"The Rabbi's Cat" "Algiers, North Africa 1930s" "Jews don't like dogs, they bite and chase." "And Jews have been chased so much, they prefer cats." "Well" " I don't know about other Jews, but that's what my master says." "My master is Rabbi Sfar." "Me, I don't have a name, but in the casbah of Algiers, they call me the rabbi's cat." " Zlabya!" " That's master Zlabya." " Daughter!" " A name as sweet as a honeycake." "Remember when she was little, she'd run to hug me?" "Zlabya." "Zlabya I love you!" "Zlabya I love you!" " Why is he saying that?" " It was Knidelette's idea." "My name's too sophisticated for a bird to pronounce." ""Zlabya" is more common." "Boys don't say your name, either." "There's no lineup to see you." "If it wasn't for dad, they'd be falling over each other!" "Is this how you talk in a rabbi's house?" "I mean, luckily my dad watches out for me." " Meow!" " Yes, and my cat." " Aren't you busy, Knidelette?" " No." "That's a polite way of telling you to go home." "Fine." " See you tomorrow." " Yes." "Tomorrow." "Zlabya I love you!" "Aw, my little cat, does the parrot bother you?" "You love that cat more than me." "What if the house was on fire, and you could only save one of us?" "Dad!" "Stop the emotional blackmail." " Go practice piano." " Yes father." " I want to clearly hear you!" " Yes dear father." "He's teasing me." " Did you eat my parrot?" " No." " What?" " Not me." "Then where is it?" "Why are you shouting?" "I'm tired" " I thought the cat had talked." "You're working too hard." "Anyway I didn't eat the parrot." " What did he say?" "!" " A lie!" "Killer!" "Liar!" "You're a devil!" "Dad, the cat talks!" "Ok, don't make a scene." "It's a miracle!" "Stay back, he could be dangerous." "I've always served you." "Why don't you trust me now?" "Because your first words were lies!" "I didn't eat the parrot, I'm not hungry." "You lie to hide a murder!" "Dad, it's a cat who ate a bird." "Is that a crime?" ""Mortally scared by Julian's arrival," ""Madam Reynal soon fell prey to the cruelest anxieties." ""My god!" "To be happy," ""to be loved, is that all it is?"" "What are you reading?" " Stendhal." " The Red and the Black." "The cat can read?" "Since when?" "We learned together, but I could only meow." "That's a political book!" "Did the cat give you that propaganda?" " What propaganda?" " Not at all, it's a romance." "Even better!" "Give me that." "I forbid you from seeing this cat except in my presence!" " He's MY cat!" " Young lady..." "At your delicate age, I don't want you seeing just anyone." "The rabbi won't leave me alone with her, afraid that I'll give her bad ideas." "He keeps me under guard." "I'm so bored!" " What's that, master?" " The Talmud." " Interesting?" " It says how to be a good Jew." " For example, it says lying is bad." " Should I feel concerned?" "Why not?" "Well, I'm just a cat." "I don't know if I'm Jewish." " Of course!" "You're our pet." " I'm not circumcised!" " Oh, cats don't get that." " I haven't had my bar mitzvah!" "That's when you're 13." "I'm 7, that's 49 in human years." "If I'm a Jewish cat, I have to do my bar mitzvah!" " Why are we visiting your rabbi?" " Because you're driving me crazy!" "Your problem's been stuck in my head all morning!" "Don't leave me here if he beats his students." "Quiet." "No, no, NO!" "It doesn't matter that he talks" " No bar mitzvah!" "And why not?" "It's not meant for cats." "But master of my master, how are cats and humans different?" "God made man in his image." "Ok, then can you please show me a picture of God?" "Impossible." "It's the Word of God." "Oh, so if man is like God because of words, then I'm like man." "No, because your words are bad!" "You got them through an act of death." " I didn't eat the parrot." " You're a liar, too." "Words let you say anything, even things that aren't true." "It's great, try it." "Abraham, you should drown your cat." "Really?" "No, I'm fond of him, and he hates water." "Who are you, to kill me?" "I am the Eternal One, testing you in the form of a cat!" "I am God, and not at all satisfied with your behavior!" "You have been as cruel to me as some Christians have been to Jews!" "Lord God, forgive me for I have sinned!" "I'm guilty!" "Kidding!" "I'm a cat, you can get up." "You blaspheme, you lie, you take the name of God!" "We should drown you right now!" "Enough!" "I want to have my bar mitzvah and convert!" "Why." "If I'm a good Jew, the rabbi will let me see Zlabya, my master." "I can't live without her, for she is my joy!" "Love is a beautiful thing." "No." "No!" "NO!" "Your motivations to convert aren't good!" "Your love of God isn't sincere!" "I never mentioned loving God." "To become Jewish, you must fear God, put yourself under his protection and cherish him." "A Jew must see God's presence in all things." "Think of God, who brings light when days are gray." "Your love of God must be almost carnal!" "Oh no..." "Loving God is important!" "We're always in his arms," "He's strong and we're happy," "When he takes care of us!" "Yep, your love of God is exactly how I feel about Zlabya." "Animal!" "You walk on four legs, close to the ground!" "You can't rise to God's love!" "Your love is vulgar!" " Blasphemer, my master is real." " Only God is real!" "God was invented to make you feel better, when there's nobody to take care of you, because you're old and your parents are dead." "Me, I'll always have my master because I'll die before she does." "Get out!" " Keeping me?" " Foul beast." "What?" "I wanted to know what telling the truth is like." "Yes, you lie when you shouldn't, and upset people with the truth." "I've been upset since I started talking." "Zlabya used to pamper me..." "I'd do anything to see her again." "Quiet, you're faking it." "You can't return to the Garden of Eden." "Let's find a rabbi who'll let me have a bar mitzvah." "No sane rabbi would want to teach a cat." " Find a crazy one." " I don't know any." " That leaves you." " I don't want that heavy responsibility." "Your daughter could teach..." "Well, ok, no..." "And she's crying, without her wonderful cat..." "My cat!" "I want my cat..." "My master... my master..." "my master!" "Fine, you win." "I'll teach this beast, so please, stop crying." "Now I'm crying with joy, father!" "And so my teacher gives me my first lesson on Judaism." "This is the story of how the world began." "Our Lord God created it in 7 days, 5700 years ago." " You're kidding." " No, it's the truth." "That's ridiculous!" "Carbon-14 dating proves the world is millions of years old!" "Carbon-14 could be wrong." "Maybe Noah's flood eroded the soil and made it appear older." "Not even a kitten would believe that!" " My rabbi taught me that." " You know what I think of him." "Maybe years only exist because we count them." "5700 years could be the age of the first calendar." " That sounds better." " Good." "Adam and Eve were the origin of all mankind." " They're symbols." " No!" "They're the truth!" "Truth is prehistoric man." " Know-it-all." " What?" "You think scientific words make you understand." "The rabbi got mail today, but first he's having breakfast." "What are these?" "This one's from Paris." "Nothing, just papers." "The rabbi wants to savor the moment of reading his mail." "You're coming with me." "We don't serve Arabs or Jews." " Well..." "I don't see a sign." " Get out." "Let's go, master..." "I saw you were going to rip him to pieces!" "I like the fountain, it's for everyone." "And water is the best drink, God bless." "I'd prefer milk fountains." "Going to read your mail?" "What were the letters?" "I love knowing something you don't know." " Talk." " For a fish." "So talk!" "Now scratch me under the chin." " Talk or I slap you!" " Ok, ok." "The Paris letter says he has to pass an exam." " Medical?" " No, a French language test." " Oh, is that all?" " The other letter is more interesting." "Cousin Malka is coming to visit." " Malka of the lions?" " Zlabya!" " Yes father?" " I need some French books." "Books?" "Why?" "I have to write a test to be the local rabbi." " You already are." " Not officially." "Why do the French officials need to test you?" "Competence." "You can't have just anyone be a rabbi." "It's humiliating." "Oh, what do you know?" "Give me your books!" "(Fables of La Fontaine)" " Stop staring at me like an idiot." " Make yourself useful and dictate." " "Daphnis and Alcimadure."" " What's that?" " The title." " That's a fable?" " Yes." " Pick another." " Ok, "The wax candle."" " No, something easier!" " "Jupiter and the passenger."" ""How much would the gods..."" " The **gods?" "*" " Yes." "That won't do." "Find a monotheistic fable with normal animals that I know how to spell!" " "The cat, the weasel and the bunny"?" " Ok." " You want kosher animals?" " Shut up and read." " Read or shut up?" " Read!" "Ok, "In a bunny's palace, Mrs. Weasel..."" "Slowly... slowly..." "Malka is coming to visit!" "He's staying with us." "Can we see him?" "Yes, he's performing in the city, and speaking in the synagogue." "Can we come over to meet him?" "No, he'll be busy and tired." "I'd be a good wife for him." "Idiot, not a chance." "He only likes desert women." ""The crow, embarrassed - embarraSSSSed..." " "and confuSSSSed..."" " Why the whistling?" " "Swore he would never be tricked again."" " Hold it." ""Never be tricked agaiNNN."" "There." "Finished." "Listen, master, you'll never do it without me." "What?" "I did ok." "Your handwriting is good, but your spelling..." "I know, we'll pray." "Pray if you want, but I'll write the test." "How dare you!" "That's completely dishonest." "You've been rabbi for 30 years, and pray in Hebrew for Jews who speak Arabic." "Why respect a crazy law to make you write in French?" "Without me, you'll fail." "Come, master, let's sleep." "Before I could speak, my dreams were simple." "I chased small things, and big ones chased me." "I'd run away and hide in the arms of my master, who would pet and caress me." "The dreams of a kitten." "After I could speak, it all changed." "Nightmares." "I dream my master is sick and can't get better." "Then she's gone and they say she's on a trip." "I say she's thinking of me and will return soon with a gift." "But the rabbi can't let me pretend any more." "On his lap, he tells me the truth." "She's dead." "Yes." "Now that I talk, I often dream that she's dead." "Alone with me, the rabbi rejects his faith, leaving his teacher and his students." "To lift his spirits, I pretend I believe in God." "Hey master..." "Hey master!" "Look, God is everywhere!" "Yeah, I've heard it before." "I tell him I want a bar mitzvah, to make him feel responsible for someone." "That's enough!" "Why do you want to be human when I'd rather be a cat?" "I dream we become cats." "We crawl through the streets at night, eating wasted meat that isn't kosher." "I catch a female by the neck so she learns about it..." "My master doesn't want it." "Not like that." "Some humanity remains, and we look for Zlabya." "But she's not at her piano." "Nor in the kitchen." "Nor reading." "She's in her grave... where we have no right to go." "Ah!" "Was it a nightmare?" "Maybe we had the same one!" "My cat..." " I wish you couldn't talk." " Me too." "The test was being held in a school." "My master thought there would be other rabbis, but he was the only one." "Open up!" "Hey, let me in!" ""In the morning, the baker..."" "Oh no, he's scratching things out!" "He's screwing up!" "What's the point of being able to talk if I can't help you?" "What can I do?" "Your God won't help, unless..." "Baruch atah Adonai!" " Sacrilege!" " What?" "Don't say the name of God!" " It's meant for miracles!" " I didn't say it, I thought it." "Only use that magic word for prayer!" "I don't care if it's forbidden!" "Adonai!" "If prayer works, then - Adonai!" "My master loves you and is flunking his test!" "Adonai, Adonai, Adonai, meow..." " "...to his work." - "...his work."" " "Last night..." - "Last... night..."" ""The baker..."" "How'd it go?" "It's ok, no one's listening." "Oh..." "Father!" "I think the cat's stopped talking." " You spoke with him?" " No!" "No, but... he meows." " Let him meow." " It went badly?" "I don't know, I did my best, but..." "I think I blew it." "Since the test, my master has become apathetic." "He doesn't laugh." "He used to joke about the goats in the tree." "He'd say, "Look, a goat tree!" "They fall when they're ripe."" "But now, he walks by without seeing them." "Mr. Sfar!" "You got a letter!" "The test results?" "From Paris, must be important." "Yep, it is..." "I'm not letting this ruin Malka's arrival." "Cousin Malka!" "Is he coming here?" " I told him to meet me." " Where?" " The French café." " Are you sure?" "!" "He's crazy!" "Does he want to get beaten up?" "!" "Ok, he's singing..." "Master, it's not worth the trouble..." "We could meet at the fountain... huh?" "Master?" "Huh?" "Master..." "Huh?" "When suddenly, here comes Malka... with his pet lion!" "Ha!" "Gonna tell him to get out?" " What'll it be?" " Cousin Malka!" " Looking good!" " It's not too obvious?" " What is?" " My moustache is dyed." "No, really?" "You're 20 years young!" " Come on." " The years haven't touched you." " Flatterer." " You look good anyway." "I greet the old lion" " I can still talk to other animals." " Shalom, good fellow!" " Shalom, little one." " Careful, don't break anything." " And don't scuff the tile!" "Don't worry, he's tame." "Malka!" "Malka of the lions..." "Good day, Mr. Malka," "I'm Knidelette, Zlabya's best friend." "A pleasure." "Enchanted." " What's that box?" " Books from Russia." "Oh yes, to save them from being burned by the communists." " Aren't you happy to help?" " Yeah yeah." "You should stop avoiding that letter." "Enough, girl." "I'll deal with it soon." "You guys share, ok?" " Your cookies are delicious!" " I made them." "From my mom's recipe." "Malka, you should talk to dad, he's not well." "You're right, I'll go see him." "You're cruel!" "Did you say that to keep Malka away from me?" "He's been taken for a long time." " She must be old." " Like age matters." "You're so naive, Zlabya." "The rabbi tells Malka about the disastrous test." "Remember when we used to stay up past bedtime?" "You always hid your aunt's wine under the bed." "Hah!" "I knew it." " Malka." " What?" "I'll be away for a few days, to think." "Nothing stupid?" "My ancestor's grave, he helps me." "I'll be back soon." "Hey cousin!" "I could kill the mailman." "Killing one guy can fix everything." "That way, no letter!" "That's sweet, but no." "Look after the house while I'm gone." "The rabbi's great-grandfather was a doctor and a saint." "My master makes a pilgrimage to his grave each year." " Salam alaikum!" " Shalom aleikhem!" "Salam alaikum!" "Alaikum salam!" "Who's your master?" " That's Sheik Sfar, stupid." " An Arab named Sfar?" "You ass, Sfar means "yellow" in Arabic, like sulfur." "We're going to the grave of our ancestor, Messaoud." " So are we!" " But he was a Sufi!" " No, he was a Rabbi!" " Take that back!" " The animals look tired." " Yes, let's take a break." "Adios mi amor!" "Besame," "Muchacho adios..." "Strange donkey, he reads music and sings in three languages." "Amazing." "And off-key!" "A talking donkey will always be a donkey." " Couldn't you teach it?" " Yes, but with no expectations." "You know," "We should live alone in a cave, with my books and your music." "No, Allah would admonish us, like Jonah sulking under his tree." "So?" "After years of helping everyone else, don't we have the right to peace and quiet?" "No." "Still, my brother, I don't want to go home." "Why?" "I've been a rabbi for 30 years, and without even meeting me," "Paris sent a letter saying I'm a rabbi of nothing." " Show me." " Here, you open it." "You know what it says?" "That one, yes." "You thought God had left you?" "Big mistake, listen..." ""Dear rabbi, we're delighted to give you a mark of 10.5 on your exam."" " An exam?" " Keep reading!" ""With your diploma, the Consistory is very proud of you, and hopes that other rabbis..." ""...will follow your example and rise above being dumbasses."" " They said that?" " No." " Dumbass was me." " I'm still a rabbi!" "Hug me!" " Let's pray!" " Watch the glasses!" "So they prayed towards Jerusalem and Mecca." "They danced and sang, drunk with joy, and in the frenzy, I wished I could speak again!" "But I couldn't." "The rabbi didn't even finish his pilgrimage, running home to tell the big news." "Daughter, cousin, great news!" "Come on, open that box!" "Just in time to help." " With my books?" " With inspection." " They're prayer books." " From Russia." " So?" " You know those Russian Jews?" " Well, they're Jews." " Yeah yeah, we'll see." "They'll look good with the other books in our synagogue." " Not until I check them!" " What are you afraid of?" " I'm on guard." " Against what?" "Haven't you heard of..." "Communism?" "Open it!" " A corpse!" " A Russian corpse!" "How should we pray?" "In Yiddish?" "Is he even Jewish?" "He's alive!" "You hear me?" "He's alive!" "A-live!" "Alive!" "Oh, shut up!" " I'll get more rabbis!" " Check the bar, too!" "Soon it's like a Jewish court." "10 rabbis, a circumciser, students, spectators, a chicken..." "And no ideas." "They're afraid of the police and everyone." "If he has a foreskin, it'll determine his religion and funeral rite." "Ah, you're lucky I'm here!" "I'm a certified expert!" "What if he's Christian?" "They'd accuse us of defiling him!" "We could try the Christian rite." " You don't know how!" " I speak some Latin." "You'd say what, the Kaddish?" "I think he's Jewish, he was boxed up with Talmuds." "So?" "Jewish or not, he's Russian!" " Do they even bury their dead?" " Of course!" "Says the smarty-pants who wrote an exam." "Close it up and send him back!" "Take out the books first." "God's curse upon he who denies a man's burial!" "It's like putting baby Moses back in the Nile!" " No, send him back to his own kind!" " Never!" " They all agree with me!" " Yeah!" "Hey!" "You want proof he's not dead?" "He's undead!" "Close the box!" "(Speaks in Russian)" "No one can understand either of us." " They don't know how to listen." " No one here speaks Russian?" " I understand you!" " A talking cat." "Finally, a human who can hear me again!" "The others can't." "Oh." "You can't be my interpreter, then." "Nope!" "But if it helps to talk..." "These people, this house" " Algeria?" "Yes!" "You're in Algiers." "Oh good..." "Everyone out, give him air!" "You can see he's not well." "Go on!" "Shoo!" "Let's sit him in the yard." "Is our survivor feeling better?" "I've got an idea." "He might understand my prayer book." "Hey, Michael Strogoff!" "Can you read this?" "Modeh... oni..." "Lefaneha." "Lefaneho." "Ugh, his pronunciation!" "Shalom aleikhem." "Shalom oleikhem." " Oh dear..." " Is it working?" "He says "o" instead of "a"." "Try Hebrew?" "It's not conversational." "Spanish is a language, Hebrew is only for prayer." "Zlabya?" "Aren't you busy?" "Go inside, you're being a pest." "Off with you!" " Now what?" " He wants my help!" " Can't I help a fugitive?" " Fugitive?" "If he's dumb enough to end up in a box, you think he's on the run?" "What's your idea, hide-and-seek?" "Hey moron, you jumped into a box with no food, but took some paint with you?" "Dad, be serious!" "Look, it's so good, it's like it's moving..." "Yep, he's crazy." "He left Russia to get lost in Africa." "Da, da!" "Vastenov." "Vastenov." "Vastenov?" "That's a Russian name." " Someone in Algiers?" " Da, da!" "Vastenov!" "A Russian, here?" "That's like a needle in a haystack!" "You can do it dad, with all your connections!" "Zlabya thinks I know everyone." "Ok, who here could help me?" "Just go to the Russian church!" "Stop that noise!" " Hey, how about the Russian church?" " What a bright idea." " Father?" " Come in, come in!" "I'm Rabbi Sfar, from the little synagogue by the harbor." "I'm looking for someone who speaks Russian..." " Oh, I'm Catholic." " Not Orthodox?" "This church was abandoned, so I was posted here." "Ah." "So you don't know any Russians?" "Oh, I've got one!" "But he takes prayer without me." "He's quite the character!" "Mr. Vastenov." " Vastenov?" "You're kidding!" " Not at all!" " Where can I find him?" " He's right here!" " Here?" " Take a look." "He comes in a luxury car with a beautiful woman." "Quite depraved, but he prays an hour each day." "Ooh, God!" "You never again see me at church!" "You let Tsar die!" "I come no more!" "My son, it's all right to scold the Lord." "It shows you believe." " Are you retired?" " Retired?" "!" "I have sex life, day and night!" "I running, swimming..." "Of course, of course." "And this is Rabbi Sfar, who wants to meet you." "Ah!" "I never refuse "drinking" new friends!" " Urchins, rabbi?" " Sorry, I can't." "Very nice." " And murder?" " Pardon?" " You never kill someone?" " My son..." "You neither?" "Since my exile, what I miss most is murder!" "I am bored, very." "Luckily, there is love." "Love of God?" "Me, I love my departed wife." "I love my daughter, my cat and the Torah." "I love alcohol, women, my car, smoking, and literature." "Kid stuff." "You cling to youth to forget the rest." "Like a thrown pebble, life is short, it soon stops." "Hmm, explain." "When I drive, I watch the road." "That's sad!" "Let's drink!" "Get out!" "Sycophant!" "Whoa!" "What's going on here?" "The undead guy is painting your daughter!" " So?" " So..." "The second commandment forbids it!" ""You shall have no other gods before me, make no graven image..."" "Yes, I know it." "I think it's very good, let them keep going." "Yeah, and next he'll sleep with her!" "That's enough!" "Rabbi, I respect you, but this is my house." "Go home." "Abraham, how dare she order me around!" "I demand you burn that painting and punish your daughter!" " Yes, women must obey!" " Get out, you old dirtbag!" "You and your leering student." "You!" "Go find yourself a wife instead of this old man!" "You can't even look me in the eye?" "Get out!" "Who's that?" " A Russian." " You needed another?" "Her shameful conduct is funny?" "Yes, she is great!" "Is first time I see angry Jew!" "In Russia, head is always down." "Your girl would scare the Cossacks!" "Very nice model of Jewish woman..." "Well, keep away from her, you're here to translate." "Vastenov?" "You found him?" "Vastenov!" " Ok guys, let's talk." " What about my portrait?" "So what does this Russian want here?" "We know he's Jewish." "For us, Jew is not Russian." "He remains Jew." " How so?" " Changes everything." "A Russian can be provoked into duel." "A Jew, we burn." "A Russian seduces a woman." "A Jew, we take." "Didn't the revolution change that?" "You make joke!" "I like." "Can you ask him what he wants?" "(Speaks in Russian)" " Well?" " He must go to Ethiopia." "Tell them I'm not crazy." "He's a nutcase who doesn't know geography." "The descendants of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba are there." "He says, over there are blacks who are also Jews." "A Jewish settlement?" " I want to paint there." " That's great!" "So much room for a homeless people." "As Jews, we should help!" "Let's go with him!" " Imagine, African Jews!" " We're the African Jews." "No, in black Africa." "Black Jews?" "!" "How dare you say that?" "You're racist!" "No one's ever seen a black Jew." " Wouldn't surprise me." " He says he's used to them." "That's Russia, but here in Africa, we're the Jews." "Well said!" "How do you know that Moses was white?" "Yes, can we even prove white ancestry?" "Blacks are enslaved." "Jews are massacred." "It's one or the other, not both." " I've got proof." " Color photos of Moses?" "Better, a government report." "Russia wants to deport all their Jews to another country without upsetting Europe." "Nice project." "They found black Jews in Ethiopia." "The Falasha." "Look at this," "I hid more than paint in my pockets." ""In Ethiopia, have found black populace who speak Aramaic..." ""and practice strict Judaism..." Hey, this is authentic!" "Amazing!" "I can pay for the whole expedition!" "Will there be giraffes?" "And I am excellent guide!" "I could make map of African brothels," "I know them well." "That's it, I'm out of here." "Isaac, Abraham, let's go!" "I want to hear their idea." "Trust me, we will travel in comfort!" " Even old guy can come." " What old guy?" "Do I have to plug your ears to avoid temptation?" "Mr. Vastenov, why did this man seek you out, specifically?" "Because only I have something that gets Jewish painter across Africa!" "Voilà!" "A 1925 Citroen half-track!" "What a beauty!" "May I?" "Trust me Vastenov, in a week she'll be like new!" "And I can drive if you want." "Dad." "Dad!" "Malka's staying to watch over you, don't worry." "Don't you like having him around?" "Well yes, I like him, but I want to go with you." "It's an amazing chance to see the world!" "And I can't go?" "It's not fair!" "Hey, that's life." "Malka, hand me that bag of salt." "What are you putting on my Citroen?" "!" "Huh?" "The symbol of Jerusalem!" "It'll bring us luck." "No it won't!" "People will think we're Jewish!" " Uh, it will?" "Um..." " Erase it!" "No." "It stays." "Enough!" "I'll only go under the Russian banner." "Oh hey!" "Let's sneak it in by combining the two flags!" "Good idea, cat." "You're leaving me too?" "Don't be sad, master, I'll be back soon." "Do you miss Rabbi Sfar?" "No, he must be home by now, celebrating with his family." "We'll see him next year." " For now, enjoy the silence." " But it's lonely..." "That's why you're not good at music." "You never appreciate the silent parts." "What's all that dust?" "Cousin!" "Check us out!" "Abraham!" "What's that silly flag?" " The Russian empire!" " And Jerusalem!" " We're invading Africa!" " What are you talking about?" "Listen." "We're going on a big adventure, and the nutcase is paying for it." "Ah." "We need you, don't say no." "Finding Jerusalem, whatever," "I can pick up some new songs." "Look, we're driving an authentic Citroen, it's crossed the country before." "Let's hope it can cross it again." "What a machine!" "Guess how big the tank is, go on, guess!" "180 Liters!" "Amazing!" "That's nice, but couldn't we take a boat?" "Ah, no, we want a road trip!" "The painter is happy!" "His star shines on the flag, and he has all the art supplies he needs." "He paints scene after scene." "But what is there to paint in the desert?" " The colors." " Sky and sand?" "Boring." "I can change them." "Instead of calm sands, I can put in other things." "If you make it up, why travel?" "You could have painted this in Russia." "No, not the same way." "Anyway, I prefer looking at the real thing." "Me too, so I take a good look first." "Painting doesn't stop me from enjoying what's real." "What do you get out of it?" "It's like when you bite into your prey." "It was alive and beautiful, but your instincts take over, and you bite in." "That, I understand." "Is that a mouse?" "..." " See, this belt drives the motor." " And this?" "This?" "The radiator!" " Tell the rabbi his cat is ill." " Huh?" "The painter says it is talking cat." " How does he know that?" " He says since he arrive, cat keep talking to him." "He used to talk to me." "Maybe he's chosen a new master." "Why don't you pray?" "I prayed all day for my wife, and the Lord did nothing." "He won't help my cat." "Oh, stop it." "Is just cat, bury it..." " No!" " He's important." "Animals mean more to us than replacing a broken car." "We share long lives." "Can a scorpion bite be cured?" "I know a tribal chief in this area." "Their camp isn't far." "His holy man works wonders!" " Are you friends?" " No, but there's respect." "Be careful at the camp, they're very sensitive." "What topics should we avoid?" "Don't talk about religion, they're fanatics." "If my prince didn't respect Sheik Sfar," "I wouldn't have dirtied my hands on a cat." " My cat with no name." " He'll live." "My deepest thanks." "What's your name?" " Professor Soliman." " I could name my cat after you." "That would be an insult, it's the name of a prophet." "Giving it to a beast would be quite improper." "Sorry." "He'll stay nameless." "But I'll pray for you." " You're Jewish?" " Yes." "Your prayers won't go far." "Thanks for my cat..." " My old master..." " Huh?" "But..." "Another madhouse?" "You can talk again?" "Oh, praise God!" "I don't know why you stopped, but I'm so happy!" "I never stopped, you didn't listen." " You were meowing." " I've so much to tell you!" "Not in front of these people, they're very touchy!" "What are you doing?" "!" "Calm down, my brother." "It's a portrait to thank the prince for his hospitality." "(Speaks in Russian)" "The Koran forbids depicting the human body!" " I know it better than you." " Liar!" "You dare to call me a liar?" "Here's the Koran." "Show me where it forbids your prince's portrait." "(Speaks in Russian)" "Do you want him to stop?" "No, we forbid statues that might be false idols." "An image within a frame projects no shadow." "My descendants will be happy to know what I looked like." "Ha!" "Avoid talking about religion, you said!" "I know, I'm sensitive about it too." "I've been around for 75 years, thanking my prophet five times a day." "No kid is going to teach me religion." "Our god isn't about hate." "He likes the arts and sciences, and seeing his children at peace." "How sad he lets so many fools speak in his name." "Come join the banquet," "I'm offering the painting to the prince." " You need to interpret." " Ha ha!" "I'll load my gun, it's the language of the future!" "Everyone understands it." "You pretend to be callous, but actually you're respectful." "Oh ho, watch it, painter." "I respect no one." "Screw you all!" "Jews, Arabs, Reds, friendship between peoples..." "Bullshit." "Here's to friendship between men!" "Come on, time to eat." "Ah, here's my portrait." "My friend, thank you!" "You saved my cat, and he's talking again!" " Thank you, sir!" " Shhh!" "I have enemies here." "If they hear you, we'll get beheaded as sorcerers!" " Um, meow." " Better." "I'm pleased." "Let's eat!" "Missing your handsome painter?" "I'm worried about dad." "He's getting old." "Zlabya, how can you say that?" "He's brave, strong, and knows all about Africa." " How?" " His rabbi taught us as kids." "That's comforting?" "In the Bible, where does Moses live?" "With Esquimos?" "The Bible takes place in Africa." "If you know the Torah, you're all set." " Isn't it in the Middle-East?" " You know more than me?" "Go on." "No, sorry." "This is Africa, this is Israel." "This is your father's path, he's near Jerusalem." " Where is he now?" " There." " Is he well?" " Listen," "He's with a tribe who are very friendly to Jews." "And where are your women?" "Where do you put the big-breasted desert girls?" "Some jewels are best kept safe." "Will they eat our leftovers when we're done?" "Quiet, Vastenov." "Sorry, he's high-strung, ignore him." "**I'm* high-strung?" "My prince, we won't be insulted at our table." "A disgraceful example of the evil of alcohol." "Drunk or not, we should cut off his head." " Yes, it's not forbidden." " You want to play?" " I don't fear you." " I like death." " I like it more!" " Ah no no." "Wait!" "Hold off until after dinner, we'll talk and you might change your mind." "Mmm, yes, Jew." " Let's talk about religion." " Oh, not at dinner." "Tell us about Islam and Judaism." "Uh, what to say..." "They're both very nice." "There's a lot in common, we have the same pastries." " Isn't Islam better?" " Yes, of course!" "Then why not convert?" "The Koran says to respect the children of Abraham." "You prefer Jews to your own kind!" "Two choices." "Either he accepts Mohammed, or he talks to my sword." "Listen, be reasonable." "How about this," "Let me stay Jewish, I know all the prayers," "It's too late to start over, even though Islam is better." "Good answer, Jew!" "Hahaha..." "Now listen up!" "Which of the prophets had the longest beard?" "Moses, Jesus, or Mohammed?" " Enough, be silent!" " Try it!" "Bow down before a soldier of God!" "Killing infidels brings me closer to God!" "I've killed more, God loves me!" "God guides my hand." "If I die in combat, I go to Paradise!" "God lied to you." "We go..." "Nowhere!" "A fair fight." "In terms of honor, this affair is over." "But you've taken an important soldier." "You owe me a life." "Give me the painter, and you can go." "These men don't belong to me." "Then I'll accept your miserable life." "I belong to the Tsar!" "Perhaps two deaths are enough for tonight." "Show us your kindness by letting us freely depart." "Of course." "But first, we'll have dessert." "Then we'll drink tea." "At dawn, you can leave in peace." "Sheik Sfar was allowed to take Vastenov's body." "We made a tomb near the Sfar's ancestor." "If only he'd learned to behave." "I'm proud." "I thought you'd speak rashly to the fanatics, but you said nothing." "You're a good cat." "I didn't speak, but I still did something." "I ripped up the prince's portrait." "Ho ho!" "That's a good cat!" "No master, I'm loving but I'm not kind." "That's ok." "At this point the rabbi meets his first blacks, and I find out he's no smarter than most people." ""When visiting the Ubangi, beware the Banda cannibals..." ""...who call white people 'Yum-yums.'"" "Nonsense!" "Look, I know Africa." "Stop reading that book!" "It's scientific!" "It's from the Citroen expedition." "You'll never take another trip like this." "Look around you!" "I am, and the book is educating me." "If it was about Jews, you'd say it was all wrong." "Experience new things, and talk about them later." "You just think you're smarter than André Citroen." "He doesn't understand." "I'm old, and there's so much to see." "Without that book I'd feel utterly lost." "But he's right." "Look around and be quiet." "Not express my opinions?" "I've never done that." " Not very French." " Not very Jewish, heh." "Scratch me?" "While the sheik learns new songs, my master clings to the familiar." "He makes observations." "Hey, I play the darbuka too!" "You sometimes use the back of your hand?" "I use the palm!" "From little things like this, you discover things you didn't know." "Hey Mohammed, listen!" "I play like a nomad!" "Aaugh!" "I'm tired..." "I'll read some more tomorrow." "In the Congo we meet a patronizing reporter." "I didn't know there were Jews in Black Africa!" "And his dog is stupid." "Hey, don't scratch me, ok?" " He thinks we're backward." " See this?" "This is a newspaper I write for." "Not by myself, of course." "We use an invention called printing." "Can you read Western lettering?" "He talks a lot, and doesn't listen." "See, I'm washing myself, I do it once a day." "So I won't get sick, or fleas." "No kidding, it's healthy!" "Bye!" "Don't forget to read my column!" "Ciao!" "In White towns, things are more complicated." "Travelers pay a lot for room and board." "Not going to bed?" "No, I'm keeping my eye on the truck." "I worry." " Still, we're having fun." " Yes!" "The painter and I enjoy the dangers of the night." "In each town, we look at everything." "After a lot of looking, the painter fell in love." "Russians don't do anything by halves." "Cat, I can't work with him watching." "He says he can't stop, and really wants to draw your picture." "Cat, does he say that to all the girls?" "(Speaks in Russian)" "What time do you finish?" "Uh, cat, translate this..." "Hey!" "Listen cat, tell him I'm not that kind of girl." "Cat, translate this, with the same feeling." "I'm an artist too." "Get her to pose nude, they're goddesses." "Here's a reliable way to draw Blacks." "The negro has a distinct slope to the facial curve." "You see?" "(Speaks in Russian)" "A foreigner?" "No problem, here are the basics." "To draw nature, you must know anatomy." "Savage!" "Tell him not to get upset over it." "I've heard far worse crap than that." "(Speaks in Russian)" "In his country, Jews are drawn the same way." "Good thing we met." "Tell her we can go to the land where Blacks and Jews originate, a place with no racism." "You really want me to say that?" "!" "Hey adventurer, wake up, time to go!" "Shh!" "He wants a bit more sleep." "I think we're in love, and he wants me to go to his Jerusalem." "Isn't he coming?" "He's in love with a waitress." "If she wants to go with us, that's great!" "Why?" "I can't drink any more of your coffee." " My daughter likes it." " She's polite." "You've never had the waitress' coffee!" "I dreamed of your father." "My dreams are always true." " How is he?" " God bless, he's well." "But he's been in danger." "He was on a battlefield, surrounded by warriors." "Suddenly, he held up the ten commandments, and they all put down their weapons." " Really?" " He told them," ""Stop fighting, and shake hands!"" "And now they're all friends." "You're kind, trying to help." "Why did he go so far away?" " With my cat." " I know he's old." "This might be his last big adventure." "It's good to let him go." "We travel for months." "No one minds." "The old guys have fun, even when there's a breakdown." "The diversity of animals makes them thank God for his creation." "They're like little boys, discovering the world." "The lovers are getting to know each other." "The Russian wants to learn French." "Hey..." "You, lover... me?" "Not laugh!" "Is hard to speak French!" "It's funny because you sound like other Whites." " She's black, so you won't marry us?" " It's not that." "She's not Jewish." " Do a non-Jewish wedding!" " I'm not trained." "Hey, I don't mind taking his faith." "It's not that simple." "Learning Judaism takes years of study." "In my village, many Jews never study." "That's up to God." "But if I convert someone who hasn't learned any of our 613 laws, it's my fault." "Ok, not big deal, hurry up!" "Want to marry." "Fine." "Hillel the Sage explained our belief like this:" ""Love your fellow as yourself."" " My fellow?" " Me." "I love you!" "Mazel tov!" "Would God think I'm a good rabbi?" "Maybe he thinks you're raising the standard." "Maybe." "Can never tell with him." "Well, we know he's a good sort." "Yep!" "Lucky catch!" "My master Zlabya wanted him." "Let's recap: our expedition has... two kids, a cat, a donkey, two lovers, and soon, a baby." "It's Noah's Ark." "In Asmara we find Eritrean Jews, who've heard of the Falasha, but not their city." "Tell that idiot his Jerusalem doesn't exist." "(Speaks in Russian)" " You have no faith." " Says the Communist!" "It's unknown because it's remote." "Tell him I'm sure!" "I'm not convinced." "There are animals in the water!" "I'm sure there are animals in the water!" "Shut up!" "Thank you Lord, for providing this crocodile, and give us strength if we can't go on." "Amen!" "The road gets too hard for the truck and the donkey." "You'll remember where I am?" " Don't abandon me." " I promise!" "The Sfars can't go on." " You should give up." " No, it's my dream." " And your baby?" " I go where he goes." "Wait!" "I'll come too." "Watch your paws!" "All Jews and blacks come from here." "Maybe it's the original Eden!" "Where Adam and Eve still live, thanks to a balanced diet!" " Look, we made it!" " Wow!" "What a view!" " It's our homeland!" " Amazing!" "2000 years of peace!" "No racism!" " No hatred!" " Wow, it's great!" "We'll be welcomed, and loved!" "(Foreign language)" " Not visiting hours?" " A misunderstanding." "Hey!" "We're the same tribe, don't kill us!" "Big!" "Unfriendly." "We're strangers." "Language barrier." "They're telling you to get lost." "Oh, explain we're Jewish too." "We're all the same!" "Uh, we're all the same religion." "See?" "We've been adopted." "Uh, what?" "You won't like the answer." "They've never seen a pink Jew like you before." "Aha, yes." "I can draw a portrait of each of you!" "Very nice here!" "Hello sir, very nice." "Oh wow..." "Roomy baths!" "Hello!" "Taking a dip?" "Heh." "Hi, great, amazing..." "What's..." "Aaugh!" "No!" "No!" "No, please!" "..." "Jerks." "What's that?" "It's...!" "It's... it's a...!" "A bar mitzvah!" "I want one too!" "Hey friends!" "After the brat, can I have a bar mitzvah too?" "There!" "...just wanted a bar mitzvah!" "Help!" "A bit stylized, but done with love." "No...!" " Cat, I need help, translate." " Not now!" "He doesn't understand." "He says you're a heathen who steals faces!" "And them?" "They don't want me to have a bar mitzvah." "Don't run!" "Cat, fix everything through dialogue!" "You're right, keep to yourselves," "Don't change how you live," "You're identical to the rest of mankind." "But I prefer cats!" "We get going!" "We find the Sfars... the donkey... and the truck!" " See?" "There's no city." " Told you so." "Hey husband," "Your story was funny." "I always knew your city was a dumb idea." "Do we tell them it exists, or not?" "I think we should lie." "It's not my job to tell things the way they are." "Well, if you're busy..." "Hey, that swings!" "Doesn't sound Tunisian." "I stole some tricks from Django Reinhardt." "Want to sing?" "No, talking is hard enough, I'll learn to sing later." " You're writing to Zlabya?" " Yes." " Do you mention me?" " You're nosy." " That I'm talking again?" " I say that you've traveled, and learned to be a good cat." "Master, tell her we'll be back soon, that I love her with all my heart, that I dream of lying on her bosom..." "Don't tell me how to write to my daughter." "Go on, shoo!" "O God, reunite me with my master." "Have her always love and care for me." "Carry me into her arms," "Keep her happy with me, forever..." "May she never marry or have kids!" "Amen." "O eternal" "God of Abraham" "Reunite me with" "My master" "Have her always love me" "O God of the sky and of the earth" "May she take care of me" "Carry me into the depths of her arms" "May she never marry or have kids!" "(lyrics repeat)" "English subtitles by Tom T., with thanks to Niall and all the friends who helped!"


ROCHESTER, NY – In a brazen attempt to reach the millennial and zennial and whatever the kids 17-21 call themselves these days, the CEO of Vector is trying to appease the younger workforce who desperately want to die by stabbing them with the company’s famous Cutco knives.

“We have a generation that just tweets that they want to die all day because the worlds gone insane and climate change will destroy us all. So I’m out here just committing assault with an extremely deadly weapon to get them to understand that death isn’t that great but these knives are truly the best in the industry” said CEO Barrister Chairester, who was absolutely drenched in blood while he stabbed me repeatedly with the sharpest knife I’ve ever felt.


CVE-2007-5337

Mozilla Firefox before 2.0.0.8 and SeaMonkey before 1.1.5, when
running on Linux systems with gnome-vfs support, might allow remote
attackers to read arbitrary files on SSH/sftp servers that accept key
authentication by creating a web page on the target server, in which
the web page contains URIs with (1) smb: or (2) sftp: schemes that
access other files from the server.

References

Note:References are provided for the convenience of the reader to help distinguish between vulnerabilities. The list is not intended to be complete.

Disclaimer: The entry creation date may reflect when
the CVE-ID was allocated or reserved, and does not
necessarily indicate when this vulnerability was
discovered, shared with the affected vendor, publicly
disclosed, or updated in CVE.

Phase (Legacy)

Assigned (20071010)

Votes (Legacy)

Comments (Legacy)

Proposed (Legacy)

N/A

This is an entry on the CVE
list, which standardizes names for security
problems.


The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and smoking on periodontal parameters and on the levels of salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8). One hundred and twenty five subjects were divided into five groups: group 1, systemically and periodontally healthy subjects (n = 25); group 2, systemically healthy subjects but with chronic periodontitis (n = 25); group 3, subjects with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (n = 25); group 4, smokers with chronic periodontitis (n = 25); group 5, diabetic-smokers with chronic periodontitis (n = 25). MMP-8 level in saliva was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Quantikine human total MMP-8 immunoassay kit. The result showed that the clinical periodontal parameters and the mean levels of the salivary MMP-8 were significantly higher for diabetic-smokers than other study groups. A highly significant positive correlation (r) between MMP-8 and periodontal parameters was also observed in diabetic-smoker patients. The findings suggest that diabetic-smokers have increased periodontal breakdown and are associated with an increased extent and severity of periodontitis. (J Oral Sci 58, 1-6, 2016)

This cross-sectional study investigated the characteristics and prevalence of orofacial pain, and its associations with sociodemographic characteristics, in 319 university students: 188 second-year students in the Medical Faculty and 131 students in the Faculty of Technical Sciences at the University of Kosovska Mitrovica. A specially designed questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence and characteristics of pain. Among the 319 students, 101 (32%) reported previous orofacial pain, and pain was more frequent among women (P < 0.05). Logistic regression revealed that gender was an important predictor of pain and that the risk for pain development among women was 1.8 times that among men. Place of residence and relationship status were not associated with frequency of orofacial pain. The regions with the highest pain prevalences were the temporal region (7%; 95% confidence interval, 4-10%) and the region around the eye (6%; 95% confidence interval, 4-9%). The first episode of orofacial pain was less than 3 months previously in 59% of the participants, and 39% of students had sought professional medical help. (J Oral Sci 58, 7-13, 2016)

Submental tracheal intubation is a technique for use in patients with maxillofacial trauma. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and complications of this technique compared with tracheostomy. Twenty-five patients underwent submental tracheal intubation since 2001. Submental tracheal intubation was performed in cases needing intermaxillary fixation complicated by a nasal pyramid or anterior skull base fracture. No severe perioperative or long-term complications were noted. Intra- and postoperative complications were observed in three patients. In one case, the tube was accidentally dislodged into the right main bronchus during submental tracheal intubation. Two patients developed skin infections. Submental scarring was undetectable, except for one patient with slight scarring. Submental tracheal intubation avoids the complications associated with tracheostomy and the difficulty of nasal intubation during intubation and surgery. Therefore, submental tracheal intubation is useful in the intraoperative management of patients with complex maxillofacial trauma. (J Oral Sci 58, 23-28, 2016)

As part of our ongoing investigation of risk and predictive factors associated with temporomandibular disorders, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify risk factors for sideways disk displacement of the temporomandibular joint in 26 patients with MRI-confirmed unilateral pure sideways disk displacement (medial or lateral disk displacement) and normal positioning of the contralateral temporomandibular joint. Coronal morphologic harmonization between the condyle and fossa, angle between the axis of the ramus and condyle, and angle between the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) and condyle were evaluated. Only angle of the LPM related to the condyle was significantly correlated with mediolateral disk position; the angles of joints with medial, normal, and lateral disk positions were 70.2°, 66.7°, and 60.1°, respectively. These results suggest that a greater angle of the inferior head of the LPM to the axis of the condyle on axial MRI images may cause medial disk displacement, while a smaller angle may result in lateral disk displacement. (J Oral Sci 58, 29-34, 2016)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of applying 0.50% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel using the dental drug delivery system (3DS) on salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and on the surface topography of metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets. The study involved 20 orthodontic patients with high levels of salivary S. mutans. The patients were treated with professional mechanical tooth cleaning followed by application of 0.50% CHX using individual trays (3DS). Salivary S. mutans levels were repeatedly measured 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-treatment. In vitro study utilized forty ceramic and metallic brackets that were immersed in 0.50% CHX gel for 10 min, whereas another untreated forty brackets served as controls. The frictional resistances of stainless steel wires to the brackets before and after CHX treatment were recorded using a universal testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare changes in the surface topography of brackets. Statistical analyses were used to determine the effect of CHX on bacterial count and to evaluate the effect of CHX on frictional resistance. According to the results of this study, S. mutans levels were reduced significantly (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the frictional resistance and surface topography of brackets before or after application of CHX. (J Oral Sci 58, 35-42, 2016)

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory disease with a varied clinical presentation. The present clinical study was carried out to clarify the demographic and clinical profile of 108 patients with OLP. The patients were identified based on the diagnostic criteria proposed by van der Meij et al. (2003) modified from the WHO (1978) clinical and histopathologic definition of OLP. Information such as age, gender, clinical presentation and type of OLP, site of involvement, symptoms, extraoral involvement, history of systemic disease, familial occurrence and risk factors like chewing and smoking tobacco, chewing betel quid, alcohol consumption were obtained. Mean age of OLP patients was 45.4 years, and among the identified patients, 70.4% were females. The most frequent clinical type was the reticular form (80.6%). The OLP lesions were symptomatic in 77.8% of the patients. The buccal mucosa was the most affected site (87.9%) and multiple oral lesions were observed in 41.7% of the patients. Among the OLP patients, 36.1% and 4.7% reported chewing tobacco and smoking tobacco, respectively. Histopathologically, epithelial dysplasia was seen in two cases. The chronic nature of OLP warrants patient education, psychological support and long-term follow up. (J Oral Sci 58, 43-47, 2016)

A prospective cohort study was designed to measure marginal bone level changes at 36-month follow-up and to evaluate the influence of biologically relevant, anatomic and stress-related variables. STROBE guidelines were followed. Totally, 748 implants were inserted into 350 patients. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken at 2- (stage-two surgery), 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-ups. Descriptive statistics were used and inter- and intra-examiner reliability were determined. A mixed-model was used to evaluate predictor variables. Statistical analysis was performed at implant level (statistical significance: P < 0.05). A total of 34 (4.5%) implants failed; of the 34 implants, 6 were early failures (0.8%) and 28 were late failures (3.7%). A total of 576 implants reached 36-month follow-up (mean follow-up: 25.58 months; SD: 10.32). Mean marginal bone remodeling was −0.56 mm. (SD: 1.30; range: −6.80 ± 3.65). A statistically significant, higher marginal bone loss was found for subcrestal implants and subcrestal implants inserted into the maxilla, for implants inserted into patients aged over 50 years, and for early-delayed implants inserted into patients aged over 50 years. In conclusion, a low, mean crestal bone loss at 36-month follow-up was recorded but implant positioning in the apico-occlusal dimension was found to be the most significant variable that influenced bone loss. (J Oral Sci 58, 49-57, 2016)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play important roles in tumor growth. The present study investigated the expression levels of MMP2 and MMP9 in relation to the distribution of TAMs in the primary and metastatic regions of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty-nine cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with regional lymph node metastasis were selected from available documents in the archives of the Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry. Four-micrometer-thick sections were prepared from the primary and metastatic regions. Each section was subjected to immunohistochemical staining using anti-MMP2, anti-MMP9, and anti-CD68 antibodies. The distribution and localization of MMPs and TAMs were compared between primary and metastatic regions. The expression levels of both MMPs were higher in the metastatic regions of lingual and gingival cancers. Statistically significant differences were observed in both T1 and T2 cases. In contrast to the higher expression of MMPs in metastatic regions, a higher number of TAMs were distributed in the primary regions. From these results, MMP expression levels and the numbers of TAMs were expected to have an inverse relationship between the primary and metastatic regions of OSCC. (J Oral Sci 58, 59-65, 2016)

The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) in a specific in Spanish Mediterranean population, evaluate oncological outcomes, and identify prognostic factors for survival. Overall survival and disease-free survival rates were calculated for 23 patients with MSGTs who were treated in our department during 2004-2012. In the recruitment population of the reference hospital, annual incidence per 100,000 inhabitants was estimated, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The mean annual incidence of MSGTs was 0.91 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI, 0.14-2.83). The most common histological type was squamous cell carcinoma (34.8%). Overall survival ranged from 2 to 120 months (mean 70.5 months). The 5-year overall survival rate was 52.5%, and the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 50%. The mean disease-free interval was 73.9 months (95% CI 47.1-100.7). Metastatic spread, tumor stage, perineural invasion, a submaxillary location, tumor size, histological grade, positive lymph node status, and presence of positive surgical resection margins were the most important factors in patient survival. Our results are consistent with those of other studies in relation to disease incidence but differ somewhat with respect to histological type. (J Oral Sci 58, 67-73, 2016)

Developmental dental anomalies have been associated with different malocclusions in various populations. This study verified this association in Brazilian non-syndromic orthodontic patients. The prevalence of dental anomalies was evaluated by examining 2,052 pretreatment records of orthodontic patients. Panoramic radiographs, study designs, intraoral photographs and medical history were collected in order to identify hypodontia, hyperdontia, microdontia, macrodontia, taurodontism, transposition, impaction, and ectopia. Epidemiological data and classification of malocclusion were also obtained. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisherʼs exact test (P < 0.05), and the prevalence ratio was obtained from cases that had a significant association between anomaly and malocclusion. The results showed that 27.4% of the patients evaluated had some dental anomaly, and most of them were white women aged 11-20 years. Ectopia, microdontia, impaction, and hypodontia were more prevalent in patients with Class I malocclusion. Macrodontia was the only anomaly associated with Class II division 1. Impaction was associated with Class III malocclusion, at a 1.84-times higher prevalence. In conclusion, impaction was correlated with Class I malocclusion; macrodontia showed association with Class II division 1; and impaction and ectopia were associated with Class III malocclusion in Brazilian orthodontic patients. (J Oral Sci 58, 75-81, 2016)

The oropharyngeal area can be a source of halitosis. However, the relationship between healthy tonsillar microbiota and halitosis is poorly understood. We conducted a pilot clinical study to clarify the effect of gargling with an antiseptic agent on tonsillar microbiota in patients with halitosis. Twenty-nine halitosis patients who did not have otolaryngologic disease or periodontitis were assigned randomly to one of three groups: benzethonium chloride (BZC) gargle; placebo gargle; no gargle. Concentrations of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in mouth air, the organoleptic score (ORS) and tongue-coating score (TCS) were measured before and after testing. Tonsillar microbiota were assessed by detection of periodontal pathogens, and profiling with terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and sequencing of 16SrRNA clone libraries for taxonomic assignment. Gargling with BZC reduced the concentrations of methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide and the ORS, but did not affect the TCS or prevalence of periodontal pathogens. T-RFLP analyses and 16SrRNA clone sequencing showed a tendency for some candidate species to decrease in the test group. Although gargling of the oropharyngeal area with an antiseptic agent can reduce oral malodor, it appears that tonsillar microbiota are not influenced greatly. (J Oral Sci 58, 83-91, 2016)

A non-contact electromagnetic vibration device (NEVD) was previously developed to monitor the condition of periodontal tissues by assessing mechanical parameters. This system requires placement of an accelerometer on the target tooth, to detect vibration. Using experimental tooth models, we evaluated the performance of an NEVD system with a laser displacement sensor (LDS), which does not need an accelerometer. Simulated teeth (polyacetal rods) were submerged at various depths in simulated bone (polyurethane or polyurethane foam) containing simulated periodontal ligament (tissue conditioner). Then, mechanical parameters (resonant frequency, elastic modulus, and viscosity coefficient) were assessed using the NEVD with the following detection methods: Group 1, measurement with an accelerometer; Group 2, measurement with an LDS in the presence of the accelerometer; and Group 3, measurement with an LDS in the absence of the accelerometer. Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric methods (n = 5) (P < 0.05). The three mechanical parameters significantly increased with increasing depth. In addition, the mechanical parameters significantly differed between the polyurethane and polyurethane foam models. Although Groups 1 and 2 did not significantly differ, most all mechanical parameters in Group 3 were significantly larger and more distinguishable than those in Groups 1 and 2. The LDS was more accurate in measuring mechanical parameters and better able to differentiate periodontal tissue conditions. (J Oral Sci 58, 93-99, 2016)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional expression by translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. miRNAs bind to target mRNAs through partial complementarity, and can regulate many genes. In the present study, we investigated the effects of miR-223 on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). To determine the effects of miR-223 on the expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6, HGF were stimulated by IL-1β (1 ng/mL) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 10 ng/mL) and transfected with a miR-223 expression plasmid. Levels of mRNA for IL-1β, IL-6, inhibitor of kappa-B kinase α (IKKα) and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-5 (MKP-5) were measured by real-time PCR, and levels IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKα protein were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Expression of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNAs was induced by IL-1β and TNF-α and further increased by miR-223 overexpression. IL-1β and TNF-α induced the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNAs, and this was reduced by miR-223 inhibitor. Overexpression of miR-223 decreased the levels of IKKα protein and MKP-5 mRNA in HGF. These findings indicate that miR-223 might control the inflammatory response via IKKα and MKP-5 in periodontal tissue. (J Oral Sci 58, 101-108, 2016)

Our study aimed to examine facial asymmetry in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palates (UCLP) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and explore the factors responsible for lower facial asymmetry in these individuals. The experimental group included 21 adolescent patients with non-syndromic UCLP while the control group comprised 14 patients without any facial cleft defects. The maxillofacial regions of the patients in the two groups were scanned using CBCT, and the Mimics 10.01 software was used to analyze the images. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the factors related to the deviation of the pogonion point (Pog). Comparison of the two groups showed that the position of the lateral point of the pyriform aperture and the length of the mandibular body exhibited significant asymmetry (P < 0.05). Pog in the UCLP group deviated to the cleft side (1.24 ± 2.28 mm), and was related to B6L(R) to Sagittal plane, CdL(R) to Sagittal plane, and U6L(R) to LS plane. We concluded that significant differences between the cleft and non-cleft sides existed only around the cleft, and not in the deeper regions of the maxillary complex. Functional adaption may be the main reason responsible for chin deviation in UCLP individuals. (J Oral Sci 58, 109-115, 2016)

This study compared the wear characteristics of a heat-pressed lithium disilicate ceramic material opposed to feldspathic porcelain, a lithium disilicate glass ceramic, and zirconia materials. Ceramic plate specimens were prepared from feldspathic porcelain (EX-3 nA1B), lithium disilicate glass ceramics (e.max CAD MO1/C14), and zirconia (Katana KT 10) and then ground or polished. Rounded rod specimens were fabricated from heat-pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramic (e.max press LT A3) and then glazed or polished. A sliding wear testing apparatus was used for wear testing. Wear of glazed rods was greater than that of polished rods when they were abraded with ground zirconia, ground porcelain, polished porcelain, or polished lithium disilicate ceramics. For both glazed and polished rods, wear was greater when the rods were abraded with ground plates. The findings indicate that application of a polished surface rather than a glazed surface is recommended for single restorations made of heat-pressed lithium disilicate material. In addition, care must be taken when polishing opposing materials, especially those used in occlusal contact areas. (J Oral Sci 58, 117-123, 2016)

Temporomandibular joint dislocation (TMJ) is sometimes found in post-stroke patients, and most cases occurs involuntarily. This report describes a rare case of repeated, voluntary, TMJ in a 73-year-old woman with dysphagia and dysarthria. The cause of dislocation was suspected to be voluntary excessive mouth opening associated with gastroesophageal reflux-related vomiting and the desire to eject oral deposits resulting from hypoglossal and facial nerve paralyses. After an oral hygiene intervention, the frequency of TMJ dislocation decreased and finally disappeared. Thorough oral hygiene seemed to contribute to protection against TMJ dislocation. (J Oral Sci 58, 133-136, 2016)

This case report describes the clinical efficacy of treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) for periodontal regeneration. A patient with aggressive periodontitis participated in a clinical trial involving administration of 0.3% FGF-2 in comparison with a placebo control. To evaluate the efficacy of FGF-2, standardized radiographs were taken before surgery and at 12, 24, and 36 weeks after FGF-2 treatment. The rate of increase in alveolar bone height was 86.9% at 36 weeks. The 6-year postoperative radiograph showed significant development of alveolar bone in comparison with the first visit. FGF-2 treatment may be effective for periodontal regeneration in cases of aggressive periodontitis. (J Oral Sci 58, 137-140, 2016)

A 28-year-old man visited our hospital with the chief complaint of trismus. Computed tomography revealed a well-defined, soft tissue tumor, 66 × 45 × 21 mm, with a distinct boundary in the inner region of the zygomatic arch. The mass contained various sizes of bone-like hard tissue, some of which adhered to the right coronoid process. A contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance image showed that the mass was composed mainly of adipose tissue. Tumorectomy was performed, and the histopathological diagnosis was osteolipoma. At 2-year follow-up, mouth opening had increased from 31 mm to 50 mm. (J Oral Sci 58, 141-144, 2016)

Low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma (LGCCC) is a recently described rare tumor of the salivary gland; this tumor most frequently arises from the parotid gland. Here, we describe a case of LGCCC arising from a minor salivary gland in the buccal mucosa. A 72-year-old man had a small mass on the left buccal mucosa. The mass was completely resected, and the postoperative course was uneventful. Histopathologically, the tumor comprised a single cyst with intraductal proliferation. Based on these histopathological findings along with immunohistochemistry a diagnosis of LGCCC arising from a minor salivary gland was made. (J Oral Sci 58, 145-149, 2016)


---
author:
- Toby Cubitt
- David Elkouss
- William Matthews
- Maris Ozols
- 'David Pérez-García'
- Sergii Strelchuk
title: Unbounded number of channel uses are required to see quantum capacity
---

[**Transmitting data reliably over noisy communication channels is one of the most important applications of information theory, and well understood when the channel is accurately modelled by classical physics. However, when quantum effects are involved, we do not know how to compute channel capacities. The capacity to transmit quantum information is essential to quantum cryptography and computing, but the formula involves maximising the coherent information over arbitrarily many channel uses [@Lloyd_97; @Shor_02; @Devetak_05]. This is because entanglement across channel uses can increase the coherent information [@DiVincenzo_98], even from zero to non-zero [@Smith_08]! However, in all known examples, at least to detect whether the capacity is *non-zero*, two channel uses already suffice [@Smith_08; @Brandao_12]. Maybe a finite number of channel uses is always sufficient? Here, we show this is emphatically not the case: for any $n$, there are channels for which the coherent information is zero for $n$ uses, but which nonetheless have capacity. This may be a first indication that the quantum capacity is uncomputable.**]{}

In the classical case, not only can we exactly characterise the maximum rate of communication over any channel – its *capacity* – we also have practical error-correcting codes that attain this theoretical limit. It is instructive to review why the capacity of classical channels is a solved problem. Even though optimal communication over a discrete, memoryless classical channel involves encoding the information across many uses of the channel, Shannon showed that a channel’s capacity is given mathematically by optimising an entropic quantity (the *mutual information*) over a *single* use of the channel. This follows immediately from the fact that mutual information is *additive*. Thanks to this, the capacity of any classical channel can be computed efficiently. It is for this reason that additivity questions for quantum channel capacities took on such importance, and why the major recent breakthroughs proving that additivity is violated [@Hastings; @Smith_08] had such an impact. It has been known for some time [@Lloyd_97; @Shor_02; @Devetak_05] that the quantum capacity is given by a *regularised* expression—the optimisation of an entropic quantity (the *coherent information*) in the limit of arbitrarily many uses of the channel: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Q}
  Q^{(n)}(\N) &:= \frac{1}{n} \max_{\rho^{(n)}} \Ic(\N^{\otimes n}, \rho^{(n)}),\\
  Q(\N) &:= \lim_{n\to\infty} Q^{(n)}(\N),\end{aligned}$$ (Here, $Q^{(n)}(\N)$ is the coherent information $\Ic$ maximised over a joint input $\rho^{(n)}$ for $n$ uses of the channel $\N$.) However, the regularisation renders computing the quantum capacity infeasible; it involves an optimisation over an infinite parameter space.

Were the coherent information additive (i.e. $Q^{(n)}(\N) = Q^{(1)}(\N)$), the regularisation could be removed and the quantum capacity could be computed as easily as the capacity of classical channels. However, this is not the case. The first explicit examples of this *superadditivity* phenomenon were given by Di Vincenzo et al. [@DiVincenzo_98], and extended by Smith et al. [@Smith_07]. For these examples (where $\mc{N}$ is a particular depolarising channel) it was shown (numerically) that $0 \leq Q^{(1)}(\N) < Q^{(n)}(\N)$ for small values of $n\le 33$.

While the *classical* capacity of quantum channels also involves a regularised formula [@Hastings], we at least know precisely in which cases it is *zero*: simply for those channels whose output is completely independent of the input. The set of zero-*quantum*-capacity channels is much richer. Indeed, we do not even have a complete characterisation of *which* channels have zero quantum capacity. To date, we know of only two kinds of channels with zero quantum capacity: *antidegradable* channels [@BDS97; @CRS08] and *entanglement-binding* channels [@HHH00]. The former has the property that the environment can reproduce the output, thus $Q = 0$ by the no-cloning theorem [@WZ82]. The latter can only distribute PPT entanglement, which cannot be distilled by local operations and classical communication [@PPT], which again implies $Q = 0$.

This has dramatic consequences. It is possible to take two quantum channels above, $\N_1$ antidegradable and $\N_2$ entanglement-binding, which individually have no capacity whatsoever, yet when used together can transmit quantum information reliably ($Q(\N_1 \otimes \N_2) > 0$). This *superactivation* phenomenon was discovered recently by Smith and Yard [@Smith_08]. They also used their examples to construct a single channel $\N$ exhibiting an extreme form of superadditivity of the coherent information, where $0 = Q^{(1)}(\N) < Q^{(2)}(\N)$. (In their construction, having two uses of $\N$ effectively enables one use of $\N_1$ and one of $\N_2$.) Even stronger superactivation phenomena have been shown in the context of zero-error communication over quantum channels [@Alon; @Cubitt; @Cubitt!; @Cubitt!!; @Shirokov_14].

On the one hand, additivity violation means regularisation is required in formulas for computing capacities. On the other hand, it also means that *entanglement* can protect information from noise (the coherent information is additive for unentangled input states). But just how bad can this additivity violation be? One might hope that, at least in determining whether the quantum capacity is non-zero, one need only consider a finite number of uses of a channel. Indeed, since the Smith and Yard construction relies on combining the only two known types of zero-capacity channels, one might dare to hope that even two uses suffice. (Similarly, for the classical capacity of quantum channels the only known method for constructing examples of additivity violation [@HaydenWinter; @Hastings] cannot give a violation for more than two uses of a channel, and there is some evidence that this may be more than just a limitation of the proof techniques [@Ashley].) Was this indeed the case, additivity violation would be reduced to something relatively benign: entangling the inputs across more than two uses of the channel would give no advantage. And one would be able to compute the quantum capacity by optimising the coherent information over two uses of the channel, which is not substantially more difficult than the optimisation over a single channel use.

In this paper, we show for the first time that this is not the case: additivity violation is as bad as it could possible be. We prove that, for any $n$, one can construct a channel $\N$ for which the coherent information of $n$ uses is zero ($Q^{(n)}(\N)=0$), yet for a larger number of uses the coherent information is strictly positive, implying that the channel has non-zero quantum capacity ($Q(\mathcal N)>0$). This is also the first proof that there can be a gap between $Q^{(n)}(\N)$ and the quantum capacity for an arbitrarily large number $n$ of uses of the channel. Our result implies that, in general, one must consider an arbitrarily large number of uses of the channel *just to decide whether the channel has any quantum capacity at all!*

Perhaps the earliest indication that determining the quantum capacity may be a difficult problem comes from the work of Watrous [@Watrous_04], who showed that an arbitrarily large number of copies of a bipartite quantum state can be required for entanglement distillation assisted by two-way classical communication. Our result can be regarded as the counterpart of [@Watrous_04] for the quantum capacity (which is mathematically equivalent to entanglement distillation assisted by *one-way* communication). However, the proof ideas and techniques of [@Watrous_04] require two-way communication, thus they do not apply to the usual capacity setting. Our result is instead based on the ideas of Smith and Yard, in particular the intuition provided by Oppenheim’s commentary thereon [@Oppenheim_08]. This intuition comes from a class of bipartite quantum states called *pbits* (private bits) [@Horodecki_09b]: $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield} = \tfrac{1}{2}(\proj{\phi^+}_{\key}\otimes\sigma^+_{\shield} + \proj{\phi^-}_{\key}\otimes\sigma^-_{\shield})$, together with the standard equivalences between quantum capacity (sending entanglement over a channel) and distilling entanglement from the Choi-Jamiołkowsky state associated with the channel. Here, $\ket{\phi^{\pm}}$ are Bell states, and $\sigma^{\pm}$ are hiding states [@Eggeling_02]. The latter are orthogonal (globally perfectly distinguishable), but cannot be distinguished using local operations and classical communication (LOCC).

If $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield}$ is shared between Alice (who holds $\Akey\Ashield$) and Bob (who holds $\Bkey\Bshield$), then they share at least one ebit of entanglement due to the Bell states. But this entanglement is inaccessible to them unless they can determine which of the two Bell states they share. This they could do if only they could determine which hiding state they have. But $\sigma^{\pm}$ cannot be distinguished by LOCC, preventing them from extracting the entanglement from $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield}$. The $\key$ part of the system is usually called the “key”, and $\shield$ the “shield” (as it decouples the systems $\key$ from any external system). Now imagine they have access to a quantum erasure channel $\E_{\frac{1}{2}}$, which with probability $1/2$ transmits its input perfectly, and with probability $1/2$ completely erases it. It is well known that such a channel cannot be used to transmit any entanglement. However, if they also share $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield}$, Alice can use the erasure channel to send her part $\Ashield$ of the shield to Bob. If the erasure channel transmits, Bob now holds the entire $\shield$ system and can now distinguish $\sigma^{\pm}$. Thus, with probability $1/2$, Alice and Bob can now extract the entanglement from $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield}$.

Instead of supplying Alice and Bob with the state $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield}$ and an erasure channel, we instead supply them with a *switched* channel. This has an auxiliary classical input that controls whether the channel acts as $\E_{\frac{1}{2}}$ or $\Gamma$, where $\Gamma$ is the channel with Choi-Jamiołkowsky state $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield}$. The above argument then implies that no quantum information can be sent over a single use of the channel, but it can be sent using two uses, by switching one to $\E_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and the other to $\Gamma$.

This is the intuition behind the Smith and Yard construction [@Oppenheim_08]. However, because it is constructed out of two very particular types of quantum channels, this idea does not seem to extend to larger numbers of uses. Nonetheless, the intuition behind our result is based on a refinement of these ideas, which we now sketch.

We want to achieve two seemingly contradictory goals: (1) To prevent Alice from sending any quantum information to Bob over $n$ of uses of the channel. (2) To permit this when Alice has access to some larger number of uses $N>n$. We can achieve (1) by increasing the erasure probability of the erasure channel to something much closer to 1, and also adding noise to the $\Gamma$ channel; the noise then swamps any entanglement. The problem is that this seems to also render (2) impossible. If the channel is so noisy that it destroys all entanglement sent through it, then (by definition) no amount of coding over multiple uses of the channel can succeed in transmitting quantum information.

However, note that the information that Alice needs to send to Bob in order to extract entanglement from the pbit $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield}$ is essentially classical. Bob just needs to know one classical bit of information to distinguish the two hiding states. This suggests that *classical* error correction might help Alice send this information to Bob, even when the channel is very noisy. The intuition behind our proof is that a simple classical repetition code suffices. Instead of the pbit $\rho_{\Akey\Ashield\Bkey\Bshield}$, we use a pbit $\tfrac{1}{2}(\proj{\phi^+}_{\key}\otimes\sigma^+_{\A_1\B_1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\sigma^+_{\A_N\B_N} + \proj{\phi^-}_{\key}\otimes\sigma^-_{\A_1\B_1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\sigma^-_{\A_N\B_N})$ that contains $N$ copies of the shield. For Bob to distinguish the hiding states, it suffices for one copy to make it through the erasure channel. Alice now tries to send all of the copies of the shield through many uses of the erasure channel. However high the erasure probability, the probability that at least one will get through can be made arbitrarily high for sufficiently many attempts.

We now give a more precise description of our construction. The *erasure channel with erasure probability* $p$ is $\E_p^{{\A \to \Eflag\B}} := (1-p) \ketbra{0}{0}^{\Eflag} \x \id^{{\A \to \B}} + p \ketbra{1}{1}^{\Eflag}\x \1^{\B}/\dim (\B)$, where $\id^{{\A \to \B}}$ is the identity channel from $\A$ to $\B$, and $\Eflag$ is the erasure flag. The channel $\Gamma^{{\Afull \to \Bfull}}$ belongs to the class of PPT entanglement-binding channels whose Choi state is an approximate pbit [@Horodecki_09b]. We show that $\Gamma$ can be constructed with $\A := \A_1 \ldots \A_N$ and $\B := \B_1 \ldots \B_N$ consisting of $N$ parts, such that even if Bob only receives part $\A_i$ of Alice’s shield for any $i$, they obtain approximately one ebit of one-way distillable entanglement. Let $\ngam^{{\Afull \to \Eflag\Bfull}} := \E^{{\Bfull \to \Eflag\Bfull}}_{\kappa}\circ \gam^{{\Afull \to \Bfull}} $ be a noisy version of the channel $\Gamma$. Our construction uses channels of the form $$\label{eq:ourchannel}
  \chan^{{\SWin\Afull \to \SWout \Eflag\Bfull}}
  := \mc{P}_0^{{\SWin \to \SWout}}
            \otimes \ngam^{{\Afull \to \Eflag\Bfull}}
   + \mc{P}_1^{{\SWin \to \SWout}}
            \otimes \E_p^{{\Afull \to \Eflag\Bfull}}.$$ Here $\mc{P}_i^{{\SWin \to \SWout}}$ projects onto the $i$-th computational basis vector of the qubit system $\SWin$ which thereby acts as a classical switch allowing Alice to choose whether the channel acts as $\E_p$ or $\tilde{\Gamma}_{\kappa}$ on the main input $\Afull$. $\SWin$ is retained in the output which lets Bob learn which choice was made.

Making the above intuition rigorous for this channel is non-trivial: First, we must prove that the coherent information of $n$ uses of the channel is strictly zero, for *any* input to the channel (not just the input states from the above intuition). To this end, we cannot just directly use a pbit with $N$-copy shield of the form given above, as it would have distillable entanglement. Fortunately, we find that an approximate pbit construction from [@Horodecki_09b] can be adapted for the role. But then we must take this approximation into account in the proof that the channel *does* have capacity. This requires a careful analysis of the various parameters of our channel to show that both of the desired properties can hold simultaneously, which requires a somewhat delicate argument. The technical arguments are described in the Methods section.

One natural question (which we leave open) is whether we can obtain a stronger form of our result with a constant upper bound on the channel dimension. It would also be interesting to see if one can obtain a result analogous to ours for the *private* capacity of quantum channels. Finally, our result gives a first indication that the quantum capacity of a channel might well be an uncomputable quantity; uncomputability of the quantum capacity would necessarily imply the behaviour we have shown here.

Methods {#methods .unnumbered}
=======

We state and outline the proof of our main result – for any number of uses we can show that there exists a channel with positive capacity but zero coherent information. Formally, we prove the following:

Let $\chan$ be the channel defined in Eq. . For any positive integer $n$, if $\kappa \in (0,1/2)$ and $p \in [(1+\kappa^{n})^{-1/n},1]$ then we can choose $\NN$ and $\Gamma$ such that:

1.  $Q^{(n)}(\chan) = 0$ and

2.  $Q^{(\NN+1)}(\chan) > 0$, and therefore $Q(\chan) > 0$.

The proof is divided in two parts. We first prove that, given $n$ and $\kappa$, for any $\Gamma$ with zero capacity there is a range of $p$ that makes the coherent information of $\chan^{\x n}$ zero. In the second part we prove that there exists $\Gamma$ with zero capacity such that $\chan$ has positive capacity.

For the first part we can simplify the analysis of $\chan^{\x n}$ by showing that it is optimal to make a definite choice (i.e. a computational basis state input) for each of the $n$ switch registers. For each possible setting of the $n$ switches, the coherent information is a convex combination of the coherent information for three cases, weighted by their probabilities: (a) every channel erases, (b) all of the $\E_p$ erase but not all $\tilde{\Gamma}$ erase, (c) at least one of the $\E_p$ does not erase (and therefore acts as the identity channel). The coherent information for cases $(b)$ and $(c)$ can be upper bounded respectively by zero and $H({\mathsf{R}})$, where ${\mathsf{R}}$ is a system that purifies the input. For $(a)$ it is bounded above by $-H({\mathsf{R}})$. Weighting by the probabilities, we find that the total coherent information is upper-bounded by $\of[\big]{1 - (1+\kappa^n) p^n} H({\mathsf{R}})$. This allows us to conclude that for any $n$ and $\kappa$ we can find $p$ such that the coherent information of $n$ uses of the channel is zero.

To prove the second part, we show that for fixed $\kappa,p$ we can find a $\Gamma$ with an $N$-copy shield such that the coherent information of $N+1$ uses of the channel $\chan$ is positive for some $N+1>n$. We number the channel uses $0,\ldots,N$ and label the systems involved in the $i$-th use of the channel with superscript $i$. Consider the following input. The switch registers are set to choose $\tilde{\Gamma}_{\kappa}$ for use $0$ and $\mathcal E_p$ for the remaining uses $1, \ldots, N$. We maximally entangle subsystem $\A^{0}_i$ of $\Afull^{0}$ (which is acted on by $\tilde{\Gamma}_{\kappa}$) with subsystem $\A^{i}_1$ of $\Afull^{i}$ (acted on by an erasure channel). We also maximally entangle subsystem $\Akey^{0}$ of $\Afull^{0}$ with a purifying reference system $\Akey$ which is retained by Alice. The remaining input subsystems are set to an arbitrary pure state. The resulting coherent information is a convex combination of cases where (a) $\ngam$ erases, (b) $\ngam$ does not erase but all the $\mc{E}_p$ erase, and (c) $\ngam$ and at least one $\mc{E}_p$ do not erase. Case (a) contributes coherent information $-1$ weighted by its probability $\kappa$. Case (b) contributes approximately zero coherent information (due to a standard property of pbits). In case (c), after channel use $0$, Alice and Bob share the Choi state of $\Gamma$ on systems $\Akey \Bkey^{0} \A^{1}_1 \B^{0}_{1} \ldots \A^{N}_1 \B^{0}_{N}$, and after the $N$ uses of $\mc{E}_p$ at least one of $\A^{1}_1 \ldots \A^{N}_1$ reaches Bob unerased. They then share a state with approximately one ebit of one-way distillable entanglement (coherent information $+1$). This contribution is weighted by the probability $(1-\kappa)(1-p^N)$. We show that for $p\in (0,1)$, $\kappa \in (0,1/2)$, we can find a $\Gamma$ with large enough $N$ for which the overall coherent information is positive, proving that $Q(\chan) > 0$. Further mathematical details are given in the Supplementary Information.

[**Acknowledgements:**]{} DE and DP acknowledge financial support from the European CHIST-ERA project CQC (funded partially by MINECO grant PRI-PIMCHI-2011-1071). TSC is supported by the Royal Society. MO acknowledges financial support from European Union under project QALGO (Grant Agreement No. 600700).

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Effects of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on burst forming units-erythroid in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been reported to reduce the response to erythropoietin (EPO) administration in chronic hemodialysis patients, but the mechanism for this effect has not yet been clarified. To clarify the mechanism of ACE inhibitors- and angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist-induced anemia in hemodialysis patients, we examined the effect of ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor antagonist on burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) in the peripheral blood of hemodialysis patients and healthy controls in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were isolated by gradient centrifugation from 10 patients on regular hemodialysis and 7 healthy control volunteers. A colony assay of hematopoietic progenitors was performed using the methylcellulose culture system. PBMNCs of 1 or 2 x 10(5) were plated in a medium containing EPO with various concentrations of ACE inhibitors or AT1 receptor antagonist and incubated for 14 days. Colonies of BFU-E were counted under an inverted microscope. The PBMNCs from the chronic hemodialysis patients formed fewer BFU-Es than those from healthy volunteers. AT1 receptor antagonist in both healthy volunteers and hemodialysis patients suppressed the number of BFU-Es. The ACE inhibitors produced a smaller effect than the AT1 receptor antagonist. AT1 receptor blockade can directly inhibit erythropoiesis in vitro.


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Thanks,

Rishi


A closed PC beta for Overkill’s The Walking Dead will be held next month.

Overkill’s The Walking Dead will go into closed beta October 9 on PC. Guaranteed access is granted to pre-order customers.

News of the closed beta was announced in a developer livestream today, which also showcased footage of the Underpass level previewed at gamescom. It can be watched on-demand below.

Those interested in participating in the tester can pre-order the game now through Steam and the game’s official website.

Customers who purchase the standard edition will be given one invite to the closed beta. Deluxe Edition pre-orders will come with four closed beta keys to share with friends.

Additional closed beta details will be shared at a later date.

Overkill’s The Walking Dead releases globally November 6 on PC. The game was initially announced in 2014 with a 2016 release date. It was pushed back to 2017 and then delayed a second time and set for release in 2018.

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In August, a delay was announced for the console version. It will now release for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on February 6 in North America and February 8 everywhere else.


There are several ways to fund what will likely be the biggest purchase of your life. Before you start signing with lenders and sellers, it’s a good idea to consider how much down payment you should be making and how that will affect you both immediately and in the long run.

The Basics

In case you are really new to this, a down payment is the chunk of cash you pay upfront when buying a home. This money shows the lender that you are capable of saving and are so serious about this investment that you are willing to put that savings toward making the home yours.

The Magic Number

You may hear that the typical down payment amount is around 20% of the total property value. While some people (like veterans) can qualify for homebuying assistance, most people will have to put 20% down to secure their mortgage without paying private mortgage insurance or taking out a second loan. When you are thinking about what type of house you want and what exactly you can afford, it’s important to keep in mind you will likely want to have 20% of the property’s value in savings dedicated for just this purpose before purchasing a home.

Paying More

If you have more than 20% of the home price socked away in savings, there are some reasons for using it as a down payment. The more you put down, the better position you are in for negotiating a lower interest rate with your lender. You will also have to borrow less if you put more down, meaning you will pay less in interest payments over the life of your mortgage.

Before you jump into this option though, it’s a good idea to be sure you can comfortably afford this house without putting your regular costs at risk, consider what other debts you may have and whether you think the savings could do more for you if used elsewhere. For example, it’s important to maintain an emergency fund so that you have cash set aside if (and when) the unexpected happens.

Paying Less

While the financial crisis left many homeowners defaulting on their little-to-no-money-down mortgages, the tide has turned again, and now the minimum amount needed for a mortgage is only 3.5% (there are some zero-down mortgage programs, but certain restrictions apply). In order to pay less than the normal 20%, you have several options.

You can secure a second loan to make up the difference between what you can afford and the 20% mark. You can also take out private mortgage insurance (PMI) to give your lender peace of mind. In case you get into trouble making payments down the line, this policy would pay the lender. You can check if you qualify for a loan backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). You can also look for state and region-specific down payment assistant opportunities through your local government. If you are buying a house with less than the typical down payment needed, it’s important to know that you are taking on more risk.

Before you apply for a home loan, it’s important to know where your credit score stands. The difference of just a few credit score points can mean better interest rates and a major savings over the life of your loan. You can get two of your credit scores for free on Credit.com, updated every month.

Your down payment amount makes a big difference both now and down the road, but it’s a good idea to leave yourself enough money to afford your next few monthly payments as well as closing costs and other immediate expenses the house may incur. Remember, this is just the beginning.