1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============

Coronaviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses in the subfamily *Coronavirinae* of the family *Coronaviridae,* and cause respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in mammals and birds ([@bib32]). Coronaviruses are important pathogens causing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. For example, outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) occurred mainly in Asia in 2003 and 2012, respectively ([@bib39]). Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is known as a highly fatal disease caused by Coronaviruses, similar to SARS and MERS ([@bib6], [@bib24]).

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) belongs to *Alphacoronavirus* of the family *Coronaviridae* ([@bib9]). The FCoV virion is mainly composed of nucleocapsid (N), envelope, membrane, and peplomer spike (S) proteins ([@bib22]). FCoV has been classified into types I and II according to the amino acid sequence of its S protein ([@bib21]). Type II FCoV was previously suggested to be from recombination between type I FCoV and type II canine coronavirus (CCoV) ([@bib12], [@bib34]). Separate from these genotypes/serotypes, FCoV consists of two biotypes: low pathogenic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV: low-virulent FCoV) and high pathogenic FIP virus (FIPV: virulent FCoV) ([@bib24]). FIPV can cause immune-mediated inflammatory disease with high mortality in domestic and wild felidae. Although antiviral drugs and vaccines against FIP have been investigated, no method has yet been established for practical use.

Serological and genetic surveys revealed that type I FCoV is dominant worldwide ([@bib14], [@bib18], [@bib37]); therefore, antiviral drugs and vaccines need to be developed against type I FCoV infection. However, a few studies on type I FCoV have been performed because of its low replication ability in feline cell lines. We previously reported that type I FCoV is closely associated with cholesterol throughout the viral life cycle ([@bib33]). We also confirmed that an increase in plasma membrane cholesterol enhances type I FCoV infection. These findings suggest that cell membrane cholesterol plays an important role in type I FCoV infection.

Cellular cholesterol is derived from *de novo* cholesterol biosynthesis and low density lipoprotein uptake ([@bib31]). Biosynthesized or entrapped cholesterol is transported in cells and heterogeneously distributed in organelles. Association of the cholesterol biosynthesis and transport systems in cells with virus replication has been reported ([@bib1], [@bib2], [@bib20], [@bib40]). Recent studies have shown that intracellular cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitors potently reduced viral replication. For example, human hepatitis virus C (HCV) RNA replication is disrupted by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ([@bib16]), and cholesterol transporter inhibitors inhibit replication of Ebola virus ([@bib2]). However, it remains unclear whether cholesterol biosynthesis and intracellular transport inhibitor can suppress type I FCoV replication.

U18666A is a cationic amphiphilic drug (CAD) impairing cholesterol biosynthesis and intracellular transport ([@bib3]). U18666A inhibits intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis by suppressing oxidosqualene cyclase ([@bib4]). U18666A also inhibits cholesterol release from lysosomes through impairing the function of a cholesterol transporter, Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) ([@bib17]). It has been reported that U18666A suppresses replication of Ebola virus, dengue virus, and human hepatitis C virus ([@bib7], [@bib19], [@bib27]). However, no study on the influence of U18666A on FCoV infection has been reported.

In this study, we investigated whether U18666A inhibits FCoV infection.

2. Materials and methods {#sec2}
========================

2.1. Cell cultures and viruses {#sec2.1}
------------------------------

*Felis catus* whole fetus (fcwf)-4 cells (kindly supplied by Dr. M. C. Horzinek of Universiteit Utrecht) were grown in Eagles\' MEM containing 50% L-15 medium, 5% fetal calf serum (FCS), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. The type I FCoV KU-2 strain (FCoV-I KU-2) was isolated in our laboratory, and the type I FCoV Black strain (FCoV-I Black), the type I FCoV UCD-1 strain (FCoV-I UCD-1), and the type I FCoV UCD-4 strain (FCoV-I UCD-4) were kindly supplied by Dr. J. K. Yamamoto from the University of Florida. The type II FCoV WSU 79-1146 strain (FCoV-II 79-1146) was kindly provided by Dr. M. C. Horzinek of Universiteit Utrecht. The type II FCoV WSU 79-1683 (FCoV-II 79-1683) was kindly provided by Dr. A. J. McKeirnan from Washington State University. The type II CCoV 1-71 strain (CCoV-II 1-71) were supplied by Dr. E. Takahashi of the University of Tokyo. These viruses were grown in fcwf-4 cells at 37 °C.

2.2. Compounds {#sec2.2}
--------------

U18666A, Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MbCD), Ro 48-8071, AY-9944, Amorolfine, Simvastatin, Clomiphene, and Alendronate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). Lovastatin, Fluvastatin, and Itraconazole were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical (Japan). Vorinostat was purchased from Cayman Chemical (USA). U18666A and MbCD were dissolved in water as 10 mM (U18666A) and 1 M (MbCD) stock, respectively. Other compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as 10 mM stock. On the day of the experiments, these compounds were diluted to the desired concentrations in maintenance medium.

2.3. Cytotoxic effects of compounds {#sec2.3}
-----------------------------------

The fcwf-4 cells were seeded on 96-well plates. The compounds were added in triplicate to the wells. After incubation for defined periods, the culture supernatants were removed, WST-8 solution (Kishida Chemical, Japan) was added, and the cells were returned to the incubator for 1 h. The absorbance of formazan produced was measured at 450 nm with a 96-well spectrophotometric plate reader, as described by the manufacturer. Percentage viability was calculated using the following formula: Cytotoxicity (%) = \[(OD of compound-untreated cells - compound-treated cells)/(OD of compound-untreated cells)\] × 100.

2.4. Detection of cellular cholesterol {#sec2.4}
--------------------------------------

The cellular cholesterol content of fcwf-4 cells was evaluated by the Cholesterol Cell Based Detection Assay Kit (Cayman chemical, USA) according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. Briefly, fcwf-4 cells were grown on an 8-well Lab-Tek Chamber Slide (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Semi-confluent fcwf-4 cell monolayers were cultured in medium containing 2 μM U18666A at 37 °C for 9, 12, 16, or 24 h. After fixing and staining, filipin III-binding cells were analyzed using a Leica DM4B microscope and LAS X integrated imaging system (Leica Microsystems, Germany).

2.5. Measurement of cellular cholesterol {#sec2.5}
----------------------------------------

The amount of intracellular cholesterol was determined using the Amplex Red Cholesterol Assay Kit (Molecular Probes, USA) following the manufacturer\'s instructions.

2.6. Antiviral effects of compounds {#sec2.6}
-----------------------------------

Confluent fcwf-4 cell monolayers were cultured in medium containing compounds at the indicated concentrations in 24-well multi-plates at 37 °C for 24 h. Cells were washed and the virus (MOI 0.01) was adsorbed into the cells at 37 °C for 1 h. After washing, cells were cultured in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-MEM or MEM. In the case of cells cultured in CMC-MEM, the cell monolayers were incubated at 37 °C for 72 h, fixed and stained with 1% crystal violet solution containing 10% buffered formalin, and the resulting plaques were then counted. The percentage of the plaque decrease or increase was determined using the following formula: Percentage of the plaque reduction (%) = \[(plaque number of compound−treated cells)/(plaque number of compound−untreated cells)\] × 100. In the case of cells cultured in MEM, the culture supernatants were collected 72 h post-infection, and virus titers were determined by the TCID~50~ assay.

2.7. Immunofluorescence assay {#sec2.7}
-----------------------------

Fcwf-4 cells were grown on an 8-well Lab-Tek Chamber Slide (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Semi-confluent fcwf-4 cell monolayers were cultured in medium containing 2 μM U18666A at 37 °C for 24 h. Cells were washed and the virus (MOI 0.01) was adsorbed into the cells at 37 °C for 1 h. After washing, cells were cultured in MEM. The cell monolayers were incubated at 37 °C. After 72 h, N protein levels were determined by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA), as described previously ([@bib13]). For recognizing FCoV N protein, mAb E22-2 (mouse IgG1) prepared by our laboratory was used ([@bib13]).

2.8. Time-of-U18666A addition experiment: pre virus infection {#sec2.8}
-------------------------------------------------------------

The confluent fcwf-4 cells were cultured in medium containing 2 μM U18666A for 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, or 24 h. After washing, the virus (MOI 0.01) was adsorbed into cells at 37 °C for 1 h. Cells were washed and cultured in CMC-MEM. The cell monolayers were incubated at 37 °C for 72 h, fixed and stained, and the resulting plaques were then counted. The percentage of the plaque reduction was measured with reference to the method described above.

2.9. Effects of HDAC inhibitor on U18666A-treated cells {#sec2.9}
-------------------------------------------------------

Confluent fcwf-4 cell monolayers were cultured in medium containing 2 μM U18666A in 24-well multi-plates at 37 °C for 24 h. After washing, cells were cultured in medium containing Vorinostat at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Cells were washed and the virus (MOI 0.01) was adsorbed into the cells at 37 °C for 1 h. Cells were washed and cultured in CMC-MEM. The cell monolayers were incubated at 37 °C for 72 h post-inoculation, fixed and stained, and the resulting plaques were then counted. The percentage of the plaque reduction was measured with reference to the method described above. The influence of Vorinostat on the intracellular distribution of cholesterol was investigated as described above. The influence on virus infection in Vorinostat-treated cells was confirmed by IFA as described above.

2.10. Statistical analysis {#sec2.10}
--------------------------

Data from only two groups were analyzed with the Student\'s *t* **-**test (Welch\'s *t*-test or Bartlett\'s test), and multiple groups were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\'s test.

3. Results {#sec3}
==========

3.1. Antiviral effects of U18666A on FCoV-I KU2 and FCoV-II 79-1146 {#sec3.1}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

Cytotoxicity assay was performed to determine the non-toxic concentration of U18666A against fcwf-4 cells ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} A). The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC~50~) and the 10% cytotoxic concentration (CC~10~) value of U18666A were 97.6 ± 3.7 (mean ± SE) μM and 13.7 ± 1.1 (mean ± SE) μM, respectively. We investigated changes in the cellular cholesterol content of U18666A-treated fcwf-4 cells. U18666A caused accumulation of cholesterol as measured by filipin III staining ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}B). To determine whether U18666A affected the cellular cholesterol content, the level of cholesterol in fcwf-4 cells was measured. Although the level of cellular cholesterol significantly decreased in 10 mM MbCD-treated cells, neither 2 μM nor 10 μM U18666A decreased cellular cholesterol levels ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}C). In order to confirm the effects of the accumulation of cholesterol on FCoV infection, fcwf-4 cells were pretreated with U18666A, followed by virus inoculation. Pretreatment with U18666A demonstrated reduction of FCoV-I KU2 plaque formation ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}D and E). In contrast, the percentage of plaque reduction of FCoV-II 79-1146 was not affected by pretreatment with U18666A. We investigated the expression of viral proteins in order to further determine the effects of U18666A on FCoV infection. The N protein levels of FCoV-I KU-2 specifically decreased in fcwf-4 cells pretreated with U18666A ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}F). In contrast to FCoV-I KU2, pretreatment with U18666A did not affect the N protein levels of FCoV-II 79-1146 in fcwf-4 cells.Fig. 1Antiviral effects of U18666A on FCoV-I KU2 and FCoV-II 79-1146. (A) Cytotoxic effects of U18666A in fcwf-4 cells. The black circles indicate treatment with U18666A, and the white circles indicate treatment with the solvent (water). Data represent four independent experiments. (B) U18666A induced accumulation of intracellular cholesterol. The cellular cholesterol content of cells was evaluated using a filipin-cholesterol stain. (C) Quantification of cellular cholesterol in fcwf-4 cells. The results are shown as mean ± SE. Data represent four independent experiments. \*\*, *p* \< 0.01 vs. solvent control. (D) Plaque reduction assay of FCoV in fcwf-4 cells treated with U18666A. (E) Inhibition of FCoV infection by U18666A in fcwf-4 cells. The results are shown as mean ± SE. Data represent four independent experiments. \*\*, *p* \< 0.01 vs. type I FCoV KU2. (F) Effects of U18666A on the viral protein. FCoV N protein was evaluated with IFA.Fig. 1

3.2. Differential effects of U18666A against FCoV serotypes I and II, and CCoV {#sec3.2}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The relationship between the FCoV serotypes and antiviral effects of U18666A were investigated. The influence of U18666A on replication of 4 strains of type I FCoV (FCoV-I KU2, FCoV-I Black, FCoV-I UCD1, and FCoV-I UCD4), 2 strains of type II FCoV (FCoV-II 79-1146 and FCoV-II 79-1683), and 1 strain of type II CCoV (CCoV-II 1-71) in fcwf-4 cells was investigated. Pretreatment with U18666A reduced type I FCoVs plaque formation in a dose-dependent manner ([Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} A). In contrast, the percentage of plaque reduction in type II FCoVs and type II CCoV was slightly affected by pretreatment with U18666A ([Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}B). The virus titers of type I FCoVs significantly decreased in the culture supernatant of cells pretreated with 2 μM or higher U18666A ([Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}C), and production of FCoV-I KU2, FCoV-I UCD1, and FCoV-I UCD4 into the culture supernatant was completely inhibited in cells pretreated with 2 μM U18666A. In contrast to type I FCoVs, pretreatment with U18666A did not affect the titer of type II FCoVs and type II CCoV in the supernatant of fcwf-4 cells ([Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}D).Fig. 2Differential antiviral effects of U18666A against type I and II FCoV. (A) Plaque reduction of type I FCoV infected fcwf-4 cells treated with different concentrations of U18666A. (B) Plaque reduction of type II FCoV and type II CCoV infected fcwf-4 cells treated with different concentrations of U18666A. 79-1146: type II FIPV 79-1146. 79-1683: type II FECV 79-1683. (C) Virus titer of type I FCoV infected fcwf-4 cells treated with different concentrations of U18666A. \*\*, *p* \< 0.01 vs. 0 μM of U18666A. (D) Virus titer of type II FCoV and type II CCoV infected fcwf-4 cells treated with different concentrations of U18666A. 79-1146: type II FIPV 79-1146. 79-1683: type II FECV 79-1683.Fig. 2

3.3. Effects of exposure time on the antiviral activity of U18666A {#sec3.3}
------------------------------------------------------------------

Pretreatment experiments were performed to determine the period at which U18666A exerted its antiviral effects. Pretreatment with U18666A significantly increased the degree of the reduction of FCoV-I KU2 plaque formation at 16 h prior to infection ([Fig. 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} A). Cholesterol accumulation was observed in U18666A-pretreat cells by the reaction time ([Fig. 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}B). Cholesterol accumulation was noted in cells pretreated with U18666A for 16 h. Cholesterol accumulation were mostly lost in cells pretreated for 12 h, and completely disappeared in cells pretreated for 9 h.Fig. 3Effects of exposure time on the antiviral activity of U18666A. (A) Plaque reduction of FCoV-I KU2 infected fcwf-4 cells pretreated with U18666A at different times. The results are shown as mean ± SE. Data represent four independent experiments. \*\*, *p* \< 0.01 vs pretreated with U18666A for 3 h. (B) Accumulation of intracellular cholesterol in fcwf-4 cells pretreated for the indicated time-points with U18666A.Fig. 3

3.4. Antiviral effects with compounds similar biochemical properties to U18666A {#sec3.4}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Inhibition of FCoV infection by compounds with biochemical properties similar to those of U18666A was investigated. Pretreatment with CADs, except Amorolfine, significantly increased the degree of reduction of FCoV-I KU2 plaque formation ([Fig. 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} ). When cells were pretreated with cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors, only itraconazole significantly inhibited FCoV-I KU2 plaque formation. No other cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors showed significant inhibitory effects on FCoV-I KU2 plaque formation. No drug exhibited significant inhibitory effects on type II FCoV 79-1146 plaque formation. The selectivity index (SI) was calculated from the CC~50~ and half maximal effective concentrations (EC~50~) of each drug. For type I FCoV, the SI values of U18666A, AY-9944, Clomiphene, Ro 48-8071, and Itraconazole were high ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"} ). In contrast, for type II FCoV, the SI values of all drugs were low.Fig. 4Effects of cationic amphiphilic drugs and cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor on FCoV-I KU2 and FCoV-II 79-1146. The results are shown as mean ± SE. Data represent four independent experiments. \*\*, *p* \< 0.01 vs solvent control. \*, *p* \< 0.05 vs solvent control.Fig. 4Table 1CC~50~, EC~50~, and SI value of Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs and Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor.Table 1CompoundsCC~50~ (μM)FCoV-I KU2FCoV-II 79-1146EC~50~ (μM)SIEC~50~ (μM)SIU18666A97.6 ± 3.70.2 ± 0.1488.0\>50.0\<2.0AY-994466.7 ± 4.34.3 ± 0.115.4\>50.0\<1.3Clomiphene46.6 ± 10.83.7 ± 5.312.626.1 ± 8.91.8Ro 48-8071248.7 ± 22.15.1 ± 0.448.8\>100.0\<2.5Amorolfine28.0 ± 3.513.7 ± 1.92.031.1 ± 2.20.9Fluvastatin74.4 ± 3.115.8 ± 2.24.7\>50.0\<1.5Lovastatin24.3 ± 1.925.9 ± 3.20.9\>50.0\<0.5Simvastatin9.6 ± 0.824.8 ± 0.30.4\>50.0\<0.2Alendronate153.3 ± 16.5279.0 ± 33.40.5\>100.0\<1.5Itraconazol121.0 ± 5.00.7 ± 0.1172.933.6 ± 3.63.6[^1]

3.5. Influence of HDACi on antiviral action of U18666A {#sec3.5}
------------------------------------------------------

AY-9944, Clomiphene, Ro 48-8071, and Itraconazole, which significantly inhibited FCoV-I KU2 plaque formation, inhibit the function of cholesterol transporter NPC1, unlike the other drugs (Amorolfine, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin, Simvastatin, and Alendronate). Based on this, we assumed that inhibition of type I FCoV replication by U18666A is associated with reduction of NPC1 function, and investigated whether HDACi, which improves reduced NPC1 function, resolves U18666A-induced cholesterol accumulation and inhibition of type I FCoV replication. When an HDACi, Vorinostat, was added to U18666A-pretreated fcwf-4 cells, cholesterol accumulation were reduced ([Fig. 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"} A). The influence of Vorinostat on FCoV-I KU2 replication was investigated using plaque reduction assay. When Vorinostat was added to U18666A-pretreated fcwf-4 cells, the percentage of plaque reduction significantly decreased ([Fig. 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B and C). The influence of Vorinostat on the N protein expression level in FCoV-infected cells was investigated using the fluorescent antibody method. The N protein levels of FCoV-I KU-2 specifically decreased in fcwf-4 cells pretreated with U18666A. On the other hand, the addition of Vorinostat to U18666A-pretreated fcwf-4 cells increased the level of FCoV-I KU-2 N protein ([Fig. 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}D).Fig. 5Vorinostat reverts the U18666A-induced antiviral activity by cholesterol accumulation in fcwf-4 cells. (A) Vorinostat treatment reverts the effects of U18666A on cholesterol accumulation. (B) Vorinostat treatment reverts the effects of U18666A on plaque reduction of FCoV-I KU2. (C) Inhibition of antiviral effects of U18666A by Vorinostat. The results are shown as mean ± SE. Data represent four independent experiments. \*\*, *p* \< 0.01 vs solvent control. (D) Vorinostat treatment reverts the effects of U18666A on expression of FCoV-I KU2 N protein.Fig. 5

4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============

Several studies have been made on the role of cholesterol in coronavirus infection. ([@bib35], [@bib23], [@bib29]). However, the influence of the intracellular synthesis and transport systems of cholesterol has not been investigated. U18666A suppresses cholesterol biosynthesis and the function of cholesterol transporter NPC1. In this study, we investigated anti-FCoV activity of U18666A. U18666A induced intracellular cholesterol accumulation and strongly inhibited type I FCoV replication. In addition, treatment of cells with U18666A did not influence the cellular cholesterol level, suggesting that U18666A inhibits type I FCoV replication at a concentration suppressing cholesterol transporter but not influencing the synthesis system. In contrast to type I FCoV, no inhibitory effects of U18666A on type II FCoV replication were noted. We previously reported that type I FCoV infection is dependent on plasma membrane cholesterol, but type II FCoV does not ([@bib33]). Our findings of the present and previous studies suggest that type I FCoV requires cholesterol to infect cells, but type II FCoV does not require cholesterol for its infection.

It was suggested that type II FCoV was arisen from a double recombination between type I FCoV and type II CCoV ([@bib12], [@bib34]). In FCoV-II 79-1146, the genomic region from ORF1b, ORF2 (encoding S protein), and ORF3c is derived from type II CCoV and the other regions are derived from type I FCoV ([@bib12]), suggesting that these genes are factors leading to differences in the virological properties between the FCoV serotypes. Of these genes, the homology of the ORF2 gene sequence between the serotypes is low similarity (45%) ([@bib22]), suggesting that ORF2 is involved in the difference effects of U18666A between type I and II FCoV. S protein (encoded by ORF2) is an important protein for binding to the virus receptor and cell entry ([@bib8]). The physical properties of S protein are markedly different between types I and II FCoV. For example, type II FCoV S protein binds to the virus receptor, aminopeptidase N (APN), but type I FCoV S protein does not bind to APN ([@bib15]). In addition, type I FCoV S protein binds to heparin, but type II FCoV S protein does not ([@bib10]). The differences in these S protein properties between the serotypes may also influence the differences in the effects of U18666A. To demonstrate this assumption, it is necessary to prepare a recombinant FCoV containing the type I FCoV ORF2 gene replacing the type II FCoV ORF2 gene. Confirmation of the influence of U18666A on replication of the recombinant FCoV is expected.

In this study, U18666A did not inhibit type II FCoV and type II CCoV production. On the contrary, it was previously reported that MβCD, a cholesterol extracting agents, inhibited type II CCoV but not type II FCoV ([@bib28], [@bib33]). MβCD disrupts cholesterol- and caveolin-rich membrane domain (caveolae) ([@bib5]). [@bib11] reported that Type II FCoV was shown to enter cells through caveolae-independent endocytosis. On the basis of this report and above, it is suggested that type II CCoV enters cells via caveolae.

The addition of U18666A 16 h before viral infection significantly inhibited type I FCoV replication. The duration of exposure to U18666A required for inhibiting type I FCoV replication was mostly consistent with that required for cholesterol accumulation in cells, strongly suggesting that when the cholesterol transporter is inhibited, type I FCoV replication is also inhibited. HCV replication is inhibited by U18666A. It has been reported that replicated virions were not released from endosomes when HCV-replicating cells were treated with U18666A for 16 h, i.e., HCV virions were accumulated with cholesterol in late endosomes ([@bib7]). Probably, type I FCoV replication is also inhibited by accumulation in late endosomes.

U18666A is an inhibitor of the cholesterol transporter NPC1 ([@bib17]). U18666A binds NPC1 and block its function ([@bib19]). In this study, AY-9944, Clomiphene, Ro 48-8071, and Itraconazole, which block NPC1 function similarly with U18666A ([@bib30], [@bib36]), also exhibited type I FCoV replication-inhibitory effects, suggesting that type I FCoV replication was inhibited by blocking the NPC1 function. To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the influence of HDACi on the type I FCoV replication-inhibitory effects of U18666A. In contrast to U18666A, HDACi reverts NPC1 dysfunction ([@bib26]). When the Vorinostat was added to U18666A-treated cells, intracellular cholesterol accumulation disappeared and type I FCoV replicability resumed. To our knowledge, reversion of U18666A-induced inhibition of virus replication by HDACi has not previously been reported. It is necessary to determine whether the same phenomenon is observed in Ebolavirus, dengue virus, and HCV.

It is suggested that breeds of cats can influence the susceptibility to FIP. [@bib25] reported that the incidence of FIP among 13 breeds of cats. They showed that the incidence of FIP was the lowest in Siamese cats. Interestingly, the Siamese cat breed seems to have a genetic predisposition to NPC disease ([@bib38]). NPC1 dysfunction is a cause of NPC disease. These facts and the finding of our study suggest that the impaired NPC1 function is the cause of the low incidence of FIP in Siamese cats. That is to say, NPC1-deficient cats may be less sensitive to type I FCoV, which is dominant serotype in the field ([@bib14], [@bib18], [@bib37]). Further investigation of type I FCoV sensitivity of Siamese cats is necessary.

U18666A strongly inhibited type I FCoV replication, but it did not inhibit type II FCoV replication. It was suggested that U18666A inhibits type I FCoV replication by suppressing the intracellular cholesterol transporter. The experiment using HDACi suggested that dysfunction of NPC1 is involved in the antiviral effects of U18666A. As type I FCoV is widely present in the field, U18666A may be applied as a therapeutic drug against FIP. It is necessary to investigate whether administration of U18666A exhibits therapeutic effects in cats with FIP and determine the cause of reversion of U18666A-induced inhibition of virus replication by HDACi.

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)) Grant Number JP16H05039.

[^1]: Data are mean ± standard deviation.


Stamp Of The Week – English Country Garden Butterflies

Welcome back to the NEW feature here at Uniko, Stamp Of The Week (SOTW). This week I am dusting off… English Country Garden – Butterflies

With February comes the start of my excitement and countdown to the Uniko February Release AND Uniko’s 4th Birthday! On Monday I kicked things off over HERE with a post that tells you how Uniko came to be, there is also a fun GIVEAWAY too 😉

If you missed it Tuesday I have another fabulous & exciting opportunity for one of you. How would YOU like to be a Uniko Guest Stamp Designer? For all the details and to enter check out the post HERE.

A new challenge started over at CAS Colours & SketchesHERE today and our hostess this month Stef has kicked things off with a FAB cheerful colour combo…

Whilst I was creating my card that I have shared HERE, this idea popped into my head! What do you think? I started by stamping the butterfly in Melon Mambo then colouring with a light pink Copic marker in various places, which I then added a slight touch of Wink Of Stella to.

To stamp the 2 tone background using Pumpkin Pie I stamped the flower trio confetti from Balloon Bash twice before re-inking. I then repeated the process around the butterfly leaving a slight border. The sentiment is ANOTHER peek at one coming in the February Release 😉 Any guesses as to what the set might be about?!

Ok, that’s all from me today, I am not feeling so chirpy today, think I missed my not so little beans this afternoon. Strange how you look forward to some ‘me’ time and then when you get it I feel lost! Anyway, still lots to do for the February Release and Birthday celebrations. Be sure to keep an eye out on the blogs and social media for all the fun and GIVEAWAYS!

Don’t forget that this set is 20% off this week HERE in store, for this week only. That’s all from me today, I will be back tomorrow with more to share. Until then, thank you for stopping by today 🙂


Q:

navigation menu class active with php basename($_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"]

I have looked through all the questions here, but can't find the answer to this question.
I am sure it is a simple answer.
I have navigation menu, which is a PHP file and is included on each page.
I add a class active (I actually call it class current) using the following:
<a class="menu-nav <?php if (basename($_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"]) == '/past-events/index.php') echo "current";?>" href="http://website.com.au/past-events">PAST EVENTS

This works fine for all the other pages because they are in the root directory,
(actually with the other pages I use basename($_SERVER["SCRIPT_NAME"] )
but with the above page, because it is in the 'past-events' directory, it is not working.
I have tried:
<a class="menu-nav <?php if (basename($_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"]) == '/past-events/') echo "current";?>" href="http://website.com.au/past-events">PAST EVENTS

but to no avail.
I should mention that the code is in a file called nav.php that lives in a foldr called 'includes' and is brought into each file that needs it using a php include
Can anyone see what I am doing wrong here?
Cheers, Al

A:

Thank you all for your time and effort in trying to help me.
I ended up adding:
<?php print $_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"]; ?>

to the page /past-events/index.php and found that it printed '/past-events/'
so all I needed to do was get rid of the basename() and it worked fine:
<a class="menu-nav <?php if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"] == "/past-events/") echo "current";?>" href="http://website.com/past-events">PAST EVENTS

This will of course mean that all files in this directory will get class="current" but this suits my design just fine.
Again, thank you for taking the time to help me.
Cheers, Al.


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      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
    * Neither the name Silent Circle nor the
      names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
      derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL SILENT CIRCLE, LLC BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
//
//  XMPPJIDSet.m
//  ST2
//
//  Created by Robbie Hanson on 9/5/14.
//

#import "XMPPJIDSet.h"

@interface XMPPJIDSet () {
@protected
	NSSet *set;
}
@end

@implementation XMPPJIDSet

+ (instancetype)setWithJid:(XMPPJID *)jid
{
	return [[self alloc] initWithJid:jid];
}

+ (instancetype)setWithJids:(NSArray *)jids
{
	return [[self alloc] initWithJids:jids];
}

+ (instancetype)setWithJidSet:(NSSet *)jids
{
	return [[self alloc] initWithJidSet:jids];
}

#pragma mark Init

- (instancetype)init
{
	if ((self = [super init]))
	{
		set = [[[self setClass] alloc] init];
	}
	return self;
}

- (instancetype)initForCopying
{
	self = [super init];
	return self;
}

- (instancetype)initWithJid:(XMPPJID *)jid
{
	NSAssert([jid isKindOfClass:[XMPPJID class]], @"Invalid parameter - not a XMPPJID");

	if ((self = [super init]))
	{
		if (jid)
			set = [[[self setClass] alloc] initWithObjects:jid, nil];
		else
			set = [[[self setClass] alloc] init];
	}
	return self;
}

- (instancetype)initWithJids:(NSArray *)jids
{
	if ((self = [super init]))
	{
		if ([self containsOnlyXMPPJIDs:jids])
		{
			if (jids)
				set = [[[self setClass] alloc] initWithArray:jids];
			else
				set = [[[self setClass] alloc] init];
		}
		else
		{
			set = [self setFromMixed:jids withCount:[jids count]];
		}
	}
	return self;
}

- (instancetype)initWithJidSet:(NSSet *)jids
{
	if ((self = [super init]))
	{
		if ([self containsOnlyXMPPJIDs:jids])
		{
			if (jids)
				set = [[[self setClass] alloc] initWithSet:jids];
			else
				set = [[[self setClass] alloc] init];
		}
		else
		{
			set = [self setFromMixed:jids withCount:[jids count]];
		}
	}
	return self;
}

#pragma mark Init Utilities

- (BOOL)containsOnlyXMPPJIDs:(id <NSFastEnumeration>)arrayOrSet
{
	for (id jidItem in arrayOrSet)
	{
		if (![jidItem isKindOfClass:[XMPPJID class]])
			return NO;
	}

	return YES;
}

- (NSSet *)setFromMixed:(id <NSFastEnumeration>)arrayOrSet withCount:(NSUInteger)count
{
	NSMutableSet *mSet = [NSMutableSet setWithCapacity:count];

	for (id jidItem in arrayOrSet)
	{
		XMPPJID *jid = nil;

		if ([jidItem isKindOfClass:[XMPPJID class]])
			jid = (XMPPJID *)jidItem;
		else if ([jidItem isKindOfClass:[NSString class]])
			jid = [XMPPJID jidWithString:(NSString *)jidItem];

		if (jid)
			[mSet addObject:jid];
	}

	return [mSet copy];
}

#pragma mark Subclassing

- (Class)setClass
{
	return [NSSet class];
}

#pragma mark NSCoding

- (instancetype)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)decoder
{
	if ((self = [super init]))
	{
		set = [decoder decodeObjectForKey:@"set"];
	}
	return self;
}

- (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)coder
{
	[coder encodeObject:set forKey:@"set"];
}

#pragma mark NSCopying

- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone
{
	if ([self isKindOfClass:[XMPPJIDMutableSet class]])
	{
		XMPPJIDSet *copy = [[XMPPJIDSet alloc] initForCopying];
		copy->set = [set copy];

		return copy;
	}
	else // immutable
	{
		return self;
	}
}

- (id)mutableCopyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone
{
	XMPPJIDMutableSet *mutableCopy = [[XMPPJIDMutableSet alloc] initForCopying];
	((XMPPJIDSet *)mutableCopy)->set = [set mutableCopy];

	return mutableCopy;
}

#pragma mark NSFastEnumeration

- (NSUInteger)countByEnumeratingWithState:(NSFastEnumerationState *)state
                                  objects:(id __unsafe_unretained [])stackbuf
                                    count:(NSUInteger)len
{
	return [set countByEnumeratingWithState:state objects:stackbuf count:len];
}

#pragma mark Methods

- (BOOL)containsJid:(XMPPJID *)jid
{
	return [set containsObject:jid];
}

- (BOOL)containsJid:(XMPPJID *)jid options:(XMPPJIDCompareOptions)mask
{
	if (mask == XMPPJIDCompareFull)
	{
		return [set containsObject:jid];
	}
	else
	{
		for (XMPPJID *aJid in set)
		{
			if ([aJid isEqualToJID:jid options:mask])
				return YES;
		}

		return NO;
	}
}

- (NSUInteger)count
{
	return [set count];
}

- (NSArray *)allJids
{
	return [set allObjects];
}

- (XMPPJIDSet *)setByAddingJid:(XMPPJID *)jid
{
	if (jid == nil || [self containsJid:jid])
	{
		return [self copy];
	}
	else
	{
		XMPPJIDSet *copy = [[XMPPJIDSet alloc] initForCopying];
		copy->set = [set setByAddingObject:jid];

		return copy;
	}
}

- (XMPPJIDSet *)setByAddingJid:(XMPPJID *)jid options:(XMPPJIDCompareOptions)mask
{
	if (jid == nil || [self containsJid:jid options:mask])
	{
		return [self copy];
	}
	else
	{
		XMPPJIDSet *copy = [[XMPPJIDSet alloc] initForCopying];
		copy->set = [set setByAddingObject:jid];

		return copy;
	}
}

- (XMPPJIDSet *)setByRemovingJid:(XMPPJID *)jid
{
	if (jid == nil || ![self containsJid:jid])
	{
		return [self copy];
	}
	else
	{
		XMPPJIDMutableSet *mutableCopy = [[XMPPJIDMutableSet alloc] initForCopying];
		[mutableCopy removeJid:jid];

		return [mutableCopy copy];
	}
}

- (XMPPJIDSet *)setByRemovingJid:(XMPPJID *)jid options:(XMPPJIDCompareOptions)mask
{
	if (jid == nil || ![self containsJid:jid options:mask])
	{
		return [self copy];
	}
	else
	{
		XMPPJIDMutableSet *mutableCopy = [[XMPPJIDMutableSet alloc] initForCopying];
		[mutableCopy removeJid:jid options:mask];

		return [mutableCopy copy];
	}
}

@end

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#pragma mark -
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

@implementation XMPPJIDMutableSet

+ (instancetype)setWithCapacity:(NSUInteger)capacity
{
	return [[self alloc] initWithCapacity:capacity];
}

- (instancetype)initWithCapacity:(NSUInteger)capacity
{
	if ((self = [super init]))
	{
		set = [[[self setClass] alloc] initWithCapacity:capacity];
	}
	return self;
}

- (Class)setClass
{
	return [NSMutableSet class];
}

- (void)addJid:(XMPPJID *)jid
{
	[(NSMutableSet *)set addObject:jid];
}

- (void)addJid:(XMPPJID *)jid options:(XMPPJIDCompareOptions)mask
{
	if (jid == nil) return;

	if (mask == XMPPJIDCompareFull)
	{
		[(NSMutableSet *)set addObject:jid];
	}
	else
	{
		BOOL found = NO;
		for (XMPPJID *aJid in set)
		{
			if ([aJid isEqualToJID:jid options:mask])
			{
				found = YES;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (!found)
		{
			[(NSMutableSet *)set addObject:jid];
		}
	}
}

- (void)removeJid:(XMPPJID *)jid
{
	[(NSMutableSet *)set removeObject:jid];
}

- (void)removeJid:(XMPPJID *)jid options:(XMPPJIDCompareOptions)mask
{
	if (mask == XMPPJIDCompareFull)
	{
		[(NSMutableSet *)set removeObject:jid];
	}
	else
	{
		[(NSMutableSet *)set filterUsingPredicate:[NSPredicate predicateWithBlock:
		    ^BOOL(XMPPJID *aJid, NSDictionary *bindings)
		{
			if ([aJid isEqualToJID:jid options:mask])
				return NO;  // remove from set
			else
				return YES; // keep
		}]];
	}
}

- (void)removeAllJids;
{
	[(NSMutableSet *)set removeAllObjects];
}

@end


Can a road safety measure be both effective and ineffective at the same time? A game-theoretic model of the effects of daytime running lights.
Studies that have evaluated the effects on accidents of daytime running lights for cars have consistently found that cars using daytime running lights are involved in fewer multi-party accidents in daylight than cars not using daytime running lights. However, studies evaluating the effects of mandatory use of daytime running lights have not always found an accident reduction. Although findings are mixed, there is a tendency for the aggregate effects of daytime running lights (i.e. the effects of an increasing share of traffic using daytime running lights) to be smaller than the intrinsic effects (i.e. the difference in accident involvement between cars using and not using daytime running lights). This paper presents a game-theoretic model to explain these apparently inconsistent findings. The game-theoretic model is based on so called Schelling-diagrams, originally introduced by Nobel laureate in economics Schelling. The effects of daytime running lights are modelled by means of Schelling-diagrams. It is shown that it is by no means impossible for cars using daytime running lights to always be safer than cars not using daytime running lights, while the total number of accidents remains constant even if the percentage of cars using daytime running lights increases from, say, 10% to 90%.


Mark Patterson (New Zealand politician)

Mark William James Patterson is a New Zealand politician and Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives for the New Zealand First party.

Career before politics
Patterson had a career as a sheep farmer in Lawrence, Otago, and was involved with the Meat Industry Excellence Group.

Political career
Patterson was previously involved with the National Party and unsuccessfully contested the nomination for the  electorate in 2014 upon Bill English's decision to become a List MP, but lost to Todd Barclay.

Member of parliament

In  Patterson stood for New Zealand First in the  electorate and was placed 7 on New Zealand First's party list. He duly entered parliament via the party list.

References

Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand First MPs
Category:New Zealand National Party politicians
Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Category:New Zealand list MPs
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Police reform in Ukraine could be sped up - Head of E.U. Advisory Mission to Ukraine

Kestutis Lancinskas joins UT to talk about changes of Ukraine's law enforcement agencies

In December 2014 European Union sent its advisory mission to Ukraine to help implement reforms of law enforcement institutions. The experts announced, changes to the country's police and prosecutor's office would be top priorities for them.

In early 2016 a new head of the advisory mission was appointed. Former chief of police of Vilnius county (Lithuania) Kestutis Lancinskas replaced Kalman Miszei. And today Mr. Lancinskas joined UT to assess the achieved progress of the reforms, and the next steps Ukraine should take.

"Ukraine's traffic police are a "success story", however, I believe the reforms of police in general could be sped up. Still, Ukrainians are really impatient, they want the changes now, or even yesterday, but it's a long process. It took us 10 years to reform the police in Lithuania, and we are still improving. But from what I've seen, Ukraine is headed in the right direction", Lancinskas tells in an interview with Ukraine Today.


Function of hisF and hisH gene products in histidine biosynthesis.
A mutant of the enterobacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae with a defect in the hisF gene (in the histidine biosynthesis pathway) was isolated, which can only grow with high but not low ammonia concentrations. The mutated hisF product can use ammonia for the formation of the imidazole ring of histidine but not glutamine provided by the hisH product. Site-directed insertional mutagenesis of hisH led to the same dependence of prototrophic growth on high ammonia levels. The nucleotide sequence of K. pneumoniae hisF is almost identical to that of hisF from other enterobacteria. Similarities of the hisF product with the hisA product and of HisH sequences with the glutamine binding domains of TrpG-type amidotransferases provide additional evidence for the functions of the hisF and hisH products in histidine biosynthesis, namely that HisF catalyzes the ammonolytic cleavage of N'-(5'-phosphoribulosyl)-formimino-5- aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide either utilizing free ammonia or deriving the ammonia moiety from glutamine bound to HisH.


// Copyright 2017 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package com.google.api.graphql.grpc;

import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;

import graphql.Scalars;
import graphql.schema.GraphQLEnumType;
import graphql.schema.GraphQLFieldDefinition;
import graphql.schema.GraphQLObjectType;
import graphql.schema.GraphQLSchema;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;

/** Unit tests for {@link SchemaToProto}. */
@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
public final class SchemaToProtoTest {

  @Test
  public void emptySchemaShouldGenerateCorrectProto() {
    assertThat(
            SchemaToProto.toProto(
                GraphQLSchema.newSchema()
                    .query(GraphQLObjectType.newObject().name("queryType"))
                    .build()))
        .isEqualTo(
            "// LINT: LEGACY_NAMES\n"
                + "// Autogenerated. Do not edit.\n"
                + "syntax = \"proto3\";\n"
                + "\n"
                + "package google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto;\n"
                + "\n"
                + "option java_package = \"com.google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto\";\n"
                + "option (jspb.js_namespace) = \"com.google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto\";\n"
                + "import \"java/com/google/apps/jspb/jspb.proto\";\n"
                + "\n"
                + "message queryType {\n"
                + "option (jspb.message_id) = \"graphql.queryType\";\n"
                + "}");
  }

  @Test
  public void scalarValuesShouldGenerateCorrectProto() {
    assertThat(
            SchemaToProto.toProto(
                GraphQLSchema.newSchema()
                    .query(
                        GraphQLObjectType.newObject()
                            .name("queryType")
                            .field(
                                GraphQLFieldDefinition.newFieldDefinition()
                                    .name("string")
                                    .type(Scalars.GraphQLString))
                            .field(
                                GraphQLFieldDefinition.newFieldDefinition()
                                    .name("boolean")
                                    .type(Scalars.GraphQLBoolean))
                            .field(
                                GraphQLFieldDefinition.newFieldDefinition()
                                    .name("float")
                                    .type(Scalars.GraphQLFloat))
                            .field(
                                GraphQLFieldDefinition.newFieldDefinition()
                                    .name("int")
                                    .type(Scalars.GraphQLInt))
                            .field(
                                GraphQLFieldDefinition.newFieldDefinition()
                                    .name("long")
                                    .type(Scalars.GraphQLLong)))
                    .build()))
        .isEqualTo(
            "// LINT: LEGACY_NAMES\n"
                + "// Autogenerated. Do not edit.\n"
                + "syntax = \"proto3\";\n"
                + "\n"
                + "package google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto;\n"
                + "\n"
                + "option java_package = \"com.google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto\";\n"
                + "option (jspb.js_namespace) = \"com.google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto\";\n"
                + "import \"java/com/google/apps/jspb/jspb.proto\";\n"
                + "\n"
                + "message queryType {\n"
                + "option (jspb.message_id) = \"graphql.queryType\";\n"
                + "string string = 1;\n"
                + "bool boolean = 2;\n"
                + "float float = 3;\n"
                + "int32 int = 4;\n"
                + "int64 long = 5;\n"
                + "}");
  }

  @Test
  public void schemaWithEnumsShouldGenerateCorrectProto() {
    assertThat(
            SchemaToProto.toProto(
                GraphQLSchema.newSchema()
                    .query(
                        GraphQLObjectType.newObject()
                            .name("queryType")
                            .field(
                                GraphQLFieldDefinition.newFieldDefinition()
                                    .name("enum")
                                    .type(
                                        GraphQLEnumType.newEnum()
                                            .name("enumType")
                                            .value("a")
                                            .value("b")
                                            .value("c")
                                            .build())))
                    .build()))
        .isEqualTo(
            "// LINT: LEGACY_NAMES\n"
                + "// Autogenerated. Do not edit.\n"
                + "syntax = \"proto3\";\n"
                + "\n"
                + "package google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto;\n"
                + "\n"
                + "option java_package = \"com.google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto\";\n"
                + "option (jspb.js_namespace) = \"com.google.api.graphql.rejoiner.proto\";\n"
                + "import \"java/com/google/apps/jspb/jspb.proto\";\n"
                + "\n"
                + "message queryType {\n"
                + "option (jspb.message_id) = \"graphql.queryType\";\n"
                + "enumType.Enum enum = 1;\n"
                + "}\n"
                + "\n"
                + "message enumType {\n"
                + " option (jspb.message_id) = \"graphql.enumType\";\n"
                + " enum Enum {\n"
                + "a = 0;\n"
                + "b = 1;\n"
                + "c = 2;\n"
                + "}\n"
                + "}");
  }
}


“So Tim, with that being said, I hope your answer is ‘Yes,’ ” Walden concluded, “And I hope to hear from you soon.”

While the request may have flown under Tebow’s radar for a while, it’s burning up his Twitter feed now but there’s no word yet if Tebow will follow in the footsteps of Justin Timberlake and Mila Kunis and “say yes” to the military invitation.


// Step 1: Create the animation object and save the result
var anim = WinJS.UI.Animation.createAddToListAnimation(added, affected);
// Step 2: Insert the element given in the added parameter immediately before
// the element given in the affected parameter. This causes both elements to move.
affected.parentNode.insertBefore(added, affected);
// Step 3: Execute the animation
anim.execute();

Note The execute method can be invoked only once on the animation object created by the function. To perform multiple animations, create multiple animation objects and execute each one separately.


Analysing organochlorine pesticides in strawberry jams using GC-ECD, GC-MS/MS and QuEChERS sample preparation.
This paper describes a comparison of adaptations of the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) approach for the determination of 14 organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in strawberry jam by concurrent use of gas chromatography (GC) coupled to electron capture detector (ECD) and GC tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Three versions were tested based on the original QuEChERS method. The results were good (overall average of 89% recoveries with 15% RSD) using the ultrasonic bath at five spiked levels. Performance characteristics, such as accuracy, precision, linear range, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), were determined for each pesticide. LOD ranged from 0.8 to 8.9 µg kg(-1); LOQ was in the range of 2.5-29.8 µg kg(-1); and calibration curves were linear (r(2)>0.9970) in the whole range of the explored concentrations (5-100 µg kg(-1)). The LODs of these pesticides were much lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) allowed in Europe for strawberries. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of OCP in commercially available jams. The OCPs were detected lower than the LOD.


#
# Copyright 2000-2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
# DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
#
# This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
# published by the Free Software Foundation.  Sun designates this
# particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
# by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
#
# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
# accompanied this code).
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
#
# Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
# CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
# have any questions.
#

# "rmid", inetd", and "wait" should not be translated.
rmid.syntax.exec.invalid=\
        rmid se ha iniciado desde inetd con un estado no v\u00e1lido (debe ser wait)

# "rmid" and "inetd" should not be translated.
rmid.syntax.port.badarg=\
	no se puede especificar el puerto si rmid se ha iniciado desde inetd

# "port" here refers to a TCP port for the server to listen on.
rmid.syntax.port.badnumber=\
    el puerto no es un n\u00famero

# "-port" should not be translated, because it's part of command syntax.
rmid.syntax.port.missing=\
    la opci\u00f3n -port requiere un argumento

# "-log" should not be translated, because it's part of command syntax.
rmid.syntax.log.missing=\
    la opci\u00f3n -log requiere un argumento

# "-log" should not be translated, because it's part of command syntax.
rmid.syntax.log.required=\
	la opci\u00f3n -log es obligatoria

# {0} = the (string) illegal argument in question
rmid.syntax.illegal.option=\
opci\u00f3n no permitida: {0}

# {0} = the (string) reason text that came with a thrown exception
# "Activation.main" should not be translated, because it's a codepoint
rmid.unexpected.exception=\
	Activation.main: ha ocurrido una excepci\u00f3n: {0}

# "java.home" should not be translated, because it's a property name
# "ActivatorImpl" should not be translated, because it's a codepoint
rmid.unfound.java.home.property=\
	ActivatorImpl: imposible encontrar java.home

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.inherited.channel.info=\
	inicio de rmid con canal heredado

# "Activation.main" should not be translated, because it's a codepoint
rmid.exec.policy.invalid=\
	Activation.main: Clase de norma de ejecuci\u00f3n no v\u00e1lida

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.exec.policy.exception=\
	rmid: el intento de obtener la norma de ejecuci\u00f3n indica:

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.exec.command=\
	rmid: debugExec: en ejecuci\u00f3n "{0}"

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.group.inactive=\
	rmid: grupo de activaci\u00f3n inactivo: {0}

# "Activation.main", "sun.rmi.activation.execPolicy", "ExecPermission" and
# "ExecOptionPermission" should not be translated, since they refer to
# class/permission names.
rmid.exec.perms.inadequate=\
    Activation.main: advertencia: no se han especificado las propiedades del sistema sun.rmi.activation.execPolicy\n\
        y no se han concedido ExecPermissions/ExecOptionPermissions;\n\
        los intentos de activaci\u00f3n posteriores pueden fallar debido a\n\
    comprobaciones de permiso ExecPermission/ExecOptionPermission no satisfactorias. Para\n\
    obtener documentaci\u00f3n sobre c\u00f3mo configurar la seguridad rmid, rem\u00edtase a:\n\
\n\
        http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/tooldocs/solaris/rmid.html\n\
        http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/tooldocs/win32/rmid.html\n

# "rmid", "-port", "-log", "-stop", "-C" and "-J" should not be translated,
# because they are syntax
rmid.usage=Sintaxis: {0} <opciones>\
\n\
\ndonde <opciones> incluye:\
\n  -port <puerto>      Especificar puerto para uso de rmid\
\n  -log <directorio>   Especificar directorio en el que rmid escribir\u00e1 el registro\
\n  -stop               Detener la llamada actual de rmid (para el puerto especificado)\
\n  -C<indicador runtime> Pasar argumento a cada uno de los procesos subordinados (grupo de activaci\u00f3n)\
\n  -J<indicador runtime> Pasar argumento al int\u00e9rprete de Java\
\n\

# This means "The currently running activation daemon has been shut down,
# and is about to exit".
rmid.daemon.shutdown=\
daemon de activaci\u00f3n desactivado

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.restart.group.warning=\
\nrmid: (ADVERTENCIA) el reinicio del grupo indica:

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.restart.service.warning=\
\nrmid: (ADVERTENCIA) el reinicio del servicio indica:

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.log.update.warning=\
\nrmid: (ADVERTENCIA) la actualizaci\u00f3n del registro indica:

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.log.snapshot.warning=\
\nrmid: (GRAVE) la instant\u00e1nea del registro indica:

# "rmid" should not be translated
rmid.log.recover.warning=\
\nrmid: (ADVERTENCIA) {0}: omitiendo la escritura del registro durante la recuperaci\u00f3n:


Q:

Will upgrading weblogic server from 10.3 to 12 cause any issues to OBIEE 11g installation?

We have OBIEE 11g installed on our server. We are planning to upgrade Weblogic 10.3 that is running on the same server to Weblogic 12. Will this cause any issues to the OBIEE 11g installation?
Is there anywhere I can check compatibility between OBIEE & Weblogic versions? Does weblogic and obiee come as a single package or as separate packages?

A:

Have a look at the "OBIEE certification matrix" and in the oracle site you can check the xls of your specific version.
In these excels there is extensive information about the compatibility between the product and any related software, such supported databases or application servers.


For males, the college premium and the marriage premium are roughly equal. In the NLSY, for example, you earn 34% more if you’re a college grad, and 44% more if you’re a married male*:

When people – economists and non-economists alike – look at the size of that college premium, they usually conclude that more people should go to college. On a personal level, they urge individuals to enroll. On a policy level, they don’t just favor all the existing measures that encourage college attendance; they want government to redouble its efforts.

Funny thing, though. When people – economists and non-economists alike – look at the size of the male marriage premium, they barely respond. On a personal level, that 44% premium doesn’t lead them to urge men to marry. On a policy level, the 44% premium probably wouldn’t even increase opposition to the marriage tax – much less inspire support for a massive government effort to encourage men to wed.

Why the discrepancy?

1. You could point out that (a) married women earn 10% less, and (b) more men can’t marry unless more women marry. But the male marriage bonus vastly exceeds the female marriage penalty. Indeed, the net premium for a couple almost exactly equals the college premium.

2. You could object that the marriage premium is largely selection rather than treatment. But like the college premium, the real story is probably that it’s a mix of both.

3. You could object that men fail to marry despite the high premium because they would hate being married. But you can say the same about school: Students give up because they find it super boring.

4. You could object that encouraging marriage restricts people’s freedom, but encouraging college doesn’t. But this makes no sense. If using taxes, subsidies, and regulations to make college more attractive doesn’t “restrict freedom,” why would using taxes, subsidies, and regulations to make marriage more attractive “restrict freedom”?

5. You could say that education has positive externalities, but marriage doesn’t. But this is irrelevant, because the people pushing college are focusing on the private return. In any case, the externalities of marriage are far less debatable than the externalities of education.

I could be missing something; if you think so, let me know. My considered judgment, though, is that the double standard is all too real. People should push both education and marriage – or neither.

* I interact married and number of children (CHILDNUM) with gender dummies to allow the effects of family status to vary by gender. AFQT is the NLSY’s IQ measure.


/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "immune_region.h"

#include "gc/space/space-inl.h"
#include "mirror/object.h"

namespace art {
namespace gc {
namespace collector {

ImmuneRegion::ImmuneRegion() {
  Reset();
}

void ImmuneRegion::Reset() {
  SetBegin(nullptr);
  SetEnd(nullptr);
}

bool ImmuneRegion::AddContinuousSpace(space::ContinuousSpace* space) {
  // Bind live to mark bitmap if necessary.
  if (space->GetLiveBitmap() != space->GetMarkBitmap()) {
    CHECK(space->IsContinuousMemMapAllocSpace());
    space->AsContinuousMemMapAllocSpace()->BindLiveToMarkBitmap();
  }
  mirror::Object* space_begin = reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object*>(space->Begin());
  mirror::Object* space_limit = reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object*>(space->Limit());
  if (IsEmpty()) {
    SetBegin(space_begin);
    SetEnd(space_limit);
  } else {
    if (space_limit <= begin_) {  // Space is before the immune region.
      SetBegin(space_begin);
    } else if (space_begin >= end_) {  // Space is after the immune region.
      SetEnd(space_limit);
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

bool ImmuneRegion::ContainsSpace(const space::ContinuousSpace* space) const {
  bool contains =
      begin_ <= reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object*>(space->Begin()) &&
      end_ >= reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object*>(space->Limit());
  if (kIsDebugBuild && contains) {
    // A bump pointer space shoult not be in the immune region.
    DCHECK(space->GetType() != space::kSpaceTypeBumpPointerSpace);
  }
  return contains;
}

}  // namespace collector
}  // namespace gc
}  // namespace art


     Case: 10-20620 Document: 00511497437 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/03/2011

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                          June 3, 2011
                                    No. 10-20620
                                  Summary Calendar                       Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                              Clerk

RICHARD HODGES,

                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ISP TECHNOLOGIES, INCORPORATED, Incorrectly Identified as ISP
Texas City,

                                                 Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                              USDC No. 4:08-CV-962

Before KING, BENAVIDES, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*
       The plaintiff-appellant Richard Hodges appeals from the district court’s
dismissal of his Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) claim for failure to
establish that he was disabled under the Act. We AFFIRM.
                                            I.
       In 1994, Hodges was seriously injured in an industrial accident that left
him with thirty-four percent whole body impairment, including limited range

       *
        Pursuant to the 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that this opinion should
not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in
5th Cir. R. 47.5.4.
    Case: 10-20620 Document: 00511497437 Page: 2 Date Filed: 06/03/2011

                                 No. 10-20620

and motion of his left elbow and wrist and lost grip strength of his right hand.
Since the accident, and before beginning work at the defendant-appellee ISP
Technologies Inc. (ISP), Hodges held a series of physically demanding jobs. Two
years after the accident, Hodges began working as a maintenance planner and
electrical technician.   Hodges then worked for some time as an electrical
technician. He was also employed as a production technician operator. Hodges
never required, or requested, accommodations to help him perform those difficult
jobs over the years.
      In 2006, Hodges began working for ISP as a production technician, a job
similar to those he had held previously. Hodges informed ISP in writing of his
impairment at orientation, but admitted in conversation with human resources
that the impairment “had never caused [him] any problems . . . associated to
[his] jobs.” The production technician job required “walking, bending, reaching
and climbing to perform basic duties; bending and stooping while checking
pumps, valves, and motors; moving pallets of drums with a hand truck; filling,
shoving, and sealing drums of copolymer and solvents up to 550 pounds each;
maneuvering and rolling the 550-pound drums; climbing on and off a tow motor;
and climbing storage tanks and a tank wagon loading rack.”
      During his first week at ISP, Hodges reported to his foreman, Eloi Huerta,
that he had some discomfort in his left elbow. The discomfort allegedly arose
from the repetitive motions at the filling and lidding stations in the drum
assembly room. Hodges maintained that he could do his job, but not without
some discomfort. Huerta assured Hodges that he was doing a good job and was
not a “weak link.” Hodges did not ask for any assistance from Huerta.
      Hodges spoke with his union representative about his difficulties. He also

                                       2
    Case: 10-20620 Document: 00511497437 Page: 3 Date Filed: 06/03/2011

                                 No. 10-20620

met with ISP’s safety supervisor, who suggested that Hodges use a platform as
an accommodation. However, Hodges said he had tried everything and felt this
accommodation would not work. Hodges said he would continue working as
production technician, but he was certain the discomfort would continue.
      Hodges then met with Brian Johnson, a maintenance supervisor, and ISP’s
human resource supervisor about a “generalist” position Huerta mentioned as
a possible alternative.    The generalist position had many of the same
requirements as the production technician: “walking, bending, reaching, and
climbing; moving pallets of drums with a hand truck; the ability to lift 100
pounds; filling, shoving, and sealing drums of up to 550 pounds each; and
maneuvering and rolling drums of up to 550 pounds.” Johnson advised Hodges
of the similarities between the two positions and told him that it probably would
not solve Hodges’s problems. Hodges told Johnson that he could still perform
the duties of the generalist position, but because the generalist position was no
longer available, told Johnson, “I understand if you don’t have another spot for
me I’ll just go on down the road.”
      In his deposition, Johnson testified he believed that Hodges had quit.
Hodges testified that he did not want to end his employment with ISP, but he
believed he had been fired. Hodges never signed termination papers with ISP.
Also, ISP never contacted Hodges after that last meeting with Johnson. Hodges
took another similar job two months later, and after leaving that job returned
to work for a previous employer—in a job similar to his job at ISP—within the
next year.
      In March 2008, Hodges filed this disability discrimination case against
ISP, alleging violations of the ADA. 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq. ISP moved for

                                        3
     Case: 10-20620 Document: 00511497437 Page: 4 Date Filed: 06/03/2011

                                     No. 10-20620

summary judgment, asserting that Hodges does not qualify as an individual with
a disability under the ADA.         The district court granted ISP’s motion for
summary judgment. The court first examined the threshold question of whether
Hodges could show that he had a disability under ADA. The court determined
that because Hodges was not limited from working a “broad range” of jobs,
Hodges was not limited in the major life activity of work.             As a result, the
district court decided that Hodges could not establish that he was disabled under
any of the prongs of the ADA disability test. Hodges filed this appeal, disputing
the district court’s finding that he failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact
as to whether he was disabled under the terms of the ADA.
                                  II. DISCUSSION
      This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Quality Infusion Care, Inc. v. Health Care Serv. Corp., 628 F.3d 725, 728 (5th
Cir. 2010). Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The facts and evidence must be taken in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party.         Holt v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co.,
627 F.3d 188, 191 (5th Cir. 2010).1
      On appeal, Hodges disputes the district court’s decision that he failed to
meet the threshold requirement of showing that he is disabled under the terms
of the ADA. See Rogers v. Int’l Marine Terminals, Inc., 87 F.3d 755, 758 (5th Cir.
1996).    Specifically, he asserts that he is disabled because he is substantially
limited in the major life activity of working. In the alternative, he asserts

      1
         Although the parties dispute whether Hodges was fired from his job or whether he
quit, that dispute is not material to the resolution of this appeal.

                                            4
     Case: 10-20620 Document: 00511497437 Page: 5 Date Filed: 06/03/2011

                                      No. 10-20620

that—whether or not he was actually disabled—ISP regarded him as disabled,
and therefore improperly discriminated against him.
       To bring a claim under the ADA, Hodges must establish that “(1) he is
disabled within the meaning of the ADA, (2) he is qualified and able to perform
the essential functions of his job, and (3) his employer fired him because of his
disability.” Kemp v. Holder, 610 F.3d 231, 235 (5th Cir. 2010).2 Any analysis of
an ADA claim begins with a determination of whether the plaintiff is disabled.
Sutton v. United Air Lines, 527 U.S. 471, 481 (1999). The ADA defines disability
as “(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more
major life activities of such individual; (B) a record of such impairment; or (C)
being regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1).
       “[W]hether a person has a disability under the ADA is an individualized
inquiry.” Sutton, 527 U.S. at 483. However, “[m]erely having an impairment
does not make one disabled . . . .” Toyota Motor Mfg., Ky., Inc. v. Williams, 534
U.S. 184, 195 (2002). The impairment must “substantially limit” a major life
activity.   Id.   “When the major life activity under consideration is that of
working, the statutory phrase ‘substantially limits’ requires, at a minimum, that
plaintiffs allege they are unable to work in a broad class of jobs.” Sutton, 527

       2
          Hodges contends that the district court improperly applied old law. In 2008,
Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA). This Act
effectively superceded the Supreme Court’s narrow construction of “disability” set forth in
Sutton and subsequent cases. Hodges argues that the ADAAA should apply retroactively
to his case. However, this court has found “that Congress [did not intend] the ADAAA to
apply retroactively.” Carmona v. Sw. Airlines Co., 604 F.3d 848, 857 (5th Cir. 2010).
Hodges’s Complaint was filed almost a year before the ADAAA became effective.
Accordingly, this court is bound to follow Sutton and its companion cases and to apply the
pre-ADAAA definition of “disability.” Hodges’s contention is therefore without merit. See
Kemp v. Holder, 610 F.3d 231, 235 (5th Cir. 2010). In any event, Hodges does not explain
why adopting the new interpretation of disability—which in part makes it easier to bring
cases arising from episodic disability—would make any difference to his case.

                                             5
     Case: 10-20620 Document: 00511497437 Page: 6 Date Filed: 06/03/2011

                                   No. 10-20620

U.S. at 491. “The inability to perform a single, particular job does not constitute
a substantial limitation in the major life activity of working.” Id. at 491; see also
Bridges v. City of Bossier, 92 F.3d 329, 334 (5th Cir. 1996) (holding that a broad
class or range “implies more than two job types.”)
      Here, there is nothing in the record to show that Hodges is excluded from
a broad class of jobs and therefore substantially limited in the major life activity
of work. As the district court observed, Hodges has taken many jobs that are
similar to his job at ISP, including production technician operator, shift
electrician, maintenance planner, instrument electrician, and electrical
technician. The fact that he can work all those jobs precludes a finding that
Hodges is disabled in the major life activity of working or has a record of such
impairment for the purposes of the ADA. See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A), (B). Nor
can Hodges point to anything in the record to show that he is excluded from a
broad range of jobs.
      Hodges’s alternative contention that the district court erred in deciding
that he was not “regarded as” disabled under the ADA fails for similar reasons.
See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(C). An individual is “regarded as” disabled when either
“(1) a covered entity mistakenly believes that a person has a physical
impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, or (2) a
covered entity mistakenly believes that an actual, nonlimiting impairment
substantially limits one or more major life activities.” Sutton, 527 U.S. at 489.
Thus, to prevail, Hodges must show that his employer mistakenly regarded him
as “[u]nable to perform a major life activity that the average person in the
general population can perform.” Kemp, 610 F.3d at 237 (internal quotations
omitted). Hodges asserts that ISP improperly believed he was substantially
limited in the major life activity of working. The record, however, does not

                                         6
    Case: 10-20620 Document: 00511497437 Page: 7 Date Filed: 06/03/2011

                                  No. 10-20620

support Hodges’s assertion that ISP regarded him as “substantially limited” in
his ability to work in a broad range of jobs, as required by our precedent. Even
assuming that ISP actually believed Hodges incapable of working as either a
production technician or a generalist, the most Hodges can point to in the record
is that ISP believed him unable to perform one kind of job involving arduous
lifting. That is not sufficient to support a disability claim under the ADA’s
“regarded as.” See Ray v. Glidden Co., 85 F.3d 227, 229-30 (5th Cir. 1996)
(holding that restrictions on heavy lifting did not establish a record of disability
or “regarded as” disability because the inability to perform heavy lifting did not
render the employee substantially limited in the major activities of lifting or
working); cf. EEOC v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 480 F.3d 724, 730 (5th
Cir. 2007) (finding disability under the “regarded as” test where the defendant
mistakenly believed the plaintiff was unable to walk, and was therefore limited
from all jobs at the defendant’s factory).
      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.

                                         7


Direct and indirect costs associated with the management of childhood asthma.
The financial impact of childhood asthma has not been assessed since Vance and Taylor reported their data in Annals of Allergy 13 years ago. The present study updates the financial impact the direct costs (e.g., physician fees) have on families and assesses the indirect expenditures (e.g., income loss) associated with managing a child's asthma.


Rug Under Dining Room Table Or Not

Rug Under Dining Room Table Or Not - The place where everybody in the home gathers for conversation and great food is the dining area. The function of the room is clearly in line with the functions of the furniture in it. As the dining room can be used for eating, its flagship furniture that garners the most attention and usage is the dining room table. Other dining room furniture work with the dining room table and collectively, they construct the functionality and great feeling of the dining room.

The dining room table is the used and most detected dining furniture. It's the focal point of the area. The dining room table must be in a way, flanked by other furniture within the dining room just like a wine cabinet.

Whether a party involving many guests or a basic family dinner, a dining table that is good is really a necessity. There are several kinds of dining room tables, certainly one of which will be the accent table. These tables tend to be less or more just like the dining furniture that is basic, only which they are more ornately designed and made. Most of these tables are more prized due to their layout than their real function. These tables regularly go nicely with other classic pieces like a wine cabinet or classic fancy seats.

Breakfast bars are just one of the non-traditional layouts of dining tables. Given that we now have many types of dining tables, which one do you get? There are several guidelines that may be hugely useful when searching for kitchen furniture. These guidelines allow you to think about the things that are most important in selecting the furniture to get for your own dining room.


With the BJP in power at the Centre, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is looking to bring its ideology and icons into the mainstream and “correct the misconceptions” about the outfit.

“Why not,” asked BJP general secretary P Muralidhar Rao, who is actively involved with the RSS. “Now the BJP is the ruling party. If you do not tell the world about the ideology now, when will you do it?”

Sources said a number of steps to “rewrite history, present the true stories and put the historical personalities in their right places” have already been taken, while others are in the pipeline. Also, Union ministers and RSS leaders are holding interactions to discuss how Sangh leaders would be represented in text books, sources said.

When asked whether this is an attempt to mainstream RSS ideologues, the outfit’s Akhil Bhartiya Prachar Pramukh Manmohan Vaidya said: “RSS needs no mainstreaming. But if some leaders have been neglected despite their contributions to nation building, we need to correct it. The society should be grateful to these leaders, ignoring them is narrow-mindedness.” He added: “So far, only one family’s contribution was known to our young generation. Its time to rise above politics.”

Some of the steps towards ‘correction’ of the outfit’s image are already underway, sources said.

Librarians at Doordarshan have started digging out archival footage of Veer Savarkar, Syama Prasad Mookerjeeand other RSS icons, while bureaucrats have been asked to hunt for new names for welfare programmes.

The rural electrification scheme named after former PM Rajiv Gandhi is now called Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana, after the prominent Jana Sangh leader. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission has been scrapped and a new programme to urbanise rural areas is named after Syama Prasad Mookerjee, founder of Jana Sangh. A training programme for teachers named after Madan Mohan Malaviya is also in the pipeline.

However, the BJP has gone beyond just RSS icons. The National Centre for Excellence in Humanities to be set up in Madhya Pradesh will be named after Jayaprakash Narayan. Sources added that the government will relaunch over a dozen schemes named after B R Ambedkar, Ram Manohar Lohia among others.

“We do not want it to be one-sided. All those who contributed to the nation should be honoured,” Vaidya said.

Added Rao: “Pre-Independent or modern India history is never complete without Savarkar. He is very much a part of the history as is Bhagat Singh or Chandrashekhar Azad. Our objection is to ignore someone only because he is linked to a particular organisation.”

“Now the BJP is in power and Deen Dayal Upadhyay is the man who created that ideology. If Nehru can be remembered for the creation and growth of the Congress, why can’t Upadhyay be honoured. Can there be a history without the BJP? We cannot accept that only Marxists and the Congress contributed towards building India,” Rao said.

He further pointed out: “Archeological Survey of India has found evidence of the existence of Saraswati River. These findings are not the BJP’s or the RSS’s. Similarly, new interpretation for the Aryan-Dravidian divide has also come out.”

The BJP general secretary further said: “Ideological edifices constructed by the post-Independence historians were based on materials available to them. But, history is subject to change.”

Meanwhile, political analyst N Bhaskara Rao said the BJP is trying to replace the existing history with a new one. “The way it is going does not look like it is balancing different versions of history, but it is an attempt to replace. History is not to be erased. Rather, it should evolve and be updated.”

📣 The Indian Express is now on Telegram. Click here to join our channel (@indianexpress) and stay updated with the latest headlines

For all the latest India News, download Indian Express App.


Texas Congressman Joe Barton sent nudes and illicit schoolbook messages to a woman, and he's apologizing for the graphic image first revealed by a Twitter user. Barton, a Republican, sent the unclothed photograph showing his penis. The Twitter person censored the image, and also revealed a canonical hour that reads, "I essential u soo bad.


Q:

amqplib, checkQueue() crashing my app when error hit

I am writing a service injestor in express, to take request and pass them onto rabbit MQ.
I can't seem to get around the checkQueue() errors gracefully. everytime i hit them, my whole app crashes out with this error.
events.js:141
  throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
  ^

Error: Channel closed by server: 404 (NOT-FOUND) with message "NOT_FOUND - no queue 'asdfasdfb' in vhost '/'"
  at Channel.C.accept (/app/node_modules/amqplib/lib/channel.js:406:17)
  at Connection.mainAccept [as accept] (/app/node_modules/amqplib/lib/connection.js:63:33)
  at Socket.go (/app/node_modules/amqplib/lib/connection.js:476:48)
  at emitNone (events.js:67:13)
  at Socket.emit (events.js:166:7)
  at emitReadable_ (_stream_readable.js:411:10)
  at emitReadable (_stream_readable.js:405:7)
  at readableAddChunk (_stream_readable.js:157:11)
  at Socket.Readable.push (_stream_readable.js:110:10)
  at TCP.onread (net.js:523:20)

This is the bit of AMQP code that is giving me Grief
.post(function(req, res) {
var promise =  new Promise(function(resolve, reject){

  var queue = req.body.queue;
  if ( typeof(queue) == 'undefined' || queue.length == 0 ) return reject("No Queue Specified");

  // need to add VALID JSON CHECK
  var message = req.body.message;
  if ( typeof(message) == 'undefined' || message.length == 0 ) reject("No Message Specified");

  // select the Awknoledgement of the queue.
  var noAck = req.body.ack || true;

  // select the durabiltiy of the queue. Custing issues in the below if different hten when created.
  var durableOpt = req.body.durable || false;

  var assertOpt = {durable: durableOpt};

  var sendOptions = {
    noAck: noAck,
    contentType: 'application/json' };

  amqp.connect( process.env.QUEUE_HOST , function(err, conn) {

    if (err) return reject(err);

    conn.createChannel(function(err, ch) {
      if (err) return reject(err);

      var check = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
        ch.checkQueue(queue, function(err,ok){
          if (err != null){
            return reject(err);
          } else {
            return resolve(true);
          }
        })
      })

      var assert = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
        ch.assertQueue( queue , assertOpt, function(err,ok){
          if (err != null){
            return reject(err);
          } else {
            return resolve(true);
          }
        })
      })

      Promise.all( [ check , assert ] ).then(function( values ){

        for (var i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
          if (values[i] !== true){
            reject(values[i])
          }
        }

        if( ch.sendToQueue(queue, new Buffer( JSON.stringify( message ) ) , sendOptions) == true){
          return resolve('message added');
        }

      }) // end Promise.all
    }) // end conn.createChannel
  }) // end amqp.connect
}) // end of promise.

promise.then(
function(response){
  res.status(200).json(response);
},
function( error ){
  res.status(400).json(error);
})
})

If i ever hit that error in checkQueue, or of i actually have errors in AssertQueue. It always crashes out with the error described above. Channel always closes, and get an events.js:141 error. is there any way to keep errors in calls from killing my channel? or do i need to reconnect it up on the fly when errors occur?

A:

I found out what was causing the problem... conn was throwing an error that i wasn't catching 'properly' I tried a standard try/catch but it didn't like that either.
After digging through the docs for a while i found it under "events" i guess that makes sense, but it would be nice to have labeled error handling.
conn.on('error', function(handle){
  reject(handle);
})


The Mirror was allowed into some of the most iconic buildings in the park including the broadcast area and the basketball arena.

The clear winner in the beauty stakes is the Aquatics Centre, with vast awnings covered by artist Adriana Varejão. Inside though, it’s a business-like space where that Michael Phelps will be aiming to add to his 22-strong Olympic haul. The 15,000 seats are in place, the pool is filled with water. Even the starting blocks are in place.

The Aquatics Centre is one of the most stunning venues in Rio

There are 15 different stadiums in the park, and the final one - the velodrome - was only finished last week.

All have had test events and whilst there are enough snagging details to give a house builder nightmares, including toilets that need to be finished and plastering pipework, the important details should be in place.

“The Olympic Games are the biggest logistical challenge you can have in times of peace,” Adriana Garcia of the Rio 2016 Organising Committee told me.

The Basketball Arena is almost ready for use this summer

The disabled viewing section from inside the Basketball Arena

Balanced against that is the fact that this Games is being held in one of the most laid-back, fun-loving cities in the world.

“In Rio, we know how party,” she added. The Opening Ceremony is being kept a closely-held secret but 12,000 samba dancers are limbering up, directed by Fernando Meirelles who made the film City of God.

Rio may know how to throw a carnival but the biggest question is whether its infrastructure is going to work; Brazil’s current economic woes - including corruption and an economic crisis, as well as the zika virus - make Britain’s problems seem like a walk in that pristine Olympic Park.

The Aquatics Centre from the outside

This building will house handball but will be reconstructed to build five schools after the Games

Above all, it’s touch and go as to whether the Metro - which aims to ferry spectators to the Olympic Park in a matter of minutes from Rio’s centre - officials are very tight-lipped when you ask them.

In the meantime, high vis jackets are highly visible in Rio, with road works, scaffolding and the sound of power drills.

Over 70 per cent of the tickets have been sold, although you won’t find many spare seats at beach volleyball, which will be held on iconic Copacabana Beach.

A view of the Olympic site in Rio

You can now buy tickets - which start at 40 reals - on the www.rio2016.com website, with no need to buy accommodation packages. Airbnb - an official Olympics partner - has around 20,000 rooms still available.

If you can’t find the money for the airfare, and didn’t find the time to put in the training to become the new Tom Daley, there is a way to experience it all.

Google Street View will be going inside the stadia and even up to the 10-meter diving board Tom will be somersaulting off so we’ll all be able to see how it feels. The perfect way to dive into Rio?


So I wrote my first assembler programs today and there's one thing I wasn't prepared for ... just to output anything to the console you have to convert numbers to strings, and that's frankly to much effort for me right now.

What would I have to do to write binary representations of numbers into a file? I thought this might be straight forward, but the file always ends up empty

So I wrote my first assembler programs today and there's one thing I wasn't prepared for ... just to output anything to the console you have to convert numbers to strings, and that's frankly to much effort for me right now.

What would I have to do to write binary representations of numbers into a file? I thought this might be straight forward, but the file always ends up empty

What about calling some libc functions from your assembler?_________________True ignorance is not the absence of knowledge, but the refusal to acquire it.
A posse ad esse non valet consequentia
Πάντα ῥεῖ

Well, you know, the kernel is also written in C ........... so to avoid calling C code you should avoid the kernel as well _________________True ignorance is not the absence of knowledge, but the refusal to acquire it.
A posse ad esse non valet consequentia
Πάντα ῥεῖ

I haven't tested it, but I believe you are mixing things up with the file write. The second argument to write() (in ECX) should be a pointer to the memory area, while you seem to be storing the value you want to write. Try with LEA or MOV DWORD PTR or whichever syntax your assembler uses.

(My assembly is rusty, so take with a grain of salt)_________________"Freedom incurs responsibility; that is why so many men fear it." - George Bernard Shaw

As Amarantha said: ECX should be loaded with a memory pointer address, not with the value itself (mov cx, offset ergebnis or lea cx,[ergebnis]).
In addition:
- "summand" and "ergebnis" are defined by "db" (which means "one byte"). You actually access them with 32 bits, so they should be defined as 32 bit variables ("dd" whatever your assembler offers)
- if 32 bits should be written, EDX should be loaded with "4", because it defines the number of bytes to be written instead of the number of dwords.

I am somewhat reminded to my first MS-DOS asm programs ... long time ago

Yes, content of ecx should be a reference, this is true. About the length/size I wondered myself ... it has to be 4 bytes? Well at least the registers are 4 bytes large.
But there is some other problem still, somewhere during file opening. I tried to write a predefined string to file and it doesn't work either. To console it works fine, but not to a file.

edit, damn I am an idiot Creating and opening the file both need the filename.
"db" (1 byte numbers) work just fine, btw.


f your heart-shaped cake pans vary in size from those used in the recipe, your yield may vary. Bake the cakes in batches, if necessary, and cool the pans before reusing.

You can use dark or semisweet chocolate instead of white chocolate, if desired.

If the white chocolate mixture starts to harden before you’re done decorating the cakes, microwave in 30-second increments to soften. You can also melt the chocolate in a saucepan over low heat instead of in the microwave.


THE NEW York Times has sprung a surprise in announcing who it is endorsing in the 2020 election.

The Times' editorial board revealed it is backing two candidates, Elizabeth Warren and Amy Klobuchar, in a break from its usual "convention."

6 The New York Times editorial board endorsed Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., for president Credit: Reuters

6 Sen. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn., was endorsed by the Times for the 2020 presidency Credit: Rex Features

The board not only explained why it backs the two women, but also their reasoning behind snubbing Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders — two Democratic frontrunners.

Warren falls on the progressive side of the Democratic Party, while Klobuchar is more moderate.

“May the best woman win,” the editorial board wrote.

The Times’ decision was “meant to address the ‘realist’ and ‘radical’ models being presented to voters by the 2020 Democratic field.”

6 The Times editorial board usually endorses candidates popular with the Democratic or Republican Party establishment Credit: Bloomberg - Getty

6 Both former Vice President Joe Biden and Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., were snubbed from the Times endorsement Credit: Alamy Live News

6 Warren and Klobuchar shown here about to shake hands at the sixth Democratic presidential debate last week Credit: Getty Images - Getty

The board, which is separate from The Times’ newsroom, did not endorse President Donald Trump, and argued he “must be defeated.”

With that in mind, however, the board said it “does not take a position on the best path forward for Democrats.”

The board said both Warren and Klobuchar are ”the most effective advocates” for a radical and a realist approach, and both paths “warrant serious consideration.”

Health was noted as a “serious concern" for 78-year-old Sanders, who had a heart attack in October. Additionally, his unwillingness to cooperate was also listed as a concern.

6 The Times noted the ages of Biden, 77, and Sanders, 78, in their decision Credit: AFP or licensors

The Times board noted Biden’s age and awkward gaffes he’s made while publicly speaking.

Biden, per the board, should “pass the torch to a new generation of political leaders.”

Pete Buttigieg, the 38-year-old former mayor of South Bend, Indiana, was praised as having a “bright political future.”

During previous presidential elections, the Times board has typically endorsed a candidate popular with the party establishment.

MOST READ IN NEWS POISON POST Trump was 'mailed package of poison ricin that was intercepted by cops' HAUNTING THREAT Woman text BF ‘hope your mom likes being burned alive’ before deadly fire COVID CHECKLIST THREE new virus symptoms revealed including diarrhea and runny nose Exclusive VILE VIDS 'Pedo filmed himself raping baby while changing diaper’ as pal says she told mom Exclusive MAD BRAD Brad Pitt 'twinned with teen in sauna & insulted' during time in Scientology BRAZEN DESTRUCTION Man, 30, 'decapitated Jesus statue because skin color was too white'

They endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic primary, and in 2008, endorsed her in the primary over former President Barack Obama.

In 2004, the Times endorsed John Kerry and in 2000 chose Al Gore.

Each time the Times board chose a candidate who was popular with the Democratic party and, except for 2008, the eventual presidential nominee.

Do you have a story for The US Sun team?

Email us at exclusive@the-sun.com or call 212-416-4552.


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Raise Awareness Across the Globe to put a end to animal cruelty. In Oct. 2010 we made it our mission to turn facebook purple. Our cause is one of the Fastest growing on facebook. Go Purple Today...
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