increased significantly (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, p \< 0.05).Table 1The result of model comparison of the generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) used to examine the relationships between gut contents of toads and various explanatory variables (experimental artificial light treatment \[light-on vs light-off\], ambient light pollution level, temperature, rain fall, wind speed, lunar phase, an interaction between the experimental artificial light treatment and ambient light pollution levels, an interaction between experimental artificial light treatment and lunar phase, and an interaction between present light pollution level and lunar phase).Models No.(Intercept)Experimental artificial light treatment (Light-on vs Light-off)Light pollution levelLunar phaseRainfallTemperatureWind speedInteraction between experimental artificial light and light pollution levelInteraction between experimental artificial light and lunar phaseInteraction between light pollution level and lunar phasedfLogLikAICDeltaWeight2001.521.41−0.84−0.61NANANA−0.75−0.69NA8−63.85143.710.000.142241.501.69−0.82−0.700.490.57NA−0.80−0.59NA10−62.13144.250.550.102161.531.52−0.84−0.58NA0.34NA−0.77−0.70NA9−63.36144.731.020.082321.541.47−0.87−0.66NANA0.31−0.74−0.76NA9−63.53145.061.350.072481.551.62−0.87−0.63NA0.400.37−0.76−0.78NA10−62.60145.201.490.06Enclosure number was fitted as a random effect. A Gaussian distribution was identified as the error distribution. The model comparison was performed by dredge function in MuMIn package in R 3.6.0 (R Development Core Team 2019).Figure 3(**a**) Relationship between average toad gut content masses in experimental enclosures, and experimental light treatment (comparing all periods when the light was on versus all periods when the light was off). (**b**) The influence of ambient light pollution on average toad gut content masses in experimental enclosures when an artificial lights were on, and during dark controls. Gut contents masses when artificial lights were on are shown as white circles and a light line, and light-off treatment as black circles and heavier line. (**c**) The influence of lunar phase on average toad gut content masses in experimental enclosures when an artificial lights were on, and during dark controls. Mean gut content masses collected when lights were on are shown as white circles, and a light line, whereas mean gut content masses during light-off controls are shown as black circles and heavier line. (**d**) The influence of temperature on average toad gut content masses in experimental enclosures. (**e**) The influence of rainfall on average toad gut content masses in experimental enclosures. (**f**) The influence of wind speed on average toad gut content masses in experimental enclosures.Figure 4Percentage of flying invertebrates in gut contents of toads when lights were on and off.

Discussion {#Sec8}
==========

We found that the presence of artificial light in our experiment greatly increased the mass of gut contents of invasive toads, and that this effect was reduced when there was more ambient light, either from urban light pollution or natural moonlight. We also found that temperature, rainfall and wind speed had relatively weak effects on toad gut contents compared to light over the summer period of our study, and were not likely to be important drivers influencing the ecological impact of ALAN on invasive toads. These results, taken together, suggest that the food intake of invasive toads was more strongly influenced by artificial light sources than by weather effects, and that the effect of artificial light was reduced by other light sources, including natural light and ambient artificial light pollution. Moreover, flying invertabrates, such as Coleoptera, contributed strongly to the increase in gut content mass of toads in light treatments.

Lunar phase changes gradually over the synodic month, hence the impact of ALAN on invasive toads should vary cyclically corresponding to lunar phase. Although ALAN clearly provides an important food resource for invasive toads^[@CR37],[@CR38]^, no one has examined the impact of lunar phase on foraging success. Lunar phase influences the attraction of biting midges (*Culicoides brevitarsis*) to artificial light, because lunar light dilutes the effect of artificial light, essentially competing with it in terms of attractiveness^[@CR6]^. Our results were consistent with the possibility that bright lunar phases reduced the attraction of invertebrates to the experimental artificial light, which, in turn, lead to variation in the amount toads ate.

As with lunar illumination, we also found that the impact of ALAN was influenced by light pollution levels at each site. Our experimental light treatments were less effective at providing food for toads closer to urban centres, and thus the impact of our experimental lights, in terms of food provision, was largest in the light-naïve areas located furthest from the city. There are two plausible reasons for this effect. One is that ambient light pollution competed with the effect of our experimental artificial light, such that light pollution diluted the impact of the experimental artificial light^[@CR6]^. Another reason for our observation could be that ambient light pollution, and a plethora of artificial light closer to urban centers has already degraded the invertebrate fauna at those sites. Although there is little direct experimental evidence, there is some suggestion in the literature that ambient light pollution causes declines in invertebrate populations; there are a few correlative studies reporting invertebrate population decline in association with ALAN, and species of invertebrates attracted to light have declined greatly compared to species that are not attracted to light^[@CR19],[@CR44]^. Finally, moth populations in the UK and Ireland have declined as a result of ALAN^[@CR20]^. In our tropical study area, there are abundant nocturnal invertebrates, and there was no indication of lower food intake in ALAN-effected areas in our study when our experimental lights were off, providing weak evidence that ALAN has not depleted invertebrate populations in our study area very much. While our study did not address the reason why ambient light pollution levels influenced the impact of our experimental lights, we suggest it was related to competition between light types in attractiveness^[@CR6]^, rather than depleted invertebrate populations in our study area, although this assertion deserves further experimental examination. Possibly, invertebrates around urban areas have adapted to artificial light and have reduced flight-to-light behaviour^[@CR45]^, which could also decrease numbers in urban areas.

Invasive species often inhabit environments characterised by anthropogenic disturbances, from which they may benefit, including from the presence of artificial light^[@CR26]^. Invasive toads are well known to consume invertebrates attracted to artificial light around buildings, and artificial light might facilitate their invasion^[@CR38]^. Our study indicated that the impact of experimental lighting on invasive toads varied depending on the light pollution level at the site. When artificial light was located in urban or peri-urban locations, the impact of experimental ALAN per light bulb seemed relatively weak. We think it most likely that this effect was due to dilution of the effect of the experimental ALAN by ambient light pollution. When the artificial light was located in peri-urban or rural areas, the impact of ALAN was relatively large. Hence, to avoid providing food resources to toads from artificial light, management of artificial light in peri-urban and rural areas, such as highway lights or scattered buildings, may be important. Additionally, light management approaches should consider the lunar cycle; light use during dark lunar phases may be most beneficial to toads, whereas the impact of light during brighter lunar phases could be relatively small.

Cage traps using ultraviolet light as a lure, which attracts invertebrates, capture toads^[@CR46]^. Our results suggest that trapping may be more effective during darker lunar phases (corroborated by^[@CR47]^), and in urban areas shaded from ALAN, or in peri-urban and rural areas. Considering the spatio-temporal pattern of the impact of ALAN may contribute to better management of invasive amphibians, especially if lights are used to attract insect food.

We placed all our experimental enclosures in similar habitat (open savannah woodland). Invertebrate diversity and mass may, however, vary with local environmental conditions. Future studies, should examine similarity in the invertebrate fauna among areas, and conduct this experiment at more sites, perhaps comparing different habitat types. This experiment should be repeated at other urban centres to determine if the urban effect is consistent among cities. In addition, future studies should examine the contribution of artificial light to growth rate and reproductive success of toads, to determine how ALAN influences fitness in these invasive animals.

In our experiments, the enhancement of food intake caused by experimental ALAN on invasive toads was reduced by natural light (lunar phase), and existing ambient light pollution levels. To avoid providing substantial food resources to toads from artificial lights, management of artificial light in peri-urban and rural areas, and during dark lunar phases may be advisable. On the contrary, to effectively capture toads, trapping using lights as lures at such times and places should be more successful. Considering spatio-temporal patterns in the impact of ALAN may contribute to management strategy of invasive species that benefit from it.

Ethical statement {#Sec9}
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All procedures in this study were approved by Animal Ethics Committee at James Cook University (permit number A2520). All procedures undertaken in this study were in accordance with approved guidelines.

Supplementary information
=========================

 {#Sec10}

Supplementary information.

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information
=========================

is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41598-020-63503-9.

We thank members of the Vertebrate Ecology Lab James Cook University who gave us constructive comments and supports. Especially Ms. Ayano Fushida, who helped us to get land use permissions. We are grateful to The Atkinson family, Paul Verrall, the Parkside Group and Townsville City for giving us permissions to use their property. This study could not have been conducted without their kindness and support. This study was financially supported by Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.

H.K. designed the study, collected field data, carried out statistical analysis and draughted the manuscript. S.K. helped to draft the manuscript. L.S. helped to design the study, carry out statistical analysis, and draft the manuscript.

All data analyzed in this study are included in Supplementary Table [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}.

The authors declare no competing interests.


Anthelmintic activity of continuous low doses of fenbendazole into the rumen of sheep.
Fenbendazole (FBZ) was continuously infused for 30 days into the rumen of 103 lambs which had mature or developing benzimidazole-susceptible or thiabendazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus and susceptible Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections. Ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activities were exhibited against benzimidazole-susceptible and benzimidazole-resistant H. contortus worms by FBZ at a dose level of greater than or equal to 0.2 mg kg-1 body weight day-1. Reasonably consistent high level efficacy against H. contortus was obtained with dose levels greater than 0.4 mg kg-1. Excellent control of susceptible T. colubriformis worms was achieved with the lowest dose tested of 0.4 mg kg-1 day-1. The intraruminal infusion critical study method is a tool to determine the feasibility of incorporating a candidate anthelmintic compound in a continuous sustained-release rumen device formulation. The anthelmintic profile of FBZ obtained by low-level intraruminal administration suggests that it would be a potential candidate.


Leptospirosis disease burden estimation and surveillance networking in India.
Although leptospirosis is known to have occurred in India since the early years of the 20th century, no accurate data on disease burden exist. During the past two decades, leptospirosis cases have been reported with increasing frequency from different parts of the country. Several large outbreaks have occurred. In the year 2000, the Indian Council of Medical Research set up a Task Force on Leptospirosis. The Task Force conducted a multicentric study on disease burden due to leptospirosis. As part of the study, 3,682 patients with acute febrile illness, from 13 different centers in India, were investigated for the presence of current leptospiral infection using the Lepto-dipstick test. Of these patients, 469 (12.7%) were found to have leptospiral infection. The positivity rate ranged from 3.27% in the central zone to 28.16% in the southern zone. Fever, body aches and chills were the common symptoms observed. Urinary abnormalities, such as oliguria, yellow discoloration of urine and hematuria were found in 20%-40% of patients. Distribution of serogroups was studied based on microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titers. The southern zone had all the eleven serogroups in the panel, the eastern zone had nine, the northern zone eight, and the central and western zones had five circulating serogroups each. Among various risk factors studied, rat infestation of houses had the strongest association with leptospiral infection. Many other factors related to the environment, personal and occupational habits, etc, also had significant associations. The study had a few drawbacks. The Task Force has decided to continue the study with modified protocols to generate more accurate and detailed information about disease burden.


[Therapy options for psoriasis in childhood and adolescence].
Up to 30% of all psoriatic patients show their first symptoms during childhood and adolescence. In 1/4 of these children, psoriatic lesions appear within the first two years of life. The treatment of pediatric psoriasis differs considerably in several ways from that of adults. Not only the age and intensity but also physical development, prognostic criteria and social background should be considered. Standard procedures, clinical trials of high quality and therapeutic guidelines for psoriasis in childhood are still lacking. This review surveys the therapeutic management of pediatric and juvenile psoriasis. Current topical and systemic therapy options are critically reviewed. Prevention as well as enhancement of quality of life are also considered.


      Case: 14-31117          Document: 00513113924   Page: 1   Date Filed: 07/13/2015

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                       No. 14-31117                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
In the Matter of: TORRANCE TREMAYNE GREEN,                              July 13, 2015
                                                                       Lyle W. Cayce
                                                Debtor                      Clerk

--------------------------------

RIVERBEND CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION,

                                                Appellant

v.

TORRANCE TREMAYNE GREEN,

                                                Appellee

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Louisiana

Before KING, SMITH, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
        In this Chapter 13 bankruptcy case, the bankruptcy court held that the
privilege created by La. Rev. Stat. § 9:1123.115(1) (2014) on a Louisiana
condominium for all unpaid sums assessed by the condominium association
against the condominium owner is a statutory lien (as distinguished from a
security interest) and is therefore subject to bifurcation under 11 U.S.C.
§ 1322(b)(2). The district court affirmed. For the reasons given by the district
    Case: 14-31117   Document: 00513113924     Page: 2   Date Filed: 07/13/2015

                                No. 14-31117
court in its Order and Reasons attached hereto, we affirm the district court’s
affirmance of the bankruptcy court’s order.
      AFFIRMED.

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Adolescence and the diet-dieting disparity: healthy food choice or risky health behaviour?
Food choice in schoolchildren was examined in relation to dieting and measures of eating psychopathology. It was predicted that dieters would make healthier food choices compared to non-dieters and that measures of eating psychopathology would be associated with food choice. A cross-sectional questionnaire design incorporating an established adapted recall method was used to assess patterns of food consumption. Questionnaires were administered in 13 state secondary schools. Measures included a food frequency questionnaire, the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (CHEAT), body satisfaction ratings, dietary restraint, and questions about dieting status. The sample consisted of 574 females and 445 males aged 11-16 years. Females made significantly more healthy food choices compared to males. Females reported dieting more than males (35% vs. 18%, respectively), and female dieters made more healthy food choices than female non-dieters. Almost a fifth (19%) of the entire sample reported skipping breakfast, with female dieters being three times more likely to do so than non-dieters. There were small but significant associations between reported food consumption and measures of eating attitudes, body dissatisfaction and restraint. For females who scored in the at-risk range on the CHEAT (8.7%), these associations were more substantial. Female dieters appear to make more healthy food choices than non-dieters and so may be tuning into healthy eating messages more effectively. Vulnerable females may use 'healthy eating' to hide risky weight reduction behaviours. Further studies are required to examine the nutritional impact of moderate and extreme dieting in this age group.


Attitude similarity and satisfaction of family members of schizophrenics with services of a professional.
Examined a hypothesis that satisfaction with professionals among families of schizophrenics varies as a function of how similar the professionals' attitudes about schizophrenia are to the family members' attitudes. Twenty-eight family members of individuals diagnosed by DSM-III criteria as having schizophrenia completed a questionnaire that assessed their attitudes with regard to causes and treatments of schizophrenia. Ss then were mailed a completed questionnaire and were asked to indicate how satisfied they would be working with a person who held the attitudes expressed in the questionnaire. In the attitude-similar condition, the questionnaire was 90% in agreement with their own attitudes, and in the attitude-discrepant condition, the questionnaire was 10% in agreement. Responses were received from 21 family members. Results supported the hypothesis; family members in the attitude-similar condition reported that they would be more satisfied with the professional than did family members in the attitude-discrepant condition. Implications for work with families of schizophrenics are discussed.


STORY: Lucasfilm's Kathleen Kennedy on 'Star Wars,' 'Lincoln' and Secret J.J. Abrams Meetings

"They're talking to us," Mark Hamill, who played the orphan-turned-Jedi hero, tells Entertainment Tonight. "George [Lucas] wanted to know whether we'd be interested. He did say that if we didn't want to do it, they wouldn't cast another actor in our parts; they would write us out. I can tell you right away that we haven't signed any contracts. We're in the stage where they want us to go in and meet with Michael Arndt, who is the writer, and Kathleen Kennedy, who is going to run Lucasfilm. Both have had meetings set that were postponed -- on their end, not mine. They're more busy than I am."

Hamill says he has no indication of what the films will be about but wants all of his surviving co-stars to be involved, from Carrie Fisher to Billy Dee Williams and Tony Daniels, who played the robot C-3PO. He also thinks his character will follow in the footsteps of his mentor, Obi-Wan Kenobi, played by the late Alec Guinness in the original trilogy.

PHOTOS: 'Star Wars' Actors, Then and Now

"I'm assuming, because I haven't talked to the writers, that these movies would be about our offspring -- like my character would be sort of in the Obi-Wan range [as] an influential character. … When I found out [while making the original trilogy] that ultimate good news/bad news joke – the good news is there's a real attractive, hot girl in the universe; the bad news is she's your sister – I thought, 'Well, I'm going to wind up like Sir Alec. I'm going to be a lonely old hermit living out in some kind of desert igloo with a couple of robots.'"

Lucasfilm and Disney are planning a new trilogy of films, as well as spinoff movies that focus on individual characters. It was reported earlier this month that the studio was prepping films about Han Solo, the iconic space trafficker played by Harrison Ford, and bounty hunter Boba Fett. Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg are working on two spinoff films.

Hamill most recently appeared the film Sushi Girl and has made a career of voice acting, most notably voicing The Joker in various Batman cartoons and video games.


package io.buoyant.namerd.storage

import com.twitter.conversions.DurationOps._
import com.twitter.finagle.Dtab
import com.twitter.finagle.util.DefaultTimer
import com.twitter.io.Buf
import com.twitter.util._
import io.buoyant.namerd.DtabStore.{DtabNamespaceAlreadyExistsException, DtabNamespaceDoesNotExistException, DtabVersionMismatchException}
import io.buoyant.namerd.{DtabStore, Ns, VersionedDtab}
import java.nio.ByteBuffer

/**
 * A toy DtabStore that stores all state in memory.
 */
class InMemoryDtabStore(namespaces: Map[String, Dtab]) extends DtabStore {
  private[this] val dtabStatesMu = new {}
  private[InMemoryDtabStore]type DtabState = Option[VersionedDtab]
  private[InMemoryDtabStore]type DtabStateVar = Var[DtabState] with Updatable[DtabState]
  private[this] var dtabStates: Map[String, DtabStateVar] =
    namespaces.mapValues { dtab =>
      Var[DtabState](Some(VersionedDtab(dtab, InMemoryDtabStore.InitialVersion)))
      // mapValues produces a view.  We force it so that only one Var is created per-namespace.
    }.view.force

  private[this] def get(ns: String): DtabStateVar =
    dtabStatesMu.synchronized {
      dtabStates.get(ns) match {
        case Some(state) => state
        case None =>
          val state = Var[DtabState](None)
          dtabStates += (ns -> state)
          state
      }
    }

  private[this] lazy val keys = Var.async[Set[Ns]](Set.empty) { update =>
    @volatile var stopping = false

    def loop(): Future[Unit] = {
      if (stopping) Future.Unit
      else {
        dtabStatesMu.synchronized {
          val keySet = dtabStates.filter {
            case (key, value) => value.sample.isDefined
          }.keySet
          update.update(keySet)
        }
        Future.sleep(1.second)(DefaultTimer).before(loop())
      }
    }

    loop()

    Closable.make { _ =>
      stopping = true
      Future.Unit
    }
  }

  def list(): Activity[Set[Ns]] = Activity(keys.map(Activity.Ok(_)))

  def create(ns: String, dtab: Dtab): Future[Unit] = {
    val state = get(ns)
    dtabStatesMu.synchronized {
      state.sample match {
        case Some(_) =>
          Future.exception(new DtabNamespaceAlreadyExistsException(ns))
        case None =>
          state.update(Some(VersionedDtab(dtab, InMemoryDtabStore.InitialVersion)))
          Future.Unit
      }
    }
  }

  def delete(ns: String): Future[Unit] = {
    val state = get(ns)
    dtabStatesMu.synchronized {
      state.sample match {
        case Some(_) =>
          state.update(None)
          Future.Unit
        case None =>
          Future.exception(new DtabNamespaceDoesNotExistException(ns))
      }
    }
  }

  def update(ns: String, dtab: Dtab, version: Buf): Future[Unit] = {
    val state = get(ns)
    dtabStatesMu.synchronized {
      state.sample match {
        case Some(VersionedDtab(_, currentVersion)) if version == currentVersion =>
          state.update(Some(VersionedDtab(dtab, InMemoryDtabStore.nextVersion(version))))
          Future.Unit
        case Some(VersionedDtab(_, currentVersion)) =>
          Future.exception(new DtabVersionMismatchException)
        case None =>
          Future.exception(new DtabNamespaceDoesNotExistException(ns))
      }
    }
  }

  override def put(ns: String, dtab: Dtab): Future[Unit] = {
    val state = get(ns)
    dtabStatesMu.synchronized {
      val version = state.sample.map(_.version)
      val next = version.map(InMemoryDtabStore.nextVersion).getOrElse(InMemoryDtabStore.InitialVersion)
      state.update(Some(VersionedDtab(dtab, next)))
      Future.Unit
    }
  }

  def observe(ns: String): Activity[Option[VersionedDtab]] =
    Activity(get(ns).map(Activity.Ok(_)))
}

object InMemoryDtabStore {
  def InitialVersion: Buf = version(1)

  def version(n: Long): Buf = {
    val bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(8)
    bb.putLong(n)
    bb.rewind()
    Buf.ByteBuffer.Owned(bb)
  }

  def nextVersion(buf: Buf): Buf = {
    val bb = Buf.ByteBuffer.Owned.extract(buf)
    version(bb.getLong + 1)
  }
}


Cultivation of plant cells in aqueous two-phase polymer systems.
Suspension cultures ofNicotiana tabacum have been successfully grown in aqueous, two-phase systems comprised of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran in a modified LS medium. Aqueous two-phase systems may be advantageous for plant tissue cultivation since cells can be immobilized in one phase while secondary products are collected and withdrawn in the other phase, thus enhancing productivity. Culture growth rate was compared in a variety of two-phase systems, covering a range of both polymer molecular weight and concentration. Systems exhibiting relatively higher phase miscibility yielded increased growth rates as compared to less miscible phase formulations. The highest observed growth rate occurred in 3% PEG 20000/5% crude dextran and approached growth rates and cell densities of cultures grown in standard LS medium.


Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Auditorium IT116, Linnanmaa, on 27 May 2016, at 12 noon

Abstract

To date, plant endophytic bacteria have mainly been studied in roots of crop plants. However, shoot-associated endophytes are less diverse than root-associated ones. Hence, endophytic bacteria of plant shoots evolved different traits, than root colonizers, especially with types of host tissues infected and patterns of growth and development. This study found Methylobacterium extorquens colonized pine seedlings similarly to stem-colonizing rhizobia of other plants. M. extorquens DSM13060 was isolated from meristematic cells in shoot tip cultures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). M. extorquens infected the plant stem through epidermis or stomatal apertures, forming infection pockets in the root and stem epidermis, or cortex. Post-infection, thread-like infection structures passed through the endoderm, invading vascular tissues. This led to systemic colonization of above and below ground-parts, observed in in vitro grown Scots pine.

A novel mechanism enabling development of endophyte-host symbiosis is discovered within the M. extorquens – Scots pine model. This mechanism involves ability of M. extorquens to produce polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB) to protect itself from host-induced oxidative stress during infection. Upon initial colonization on the host surface, M. extorquens DSM13060 consumes methanol as a carbon source, using it to biosynthesize PHB. PHB are then degraded, upon host infection, by PHB depolymerases (PhaZ) to yield methyl-esterified 3-hydroxybutyrate oligomers. These oligomers have substantial antioxidant activity towards host-induced oxidative stress, enabling the bacterium to bypass host defenses and colonize further tissues. The bacteria can also store PHBs for future protection. The capacity for PHB production and, thus, protection from oxidative stress, is discovered in a wide taxonomic range of bacteria.

This study also shows meristematic endophytes are important in growth and development of their hosts. Unlike many bacterial root endophytes, M. extorquens DSM13060 does not induce plant growth through hormones. However, this bacterium can colonize the interior of living host cells, where it aggregates around the nucleus of the host plant. M. extorquens DSM13060 genome encodes nucleomodulins, eukaryotic-like transcription factors, which may intervene in host transcription and metabolism.


NIT denied stipend, claims student

A full time student of PhD mathematics at the Dr BR Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) said she had been denied stipend in the form of teacher assistantship as per the guidelines of the ministry of human resource development, even though she had gained admission in the course following high court directions.

The Punjab and Haryana high court had directed NIT Jalandhar to admit six PhD students, who were initially denied admission on unjustified grounds, in the mathematics program.

In June 2013, NIT had invited applications for the PhD course and declared the merit list after the result was announced in July. The interviews were also conducted but the result of PhD mathematics was not declared.

According to the RTI filed by one of the students, Isha Garg in December, it was found the result was delayed as it had not been signed by one of the committee members.

Garg filed a case against the institute in the high court after which admissions were invited. However, she said she was denied stipend along with the course.

“The institute is not providing the stipend despite the fact that the students are awarded scholarship-cum-teaching assistantship as per the guidelines of the ministry of human resource development. As per the recommendations of departmental admission committees, all the admissions in PhD full time for 2013-14 were made with stipend,” Garg said.

However, the institute said the students were misleading the media. MK Jha, dean of academics said, “The institute has only 31 teaching assistantship scholarships allotted for 13 different teaching departments for the academic year 2013-14 which have already been distributed.”

He added, “Out of 31, 50% scholarships are given to the reserved category students while the other 50% are distributed among the 13 departments. Each department gets maximum two scholarships.”

Jha said since there was a delay in admissions to the mathematics department, scholarships were distributed to other departments.

He added that Garg had been given admission to the PhD mathematics course without teaching assistantship as per the judgment of the high court. “She is approaching the press and other people in the institute to create a bad environment,” Jha added.

Isha’s father-in-law Ashok Kumar said this was a false claim by the institute as the institute had given stipend to 32 PhD students in the year 2013-14, out of which 20 were from the general category, a fact for which they had proof.


Wednesday, 23 December 2015

According to Nielsen, Vietnam consumers is the motivation for economic development as they are willing to spend more and are also living in the lands of the potential opportunities. By 2020, Vietnam middle class will grow double, from 12 million people in 2014 increased to 33 million people in 2020.

Vietnam is among the top countries with the most optimistic consumers in the world, with more income and more spending. The percentage of increasing in per capita income rose in 2012 by 44% compared to 2010. The average growth rate of the monthly spending per person in 2012 increased by 32% compared to 2010. Therefore, Vietnam people have a strong desire for a better life, demanding about quality when 73% of people are willing to pay for higher quality.

Health is an important issue while there are 39% see health as the most concerning problem in life. Vietnam consumer’s monthly savings is to prepare for future problems, while 34% goes for the future of children, 12% is for health and 11% savings for house purchasing.

Consumers in Vietnam are also having more opportunities for shopping than ever. Modern trade channels are gaining significant role when 42% of consumers buy groceries at the supermarket more often. However, the utility factor is gradually becoming a way of life and developing quickly because of the accordance with the youth and officer with 23% of students and 36% of officer go shopping in the supermarket, convenient shop.

However, grocery store is still the dominant shopping channel in the market, while over 80% of sales of fast moving consumer goods coming from grocery stores, with 1,3 million stores across the country.

Technology offers more opportunities to help Vietnamese consumers connect. Smartphone is booming in Vietnam when nearly 1 in 2 Vietnamese people owning a smartphone, most of rural consumers watch TV daily. Online sales channel has also been in the market with 28% of Vietnamese consumers prefer online shopping.

ANT Consulting is here to assist you from the outset; providing intelligence, information, management or support and administrative services that assist market entrance, and ensure efficient business start-up operation. Our services are as following:

We strive to save your cost by guiding you towards economical solutions that comply with local legislation and procedures. We support you through early logistic solutions and carry you through as your business grows. We aim to bridge the gap between international best practices and local cultures and assist foreign companies and organizations entering Vietnam market to overcome commercial and regulatory issues.


Q:

How can I search for an integer after a string in a document using Python?

I have a document.txt that has a line in it that says something like "randomtext here location 34 randomtexthere".
I know how to replace a word with another word but what if I want to replace the random integer after the word "location"?  And maybe give an error if there is no integer after the word.
I can't specify the exact number I want to replace because that number can change.  So I'm looking for a way to find the number after "location" and change it to the number I specify.
I'm currently working with something like this:
def replaceid():
    source = "C:/mypath/document.txt"
    oldtext = "oldtexthere"
    newtext = "newtexthere"
    with fileinput.FileInput(source, inplace=True, backup='.bak') as file:
        for line in file:
            print(line.replace(oldtext, newtext), end='')

A:

I can't specify the exact number I want to replace because that number can change

This says you want a regular expression to describe the pattern "a number" without writing any specific number, and to say that it must be found after 'location'".
It might look like this:
import re

s = "randomtext here location 34 randomtexthere"

pattern = r'(?<=location )\d+'       # match a number
                                     # i.e. a digit (\d) then any more digits (+)
                                     # Only if it comes after 'location '
                                     # (but don't match that word)

if re.search(pattern, s):            # Search for the pattern in the string
  print(re.sub(pattern, '200', s))   # replace the pattern match with new number
else:
  print("Number not found")          # or print an error message

And in your case, do that re.search for each line in the file.


/*******************************************************************************
 * Copyright 2019 Viridian Software Limited
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 ******************************************************************************/

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.Pipeline.Serialization.Compiler;
using monogame.Files;

namespace monogame_pipeline_ext
{
    [ContentTypeWriter]
    class mini2DxFileWriter : ContentTypeWriter<mini2DxFileContent>
    {
        public override string GetRuntimeReader(TargetPlatform targetPlatform)
        {
            return typeof(mini2DxFileReader).AssemblyQualifiedName;
        }

        public override string GetRuntimeType(TargetPlatform targetPlatform)
        {
            return typeof(mini2DxFileContent).AssemblyQualifiedName;
        }

        protected override void Write(ContentWriter output, mini2DxFileContent value)
        {
            output.Write(value.content);
        }
    }
}