1. Background {#sec6549}
=============

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is usually described as the most common leukemia in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, whereas it is rare in Japan and infrequent in other Asian societies ([@A4990R1]). CLL is with an incidence of 30% among the entire leukemia's ([@A4990R2]) as the matter of fact it is 20 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants above the age of 60 years. The reported male-to-female sex ratio is about 1.5--2:1, which means B-CLL is more common in men than women ([@A4990R3]). It is a common cancer not even in the Western countries, but also in Iran ([@A4990R4]). B-CLL results from the expansion of mature-appearing monoclonal B cells with a characteristic immunophenotype (CD5, CD19, CD20, and CD23 positive) ([@A4990R5]). Clinical course of the disease is highly variable. Some patients show symptoms at diagnosis or early thereafter and need early therapy, but others have no or minimal symptoms for many years ([@A4990R8]). Infrequently, there are constitutional symptoms; on the contrary, the most frequent physical finding is lymphadenopathy, which is followed by splenomegaly. Other symptoms are fatigue, infection and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. There are several treatments for B-CLL patients such as using monoclonal antibodies, new experimental drugs and stem cell transplantation (autologous or allogeneic) ([@A4990R9]). Variable prognosis is carried by B-CLL, which is associated with distinct parameters such as genetic aberrations that are helpful to predict the clinical outcome of the disease ([@A4990R10], [@A4990R11]). Age, sex, and clinical staging (Rai or Binet staging), peripheral blood lymphocyte count, lymphocyte-doubling time, bone marrow (BM) histology, serum thymidine kinase, and serum β2-microglobulin levels have all been identified as important independent prognostic factors ([@A4990R12]). Chromosomal aberrations in B-CLL rose to more than 80% ([@A4990R16]), which means that genetic markers could have a critical role in prediction and diagnosis of B-CLL. The most frequent aberrations are: 1) Deletion on the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q14) in \> 50% of the cases ([@A4990R19]); 2) Trisomy of chromosome 12 in 10--20% of the cases; 3) Deletions in bands 11q22--q23 in 10--20% of the cases, where the ATM gene is located ([@A4990R20]); 4) Deletion on the short arm of the chromosome 17 (17p13). Association of Deletion 11q22 and 17p13 with poor prognosis and deletion 13q14 with good prognosis has been demonstrated ([@A4990R23]). Trisomy 12 is correlated with atypical morphology and shortened survival (worse prognosis) ([@A4990R24], [@A4990R25]). Conventional cytogenetic methods can detect 40-50% abnormalities in B-CLL patients ([@A4990R26], [@A4990R26]), while using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has brought the sensitivity of cytogenetic analysis to a higher level, by which, 80% of abnormalities can be detected ([@A4990R27]). In the previous study, we analyzed the correlation of del (13q), del (11q) and trisomy 12 with features of B-CLL in Iranian cases ([@A4990R28]).

2. Objectives {#sec6550}
=============

The aims of this study were first to verify the frequency of del (6q21) and del (17p13) in B-CLL patients by conventional cytogenetic methods and FISH technique, and second to determine the correlation between these two abnormalities and prognostic factors, including Rai staging, CD38 marker and family history.

3. Patients and Methods {#sec6551}
=======================

Patients were recruited for 20 months between 2008 and 2010 from four major hematology/oncology hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The patients were new cases or already identified as B-CLL cases and not taking any therapeutic treatment for six months before sampling. The diagnostic inclusion criteria were based on the National Cancer Institute Working Group (NCI-WG) guidelines for diagnosis of B-CLL ([@A4990R29]). Seventy patients' peripheral blood samples or bone marrow aspirations were analyzed. Immunophenotypic data and blood parameters were collected from patients' hospital files. The questions about age, family history, the onset of disease and treatment measures were organized. The patients with one first or two second degree relatives affected by any type of cancer in their families were considered as positive family history. Blood samples and/or bone marrow aspirations were collected in heparinized collection tubes. The study was approved in Shahrekord Medical University and Ethical Committee of the School of Medical Sciences of Tarbiat Modares University. Each patient signed the written consent. Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were pretreated by different protocols for culturing. 27 bone marrows, 36 blood samples and 7 of both specimens were provided. Peripheral blood was washed three times with minimal culture medium (RPMI-1960 with no further supplementation) and then the white blood cells (WBC) were counted by Neubauerhemocytometer. Bone marrow specimens only were counted by Neubauerhemocytometer. 106 cells/ml was cultured in 5 ml completed culture medium \[RPMI-1960 medium (Gibco, USA), 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA), 1% antibiotics and 1% L-glutamine (Gibco, USA)\]. Five cultures were set up for each patient whose conditions were as follows: overnight (ONC), 24 hours and 72 hours without mitogen stimulation and 24 hours and 72 hours with phorbolmyristate acetate (50 ng/mL) (Biomol, Germany). Harvesting and slide preparations were completed according to the standard cytogenetic methods (Hypotonic treatment, and methanol-acetic acid, Merk, Germany; 3:1 ratio of fixation). G-banding technique was used and up to 20 metaphases were analyzed for each patient utilizing Applied Imaging Powergene Intelligent Karyotyping software (Applied Imaging, USA) according to the International system for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature ([@A4990R30]). The FISH analysis was performed on slides taken from the 24-hour culture without stimulation. To evaluate del (6q21) and del (17p13), Dual-color probes were purchased from Kreatech Company and utilized according to the manufacturer's instructions. For each probe per patient, two hundred nuclei were analyzed by Olympus BX51 fluorescence microscope (Japan). To capture images, Cytovision software, version 3.6, was used. SPSS software program (SPSS for Windows, version 15, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Correlations between family history and these two deletions were analyzed by Chi-Square test. The Mann-Whitney test was considered for analyzing the correlation between the Rai staging and chromosomal abnormalities. The Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate the correlation between these chromosomal abnormalities and CD38. A p value less than 0.05 were considered significant.

4. Results {#sec6552}
==========

The culture of four cases failed, and 66 specimens were successfully analyzed. In [Table 1](#tbl2447){ref-type="table"}, patients' clinical characteristics are summarized. The gender ratio was 2.9 with 49 male and 17 female patients. Patients were 40 to 81 years old with the mean age of 61.73 years old. They could be classified into two subgroups. Twenty three cases have been recently diagnosed (new cases), and they were following their clinical diagnosis. Forty three cases suffered from the disease from 8 to 236 months. The number of bone marrow specimens in [Table 1](#tbl2447){ref-type="table"} is actually the sum of cases with bone marrow and cases with both bone marrow and peripheral blood samples. The information of Rai staging and family history is also available in [Table 1](#tbl2447){ref-type="table"}.

###### Clinical and Laboratory Features of Iranian B-Cell Patients

  Patients                               Genomic Changes   Total (n = 66)
  -------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----
  **Gender**, No.
  Male                                   1                 10               49
  Female                                 3                 1                17
  **Age, y, No.**
  \< 50                                  0                 1                8
  50-60                                  0                 4                17
  60-70                                  2                 4                25
  \> 70                                  2                 2                16
  **Tissue**
  BM [a](#fn1416){ref-type="table-fn"}   2                 6                27
  PB [a](#fn1416){ref-type="table-fn"}   3                 6                32
  **Rai stage**
  O                                      0                 0                6
  I                                      0                 1                9
  II                                     3                 3                31
  III                                    1                 6                15
  IV                                     0                 1                5
  **Family history**
  Positive                               1                 9                15
  Negative                               3                 2                47

^a^Abbreviation: BM, bone marrow; PB, peripheral blood

Interphase FISH for del (6q21) and del (17p13) was performed on 66 patients; out of which 5 cases demonstrated the micro deletion in 6q21 (5/66 or 7.5%); and 11 cases turned out to have the micro deletion in 17p13 (11/66 or 16.6%); among these 16 patients with these chromosomal abnormalities, one patient had both del (6q21) and del (17p13). The range of abnormalities was different in patient's specimens. Compared to cut off points for positive values, this range verified the abnormalities in patients properly. Correlation of family history and del (17p13) were analyzed by Chi square (P = 0.48 for Fisher's exact test) and did not show any significance. This test also was performed between family history and del (6q21) (P = 1.000 for Fisher's exact test) but the correlation was not significant. The Mann-Whitney test was considered for analyzing the correlation between Rai staging and del (6q21). The result was P = 0.7, which means there is no significance. This test was repeated for the correlation of chromosomal abnormalities and CD38. The result for del (6q21) and del (17p13) was P = 0.368 and P = 0.13 respectively, which means CD38 did not have significance in any of these two abnormalities. FISH analysis revealed 22.7% chromosomal abnormalities in total comprising 7.5% for del (6q21) and 16.6% for del (17p13). The results of other published studies and the current study are summarized in [Table 2](#tbl2448){ref-type="table"}.

###### Detection Rate of Cytogenetic Aberrations byFIsh Analysis in Different Populations

  No       Reference                          Country          Del 17p13, %   Del 6q21, %   FISH Abnormality, No. (%)
  -------- ---------------------------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------- ---------------------------
  **1**    Gunn et al. ([@A4990R32])          USA              4.6            7.5           174 (89)
  **2**    Gaidano et al. ([@A4990R33])       USA              4              10            100 (14)
  **3**    Dohner et al. ([@A4990R34])        Germany          12             \-            90 (12)
  **4**    Dohner et al. ([@A4990R17])        Germany          7              6             325(82)
  **5**    Chevallier et al. ([@A4990R35])    France           7              \-            111 (75)
  **6**    Haferlach et al. ([@A4990R36])     Germany          **7**          4.6           500 (78.4)
  **7**    Juliusson et al. ([@A4990R37])     Sweden           4              6             649 (48)
  **8**    Turgut et al. ([@A4990R38])        Turkey           14             \-            36 (47)
  **9**    Sindelarova et al. ([@A4990R39])   Czech republic   16             \-            206 (16)
  **10**   Durak et al. ([@A4990R40])         Turkey           7.6            \-            79 (50.6)
  **11**   Dewald et al. ([@A4990R41])        USA              8              0             113 (77)
  **12**   Dicker et al. ([@A4990R42])        USA              5.3            7             132 (79)
  **13**   Present study                      Iran             16.6           7.5           66 (22.7)

5. Discussion {#sec6553}
=============

CLL is the most prevalent type of leukemia, but its annual incidence of new cases is low and consequently; the number of new cases is generally low ([@A4990R4]). So in the present study the number of new cases hardly comprises one-third of all cases. The gender ratio shifted towards more males because, some female patients avoided to take part in the study. There were two reasons why bone marrow specimens were less than peripheral blood samples. First, the greater numbers of cases were those who had already been diagnosed as B-CLL and the physicians did not feel necessary to perform another bone marrow aspiration; second, an analysis of both bone marrow and blood samples demonstrated that there are no differences between these two tissues in FISH results and patients prefer to give blood samples instead of bone marrow aspiration. So the number of peripheral blood specimens increased in this study. The weak mitogen stimulation of malignant cells in B-CLL and the fact that in B-CLL unlike other forms of leukemia, the cells are in G0 phase of the cell cycle, we had a decrease of metaphases in the cytogenetic analysis. Moreover, many of the chromosomes were small and short and less liable to good banding. So it was so difficult to identify chromosomal abnormalities such as translocations, inversions and micro deletions. Because of these reasons, we could just identify 27.7% chromosomal abnormalities using conventional cytogenetic methods.

As mentioned before, up to 80% of chromosomal abnormalities in B-CLL patients could be detected using I-FISH ([@A4990R43]). Oscier et al. ([@A4990R44]), using FISH; found chromosomal aberrations in 69% of patients , Dewald et al. ([@A4990R33]), found 77%; Chena et al. ([@A4990R2]), 80.7%; Gunn et al. ([@A4990R31]), 89%; and Dohner et al. ([@A4990R17]), 82%. In some of these studies ([@A4990R17], [@A4990R33]), B-CLL patients were examined for deletion of 13q, 11q, and 17p; also for 6q, 14q chromosomal abnormalities and for 8q24 and 3q trisomy ([@A4990R17]). So the rate of chromosomal aberrations detected by FISH is high. The greater detection of chromosomal abnormalities by FISH method in comparison to conventional cytogenetic methods reveals the higher sensitivity of this method. Therefore, FISH testing helps outstandingly in establishing a diagnosis for these patients. In our study where I-FISH was only used for two genomic changes and patients were examined with two DNA probes (for detection of deletion 6q21 and deletion 17p) we could identify these abnormalities in just 22.7% of patients, comprising 16.6% for del 17p13 and 7.5% for del 6q21. The results of this study and some similar studies are summarized in [Table 2](#tbl2448){ref-type="table"}. We found deletion of TP53 gene on 17p13 in 11 (16.6%) of studied cases. In addition to deletion of 17p13 chromosomal band or occurring mutations in TP53 gene, inactivation of this gene could be because of other factors. For example Pettitt et al. ([@A4990R45]) revealed that p53 inactivation occurred because of defects of ATM protein, which has a role in dephosphorylation of p53. Some other studies have shown that deletion of 17p13 band has a significant effect on clinical course of the disease. B-CLL patients with deletion of TP53 gene have an obvious shorter survival time and show failure to treatment with purine analogs ([@A4990R17], [@A4990R34], [@A4990R46], [@A4990R47]). Anomalies of short arm of chromosome 6 are reported from 0-10% ([@A4990R33], [@A4990R32], [@A4990R33]). In this region most abnormalities are deletions and diverse regions have been identified at 6q15, 6q21, 6q23 and 6q25-27 ([@A4990R37], [@A4990R49]). Stilgenbauer et al. showed that 6q21 is the most commonly deleted region and 6q27 deletion occurs only in patients with del (6q21) ([@A4990R35]). The genes in this region which are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease are not known yet but the TLX gene at 6q21 has been shown to be involved in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients ([@A4990R38], [@A4990R39]). In analysis of clinical importance of 6q deletions in B-CLL patients contentious results were observed. While Juliusson et al. ([@A4990R37]) didn't observe any poor prognostic effect of del (6q), Oscier et al. ([@A4990R40]) observed that those patients with del (6q) had shorter survival times without treatment. In our study, del (6q21) was detected in 5 (7.5%) of studied cases. One of the patients had both abnormalities, del (6q21) and del (17p13). As it is evident, the frequency of patients with del (17p13) and del (6q21) and so the type and the rate of these abnormalities in Iranian patients is similar to those in other populations. This suggests that probable mechanisms involved in this disease are not different from patients from other countries.

As far as, correlation between clinical staging, family history and immunophenotyping with these two cytogenetic subgroups is concerned, after statistical analysis, significant correlation was only shown between Rai staging and del (17p13). This deletion has the most frequency in Rai stage II, so Rai stage II could be somehow a prognostic factor for this deletion. We can arrange Rai stages in descending sort (II, III, I, O, IV) for this correlation. Cases with familial B-CLL comprise about 5% of B-CLL patients. Cytogenetic and immunophenotypic results of familial and sporadic B-CLL patients were similar to each other. Some other studies analyzing familial B-CLL cases have also suggested similar findings ([@A4990R42], [@A4990R54]).

None declared.

**Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:** FISH analysis in B-CLL patients is improving diagnosis and helps to manage the disease better. Considering the high frequency of del17p13 observed within patients in this study, we recommend that cytogenetic evaluation of del17p13 be performed for patients routinely

**Please cite this paper as:** Teimori H, Ashoori S, Akbari MT, Mojtabavi Naeini M, Hashemzade Chaleshtori M. FISH Analysis for del6q21 and del17p13 in B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Iranians. Iran Red Cres Med J. 2013;15(2):107-12. DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.4990

**Financial Disclosure:** None declared.

**Funding/Support:** None declared.


package kotlinx.nosql

import kotlin.reflect.KClass

open class ListColumn<C: Any, S : AbstractSchema> (name: String, valueClass: KClass<C>) : AbstractColumn<List<C>, S, C>(name, valueClass, ColumnType.CUSTOM_CLASS_LIST) {
}


tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7287998325898369187.post3878322900179631223..comments2018-08-05T23:49:00.161-07:00Comments on Randy Finch's Film Blog: Fox v. Time Warner and Bright House: Why the Economic Model for Cable TV is ChangingRandy Finchhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13730612169523869199noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7287998325898369187.post-68121219781155921052010-01-04T18:55:22.455-08:002010-01-04T18:55:22.455-08:00This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com


The use of bacterial larvicides in mosquito and black fly control programmes in Brazil.
Bacillus spp. based larvicides are increasingly replacing, with numerous advantages, chemical insecticides in programmes for controlling black fly and mosquito populations. Brazil was among the pioneers in adopting Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i) to control black flies. However, the major current mosquito control programme in Brazil, the Programme for Eradication of Aedes aegypti launched in 1997, only recently decided to replace temephos by B.t.i based larvicides, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. In the last decade, works developed by research groups in Brazilian institutions have generated a significant contribution to this subject through the isolation of B. sphaericus new strains, the development of new products and the implementation of field trials of Bacillus efficacy against mosquito species under different environmental conditions.


Some clients of the defunct DKM Microfinance Limited on Wednesday expressed anger in Bolgatanga, the Upper East regional capital, over an alleged move by liquidators to reimburse only Gh¢10 or Gh¢20 to each customer for huge investments made.

The clients had thronged the premises of the Bolgatanga branch of GCB Bank for the repayment of the withheld savings.

But they were shocked after many of them were handed Gh¢10 or Gh¢20 as compensation.

According to them, the compensation was an insult given the huge investments they have made.

Many of them have vowed to vote against President John Mahama and the governing National Democratic Congress (NDC) on the matter.

“How can you invest this heavy money and come and collect Gh¢10? Imagine- are you going to give it to fowls? If you are rearing fowls, Gh¢10 cannot even feed your fowls, not to talk about feeding your family and paying your children’s school fees,” Robert Aduko, one of the depositors lamented.

“Some of us came last night. We had to queue here. And they are telling us they are giving us Gh¢10. We don’t understand how come Gh¢10. We did an investment and you are giving us Gh¢10. What are we going to do with Gh¢10? All we want is our money. We don’t want any Gh¢10 because that is not what we invested.

“They should just give us our money. That is what we demand. If they are not ready to do that, they should just forget about it. We are not ready to take that Gh¢10,” Asuah Zakari, told Starr FM.

A customer of the embattled microfinance company DKM allegedly died on Monday after he was shocked by the paltry sum given him as his repayment package on Monday (October 17).


Indian Point plan must protect air quality

The state Public Service Commission is acting wisely by ordering energy companies to start preparing now in case Indian Point is shut down in the future.

It will take time to ensure the right transmission and generating assets are in place to ensure a steady supply of energy.

What has been missing from the planning process, however, is a parallel plan to deal with the air- quality impacts of the replacement power. Nuclear power presents many complex environmental challenges, but air pollution is not among them. Indian Point generates almost none of the kind of airborne pollutants that are linked to asthma and other respiratory ailments.

Even more importantly, Indian Point generates minimal carbon pollution - the kind that warms our climate and contributes to extreme weather events like Superstorm Sandy.

If Indian Point were closed today, the energy needed to replace it would derive almost entirely from fossil fuels that dirty our air and worsen global climate change. The environmental and public health consequences of simply switching to fossil fuels are too great to ignore.

As part of any plan to replace Indian Point's power, the Cuomo administration must present a comprehensive and concrete strategy to protect the Hudson Valley's air quality and not hasten the warming of our climate.

Marcia Bystryn

New York City

The writer is president of the New York League of Conservation Voters.

ADVERTISEMENT

ADVERTISEMENT

ADVERTISEMENT

Email this article

Indian Point plan must protect air quality

Re 'Utilities study alternative energy sources; State seeking options in case Indian Pt. shuts,' Nov. 28:The state Public Service Commission is acting wisely by ordering energy companies to start

A link to this page will be included in your message.

Real Deals

Flip, shop and save on specials from your favorite retailers in the Lower Hudson Valley, 10604.