All relevant data are within the manuscript.

Introduction {#sec001}
============

Secondary sexual dimorphism is a fascinating subject of study since it is a result of sexual selection, mostly attributed to either female mate choice or male-male competition \[[@pone.0226130.ref001]\]. Among fishes, sexual selection is responsible for the evolution of impressive morphological novelties. Specifically in the Characiformes, secondary sexual dimorphism is commonly associated to the occurrence of bony hooks on fins, breeding tubercles, gill glands, modified scales \[[@pone.0226130.ref002]--[@pone.0226130.ref010]\], shape and length of the dorsal, pelvic and anal fins \[[@pone.0226130.ref011]--[@pone.0226130.ref021]\], and sexual dichromatism \[[@pone.0226130.ref022],[@pone.0226130.ref023]\].

During an expedition to Acre State, Brazil, a new species of characid was collected in a tributary of the Rio Madeira basin. It is a miniature species (*sensu* Weitzman \[[@pone.0226130.ref024]\] presenting a series of sexually dimorphic characters along with skeletal simplification commonly found among other small-sized members of the family. The new taxon shares most of the diagnostic characters proposed for *Tyttobrycon* Géry \[[@pone.0226130.ref025]\] and is formally described as a new species belonging to this genus. *Tyttobrycon* Géry currently encompasses five miniature species distributed in South America and restricted to the Amazon basin: *T*. *dorsimaculatus* Géry and *T*. *spinosus* Géry (from Rio Madeira basin), *T*. *marajoara* Marinho, Bastos & Menezes (from streams of Marajo Island), *T*. *xeruini* Géry (from rio Negro basin), and *T*. *hamatus* Géry (from tributaries of upper Rio Amazonas) \[[@pone.0226130.ref026]\]. Species of this genus are characterized by a combination of putative paedomorphic features accompanied by pronounced sexually dimorphic traits, which are commonly found in other small characids such as: small size, lateral line with few perforated scales, pseudotympanum conspicuous, caudal fin not scaled, anal fin with few rays with base often keeled in the males, presence of bony hooks in the anal fin, fontanels broad, antorbital and infraorbital 3 well developed, infraorbitals 4--6 absent, mouth supero-terminal, snout and maxilla short, no external teeth, ascending process of premaxilla short (Géry 1973), maxilla and premaxilla with conical or tricuspid teeth in one series (Marinho et al., 2013). In addition, *Tyttobrycon* species present a remarkable sexually dimorphic feature related to the olfactory organ, which is for the first time registered and described for a member of Characiformes.

Material and methods {#sec002}
====================

Morphometric and meristic data follow Fink & Weitzman \[[@pone.0226130.ref003]\] and Menezes & Weitzman \[[@pone.0226130.ref027]\] with modification detailed in Marinho *et al*. \[[@pone.0226130.ref026]\]. Standard length (SL) is given in millimeters (mm). Morphometric data are expressed as percentages of SL, except for subunits of the head, which are expressed as percent of head length (HL). Measurements, whenever possible, were taken from the left side of specimens. Each count recorded in the description is followed by its occurrence in parentheses; asterisks indicate counts of the holotype.

Counts of teeth, tooth cusps, supraneurals, gill-rakers on first gill arch, first unbranched dorsal-fin ray, unbranched anal-fin rays, fin hooks, vertebrae, procurrent caudal-fin rays, and other osteological description were taken from cleared and stained (c&s) specimens, prepared according Dingerkus & Uhler \[[@pone.0226130.ref028]\] and Taylor & Van Dyke \[[@pone.0226130.ref029]\]. Osteological nomenclature follows Weitzman \[[@pone.0226130.ref030]\]. Vertebrae of the Weberian apparatus were count as four elements and the fused PU1+U1 of the caudal region as a single element. Neuroanatomical nomenclature and brain gross morphology regions follow Meek & Nieuwenhuys \[[@pone.0226130.ref031]\]. Nomenclature of gross morphology of olfactory organ follows Zeiske *et al*. \[[@pone.0226130.ref032]\]. To avoid damage during dissections for brain morphology and lamellae of olfactory organ, some specimens were counterstained for bone and cartilage according to the protocol of Datovo & Bockmann \[[@pone.0226130.ref033]\]. Specimens that had the brain removed are indicated as "enc" in the material examined. The sex of the specimens was confirmed by direct examination of gonads. Three categories for lamellae counts, *i*.*e*. juvenile, mature female and mature male, were analyzed for comparative purposes. Males were initially identified by the presence of hooks on fins. Juvenile specimens (immature male/female) were count together due to lack of differences in the number of lamellae. Mature females have well developed gonads despite of lacking secondary sexual characters. On total, 23 juvenile, 4 mature female and 3 mature male specimens were analyzed (which included all mature male and female specimens of the type series, except the holotype).

All necessary permits were obtained for the described study, which complied with all relevant regulations. Collection permits were granted by the Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO 12120--2). Animal research involving fish at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo is associated with the project number 226/2015, approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (CEUA) of Instituto de Biologia da Universidade de São Paulo (IB-USP). All 335 exemplars of the new species examined herein are from Brazil, Acre, Xapuri, Seringal Cachoeira road, Rio Iná, tributary of Rio Abunã, Rio Madeira drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, 10°45'42.7S 68°23'33.7"W. Such specimens belong to the following public institutions: INPA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus; MCP, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; MNRJ, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; MZUEL, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina; and MZUSP, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.

Photographs of bones and brains were taken with a digital camera attached to a stereomicroscope. Brains were fully immersed in ethanol 70% (to a depth \~1 mm over the surface tissue) to avoid possible refractive problems. Illustrations were made using Photoshop and Illustrator Creative Cloud (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA). The map was generated using Quantum GIS 3.2.3 software ([qgis.or/](http://qgis.or/)). The raster and vector map is available in the public domain Natural Earth website ([naturalearthdata.com](http://naturalearthdata.com)).

Nomenclatural acts {#sec003}
------------------

The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix \"<http://zoobank.org/>\". The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0EB7E23E-40B8-4541-8399-1B854357E640. The electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an ISSN, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central, LOCKSS.

Results {#sec004}
=======

***Tyttobrycon shibattai***, sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FF20562D-3FDC-4581-ADC0-63F787910AD0 ([Fig 1](#pone.0226130.g001){ref-type="fig"})

![*Tyttobrycon shibattai*.\
(A) MZUSP 125268, holotype, male, 17.1 mm SL, Brazil, Acre, Xapuri, Seringal Cachoeira road, Rio Iná, tributary of Rio Abunã, Rio Madeira drainage, Rio Amazonas basin; (B) MZUSP 125269, paratype, female, 17.7 mm SL, collected with the holotype.](pone.0226130.g001){#pone.0226130.g001}

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0EB7E23E-40B8-4541-8399-1B854357E640

Holotype {#sec005}
--------

MZUSP 125268, male, 17.1 mm SL, Brazil, Acre, Xapuri, Seringal Cachoeira road, Rio Iná, tributary of Rio Abunã, Rio Madeira drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, 10°45'42.7S 68°23'33.7"W, 5 Oct 2010, O. A. Shibatta & A. Claro-García.

Paratypes {#sec006}
---------

All collected with the holotype: INPA 59278 (10, 12.1--14.4 mm SL), MNRJ 51690 (10, 12.3--14.9 mm SL), MZUSP 125269 (30, 13.2--19.0 mm SL; 6 enc, 12.3--19.8 mm SL; 4 c&s, 13.4--14.2 mm *L*~S~), MZUEL 6952 (278, 11.0--14.6 mm *L*~S~), UFRGS 27650 (10, 11.8--13.5 mm SL).

Diagnosis {#sec007}
---------

*Tyttobrycon shibattai* can be distinguished from all congeners, except *T*. *spinosus*, by having 19--21 branched anal-fin rays (*vs*. up to 17). It can be diagnosed from *T*. *spinosus* by lacking a caudal-peduncle blotch (vs. blotch present). Additionally, it is further distinguished from all species, except *T*. *dorsimaculatus*, by the presence of both tricuspid and conical teeth on premaxilla and dentary (*vs*. teeth exclusively conical). It is distinguished from *T*. *dorsimaculatus* by having hyaline dorsal-fin, with few scattered melanophores (*vs*. dorsal fin with a conspicuous dark blotch) and by the presence of a parallel line of subjacent melanophores dorsal to anal-fin base (*vs*. melanophore line absent).

Description {#sec008}
-----------

Measurements of holotype and paratypes summarized in [Table 1](#pone.0226130.t001){ref-type="table"}. Body compressed, moderately short and deep. Greatest body depth approximately at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile convex from snout to nostrils; straight from nostrils to tip of supraoccipital spine, slightly depressed at fontanels; convex from supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; inclined posteroventrally along dorsal-fin base; nearly straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose fin; straight along caudal peduncle. Ventral body profile convex from tip of lower jaw to vertical through pectoral-fin origin; nearly straight from vertical through pectoral-fin origin to vertical through pelvic-fin origin; slightly convex from vertical through pelvic-fin to vertical through anal-fin origin; inclined posterodorsally along anal-fin base; straight along caudal peduncle ([Fig 1](#pone.0226130.g001){ref-type="fig"}).

10.1371/journal.pone.0226130.t001

###### Morphometrics of *Tyttobrycon shibattai* from MZUSP 125268 and MZUSP 125269. N = number of specimens, SD = Standard Deviation.

![](pone.0226130.t001){#pone.0226130.t001g}

  Measurements                           Holotype                           Paratypes
  -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------- ------------ ------ ------
  Standard Length SL (mm)                17.1                               20          13.7--19.8   15.5   \-
                                         *Percentages of standard length*
  Depth at dorsal-fin origin
  Males                                  29.8                               4           28.4--29.9   29.3   0.7
  Females                                \-                                 16          27--32.7     30.2   1.42
  Snout to dorsal-fin origin             51.4                               20          50.9--55.8   52.1   1.19
  Snout to pectoral-fin origin           31.5                               20          30.3--33.4   31.7   0.86
  Snout to pelvic-fin origin             46.3                               20          46.1--49.8   48     1.14
  Snout to anal-fin origin               60.3                               20          60--63.6     61.3   1.07
  Caudal-peduncle depth                  10                                 20          9--10.8      9,9    0.51
  Caudal-peduncle length                 12                                 20          10.3--12.5   11.4   0.6
  Pectoral-fin length
  Males                                  23.1                               4           21--23.1     22.5   1.03
  Females                                \-                                 16          19.2--22     20.3   0.83
  Pelvic-fin length
  Males                                  18.4                               4           17.1--19.6   18.3   1.06
  Females                                \-                                 16          13.9--16.4   15.1   0.86
  Pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin   13.1                               20          12.8--16.5   14     0.89
  Dorsal-fin length                      28.5                               20          25.5--29.7   27.9   1.18
  Dorsal-fin base length                 13.7                               20          12.6--14.4   13.5   0.51
  Anal-fin length                        22.6                               20          21.3--24.3   22.8   0.99
  Anal-fin base length                   33.7                               20          30.6--33.7   32     0.86
  Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base   56.5                               20          51.6--56.5   53.6   1.08
  Head length                            31.2                               20          29.6--32.8   31.1   0.75
                                         *Percentages of head length*
  Horizontal eye diameter                37.5                               20          35.3--39.8   37.6   1.08
  Snout length                           24.8                               20          22.5--26.8   24.9   1.21
  Interorbital width                     28.7                               20          27.1--31.7   29.5   1.28
  Upper jaw length                       36.2                               20          33.1--41.4   36.6   2.26

Mouth supra-terminal. Premaxillary teeth 6(1), 7(2), or 8(1) ([Fig 2A](#pone.0226130.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Teeth arranged in one series, with the symphyseal (T1), 2^nd^ (T2) and/or 3^rd^ (T3) medial most teeth projected outward in some specimens ([Fig 2B](#pone.0226130.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Premaxillary teeth varying from conical to tricuspid, with multicuspid condition restricted to four medial most teeth; remaining premaxillary teeth conical. Maxilla with 1(2), 2(1), or 3(1) small conical teeth. Posterior tip of maxilla extending beyond vertical through anterior border of orbit ([Fig 2A](#pone.0226130.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Dentary with three large tricuspid teeth anteriorly (4), followed by 1(3) or 2(1) large conical teeth and a series of 5(2), 6(1) or 7(1) smaller conical teeth ([Fig 2A](#pone.0226130.g002){ref-type="fig"}). First gill arch with 1(1) or 2(3) gill-rakers on hypobranchial, 1(4) on cartilage between hypobranchial and ceratobranchial, 8(3) or 9(1) on ceratobranchial, 1(4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 6(4) on epibranchial. Four branchiostegal rays: three associated with anterior ceratohyal and one with posterior ceratohyal.

![Jaws of *Tyttobrycon shibattai* MZUSP 125269, 14.6 mm SL, immature male.\
(A) lateral view of left side of upper and lower jaws; (B) ventral view of premaxilla, showing T1 and T3 projected outward. Symphyseal tooth (T1) and lateral most tooth (T7). Scale bar 0.5 mm.](pone.0226130.g002){#pone.0226130.g002}

Scales cycloid. Lateral line incomplete, with 4(7), 5\*(12), or 6(1) pored scales. Longitudinal scale row, with a total of 30\*(13), 31(1), or 32(1) scales, including pored scales. Predorsal scales 9(6) or 10\*(7) in a median series. Longitudinal scales above lateral line 5\*(16); longitudinal scales row below lateral line at pelvic-fin origin 3\*(16). Single row of 1--3 scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Scales around caudal peduncle 10\*(6).

Pseudotympanum large, muscle hiatus located anterior to first pleural rib, and between first and second pleural rib. Anterior hiatus delimited by *lateralis superficialis* muscle dorsally and *obliquus superioris* muscle anteroventrally, and by first pleural rib posteriorly; posterior hiatus delimited by *obliquus superioris* muscle anteroventrally and by second pleural rib posteriorly ([Fig 3](#pone.0226130.g003){ref-type="fig"}).

![External view of muscle covering the anterior portion of the swim bladder of *Tyttobrycon shibattai* MZUSP 125269, paratype, mature female, 13.5 mm SL.\
Skin and adipose tissue removed, left side view. 5plr = fifth pleural rib; 6plr = sixth pleural rib; ls = *lateralis superficialis*; os = *obliquus superioris*.](pone.0226130.g003){#pone.0226130.g003}

Supraneurals 3(4) or 5(1), rod-shaped, with proximal and distal cartilaginous tip. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9\* (21) visible rays, plus a very small unbranched ray visible only in c&s specimens (4). First three unbranched rays in supernumerary association with first dorsal-fin pterygiophore. Dorsal-fin middle radials as a distinct bone only in 4^th^ to 8^th^ pterygiophores; dorsal-fin distal radials mostly cartilaginous. Adipose-fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i, 10\*(21), reaching beyond pelvic-fin origin when adpressed. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7\*(21). Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Anal fin with 3(3) or 4(1) unbranched rays in supernumerary association with the first pterygiophore. Remaining rays branched 19(8), 20(11), or 21\*(2). First six anal-fin pterygiophores lacking associated autogenous middle radials; remaining pterygiophores with poorly ossified middle radials. First six anal-fin distal radials poorly ossified, remaining distal radials completely cartilaginous. Anal-fin origin slightly anterior to vertical through base of last dorsal-fin ray. Last unbranched and first 3 or 4 branched anal-fin rays longer than remaining rays. Caudal fin forked, lobes similar in size. Principal caudal-fin rays i9, 8i\* (11). Scales on caudal fin restricted to base of fin. Dorsal procurrent rays 9(3), 11(1), or 12(1), ventral procurrent rays 7(3) or 8(1). Precaudal vertebrae 14(3) or 15(1), caudal vertebrae 17(1) or 19(3). Total vertebrae 31(1) 33(2), or 34(1).

Gross morphology and development of brain and peripheral olfactory organ {#sec009}
------------------------------------------------------------------------

All descriptions are related to the [Fig 4](#pone.0226130.g004){ref-type="fig"}. *Medulla oblongata* somewhat ovoid-shaped, anterior portion slightly larger, contacting its counterpart medially. *Lobus vagi* posterior to *lobus facialis*; v-shaped, two cylindrical lobes, contacting its counterpart posteriorly. *Lobus facialis* adjacent and continuous to *lobus vagi*; triangular-shaped, lateral portion prolonged, medial margins connected. Anterior half of the *lobus facialis* located beneath the posteriormost portion of *corpus cerebelli* in juveniles; almost all lobe visible in adults. *Eminentia granularis* posterolateral to *corpus cerebelli*, cylindrical-shaped. Lateralmost portion of *eminentia granularis* prolonged to form a conspicuous flap in juveniles; without flap in adults. *Corpus cerebelli* over *hypothalamus*, between lobes of *tectum mesencephali*; medial convexity in posterior margin forming two lateral flaps, lateral margins convex at the anterior portion, concave at the posterior one, with rounded/pointed anterior margin. Posterior margin of *corpus cerebelli* two flap-shaped, posterolateral portion prolonged along *eminentia granularis* in juveniles; without prolongation in adults. *Tectum mesencephali* lateral to *corpus cerebelli*, posterior to *telencephalon*, somewhat ellipsoid-shaped. *Habenula* anterior to *tectum mesencephali*, rounded, not contacting each other in juveniles; contacting each other in adults. Pretectum lobes rounded, beneath anterior portion of *tetcum mesencephali*, just above *chiasma opticum*. *Torus lateralis* triangular-shaped, anterolateral to *lobus inferior hypothalami*, posterior to *lateral preglomerular nucleus*.

![Gross brain morphology of *Tyttobrycon shibattai* MZUSP 125269, paratype.\
(A) mature male, 16.6 mm SL; (B) mature female, 19.8 mm SL; (C) juvenile specimen, 12.3 mm SL. From left to right: dorsal, lateral and ventral views. Scale bar 1 mm.](pone.0226130.g004){#pone.0226130.g004}

*Lobus inferior hypothalami* posterolateral to *hypothalamus*, posteromedial to *torus lateralis*; somewhat rectangular, contacting its counterpart posteriorly, not contacting each other posteriorly in juveniles; contacting each other in adults. *Hypothalamus* anteromedial to *lobus inferior hypothalami*; semicircular-shaped, contacting its counterpart medially. Rounded *hypophysis* anchored posteroventrally on *hypothalamus*. *Lateral preglomerular nucleus* anterior to *lobus inferior hypothalami* and *torus lateralis*; horseshoe-shaped in ventral view. *Telencephalon* anterior to *mesencephalon*; cylindrical, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin straight. *Telencephalon* somewhat triangular-shaped in dorsal view, with anterior portion smaller than posterior one in juveniles; slightly larger than anterior one in adults. Sessile *bulbus olfactorius* beneath anterior portion of *telencephalon*; rounded in dorsal view. Olfactory organ anterior to *telencephalon*, connected to *bulbus olfactorius* via *nervus olfactorius*; circular-shaped in dorsal view, with 5--7 lamellae in juveniles (n = 23, 12.3--14.7 mm SL), 9 in mature females (n = 4, 15.1--19.8 mm SL), and 13 in mature males (n = 3, 14.3--16.8 mm SL).

Colour in alcohol {#sec010}
-----------------

Overall ground coloration pale yellow. Dorsal portion of head, and upper and lower lips with dense concentration of melanophores. First and second infraorbitals, maxilla, and dorsal portion of opercle with few scattered dark chromatophores in most specimens. Dorsal portion of body with scales bordered by melanophores. Predorsal area with scattered brown chromatophores. Humeral spot absent. Conspicuous longitudinal black stripe formed by large superficial melanophores from area behind opercle to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Thin dark stripe formed by subjacent melanophores at horizontal septum, from vertical through middle of dorsal fin to end of caudal peduncle. Black line of chromatophores at anal-fin base. Parallel black line from vertical through 8^th^ or 9^th^ to the last branched anal-fin ray, formed by subjacent chromatophores between *inclinatores anales* and *hypaxialis* muscles. Caudal-fin lobes with few scattered melanophores. Scattered melanophores present up to first eight dorsal-fin rays, concentrated on distal margin of each ray. Melanophores also present along first eight anal-fin rays, first three to four pectoral-fin rays, and first two to three pelvic-fin rays ([Fig 1](#pone.0226130.g001){ref-type="fig"}).

Sexual dimorphism {#sec011}
-----------------

Adult males with tiny bony hooks distributed along unbranched and anteriormost branched rays of the pelvic and anal fins (*vs*. hooks absent in females) ([Fig 5](#pone.0226130.g005){ref-type="fig"}). Adult males also with longer pelvic fins than females, reaching up to the base of 3^rd^ branched anal-fin ray (*vs*. not reaching the anal fin in females) ([Table 1](#pone.0226130.t001){ref-type="table"}). Adult males with posterior nostril aperture broader than in females of the same age ([Fig 6](#pone.0226130.g006){ref-type="fig"}), and with larger and more numerous lamellae \[13 in mature males (n = 3, 14.3--16.8 mm SL) *vs*. 5--7 in juvenile (n = 23, 12.3--14.7 mm SL) and females (n = 4, 15.1--19.8 mm SL)\] composing the olfactory organ ([Fig 4](#pone.0226130.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Females apparently grow larger than males (largest female: 19.8 mm SL; largest male: 17.4 mm SL).

![First two branched anal-fin rays of *Tyttobrycon shibattai*.\
MZUSP 125269, paratype, male, 16.5 mm SL, Lateral view. Scale bar 0.5 mm.](pone.0226130.g005){#pone.0226130.g005}

![Dimorphic nostril openings of *Tyttobrycon shibattai*.\
MZUSP 125268, holotype, male, 17.1 mm SL. MZUSP 125269, paratype, female, 17.6 mm SL.](pone.0226130.g006){#pone.0226130.g006}

Geographical distribution {#sec012}
-------------------------

*Tyttobrycon shibattai* is only known from its type locality at Rio Iná, a tributary of Rio Abunã, near to the limit between Brazil and Bolivia, Rio Madeira drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, Acre State, Brazil ([Fig 7](#pone.0226130.g007){ref-type="fig"}).

![Distribution of *Tyttobrycon shibattai* (yellow circle).\
Rio Iná, tributary of Rio Abunã, Rio Madeira drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, Seringal Cachoeira road, Xapuri, Acre, Brazil. Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ [naturalearthdata.com](http://naturalearthdata.com).](pone.0226130.g007){#pone.0226130.g007}

Ecological notes {#sec013}
----------------

Specimens of *Tyttobrycon shibattai* were collected in lentic habitats in the Rio Iná ([Fig 8](#pone.0226130.g008){ref-type="fig"}). The type locality was relatively shallow, with its deepest portion reaching 60 cm, and exhibiting a muddy-brown water. The river bottom was composed of clay and sand. Water physicochemical parameters during samples was 30.5°C, 6.3 mg/L of O~2~ dissolved, pH 6.31, and 62.1 conductivity microSiemens (uS)/cm. The only syntopic species collected with *Tyttobrycon shibattai* was *Tridentopsis* sp., which was abundant in the area.

![Type locality of *Tyttobrycon shibattai*.\
Rio Iná, tributary of Rio Abunã, Rio Madeira drainage. Photograph taken in October 2010.](pone.0226130.g008){#pone.0226130.g008}

Stomach contents of two adults containing mostly sediments, plant and algae debris, and some autochthonous invertebrates with predominance of ostracods. The stomach content of one juvenile specimen presented mostly plant and algae debris.

Etymology {#sec014}
---------

The specific name honors O. A. Shibatta, a renowned icththyologist from Universidade Estadual de Londrina-MZUEL, for his great contributions to the systematic of fishes and support to new generations of ichthyologists. This honor is also dedicated to the vast influence and importance on the early ichthyological formation of the leading author of this paper (VPA). Shibatta was responsible for encouraging his studies with nervous system of Neotropical fishes.

Discussion {#sec015}
==========

The genus *Tyttobrycon* was erected in a precladistic framework based on a combination of "regressive characters" (apparently paedomorphic), which were also present in many other small characids. These would include, among others, adipose fin often lacking, reduction or absence of the lateral line, presence of a conspicuous pseudotympanum, short anal-fin, broad frontal fontanel, premaxilla with less than ten conical teeth in a single, more or less regular series, and dentary with ten or less conical teeth in a single series \[[@pone.0226130.ref025]\]. Marinho *et al*. \[[@pone.0226130.ref026]\] redefined the genus to include *T*. *marajoara*, a species presenting all characters used by Géry \[[@pone.0226130.ref023]\] to raise the genus, except the strictly conical teeth in jaws (some multicuspid teeth occur in *T*. *marajoara*), a condition similar to that of *T*. *shibattai*.

Species of *Tyttobrycon* are extremely small, none surpassing 22.6 mm SL \[[@pone.0226130.ref034]\]. Weitzman & Vari \[[@pone.0226130.ref024]\] proposed as cut-off criterion to consider miniature fish species those either attaining sexual maturity under a standard length of 20 mm or not exceeding a maximum length of 26 mm. Although an arbitrary value, many species at this size present poor ossification and/or loss of certain bones, as well as reduction of the laterosensory system, and of fin ray/body scale number (see \[[@pone.0226130.ref024],[@pone.0226130.ref035]--[@pone.0226130.ref037]\]), features that are commonly referred to as regressive or reductive \[[@pone.0226130.ref024]\]. This type of characteristics was used by Géry \[[@pone.0226130.ref025]\] to define the genus *Tyttobrycon*, but they are likely to have evolved many times in different lineages in the Characidae via developmental truncation \[[@pone.0226130.ref038],[@pone.0226130.ref039]\] and must be used with caution. Nevertheless, facing the lack of a phylogenetic definition of the genus, the new species is tentatively assigned to the genus *Tyttobrycon* based on its traditional definition, as it best fits the new species in the moment.

The maximum size of *Tyttobrycon shibattai* is 19.8 mm SL (n = 335), and mature males are observed expressing sexual dimorphism (indicating sexual maturity) in specimens as small as 14.3 mm SL. As expected, the new species exhibits a series of reductive traits. For example, the lateral-line system of *T*. *shibattai* is very reduced: the infraorbital, postotic and supratemporal canals are absent, the supraorbital canal is truncated and associated with the nasal and frontal only, thus lacking a parietal branch; the preopercular canal lacks a dorsal connection to the otic canal, being continuous only anteriorly to the mandibular canal. Similar reductions have recently been associated to a general pattern of lateral-line truncation, common to several small-sized characiform genera \[[@pone.0226130.ref037]\]. Regarding its skeleton, the new species lacks the infraorbital bones 4, 5, and 6 ([Fig 9](#pone.0226130.g009){ref-type="fig"}), and the extrascapula, and exhibits a wide frontal fontanel. In addition, *Tyttobrycon shibattai* exhibits cartilaginous supraneurals, as well as predominantly cartilaginous dorsal and anal-fin distal radials.

![Circumorbital bones of *Tyttobrycon shibattai*.\
MZUSP 125269, paratype, 14.6 mm SL. Antorbital (Ant) and infraorbital (Io). Scale bar 0.5 mm.](pone.0226130.g009){#pone.0226130.g009}

*Tyttobrycon* has been traditionally assigned to a group of small species named "Aphyoditeina group" \[[@pone.0226130.ref025],[@pone.0226130.ref040]\], characterized mainly by the presence of conical premaxillary teeth in a single series. Recent phylogenetic analyses based on morphology recovered a monophyletic assemblage in the Characidae composed by some members of the Aphyoditeina group (*Aphyocharacidium*, *Aphyodite*, *Axelrodia*, *Microschemobrycon*, *Parecbasis*), and hypothesized *Tyttobrycon* as belonging to that clade, even though not sampling the genus \[[@pone.0226130.ref041]\]. On the other hand, when morphological and molecular data (nuclear and mitochondrial) were analyzed together, the group was not retrieved as monophyletic, and members of the Aphyoditeina-group were hypothesized to be related to other characid lineages. For example, *Axelrodia* and *Aphyocharacidium* were recovered as member of Aphyocharacinae, and *Microschemobrycon* as Characinae. *Tyttobrycon*, was not sampled, and considered *incertae sedis* within the Characidae \[[@pone.0226130.ref042]\].

Interestingly, characters related to brain gross morphology, never before included in a phylogenetic analysis of characids, indicate a close relationship among species of *Tyttobrycon* with members of the former Aphyoditeina. The general morphology of the central nervous system of *Tyttobrycon shibattai* is shared with two congeners analyzed herein (*T*. *marajoara* and *T*. *dorsimaculatus*) ([Fig 10](#pone.0226130.g010){ref-type="fig"}). When compared to other characiforms (see \[[@pone.0226130.ref043]\]), the brain gross morphology displayed by *Tyttobrycon* mostly resembles the one present in the aphyoditein genus *Microschemobrycon*. Both *Tyttobrycon* and *Microschemobrycon* share the same shape patterns of *corpus cerebelli*, exhibiting: a medial convexity in its posterior margin forming two lateral flaps, lateral margins convex at the anterior portion with a concave format in posterior one, and rounded/pointed anterior margin; the position of the *eminentia granularis*: located posterolaterally in relation to the *corpus cerebelli*; and the conformation of the *hypothalamus*, with: lobes of *lobus inferior hypothalami* in posterior contact each other, and reduced *hypothalamus* in relation to others subdivisions of this region.

![Gross brain morphology of *Tyttobrycon* species.\
(A) *Tyttobrycon marajoara* MZUSP 106110, paratypes, mature specimens; female, 19.0 mm SL; male, 18.1 mm SL. (B) *Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus* MZUSP 89943, mature specimens; female, 17.7 mm SL; male, 17.6 mm SL. Dorsal view. Scale bar 1 mm.](pone.0226130.g010){#pone.0226130.g010}

Sexual dimorphism of olfactory organ in fishes {#sec016}
----------------------------------------------

Bertelsen \[[@pone.0226130.ref044]\], in a comprehensive study on the marine deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes, was the first to mention the secondary sexual dimorphism linked to the olfactory organ in fishes. Later, this feature was also found and described to other fishes of the suborder Ceratioidea, as well as in lophiid anglerfishes, stomiiforms, gulper eels, and in the family Monognathidae \[[@pone.0226130.ref045]--[@pone.0226130.ref049]\]. In this type of dimorphism, the olfactory organs of mature males can be very large with many lamellae, which contrast with smaller organ and with fewer lamellae in females. Among ostariophysans, secondary sexual dimorphism linked to the olfactory organ has been reported in Siluriformes \[[@pone.0226130.ref050]--[@pone.0226130.ref053]\]. Male catfishes of some species of Loricariidae may exhibit a more developed olfactory organ, higher number and different shape of the lamellae (*Chauliocheilos saxatilis* Martins, Andrade, Rosa & Langeani), and also wider nostrils than females (*Microlepidogaster dimorpha* Martins & Langeani; *Parotocinclus fluminense* Roxo, Melo, Silva & Oliveira; *Curculionichthys hera* Gamarra, Calegari & Reis).

Similar type of dimorphism is herein described for *Tyttobrycon shibattai*. Adult males exhibit the posterior nostril opening large ([Fig 6](#pone.0226130.g006){ref-type="fig"}), along with a larger olfactory organ due to a thickening and a gain in number of olfactory lamellae ([Fig 4](#pone.0226130.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Analysis of representatives of the family Characidae (see list of additional species examined) revealed that the dimorphic olfactory organ is also present in at least 10 characid species from at least five characid subfamilies rather than being unique to *Tyttobrycon shibattai* ([Table 2](#pone.0226130.t002){ref-type="table"}). In all species, mature males exhibit an increasing on the number of lamellae and an enlargement of posterior nostril opening. Such modifications represent the first report for a sexual dimorphic trait related to the olfactory organ in Characiformes.

10.1371/journal.pone.0226130.t002

###### List of characids with secondary sexual dimorphism in olfactory organ lamellae and posterior opening of nostrils. N = number of specimens.

![](pone.0226130.t002){#pone.0226130.t002g}

  Taxa                             Number of olfactory lamellae
  -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------- -------- -------
  **Aphyocharacinae**              ** **                          ** **   ** **    ** **
  *Axelrodia lindeae*              20                             3       16       3
  **Characinae**
  *Microschemobrycon casiquiare*   13                             3       11       3
  **Stevardiinae**
  *Rhinobrycon negrensis*          28                             3       24       3
  **Stethaprioninae**
  *Hemigrammus ulreyi*             19                             2       14       2
  *Paracheirodon axelrodi*         14                             3       11       4
  **Cheirodontinae**
  *Heterocheirodon yatai*          13                             3       11       3
  *Holoshesthes pequira*           40--42                         4       19--21   4
  ***Incertae sedis***
  *Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus*     9                              3       6--7     3
  *Tyttobrycon hamatus*            9                              3       7        3
  *Tyttobrycon marajoara*          13                             3       9        3
  *Tyttobrycon shibattai*          13                             3       9        4

Both inter- and intraspecific variation of the size of the posterior nostril opening and the number of lamellae formed by the olfactory epithelium are observed among those five subfamilies of Characidae ([Table 2](#pone.0226130.t002){ref-type="table"}). In all species examined, the olfactory bulb is somewhat drop-shaped and sessile (located against ventral area of *telencephalon* and connected to olfactory epithelium by means of a long olfactory nerve), and the olfactory organ is a rosette-like structure, with a central raphe surrounded by lamellae (Figs [4](#pone.0226130.g004){ref-type="fig"} and [10](#pone.0226130.g010){ref-type="fig"}).

Morphological variations among dimorphic species are related mainly to the number of lamellae, which ranges from six in females of *Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus* to 42 in males of *Odontostilbe pequira* (Steindachner). Intraspecific variation, on the other hand, are observed both between life stages (juveniles *vs*. adults) and between sexes (males *vs*. females) of a given species. Part of the intraspecific variation occurs during ontogeny: the addition of lamellae in olfactory epithelium is somewhat constant throughout the development and results in differences of the number of lamellae between juveniles and adults (*e*.*g*. \[[@pone.0226130.ref054]--[@pone.0226130.ref056]\]). This is corroborated herein based on the observation of *Tyttobrycon shibattai*: juveniles of the new species have up to seven lamellae while mature adults usually have more than nine (see [Fig 4](#pone.0226130.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Yet, another source of intraspecific variation of the olfactory organ in these species relates to sexual dimorphism, in which males exhibit higher number of lamellae than females \[[@pone.0226130.ref045],[@pone.0226130.ref046],[@pone.0226130.ref057],[@pone.0226130.ref058]\]. The second is also observed in *Tyttobrycon shibattai*, as only sexually dimorphic males (larger than 14 mm SL) exhibit 13 lamellae on olfactory epithelium (*vs*. 9 in females, or 5--7 in juveniles) ([Fig 4](#pone.0226130.g004){ref-type="fig"}).

Bertelsen \[[@pone.0226130.ref044]\] was the first to hypothesize the sexual function of the dimorphic olfactory organ, suggesting that the male larger olfactory organ may be involved in female-pheromone detection. This hypothesis is in accordance to former suggestion of some extreme sexual dimorphisms (*e*.*g*. highly developed eyes and male-parasitic behavior) that increases the chances of encountering in deep sea fishes \[[@pone.0226130.ref058],[@pone.0226130.ref059]\]. In these fishes, this structure displays a key role on finding individuals of the same species and detecting female and/or male pheromones released during reproduction period, resulting in an increase of encounter events between sexes \[[@pone.0226130.ref057]\]. Recently, this hypothesis was also used to explain a dimorphic nostril opening of some loricariids (*e*.*g*. \[[@pone.0226130.ref051],[@pone.0226130.ref053]\]). However, finding a potential mate is not a major problem for Neotropical characid fishes since they commonly form schools (*e*.*g*. \[[@pone.0226130.ref060]--[@pone.0226130.ref062]\]), and female-detection in long distances is not a suitable hypothesis to explain by itself the dimorphic olfactory organ in *Tyttobrycon* and other characids. Therefore, we call attention to a complementary hypothesis that may also be related to the dimorphic olfactory organ of *Tyttobrycon* and other small characids, which is male-male detection related to cohort competition.

Competition between males is a well-known behavior present in many groups of fishes, which can be displayed in several different ways (*e*.*g*. \[[@pone.0226130.ref039],[@pone.0226130.ref063]--[@pone.0226130.ref067]\]). Specifically related to cohort behavior, males compete with other males to ensure a participation in spawning events and to enhance fecundation rates. Spawning events occur in determined periods, such as in the rainy season for many characiforms, when environmental factors stimulate ovulation in favorable conditions \[[@pone.0226130.ref061]\]. The male-male competition occurs simultaneously to events of reproduction, involving aggressive behaviors and/or display between males. During the reproduction of fishes living in shoals, a large amount of pheromone is released in water, displaying an important role in species, sex and even individual recognition, starting reproductive behaviors and subsequently more complex interactions \[[@pone.0226130.ref068],[@pone.0226130.ref069]\]. In this scenario, the dimorphic olfactory organ would increase male capacity to detect not only mature females but also potential competitors that might be involved in spawning activity. Males with higher capacities to detect the presence of other males are more prepared to initiate competition and remove potential rivals.

Pheromone secretion in males of characids are associated to club cells, a special type of cell that is concentrated in many sexually dimorphic organs such as gill glands, the tissue that covers the fin hooks, or the modified fin-rays or scales (*e*.*g*. \[[@pone.0226130.ref004],[@pone.0226130.ref027],[@pone.0226130.ref070]--[@pone.0226130.ref072]\]). It is likely that the pheromones produced by club cells play an important role during cohort and spawning \[[@pone.0226130.ref072]\], and many studies have demonstrated that the olfactory epithelium is very sensitive in detecting such chemical secretions \[[@pone.0226130.ref073]--[@pone.0226130.ref077]\]. Therefore, the detection of male pheromone and/or other chemical secretions by other males may be the trigger for competition between these individuals. As the increase in number of lamellae and in area of the nostril opening in males enhances the input of signals to olfactory center, such dimorphic trait can be also related to competition among males during spawning.

The adaptative value of many secondary sexual dimorphisms in Characiformes, such as bony hooks and breeding tubercles, remain speculative. Studies on breeding behavior should shed some light on how the evolution shaped the morphology of these dimorphic features. In the case of sexual dimorphic olfactory organ, investigations on species-specific responses to chemical secretions and their mechanisms would be of great value to better understand male-female interactions and male-male competition, as well as the role of this characteristic in the evolution of characid fishes.

Additional species examined {#sec017}
---------------------------

*Amazonspinther dalmata* MZUSP 73606 (2, 13.7--14.3 mm SL). *Aphyodite grammica* MZUSP 29876 (6, 21.4--25.5 mm SL). *Astyanax courensis* MZUSP 113864 (6, 42.3--62.7 mm SL). *Atopomesus pachyodus* MZUSP 29612 (18, 17.3--28.3 mm SL). *Axelrodia lindeae* MZUSP 109564 (2, 19.7--19.9 mm SL), MZUSP 121823 (24, 16.9--16.8 mm SL). *Brittanichthys axelrodi* MZUSP 113010 (29, 18.9--21.9 mm SL). *Bryconamericus exodon* MZUSP 59730 (10, 27.9--35.4 mm SL). *Bryconamericus iheringi* MZUSP 18983 (3, 41.9--48.7 mm SL). *Bryconella pallidifrons* MZUSP 26378 (2, 22.6 and 23.7 mm SL). *Bryconops affinis* MZUSP 108910 (4, 76.6--86.8 mm SL). *Compsura heterura* MZUSP 94621 (6, 23.9--28.7 mm SL). *Hemigrammus rhodostomus* MZUSP 17997 (6, 26.1--31.2 mm SL). *Hemigrammus ulreyi* MZUSP 75113 (4, 22.9--33.9 mm SL). *Hemigrammus unilineatus* MZUSP 105777 (6, 28.3--39.2 mm SL). *Heterocheirodon yatai* MZUSP 59971 (6, 25--31.3 mm SL). *Hyphessobrycon elachys* MZUSP 96661 (6, 12.0--15.0 mm SL). *Microschemobrycon* cf. *casiquiare* MZUSP 109936 (6, 25.6--28 mm SL). *Nematocharax venustus* MZUSP 111253 (6, 35.1--38.7 mm SL). *Odontostilbe pequira* MZUSP 89963 (6, 27.8--30.8 mm SL). *Paracheirodon axelrodi* MZUSP 109447 (145, 17.1--21.7 mm SL). *Pseudocorynopoma heterandria* MZUSP 80005 (6, 62--69.1 mm SL). *Rhinobrycon negrensis* MZUSP 122134 (6, 30.1--34.3 mm SL). *Scopaeocharax atopodus* MZUSP 110539 (7, 16.2--22.0 mm SL). *Serrapinus calliurus* MZUSP 59831 (8, 25.6--28.8 mm SL). *Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus* MZUSP 89943 (41, 3 c&s, 2 enc, 16.3--19.5 mm SL). *Tyttobrycon hamatus* MZUSP 117670 (71, 8.45--16.9 mm SL). *Tyttobrycon marajoara* MZUSP 106110 (68, 2 enc, 16.8--19.7 mm SL). *Tyttobrycon xeruini* MZUSP 17467 (1782, 2 c&s, 12.2--17.7 mm SL); MZUSP 29604 (13, 2 c&s, 16.1--19.5 mm SL). *Xenurobrycon macropus* MZUSP 91050 (6, 16.5--18.2 mm SL).

We are grateful to Alexander Claro-Garcia (MZUEL) and Oscar Shibatta (MZUEL) for collecting the material, and especially to Oscar Shibatta for kindly sending lots of the new species to us. We thank Michel Gianeti and Osvaldo Oyakawa (MZUSP) for curatorial support. We are also grateful to Naércio Menezes (MZUSP) for critical reading and comments on the manuscript and Túlio Teixeira (PUCMG) for sharing his vast knowledge on secondary sexual dimorphism in Characidae. We would like to thank two anonymous referees and Marcos Mirande (as editor and referee) for the valuable contributions to our study.

[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


One of our projects was to design a pan and tilt device (Relatively old) using an OpenMV Cam and Arduino uno. The motors in the current pan and tilt uses voltage to trigger certain directions it has to move, it has a separate wire for each of the directions it can move. Our project was to interface the openMV cam so that it can track either IR light or colours. Any help for possible schematics or code i could use to actuate the pins of the arduino would help alot.

Ah, I see. So, for these DC motors... Can you tell me how you go about holding the pan and tilt device in one position with them? Do you have some type of feedback on the motor position to close a loop? If so, then you'll want an Arduino for the motor control.

As of right now, its just a normal dc motor. We were thinking of using an arduino chip because we arent allowed to use a development board. Only problem is reading the values for x and y in the face detection or colour detection program and outputing it to the motors. is there any way of maybe getting an output voltage on one of the pins of the OpenMV Cam? The voltage could tell the motor when to go high and low. I tried looking online for solutions, but ive only gotten servo motor examples. I have until the 27th to develope this systems and its tedious not having any guide towards solving the problem.

Thank you, looked at it.. I have another question; How do i send a 3.3V signal to a relay that's going to be used to actuate the pan and tilt(pan and tilt moves when 24VAC is sent to one of the 6 pins). I want to send a signal to the relay that triggers the pan and tilt device to move. Each pin moves the pan and tilt differently i.e Green(Up) White(Down) Red(Left) and Blue(Right). So depending on whats being tracked it'll move the device accordingly. We're also thinking about using AprilTags since it can track further without inteferences from light etc.
Some help on this would be appreciated.

Thank you so much.. do you maybe know what 4 pins i can use on the OpenMV Cam? Also how do i make the pins HIGH for framerate? Can you maybe give me an example.. Apriltag tracking is a success. Now i need to trigger the corresponding pin.

Wow didn't even think of getting a position using the difference in edge to the rectangle. Some clever thinking and then setting the pin HIGH according to those measurements. Thank you. Im going to try and connect a few Relays to pins. The Pan and Tilt will use the 24VAC from Transformer to move the motors accordingly. Im going to attemp some PID control to feedback information to the OpenMV Cam.

It works perfectly. I got 3.3V relays.. the open mv cam outputs 3.3 V which is correct, the relay should trigger, but the current is too small (0.6A). I need it at atleast 0.8A to make the relays trigger. I have to build a circuit that can boost the current of the input that goes to the 3.3V relay. Researching Transistors to maybe draw current from a source.Or even draw the circuit to ground and source it from there. Transistors seem like the best option. What do you think?

Very standard circuit. The diode is there to dealy with something called back EMF which is produced when the relay turns off. Coils of wire tend to dump a massive negative voltage onto the power rails when they switch off so the diode absorbs that.

Ive seen those examples online. Thats where i got the idea for Transistors. But does this example solve the problem of Current? I see the emitter of the Transistor goes straight to ground. and voltage is being dropped before the transistor. Since V = IR, wont I also become smaller because of the resistors? Just curious about how it switches a 3.3V

Okay Im going to have to Amplify the signal being sent from the OpenMV Cam (3.3V and 0.05A). Hoepfully I'll be able to get it to the desired 3.3V and 0.08A. Thanks. This is the last part of the project, then it should work 100%. Will upload a video as soon as its done.

I used the above circuit. With a 1k Resistor.. But for some reason when i rebuild the circuit. The relay switches once and not again, Im using a 7V battery as the VSS and 3.3 as the input at v1. I have the 2N2222 Transistor connected correctly, but im not sure why it only triggers the relay once and not again when i move the apriltag infront of it, because i am getting 3.3 at the output.

Some help would go a real long way since this is the last problem we're having.

Thank you so much for the assistance on the project. Will upload a video to youtube soon, if Im allowed to put OpenMV on the web. Full credit will be given to OpenMV. In the final testing stages and handling the fact that our circuit is drawing abit too much current.

Circuit is working, only problem we're having is the circuit is drawing too much current. ANY Ideas to how this can be solved? Our transformer gets hot and starts smoking, the rating on the transformer is 4A at 24VAC.

Okay i'll give that a go.. When the pan and tilt gets power, it moves.. but as soon as i hook up a normal closed Relay, it gets the transformer overheating. When i connect it in Normally Open, it does nothing, because i cant switch the coil of the relay, so the pan and tilt moves on its own, counter clockwise. Didnt know it might be a programming problem, thought maybe it was a hardware malfunction. What do you think would be an ideal deadzone?

Thank you very much for the help with this project, its giving me sleepless nights.

Okay i'll play around with the value. But I havent connected my OpenMV Cam to the pan and tilt yet. Im running the Pan and Tilt without the camera. First testing relays, but thats when the transformer gets hot. As soon as i can get the relays running in NC i'll hook up the OpenMV Cam.


The iPhone will be compatible with Microsoft Exchange, after all

The rumors of Apple's indifference to Exchange were wrong, I hear. My sources say Apple will announce this week -- possibly as soon as June 27 -- that it has licensed the Exchange ActiveSync licensing protocol that will allow iPhone-Exchange compatibility.

While I can't speak to Apple's plans regarding Blackberry and Good, my sources are saying Apple can and will make the iPhone compatible with Exchange Server.

Here's what I'm hearing: Apple will announce this week -- possibly as soon as June 27 -- that it has licensed the Exchange ActiveSync licensing protocol. Via the licensing arrangement, Apple iPhone users will be able to connect to Exchange Server and make use of its wireless messaging and synchronization capabilities.

I've asked both Microsoft and Apple for comments on this supposedly imminent announcement. No word from Apple so far. Microsoft's statement, via a corporate spokeswoman:

"We can't comment on (these) rumors. In general, Microsoft is always in discussions with other companies about licensing its intellectual property."

If Apple has, indeed, licensed ActiveSync, I wonder whether Exchange compatibility will be available immediately when the iPhones go on sale on June 29, or if it will be a follow-on feature, available some number of months after the iPhones start shipping.

"Microsoft offers a commercially reasonable, nonexclusive license so that other companies can use the Exchange ActiveSync Protocol in their own products. Microsoft will license its trade secrets and necessary patent claims for implementation of the protocol specification.

"Microsoft offers a license for this mobile device synchronization protocol for Exchange Server 2003 and 2007 with documentation. The Exchange ActiveSync Protocol license is for a five-year term and based on annual projected sales volumes. Standard pricing is $100K or first-year's royalties, whichever is higher, with a per unit royalty thereafter. Other pricing options are negotiable when appropriate.

"In some cases, companies may want to negotiate broader or narrower rights than the standard Microsoft license for the Exchange ActiveSync Protocol. In this case, pricing may vary. Microsoft remains flexible to adjust terms to reflect cross-licensing, unit volume, version limitation, geographic scope, and other considerations."

While he said he had not heard that Apple was going to make the iPhone compatible with Exchange, Directions on Microsoft analyst Matt Rosoff said such a move would make sense. Rosoff said he could envision a scenario where "Apple and Microsoft would sign a deal to incorporate ActiveSync into the iPhone, just as Nokia, Motorola, and PalmOne are doing."

"So this wouldn't be anything new from Microsoft's perspective, just a deal with a new telephone handset maker--Apple," Rosoff said. "It's in Microsoft's interest for Exchange to be suppored as widely as possible, even on what will probably be a consumer-oriented product."

Are there any wanna-be iPhone customers out there for whom Exchange Server compatibility would make the iPhone more interesting and compelling? Or does Apple's support (or lack of it) for Exchange Server have little to no impact on your iPhone purchasing plans?

Update: In case you missed the fleeting reference in his iPhone review, Wall Street Journa's Walt Mossberg confirmed the iPhone will support Exchange. No mention of ActiveSync, however. Mossberg says: "The iPhone can connect with most popular consumer email services, including Yahoo, Gmail, AOL, EarthLink and others. It can also handle corporate email using Microsoft’s Exchange system, if your IT department cooperates by enabling a setting on the server."

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INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============

Surgical care of bladder exstrophy starts immediately after birth and includes various staged procedures as well as one stage repair. Essentially with any procedure, the aim is to close the opened out bladder to make it a reservoir for urine storage and provide sufficient muscular outlet resistance to provide a voluntary continence mechanism. Occasionally, some bladders cannot be closed primarily due to small sized bladder template or repeated failed closures or occasionally due to late presentation. These bladders are thick and fibrosed with superimposed cystitis cystica making primary closure difficult and occasionally impossible. Under normal circumstances, it has been shown that such bladders grow in size with time and majority undergo a delayed primary closure, which usually succeeds.\[[@ref1]\] The disadvantage of this technique is that the bladder may grow, but inflammation and fibrosis continues unabated and leaking open bladder during waiting period is challenging to parents. An ileal patch has been used as a temporary cover over small bladders in five patients and the results are encouraging. At the end of 4 months, the bladder could be closed after excising the bowel in four patients. These were the patients in whom repeated attempts at bladder closure had failed and further attempts at closure by routine were not possible.

MATERIALS AND METHODS {#sec1-2}
=====================

Forty-five children with exstrophy bladder were treated by two staged radical soft-tissue mobilization procedure over a period of 10 years from May 2001 to June 2010 in a tertiary care referral center. Five patients were included for temporary ileal patch cover who had repeated failures at primary bladder closure. In one patient, the bladder size was less than 3 cm at birth \[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}\] and dehisced twice after closure. The remaining four patients were late referrals from other hospitals after multiple failures at bladder closure, so the data on the initial bladder size was not available. There were three girls and two boys with a mean age at initial bladder closure being 14 months and 5 days (2 days to 36 months). In one patient, the bladder was closed on day 2 of life and the rest of the patients had delayed initial bladder closure. Two patients had undergone osteotomy during initial bladder closure (done elsewhere). The mean age at ileal patch was 22 months (8-48 months). Mean age at 2^nd^ stage was 28 months and 3 days. At the time of ileal patch closure, the average size of the bladder was less than 3 cm and could not be invaginated under general anesthesia \[[Figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}\]. All patients who presented with small bladders at birth before any attempt at primary closure were excluded.

![Very small bladder plate in a neonate. This child had complete dehiscence after two attempts at primary closure. A temporary ileal patch was successful](JIAPS-19-222-g001){#F1}

![Repeated attempts at bladder closure sometimes render them so small and fibrotic that primary closure is impossible. All the five patients in our series had such bladder, where primary closure was not possible](JIAPS-19-222-g002){#F2}

Technique of ileal patch {#sec2-1}
------------------------

Consent form was obtained for primary closure as well as application of patch before surgery. All children were operated under general anesthesia with caudal anesthetic block. Preoperatively standard preparation as for other bladder closures was used. Perioperative antibiotics were given and continued until the ureteral catheters was removed. No specific bowel preparation or prolonged fasting was used for the procedure. The ureters are intubated with 5Fr. Infant feeding tubes and anchored. After mobilizing the bladder from skin and rectus sheath, the peritoneum was deliberately opened just below the umbilicus \[[Figure 3a](#F3){ref-type="fig"}\]. An appropriate sized ileal segment with intact mesentery away from the ileocecal junction is carefully isolated \[[Figure 3b](#F4){ref-type="fig"}\], detubularized by opening near the mesenteric border, cleaned with Betadine solution and was anastomosed full thickness to the mobilized bladder \[[Figure 3c](#F5){ref-type="fig"}\], the lower limit being just above the verumontanum. The lower end at the bladder neck was left open through which the ureteral catheters exited. Rectus muscle was closed in mid-line by mobilizing the medial margins of anterior rectus sheath. Skin closure was completed \[[Figure 3d](#F6){ref-type="fig"}\].

![Technique of ileal patch. Peritoneum is opened above bladder and terminal ileal loop is isolated](JIAPS-19-222-g003){#F3}

![Window is made in mesentery to carefully preserve the vascular arcade](JIAPS-19-222-g004){#F4}

![Detubularized ileal patch is sutured to mobilized bladder. Note: Ureteral catheters exiting at lower end](JIAPS-19-222-g005){#F5}

![Completed abdominal closure](JIAPS-19-222-g006){#F6}

Postoperatively the baby was nursed in trendelenburg position with immobilization of lower limbs, by strapping them together with pad and bandage for 48-72 h. This was to prevent tension on the mesentery. The baby was fasted until the bowel function returned. The ureteral catheters were removed after 5-7 days. The 2^nd^ stage was done after 4-6 months preceded by a cystoscopy. Before closure, all children were evaluated for renal function (Blood urea and serum creatinine, electrolyte disturbance, urine culture and renal tract ultrasound). In the 2^nd^ stage, the patch was excised along with margin of the bladder mucosa and bladder closure and sphincter repair was done as a single stage.

RESULTS \[[TABLE 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}\] {#sec1-3}
============================================

######

The characteristics of patients undergone ileal patch

![](JIAPS-19-222-g007)

None of the patients had major acid base or electrolyte disturbance and urine was sterile before the 2^nd^ stage. Ultrasound was normal in all patients before 2^nd^ stage. At the end of 4 months in four patients, cystoscopy showed that the bladder had grown in size, with virtual absence of cystitis cystica and the bowel patch had become a diverticulum. This patch was excised. Bladder closure with epispadias repair and sphincter/levator approximation could be done as a single procedure and was successful in all four patients. In one patient, the bladder remained the same at 4 months and repeats cystoscopy twice after 3 months and 6 months showed small bladder and was unsuitable for 2^nd^ stage repair. He was counseled for a second attempt of patch closure, but parents opted for a permanent augmentation.

The follow-up after completion of sphincter repair was similar to the follow-up being used for conventionally managed children with renal tract ultrasound every 6 months, micturating cystourethrogram if needed, and assessment of continence at regular intervals. Functional assessment for continence was done when child reached 5 years of age. There were no complications related to use of bowel in these patients. No significant fluid and electrolyte disturbance were seen in any patient during follow-up. Minor complications were seen in four patients. Superficial wound dehiscence occurred in two patients after 2^nd^ stage, which healed with conservative management. One boy had a penopubic fistula which needed repair and one girl had vulval scarring which was repaired.

DISCUSSION {#sec1-4}
==========

At birth, the exstrophic bladder is smooth, pliable, and most can be closed primarily, though the size of bladder template is variable. Small bladders eventually grow after closure.\[[@ref2]\] In a child with small bladder plate it can be closed primarily with the hope that it grows with age and the 2^nd^ stage can be done later. The other option is to delay the closure for 6 months to 1 year and studies have shown that the bladder grows in size making closure possible.\[[@ref3]\] In a series of 19 patients with a small bladder managed by delayed closure over 6 months, Dodson *et al*.\[[@ref3]\] have reported that in nine patients, functional repair was possible (47%) and achieved continence; delay in closure did not decrease the need for augmentation, but achievement of functional continence was unaffected. However, the same may not be possible in patients in multiple redo closures and failed closures. In such cases, primary closure of the bladder is impossible as multiple attempts at closure may occasionally render it fibrotic and thickened.

As our institute being a major referral center for exstrophy management, over the past 10 years we came across five such children with very small fibrotic bladders who had multiple failed closures. Sparing a permanent augmentation we innovated a way to close these bladders by applying a patch of ileum temporarily. After 4 months, the bladder had grown in size, became more pliable and cystitis cystica had resolved \[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}\]. In the 2^nd^ stage the bowel segment was excised, the bladder could be closed and the radical soft-tissue mobilization with sphincter repair and levatorplasty was completed. One patient showed no sign of bladder growth at 6 months after ileal patch.

The mechanism of ileal patch and bladder growth could be explained partly on the basis of changes seen in permanently augmented bladders. With an opened out bladder (as in unclosed exstrophy) there is no urine recycling and repeated inflammation due to exposure renders it fibrotic. With a patch, the urine recycling is maintained which is an impetus to bladder growth. Also with a closed bladder, inflammation and fibrosis is avoided. The bowel doesn't grow as much as bladder because of detubularization. It has been shown that ileal mucosal atrophy occurs due to prolonged exposure to urine\[[@ref4][@ref5]\] and the vascularity to ileum may reduce. The net effect is bladder grows, becomes pliable and the bowel becomes a diverticulum \[[Figure 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}\].

![Principles of ileal patch closure. The thickened trabeculated small sized bladder has grown in size, folded on itself and at the end of 4 months, the ileal patch has become a diverticulum. Note the communication between the two segments has become a small fibrotic ring and this was consistently seen in four of the five patients who underwent patch closure](JIAPS-19-222-g008){#F7}

Individuals who have undergone augmentation cystoplasty and ileal conduit diversion are at increased risk for the late development of cancer with overall incidence of 1.5%. Adenocarcinomas develop at or near the enterourothelial junction.\[[@ref6]\] While excising the bowel before bladder closure, we have ensured that sufficient margin of enterourothelial junction is also excised. We do not have data on whether a short period of exposure of the bladder to ileum, risks malignancy. A temporary ileal patch is a major procedure and is only used as a desperate measure to salvage a scarred fibrotic exstrophy bladder. Presently we would not recommend its use in a neonate with small exstrophy bladder without any attempts at primary closure or delayed primary closure.

CONCLUSION {#sec1-5}
==========

Native bladder is the best reservoir for urine storage. Small fibrotic bladder with repeated failures to achieve a primary closure should not be excised. A temporary bowel patch makes bladder closure possible by preventing further fibrosis and allowing bladder growth. Until further refinements in tissue engineering techniques of bladder regeneration are successful, a temporary bowel patch should be a viable option in managing such patients.

**Source of Support:** Nil

**Conflict of Interest:** None declared.


Q:

Page Jump to Image

I'm playing around with a simple website (I'm a beginner with HTML and CSS), where I made a simple menu with some submenus. The content of the page, mainly images and videos will be displayed in a scrollbox.
Now I thought that instead of creating different subpages, it'd be better to be able to jump down to the relevant content. I've tried out different solutions, but something's not working out - or at least, jsfiddle doesn't show it.

        main menu

section 1

section 2

section 3

that's my code for one part of the menu, here's the scrollbox with images:

So as you can see, I would like clicking on the menu link "section 1" cause to jump down the scrollbox to the desired image location without changing the page itself.
How would that be possible? or: where's the error in the anchoring? Thank you all for answers!

A:

It's difficult reading the code with the inline css.  I'd first suggest moving the css to a stylesheet, that would surely help readability and debugging.
Have you tested without the images or without the scroll box?
An anchor tag is normally just
Click Here

or if using images instead of links

and then the anchor part is


Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an outboard motor power generation system and an outboard motor.
Description of the Background Art
An outboard motor power generation system is known in general. Such an outboard motor power generation system is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2001-128388, for example.
The aforementioned Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2001-128388 discloses a charging system (outboard motor power generation system) for a small boat including an engine, a power generator driven by the rotation of the engine, a rectifier that converts alternating-current power output from the power generator into direct-current power, and a battery charged with the electric power converted by the rectifier.
In the charging system for a small boat according to the aforementioned Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2001-128388, the induced voltage of the power generator is raised when the number of rotations (rotational speed) of the engine is high, and hence the power generation amount can be increased. When the number of rotations of the engine is low, on the other hand, the induced voltage of the power generator is not raised, and hence it is difficult to increase the power generation amount. In general, an outboard motor power generation system and an outboard motor each capable of increasing the power generation amount even when the number of rotations of the engine is low are desired.


Washing your Effortless Nappies

Effortless Nappy Washing Instructions

Here are some easy to follow washing instructions for your new modern cloth nappies.

Remove all solids – flush down the toilet. If using bamboo liners place into bin.

Give the nappy a quick rinse before storing in a dry nappy bucket. Do not place into a bucket of water as this will decrease the life of the fabric and elastics. It is also a drowning hazard for your baby. A dry bucket will help prevent staining, cut down on smell, and stop potential fabric damage from acidic wee.

Once you have enough nappies to complete a wash, run your nappies through the following wash cycle –

Warm pre-rinse – this will remove any excess urine or soiling before the wash cycle

Normal – Long wash cycle between 40⁰C-60⁰C using the amount of detergent recommended by the detergent manufacturer based on the load size and water level. Generally ¾-1 scoop per wash cycle. It is not necessary to add extra laundry detergent.

Dry on the line for best results. To help preserve the elastics please hang sideways. Sun light is great for sanitising the nappies but leaving the nappies in the sun in extreme heat will destroy the waterproof lining in the nappies. Nappy boosters can be tumble dried, however nappies cannot.

It is recommended you don’t leave your nappies for more than 2 days to prevent staining, damage to fabric, bacteria build up and mould.


Raw cotton, due to the presence of natural waxes and fats, is quite resistant to wetting by ordinary water, but the addition of a small amount of certain chemicals, known as wetting agents, causes the cotton to become wet rapidly. Wetting agents...

Written on back: "Konia c/o Miss Irene Gaylord. Marvine wishes to become a seamstress. See sad story. Sister of Label [?]." Written on folder: "In correspondance between Emily C. Wheeler of the National Armenia & India Relief Association."

Import autos are one of Dundalk Marine Terminals major commodities. Because of the vastness of the facility and the expertise of the local auto handlers, Dundalk terminal has become the largest import auto centers in the U.S., where it has handled...

Hendrick writes to Goodyear as instructed by the American Electric Vehicle company, in order to exchange the old tires for a new set. Hendrick discusses the specifications of the old tires and inquires about solid tires as compared to pneumatic...

Before bauxite can become the metal aluminum, the alumina must be removed from it. A step in the wet chemical process for obtaining alumina (aluminum oxide) is shown here. Impurities are being removed from the solution containing the bauxite. In...

The thousands of labels used to identify DuPont products show the diversity of the goods the company makes. For the first century Du Pont was primarily a maker of explosives. The past 50 years have seen the company broaden its base to become the...

In this laboratory, the Experimental station near Wilmington, Delaware, experiments are carried out on the molding characteristics of plastic materials. Such experiments are carried out on new types of products to determine whether or not they have...

US Coast Guard. Under the category of "Assistance to Life and Property" come the mercy activities for which the Service has become most reknowned. Coast Guard planes, cutters, shore stations, and other units are always ready at an instant's notice...

Unloading a barratte where a batch of treated pulp has been churned and mixed with carbon bisulfide to become cellulose xanthate, a chemical step in the manufacture of rayon at plants of E.I du Pont Nemours & Company. The pulp emerges deep orange...

Growing importance of chemistry in modern life carries the challenge of safeguarding public health and safety against unforeseen hazards. New chemicals are subjected to elaborate and exhaustive tests before they are permitted to become commercial...

Band saws are often used for cutting curves of large radius in Lucite methyl methacrylate resin. Because of the length of band saw blades, they dissipate heat more rapidly than do circular saws. Accordingly, they operate at lower temperatures and...

Display of the many different safety signs used at a single DuPont plant is a striking symbol of the companys prime concern for the safety of its employees. Signs are but one phase of a comprehensive company-wide program in which employees are...

A controversy is developing in the ranks of TWA, The Lindbergh Line over the question are passengers in the Douglas airliners going to consume so much more food while flying that the cost of feeding them is going to show a sharp advance? The...


Potentiation of the in vitro activity of some antimicrobial agents against selected gram-negative bacteria by EDTA-tromethamine.
The in vitro synergistic effects of combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and six antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, nalidixic acid and sulphadimethoxine) on clinically isolated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli were investigated. The antibacterial activity was assessed from the minimal inhibitory concentration for the antibiotics alone or in combination with EDTA-tromethamine. EDTA-tromethamine potentiated the antibacterial activity of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and streptomycin up to four-fold. There were no significant or consistent synergistic effects with nalidixic acid or sulphadimethoxine.


Surgical ablation of the vestibular system in the treatment of Meniere's disease.
When Meniere's disease becomes refractory to medical management, a variety of highly effective surgical options are available. A selective nerve section can relieve the disabling vertigo of Meniere's disease while preserving hearing. When the hearing on the involved side is nonserviceable, a labyrinthectomy is an important alternative. An eighth nerve section makes a complete preganglionic ablation possible with the additional benefit of relieving tinnitus in over two thirds of selected patients.


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Abstract

Ever since Shannon's "Mathematical Theory of Communication" [40] first appeared, information theory has been of interest to psychologists and physiologists, to try to provide an explanation for the process of perception. Attneave [8] proposed that visual perception is the construction of an economical description of a scene from a very redundant initial representation. Barlow [9] suggested that lateral inhibition in the visual pathway may reduce the redundancy of an image, so information can be represented more eciently. More recently, Linsker with his `Infomax' principle [21, 22], Atick and Redlich [5, 6], and Plumbley and Fallside [30, 32] have continued with this approach with considerable success. There have also been important advances in data compression techniques associated with principal component analysis. The original work of Oja [23] has now been extended to the analysis of higher-order statistics by Taylor and Coombes [45], and these techniques are presently ...


PM Christie Lauds the Honouring of 38 ‘Athletic Legends’

Prime Minister and Minister of Finance the Rt. Hon. Perry Christie said that it was always a “special pleasure” for him to participate in any ceremony that lifts up the names of people who have impacted The Bahamas in “very special ways”.

“The word ‘legend’, in itself, speaks to the fact that history will accord each of you a very special place in the annals of sporting history in the Commonwealth of The Bahamas,” Prime Minister Christie said at the 43rd Independence Celebrations Ceremony Honouring Athletic Legends, at the Queen Elizabeth Sports Centre, July 21, 2016.

Also among the dignitaries present at the ceremony were Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Works and Urban Development the Hon. Philip Brave Davis, Minister of Tourism the Hon. Obie Wilchcombe, and Minister of Youth, Sports and Culture the Hon. Dr. Daniel Johnson.

Prime Minister Christie told the 38 athletic legends recognized that day that there were so many of them who had “lifted the spirits of Bahamians” wherever they had played or served.

Prime Minister Christie shared stories about how he knew each honouree and the part they played in his life, telling in particular, how he met a nine-year-old Buddy Hield and they posed for a photograph, where the youngster insisted that he held the basketball for the group shot.

He pointed out that Mr. Hield was not living, at the time, a life of “any degree of comfort” financially in his household.

“This is one of the magnificent stories of our country, where so many of you can reminisce tonight, looking back at your own past, to know that life was not easy for you and your family; and the conditions under which you worked, you played, you performed, was not as some have it today — and that even to those of you who performed, you did not even have the nutritional contribution that some of the modern athletes have (for proper physical development),” Prime Minister Christie said.

Prime Minister Christie noted that one of the great challenges for The Bahamas comes out of one of its strengths — the fact it is an island-nation, spread over 100,000 square miles of ocean.

“It means that many of the children of our country who are gifted will not have their talents and their gifts seen, discovered, nourished, promoted,” he said. “The opportunities will not be there for them unless we can find; unless we can give them facilities in their islands to be able to develop their talents.

Prime Minister Christie said that The Bahamas has witnessed some of the great talents coming out of the Family Islands and Grand Bahama — even creating competition with New Providence athletes, which fosters further development and needed “controlled-tension”.

“We have seen the softball players of Abaco beat the softball players of everyone in the country; so we know that the gifts and the talents are there,” Prime Minister Christie noted.

“So, I urge those of us who are in public life, and on both sides of the democracy, to recognize that we have an obligation to understand the relationship between those young people who contribute to the sporting development of our country and, in the process, uplift the glorification of sports through their achievements,” he added.

“We owe them a further commitment to develop our country on the basis that they have demonstrated what sports, talents and gifts can do for The Bahamas,” Prime Minister Christie said.

“We should feel good, notwithstanding the challenges of our country, about what our country has been able to produce and there is no secret to the fact that the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, per capita, is the greatest sporting nation in the entire world. God Bless The Commonwealth of The Bahamas.”

UB holds Charter Celebration Ceremony in Grand Bahama

May 1, 2017

Minister for Grand Bahama, Dr. the Hon. Michael Darville, congratulated the government and staff of the University of The Bahamas Northern Campus during their Charter Celebration Ceremony and Plaque Unveiling


<?php

namespace MtHaml\Node;

use MtHaml\NodeVisitor\NodeVisitorInterface;

class TagAttributeInterpolation extends TagAttribute
{
    public function __construct(array $position, NodeAbstract $value = null)
    {
        parent::__construct($position, null, $value);
    }

    public function accept(NodeVisitorInterface $visitor)
    {
        if (false !== $visitor->enterTagAttribute($this)) {
            if (false !== $visitor->enterTagAttributeInterpolation($this)) {
                $this->getValue()->accept($visitor);
            }
            $visitor->leaveTagAttributeInterpolation($this);
        }
        $visitor->leaveTagAttribute($this);
    }
}


Tag Archives: van

Alright, so we wanted to take a second look at a bad first impression. As everybody has always chased that allusive Pappy Van Winkle, one of the hosts had luckily won a bottle during Indianapolis Bourbon Fest last December. As a true gentleman and whiskey drinker, he gave that bottle of Pappy Van Winkle to his co-host and buddy. Yes, you are reading that correct. As a gift, gave the bottle of Pappy to his co-host.

So, Rob and Eric went through the normal reviews of their bottle of Pappy Van Winkle. We tried to straight, we tried it with whiskey stones and we tried it with local ice. The verdict, pure disappointment. We couldn’t believe the unicorn of whiskey in our eyes was just that much of a disappointment. Did we set our expectations too high? Could we believe that we couldn’t do any wrong with it? Were we just drunk and stupid? Well any of those could probably be the right answer. Never-the-less, the bottle of Pappy has sat in our recording studio since that faithful day.

Well, we decided that it was time to break out the bottle of Pappy Van Winkle on a beautiful Saturday afternoon and fire it up with a cigar and give it a second chance. No microphones, no true review conversations just two pals arguing about Cubs and Cardinals while drinking some whiskey and smoking a cigar. Let us set the mood. We are smoking an Isla del Sol from Drew Estates (we are at Rob’s house and that is one of his favorites), we have Pappy Van Winkle (12 year) sitting at room temperature sitting in our beautiful Glen Cairn whiskey glasses and the sun is shining. Can we pick a better day for a whiskey and a cigar?

As I said, we were smoking a pair of Isla Del Sol “Robusto” Cigars from Drew Estates. If you had drank with Rob in the past, we are sure you would have found a few of these in his traveling humidor. Reason being, they have a great sweet taste on the light and mellow out completely over an hour or so smoke. Burns fast but keeps a great flavor during the entire burn of the cigar. We thought this might help the pairing of the Pappy during this review. Of course, we could completely be wrong yet again and be disappointed with the whiskey.

Now, bring on the pappy. This wasn’t going to be watered down, this wasn’t going to chilled down with whisky stones but it was going to be poured and drank how it was meant to be.. That and honestly, we didn’t want to do a full review on the whiskey. We just wanted to try the whiskey again as normal, everyday guys but weren’t trying to do a review. If we keep saying that, it might be true. Well on the pour, we had that perfect caramel look of the whiskey in our glasses. The same great look that we had the first time we went down this road. We noticed that it did have some great hints of spices when we gave it a spin. Almost the same comment we made before when we tried it out but made the mistake of saying it was almost like a “Rye” because of the spices. Mistake #1 because we both love spices.

Now it is on to the face that the Cardinals are in first place for a hot minute and the Cubs are barely over .500 and we are just sipping and arguing like two guys would do at the sports bar. Touching back up our cigars while we are going through our first round with honestly a different sort of response and approach with our Pappy this time. When you are just drinking with your friends, you don’t overly care what you are drinking and when they are talking a bunch of crap, you need that extra alcohol to tolerate their constructive criticism on your favorite baseball team. What we did agree upon, the whiskey wasn’t as bad as we remembered. We aren’t changing our disappointment level by anymeans but we are willing to give it a second chance.

That second chance made us look past that spice flavor that we smelled upfront, it made us look past the iconic name in whiskey and honestly it made us look past our humbled ways and enjoy the whiskey for what it is.. Charred and aged barreled whiskey produced in the United States. As we said, we aren’t going to give you a review on the whiskey but set a story. Maybe in the future, we will talk more about this story and give you a full review on our second chance at Pappy Van Winkle.


package Paws::NetworkManager::GetCustomerGatewayAssociations;
  use Moose;
  has CustomerGatewayArns => (is => 'ro', isa => 'ArrayRef[Str|Undef]', traits => ['ParamInQuery'], query_name => 'customerGatewayArns');
  has GlobalNetworkId => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', traits => ['ParamInURI'], uri_name => 'globalNetworkId', required => 1);
  has MaxResults => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Int', traits => ['ParamInQuery'], query_name => 'maxResults');
  has NextToken => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', traits => ['ParamInQuery'], query_name => 'nextToken');

  use MooseX::ClassAttribute;

  class_has _api_call => (isa => 'Str', is => 'ro', default => 'GetCustomerGatewayAssociations');
  class_has _api_uri  => (isa => 'Str', is => 'ro', default => '/global-networks/{globalNetworkId}/customer-gateway-associations');
  class_has _api_method  => (isa => 'Str', is => 'ro', default => 'GET');
  class_has _returns => (isa => 'Str', is => 'ro', default => 'Paws::NetworkManager::GetCustomerGatewayAssociationsResponse');
1;

### main pod documentation begin ###

=head1 NAME

Paws::NetworkManager::GetCustomerGatewayAssociations - Arguments for method GetCustomerGatewayAssociations on L<Paws::NetworkManager>

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This class represents the parameters used for calling the method GetCustomerGatewayAssociations on the
L<AWS Network Manager|Paws::NetworkManager> service. Use the attributes of this class
as arguments to method GetCustomerGatewayAssociations.

You shouldn't make instances of this class. Each attribute should be used as a named argument in the call to GetCustomerGatewayAssociations.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    my $networkmanager = Paws->service('NetworkManager');
    my $GetCustomerGatewayAssociationsResponse =
      $networkmanager->GetCustomerGatewayAssociations(
      GlobalNetworkId     => 'MyString',
      CustomerGatewayArns => [ 'MyString', ... ],    # OPTIONAL
      MaxResults          => 1,                      # OPTIONAL
      NextToken           => 'MyString',             # OPTIONAL
      );

    # Results:
    my $CustomerGatewayAssociations =
      $GetCustomerGatewayAssociationsResponse->CustomerGatewayAssociations;
    my $NextToken = $GetCustomerGatewayAssociationsResponse->NextToken;

# Returns a L<Paws::NetworkManager::GetCustomerGatewayAssociationsResponse> object.

Values for attributes that are native types (Int, String, Float, etc) can passed as-is (scalar values). Values for complex Types (objects) can be passed as a HashRef. The keys and values of the hashref will be used to instance the underlying object.
For the AWS API documentation, see L<https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/WebAPI/networkmanager/GetCustomerGatewayAssociations>

=head1 ATTRIBUTES

=head2 CustomerGatewayArns => ArrayRef[Str|Undef]

One or more customer gateway Amazon Resource Names (ARNs). For more
information, see Resources Defined by Amazon EC2
(https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/list_amazonec2.html#amazonec2-resources-for-iam-policies).
The maximum is 10.

=head2 B<REQUIRED> GlobalNetworkId => Str

The ID of the global network.

=head2 MaxResults => Int

The maximum number of results to return.

=head2 NextToken => Str

The token for the next page of results.

=head1 SEE ALSO

This class forms part of L<Paws>, documenting arguments for method GetCustomerGatewayAssociations in L<Paws::NetworkManager>

=head1 BUGS and CONTRIBUTIONS

The source code is located here: L<https://github.com/pplu/aws-sdk-perl>

Please report bugs to: L<https://github.com/pplu/aws-sdk-perl/issues>

=cut


Review: Karwaan

Story:
The movie depicts a journey carried out from Bangalore to Kochi by two friends, the reserved Avinash played by Dulquer Salmaan, and his friend Shaukat played by Irrfan Khan with a lighter take on life, who pick up the chirpy teenager Mithila on the way.

Overall Review:
Karwaan, directed by Akarsh Khurana stars Irrfan Khan, Dulquer Salmaan (DQ as known in Mollywood) and Mithila Palkar n lead roles. The film revolves around the lives of three odd people who take an unconventional road trip together. Karwaan also stars Kriti Kharbanda and Amala Akkineni in supporting roles. Plot of the road-trip: Avinash (Dulquer Salmaan) is a repressed young man who hates his IT job, loathes his boss and would rather become a photographer, but for his father (Akarsh Khurana). His father passes away in a road accident and his body reaches another family by mistake. Avinash’s friend Shaukat (Irrfan Khan) offers his van and company to travel from Bangalore and exchange the body in Kochi. Enroute, Tanya (Mithila Palkar), the grand-daughter of the now-deceased person with whom the other body was exchanged, joins them. It is a trip that neither of them wishes to be part of but end up enduring it.The film has a wonderful cast, lush visuals and an easy, unhurried, non-formulaic flow. Film sufferes heavily in Script department. Most of the time it feels off-beat from the overall theme of the film. Bejoy Nambiar’s story is fresh & different but unconvincing. However, cinematographer Avinash Arun’s camera work gives the slice-of-life feel with the dazzling hues of Kerala, First half of the film takes its sweet time to connect the dots. Its second half that elevates the jouney of three odd people. No words to describe the impeccable performance by Irrfan Khan. as he gives LIFE to this dull film with his dialogue delivery that is apt and makes this jouney watchable. Dulquer Salmaan (DQ), talen from Mollywood, doesn’t get ample scope to make an impression and is wasted with his hindi debut film. Mithila Palkar – the internet sensation – does pretty well. All the three characters seem under-cooked and unidimensional. Music by Anurag Saikia and Imaad Shah is strcitly OK. Slice of life comedy drama film, Karwaan had the potential to be a fun ride. Unfortunately, much of it remains unrealized. Road-Trip remains uncovincing.

PDF Verdict:
Karwaan is a warm ride enjoyed with few speed breakers and pot holes (Enjoyable in parts) on its way. See it for Irrfan.


using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.UI;
using SmartStore.Core;
using SmartStore.Core.Data;
using SmartStore.Core.Domain.Media;
using SmartStore.Core.Domain.Messages;
using SmartStore.Core.Localization;
using SmartStore.Core.Logging;
using SmartStore.Core.Plugins;
using SmartStore.Data.Utilities;

namespace SmartStore.Services.Media.Storage
{
    public class MediaMover : IMediaMover
    {
        private const int PAGE_SIZE = 50;

        private readonly IRepository<MediaFile> _mediaFileRepo;
        private readonly ICommonServices _services;
        private readonly ILogger _logger;

        public MediaMover(IRepository<MediaFile> mediaFileRepo, ICommonServices services, ILogger logger)
        {
            _mediaFileRepo = mediaFileRepo;
            _services = services;
            _logger = logger;
        }

        public Localizer T { get; set; } = NullLocalizer.Instance;

        public virtual bool Move(Provider<IMediaStorageProvider> sourceProvider, Provider<IMediaStorageProvider> targetProvider)
        {
            Guard.NotNull(sourceProvider, nameof(sourceProvider));
            Guard.NotNull(targetProvider, nameof(targetProvider));

            var success = false;
            var utcNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
            var context = new MediaMoverContext(sourceProvider.Metadata.SystemName, targetProvider.Metadata.SystemName);

            var source = sourceProvider.Value as ISupportsMediaMoving;
            var target = targetProvider.Value as ISupportsMediaMoving;

            // Source and target must support media storage moving
            if (source == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(T("Admin.Media.StorageMovingNotSupported", sourceProvider.Metadata.SystemName));
            }

            if (target == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(T("Admin.Media.StorageMovingNotSupported", targetProvider.Metadata.SystemName));
            }

            // Source and target provider must not be equal
            if (sourceProvider.Metadata.SystemName.IsCaseInsensitiveEqual(targetProvider.Metadata.SystemName))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(T("Admin.Media.CannotMoveToSameProvider"));
            }

            // We are about to process data in chunks but want to commit ALL at once after ALL chunks have been processed successfully.
            // AutoDetectChanges true required for newly inserted binary data.
            using (var scope = new DbContextScope(ctx: _services.DbContext,
                autoDetectChanges: true,
                proxyCreation: false,
                validateOnSave: false,
                autoCommit: false))
            {
                using (var transaction = scope.DbContext.BeginTransaction())
                {
                    try
                    {
                        var pager = new FastPager<MediaFile>(_mediaFileRepo.Table, PAGE_SIZE);
                        while (pager.ReadNextPage(out var files))
                        {
                            foreach (var file in files)
                            {
                                // Move item from source to target
                                source.MoveTo(target, context, file);

                                file.UpdatedOnUtc = utcNow;
                                ++context.MovedItems;
                            }

                            scope.DbContext.SaveChanges();

                            // Detach all entities from previous page to save memory
                            scope.DbContext.DetachEntities(files, deep: true);
                        }

                        transaction.Commit();
                        success = true;
                    }
                    catch (Exception exception)
                    {
                        success = false;
                        transaction.Rollback();

                        _services.Notifier.Error(exception);
                        _logger.Error(exception);
                    }
                }
            }

            if (success)
            {
                _services.Settings.SetSetting("Media.Storage.Provider", targetProvider.Metadata.SystemName);
            }

            // inform both provider about ending
            source.OnCompleted(context, success);
            target.OnCompleted(context, success);

            if (success && context.ShrinkDatabase)
            {
                _services.DbContext.ShrinkDatabase();
            }

            return success;
        }
    }
}


Resprouting and survival of guinea pig cochlear neurons in response to the administration of the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3.
Degeneration of auditory neurons occurs after deafening and is associated with damage to the organ of Corti. The administration of neurotrophins can protect auditory neurons against degeneration if given shortly after deafening. However, it is not known whether the delayed administration of neurotrophins, when significant degeneration has already occurred, will provide similar protection. Furthermore, little is known about the effects of neurotrophins on the peripheral processes of the auditory neurons or whether these neurons can resprout. This study examined the morphological effects on auditory neurons following deafening and the administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3. Results showed that neurotrophins were effective in preventing death of auditory neurons if administered 5 days after deafening and were also effective in preventing the continued loss of neurons if the administration was delayed by 33 days. The peripheral processes of auditory neurons in cochleae that received neurotrophins were in greater number and had larger diameters compared with the untreated cochleae. Localized regions of resprouting peripheral processes were observed in deafened cochleae and were enhanced in response to neurotrophin treatment, occurring across wider regions of the cochlea. These findings have significant implications for an improvement in the performance of the cochlear implant and for future therapies to restore hearing to the deaf.