In vitro and in silico perspectives on biological and phytochemical profile of three halophyte species-A source of innovative phytopharmaceuticals from nature.
Halophytes are considered as valuable sources of traditional drugs in different countries. The present study aimed to evaluate biological and chemical fingerprints of three halophytes (Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) C, Koch, Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen and Salicornia europaea L.). The antioxidant and enzymatic inhibitory potential (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase) were assessed. The total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and the chemical profiles were appraised using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Molecular docking was conducted to provide additional insights of molecular interactions of the enzymes/phytochemicals. Ethyl acetate extract was the most efficient extract, with A. macrostachyum being the most potent towards DPPH and ABTS radicals and phosphomolybdenum assay. Ethyl acetate extract of A. macrostachyum was also the best reducing agent (CUPRAC and FRAP assays). Methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. macrostachyum, H. portulacoides, and S. europaea showed significant enzyme inhibition potential. Ethyl acetate extract of A. macrostachyum showed the highest total phenolic (29.54 ± 0.78 mgGAEs/g extract) while the ethyl acetate extract of S. europaea was more abundant in flavonoids (18.26 ± 0.11 mgREs/g extract). Phytochemical profiling allowed the identification of several components in the methanolic extracts (16 in A. macrostachyum, 14 in H. portulacoides, and 11 in S. europaea), with quinic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rhamnetin being most abundant. Docking studies revealed that the above compounds showed scores for the enzymes tested. The three halophytes studies could be considered as potential sources of biologically-active compounds for novel phytopharmaceuticals development.


Wild-Card Preview: Defense, not rookie quarterbacks, will decide Seahawks-Redskins game

Unless you're firmly in Andrew Luck's corner when it comes to the NFL's Offensive Rookie of the Year nomination -- and there's certainly some weight to that argument -- the wild-card battle between the Washington Redskins and Seattle Seahawks presents perhaps the two most exciting first-year quarterbacks in the game. Between Washington's Robert Griffin III and Seattle's Russell Wilson, we have two quarterbacks with similar skill sets and efficiency in the passing game -- both players are also dynamic rushers who can break things open on the ground.

However, and with all the talk about Griffin and Wilson, it's most likely that the best defense on the field Sunday afternoon will take this game, because from a productivity perspective, the two quarterbacks basically cancel each other out. Additionally, both teams are really based on rushing attacks bolstered by power zone blocking, and the pass games are secondary -- or, perhaps, a "1a" concern.

Against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 17, Griffin, who is still recovering from a late-season knee injury, was not quite as dynamic as a pure rusher. That doesn't mean that he was any less of a threat to a defense; it just exposed the fact that there are so many other things he can do. Instead of the standard read- and zone-option plays that have been a staple of Washington's offense all season, there was Griffin succeeding as a pure pocket passer, sending running back Alfred Morris on successful stretch plays, and befuddling Dallas' defense with the threat -- if not always the reality -- that he'd take off and use that 4.3 speed. The play-action fakes are still there, and if your safeties aren't trained to stay in their gaps, Griffin will still throw the ball over your head and make you look very, very silly.

Griffin is expected to wear the knee brace he wore against the Cowboys against the Seahawks, but again, Seattle can't assume under any circumstances that their task is easier as a result. Washington is still as diverse when it comes to pre-snap movement as any team in the league, and that will test Seattle's base defense, even though it's one of the best in the game.

View gallery

.

Richard Sherman has been sticking it to opposing offenses all season long. (Getty Images)

Where Griffin will find the ultimate test is against Seattle's secondary, which might be the premier pass defense unit in the NFL now that suspended cornerback Brandon Browner will return. Browner combines with Richard Sherman, and safeties Kam Chancellor and Earl Thomas. Seattle will play Washington's receivers with a lot of aggressive press coverage on the outside, and in the slot, rookie Jeremy Lane -- who looked pretty good as Browner's replacement -- has the trail ability to stick with most speed slot receivers. Griffin may see shifting safeties and disguised coverages, which he hasn't seen much of this season, because the threat of his rushing keeps defenses honest. We'll see how much head coach Pete Carroll and defensive coordinator Gus Bradley believe they have the horses to show RG3 things he hasn't seen before.

Morris, the sixth-round rookie, is far more than a mere beneficiary of Griffin's jets. He's a powerful, surprisingly fast back who can bull linebackers over, or scoot right past them. He has an outstanding ability to cut and find the open gap quickly, which makes him the ideal star in Mike Shanahan's zone-blocking schemes. For all their defensive acumen, the Seahawks have been inconsistent against the run, and they can't afford to be that against Griffin and Morris. As in defending all that option stuff, gap and lane integrity will be key.

Washington's receivers present interesting challenges to Seattle's defense, especially in the slot, where you'll most often see veteran Santana Moss. Griffin might look to test Lane there early, and if Lane falters against Moss' route awareness, that could be a big problem for Seattle. One thing of which we're pretty sure -- whoever's going up against Sherman won't do much. Per Pro Football Focus' metrics, Sherman played 980 snaps in the regular season, was thrown at 87 times, and allowed just 41 receptions for 634 yards, two touchdowns and eight picks.

No cornerback who started the entire regular season outside allowed a lower passer rating than Sherman's 40.5 in coverage. Basically, quarterbacks who went up against Sherman this year turned into Mark Sanchez on one of his intermediate days. That's cool for Seattle, but they've never faced anyone quite like RG3 -- especially if RG3 can run. That's an entirely different concept to deal with.

When the Seahawks have the ball

Few quarterbacks have been hotter in the last two months than Wilson, regardless of NFL tenure. In November and December, Seattle's rookie field general completed 123 of 183 passes (a 67.2 completion percentage) for 1,652 yards, 16 touchdowns and just two interceptions. Add the four rushing touchdowns he amassed in December alone, and it's clear that the Redskins are dealing with a player on a major streak.

As Seattle's coaching staff has learned to trust Wilson with the entire playbook, Seattle's passing offense has become more expansive, but there are also new elements to take advantage of Wilson's mobility. Just as the Redskins do, Seattle likes to set defenses up to fail with option plays and run concepts out of the Pistol formation. And just as it is with Griffin, the downside for Wilson is that he gets hit a lot (12 sacks in December), and he will leave open passing plays on the field at times when he's running around, trying to make something happen. It's not a concern of frequency, but it's something Washington's defense, coached by Jim Haslett, can exploit.

In line with that notion, Greg Cosell of NFL Films and ESPN's NFL Matchup outlined what he thought Haslett might do with his defense in this week's matchup podcast.

"I think Haslett is going to say, 'You know what? I'm gonna blitz that little you-know-what, and I'm going to make him start running all over the field. He might beat me once in a while, but I'm gonna make him run around, and play totally outside of structure. I'd rather do that than have them play in their structured, hand-the-ball-off approach.'"

View gallery

.

You're going to have to do better than this against Marshawn Lynch, guys. (Getty Images)

One thing's for sure -- though Wilson has improved against the blitz in the second half of the season, he's still learning to deal with extra pressure as a pure passer. When pressured in 2012, Wilson completed 54 of 120 passes for five touchdowns and three interceptions. Where he excels is in avoiding the huge mistake -- on 187 pressured dropbacks, he threw the ball away 25 times, by far the highest percentage of bailout throws per pressure among starting quarterbacks.

As much as Morris has helped the Redskins' ground game, the Seahawks are defined in their entire team approach by running back Marshawn Lynch, who finished third in the NFL behind Adrian Peterson and Morris in rushing yards. Lynch is not a speed back, but with the exception of Peterson, there is no back in the league better at bouncing off first contact and making defenses pay for taking the wrong angle. There are times, in fact, when Lynch seems to go out of his way to initiate contact -- he thinks like a fullback, and he'll mix it up from whistle to whistle. Washington's front seven, among the league's worst in Football Outsiders' metrics for power and short-yardage situations, could have a real problem here.

View gallery

.

The pressure will be on DeAngelo Hall. (Getty Images)

Washington doesn't have the pure talent that Seattle does in its secondary, but Haslett is coaching those guys up pretty well. The key to stopping Wilson and the Seahawks' passing attack could very well be the placement and positioning of cornerback DeAngelo Hall, who can be a real liability in the slot. Receivers Doug Baldwin and Golden Tate should look to take advantage.

How it could go: This is as even a matchup on the offensive side of the ball as you'll see throughout the playoffs. The fact that the Seahawks are travelling cross-country gives the Redskins an edge, but that edge could well be negated by the simple fact that Seattle's defense is simply better from stem to stern. If Wilson stays within himself and excels as the pure passer he can be, the Redskins will find it hard to keep up. But if Griffin is healthy enough to add to his repertoire of shot plays with optimal mobility, and Seattle's defense can't keep the pace, RG3 could once again transcend the excellence of his opponent. If that knee was a bit closer to 100 percent -- and it may be by Sunday -- the Redskins would be tough to pick against. But we're thinking that Seattle will keep Griffin in the box just enough to pull out a win in what should be an amazing game.


Q:

Auto mounting an SDHC card on Ubuntu during boot

I have the following entry in my /etc/fstab file:
/dev/mmcblk1 /home ext3   default 0 2

Now my problem is that the device at /dev/mmcblk1 changes its location periodically. When I set up the mount on boot, it was at location /dev/mmcblk0.
Is there a way to predetermine where the dive is going to be?

A:

You could mount by UUID rather than location:

Run sudo blkid and note down your device's UUID. The line should look something like /dev/mmcblk1: UUID="053b91eb-19c4-4684-be81-ee758579f034" TYPE="ext3", where 053b91eb-19c4-4684-be81-ee758579f034 would be the UUID.

Replace the location in FStab with the UUID. The FStab line should now look something like UUID=053b91eb-19c4-4684-be81-ee758579f034 /home ext3   default 0 2
Note: according to mount(8), the options field (the fourth field on the line)
should be defaults rather than default.

This should recognize your card regardless of location.

A:

You will have to write a udev rule for your device, check this article for examples, its just a one liner.


/**
 * Recursively find the length of an array by taking the length of the array
 * minus the first item
 *
 * Here's what that would look like:
 *
 * ArrayLength([1, 2, 3])
 * 1 + ArrayLength([2, 3])
 * 1 + 1 + ArrayLength([3])
 * 1 + 1 + 1 + ArrayLength([])
 * 1 + 1 + 1 + 0
 *
 * @flow
 */
export default function ArrayLength(array: number[]): number {
  switch (array.length !== 0) {
    case true: {
      array.splice(0, 1);
      return 1 + ArrayLength(array);
    }
    default:
      return 0;
  }
}


818 F.2d 868
Hoganv.Karstadt
86-1905
United States Court of Appeals,Ninth Circuit.
5/14/87

1
D.Nev.

AFFIRMED


Whether they're delivered in parcels or in data packets, goods and services should be available to all European Union citizens wherever they live.

That, in a nutshell, is the purpose of a long-promised host of new legislative proposals unveiled by the European Commission on Wednesday as part of its plan to make the EU a "digital single market."

Among the proposals is a ban on unjustified geo-blocking, or using a citizen's location as an excuse not to deliver digital services or sell them physical goods.

But forcing companies to deliver without discrimination "is like putting a sticking plaster on a broken leg," according to John Higgins, director general of industry lobby group Digital Europe.

That's because geoblocking is a symptom of the problem, not the cause, he said. Despite decades spent harmonizing legislation across EU member states, the 28 countries still have different laws on copyright, consumer rights, tax and electronic waste disposal -- not to mention different languages, living standards and consumer habits.

"If we really want to develop a digitally powered single market the EU needs to address the root causes of the fragmentation," he said.

The Commission wants to put an end to practices such as charging different prices for theme park tickets depending on the country of origin of the buyer, or showing visitors to an online store different product ranges depending on where they live.

It also wants to reduce disparities in shipping costs by increasing transparency and competition in the market for parcel delivery services. Sending a parcel across a national border -- even an internal EU one with no customs barriers -- can cost five times as much as sending the parcel on a comparable journey within the same country. The cost of sending a parcel from Spain to the Netherlands can be two-and-a-half times that of sending the same parcel the other way.

But the Commission's draft law has some curious gaps.

It seeks to eliminate geographical sales discrimination by making businesses sell online to all comers, and to cut the cost of cross-border deliveries -- but does not mandate that businesses deliver goods ordered online everywhere in the EU.

For example, under the draft law, Belgians will be entitled to order a refrigerator on a German website and collect it at the trader's premises or organize delivery themselves to their home -- but the German website will have no obligation to deliver to Belgium.

When it comes to payment, too, some kinds of de-facto geographical discrimination will be allowed. If a website accepts, say, Visa cards, it must accept them wherever in the EU they were issued. But it will still be allowed for a Belgian website to accept payment only via the country's national payment card system, Bancontact, effectively preventing residents of other countries from buying anything.

Some hope that market forces will be just as effective as regulation when it comes to breaking down national barriers to delivery: Amazon.com is hoping to recruit more small businesses to its fulfillment platform by handling many of the cross-border logistical platforms for them.

The Commission's proposed regulation is far from becoming law. It still needs the support of member states' governments, meeting as the Council of the EU, and of the European Parliament. That could happen by some time next year, although the Commission suggests some provisions not take effect until July 2018, to give businesses time to prepare for the changes.


I-ya
I against I
flesh of my flesh
and mind of my mind
two of a kind but one won't survive
my images reflect in the enemies eye
and his images reflect in mine the same time
I-ya, I-ya
I against I
flesh of my flesh
and mind of my mind
two of a kind but one won't survive

Right here is where the end gon' start at
conflict, contact 'n' combat
fighters stand where the land is marked at
settle the dispute about who the livest
3 word answer
Whoever survive this
only one of us can ride forever
so you and I cant ride together
can't live or cant die together
all we can do is collide together
so I skillfully apply the pressure
won't stop until I'm forever... one!
A door step where death never come
spread across time til my time never done
and I'm never done
walk tall, why ever run?
when they move if I ever come?
bad man never fret the war, tell'em come
general we have the stock, the mad fire burn

I-ya
I against I
flesh of my flesh
and mind of my mind
two of a kind but one won't survive
my images reflect in the enemies eye
and his images reflect in mine the same time
I-ya, I-ya
I against I
flesh of my flesh
and mind of my mind
two of a kind but one won't survive

survive x16

Reign supreme in your U-N-I
V-E-R-S-E with the sharpness
narrow row building no space for partners
no space for drivers, no space for walkers
no space regardless
your on my path then get off it
hardheaded and unresponsive
get they lives put on target with harshness
come with the canons sparkin' they darken
who am i? one man squadron
Ma stir the fire this time that'd snatch your tomorrow
the thousand yard spear that'll pierce through your armor
you can get it on right now if you want to
but when ya front 9 get marched through
I warned you
You know who forever belong to

I-ya, I-ya
I against I
flesh of my flesh
and mind of my mind
two of a kind but one won't survive
my images reflect in the enemies eye
and his images reflect in mine the same time
I-ya, I-ya
I against I
flesh of my flesh
and mind of my mind
two of a kind but one won't survive
my images reflect in the enemies eye
and his images reflect in mine, survive


Free Press Staff

CVS Health confirmed Monday the company is opening a store on Church Street in downtown Burlington.

The pharmacy is to fill the space formerly occupied by City Sports, at the intersection of Church and Cherry streets.

Spokeswoman Stephanie Cunha said in an email the new store at 35 Church St. should open by mid-August.

City Sports closed in October after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The closure cost 20 employees their jobs and came just three years since the retailer first opened on the Marketplace. City Sports filled a vacancy left when the Borders bookstore folded.

When the store opens, CVS would be the second pharmacy within about a block. A Rite Aid store sits on the northwest corner of the intersection of Cherry Street and South Winooski Avenue.

City Sports to close 'under-performing' Church Street store


Q:

Compile String to AST inside CompilerPlugin?

I would like to create a templating plugin and as the first step convert an arbitrary string to it's "compiled" AST representation (as the scala interpreter does, I guess). So a compiler plugin could e.g assign someString to "HELLO WORLD":
  @StringAnnotation("""("hello world").toString.toUpperCase""")
  var someString = ""

My current first shot plugin does in short:

runafter parser
create a new representation only compiler and a VirtualFile with the annotation content
compile and print unit.body

see: http://paste.pocoo.org/show/326025/
a)
Right now, "object o{val x = 0}" returns an AST, but e.g. "var x = 1+ 2" doesn't because it wouldn't be a valid .scala file. How can I fix this?
b)
Is onlyPresentation a good choice? Should I instead overriding computeInternalPhases with the appropriate phases or use -Ystop:phase?
c)
Is it possible to bind the environment of the outer compiler to the inner one, so that e.g.
  var x = _
  (...)
  @StringAnnotation("x += 3")

would work?
I found following code[1] using an interpreter and one variable which does something similar:
  Interpreter interpreter = new Interpreter(settings);
  String[] context = { "FOO" };
  interpreter.bind("context", "Array[String]", context);
  interpreter
    .interpret("de.tutorials.scala2.Test.main(context)");
  context[0] = "BAR";
  interpreter
    .interpret("de.tutorials.scala2.Test.main(context)");

[1] http://www.tutorials.de/java/320639-beispiel-zur-einbindung-des-scala-interpreters-kompilierte-scala-anwendungen.html#post1653884
thanks
Complete Code:
class AnnotationsPI(val global: Global) extends Plugin {
  import global._
  val name = "a_plugins::AnnotationsPI" //a_ to run before namer
  val description = "AST Trans PI"
  val components = List[PluginComponent](Component)

  private object Component extends PluginComponent with Transform with TypingTransformers with TreeDSL {
    val global: AnnotationsPI.this.global.type = AnnotationsPI.this.global
    val runsAfter = List[String]("parser");
    val phaseName = AnnotationsPI.this.name

    def newTransformer(unit: CompilationUnit) = {
      new AnnotationsTransformer(unit)
    }

    val SaTpe = "StringAnnotation".toTypeName

    class AnnotationsTransformer(unit: CompilationUnit) extends TypingTransformer(unit) {

      /** When using preTransform, each node is
       *  visited before its children.
       */
      def preTransform(tree: Tree): Tree = tree match {
        case anno@ValDef(Modifiers(_, _, List(Apply(Select(New(Ident(SaTpe)), _), List(Literal(Constant(a))))), _), b, c, d) => //Apply(Select(New(Ident(SaTpe)), /*nme.CONSTRUCTOR*/_), /*List(x)*/x)
          val str = a.toString
          val strArr = str.getBytes("UTF-8")
          import scala.tools.nsc.{ Global, Settings, SubComponent }
          import scala.tools.nsc.reporters.{ ConsoleReporter, Reporter }

          val settings = new Settings()
          val compiler = new Global(settings, new ConsoleReporter(settings)) {
            override def onlyPresentation = true
          }

          val run = new compiler.Run
          val vfName = "Script.scala"
          var vfile = new scala.tools.nsc.io.VirtualFile(vfName)

          val os = vfile.output
          os.write(strArr, 0, str.size) // void  write(byte[] b, int off, int len)
          os.close
          new scala.tools.nsc.util.BatchSourceFile(vfName, str)
          run.compileFiles(vfile :: Nil)
          for (unit <- run.units) {
            println("Unit: " + unit)
            println("Body:\n" + unit.body)
          }
          tree

        case _ =>
          tree
      }

      override def transform(tree: Tree): Tree = {
        super.transform(preTransform(tree))
      }
    }
  }

A:

I don't know if this helps you much, but instead of fiddling with the Interpreter, you can use treeFrom( aString ) which is part of the scala-refactoring project ( http://scala-refactoring.org/ ). doesn't answer your question about cross-bindings, though...


X Case

The UK and Ireland has been festooned with talent shows this last decade, and have completely permeated (or is that punctured?) popular culture in that time. But it's got to the point where it seems the Irish government is using Britain's Got Talent as the template for abortion law.

It is abhorrent that it should come to this. That we should need a martyr - Savita Halappanavar. Are the Irish people not smart enough that we might have heeded the warnings and stopped this tragedy before it happened?


[Benign adenoma of the middle ear].
Benign adenoma of the middle ear is a tumor from glandular mucosa. In most of the cases, it is revealed between 40 and 60 year old, by a conductive hearing loss with a greyish mass behind intact tympanic membrane. Scanography demonstrated a no specific tumor, without bone destruction. The ossicular chain is usually respected. The histologics findings show two distinctive type of cells: glandular and neuroendocrine differentiation. The treatment is surgical. A regularly follow up is necessary to diagnostic recurrence.


---
abstract: |
    Recently, Chornock and co-workers announced the Pan-STARRS discovery of a transient source reaching an apparent peak luminosity of $\sim$$4
    \times 10^{44}$ergs$^{-1}$. We show that the spectra of this transient source are well fit by normal TypeIa supernova (SNIa) templates. The multi-band colors and light-curve shapes are also consistent with normal SNeIa at the spectroscopically determined redshift of $z=1.3883$; however, the observed flux is a constant factor of $\sim$30 times too bright in each band over time as compared to the templates. At minimum, this shows that the peak luminosities inferred from the light-curve widths of some SNeIa will deviate significantly from the established, empirical relation used by cosmologists. We argue on physical grounds that the observed fluxes do not reflect an intrinsically luminous SNIa, but rather [PS1-10afx]{} is a normal SNIa whose flux has been magnified by an external source. The only known astrophysical source capable of such magnification is a gravitational lens. Given the lack of obvious lens candidates, such as galaxy clusters, in the vicinity, we further argue that the lens is a supermassive black hole or a comparatively low-mass dark matter halo. In this case, the lens continues to magnify the underlying host galaxy light. If confirmed, this discovery could impact a broad range of topics including cosmology, gamma-ray bursts, and dark matter halos.
author:
- 'Robert M. Quimby, Marcus C. Werner, Masamune Oguri, Surhud More, Anupreeta More, Masayuki Tanaka, Ken’ichi Nomoto, Takashi J. Moriya, Gaston Folatelli, Keiichi Maeda & Melina Bersten'
title: 'Extraordinary Magnification of the Ordinary TypeIa Supernova PS1-10afx'
---

Introduction
============

TypeIa supernovae (SNeIa) represent a remarkably homogeneous class of cataclysmic explosions. While some debate remains over the precise physical nature of their progenitors and explosion mechanism [e.g. @howell2011], a large body of evidence shows that SNeIa reach nearly standard peak luminosities [e.g. @yasuda_fukugita2010], and there is a strong correlation between this and other observables, most notably their light-curve shapes [@phillips1993], which can be used to standardize this peak power. This relation has famously been exploited to probe the cosmology of our universe [e.g. @riess1998; @perlmutter1999].

SNeIa are understood from theoretical work to be thermonuclear explosions involving C/O white dwarf stars, a fact which is now supported by observational constraints on the progenitor systems [@nugent2011; @bloom2012]. The peak luminosities of SNeIa and the tight relationship between these and their light-curve shapes can be understood in terms of the mass of radioactive $^{56}$Ni produced in the first seconds of the explosion and the opacities of the ejected material [e.g. @kasen2007].

Recently, @chornock2013 (hereafter C13) have presented a transient, [PS1-10afx]{}, from the Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System 1 (Pan-STARRS1; @kaiser2010) survey with a light-curve shape similar to SNeIa, but with an apparent luminosity far larger ($\sim 4.1 \times 10^{44}$ergs$^{-1}$). The redshift can be set precisely at $z=1.3883$ based on narrow interstellar emission lines presumably from the relatively faint, and compact galaxy within $0\farcs1$ of the transient. The apparent luminosity of [PS1-10afx]{} is similar to so-called superluminous supernovae [@galyam2012], but the colors and fast evolving light curve are not.

In this letter we argue that [PS1-10afx]{} is a normal SNIa with a normal peak luminosity that has been magnified by a gravitational lens. We show that the spectra are consistent with normal SNeIa in §\[spectra\]. In in §\[phot\], we show this classification is supported by the photometry of [PS1-10afx]{}, but the fluxes are much brighter than the light-curve width would suggest. In §\[lens\] we consider various gravitational lensing scenarios to explain the anomalous brightness of [PS1-10afx]{}. We conclude in §\[conclusions\] with a summary of our results and discuss the implications of this discovery.

Spectroscopic Classification {#spectra}
============================

We first consider the spectroscopic nature of [PS1-10afx]{}, as spectroscopic features define the classification system of supernovae [e.g. @wheeler_harkness1990; @filippenko1997]. Our analysis is limited to the four spectra presented by C13. We assign spectroscopic classifications using the SN template $\chi^2$ fitting package, [ superfit]{} [@howell2005]. We employed 157 representative SNIa templates with a roughly Gaussian distribution of phases ($7 \pm 13$ days), 135 SNIbc templates ($12 \pm 15$ days), and 95 SNII templates. These include normal supernovae (e.g. 1994D, 1992A, 1994I, 1984L) as well as peculiar (e.g. 1991bg, 1991T, 1998bw). The templates are redshifted, (de)reddened and combined with galaxy templates to fit the observed spectra. Based on the host galaxy SED presented in C13, we only consider a standard Sc type galaxy template below, although our results do not change significantly if we adopt other templates.

![Spectra of [PS1-10afx]{} (with contaminating galaxy light removed) compared to templates of normal SNIa as matched using [ superfit]{}. Phases for [PS1-10afx]{} are rest-frame days after the derived epoch of B-band maximum. The last two spectra are shown both before and after smoothing (light and dark colors, respectively).[]{data-label="fig:spec"}](f1.eps){width="\linewidth"}

![Comparison of the near maximum light, rest-frame spectra of [PS1-10afx]{} to a normal SNIa (upper panel) and a representative SNIc (lower panel). Features demarcating the difference between the SNIa and SNIc types are highlighted in light gray. []{data-label="fig:spec2"}](f2.eps){width="\linewidth"}

The (observer-frame) NIR spectrum taken on 2010 September 18 covers the rest-frame optical wavelength range over which the defining spectroscopic signatures of supernovae can be found. Using [ superfit]{} we find that the spectrum is well matched by normal SNeIa such as 1998aq and 1998bu near maximum light (see figures \[fig:spec\] and \[fig:spec2\]). The top 5 matches have an average phase relative to B-band maximum of $-3.2 \pm 3.7$days. SNIc templates provide poorer quality fits and must be artificially de-reddened by large amounts ($A_V \sim -2$). Likewise, subluminous, SN1991bg-like SNeIa cannot match the features or relatively blue continuum of [PS1-10afx]{}, although SN1986G also yields an acceptable fit with $A_V = -2$. Matches to SNIa with more shallow silicon, such as 1999aa, are also allowed. Such fits favor less galaxy light contamination, which can wash out the ‘6150’ feature. The ‘5800’ feature falls in a strong telluric absorption band, so we cannot compute the pseudo-equivalent width ratio to definitively identify the SNIa subgroup to which [PS1-10afx]{} belongs.

Figure \[fig:spec2\] emphasizes that several signatures of the SNIa class are present in this near maximum light spectrum of [PS1-10afx]{}. In addition to the features, which define this class, there is a strong “W”, which is not seen in other supernova types.

We also used the spectral cross-correlation package, [snid]{} version 5.0 with version 2.0 of the templates to classify the spectra [@blondin2007]. Unlike [superfit]{}, [snid]{} is not able to correct for contaminating galaxy light and it ignores the overall continuum shape. The only acceptable matches (those with the quality-of-fit parameter ${\rm rlap} > 5$) are for SNIa templates. The best match is to the normal SNIa, 2008Z (${\rm rlap}=6.3$), but some SN1991T-like templates match as well (e.g. SN1998es; ${\rm
  rlap}=5.1$). The best-fitting SN1991bg-like template is SN1999by (${\rm rlap}=3.3$), and the best-fitting SNIc template is SN2004aw (${\rm rlap}=3.1$).

Using [superfit]{}, we similarly find that the other three spectra are best fit by SNIa templates. The (observer-frame) optical spectrum obtained on 2010 September 26 and the (observer-frame) NIR spectrum obtained two days later are noisier than the first spectra, but they are each of sufficient quality to uniquely classify with [ superfit]{}. Both of these spectra are again consistent with normal SNeIa. The fits show that below $\sim$2800Å and above $\sim$6000 Å, most of the signal is from contaminating galaxy light, which would be consistent with the host SED fit in C13. Assigning this light instead to the transient, C13 disfavor classifying [PS1-10afx]{} as a SNIa.

To summarize, any of the four spectra presented in C13 can be used to classify [PS1-10afx]{} as a SNIa. The template fits set the redshift of the supernova at $z=1.38$ (to a typical precision of about $\pm 0.01$) independent of the host redshift. We thus securely conclude that [PS1-10afx]{} can be spectroscopically classified as a SNIa at a redshift consistent with its apparent host galaxy.

Photometric Classification {#phot}
==========================

Spectroscopically normal SNeIa have similar light curves [e.g. @hicken2009a; @ganeshalingam2010]. In this section, we test whether [PS1-10afx]{} is photometrically consistent with normal SNeIa using the photometry from C13.

To predict the expected observer-frame magnitudes for a normal SNIa at a redshift of $z=1.3883$ in each of the photometric bands employed, we use the spectral templates of @hsiao2007 and a flat, $H_0 =
74$kms$^{-1}$, $\Omega_m = 0.27$ cosmology. The templates represent the average from over a thousand individual observations of normal SNeIa. We adjust the pre-maximum template phases to have a rise time of 18 days, the average value for SNeIa with normal B-band declines over 15 days after peak, $\Delta m_{15}(B) = 1.1$mag [@ganeshalingam2011].

Using [mpfit.pro]{} in IDL, we fit the Hsiao templates to the observed photometry (detections only) with three free parameters: the epoch of B-band maximum, a single “stretch” term, and a global flux scaling term. We first consider only the photometry from C13 measured after removal of quiescent light using PSF-matched templates taken with the same instruments and filters. These data include 24 detections in the [$r_{\rm P1}$]{}, [$i_{\rm P1}$]{}, [$z_{\rm P1}$]{}, and [$y_{\rm P1}$]{} bands over 19 rest-frame days. The best fit template has a $\chi^2$/DoF of $20.4 / 20 = 1.02$ and indicates B-band maximum occurred on ${\rm MJD} = 55462.1 \pm 0.6$ (see Fig. \[fig:phot\]). From the stretched template we measure $\Delta m_{15}(B) = 1.22 \pm 0.09$mag. This rules out SNeIa like 1999aa, which have $\sim$0.8mag declines. For $H_0=74$, the MLCS2k2 light-curve fitting package [@jha2007] predicts such SNeIa should have peak absolute magnitudes of $M_{B} = -19.08 \pm 0.1$. The observed magnitudes are $3.72 \pm 0.03$mag brighter. C13 note that [PS1-10afx]{} is 3.8 magnitudes brighter than HST04Sas, a spectroscopically confirmed SNIa at $z=1.39$ [@riess2007].

The Hsiao template fit also suggests a rise to B-band maximum of $\sim$16 days, which is normal for SNeIa [e.g. @ganeshalingam2011]; however, prior to the first detection, there is a [$i_{\rm P1}$]{} (rest-frame 3160Å) limit 0.5mag below the template prediction. We attribute this to a problem in the template. @brown2012 have shown that the UV light curves of SNeIa do not rise as smoothly as the templates assume. Rather, there is a rapid rise in flux near the epoch in question. The Hsiao templates over predict the UV flux at earlier phases. @brown2012 demonstrate that fitting a “fireball” ($L
\propto t^2$) model to UV observations of SN2011fe near and after this phase will underestimate the true rise time; this would explain the faster rise favored by C13.

![Observed photometry of [PS1-10afx]{} from C13 compared to the best fit SNIa templates. The lower panel shows the observed minus expected magnitudes, with the template’s peak brightness set by the $\Delta m_{15}(B)$ to peak-luminosity relation and our chosen cosmology. The dotted line is the best-fit magnitude bias, which is used to shift the template curves in the main panel to match the data. []{data-label="fig:phot"}](f3.eps){width="\linewidth"}

The remaining photometry from C13, based on cross instrument measurements, is also shown in figure \[fig:phot\]. C13 point out that their $z\arcmin$ measurements near maximum light are 0.2mag brighter than their [$z_{\rm P1}$]{} data from similar phases, but the $r\arcmin$ and $i\arcmin$ measurements appear consistent with the [$r_{\rm P1}$]{} and [$i_{\rm P1}$]{} bands, respectively. They do not, however, discuss systematic offsets between the four different instruments employed for the NIR photometry, or how cross filter differences may vary with time as the spectra of [PS1-10afx]{} evolve (i.e. the $0.2$mag offset between the $z$ bands is expected for a SNIa near maximum, but the difference increases to $\sim$0.4mag on day $+23$). Some of the NIR measurements have the host light removed not through PSF-matched image subtraction, but numerically. It is not clear if the supernova light was measured in the same 1.7 radius aperture as the host photometry, or how C13 may have accounted for systematic differences between the measurements, but some of the J-band measurements of [PS1-10afx]{} have errors in flux that are smaller than the host’s error. Including the NIR measurements, the $\chi^2$/DoF for the template fit increases to 2.0, but allowing for a small systematic error ($\sim$0.1mag) results in a good fit ($\chi^2$/DoF = 1.2).

From the overall excellent agreement in the spectra, light-curve shapes, and colors predicted from the SNIa templates, we conclude that [PS1-10afx]{} is a normal SNIa. The well established physical models for SNeIa suggest that the observed flux excess is not intrinsic to the supernova itself; rather, [PS1-10afx]{} has been magnified by an external source.

Source of the Magnification {#lens}
===========================

As a normal SNIa, we can calculate the actual luminosity of [PS1-10afx]{} and compare this to its inferred luminosity to derive the signal magnification. This results in a magnification factor of $30.8^{+5.6}_{-4.8}$ assuming a SNeIa dispersion of $\sigma=0.18$mag after $\Delta m_{15}(B)$ correction. The only astrophysical object capable of such large, achromatic signal magnification is a gravitational lens. In this section, we consider the possible lensing scenarios that may explain the anomalous properties of [PS1-10afx]{}.

Massive galaxy clusters are perhaps the best known sources of strong gravitational lensing. C13 point out that there is no evidence for such a cluster in the Pan-STARRS1 data. A red sequence cluster finder [@finoguenov2010] also shows no evidence for a massive cluster in the deeper CFHT images [@gwyn2008]. With a galaxy cluster lens, we would also expect strong distortion of the host into an arc (or arcs). We thus conclude that [PS1-10afx]{} is not lensed by a galaxy cluster.

Moving to small scales, we next consider micro-lensing events. It is possible for a massive source in our Galaxy to greatly magnify light from a background source, but the peculiar motion of the lens across the plane of the sky requires the magnification factor to vary with time. The magnification of typical micro-lensing events varies by a factor of a few over $\sim$20 day periods [e.g. @besla2013], whereas [PS1-10afx]{} appears consistent with a constant magnification over at least 2 months.

Individual galaxies may magnify supernovae as well [see @mortsell2001; @oguri_marshall2010]. There is a galaxy to the south east with $z_{\rm photo} \sim 0.6$ [@ilbert2006], but the separation, about 8, is far too large for this to be a viable lensing candidate. Alternatively, the lensing galaxy could be directly in front of, and thus confused with the host. In this case, the lensing galaxy must be faint or physically compact to be compatible with the available imaging. The lensing galaxy also cannot have much dust nor can it harbor an optically luminous AGN as the photometry of [PS1-10afx]{} do not indicate reddening, and the spectra do not show emission lines aside from the nebular lines in the SN rest-frame. These constraints may allow for a compact red galaxy as the lens, and the light from this object may dominate the true host galaxy’s NIR emission.

![Plausible gravitational lensing scenarios. [*Top panel:*]{} Mass-lensing redshift ($z_{\rm lens}$) plane for a point mass. [ *Lower panel:*]{} Velocity dispersion-lensing redshift plane for an isothermal lens.[]{data-label="fig:lens"}](f4.eps){width="\linewidth"}

The apparent lack of obvious, luminous material at the lens redshift could suggest the lens is a dark matter halo with little baryonic material, such as the compact red galaxy noted above, or an isolated, supermassive black hole. Figure \[fig:lens\] depicts plausible lens parameters for a point mass and for an isothermal body that meet the following criteria.

We require a large magnification, so the supernova can only be slightly misaligned from the lensing object with an Einstein radius, $b$, by an angle, $\beta$. For a point mass we have $$b=\left[\frac{4GM}{c^2} \frac{{{D_{\rm ls}}}}{{{D_{\rm s}}}{{D_{\rm l}}}}\right]^{1/2}\,,
\label{einst_rad}$$ where ${{D_{\rm ls}}}$, ${{D_{\rm l}}}$ and ${{D_{\rm s}}}$ are the angular diameter distance between the lens and the source, between us and the lens and between us and the source, respectively. For an isothermal body, $$b=4\pi\,\left(\frac{\sigma}{c}\right)^2 \frac{{{D_{\rm ls}}}}{{{D_{\rm s}}}}\,,
\label{einst_rad_sis}
\vspace{0.1cm}$$ where $\sigma$ is the velocity dispersion. The angular separation between the two images is given by $\Delta \theta \simeq 2 b$. [PS1-10afx]{} is apparently unresolved in the Pan-STARRS1 images, so we adopt $\Delta\theta < 0.4$. For the point mass, the sum of the magnifications of the two images is given by $$\mu_{\rm tot} = \frac{(2+x^2)}{x(x^2+4)^{1/2}}\,,
\label{summag}$$ with $x = \beta / b$. Setting $\mu_{\rm tot} = 30.8$, we find that $x
= 0.03$. For the isothermal body, $$\mu_{\rm tot} = \frac{2b}{\beta}=\frac{2}{x}\,,
\label{summag_sis}$$ and thus $x = 0.06$.

The angular size of [PS1-10afx]{}’s photosphere must be smaller than the misalignment angle (i.e. $\theta_{\rm SN} < 0.1 \beta$) to avoid changes in the effective magnification over time. Also, the angle by which the lens moves with respect to [PS1-10afx]{} during the two months of observations cannot be large or, like the micro-lensing examples cited above, the magnification would vary. These constraints are also depicted in figure \[fig:lens\]. In addition, the light curve fit from §\[phot\] suggests that the time delay, $\Delta t$, between images is small (we further note a lack of evidence for mircolensing distortions; @dobler_keeton2006).

Conclusions and Discussion {#conclusions}
==========================

[PS1-10afx]{} is a TypeIa supernova. This is strictly true since the spectra of [PS1-10afx]{} show strong features and no hydrogen, which are the defining characteristics of the SNIa class. In addition, normal SNeIa can explain the light-curve shape and broad band colors, as well as the phase of the spectra with respect to the photometric B-band maximum light epoch while other varieties of supernovae are incompatible with these observations. However, we find that the flux measurements for [PS1-10afx]{} are systematically $\sim$30 times brighter than can be explained by a SNIa with the observed light-curve shape. At a minimum, this shows that some SNeIa, which otherwise appear perfectly normal, can have fluxes greatly exceeding the well known luminosity to light-curve width relation, which is fundamental to the use of SNeIa as cosmological probes.

We next consider the physical origin of [PS1-10afx]{}’s apparently anomalous flux. We argue that this cannot be representative of the intrinsic luminosity of the supernova based on physical grounds. The spectra of SNeIa have been extensively modeled and are found to be the results of thermonuclear explosions consuming carbon and oxygen to produce intermediate mass elements and iron peak elements including, most importantly, $^{56}$Ni, which radioactively decays to provide the input power for the light curve. C13 have already pointed out that $^{56}$Ni cannot produce both a luminosity of a few$\times
10^{44}$ergs$^{-1}$ as well as the 2-week time scale rise and fall of [PS1-10afx]{}: the mass of $^{56}$Ni required would exceed the allowed ejecta mass, which largely determines the light-curve time scale. [PS1-10afx]{} can thus not have both the spectroscopic features observed, which imply a thermonuclear origin, and an intrinsically high peak luminosity, which would require more complete thermonuclear burning than the light curves can accommodate. We conclude that [PS1-10afx]{} is a normal SNIa with a normal luminosity and that the anomalously bright flux observed is a result of factors external to the supernova.

The only known astrophysical scenario for achromatically magnifying the flux of an object is a gravitational lens. We have presented the physical constraints on a point mass lens and an isothermal lens based on geometrical considerations and the observed magnification factor. It should be noted that this magnification is independent of the existence of the supernova; it applied and still applies to the host environment of [PS1-10afx]{}.

This prediction of a persistent lensing source provides a test of our hypothesis. High spatial resolution images from [*HST*]{} may be able to resolve the Einstein ring from the magnified host galaxy. If the lens is a compact red galaxy then color information should distinguish it from the blue, star-forming galaxy in the background. If a foreground galaxy is not detected, then this would either suggest that more exotic lensing systems, such as free floating black holes, are required or it could support the hypothesis of C13 that a new class of superluminous supernovae is required to explain [PS1-10afx]{}.

New physics may not be needed, however, since known physical processes can already provide a satisfying explanation. @oguri_marshall2010 have predicted that $\sim$0.1 SNeIa strongly lensed into resolved pairs or quads should be found in the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey. Revising this calculation to include SNeIa with unresolved images, we calculate 0.8 events are expected. It is thus statistically plausible for Pan-STARRS1 to have detected a gravitationally lensed SNIa as we have concluded. Due to Malmquist bias in the selection of candidates, objects with larger magnifications are more likely to be detected and followed up. Monte Carlo simulations (following @oguri_marshall2010) show that magnification factors of $\sim$20 are expected from strong lenses in the flux-limited Pan-STARRS1 sample even though there are many more SNeIa with lower magnifications in a given volume. Such highly lensed SNeIa may impose a larger systematic error in future, high precision cosmological measurements than previously thought [e.g. @holz_linder2005].

A larger “milli-lensing” sample may give some insight into the distribution of these lensing systems. For example, such observations can be used to obtain constraints on the number of dark subhalos around galaxies that have been speculated to exist [@simon2007]. Sources at larger redshifts (e.g. $z > 1$) have a substantially larger optical depth to foreground lenses and are thus much more likely to be lensed. We speculate that other flux limited samples of transient objects may already be contaminated with lensed events. In particular, some of the massive, red galaxies coincident with “dark” gamma-ray bursts may be foreground lenses to even higher redshift events [@perley2013].

It may become increasingly common to find lensed transients like [PS1-10afx]{} as next generation optical transient surveys with the Dark Energy Camera, the Hyper-Suprime Camera, and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, begin deep, wide-area surveys. Such discoveries may be exploited to probe the expansion of our universe [e.g. @oguri_kawano2003; @linder2011], or as tests of gravity [e.g. @smith2009].

We thank Kevin Bundy and Christopher Kochanek for comments. This work was supported in part by the Kakenhi Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)(24740118) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the World Premier International Research Center Initiative, MEXT, Japan, and the FIRST program, “Subaru Measurements of Images and Redshifts (SuMIRe)”.

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Polydrug use by high-school students: involvement and correlates.
A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on 273 self-admitted high-school drug users' descriptions of how frequently they had employed marijuana, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, solvents, and opiates during the preceding year. Four types of polydrug users were identified and considered as representing an ordinal scaling of the students along a continuum of overall involvement with drugs, and each user was assigned an index score based on his typal membership. A stepwise multiple regression was then performed to discover which of the students' background characteristics and attitudes were related to their polydrug involvement scores. The search for pleasant sensations, the desire for expanded creativity, and the belief that one would cease taking drugs if they were conclusively shown to be harmful were more powerful predictors of polydrug involvement than any of the sociocultural factors.


It is in one of the in-between times, when Mom has decided to let me out for a while. Perhaps she has grown fearful of Social Services. Perhaps she intends to inspect the house from roots to rafters and wants me out of the way. Perhaps she’s simply sick of watching me all day and all night. I don’t know. I know better than to question it.

My friends and I are at a hotel for a school function of some sort. I don’t remember exactly why. Band, or perhaps Key Club? It doesn’t matter. I have reached a point where nothing seems very real anymore.

I am wearing an orange dress my mother bought me. It’s hideous, but I don’t realize that until later. Jesse is with me. He is holding me. I am grateful for that.

We are on one of the upper floors. We are beside a railing. It overlooks the center of the hotel. We are talking. I don’t know what about.

I can see us standing there together. Me in that ugly orange dress with my hair cut short, my face buried in his shoulder. Him with his arms wrapped in a circle around me. I can see it, see it as if I’m above it and not inside it, and in my mind I’ve gotten up onto the railing and I’m teetering there, on the verge of going over, and I don’t know how to stop it; don’t know if I even care anymore about trying to stop it.

Stunned and happy and heartbroken. To see that moment, captured forever on film, somehow makes it all the more devastating, all the more real. The picture can’t tell what we were saying or thinking. Yet somehow it does. Somehow, it does.

Whew…your ability to tell your story in such deep ways takes my breath away. The photo even feels surreal for me! I can’t imagine having a moment like that during a time as what you endured show up on film. Now, if that happened today, sure! Keep push this story out.

Visual flashbacks. So glad you didn’t go over that railing (at least literally.) I know how it feels to go over it emotionally time and time again and still find ourselves in the same place we were before. So glad for the passing of time and the healing and lessons it brings. Happy New Year

That must have been a jolt, seeing that. And the surrounds. It’s that that catches me in photos where I recall the moment but then see the context, the humdrumminess of it all and I can put myself back there even more deeply than when I only have the memory and not the image. Touching stuff


In accordance with Chapter 315 Traffic Control Devices of the Code of Ordinances, City of Creve Coeur, all traffic at the following listed locations shall be controlled by electrically operated traffic signals:

Location

Baur Boulevard and Lindbergh Boulevard, westbound

Coeur de Ville Drive and Woodcrest Executive Drive

Conway Road and Entrance Drive

Conway Road and McAuley Drive

Conway Road and South New Ballas Road

Craig Road and West Oak Square (driveway)

Ladue Road (Route AB) and Beacon Hill Lane

Ladue Road (Route AB) and Coeur de Ville Drive

Ladue Road (Route AB) and Emerson Road

Ladue Road (Route AB) and I-270 (each side of I-270 overpass)

Ladue Road (Route AB) and Mason Road (south)

Ladue Road (Route AB) and Woodbridge Manor Road

Ladue Road and Graeser Road

Ladue Road and Mosley Road

Ladue Road and North New Ballas Road

Ladue Road and Spoede Road

Lindbergh Boulevard (Route 67) and Baur Boulevard, northbound

Lindbergh Boulevard (Route 67) and Chaminade turnaround

Lindbergh Boulevard (Route 67) and Ladue Road

Lindbergh Boulevard (Route 67) and Quailways Drive turnaround

Lindbergh Boulevard (Route 67) and Schuetz Road, southbound

N. New Ballas Road at 522 N. New Ballas Road (ingress/egress)

N. New Ballas Road at City Place Drive

N. New Ballas Road and Conway Road

N. New Ballas Road and Craig Road

N. New Ballas Road and Magna Carta Drive

N. New Ballas Road and Old Ballas Road

N. New Ballas Road and Ladue Road

N. New Ballas Road and Studt Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Barnes West Drive

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Center Parkway Drive

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Craig Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Cross Creek Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Fee Fee Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Fernview Drive

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Graeser Road/Dautel Lane

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Heritage Place

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and I-270 (both east and west end
of overpass)

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Mary Meadows Lane

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Mason Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Monsanto Drive (east)

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Mosley Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and North New Ballas Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Old Ballas Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Old Olive East

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Old Olive West

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Pavilion Drive

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Questover Lane

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Ross Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Schulte Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Spoede Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Tempo Drive

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Timber Run

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and Warson Road

Olive Boulevard (Route 340) and West Oak Centre Drive/City Place
East Drive


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Q:

How to naturally encounter the properties of identity, commutativity, associativity, and distributivity (to define abstract algebra)?

In elementary school, I remember learning about the basic algebraic properties of the integers like identities, commutativity, associativity, and distributivity, and not really thinking much about them (I mean, as a kid I thought they were obvious and not worth dedicating a month to, haha). Now that I'm starting abstract algebra, these four things pop up again, but this time around, these laws seem far more mysterious, perhaps because they are being used as some sort of "basis" for generating a "valid" algebraic structure, instead of just random facts about numbers.
My question is this; I would expect there to be lots of formulas regarding elementary arithmetic, but somehow these four ideas generate everything. How could one trying to isolate algebraic properties of $\mathbb Z$ come up with this exact "basis"? Is there some kind of logical/algorithmic method we could use to systematically discover these laws and be sure that they encompass everything we care about when it comes to elementary arithmetic?
For example here: What is the role of associative and commutative properties in Mathematics and what if someone want to prove them??, one answer proved commutativity of addition from the Peano axioms. But surely there could be tons of little identities proven from the Peano axioms, about the same level of difficulty, so why should commutativity be so important compared to all the other "exercise problems"?
Phrased another way; is there another list of properties that in a sense is equivalent to the four I mentioned above? If so, what reasons would one consider when choosing which "basis" do define abstract algebra with?
The problem is that these laws don't seem obviously important a priori, so I am hoping that someone has some sort of motivating example to illustrate how these properties sort of "bubbled up" out of the stew containing all arbitrary identities. For example, one answer here: Jacobi identity - intuitive explanation, claims that the Jacobi identity arose out of examining the properties of an important commutator (though I do not at all know what that all means; it is just an example to illustrate what I would want a "motivating example" to look like).

An idea I had was that if someone could tell a story about building arithmetic from the Peano axioms, like here: https://www.math.wustl.edu/~kumar/courses/310-2011/Peano.pdf, sort of like: ok we defined the operator $+$ that takes in two things from $\mathbb N$ and spits out one thing in $\mathbb N$ recursively by saying $n+1 = \sigma(n)$ and $n+\sigma(m)=\sigma(n+m)$. Now an example: we already defined "$1$", and let's define $2$ as $2 = \sigma(1)$. Then $1+1=\sigma(1)=2$. Nice! How about $2+1$? Well, $2+1 = \sigma(2)$ which we'll call $3$. But what if I asked about $1+2$? Then the 1st rule won't help, but we can write $1+2=1+\sigma(1)=\sigma(1+1)=\sigma(2)=3$. Yay! But this was annoying because we know intuitively that switching the things around on the $+$ operator doesn't change anything, so let's prove this property (which we'll call commutativity).
However, I can't seem to shoehorn associativity or distributivity in a convincing manner, so perhaps this is the wrong approach.
Another idea I had was like starting again from the Peano axioms and then saying like "ok, we rigorously defined numbers and addition and multiplication and induction. Let's do the age old Gauss integer sum problem from the Peano axiom framework!". This problem immediately forces us to define addition for $n$ numbers (associativity), and then the end result involves $n(n+1)$ so distributivity comes up naturally. However, this is kind of awkward (like it's awkward to shoehorn in Gauss's sum problem randomly in the middle discussing foundational arithmetic--at least it feels slightly unnatural in my eyes), so I don't know. Phrased another way, my complaints for this idea is that there arise two questions: "why should we consider this Gauss problem" and "why should this problem be all that is needed to develop every property we care about in arithmetic"?
Criticisms and ideas are welcome!

A:

I think associativity and commutativity come very natural.
Suppose we want to give an abstract definition of what adding numbers is independent of the order means. What are the first things that come to mind? It doesn’t matter if we add $x$ and $y$ or $y$ and $x$, ie. commutativity. And (under the assumption that we aren’t capable of multitasking and can only add two numbers at a time) it doesn’t matter which two numbers of $x,y,z$ we add first. Now since we have commutativity, we have transpositions and thus arbitrary permutations, so we can reduce the second axiom to fix an order $(x,y,z)$ and express it as associativity.
Now the question becomes if the axioms suffice or if there is something left. Indeed fixing an order of the numbers of a summation, say small to large, by an inductive argument we see that by commutativity and associativity any summation equals the summation with fixed order. Thus we have found two axioms which precisely state that addition is independent of the order.
For distributivity I don’t have a good explanation though. It comes rather natural from a geometric standpoint, but it is not clear to me why commutativity, associativity and distributivity together encapsulate all one needs to do number theory.
A very abstract notion which kind of circumvents the generating axioms problem is given by Lawvere theories. Instead of considering axioms, which generate the theory of say groups, one considers the whole theory at once, ie. doesn’t prefer one relation over the other. Yet I believe that to do something with such theories, one has to pick a basis for the theory. The three axioms above happened to be ones, which came most naturally.

A:

This question is of course pretty vague and opinion-based. However, here's some "motivating example[s] to illustrate how these properties sort of "bubbled up" out of the stew containing all arbitrary identities".
First off, you should be aware that mathematics usually proceeds from the specific to the general, which is backwards from how it's often taught after the key insights and properties have been isolated. Mathematicians aren't always particularly good at calling out the motivating examples either. Without those motivating examples, it can be very hard to see why their abstractly isolated properties are so important.
Groups
Groups are modeled entirely on collections of automorphisms (more classically, "symmetries"). The dihedral groups, i.e. the symmetries of a regular $n$-gon under rigid motions, are perfect examples. Identity, associativity, and inverses are obvious for such "concrete" automorphism groups. Cayley's theorem says that all abstract groups can be realized concretely as a subgroup of permutations.
Fields
Fields are modeled entirely on two ancient examples--$\mathbb{Q}, \mathbb{R}$--and one very old example--$\mathbb{C}$. Identity, commutativity, associativity, distributivity, and inverses all hold for clear geometric reasons.
If you study linear systems of equations, you'll almost surely start with coefficients from one of these three structures. You'll eventually view them geometrically and generally invent linear algebra (subspaces, bases, kernels, ...). You could write out three different versions of linear algebra, one for $\mathbb{Q}$, one for $\mathbb{R}$, one for $\mathbb{C}$, but you'll immediately notice the proofs are literally identical and just use identity, associativity, distributivity, and division [commutativity is generally unnecessary, actually; see division rings]. Anyway, bam--you've just invented the general concept of modules over a field.
Beyond those three, the next most important examples are the finite fields $\mathbb{F}_p$ and number fields, $\mathbb{Q}(\alpha)$. Galois theory does an excellent job of motivating these, e.g. the proof that you can't trisect an arbitrary angle considers a number field as a module over a base number field. Trying to attack Diophantine equations "locally" motivates them as well. If you hadn't already phrased linear algebra for an arbitrary field, you'd almost surely do so at this point. (After those examples, function fields and residue fields are where it's at.)
Rings
Commutative rings are modeled entirely on function spaces. Take $X = \{f \colon \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}\}$. You can add and multiply these functions (point-wise) and they inherit identity, commutativity, associativity, and distributivity from $\mathbb{R}$.
One quickly restricts the type of functions allowed, typically measurable, smooth, continuous, rational [so partially defined], or algebraic. Each restriction technically results in a new algebraic structure, and often you want to replace $\mathbb{R}^2$ with other spaces, but the most basic properties remain the same. For instance, using polynomial functions from $\mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}$ results in the $n$-variable polynomial ring $X = \mathbb{R}[x_1, \ldots, x_n]$. We don't want to require division to always be valid, since functions can be zero at some points. So we just don't require it.
From a purely algebraic standpoint, by far the most important example of a commutative ring is a finitely presented algebra over a field, $k[x_1, \ldots, x_n]/(p_1, \ldots, p_m)$. These show up all the time "in nature": they precisely model the functions on a space where two functions are considered equivalent if they have the same values on a fixed subset. For instance, if you're doing polynomial interpolation, you'll immediately ask how unique your solution is. Hilbert's basis theorem says these are all the examples under appropriate finiteness constraints.
On the non-commutative side, the most important example is probably rings of square matrices. These too are function spaces, namely linear functions $\mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n$, say, where the product is composition instead of point-wise multiplication.
Other important non-commutative examples include group rings (motivated beautifully by representation theory; these can also be thought of as scalar-valued functions on the group) and Weyl algebras (PDE's motivate these very well; they can be thought of as endomorphism rings). When studying these things, you'll inevitably invent modules over these rings, e.g. annihilators, ideals.
Lie Algebras
Since you mentioned it, I'll say that Lie algebras are entirely modeled after matrices under the commutator, and the Jacobi identity is the main general identity available. Alternatively, the Jacobi identity is exactly what you need to say the adjoint representation is a Lie algebra homomorphism, and the usual theory of the universal enveloping algebra says the Jacobi identity is the only general algebraic identity available in this setting. Ado's theorem says these are all the examples under appropriate finiteness constraints. This is then "globalized" to Lie groups.


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This hail mary from New England Patriots’ owner Robert Kraft has earned a cheer from New York’s biggest Jets superfan.

“I don’t like his team. They’ve been beating us up for quite some time. But Kraft is just a wonderful guy, so I’m not surprised by his actions,” said Jets superfan Ed Anzalone, aka Fireman Ed.

Anzalone was giving a salute to the tractor-trailer emblazoned with the Patriots logo that arrived in New York City Friday to deliver 300,000 N95 masks, courtesy of the New England NFL team and Kraft.

“My hatred for the Patriots is real…that doesn’t change. But this is a whole different ballgame,” Anzalone said. “This is about the human race and saving as many lives as possible.”

Kraft and his family spent $2 million on a 1.7 million-mask order from China, with plans to distribute the crucial supplies to Massachusetts, New York and Rhode Island as the country grapples with the worst recorded coronavirus outbreak in the world.

Kraft spoke of his personal ties to the city as a Columbia University grad and thanked Gov. Andrew Cuomo for his efforts during Thursday CNN appearance.

“I love the city. I love the people there,” Kraft said. “I don’t think everything going on is something that any of us could imagine.”

Anzalone cheered on the Pats trailer from his Bergen County home, where he said he’s following quarantine guidelines.

“I’m just being cautious and staying home, trying to do my part,” he said.


Tuesday, June 13, 2006

Harvard Magazine vs. The Yard

Interesting discussion in the Wall Street Journal about Harvard's decision to publish a new alumni magazine called The Yard -- apparently to get a better grip, as PR folks would say, on "managing the message." The article notes that Harvard Magazine, which gets financial support from the University, but is somewhat independent editorially, is not being nice enough when it comes to University affairs, and is impacting fundraising. Here's what the Wall Street Journal has to say:

Though financed in part by the university, Harvard Magazine has covered Mr. Summers's downfall as aggressively as any media outlet, opening its letters section to furious alumni and offering frank news reports on the campus row. But now university administrators, worried that the bimonthly magazine has gone over the line, have launched a new glossy publication to refocus their message to alumni. The new magazine's second issue was distributed last month, and it contains scant mention of Mr. Summers's troubles, his resignation or the crisis that has enveloped the university.

The move to supplement Harvard Magazine with an even more loyal, in-house organ reflects growing concern among many colleges and universities that editorially independent alumni magazines are damaging fund-raising efforts. The percentage of alumni contributing to their schools has been declining since 2001, according to surveys by the Council for Aid to Education, and Harvard hit a 16-year low in alumni participation in the last fiscal year.

I haven't read The Yard, but I was a regular reader of Harvard Magazine when I worked at Harvard, and really liked it. It was (and I assume, still is) intellectual, covered many obscure areas of research being conducted at Harvard, and was very text-heavy, old-fashioned and even comforting, in a New Yorker kind of way. I hope The Yard and the independent 02138 magazine don't put Harvard Magazine out of business; but I fear that the Alumni Affairs and Development Office's decision to fund The Yard may be a precursor to the administration pulling the plug on funding Harvard Magazine.

Disclosure: I worked in the Harvard University Alumni Affairs and Development Office Communications Department from 2002 to 2005.


Q:

Javascript alerts not matching radio form button

I'm creating a game and I'm using the radio button form. I set up alerts using jQuery when the user chooses the correct answer and wrong answer. The alerts work when the user picks the wrong answer but when the user selected the correct answer the jQuery will run through the entire script. I thought maybe the string from the radio button wasn't matching with the Jquery so I changed it and that didn't work. I tried to add variables and having those match and that didn't work along with few other rewrites but I keep running into the same problem. I have no clue what I'm missing, thanks for the time and help.

var skit = "In Living Color";
var girlPower = "Spice Girls";
var boyBand = "AJ, Brian, Nick, Kevin & Howie";
var tvShow = "Martin";
var nba = "Chicago Bulls";
var nfl = "New Orleans, Superdome";
var film = "Titanic";

window.onload = function() {
    event.preventDefault();
    $('#Container').hide();
    $('#start-btn').on('click', function() {
        $('#Container').toggle();
        $('#Intro').hide();
        $('#Score').hide();
        console.log("Quiz has started!");
    });
    $('#submit-btn').on('click', function() {
        Validate();
    })
    function Validate () {
        var skit = $('input[name = "skit"]:checked').val();
        console.log("skit!!", skit);
        var girlPower = $('input[name = "GP"]:checked').val();
        console.log(girlPower);
        var boyBand = $('input[name = "BS"]:checked').val();
        console.log(boyBand);
        var tvShow = $('input[name = "catch"]:checked').val();
        console.log(tvShow);
        var nba = $('input[name = "NBA"]:checked').val();
        console.log(nba);
        var nfl = $('input[name = "NFL"]:checked').val();
        console.log(nfl);
        var film = $('input[name = "film"]:checked').val();
        console.log(film);
        responses = [skit, girlPower, boyBand, tvShow, nba, nfl, film];
        for(i = 0; i < responses.length; i++) {
            if (responses[i] === undefined) {
                alert("answer all questions please");
                return
            }
        }
        if (skit === "In Living Color") {
            alert("Answer #1 is correct");
        }
        else if (skit === "MADTv", skit === "The Brady Bunch", skit === "Saturday Night Live"); {
            alert("Answer #1 is wrong = In Living Color");

        }
        if (girlPower === "Spice Girls") {
            alert("Answer #2 is correct");
        }
        else if (girlPower === "TLC", girlPower === "Destiny's Child", girlPower === "Dixie Chicks"); {
            alert("Answer #2 is wrong = Spice Girls");
        }
        if (boyBand === "AJ, Brian, Nick, Kevin & Howie") {
            alert("Answer #3 is correct");
        }
        else if (boyBand === "Justin, JC, Lance, Joey & Chris", boyBand === "Nick, Jeff, Drew & Justin",
        boyBand === "Mark, Travis & Tom"); {
            alert("Answer #3 is wrong = AJ, Brian, Nick, Kevin & Howie");
        }
        if (tvShow === "Martin") {
            alert("Answer #4 is correct");
        }
        else if (tvShow === "Moesha", tvShow === "Friends", tvShow === "Sex and The City"); {
            alert("Answer #4 is wrong = Martin");
        }
        if (nba === "Chicago Bulls") {
            alert("Answer #5 is correct");
        }
        else if (nba === "Houston Rockets", nba === "Los Angeles Lakers", nba === "San Antonio Spurs"); {
            alert("Answer #5 is wrong = Chicago Bulls");
        }
        if (nfl === "New Orleans, Superdome") {
            alert ("Answer #6 is correct");
        }
        else if (nfl === "San Diego, Qualcomm Stadium", nfl === "Miami, Joe Robbie Stadium",
        nfl === "Pasadena, Rose Bowl"); {
            alert("Answer #6 is wrong = New Orleans, Superdome");
        }
        if (film === "The Titanic") {
            alert("Answer #7 is correct");
        }
        else if (film === "The Lion King", film === "Jurrasic Park", film === "The Color Purple"); {
            alert("Answer #7 is wrong = The Titanic");
        }
    }
}

<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">

    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Share+Tech+Mono&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="./assets/css/reset.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="./assets/css/style4.css">
    <title>90's Pop Trivia</title>

Click the start button to begin the 90's QUIZ

        <button id="start-btn">Start game</button>

        <form class="quizForm" action="" onsubmit="Validate()" method="post">

What is the name of the skit show started by a famous family?

                <input type="radio" name="skit" value="In Living Color"> In Living Color
                <input type="radio" name="skit" value="The Brady Bunch"> The Brady Bunch
                <input type="radio" name="skit" value="MADTv"> MADTv
                <input type="radio" name="skit" value="SNL"> Saturday Night Live

Which of these iconic girl groups coin the phrase "Girl Power"?

                <input type="radio" name="GP" value="Destiny's Child"> Destiny's Child
                <input type="radio" name="GP" value="TLC"> TLC
                <input type="radio" name="GP" value="Spice Girls"> Spice Girls
                <input type="radio" name="GP" value="Dixie Chicks"> Dixie Chicks

What are the name of the memebers of the boy band Backstreet Boys?

                <input type="radio" name="BS" value="Justin, JC, Lance, Joey, Chris"> Justin, JC, Lance, Joey & Chris
                <input type="radio" name="BS" value="AJ, Brian, Nick, Kevin, Howie"> AJ, Brian, Nick, Kevin & Howie
                <input type="radio" name="BS" value="Nick, Jeff, Drew, Justin"> Nick, Jeff, Drew & Justin
                <input type="radio" name="BS" value="Mark, Travis, Tom"> Mark, Travis & Tom

What tv show had this recongized catach-phrase "GET TO STEPPIN"?

                <input type="radio" name="catch" value="Moesha"> Moesha
                <input type="radio" name="catch" value="Martin"> Martin
                <input type="radio" name="catch" value="Friends"> Friends
                <input type="radio" name="catch" value="Sex and The City"> Sex and The City

Which NBA franchise won the NBA Finals the most from 1990-1999?

                <input type="radio" name="NBA" value="Houston Rockets"> Houston Rockets
                <input type="radio" name="NBA" value="Los Angeles Lakers"> Los Angeles Lakers
                <input type="radio" name="NBA" value="San Antonio Spurs"> San Antonio Spurs
                <input type="radio" name="NBA" value="Chicago Bulls"> Chicago Bulls

The NFL host a championship game called the "Superbowl", Superbowl XXIV was located in what city and stadium in 1990?

                <input type="radio" name="NFL" value="New Orleans, Superdome"> New Orleans, Superdome
                <input type="radio" name="NFL" value="San Diego, Qualcomm Stadium"> San Diego, Qualcomm Stadium
                <input type="radio" name="NFL" value="Miami, Joe Robbie Stadium"> Miami, Joe Robbie Stadium
                <input type="radio" name="NFL" value="Pasadena, Rose Bowl"> Pasadena, Rose Bowl

Which film in the 90's was the highest grossing film of decade?

                <input type="radio" name="film" value="The Lion King"> The Lion King
                <input type="radio" name="film" value="Jurrasic Park"> Jurrasic Park
                <input type="radio" name="film" value="The Color Purple"> The Color Purple
                <input type="radio" name="film" value="The Titanic"> The Titanic
        </form>
        <button id="submit-btn">Submit</button>

00:00

Congrarts! You have finished the 90's Pop Quiz!

A:

You have two problems in code like this:
else if (skit === "MADTv", skit === "The Brady Bunch", skit === "Saturday Night Live"); {
    alert("Answer #1 is wrong = In Living Color");
}

To test multiple conditions, you should separate them with ||, not ,.
You have ; immediately after the if(condition) part. This means that the block after it is not part of the if statement, it's a separate block that runs unconditionally.

The code should be:
else if (skit === "MADTv" || skit === "The Brady Bunch" || skit === "Saturday Night Live") {
    alert("Answer #1 is wrong = In Living Color");
}

But there isn't really any need for the else if condition. Just use else, since you're matching all the other possibilities.
else {
    alert("Answer #1 is wrong = In Living Color");
}


Activation of the M-CSF gene in mouse macrophages immortalized by retroviruses carrying a v-myc oncogene.
We have recently immortalized murine brain macrophages (microglial cells) with a complex of retroviruses (3RV) transducing separately the myc and mil oncogenes. Surprisingly, the immortalized cells harboured an exogenous v-myc oncogene, but no v-mil sequences. The transformed macrophage cell lines grew in vitro without the addition of exogenous growth factors and were also able to grow in vivo in nude mice. In addition, they released oncogenic retroviruses able to immortalize mouse macrophages from primary splenic or thymic cultures. Molecular cloning of the provirus (VN-11) harboured in a microglial clone demonstrated that no cell-derived sequences apart from an avian v-myc gene were transduced by the recombinant retrovirus. When cells were tested for production of myeloid growth factors, they were found to transcribe and synthesize the Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF). The correlation between viral infection and activation of the M-CSF gene was tested using a M-CSF dependent cell line from which growth factor independent clones could be readily obtained after infection. The synthesis of M-CSF was detected only in cells expressing the avian v-myc protein. These data support the hypothesis that, in our conditions, macrophages can be immortalized by the expression of v-myc and the concomitant establishment of an autocrine loop triggered by viral infection.


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Bandy is one of the biggest winter sports in Sweden, but until recently it was barely known outside of Scandinavia and Russia. Now some argue that the game is generating so much buzz it could soon become an Olympic sport.

It's a sort of field hockey on ice that's been played in Scandinavia for decades, but now the game of bandy is pressing to win a broader fan base – and international recognition.

A distant second favourite to the popular global winter sport ice hockey – of which it is thought to be an early ancestor – the high-tempo game involves two teams of 11 players on ice skates using hockey sticks to try to hit a ball into goals on a frozen pitch the size of a football field.

The sport – which is believed to have its origins in the the Middle Ages and gained brief popularity in England a hundred years ago – is mainly played in the Nordics. The first national bandy league was started in Sweden in 1902. The game is also popular in the Russian hinterland, where it is commonly known just as 'Russian hockey'.

At the 2016 annual Bandy World Cup held earlier this month in provincial Russia, teams from as far a field as the United States, China, Germany and even, surprisingly, war-torn Somalia took part.

The team from Somalia is made of up of refugees from the country living in Sweden. It started as an integration project, initiated by team manager Patrik Andersson in 2014. He said he and his friends were out on a pub crawl when they began discussing how to work together on the challenges faced by Borlänge, an old industrial town 200 kilometres west of Stockholm.

Speaking to the AFP news agency last year, he said he thought creating bridges between coexisting cultures "would make Borlänge a good city to live in".

However the team was knocked out in 2015 as well as in this year's tournament, which was eventually won by the hosts – and favourites – Russia.

Members of Somalia's bandy team, who live in Sweden. Photo: Pontus Lindahl/TT

Nevertheless Russian President Vladimir Putin – who often takes to the ice to play highly choreographed hockey games with his buddies before the state media – shone a rare spotlight on the sport by hosting the winning Russian team at his residence near Moscow.

"I'll give it a go. I've already learnt how to stand up on ice skates," joked Putin after one of the players asked him to try out bandy.

Veterans of the sport say that while its popularity may still be limited outside of the Nordics and Russia, there is plenty about the game that can get the fans excited.

"It's still unfamiliar with the public in many countries around the world but I'm positive that they will love it just after they have a chance to watch the action," Russian bandy great Mikhail Sveshnikov told AFP.

"It's a fast-paced and high scoring game and it's very hard not to fall in love with it."

President Vladimir Putin being given a bandy stick by Russian national player Yevgeny Ivanushkin in February. Photo: Mikhail Klimentyev/Sputnik/TT

But the game still seems to have a long way to go before the crowds come flocking.

On a recent evening only a handful of places were taken at a stadium just outside Moscow as local team Zorky took on Rodina from Kirov in central Russia.

Bobrov said that while bandy is more popular in its stronghold in the vast eastern region of Siberia it struggles to compete with other sports elsewhere.

"Maybe its because they don't have any alternative. But here we also have football and ice hockey."

That, however, has not stopped those in charge of the game here setting their sights high.

World bandy governing body (FIB) chief Boris Skrynnik said he is convinced the game can gain international popularity – and is currently pushing for it to be included at the Winter Olympics.

"I believe that bandy has the best chances among all of the winter sports to be included into the Olympic Games programme," Skrynnik told AFP.

With major Winter Olympic powerhouses such as Russia, the US, and China boasting teams, as well as Sweden and other Scandinavian nations, he says that should give the sport as good a chance as any of making it into the Beijing games in 2022.

"I don't see any serious obstacles that can prevent our game from becoming an Olympic sport."

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Archive for April 4th, 2018

The third story in my new Montana Bounty Hunters series is here! They’re coming fast and furious now. This month, I’ll be writing the fourth story in this series, Cochise! Be sure to check out the cover below—it’s beyond smokin’!

Reaper’s Ride is a crossover story with my sister’s Kindle World, Brotherhood Protectors, and features Carly and Reaper from the first story in the series, but you’ll get plenty of Dagger and Lacey, too. It’s hot and the takedowns are fun! I hope you love it!

If you have time, tell a friend about this story and, maybe, write a review. Readers trust other readers to let them know whether they should take a chance on a their next book boyfriend. If you love the stories, let someone know. And thanks!

Enjoy! ~DD

Reaper’s Ride

Reaper’s RiderMontana Bounty Hunters, #3

Badass Montana bounty hunter, Reaper Stenberg, is a take-ALL-prisoners kind of guy and goes balls-to-the-wall for every capture. Until he’s injured. The last thing he wants to admit is any vulnerability. And he doesn’t want to hear about it from his wife and partner, Carly. So, with a bum shoulder, he jumps headlong into the next job, working with teammates, Dagger and Lacey, to take down a dangerous arsonist. Soon, he wonders if he’s taken on more than he can chew, but it might be too late to admit he needs a little help…

And if you missed the first stories…

ReaperMontana Bounty Hunters, Book #1

Former Marine, Reaper Stenberg is a bounty hunter, running his own satellite agency of Montana Bounty Hunters, along with his partner, Jamie Burke. As a general rule, Reaper doesn’t like working with a partner, especially female partners. When chasing a bail-jumper, he prefers to keep his head down and follow the leads. He doesn’t like the “chatter” that usually accompanies working with a woman.

However, partnering with Jamie has taught him a few things. There are women who can focus on the job at hand without letting silly distractions get in the way of his concentration. Jamie is one of those rare creatures who doesn’t gossip, doesn’t get into his business, and can actually be useful when shit goes sideways and they have to get physical. Over the months since their boss, Fetch Winter, put them together, Reaper has come to admire the woman’s grit and ingenuity.

And then Jamie up and gets busy planning her wedding…

See what happens when Reaper has to deal with a ride-along author, Carly Wyatt, who–when shit goes sideways–proves his first female partner’s grit and ingenuity aren’t just lucky happenstance, and who challenges Reaper’s strict relationship rules.

Former Army Ranger, Daniel “Dagger” Renfrew, has been a lot of things—an Army Ranger, a Seattle beat cop, a PI, and now, a bounty hunter, which, so far, suits him just fine. In his job, he doesn’t look for easy takedowns. He likes lying in mud or snow with his binoculars trained on a window, hoping for a glimpse of the dirtbag whose mugshot he carries in his hip pocket. If they’re badasses—all the better. Dagger prefers when assholes try to run, because then he has an excuse to mix it up, get physical, and blow off steam in an all-out brawl—when the situation warrants, of course. One morning when he’s working his side gig, repossessing cars, he discovers the car he’s taking belongs to his old high school sweetheart, and there’s nothing like sweet revenge…

Lacey Jones is furious when she finds a very large, scary dude trying to steal her car. It’s the last straw. She’s lost her job and is about to lose her apartment, so there’s no way in hell she’s letting him take her damn car! When she discovers its Dagger, her old beau, she jumps into the car with him. When she learns how he makes a living, she’s curious…and then determined to become a bounty hunter herself. How hard can it be?

And here’s what’s next…

CochiseMontana Bounty Hunters, Book #4
Coming in May

Former Army sniper, Cochise Mercier, left Denver SWAT under a cloud of controversy, which was why he ended up back home in Montana, and where he heard about the Montana Bounty Hunters. The “cloud” didn’t seem to bother his new boss, so he’s “all in” and finding he enjoys hunting down fugitives for bounties, encumbered by fewer rules.

Sammy McCallister is a by-the-book sheriff’s deputy, who has a beef with bounty hunters. Forced to stand by with her gun in her holster, while hunters take down scumbags, she’s particularly irked by the new guy in town. Cochise, with his long black hair and thousand-yard-stare makes her uncomfortable, itchy in ways she’s never felt before. When she finds herself needing his help late one night, the reason for her irritation becomes all too clear. She wants him. But first, they have to make it out of the mountains alive…

It was 1995 or so, and I had made my home on the west coast of Florida with my husband and three kids. We’d been living there for about ten years, and the cost of living along with the cost of raising three kids was pinching a bit . . . plus, property values were up. Some very good friends of ours had recently sold their Florida farm for fat cash and moved up into Alabama, near Birmingham. They bragged about the low cost of living, property, et al. We drove up to visit and toyed with the idea of relocating there as well.

Yes, property was cheap. We went around with a real estate agent who showed us vacant land for hundreds of dollars an acre instead of thousands. He also said he had a very nice, antebellum home that was in some need of repair . . . it had been empty a long time. It was within our price range. We visited the home.

Wow. The tour of that day, apparently, branded my memory. I’d never been inside a plantation-style home, and this was laid out like a mini-Tara. Much smaller, but complete with soaring ceiling heights, a curved stairway, and upper and lower front porch galleries. It was, yes, in need of some TLC. Some updating. Maybe more than a little.

As I walked through that house I had the feeling I was being watched. Like we weren’t alone. The hair at the base of my neck prickled and gooseflesh puckered my skin, even though it was a very hot, summer day. I kept getting the unsettling feeling that there was something—or someone—just beyond my line of vision. But when I turned, there was no one there.

We didn’t move to Alabama. Jobs were hard to come by, and no matter how cheap the land was, anything we could afford—including the antebellum home—was in the middle of nowhere. We remained in Florida for nearly another decade.

Fast forward to 2017. I had long ago forgotten the tour of the antebellum home in Alabama. We had eventually moved—three times, from Florida to Texas to North Carolina, and ultimately landed in Massachusetts. But from somewhere in the depths of my memory, the Alabama memory resurfaced one night in a dream. Complete with the ghost of a Confederate soldier pounding on the front door.

Civil Hearts was born.

Civil Hearts

He’s a sexy Southern gentleman—with epilepsy. She’s a widow scarred from her late husband’s brain cancer. Her new home, an abandoned antebellum mansion, is haunted by a Confederate soldier—and she’s a Yankee.

A widow with no family, web designer Liv Larson yearns for big change. After all, she can work from anywhere, right? Why not throw a dart at the map? She heads out of the big city for the rural South and falls in love as soon as she arrives—with the Belle Bride, an abandoned antebellum mansion.

Heath Barrow loves his country life, managing his antiques store in sleepy Camellia. But he’s lonely, and his condition—epilepsy—makes life uncertain. It’s already cost him a marriage. A new medication and the new girl in town have his heart hopeful again.

Sparks fly between Heath and Liv. But his first seizure sends Liv into a tailspin. Its mimics those her husband suffered before he died . . .

To make matters worse, Liv discovers she’s not living alone. Her challenge? Dealing with a Confederate soldier, one who clearly resents his Yankee roommate—even though he’s been dead for over a hundred and fifty years.

About the Author

Strong Women, Starting Over

~Redefining Romance~

Claire is a multi-published, award winning author of five titles in the genres of contemporary romance, supernatural suspense, and women’s fiction. She also writes Author Resource guide books, and presents seminars on writing craft and marketing.

Her supernatural suspense, Hearts Unloched, won the 2016 New York Book Festival, and was a finalist in the 2017 RONE Awards. Also in 2017, her women’s fiction, The Phoenix Syndrome, was a finalist in the National Reader’s Choice Awards, and her contemporary romance, A Taming Season, was a Literary Award of Merit finalist in the HOLT Medallion Awards. Her latest release, Spirits of the Heart, was a finalist in the 2017 “I Heart Indie Awards.”

Creating cross-genre fiction she calls “supernatural suspense,” Claire loves exploring the paranormal and the unexplained, and holds a certificate in Parapsychology from the Rhine Research Center of Duke University.

A New York native, Claire has lived in five of the United States and held a variety of jobs, from waitress to bridal designer to research technician—but loves being an author best. She and her happily-ever-after hero, her husband of 39 years, now live in central Massachusetts.