The role of possible membrane damage in porphyria cutanea tarda: a spin label study of rat liver cell membranes.
Two groups of rats were made porphyric by treatment for a shorter or a longer time with hexachlorobenzene (HCB); a third group was subjected to chronic treatment with ethanol; the fourth group comprised untreated, control animals. Suspensions were prepared of hepatocytes isolated from the livers of the animals in the individual groups, and in these systems the cell membranes were studied by spin labeling. In all three chronically treated groups, the order parameter calculated from the ESR spectra was significantly lower than that of the control group. The order parameters ofr the first three treated groups, however, did not differ significantly from one another. If either HCB or ethanol was incorporated into the isolated hepatocytes of the healthy control animals, the fluidity of the hepatocyte membranes increased. The order parameter decrease (compared to the control) for the hepatocyte membranes of the animals treated chronically with HCB or ethanol can be ascribed to the direct membrane-fluidizing effect of HCB or ethanol, and also to the altered lipid metabolism. With regard to the difference in the mechanisms of action of HCB and ethanol, on the basis of the experimentally proved membrane-damaging effect of the porphyrinogenic HCB it is probable that, besides other factors, the membrane damage may play an important role in the pathogenesis of porphyria cutanea tarda.


Rare endangered leatherback sea turtles spotted off P.E.I.

'It was overwhelming — they were amazing'

'They were way bigger than I ever expected,' says Lorne Bonnell of the giant leatherback sea turtles he spotted munching on jellyfish off Naufrage this summer. (Lorne Bonnell)

Sara FraserWeb Journalist

Sara is a P.E.I. native who graduated from the University of King's College in Halifax. N.S., with a Bachelor of Journalism (Honours) degree. She's worked with CBC Radio and Television since 1988, moving to the CBC P.E.I. web team in 2015, focusing on weekend features.
email sara.fraser@cbc.ca

Related Stories

External Links

(Note: CBC does not endorse and is not responsible for the content of external links.)

It was a sight lobster and tuna fisherman Lorne Bonnell had never seen before — in mid-August, the North Lake fisherman spotted more than a dozen leatherback sea turtles in the water about 10 kilometres off the coast of P.E.I.

The endangered turtles are known to migrate to the waters of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Northumberland Strait at this time of year to feed on jellyfish, according to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

"As we got closer we noticed they weren't seals, they were turtles!" he said.

He quietly glided his boat beside the group, noticing the largest one — about the size of a picnic table, he said — munching on a large jellyfish. He grabbed his phone and began snapping pictures. He has never seen a leatherback before.

'They were amazing,' says Lorne Bonnell of seeing his first leatherback sea turtles, in the waters off P.E.I. (Lorne Bonnell )

"They were massive! They were way bigger than I ever expected," he said.

The turtles weren't thrilled about being so close to the boat, Bonnell noted, and dove down, moving away.

'Amazing photographs'

The Halifax-based non-profit research and conservation group has posted information in every port in the Atlantic region asking the public to report sightings, which is what Bonnell did.

The Canadian Sea Turtle Network based in Halifax works to conserve sea turtles and educate the public about the endangered leatherbacks. (Canadian Sea Turtle Network )

"They're amazing photographs — they're some of the most wonderful photographs of turtles feeding on jellyfish that we've seen," said the network's executive director, Kathleen Martin.

Bonnell was "extremely lucky" to see so many at once, she said

Ancient species

Bonnell has given permission for the network to use his photos in its promotional materials.

"It takes people who are used to being on the water like Mr. Bonnell to be able to spot them," Martin noted. "It's not commonplace to see them, but it's not unusual that they're there."

Leatherback sea turtles come to Atlantic Canada to chow down on jellyfish from June to October every year. (John Dickinson/CBC)

The turtles gain a third of their body weight on their summer visits, she said, which helps fuel their return to southern locales like South America, the Caribbean and Florida for nesting.

'Critical to the survival'

"This is why Atlantic Canadian waters are so critical to the survival of leatherback turtles, because this is where they bulk up on jellyfish," Martin explained.

This leatherback turtle preparing to bury her eggs in Trinidad will likely head north in the summer to Atlantic Canada. (David McFadden/AP)

She believes the large leatherback Bonnell snapped was eating a lion's mane jellyfish, the largest breed of jellyfish in the world.

The main threats to the prehistoric turtles are entanglement in fishing gear and ingesting marine debris, like plastic bags that resemble jellyfish, Martin said, adding there are also threats in their nesting regions like beach-front development and poaching for their eggs and meat.

Much is still unknown

Much is still unknown about the species — it's remained virtually unchanged for the last 150 million years — including how long they live and how old they are when they typically reproduce, Martin said.

Bonnell has caught a lot of big fish, including tuna and sharks, but said seeing the turtles was one of his favourite marine experiences.

The sea turtles did not seem to enjoy human company and dove down, resurfacing several metres away, Bonnell says. (Lorne Bonnell )

"I take tours out, too — I'm sure people visiting the Island would love to see something like that," Bonnell said.

The turtles will soon begin to migrate south to warmer waters, where they spend the winter, the sea turtle network said.


package com.sequenceiq.cloudbreak.cm;

import java.util.List;

import javax.inject.Inject;

import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import com.cloudera.api.swagger.RolesResourceApi;
import com.cloudera.api.swagger.client.ApiClient;
import com.cloudera.api.swagger.client.ApiException;
import com.cloudera.api.swagger.model.ApiConfig;
import com.cloudera.api.swagger.model.ApiConfigList;
import com.cloudera.api.swagger.model.ApiRole;
import com.cloudera.api.swagger.model.ApiRoleList;
import com.cloudera.api.swagger.model.ApiService;
import com.cloudera.api.swagger.model.ApiServiceList;
import com.sequenceiq.cloudbreak.cm.client.retry.ClouderaManagerApiFactory;
import com.sequenceiq.cloudbreak.common.mappable.CloudPlatform;
import com.sequenceiq.cloudbreak.domain.stack.Stack;

@Service
public class ClouderaManagerYarnSetupService {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClouderaManagerYarnSetupService.class);

    private static final List<String> ALL_HOSTS_SUPPRESSION_NAMES = List.of("host_memswap_thresholds", "host_clock_offset_thresholds");

    private static final List<String> SERVICE_ROLE_SUPPRESSION_NAMES = List.of("process_swap_memory_thresholds");

    private static final String SUPPRESSION_VALUE = "{\"critical\":\"never\",\"warning\":\"never\"}";

    @Inject
    private ClouderaManagerApiFactory clouderaManagerApiFactory;

    void suppressWarnings(Stack stack, ApiClient apiClient) {
        if (!CloudPlatform.YARN.equalsIgnoreCase(stack.getCloudPlatform())) {
            return;
        }
        try {
            long start = System.currentTimeMillis();

            ApiConfigList allHostsApiConfigList = getSuppressionApiConfigList(ALL_HOSTS_SUPPRESSION_NAMES);
            clouderaManagerApiFactory.getAllHostsResourceApi(apiClient)
                    .updateConfig("Suppress Yarn warnings for all hosts", allHostsApiConfigList);

            String clusterName = stack.getCluster().getName();
            ApiConfigList serviceRoleApiConfigList = getSuppressionApiConfigList(SERVICE_ROLE_SUPPRESSION_NAMES);
            RolesResourceApi rolesResourceApi = clouderaManagerApiFactory.getRolesResourceApi(apiClient);
            ApiServiceList apiServiceList = clouderaManagerApiFactory.getServicesResourceApi(apiClient)
                    .readServices(clusterName, null);
            for (ApiService apiService : apiServiceList.getItems()) {
                String apiServiceName = apiService.getName();
                ApiRoleList apiRoleList = rolesResourceApi.readRoles(clusterName, apiServiceName, null, null);
                for (ApiRole apiRole : apiRoleList.getItems()) {
                    try {
                        String apiRoleName = apiRole.getName();
                        rolesResourceApi.updateRoleConfig(
                                clusterName,
                                apiRoleName,
                                apiServiceName,
                                String.format("Suppress Yarn warnings for service %s and role %s", apiServiceName, apiRoleName),
                                serviceRoleApiConfigList);
                    } catch (ApiException e) {
                        // some service roles are not supporting the suppression configurations and respond with bad request
                        if (e.getCode() != HttpStatus.SC_BAD_REQUEST) {
                            throw e;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            LOGGER.info("Suppressed Yarn warnings in {} ms", System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
        } catch (ApiException e) {
            LOGGER.info("Failed to suppress Yarn warnings.", e);
        }
    }

    private ApiConfigList getSuppressionApiConfigList(List<String> suppressionNames) {
        ApiConfigList apiConfigList = new ApiConfigList();
        suppressionNames.forEach(suppression -> {
            ApiConfig apiConfig = new ApiConfig();
            apiConfig.setName(suppression);
            apiConfig.setValue(SUPPRESSION_VALUE);
            apiConfig.setSensitive(false);

            apiConfigList.addItemsItem(apiConfig);
        });
        return apiConfigList;
    }
}


Around 250 drivers will be present for this opening round of the UCI calendar. Among them world champions, stars and real “legends” of the discipline, are going to fight to try to win the first round in Lourdes and become the leader of the UCI MTB World Cup ranking ! Below are listed the 2014 Champions of the discipline, that will be obviously present in Lourdes :

2014 UCI MTB World Championships(DHI) Hafjell (NOR)

Men

1 ATHERTON Gee – GBR

2 BRYCELAND Josh – GBR

3 BROSNAN Troy – AUS

4 MULALLY Neko – USA

5 MACDONALD Brook – NZL

Women

1 CARPENTER Manon – GBR

2 ATHERTON Rachel – GBR

3 SEAGRAVE Tahnee – GBR

4 HANNAH Tracey – AUS

5 KINTNER Jill – USA

Junior Men

1 VERGIER Loris – FRA

2 GREENLAND Laurie – GBR

3 DICKSON Jacob – IRL

4 WARSHAWSKY Max – AUS

5 HAMILTON Connor – NZL

Junior Women

1 MOLLOY Tegan – AUS

2 GIMENEZ Viktoria – FRA

3 CABIROU Marine – FRA

4 RICHTER Raphaela – GER

2014 UCI MTB World Cup (DHI) overal ranking

Men

1 BRYCELANDJosh – GBR

2 BROSNANTroy – AUS

3 ATHERTONGee – GBR

4 GWINAaron – USA

5 BLENKINSOPSamuel – NZL

Women

1 CARPENTERManon – GBR

2 ATHERTONRachel – GBR

3 RAGOTEmmeline – FRA

4 HANNAH Tracey – AUS

5 SEAGRAVETahnee – GBR

The French stars

France has always excelled in MTB Downhill. Many French riders have already won medals at the world championships, and they still continue to stand on the podium at World Cups, and sometimes on the first step !


Plant pathology. Paranoid plants have their genes examined.
Plants confronted with pathogens to which they are resistant use defence mechanisms that often include localized cell death. Mutants with altered regulation of this 'hypersensitive response' have now been isolated.


import React from 'react';
import { shallow } from 'enzyme';
import TrackingBoundary from '../../src/components/TrackingBoundary';

describe('<TrackingBoundary />', () => {
  it('renders a div', () => {
    const wrapper = shallow(<TrackingBoundary name="Foo">Foo</TrackingBoundary>);

    expect(wrapper.type()).toBe('div');
  });

  it('adds data tag to HTML tag', () => {
    const wrapper = shallow(<TrackingBoundary name="Foo">Foo</TrackingBoundary>);

    expect(wrapper.find('[data-tracking-name="Foo"]')).toHaveLength(1);
  });

  it('renders children if no `name`', () => {
    const child = 'Foo';
    const wrapper = shallow(<TrackingBoundary>{child}</TrackingBoundary>);

    expect(wrapper.contains(child)).toBe(true);
  });

  it('adds context for click events', () => {
    const wrapper = shallow(<TrackingBoundary name="Foo">Foo</TrackingBoundary>);
    const event = { nativeEvent: {} };

    wrapper.simulate('click', event);

    expect(event).toEqual({
      nativeEvent: {
        trackingContext: ['Foo'],
      },
    });
  });

  it('adds context for keydown events', () => {
    const wrapper = shallow(<TrackingBoundary name="Foo">Foo</TrackingBoundary>);
    const event = { nativeEvent: {} };

    wrapper.simulate('keydown', event);

    expect(event).toEqual({
      nativeEvent: {
        trackingContext: ['Foo'],
      },
    });
  });

  it('adds context to an existing context', () => {
    const wrapper = shallow(<TrackingBoundary name="Foo">Foo</TrackingBoundary>);
    const event = { nativeEvent: {} };

    wrapper.simulate('click', event);

    wrapper.setProps({
      name: 'Bar',
    });

    wrapper.simulate('click', event);

    expect(event).toEqual({
      nativeEvent: {
        trackingContext: ['Foo', 'Bar'],
      },
    });
  });
});


Q:

how to select element text with react+enzyme

Just what it says. Some example code:
let wrapper = shallow(
<button class='btn btn-primary'>OK</button>
);

const b = wrapper.find('.btn');

expect(b.text()).to.be.eql('OK'); // fails,

Also the html method returns the contents of the element but also the element itself plus all the attributes, e.g. it gives <button class='btn btn-primary'>OK</button>. So I guess, worst case, I can call html and regex it, but...
Is there a way to just get the contents of the element, so I can assert on it.

A:

If you found this while looking for "includes text", try:
it('should show correct text', () => {
  const wrapper = shallow(<MyComponent />);
  expect(wrapper.text().includes('my text')).toBe(true);
});

A:

Don't forget that you are passing a node (ReactElement) to shallow function, and there is no HTML attribute class in React. You have to use className.
From React documentation

All attributes are camel-cased and the attributes class and for are
  className and htmlFor, respectively, to match the DOM API
  specification.

This test should works

const wrapper = shallow(
<button className='btn btn-primary'>OK</button>
);
const button = wrapper.find('.btn');
expect(button.text()).to.be.eql('OK');

A:

I think @louis-barranqueiro has probably answered your underlying question. That is, you want a CSS selector and so you should have been using className not class.
However, to try and answer the question of how to select an element's text using the actual example you gave:
let wrapper = shallow(
<button class='btn btn-primary'>OK</button>
);
you'd need to use something like an object property selector, e.g.:
expect(wrapper.find({ class: "btn btn-primary" }).text()).to.equal('OK');
or prop syntax:
expect(wrapper.find('[class="btn btn-primary"]').text()).to.equal('OK');
(or even more explicitly):
expect(wrapper.find('button[class="btn btn-primary"]').text()).to.equal('OK');


Gender differences in clinical progression of HIV-1-infected individuals during long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy.
To assess gender differences in the long-term clinical, virological and immunological outcomes during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This longitudinal observational multicentre study followed 2460 HIV-infected patients who had begun a protease inhibitor-based regimen for a median period of 43 months. Outcome measures were virological suppression (< 500 copies/ml), confirmed virological rebound after suppression, and death or new AIDS-defining illness (ADI). At baseline, 690 female patients (28.0%) had significantly lower age, higher prevalence of heterosexual contact and lower prevalence of intravenous drug use as risk factors for HIV infection compared with males. Furthermore, females had a lower number of AIDS-defining illnesses, higher CD4 cell counts and lower viral loads. No gender differences were reported in terms of proportion of patients achieving viral suppression or exhibiting rebound after achieving viral suppression. Female patients experienced reduced clinical progression during follow-up compared with males (P = 0.008) by Kaplan-Meier analysis; however this difference was not significant in an adjusted analysis. In a multivariate model, the interaction between gender and risk factor for HIV or viral load showed that female drug users and female patients with a baseline HIV RNA viral load of 10(4)-10(5) copies/ml had a favourable clinical outcome compared with males (P = 0.035 and P = 0.015, respectively). No differences were found between genders in terms of virological and immunological outcomes during long-term HAART. Nevertheless, a lower risk of clinical progression was reported among female patients with intermediate baseline viral load than in males.


import { Accessibility, treeItemBehavior, TreeItemBehaviorProps } from '@fluentui/accessibility';
import {
  ComponentWithAs,
  getElementType,
  useUnhandledProps,
  useAccessibility,
  useStyles,
  useTelemetry,
  useFluentContext,
} from '@fluentui/react-bindings';
import * as customPropTypes from '@fluentui/react-proptypes';
import * as _ from 'lodash';
import * as PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import * as React from 'react';

import { Ref } from '@fluentui/react-component-ref';
import {
  childrenExist,
  createShorthandFactory,
  commonPropTypes,
  UIComponentProps,
  ChildrenComponentProps,
  rtlTextContainer,
  shouldPreventDefaultOnKeyDown,
} from '../../utils';
import {
  ComponentEventHandler,
  ShorthandRenderFunction,
  ShorthandValue,
  ShorthandCollection,
  FluentComponentStaticProps,
} from '../../types';
import { TreeTitle, TreeTitleProps } from './TreeTitle';
import { BoxProps } from '../Box/Box';
import { hasSubtree, TreeContext } from './utils';

export interface TreeItemProps extends UIComponentProps, ChildrenComponentProps {
  /** Accessibility behavior if overridden by the user. */
  accessibility?: Accessibility<TreeItemBehaviorProps>;

  /** Ref for the item DOM element. */
  contentRef?: React.Ref<HTMLElement>;

  /** Id needed to identify this item inside the Tree. */
  id: string;

  /** The index of the item among its siblings. Count starts at 1. */
  index?: number;

  /** Array of props for sub tree. */
  items?: ShorthandCollection<TreeItemProps>;

  /** Level of the tree/subtree that contains this item. */
  level?: number;

  /** Called when the item's first child is about to be focused. */
  onFocusFirstChild?: ComponentEventHandler<TreeItemProps>;

  /** Called when the item's parent is about to be focused. */
  onFocusParent?: ComponentEventHandler<TreeItemProps>;

  /** Called when a tree title is clicked. */
  onTitleClick?: ComponentEventHandler<TreeItemProps>;

  /** Called when the item's siblings are about to be expanded. */
  onSiblingsExpand?: ComponentEventHandler<TreeItemProps>;

  /** Whether or not the item is in the expanded state. Only makes sense if item has children items. If set to true, item is initialy expanded. */
  expanded?: boolean;

  /** The id of the parent tree item, if any. */
  parent?: string;

  /**
   * A custom render iterator for rendering each tree title.
   * The default component, props, and children are available for each tree title.
   *
   * @param Component - The computed component for this slot.
   * @param props - The computed props for this slot.
   * @param children - The computed children for this slot.
   */
  renderItemTitle?: ShorthandRenderFunction<TreeTitleProps>;

  /** Size of the tree/subtree that contains this item. */
  treeSize?: number;

  /** Properties for TreeTitle. */
  title?: ShorthandValue<TreeTitleProps>;

  /** Whether or not the item can be selectable. */
  selectable?: boolean;

  /** A state of selection indicator. */
  selected?: boolean;

  /** A selection indicator icon can be customized. */
  selectionIndicator?: ShorthandValue<BoxProps>;

  /** Whether or not tree item is part of the selectable parent. */
  selectableParent?: boolean;

  indeterminate?: boolean;
}

export type TreeItemStylesProps = Required<Pick<TreeItemProps, 'level'>>;
export const treeItemClassName = 'ui-tree__item';

/**
 * A TreeItem renders an item of a Tree.
 *
 * @accessibility
 * Implements [ARIA TreeView](https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-practices-1.1/#TreeView) design pattern.
 */
export const TreeItem: ComponentWithAs<'div', TreeItemProps> & FluentComponentStaticProps<TreeItemProps> = props => {
  const context = useFluentContext();
  const { setStart, setEnd } = useTelemetry(TreeItem.displayName, context.telemetry);
  setStart();

  const {
    accessibility,
    children,
    className,
    contentRef,
    design,
    title,
    renderItemTitle,
    expanded,
    level,
    index,
    styles,
    variables,
    treeSize,
    selectionIndicator,
    selectableParent,
    selected,
    selectable,
    indeterminate,
    id,
  } = props;

  const hasSubtreeItem = hasSubtree(props);

  const { onFocusParent, onSiblingsExpand, onFocusFirstChild, onTitleClick } = React.useContext(TreeContext);

  const getA11Props = useAccessibility(accessibility, {
    actionHandlers: {
      performClick: e => {
        if (shouldPreventDefaultOnKeyDown(e)) {
          e.preventDefault();
        }
        e.stopPropagation();
        handleTitleClick(e);
      },
      focusParent: e => {
        e.preventDefault();
        e.stopPropagation();

        handleFocusParent(e);
      },
      collapse: e => {
        e.preventDefault();
        e.stopPropagation();

        handleTitleClick(e);
      },
      expand: e => {
        e.preventDefault();
        e.stopPropagation();

        handleTitleClick(e);
      },
      focusFirstChild: e => {
        e.preventDefault();
        e.stopPropagation();

        handleFocusFirstChild(e);
      },
      expandSiblings: e => {
        e.preventDefault();
        e.stopPropagation();

        handleSiblingsExpand(e);
      },
      performSelection: e => {
        e.preventDefault();
        e.stopPropagation();
        handleSelection(e);
      },
    },
    debugName: TreeItem.displayName,
    mapPropsToBehavior: () => ({
      expanded,
      level,
      index,
      hasSubtree: hasSubtreeItem,
      treeSize,
      selected,
      selectable,
      selectableParent,
    }),
    rtl: context.rtl,
  });
  const { classes } = useStyles<TreeItemStylesProps>(TreeItem.displayName, {
    className: treeItemClassName,
    mapPropsToStyles: () => ({
      level,
    }),
    mapPropsToInlineStyles: () => ({ className, design, styles, variables }),
    rtl: context.rtl,
  });

  const handleSelection = e => {
    onTitleClick(e, props, true);
    _.invoke(props, 'onTitleClick', e, props);
  };

  const handleTitleClick = e => {
    onTitleClick(e, props);
    _.invoke(props, 'onTitleClick', e, props);
  };
  const handleFocusFirstChild = e => {
    _.invoke(props, 'onFocusFirstChild', e, props);
    onFocusFirstChild(props.id);
  };
  const handleFocusParent = e => {
    _.invoke(props, 'onFocusParent', e, props);
    onFocusParent(props.parent);
  };
  const handleSiblingsExpand = e => {
    _.invoke(props, 'onSiblingsExpand', e, props);
    onSiblingsExpand(e, props);
  };
  const handleTitleOverrides = (predefinedProps: TreeTitleProps) => ({
    onClick: (e, titleProps) => {
      handleTitleClick(e);
      _.invoke(predefinedProps, 'onClick', e, titleProps);
    },
  });

  const ElementType = getElementType(props);
  const unhandledProps = useUnhandledProps(TreeItem.handledProps, props);
  const element = (
    <ElementType
      {...getA11Props('root', {
        className: classes.root,
        id,
        selected,
        ...rtlTextContainer.getAttributes({ forElements: [children] }),
        ...unhandledProps,
      })}
    >
      {childrenExist(children)
        ? children
        : TreeTitle.create(title, {
            defaultProps: () =>
              getA11Props('title', {
                hasSubtree: hasSubtreeItem,
                as: hasSubtreeItem ? 'span' : 'a',
                level,
                treeSize,
                expanded,
                index,
                selected,
                selectable,
                ...(hasSubtreeItem && !selectableParent && { selectable: false }),
                ...(selectableParent && { indeterminate }),
                selectableParent,
                selectionIndicator,
              }),
            render: renderItemTitle,
            overrideProps: handleTitleOverrides,
          })}
    </ElementType>
  );

  const elementWithRef = contentRef ? <Ref innerRef={contentRef}>{element}</Ref> : element;
  setEnd();

  return elementWithRef;
};

TreeItem.displayName = 'TreeItem';

TreeItem.propTypes = {
  ...commonPropTypes.createCommon({
    content: false,
  }),
  contentRef: customPropTypes.ref,
  id: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
  index: PropTypes.number,
  items: customPropTypes.collectionShorthand,
  level: PropTypes.number,
  onFocusFirstChild: PropTypes.func,
  onFocusParent: PropTypes.func,
  onTitleClick: PropTypes.func,
  onSiblingsExpand: PropTypes.func,
  expanded: PropTypes.bool,
  parent: PropTypes.string,
  renderItemTitle: PropTypes.func,
  treeSize: PropTypes.number,
  title: customPropTypes.itemShorthand,
  selectionIndicator: customPropTypes.shorthandAllowingChildren,
  selected: PropTypes.bool,
  selectable: PropTypes.bool,
  selectableParent: PropTypes.bool,
  indeterminate: PropTypes.bool,
};
TreeItem.defaultProps = {
  accessibility: treeItemBehavior,
};
TreeItem.handledProps = Object.keys(TreeItem.propTypes) as any;

TreeItem.create = createShorthandFactory({
  Component: TreeItem,
  mappedProp: 'title',
});


Doug Lane speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as an engineer with the Royal New Zealand Armed Forces during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 6 April 2010
Duration: 35 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Eric McEwen speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Bombardier with the New Zealand Armed Forces during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 6 April 2010
Duration: 53 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

George English speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Lance Corporal with the Coldstream Guards of the British Army during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: Unknown (c. 2009-2011)
Duration: 39 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Reg Hull speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Sergeant Flight Lieutenant during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 15 September 2010
Duration: 26 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Goldie Whalen speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Private with the 19th and 25th Battalions during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 10 June 2010
Duration: 58 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Wally Chisnall speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Warrant Officer with the Royal Air Force during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 1 September 2011
Duration: 47 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Rex Holswich speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Flight Sergeant with the Royal New Zealand Air Force during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 25 November 2011
Duration: 50 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Lyall Warden speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a driver with the 22nd Battalion during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 10 September 2010
Duration: 33 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Ralph Ward speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Private with the 19th Battalion during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 19 August 2011
Duration: 44 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Reginald Volzke speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Corporal Signalman with the NZ Division Signals during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 9 July 2010
Duration: 29 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Jim Vale speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Private with the 25th Battalion and as a driver for the Army Service Corps during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 29 April 2012
Duration: 41 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Eric Tippett speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Private with the 27th Battalion during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 13 November 2009
Duration: 22 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Arthur Thompson speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Private with the 9th Durham Light Infantry during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 26 April 2012
Duration: 54 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Peter Tanswell speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as an Able Seaman with the RNZ Navy during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 28 October 2011
Duration: 29 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Bernie Rogers speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Private with the 19th Battalion during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 17 October 2009
Duration: 37 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Vic Rhodes speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a sapper engineer with the 6th Airborne Division during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 15 August 2011
Duration: 46 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Peter Peckham speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Lieutenant with the Royal Navy during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 19 August 2011
Duration: 55 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust

Ben McKenzie speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Trooper with the 27th Machine Gun Battalion during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 18 September 2009
Duration: 45 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Les Marsden speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a gunner with the 4th Field Regiment during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 6 May 2010
Duration: 1.20 hours
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Owen Mander speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a driver with the
Army Service Corps during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 27 May 2012
Duration: 1.16 hours
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Don Mander speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Sub-Lieutenant with the Fleet Air Arm during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 12 September 2011
Duration: 32 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Bill Kirby speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time in the Royal Marines during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 20 May 2010
Duration: 35 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Colin Kemp speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time in the Royal New Zealand and Merchant Navy and as a Private with the 1st Otago and 1st Canterbury infantry during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 18 November 2011
Duration: 32 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Monty Jordan speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a leading aircraftman (LAC) with the Royal New Zealand Air Force during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 12 August 2011
Duration: 25 minutes
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.

Ray Jordan speaks to Ray Cleaver about his time as a Sergeant with the Army Service Corps during World War Two.
Interviewer: Ray Cleaver
Date: 25 March 2010
Duration: 1.03 hours
Part of a series of 51 oral recordings created by Rata Education and Historic Productions Trust and Anvil Productions Ltd. The project aimed to capture the stories of the remaining Taranaki WWII veterans. The interviews were conducted between 2009-2011 by Ray Cleaver and Peter McDonald. The project was funded with the help of a grant from the Taranaki Electricity Trust.


A new survey from the Pew Research Center reveals that political polarization in the United States has reached a dangerous extreme. The gap between what Democrats and Republicans believe is enormous, with almost no center ground. We haven't seen such strong polarization since the Civil War.

At this point, you might be thinking, "bullshit." We're seeing more polarization than the 1960s, with Vietnam and the culture wars? The 1950s, with segregation and McCarthyism? The answer is yes, those were decades of profound ideological division within the United States. But they weren't the apex. Political polarization has grown more pronounced with each passing decade, until we've reached…well, now.

A quick visualization (below):

In 2012, political scientists Nolan McCarty, Keith Poole and Howard Rosenthal quantified the degree to which Democrats and Republicans have become ideologically homogenous and separated from one another. In the chart above, which portrays voting patterns in Congress, high numbers represent polarization—the House and Senate vote predictably along party lines, even on issues that are not typically sources of division—while low numbers represent voting that was less predictable and more mixed, indicating there were opportunities for compromise and bipartisan coalitions. The post-Civil War, Reconstruction era saw divisions gradually erode as we entered into the two World Wars and the Depression, and picked up again as we moved into the latter half of the century.

So, in one sense, the results of the new Pew survey were not entirely unexpected—but they still manage to surprise, in terms of the extent to which our ideologies have come to define us.

Enemy Mine

According to the Pew survey, during the last two decades, an increasing number of people have chosen to veer Right or Left in their political orientation:

The overall share of Americans who express consistently conservative or consistently liberal opinions has doubled over the past two decades, from 10% to 21%. And ideological thinking is now much more closely aligned with partisanship than in the past. As a result, ideological overlap between the two parties has diminished: Today, 92% of Republicans are to the right of the median Democrat, and 94% of Democrats are to the left of the median Republican.

This translates into a growing number of Republicans and Democrats who are on completely opposite sides of the ideological spectrum, making it harder to find common ground in policy debates. The share of Democrats who hold consistently liberal positions has quadrupled over the course of the last 20 years, growing from just 5% in 1994 to 13% in 2004 to 23% today. And more Republicans are consistently conservative than in the past (20% today, up from 6% in 2004 and 13% in 1994), even as the country as a whole has shifted slightly to the left.

Partisan animosity has increased substantially over the same period. In each party, the share with a highly negative view of the opposing party has more than doubled since 1994. Most of these intense partisans believe the opposing party's policies "are so misguided that they threaten the nation's well-being."

On measure after measure – whether primary voting, writing letters to officials, volunteering for or donating to a campaign – the most politically polarized are more actively involved in politics, amplifying the voices that are the least willing to see the parties meet each other halfway.

The majority of Americans don't share these sentiments. They don't adhere to uniformly conservative or liberal views. They don't see either party as a threat and they don't see compromise as surrender. So why do we see so much gridlock in Washington? It appears that apathy is also playing a role in polarization. The political center has become increasingly disengaged, ceding the playing field to the most ideological Americans, whose voices have become louder through increased activism.

The two charts below illustrate the median divide between the general population and those who are politically active:

Conveniently, for Pew, their survey came out at the precise time that Eric Cantor suffered a surprise defeat by a Tea Party challenger. The story of Cantor's downfall—the first-ever primary thumping of a majority leader since the position was created in 1899—is a microcosm of the political dynamics that Pew describes. As David Weigel observes in Slate:

Less than a month after Obama's second inauguration, Cantor debuted a vision for a new GOP that would "make life work." What if the GOP incentivized people to buy better health care and seek more useful college degrees? What if it went a little easier on immigrants?

None of this was "liberal," per se. It just wasn't what the conservative base had asked for, campaigned for, voted for. It was the agenda of the establishment…. Cantor went with Democrats on a three-day tour to boost reform; he sought out a number of ways to avoid a shutdown, including a failed gambit to split the "defund Obamacare" vote from a separate appropriations vote.

Conservatives came to view Cantor as at best unreliable, at worst an outright enemy.

Life on the Fringe

Pew also found that "ideological silos" are now common on both the left and right. People with down-the-line ideological positions disagree over where they want to live, the kind of people they want to live around and even whom they would welcome into their families.

For instance:

Liberals would rather live in cities, while conservatives prefer rural areas and small towns.

Liberals are more likely than conservatives to say racial and ethnic diversity is important in a community.

Conservatives are more likely than liberals to want to live in a place where many people share their religious faith.

15% of Democrats and 17% of Republicans would be unhappy welcoming someone from the other party into their family.

Just 35% of Americans say most of their close friends share their views on government and politics.

That last indicator is an important one, because it reveals the extent to which those on the Left and Right have hunkered down in their silos. While only 35% of Americans say most of their close friends share their political beliefs, among conservatives, roughly twice as many say most of their close friends share their views as say many of their friends do not (63% vs. 30%). Among liberals, that attitude is less extreme, but still a plurality: 49% vs. 39%.

As Pew notes:

These indicators suggest that there is a tendency on the left and the right to associate primarily with like-minded people, to the point of actively avoiding those who disagree. Not surprisingly, this tendency is also tightly entwined with the growing level of partisan antipathy. In both political parties, those with strongly negative views of the other side are more likely to be those who seek out compatible viewpoints.

The Political Climate

The Pew survey measured the extent of political polarization around 10 key issues that are traditional ideological flashpoints, such as the size of government, protecting the environment, minorities and military strength:

Disappointingly, the survey didn't touch upon any science-related issues, including the one that is arguably among the most divisive today: climate change. That said, the findings of the poll lend credence to previous studies that have examined the division over climate change. Those studies found that views on the issue had less to do with the actual scientific findings than it did with ideology—and, more specifically, how people formed their opinions.

One of the most respected and cited studies was written by political scientists Aaron M. McCright and Riley E. Dunlap. They examined polarization over climate change by analyzing data from 10 nationally representative Gallup Polls between 2001 and 2010.

Their results showed that the percentage of conservatives and Republicans who believed in global warming had already begun to decline—from roughly 50% in 2001 to about 30% in 2010, whereas the corresponding percentage of liberals and Democrats increased from roughly 60% in 2001 to about 70% in 2010.

What explained this outcome? McCright and Dunlap argued that the divide over climate change was almost a forgone outcome:

American conservatives champion ideals of individual freedom, private property rights, limited government, and the promotion of free markets, while American liberals promote collective rights, view market regulation as crucial for protecting citizens and public goods, seek to increase the quantity and quality of government's social service provision, and support governmental intervention to extend rights to previously underprotected groups. Environmental protection typically entails governmental intervention into markets and restrictions on property rights, challenging conservative values, but is consistent with liberals' view that protecting collective welfare is a proper role of government.

Compared with local environmental problems such as water and air pollution, global environmental problems like climate change pose a stronger challenge to conservatives' faith in unfettered industrial capitalism as the desirable and inevitable path to progress. More specifically, the possibility of an internationally binding treaty to curb greenhouse gas emissions is viewed as a direct threat to sustained economic growth, the spread of free markets, the maintenance of national sovereignty, and the continued abolition of governmental regulations—key goals of conservatives. Thus, conservatives and Republicans can be expected to question the scientific consensus on climate change, as this body of knowledge highlights the deleterious consequences of industrial capitalism. On the other hand, liberals and Democrats can be expected to accommodate evidence of climate change and the necessity of dealing with it, as employing governmental regulations in an effort to reduce the danger of climate change is likely to seem quite legitimate to them.

McCright and Dunlap, however, believe that the general public was more likely to be polarized on this issue because the debate over climate change has often taken the form of citing opposing scientific theories. The media gave "equal time" to climate change deniers, even though they were a minority opinion within scientific circles. As a result, from the perspective of the general public, the issue became increasingly ambiguous—and, when faced with ambiguous information, people tend to turn toward political elites to help them form their opinions.

In the parlance of political scientists, this is known as "party sorting" theory —a top-down process wherein the more visible and active members of a party establish views on an issue and then communicate the accepted positions to the public. The increasing divide between both the parties and the ideological elites from the Left and the Right on climate change over the past two decades has made it easier for American citizens to sort themselves along both ideological and partisan lines.

If that's so, the polarization over this issue will continue until the political center becomes more assertive—or, ocean waves begin smacking against the steps of the Capitol Building.


Startup mythology demands that to create something great, you need superhuman sacrifices. You need to work for no pay, you need to put in 120 hours/week, you need to preferably sleep under the desk and live off pizza as a sole form of nutrient. As a result, you need to abandon your family and risk life without insurance.

Hogwash!

We’ve repeated this story so many times that it’s starting to wear a little thin, but here it goes again: Basecamp was created with 10 hours/week of programming time and as a 3rd or 4th project alongside paying customers for the designers over the course of about 6 months. In other words, we didn’t drop everything we had to create Basecamp, and you don’t have to either.

There are plenty of startup ideas that can be done without millions in funding, thousands of man hours, and dramatic risk. But I can excuse people from failing to see them when blinded by press and popular opinion. Everywhere you turn it’s stories about how ever-younger entrepreneurs with nothing to lose are defying all odds and making mortal sacrifices to reach their impossibly unlikely goals and succeeding.

Did I say hogwash already?

How about you turn your perceived weaknesses into strengths. Embrace your constraints, work with limited budget of your own money and write less software. That’s how we built Basecamp on the side, next to the every day obligations of paying the bills and having a life.

It didn’t turn into a smash hit overnight either. We ran Basecamp for a year alongside our other obligations before it was doing well enough to pay all the bills and afford our full-time attention. Most good businesses didn’t become great ones within the 12-18 months that the poster boys of the startup lottery did.

So don’t despair, just start small. Reserve a couple of nights per week, a Sunday morning here, and a day from vacation time there. It’s never been cheaper or faster to build a web startup, it’s never been more possible to do it as a side-business.

That still doesn’t make it easy. Odds are you’ll fail. Just as odds are you’ll fail if you take millions of VC money, hire a staff of twenty, and spend 120 hours/week on it. But if lost opportunity is a risk when you try, it’s a guarantee if you don’t.


Airport Land Acquisition: Land Project Checklist

Airports

Contents

While each land acquisition project will be unique, the process of acquiring property generally adheres to the following steps. Detailed procedural guidance is provided in Land Acquisition and Relocation Assistance for Airport Improvement Program Assisted Projects (AC 150/5100-17).

Land Project Checklist

Step

Description

1

Develop Exhibit A Property Map that clearly delineates the land to be required

2

Consult with the FAA Project Manager to verify that proposed parcels are identified on an approved Airport Layout Plan (ALP)

3

Verify environmental requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) are met

4

Prepare surveys and plats for proposed property acquisition.

5

Order preliminary title search to confirm ownership and encumbrances on property title

6

Select and negotiate contract for qualified appraiser and review appraiser

Select and negotiate contract for qualified land acquisition and relocation consultant, if required

9

Conduct Environmental Site Assessment of property suspected of being contaminated

10

Prepare relocation plan if there are any persons to be displaced

11

Perform appraisals and appraisal review, and approve appraised fair market value. The property owner shall be given the opportunity to accompany the appraiser on the inspection of the property.

12

Submit appraisal and review appraisal reports to the FAA if required by project manager.

13

Make written offer of just compensation. At initiation of negotiations, provide general notice of the property owner's rights and entitlements on the acquisition of their property and an explanation of the relocation assistance and payment entitlements. Provide notice of relocation eligibility to displaced persons.

14

Negotiate purchase agreement. If reasonable attempts to negotiate an agreement or acceptable settlement are unsuccessful, the acquisition may be referred to the sponsor's attorney for condemnation under the airport's eminent domain authority.

Complete relocation assistance for displaced persons. Assure a comparable replacement dwelling has been made available for all persons displaced from their residence, (as applicable).

17

Clear property for project use.

18

Furnish project application with Exhibit A Property Map and land acquisition cost breakdown sheet, Certification of Environmental Site Assessment, Certificate of Title, and Sponsor Certification for Real Property.


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Rat milk maintains intestinal lactase activity in rat pups whereas artificial formulas do not.
Intestinal lactase activity is maintained at high levels in suckling rats during the first 2 wk after birth. When 12-day-old rat pups were either mother fed (MF) or artificially reared (AR) with natural rat milk or several artificial formulas, the small intestines had gained similar weight in all animal groups by 16 days except in AR rats fed a chemically defined formula. In the ileum, villus length was similar in MF and AR rats, but crypt depth was significantly higher in all groups of AR rats. Ileal absorptive cells in both MF and AR rats showed immature characteristics, including supranuclear vacuoles, apical tubular systems, and pinocytotic vesicles. Jejunal lactase specific activity and total intestinal lactase activity were significantly higher in AR rats fed rat milk than MF rats at 16 days. Ileal lactase specific activity was similar in these two animal groups. In contrast, AR rats fed artificial formulas supplemented with either glucose or lactose as the sole carbohydrate source exhibited significantly lower ileal lactase specific activity and total intestinal lactase activity than MF rats. Intestinal sucrase activity was prematurely elevated in all AR rats, even when fed natural rat milk. Addition of prolactin (3.3 micrograms/ml) to an artificial formula did not prevent the premature decrease in intestinal lactase specific and total activities in AR rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


                                                                            FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                             SEP 25 2015

                                                                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 14-30245

               Plaintiff - Appellee,             D.C. No. 2:11-cr-00027-DWM

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
ANGELLA LEANN PARKER,

               Defendant - Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Montana
                    Donald W. Molloy, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted September 21, 2015**

Before:        REINHARDT, LEAVY, and BERZON, Circuit Judges.

      Angella Leann Parker appeals pro se from the district court’s order denying

her motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo whether a district court

has authority to modify a sentence under section 3582(c)(2), see United States v.

          *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
          **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Leniear, 574 F.3d 668, 672 (9th Cir. 2009), and we affirm.

      Parker argues that she is eligible for a sentence reduction under Amendment

782 to the Sentencing Guidelines. The district court properly concluded that

Parker is ineligible for a sentence reduction because her sentence is already below

the amended Guidelines range, and the government did not file a motion for

substantial assistance. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)(2) (unless the government filed a

motion for substantial assistance, the district court shall not reduce a defendant’s

term of imprisonment under § 3582(c)(2) to a term below the amended Guidelines

range); United States v. Davis, 739 F.3d 1222, 1224 (9th Cir. 2014).

      All pending motions are denied as moot.

      AFFIRMED.

                                           2                                    14-30245


Use of the AutoCapture Pacing System with implantable defibrillator leads.
Previous studies using various bipolar pacemaker leads have shown that the AutoCapture (AC) Pacing System is able to verify ventricular capture and regulate pacing output, increasing patient safety with respect to unexpected threshold changes and potentially prolonging device longevity. An increasing number of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) require ventricular pacing that contributes to a shortening of longevity of these systems. This prospective study tested the compatibility of the AC system with bipolar ICD leads. The AC algorithm was evaluated prior to ICD testing in 30 ICD recipients. A single coil, active fixation, true bipolar ventricular lead was implanted in 21 patients, and a dual coil, passive fixation, integrated bipolar ventricular lead was implanted in 9 patients. A ventricular evoked response sensitivity test and an AC threshold test were performed using a pacemaker with the ventricular AC algorithm. AC was recommended in 22/30 (73.3%) of implants, including 20/21 (95.2%) with the single coil and 2/9 (22.2%) with the dual coil lead. Mean polarization was lower (1.23 +/- 0.95 mV vs 3.70 +/- 2.33 mV, P = 0.013) while the mean evoked response was higher (18.04 +/- 8.29 mV vs 10.13 +/- 4.22 mV, P = 0.002) with the single coil leads. Automatic threshold tracking using the AC is compatible with ICD leads. Leads with lower polarization and greater evoked response are more likely to result in recommendation of AC use. Use of this system offers the potential for increasing ICD generator longevity and improving patient safety in response to late unexpected threshold increases.


Q:

How to extract data from json array with jquery and append it in html table?

I want to extract data from Json array and append it with html table with jquery
like

idly 5
dosa 20

This is how my browser console prints what my server returned
    {hotelMitem: Array(5)}
    hotelMitem: Array(5)
    0: {hname: "idly", iprice: "5"}
    1: {hname: "dosa", iprice: "20"}
    2: {hname: "dosa", iprice: "20"}
    3: {hname: "dosa", iprice: "20"}
    4: {hname: "dosa", iprice: "20"}
    length: 5
    __proto__: Array(0)
    __proto__: Object

But when i try to iterate & print with jQuery
    var _jsonString = "";
                for(var key in data){
                    _jsonString +="key "+key+" value "+data[key]+ '
';
                }
    $("#datatable").append(_jsonString)

HTML OUTPUT what i get
key hotelMitem value [object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A:

You need to loop through data.hotelMitem, not data itself. As the keys are static you can just access them directly without the additional inner loop. You then need to build the actual HTML to populate the table with tr and td elements. You can achieve that using map(), like this:

var data = {
  hotelMitem: [{
    hname: "idly",
    iprice: "5"
  }, {
    hname: "dosa",
    iprice: "20"
  }, {
    hname: "dosa",
    iprice: "20"
  }
  // more items...
  ]
};

var html = data.hotelMitem.map(function(obj) {
  return `<tr><td>${obj.hname}</td><td>${obj.iprice}</td></tr>`;
});
$("#datatable").append(html)


Q:

String and variable concatenation in php

I am new to PHP and I want to concatenate a string with a variable without any space. I am using a variable $var and a string which is given below.
$var   // This is variable
"Name\branch" //This is String

I want to concatenate the string and the variable without any space. I am using code like this:
$var2 = "Name\Branch\ $var"

But a space is created between them.

A:

Space is there, because you entered it ;)
Use examples:
$var2 = "Name\Branch\\$var";
$var2 = "Name\Branch\\" . $var;
$var2 = 'Name\Branch\\' . $var;
$var2 = "Name\Branch\\{$var}";
$var2 = trim("Name\Branch\ ") . $var;


A San Francisco woman has died after a driver struck her with a car in the Tenderloin, her friends said.

A driver struck 58-year-old Janice Higashi on March 5 as she was walking in a crosswalk at Leavenworth Street near Golden Gate Avenue. Higashi had been on her lunch break during jury duty, her friends said.

The 36-year-old driver, who was not identified by police, stayed on the scene. It is unclear whether the driver will face charges. Police did not respond to requests for comment.

First responders took Higashi to San Francisco General Hospital with major head injuries, where she died Sunday.

“She never really woke up after she was hit,” said Jo Ellen Kaiser, one of Higashi’s friends.

Friends remembered Higashi as a “fun-loving, full of life” San Franciscan who always made time for her loved ones.

When her friend Joe Falcone looked back at his photos of Higashi, he said he couldn’t find a single one that was just a portrait of her.

“Unfortunately, I didn‘t have any solo pictures of her but that kind of speaks to her friendliness,” he said.

Higashi loved pranks, Falcone said, but she also loved inviting friends and family over to her Outer Sunset home for dinner with her and her partner, Cynthia Avakian. Avakian declined to comment on Tuesday.

News of Higashi’s death spread among Falcone and Kaiser’s friends just two days after 30-year-old Tess Rothstein was killed by a truck driver while biking down Folsom Street in SoMa.

“We’re having more accidents because people aren’t really focused on driving,” Kaiser said.

More than 70 percent of serious or deadly incidents happen on just 12 percent of San Francisco’s streets, according to Vision Zero, the city’s road safety initiative.

“I am mystified at how the system perpetuates these tragedies by not recognizing them as crime and not having a real-time map that showed us every day where people are being killed or hit,” Falcone said. “If the city wants to do anything more apt they need to highlight where are the dangerous places.”

San Francisco has seen a 27 percent increase in the number of cars coming into the city daily, according to the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency.

Last week, Mayor London Breed directed SFMTA, San Francisco Police Department and San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to implement better plans for reducing traffic fatalities.

Breed’s announcement followed a string of auto incidents that killed three, including Higashi, and left at least three others seriously injured. At least six people had been killed in traffic fatalities in San Francisco since Jan. 1, according to Vision Zero.

“Everyone feels like there’s no repercussions to having these kinds of accidents, then the driving — people just don’t take care,” Falcone said.

Friends and family are still planning a memorial for Higashi.

Gwendolyn Wu is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Email: gwendolyn.wu@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @gwendolynawu


This article is part of the Thematic Series \"Chemistry in flow systems II\".

Introduction
============

Flow chemistry is well-established as a useful addition to the toolbox of the modern research chemist, with advantages accrued through increased efficiency, reproducibility and reaction safety \[[@R1]--[@R6]\]. Further benefits can be realised when flow processing techniques are combined with the use of solid-supported reagents and scavengers, which allow telescoping of reactions or in-line removal of byproducts to both increase the purity profile of the output product stream and to, ideally, negate the need for subsequent purification \[[@R7]--[@R12]\]. Reagents on macroporous or gel-type beads are commonly used; however, these can suffer from poor mass transfer as well as presenting practical problems caused by the swelling or compression characteristics of the beads related to the solvent employed. To circumvent some of the issues with bead-type supports, monoliths have been developed as replacements for use in continuous-flow synthesis. Monoliths are a single continuous piece of uniformly porous material prepared by precipitation polymerisation of a functionalised monomer \[[@R13]--[@R17]\]. They have been shown to have superior chemical efficiency over other bead-based materials, due to enhanced mass transfer governed by convective flow rather than diffusion, as well as possessing lower void volumes \[[@R18]\]. Practically, their rigid structure is maintained over a wide range of solvents and under reasonable pressure due to the high degree of cross linking, making them easier to use in flow processes. Historically monoliths have traditionally been used to facilitate the isocratic separation of peptides \[[@R19]\]; however, our group and others have shown interest in using monolithic supports to facilitate key chemical transformations \[[@R20]--[@R31]\]. We recently reported on the development of a new monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent and its use in the Staudinger aza-Wittig reaction in flow \[[@R32]--[@R33]\]. Here we discuss the application of this monolith to the transformation of an alkyl alcohol into the corresponding alkyl bromide by using carbon tetrabromide in the Appel reaction.

In the 1960s Ramirez and co-workers reported the formation of a phosphine--methylene species when triphenylphosphine was mixed with carbon tetrabromide \[[@R34]\]. This was utilised by Appel in the mid 70s, who reported on the use of triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride to convert an alcohol into the corresponding alkyl chloride \[[@R35]\]. The reaction produces byproducts, such as triphenylphosphine oxide, during the reaction that can be very difficult to remove, and extensive, time-consuming purification protocols are often needed in order to isolate the desired product in high purity. We envisioned that the use of an immobilised triphenylphosphine source in combination with continuous-flow technologies could circumvent this problem, allowing easy separation of the phosphine side products through its retention on the solid phase. Examination of the literature revealed that a variety of different bead supports have been used to facilitate this reaction to produce chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes from the corresponding alcohols \[[@R36]--[@R38]\]. However, the flow characteristics of beads make these techniques undesirable for application in a continuous-flow setup, and the relatively high cost of these reagents limits their widespread use in common laboratory practices. It is particularly interesting that these past investigations have noted an increase in the rate of the reaction on a solid-supported reagent, attributed to neighbouring group participation as a consequence of using a polymeric source of triphenylphosphine \[[@R39]\]. Mechanistically, the Appel reaction has been proposed to proceed via two complex and competing pathways ([Scheme 1](#C1){ref-type="fig"}). In pathway A the reaction is thought to proceed through the simple ion pair **3** formed by the reaction of one equivalent of triphenylphosphine (**1**) and one equivalent of carbon tetrabromide (**2**). This can react with the alcohol substrate to form an oxy-phosphonium **4** along with bromoform (**5**), which is removed under reduced pressure at the end of the reaction along with the solvent. The oxy-phosphonium salt **4** then reacts with the bromide counterion to produce the substituted product **6** along with the triphenylphosphine oxide byproduct (**7**). However, **3** is in equilibrium with the inverted ion pair **8**, which can proceed via pathway B in which **8** reacts with a second equivalent of triphenylphosphine to form the dibromophosphorane **9** and phosphorane **10**. This dibromophosphorane **9** is then able to react with an alcohol to give intermediate **4**, which can proceed to the product, whereas **10** proceeds to a phosphonium salt intermediate **11**. This can then react again with another equivalent of triphenylphosphine and continue reacting in a similar manner until the methylphosphonium salt **15** is formed. This pathway, therefore, can use up to four equivalents of triphenylphosphine to give up to three brominated products. The rate determining step for both pathways has been proposed to be the formation of an active halogenating species **3** or **10** \[[@R40]\]. The increase in the rate of reaction with regards to the Appel reaction, with solid-supported triphenylphosphine compared to the solution-phase counterpart, is proposed to be a result of neighbouring-group participation assisting in the formation of the active species **9** and **10** in pathway B \[[@R39],[@R41]--[@R42]\]. Analysis by gas chromatography of chloride Appel reactions indicated that the relative proportion of chloroform was a lot lower than would be expected if both pathways were followed equally in both the solution or solid-phase reactions (5% with solution-based triphenylphosphine and 18--29% with solid-supported triphenylphosphine), indicating that path B is the major pathway in either case \[[@R40],[@R43]\].

![The two proposed mechanistic pathways for the Appel reaction.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-g004){#C1}

Using a polystyrene-based triphenylphosphine monolith we hoped to benefit from the accelerated rate of reaction observed as well as to circumvent problems associated with the use of bead-based immobilised reagents in continuous flow.

Results and Discussion
======================

Formation of the triphenylphosphine monolith
--------------------------------------------

The triphenylphosphine monoliths were formed by precipitation polymerisation of the appropriate phosphine monomer with a cross-linking component and a porogen \[[@R32]--[@R33]\]. A stock solution of the functionalised monomer (diphenyl(4-vinylphenyl)phosphine), cross-linking material (divinylbenzene and styrene) and porogen (1-dodecanol) was heated to 50 °C until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The dibenzoyl peroxide was then added and the mixture maintained at elevated temperature (50 °C) until the initiator had dissolved (approximately 5 minutes). The mixture was decanted into a glass column and the ends were sealed with custom-made PTFE end pieces. The column was incubated at 92 °C \[[@R44]--[@R45]\] for 48 hours in a Vapourtec R4 heater to give a white polymeric solid, which filled the column. It was noted that the addition of styrene as part of the cross-linking component was necessary to increase the active loading of the monolith during the reactions. Dibenzoyl peroxide was chosen as a radical initiator as it was found to be soluble in the polymerisation mixture at the stock solution temperature of 50 °C, giving a homogeneous mixture. The slower initiation rate compared to azo-based initiators also ensured the entire polymerisation mixture was at the target temperature before precipitation of polymer chains occurred (approximately one hour after heating at 92 °C), ensuring a more homogeneous polymerisation. Following this polymerisation procedure, the monolith was cooled to room temperature and the end plugs were replaced with standard flow-through connectors. Dry dichloromethane was pumped through the column, which was heated to 60 °C, to elute the porogen and any unreacted monomer starting material. It was found that this polymerisation technique gave consistent, low pressure drops across the monolith, and these were consistent across multiple batches of monolith syntheses, making them ideal for use in a flow-chemistry setup. Elemental analysis showed an approximate loading of 1.87 mmol of phosphorus per gram, giving a calculated loading of 4.68 mmol of phosphorus per monolith, which is comparable to commercially available triphenylphosphine resins.

Loading the monolith
--------------------

The monolith was then loaded with carbon tetrabromide to give the active species with which to perform the Appel bromination reaction. To achieve this, carbon tetrabromide in dichloromethane \[[@R46]\] was recirculated through the monolith for 16 hours at room temperature ([Scheme 2](#C2){ref-type="fig"}), resulting in a colour change from white (a) to a light brown colour (b) (shown in [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Elemental analysis revealed that the monolith consisted of 27.6% bromine showing that the carbon tetrabromide had loaded onto the monolith and there was an average of less than one molecule of carbon tetrabromide per phosphorus atom. This suggests that a complex mixture of phosphorus species is present within the monolith. Triphenylphosphine oxide, from the starting material, and unreacted triphenylphosphine, due to inaccessible sites within the monolith, are probably present along with potentially a complex combination of active brominating species. If the monolith reacts in the way reported in previous literature, then both mechanistic pathways are followed and therefore many different active brominating species are present (**3**, **8**, **9** and **10**). Although it is thought that a complex mixture is present, the loaded brominating monolith is represented as intermediate **3** for simplicity in the schemes that follow.

![Functionalisation of the triphenylphosphine monolith by using carbon tetrabromide in a recycling process.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-g005){#C2}

![a. Unfunctionalised triphenylphosphine monolith; b. Monolith after fuctionalisation with carbon tetrabromide; c. Monolith after partial consumption of the active brominating agent.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-g002){#F1}

Reaction of this monolith with an alcohol resulted in a further colour change from a brown monolith (b) to a depleted monolith (c) ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), with a pale yellow region corresponding to the triphenylphosphine oxide, or potentially later intermediates in pathway B, formed in the Appel reaction. This same colour change was initially observed during the loading protocol when approximately one-fifth of the coloured region of the monolith was transformed to the pale yellow colour. In this case, analysis of the recycled solvent suggested the presence of 1-bromododecane and that the dodecanol porogen was not being fully removed during the initial flushing procedure, but instead was being brominated during the subsequent loading process. Unfortunately attempts to adapt the solvent system to ensure complete dodecanol removal before loading were unsuccessful. Scavenging the dodecanol in the loading process by means of a column of polymer-supported tosyl chloride or by adding calcium chloride to the recycling carbon tetrabromide solution was also unsuccessful. Although the presence of dodecanol caused a partially depleted monolith during the loading process, these monoliths were still successfully used for the Appel reaction. No detrimental effect on the reaction products was observed, although obviously a lower active loading of the monolith was observed. In order to achieve the maximum active loading of 1.3 mmol for a monolith, a previously loaded monolith was placed in-line with the unloaded triphenylphosphine monolith in the recycling procedure with carbon tetrabromide.

Bromination reactions in flow with the loaded triphenylphosphine monolith
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

With the functionalised, active brominating monolith in hand, the transformation of an alcohol into the corresponding bromide in flow was investigated. By employing the commercially available Uniqsis FlowSyn, a 0.1 M solution of the alcohol in dry dichloromethane was prepared and loaded into the sample loop (2 mL). This solution was then switched in-line to be pumped through the monolith at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, the output stream was collected for 1 hour and the solvent removed ([Scheme 3](#C3){ref-type="fig"}). For benzylic and sterically unhindered alcohols ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entries 1--6), complete conversion was achieved by a single pass of the alcohol through the monolith, requiring only solvent removal to yield the pure brominated product in high yield. An analogous reaction with polymer-supported triphenylphosphine beads, loaded and reacted in an identical way, only gave 26% conversion to halogenated material, which was impure by ^1^H NMR for cinnamyl bromide ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entry 2). For less-activated substrates, such as the iodo-substituted benzylic alcohols ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entries 7 and 8), a single pass gave incomplete conversion to the bromide, resulting in a mixture of the starting alcohol and the bromide product upon removal of the solvent. Conversion to the bromide could be increased by decreasing the flow rate; however, to obtain complete conversion it was found to be necessary to recycle the flow stream through the monolith. When a recycling protocol was employed, upon full consumption of the starting material by thin-layer chromatography the input was changed to a fresh solution of dichloromethane. The system was then flushed for a further 45 minutes at 0.5 mL/min to yield the pure bromide product following removal of the solvent. An investigation of the substrate scope revealed that starting materials containing unprotected amines could not be transformed into the corresponding bromides. Little or no mass return was observed suggesting that an aminophosphonium species was formed on the monolith in accordance with similar reactions between triphenylphosphine, bromine and amines \[[@R47]\]. It was possible to brominate the monoprotected aniline ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entry 9) by using the triphenylphosphine monolith, but recycling for a longer time was required, and resulted in a lower isolated yield than most of the other substrates. For the nonactivated alkyl alcohol ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entry 10), recycling for 14 hours was found to be necessary to achieve complete conversion to the desired bromide. While in this work the benzylic brominated products were not used in subsequent flow reactions, such as alkylations, these processes have been reported by us \[[@R48]\] and others \[[@R49]\] using continuous-flow technologies.

![Flow synthesis of bromides from alcohols by using the functionalised triphenylphosphine monolith.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-g006){#C3}

######

Bromides prepared from the corresponding alcohols by using the functionalised triphenylphosphine monolith.

  ------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------------------- --------------------
  Entry   Starting material                            Product                                      Conversion\             Time required for full conversion^b^   Isolated yield^c^\
                                                                                after one pass (%)^a^                                          (%)

  1       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i001.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i002.jpg)   100                     --                                     80^d^

  2       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i003.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i004.jpg)   100                     --                                     82

  3       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i005.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i006.jpg)   100                     --                                     92

  4       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i007.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i008.jpg)   100                     --                                     74

  5       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i009.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i010.jpg)   100                     --                                     92

  6       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i011.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i012.jpg)   100                     --                                     91

  7       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i013.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i014.jpg)   94                      1 h 15 min                             95

  8       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i015.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i016.jpg)   84                      1 h 15 min                             95

  9       ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i017.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i018.jpg)   85                      2 h 30 min                             68^e^

  10      ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i019.jpg)   ![](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-i020.jpg)   \<0.5                   14 h                                   77
  ------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------------------- --------------------

^a^One pass through the monolith at 0.5 mL/min, percentage conversion determined by ^1^H NMR analysis, ^b^substrates recirculated through the monolith at 0.5 mL/min until full consumption of starting material indicated by TLC, ^c^reactions performed on a 0.2 mmol scale, ^d^volatile product, ^e^corresponding solution-phase triphenylphosphine batch process yielded 52% pure product after chromatography.

A single monolith can be used for many different alcohols with no cross-contamination detected by ^1^H NMR between substrates. It was found that the colour of the monolith can be used as an approximate indication of the degree of loading of active brominating species on the monolith, and the off-white, pale yellow region of triphenylphosphine oxide, or later stage intermediate, was formed in a proportional manner to the quantity of the substrate that was passed through the monolith ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Elemental analysis revealed that the off-white region contained 19.8% bromine, implying that although bromine is consumed proportionally with the consumption of the dark-coloured areas of the monolith, there is nevertheless still bromine left on the monolith. This bromine could be present in hard-to-access active sites within the polymeric structure of the monolith, but could also be accounted for by some of the late intermediates in pathway B (**10**--**15** in [Scheme 1](#C1){ref-type="fig"}). The conversion of a particular substrate did not decrease with continued use of the monolith until the monolith became completely pale yellow, at which point the activity of the monolith decreased sharply. Up to this point the conversion of a substrate was comparable at the beginning and at the end of the monolith use. After the brown colouration had been diminished through bromination reactions, the monolith activity reduced significantly, giving 19% conversion to halogenated product by using a previously readily converted substrate ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entry 6). Each monolith was found to convert 1.3 mmol of alcohol before the conversion dropped.

![Linear decrease of the brown decolourisation.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-07-1648-g003){#F2}

It was found that heating the monolith increased the rate of reaction and thus could be used to promote the reaction of the aniline substrate ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entry 9) in one pass, albeit with a lower isolated yield \[[@R50]\]. While investigating the feasibility of heating the monolith in order to drive the less activated 4-iodobenzyl alcohol ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entry 7) to completion, it was found that heating the monolith resulted in the production of an impurity, at 29.7% conversion by ^1^H NMR (with 64.5% conversion to the bromide). This was identified as 1-(chloromethyl)-4-iodobenzene, i.e., the starting material underwent chlorination rather than bromination. The two halogenated products could not be separated by flash column chromatography. Interestingly this impurity was also observed in small amounts when a loaded monolith was stored for prolonged periods at room temperature in the presence of dichloromethane. The Appel reaction using 4-iodobenzyl alcohol ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, entry 7) was repeated with a loaded monolith stored in dichloromethane at room temperature for 9 days and resulted in a conversion of less than 3% to the chloride by ^1^H NMR. The conversion to the chloride was found to increase with increased flushing of dichloromethane through the monolith, implying that the source of the chloride was through exchange with the dichloromethane solvent. From our initial screens, dichloromethane was found to be the optimum solvent for monolith loading and the bromination reactions. As this impurity was only observed at elevated temperatures or with monoliths that had been stored over long periods of time, we feel that we have demonstrated that it is not a significant problem for the main aim of the reagent, which is to convert alcohols into bromides without the need for purification.

Conclusion
==========

In summary, the monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent recently developed by our group \[[@R32]--[@R33]\] was also successfully applied to facilitate the Appel reaction. An active brominating species was formed readily by recirculating carbon tetrabromide through the monolith. This loaded monolith was then successfully applied to the Appel reaction, allowing the synthesis of the corresponding brominated product from an alcohol in high purity and yield, with only a simple removal of the solvent required. Activated benzylic alcohols were transformed to the desired bromide with a single pass, whereas sterically hindered or alkyl alcohols required a recycling process through the monolith to reach complete conversion to the brominated product. Heating the monolith in an attempt to accelerate the reaction was found to be unsuccessful due to the decomposition of the active brominating salt, resulting in the formation of an undesired chloride byproduct.

Supporting Information
======================

Supporting information features full experimental details and data for the reactions performed above.

######

Experimental details.

We thank GlaxoSmithKline (Stevenage) for studentship support (KAR), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (HL), the EPSRC (KAR & TP), the Royal Society University Research Fellowship (IRB) and the BP 1702 Fellowship (SVL) for financial support. We gratefully acknowledge Hokko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. for their kind donation of diphenyl(4-vinylphenyl)phosphine).


News

How to reduce the heat of observation elevator in summer

Glass material is become more and more popular in nowadays. For example, railing glass, handrail glass, stair glass, skylight glass, observation elevator glass etc.

Today, let’s talk about the observation elevator. Generally speaking, it makes of hot bent glass or curved tempered glass. The observation elevator is beautiful and will not block the sunshine of households. Because of light transmission and it's very hot in summer, it has a certain impact on the service life of the elevator parts. While the strong light led to the internal temperature is very high and very hot, people in the elevator caused by uncomfortable, what’s more, it also increases the power consumption of air conditioning.

The best way to solve this problem is to put the transparent glass insulation coating, brushing the material in transparent glass with high transparency. It gets the maximum reflection of the sun. Play a very good reflection of heat insulation. The main component of transparent glass insulation coating is indium tin oxide, the content of 40%, indium tin oxide using its own material properties and electron hole heat reflection principle, the coating has a good thermal reflectivity, shielding ultraviolet and infrared hot effect. Only need to brush a few microns of thickness, you can make indoor and outdoor temperature difference of 10 degrees Celsius, infrared shielding rate of 86%, visible light transmittance of 80%, UV blocking up to 99%, It can be a good reduction of solar heat on the elevator The heat of the furnace heating, reducing air conditioning energy consumption. It has excellent resistance to aging, stain resistance, anti-static, anti-glare, radiation, long life and other characteristics.


Q:

Animation nodes Group instances

I want to know if there is anyway I can make random instances of a group or list of object in to a mesh.
In the example I want to instance the 4 objects in to the 8 vertex of the big cube.
I tried also whit the instancer node but doesn't work
Thank you

A:

Use the Object Instancer Node to create a number of empty objects, fill a random list of the required source objects, copy the mesh data from the random object list to the empty objects, then position them as you want.


Selected by the Baltimore Orioles in Round #1 (#5 overall) of the 2009 Amateur Entry Draft (June-Reg Phase)

The TBC Newsletter will keep you periodically up-to-date on what is happening at The Baseball Cube.

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Career Pitching Statistics top csv *Reload the page to restore the grids share Sort ✖ Research Applications: MLB Stats | Minor Stats | College Stats | Draft Research Grid Filters MLB Minors Full Season Short Season AAA AA A+ A A- Rookie College Indy/Intl/+ Yearly Detail Only Yearly Totals Only Detail + Totals Year Team Name Lg Lvl Org Unif Age Exp Detail W L ERA G GS CG SHO GF GR SV IP H R ER HR BB SO WP BK HB WHIP H9 HR9 BB9 SO9 RA9 SO BB WPCT 2009 Bluefield Orioles App Rk bal 34 18 1 --- 1 2 4.72 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 26.2 32 17 14 0 8 16 7 0 0 1.50 10.80 0.00 2.70 5.40 5.74 2.00 .333 2009 Minor Totals: BAL byYear Rk --- - 18 1 --- 1 2 4.81 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 26.7 32 17 14 0 8 16 7 0 0 1.53 10.99 0.00 2.75 5.50 5.84 2.00 .333 2010 Delmarva Shorebirds SAL A bal 48 19 2 --- 3 7 4.40 21 21 0 0 0 0 0 94.0 90 56 46 6 38 59 16 1 9 1.36 8.62 0.57 3.64 5.65 5.36 1.55 .300 2010 Minor Totals: BAL byYear A --- - 19 1 --- 3 7 4.40 21 21 0 0 0 0 0 94.0 90 56 46 6 38 59 16 1 9 1.36 8.62 0.57 3.64 5.65 5.36 1.55 .300 2011 Gulf Coast Orioles GCL Rk bal 40 20 3 --- 0 0 4.35 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 10.1 10 6 5 1 3 9 3 0 0 1.26 8.71 0.87 2.61 7.84 5.23 3.00 .000 2011 Aberdeen IronBirds NYPL A- bal 47 20 3 --- 0 6 10.46 8 7 0 0 0 1 0 26.2 41 34 31 2 23 13 7 0 7 2.40 13.84 0.67 7.76 4.39 11.47 0.57 .000 2011 Minor Totals: BAL byYear Rk/A- --- - 20 2 --- 0 6 8.76 13 12 0 0 0 1 0 37.0 51 40 36 3 26 22 10 0 7 2.08 12.41 0.73 6.32 5.35 9.73 0.85 .000 2013 Delmarva Shorebirds SAL A bal 34 22 4 --- 7 3 3.71 24 1 0 0 10 23 1 63.0 61 30 26 2 28 47 5 0 2 1.41 8.71 0.29 4.00 6.71 4.29 1.68 .700 2013 Frederick Keys Caro A+ bal 19 22 4 --- 2 1 5.58 9 0 0 0 3 9 0 30.2 29 19 19 2 11 25 3 0 5 1.30 8.51 0.59 3.23 7.34 5.58 2.27 .667 2013 Minor Totals: BAL byYear A+/A --- - 22 2 --- 9 4 4.35 33 1 0 0 13 32 1 93.7 90 49 45 4 39 72 8 0 7 1.38 8.69 0.39 3.77 6.95 4.73 1.85 .692 2014 Frederick Keys Caro A+ bal 30 23 5 --- 3 4 4.48 29 0 0 0 12 29 4 64.1 64 46 32 3 30 48 16 4 4 1.46 8.95 0.42 4.20 6.72 6.44 1.60 .429 2014 Minor Totals: BAL byYear A+ --- - 23 1 --- 3 4 4.49 29 0 0 0 12 29 4 64.3 64 46 32 3 30 48 16 4 4 1.47 8.99 0.42 4.21 6.74 6.46 1.60 .429 2015 Bowie Baysox East AA bal 43 24 6 --- 1 1 6.52 6 0 0 0 1 6 0 9.2 6 8 7 1 8 7 0 0 0 1.45 5.59 0.93 7.45 6.52 7.45 0.88 .500 2015 Minor Totals: BAL byYear AA --- - 24 1 --- 1 1 6.85 6 0 0 0 1 6 0 9.7 6 8 7 1 8 7 0 0 0 1.52 5.87 0.98 7.83 6.85 7.83 0.88 .500 Minor League Totals 17 24 4.98 110 42 0 0 26 68 5 325.3 333 216 180 17 149 224 57 5 27 1.48 9.22 0.47 4.12 6.20 5.98 1.50 .415 Minor: Rk Totals 1 2 4.62 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 37.0 42 23 19 1 11 25 10 0 0 1.43 10.22 0.24 2.68 6.08 5.59 2.27 .333 Minor: A- Totals 0 6 10.65 8 7 0 0 0 1 0 26.7 41 34 31 2 23 13 7 0 7 2.44 14.08 0.69 7.90 4.47 11.68 0.57 .000 Minor: A Totals 10 10 4.13 45 22 0 0 10 23 1 157.0 151 86 72 8 66 106 21 1 11 1.38 8.66 0.46 3.78 6.08 4.93 1.61 .500 Minor: A+ Totals 5 5 4.83 38 0 0 0 15 38 4 95.0 93 65 51 5 41 73 19 4 9 1.41 8.81 0.47 3.88 6.92 6.16 1.78 .500 Minor: AA Totals 1 1 6.85 6 0 0 0 1 6 0 9.7 6 8 7 1 8 7 0 0 0 1.52 5.87 0.98 7.83 6.85 7.83 0.88 .500

Glossary:

Year Context-dependent but usually self-evident. (Season, Draft Year etc) Team Name Contextual to the grid but usually self-evident. Draft = Drafted team. Lg League Org Major League Parent Organization. For college teams, might include RPI (Ratings Percentage Index) Unif Uniform Number, if available Age Player's age for the selected season or as of a current date if in YY.DDD format. Exp Experience in # of years. For Player stats, refers to nth PRO season. Count is ontextual to the purpose of the grid Detail Includes links to additional MLB stat detail including Game Logs, Splits and Extended Statistics W Wins (Pitcher or Team) L Losses (Pitcher or Team) ERA Earned Run Average ( (9/IP)*ER ) G Games Played (or Pitched) GS Games Started CG Complete Games SHO Shutouts GF Games Finished GR Games Relieved SV Saves IP Innings Pitched H Hits R Runs ER Earned Runs HR Home Runs BB Walks SO Strikeouts WP Wild Pitches BK Balks HB Hit Batsmen from pitcher perspective WHIP Walks and Hits per Inning Pitched ( (H+BB) / IP ) H9 Hits allowed per 9 innings ( (9/IP) * H ) HR9 Home Runs allowed per 9 innings ( (9/IP) * HR ) BB9 Walks per 9 innings ( (9/IP) * BB ) SO9 Strikeouts per 9 innings ( (9/IP) * SO ) RA9 Runs Against per 9 innings ( (9/IP) * R ) SO BB Strikeouts to Walk ratio ( SO/BB ) WPct Winning Percentage (W/(W+L))

Glossary:

Year Context-dependent but usually self-evident. (Season, Draft Year etc) Team Name Contextual to the grid but usually self-evident. Draft = Drafted team. Lg League Age Player's age for the selected season or as of a current date if in YY.DDD format. G Games Played (or Pitched) GS Games Started Inn Innings in a game or Innings played at position PO Putouts A Fielding assists E Errors DP Grounded into Double Play (Offense) Double Plays Participation (Defense) TC Total Chances (PO+A+E) TSC Total Successful Chances (PO+A) FPCT Fielding Percentage (TSC/TC) RFg Range Factor by Game (Total Successful Chances/Games) Rfi Range Factor by Inning (Total Successful Chances/Innings) Team Share Share of team's games played at that position. Will add up to more than 100% since the formula is player games at position / team games. Player Share Share of player's games played at that position Team Rank Rank of games for team at that position.