1.. Introduction {#S0001}
================

β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) produced from starch by enzymatic conversion \[[1](#CIT0001)\], and made up of seven glucose molecules bonded together forming a ring \[[2](#CIT0002)\].can form inclusion complexes in its inner cavity with hydrophobic drugs, which can increase its solubility in water. However, the solubility of β-CD is very low, which is 1.6 mmol/L \[[3](#CIT0003),[4](#CIT0004)\]. Low water-solubility of β-CD limits its application as embedding medium for hydrophobic drugs \[[5](#CIT0005)--[7](#CIT0007)\]. So that improving the water solubility of β-CD becomes one of the researching highlights in the β-CD modification. Preparing the water soluble β-CD polymer is one way to increase β-CD solubility.

In our former research reported that β-cyclodextrin-acrylamide (CDM-AM) copolymer was synthesized by β-CD maleate (CDM) and acrylamide using potassium persulfate (K~2~S~2~O~8~) as the initiator. The copolymer could increase the solubility of Methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (MBC) and Natamycin (NM) and the stability constant of MBC·CDM-AM complex and NM·CDM-AM complex were 3000.89 M^−1^ and 10,725.45 M^−1^, respectively \[[8](#CIT0008)\]. However, that method needs adding chemical initiator. In this research, γ-ray was used to initiate the copolymer reaction.

Radiation polymerization is one of the important research fields in radiation chemistry. Compared to the traditional technology of polymerization method, it has many advantages in improving the polymer performance, such as high grafting rate, no harmful chemical residue, no selectivity to substance and so on. Theoretically radiation polymerization technology can be applied to any monomer system \[[9](#CIT0009)\]. Irradiation polymerization has been used in carbohydrates hydrogel preparation and its swelling and phenol absorbing properties were also studied \[[10](#CIT0010)\]. However, irradiation polymerization has not been reported in the preparation of cyclodextrin polymer before.

The aim of this work was to synthesize the water soluble cyclodextrin copolymer by radical polymerization initialized by γ-ray, and form the inclusion complexes with hydrophobic drugs, NM and MBC. And the difference of CDM-AM copolymers synthesized by irradiation and chemical initiator were also compared in this article. The synthetic complexes were systematically characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), phase solubility diagrams, NMR spectra, FT-IR spectra. Additionally, the water solubility and fungicidal activity of NM, MBC, NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM were investigated.

2.. Experimental {#S0002}
================

2.1. Materials {#S0002-S2001}
--------------

Maleic acid (MA) was purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation. NM and MBC were purchased from TCI. Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate (SHP), β-CD, 4-methoxyphenol, and acrylamide (AM) were purchased from China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation. Dextran standard substance (relative molecular mass of 40,000) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All reagents were analytically pure unless otherwise noted.

2.2. Methods {#S0002-S2002}
------------

### 2.2.1. Preparation of the CDM-AM copolymer {#S0002-S2002-S3001}

1.  \(1\) Synthesis of CDM

CDM was prepared via the semi-dry reaction method which was reported in our former research \[[11](#CIT0011)\]. β-CD (6 mmol) was mixed with maleic acid (24 mmol), SHP (6 mmol) and 4-methoxyphenol (0.6 mmol) in a pressure bottle. SHP was the catalyst, and 4-methoxyphenol was polymerization inhibitor to protect the double bond. Then certain amount of water was added in the pressure bottle, and the M/L mass ratio was 1:0.6. The pressure bottle was placed in a circulating air oven at 110 ^◦^C for3.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature and crystallized at 4 ^◦^C in a refrigerator, and the crystals were purified by washing with 95% ethyl alcohol, followed by drying at 60 ^◦^C for 24 h.

1.  \(2\) CDM-AM copolymer synthesized by irradiation

CDM-AM was synthesized using γ-ray irradiation. The reaction mechanism for the synthesis of CDM-AM was shown as below:

Previous research indicates that when the hydrone is irradiated by γ-ray, molecules accept the energy of radiation and then are ionized and excited to generate the hydrone ions free radical (H~2~O^+^) and hydrone molecules free radical (H~2~O·). Meanwhile, the H~2~O^+^ reacts with other molecules to generated H~3~O^+^ and hydroxyl radical (OH·). There is also a part of the water molecules directly ionized and decomposed into hydrogen radical (H·) and hydroxyl radical (OH·) \[[12](#CIT0012)\]. Therefore, the result of radiolysis reaction process of water molecular is the formation of three free radicals: H·, OH· and eaq^−^. OH· is a strong oxidant, which could induce the polymerization of vinyl monomer.

The genenrated hydroxyl radical (OH·) attack the vinyl group of CDM and AM to initiate vinyl polymerization. 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-UF0001

Subsequent addition of monomer molecules to the initiated chain ultimately leads to the formation of the CDM-AM copolymer. 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-UF0002 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-UF0003

Polymerization of AM also occurs as a side reaction. Due to the steric hindrance of the β-CD ring in the CDM molecule, CDM cannot polymerize with itself. 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-UF0004

Thus, these experiments are designed to discover the major factors controlling the magnitude of polymerization. The synthetic steps leading to the formation of the CDM-AM copolymer are shown as follows:

1.  a\) A specific amount of CDM (3.6 g) and AM (3.6 g) was weighed and placed in 50 mL conical flasks with a stopper. 10 mL of double distilled water (deoxygenated by purging through nitrogen gas) was added to the flask. The bottle of reaction mixture was handled with ^60^Co γ-ray radiation to start the radiation copolymerization (Irradiation was conducted at the institute of agricultural products processing irradiation center, Chinese academy of agricultural sciences), the temperature was 25 ^◦^C, dose range was from 2 to 10 kGy, and the dose rate was 0.5 kGy/h.

2.  b\) After reaction completion, the reaction mixture was transferred to a beaker. The reaction flask was washed three times with 5 mL of double distilled water, and the polymer was precipitated by slowly adding 80 mL of ethanol to the beaker. The solution was then stirred until it turned clear. The supernatant was discarded and the sticky solid particles were collected and washed three times using 30 mL of anhydrous ethanol. The filter cake was collected and dried at 60°C in an oven for 6 h and weighed. Polyacrylamide (without CDM) was prepared using the same method described above.

### 2.2.2. The product yield and molecular weight of the CDM-AM copolymer {#S0002-S2002-S3002}

The yield of product (YP) was calculated as follows: $$YP(\%) = \frac{W_{0}}{W_{1} + W_{2}} \times 100\%$$

where W~0~ is the weight of the polymer and W~1~ + W~2~ represents the added amounts of CDM and AM, respectively.

The molecular weight of the CDM-AM copolymer was determined by combining a multi-angle laser light scattering instrument with size exclusion chromatography (MALLS-SEC, L-2130, HITACHI, Japan) and the method of molar mass calculation was based on MALLS with dn/dc, using dextran as the standard. The CDM-AM copolymer (1 mg/mL) was dissolved by moving phase (0.1 mol/L NaNO~3~ aqueous solution containing 0.2‰ NaN~3~) and filtered using a 0.45 μm membrane before SEC injection. The injection volumes were 200 μL, the UV detector wavelength was 280 nm, the differential refractometer detector wavelength was 690 nm and the flow rate was 0.50 mL/min.

### 2.2.3. Preparation of the inclusion complex with CDM-AM copolymer {#S0002-S2002-S3003}

MBC (0.0478 g, 0.25 mmol) and NM (0.1664 g, 0.25 mmol) were mixed with the CDM-AM copolymer (1.013 g, M~w~ = 43,300), respectively, before adding 20 mL of double distilled water. The reaction mixture was then shaken at a speed of 120 r/min for 3 days. The turbid liquid was filtered through a 0.45 μm hydrophilic membrane filter using a syringe. Lastly, the filtrate was dried in a vacuum freeze drier.

### 2.2.4. Phase solubility studies {#S0002-S2002-S3004}

The phase solubility studies were performed according to a method reported by Higuchi and Connors \[[13](#CIT0013)\]. NM (50 mg) and MBC (10 mg) were added in excess to aqueous solutions (10 mL) containing different concentrations of CDM-AM copolymer (0.23, 0.46, 0.69, 0.92, and 1.15 mmol/L). The weight-average molecular weight (M~w~) of CDM-AM copolymer was 43, 300. The stoppered conical flasks were sealed with a plastic film to avoid water evaporation and then shaken at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K for 3 days. After equilibrium was established, the suspensions were filtered through a 0.45 μm hydrophilic membrane filter by using a syringe. The resulting filtrates were diluted and the concentrations of NM and MBC were analyzed at 303 and 281 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-1800, SHIMADZU, Japan). The linear regression equations used to determine the concentrations of NM and MBC were as follows:

A~NM~ = 0.0546 C (mg/mL) + 0.0031 (R^2^ = 0.9992)

A~MBC~ = 0.0967 C (mg/mL) + 0.0003 (R^2^ = 0.9999)

The apparent stability constant Kc was calculated from the linear line obtained from the phase solubility diagram. $$K_{c} = \frac{S{lope}}{S_{0}{(1 -}S{lope)}}$$

where S~0~ is the intrinsic solubility of NM and MBC in redistilled water in the absence of the CDM-AM copolymer.

### 2.2.5. UV spectroscopy {#S0002-S2002-S3005}

The aqueous solution concentration of CDM-AM, acrylamide and β-cyclodextrin maleate (CDM) were 1 mg/ml, 2 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml, respectively. The UV spectroscopy was detected by using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV -- 1800, Shimadzu, Japan), interval wavelength of scanning was 0.1 nm, and scanning speed was fast mode.

### 2.2.6. NMR spectroscopy {#S0002-S2002-S3006}

^1^H NMR spectra of CDM, NM, MBC, CDM-AM copolymer and the complexes of NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM were collected at 25°C by a Bruker-500 spectrometer (AVANCE III, Bruker, Switzerland). All NMR samples were prepared in D~2~O, with the exception of NM and MBC, which were prepared in deuterated methanol.

### 2.2.7. Ft-ir {#S0002-S2002-S3007}

FT-IR spectra were collected using a FT-IR Spectrometer (Tensor-37, BRUKER, Germany). Specifically, the sample was ground with KBr (about 200--400 mg) into a fine powder, placed into the sampling cup, smoothed, and compressed into a transparent flake by using a tablet machine. At this point, the sample was placed in the beam path and the FT-IR spectrum was obtained.

### 2.2.8. Thermal analysis {#S0002-S2002-S3008}

Thermo-gravimetric analysis was performed using a TG/DTA thermal analyzer (Pyris-115, Perkin Elmer, USA) with the following experimental conditions: nitrogen atmosphere (25 mL/min), 10°C/min heating rate, and a scanning temperature range from 40°C to 450°C.

### 2.2.9. Scanning electron microscope {#S0002-S2002-S3009}

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination was carried out by counting the CDM-AM copolymer samples on sub with double stick adhesive tape and coated with gold in a S150A sputter coater unit (Edwards, UK), the gold film thicknees was 150°A, then viewed in a JEOL JSM-6700F electron probe micro-analysis.

### 2.2.10. Bioassay of fungicidal activity {#S0002-S2002-S3010}

The fungicidal activities of the NB, MBC, NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM against A. niger (A. niger 04523 was purchased from Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) were determined using the Czapek Dox Agar method \[[8](#CIT0008)\].

Equilibrium turbid liquid prepared at 303 K in [section 2.2.2](#S0002-S2002-S3002) were filtered through a 0.45 μm hydrophilic membrane filter. About 15 μL of each of the filtrate, the inclusion complexes of NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM were added to paper disks, respectively. Within 5 min, the drug-loaded paper disks (6 mm in diameter) were placed on an inoculated plate and incubated overnight at 30°C. The fungicidal activity was determined by the size of bacterial clearance, which was measured by calipers across an average diameter.

### 2.2.11. The determination of residual acrylamide monomer in CDM-AM copolymer {#S0002-S2002-S3011}

Acrylamide standard substance solution (1 mg/ml) was diluted by gradient, and the final concentration of acrylamide was 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 5.00, and 10.00 μg/mL, respectively. Then they were analyzed by selected HPLC conditions. The standard curve of acrylamide was drawn with concentration as the abscissa and peak area as the ordinate. Adequate amount of the CDM -- AM polymers were weighed accurately, dissolved by 10% (volume fraction) acetonitrile water solution, and configured to concentration of 1 mg/ml. The sample was filtered by 0.45 μm microporous membrane, analyzed by selected HPLC conditions. Chromatographic conditions were as follows: the stationary phase was Innoval -- C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) from agela technologies. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile (A, 15%) and water (B, 85%). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the injection volume was 10.00 μL. The UV detector wavelength was 200 nm and column temperature was 25°C.

3.. Results and discussion {#S0003}
==========================

3.1. Synthesis of the CDM-AM copolymer {#S0003-S2001}
--------------------------------------

The Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) of the CDM-AM copolymer is shown in [Figure 1b](#F0001). Two peaks were observed before the solvent peak, and only the second peak (peak 2) demonstrated ultraviolet absorbance. The AM homopolymer is known to have greater amounts of amido bonds. Literature shows that amido bonds have an ultraviolet absorption peak at 280 nm. The GPC of the AM homopolymer also emphasized this point (shown in [Figure 1c](#F0001)). Based on this, it was determined that peak 2 was the homopolymer of AM. In general, carbohydrates do not absorb or only weakly absorb ultraviolet light at 280 nm, similar to the dextran standard ([Figure1a](#F0001)). Thus, peak 1 was assigned as the CDM-AM copolymer. The GPC of the synthetic CDM-AM copolymer ([Figure 1b](#F0001)) also proved that the CDM-AM copolymer was successfully synthesized, with the polymerization of AM occurring as a side reaction during the chemical synthesis. 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-F0001Figure 1.Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) of the Dextran (a), CDM-AM copolymer (b), AM homopolymer (c) and the factors affecting the preparation of CDM-AM copolymer (d-f).

In this study, the weight-average molar mass of CDM-AM copolymer increased as AM was consumed in the reaction, and the value for the yield of the CDM-AM copolymer became stable when the CDM:AM mass ratio was 1:1. ([Figure 1d](#F0001)). The irradiation dose had significant influence on the weight-average molar mass and yield of the CDM-AM copolymer and homopolymer. The yield of CDM-AM increased with irradiation dose, however, weight-average molar mass decreased with irradiation dose ([Figure 1e](#F0001)). This result was due to the faster generation of free radicals at higher irradiation, leading to an increase in the rate of the termination reaction. The dosage of DMF solution had no significant influence on the weight-average molar mass the weight-average molar mass of the CDM-AM copolymer but the yield of product was decreased as the increasing of dosage of DMF solution ([Figure 1f](#F0001)). This result was due to the self-polymerization of acrylamide monomer.

These results indicate that the optimized preparation conditions for the CDM-AM copolymer are as follows: CDM:AM mass ratio of 1:1; irradiation dose of 4 kGy; and using 20 mL of DMF water solution. The yield rate of CDM-AM was 75% in grams using these synthetic conditions.

3.2. Phase solubility studies {#S0003-S2002}
-----------------------------

Phase solubility diagrams have been used extensively to investigate the solubility of particular drugs and agrochemicals in the presence of CDs \[[14](#CIT0014)\]. The phase solubility diagrams of NM and MBC in the presence of CDM-AM copolymers are presented in [Figure 2](#F0002). 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-F0002Figure 2.Phase solubility diagram of NM (a) and MBC (b) in the presence of CDM-AM copolymers.

The solubility of NM and MBC increased linearly with increasing concentrations of CDM-AM. Thus, the phase solubility diagrams of NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM- AM could be classified as type A~L~ \[[13](#CIT0013)\], which was same with the complex of CDM-AM synthesized by chemical method. The values of the apparent stability constant Kc, calculated according to [Eq. 2](#M0002), were shown in [Table 1](#T0001). Compared with the water solubility of free NM and MBC, the solubility of NM and MBC increased 8.5-fold and 4.7-fold, respectively, in the presence of 1.15 mmol/L CDM-AM at temperature of 303 K. The concentration of NM and MBC in CMD-AM copolymer water solution also increased with temperature ([Table 1](#T0001)). But their solubility in CDM-AM synthesized by irradiation were lower than that synthesized by chemical initiator. This was because γ-ray could cause the degradation of cyclodextrin part in CMD-AM copolymer. According to the apparent stability constant shown in [Table 1](#T0001), the NM·CDM-AM complex was more stable than the MBC·CDM-AM complex in an aqueous solution. However, there was a decrease in the Kc values of the NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM complexes as the temperature was increased, and the S~0~ values of NM and MBC were increased as the temperature increasing. In addition, the Kc of NM was higher than that of MBC at any temperature ([Table 1](#T0001)), indicating that the NM·CDM-AM complex was more stable than MBC·CDM-AM complex. Because of the increased molecular size of NM compared to MBC, NM was more suitable for the β-CD ring of the CDM-AM copolymer. These results suggested that the CDM-AM copolymer was a good biosorbent for NM and MBC from aqueous solutions and could be used as a drug carrier for NM and MBC. 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-T0001Table 1.The apparent stability constant K~c~ and S~0~ of the NM·CDM-AM complex and the MBC·CDM-AM complex at different temperature.Temperature303 K313 K323 KK~c~ of NM (M^−1^)13,446.068672.007840.49S~0~ of NM (mmol/L)0.08870.1440.206K~c~ of MBC(M^−1^)2595.302028.191429.51S~0~ of MBC (mmol/L)0.04790.06040.0794

3.3. Characterization of CDM-AM copolymer and complexes with NM and MBC {#S0003-S2003}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.  \(1\) UV spectra

CDM and acrylamide had absorption peaks under wavelength 210 nm and 205 nm, respectively. There was no ultraviolet absorption peak in the UV spectra of CDM-AM polymer at the wavelengths mentioned above ([Figure3a](#F0003)), which indicated that there was intermolecular polymerization between CDM and acrylamide due to the double bond in the CDM and acrylamide being damaged. UV spectra was confirmed that the CDM-AM polymer was synthesized. Ultraviolet spectrum of carbendazim and MBC·CDM-AM was shown in [Figure3b](#F0003). MBC had biggest ultraviolet absorption at 274.6 nm, but maximum absorption of MBC·CDM-AM complex redshifted to 275.6 nm. Similar phenomenon was observed in the UV spectrum of NM and NM·CDM-AM complex. The biggest ultraviolet absorption of NM was at 303.5 nm, but the biggest ultraviolet absorption of NM·CDM-AM complex redshifted to 305 nm ([Figure3c](#F0003)). The UV spectrums indicated that CDM-AM could form complexes with MBC and NM.10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-F0003Figure 3.UV spectra of CDM, CDM-AM, Acrylamide (a), MBC, MBC·CDM-AM (b), and NM, NM·CDM-AM (c); FT-IR spectra of polyacrylamide, CDM-AM copolymer (d); FT-IR spectra of inclusion complex MBC·CDM-AM, and inclusion complex of NM·CDM-AM (e).

1.  \(2\) FT-IR spectra

The FT-IR spectra of polyacrylamide and the CDM-AM copolymer were presented in [Figure 3d](#F0003). For the CDM-AM copolymer, absorption bands were observed around 3201 (ν NH~2~), 1658 (ν C = O), and 1560 cm^−1^ (δ NH~2~), as well as 1154, 1081, and 1044 cm^−1^ (ν C-OH of cyclodextrin) ([Figure 3d](#F0003)). The absorption peak at 1642 cm^−1^ for the stretching vibration of the alkene (C = C) bond in CDM also disappeared \[[8](#CIT0008)\]. These results indicate that the CDM-AM copolymer was synthesized. For polyacrylamide, a peak at 1124 cm^−1^ (corresponding to the C-N-C stretch, [Figure 3d](#F0003)) was observed, suggesting that there is intermolecular cross-linking in the polyacrylamide molecule. The absence of any signal at 1124 cm^−1^ (corresponding to the C-N-C stretch) indicates that the CDM-AM molecule could be a linear high-molecular polymer. The absorption peaks at 2865 and 2780 cm^−1^ also disappeared in the spectrum for the CDM-AM copolymer compared to the polyacrylamide spectrum, further confirming the successful synthesis of the CDM-AM copolymer.

The variation in the shape, shift, and intensity of the FT-IR absorption peaks for the guest or host can provide enough evidence for inclusion \[[15](#CIT0015)\]. The FT-IR spectra of the inclusion complex MBC·CDM-AM and the inclusion complex NM·CDM-AM were presented in [Figure3e](#F0003). In the FT-IR spectrum of the MBC·CDM-AM complex, there were characteristic absorption peak of MBC during 1250 cm^−1^ and 1100 cm^−1^. However, the band corresponding to the C = O stretching vibration of the ester at 1712 cm^−1^ disappears in the complex. The band at 1044 cm^−1^, corresponding to the C-OH stretching vibration of the cyclodextrin, shifted to 1030 cm^−1^. Meanwhile, the intensities of the C-H bending vibration of the benzene ring and conjugated double bond at 732 cm^−1^ increased, and the NH of the secondary amide at 1475 cm^−1^ was decreased \[[8](#CIT0008)\]. Therefore, the FT-IR spectra confirm the formation of the inclusion complex, specifically with the benzene ring of MBC included into the CDM-AM cavity. Moreover, In the FT-IR spectrum of the NM·CDM-AM complex ([Figure 3e](#F0003)), the band corresponding to the C = O stretching vibration of the ester in NM at 1715 cm^−1^, also disappeared in the complex \[[8](#CIT0008)\]. The band corresponding to the C-OH stretching vibration of cyclodextrin at 1044 cm^−1^ shifted to 1030 cm^−1^. Therefore, FT-IR spectra confirm that the inclusion complex NM·CDM-AM was formed and that NM was included into the CDM-AM cavity.

1.  \(3\) NMR spectra

When comparing the ^1^H NMR spectra for NM, the CDM-AM copolymer and their complex, the 1H chemical shift of the conjugated double bond in NM was divided from one multiplet peak to several singlet peaks between 6.0 ppm and 6.5 ppm ([Figure 4d](#F0004)). A doublet corresponding to the carboxylic acid group at 6.74 ppm (11-H) was also observed. Peaks corresponding to the vinyl proton of the unsaturated ester at 6.48 ppm and 6.39 pm ([Figure4b](#F0004)) also appear in the 1H spectrum for the NM·CDM-AM complex ([Figure 4b](#F0004)). These results suggest that the chemical shifts of the two H atoms in the vinyl group become divided when the NM·CDM-AM complex is formed. In summary, we determined that the NM·CDM-AM complex was successfully formed. 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-F0004Figure 4.^1^H NMR spectrum of the CDM-AM copolymer (a); ^1^H NMR spectra of the CDM-AM copolymer and its complexes with NM and MBC (b); ^1^H NMR spectrum and molecular structure of MBC (c); ^1^H NMR spectrum and molecular structure of NM(d).

Similar to NM, we found that the 1H chemical shifts of the benzene rings in MBC also shifted from high field to low field in the MBC·CDM-AM complex. The ^1^H chemical shifts of the benzene rings in MBC were observed at 7.13 ppm (2-H and 3-H) and 7.40 ppm (1-H and 4-H) ([Figure 4c](#F0004)), while the 1H chemical shifts for the benzene rings of the MBC·CDM-AM complex were observed at 7.44 ppm (1-H and 4-H) and 7.27 ppm (2-H and 3-H) ([Figure 4a](#F0004)). The peak pattern of 2-H and 3-H in the benzene ring of MBC also changed, indicating that the active site of MBC within the CD ring was located at the 2-H and 3-H atoms in the benzene ring of MBC. These results also suggest that the MBC·CDM-AM complex was successfully formed. In conclusion, MBC and NM were both able to form inclusion complexes with the CDM-AM copolymer.

3.4. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and SEM analysis {#S0003-S2004}
-------------------------------------------------------

Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to determine the thermal properties and stability of the new biomaterials. [Figure 5](#F0005) shows the thermo-gravimetric (TG) curves and the first derivative TG (DTG) traces of CDM-AM copolymer and its complex with NM ([Figure5a](#F0005)) and MBC ([Figure5b](#F0005)). The TG curves show that the thermal stability of the NM·CDM-AM complex was Higher than that of NM. The initial degradation temperature of the NM embedding in CDM-AM copolymer was 219.8 ºC, whereas NM was 204.1 ºC ([Figure 5a](#F0005)). The initial degradation temperature of the MBC embedding in CDM-AM copolymer was 273.1 ºC, whereas MBC was 247.6 ºC ([Figure 5a](#F0005)). Based on the DTG curves of the drugs complex with CDM-AM copolymer, the maximum weight losses for the NM·CDM-AM complex and MBC·CDM-AM complex were 57.7 μg/min at 175 ºC and 58 μg/min at 273.1 ºC, respectively. The TGA results also provide further proof that NM and MBC can be formed the complex with the CDM-AM copolymer and the cyclodextrin ring of CDM-AM copolymer could protect the drugs embedding in it. 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-F0005Figure 5.TGA curves of CDM and the CDM-AM copolymer (a: TG and DTG of the CDM-AM copolymer and its complex with NM; b: TG and DTG of the CDM-AM copolymer and its complex with MBC) and SEM picture of CDM-AM copolymer (c).

According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) picture of CDM-AM polymer, the structure of CDM-AM copolymer was porous structure (as shown in [Figure5c](#F0005)), which was obvious different in the crystalline structure of CDM and acrylamide, and this can be used as the synthesis evidence of CDM-AM polymer one of. At the same time, the cellular structure of polymer availed the water molecules to enter the inside of polymer, which could increase the dissolution rate of polymer in the water. That's why the CDM -- AM copolymer had a good solubility in water.

3.5. Fungicidal activity {#S0003-S2005}
------------------------

NM and MBC were chosen as research object based on their wide application and effectiveness in the field of agriculture and food storage. The zones of inhibition were defined as the maximum distances between the test disk and the fungal growth edge. The zones of inhibition for NM·CDM-AM (a1-a5) and the zones of inhibition for MBC·CDM-AM (b1-b5) are shown in [Figure 6](#F0006). According the inhibition zones of the complexes, the growth of hypha was significantly inhibited, because the CDM-AM copolymer significantly improved the water solubility and the bioavailability of NM and MBC. The inhibition ability of the drugs also increased with concentrations of the CDM-AM copolymer ([Figure 6c](#F0006)). Compared to free NM and MBC, the NM and MBC complexes demonstrated a 1.92- and 1.73-fold increase in fungicidal activity at a concentration of 1.15 mmol/L (CDM-AM copolymer), respectively. The zone of inhibition gradually decreased over time, therefor the complexes had slow-releasing potential. Although the concentration of NM in the CDM-AM solution was higher than that of MBC, the inhibition zones showed no significant differences from each other, probably because the NM·CDM-AM copolymer complex was more stable than that of MBC·CDM-AM. Together, these results may provide useful information for the facile application of both NM and MBC. 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-F0006Figure 6.The fungicidal activity for A. niger of the inclusion complex NM·CDM-AM (a1--5) and the inclusion complex of MBC·CDM-AM (b1--5).

Compared to the fungicidal ability of the complex of CDM-AM copolymer synthesized by chemical method with NM and MBC \[[8](#CIT0008)\], the fungicidal ability of the complex NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM were all decreased in this paper. That's because the radiation could degrade the cyclodextrin ring of the CDM-AM copolymer and there was less absorption part in the copolymer synthesized by irradiation.

3.6. Residual amount of acrylamide {#S0003-S2006}
----------------------------------

Based on HPLC spectra of acrylamide homopolymer, acrylamide can form two kinds of homopolymer under the γ-ray irradiation, of which retention time was 1.711 min and 2.758 min ([Figure7c](#F0007)). Hence in the HPLC spectra of CDM-AM copolymer, absorption peaks at retention time of 2.752 min was PAM homopolymers, and the absorption peak at retention time of 1.925 min was CDM-AM polymer (as shown in [Figure7b](#F0007)). HPLC spectra of CDM-AM polymer also further confirmed the synthesis of CDM-AM polymer. Residual amount of acrylamide under different irradiation dose was calculated by the standard equation shew in [Figure7a](#F0007). With the increase of irradiation dose, the residues amount of acrylamide gradually reduced ([Figure7d](#F0007)). 10.1080/15685551.2018.1480681-F0007Figure 7.The HPLC spectra and standard curve of acrylamide (a); HPLC spectra of CDM-AM (b) and Acrylamide homopolymer (c); Residual amount of acrylamide in CDM-AM copolymer (d).

4.. Conclusion {#S0004}
==============

In this work, the CDM-AM copolymer was prepared from AM and CDM using γ-ray as an initiator. The preparation conditions for the CDM-AM copolymer were as follows: CDM:AM mass ratio of 1:1; irradiation dose of 4 kGy; and using 20 mL of DMF water solution. The yield rate of CDM-AM was 75% in grams using these synthetic conditions. The complexes of NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM were also prepared, with apparent stability constants at 303 K of 13,446.06 M^−1^ and 2595.30 M^−1^, respectively. The NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM complexes demonstrated significantly improved water solubility and NM/MBC bioavailability, providing a promising approach for the more straightforward application of NM and MBC. As the increase of irradiation dose, the residues amount of acrylamide gradually reduced, however, the high irradiation dose also can cause the degradation of β-cyclodextrin which could reduce the CDM-AM polymer's solubilization effect on hydrophobic drugs.

Acknowledgments
===============

This work was financially supported by the "Irradiation preservation and processing engineering technology research center of Guizhou agricultural products" (Grant No. 2016-5203) and the "Service enterprise plan of Guizhou scientific research institutions" (Grant No.20165712).

Disclosure statement {#S0005}
====================

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.


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IdleChat uses a Round-Robin DNS to handle all incoming connections to the network if you encounter a problem connecting to IdleChat just try to reconnect after a few seconds. Some of the server names below do not really exist you will not be able to connect to them directly you’ll need to use the round-robin. We have ports 6660-6669 accessible for use along with SSL port 6697


A Cape Breton man who was found not criminally responsible for killing his wife is entitled to receive 100 per cent of her life insurance policy, a Nova Scotia Supreme Court judge has ruled.

Richard Maidment, 42, who also uses the surname McNeil, killed Sarabeth Forbes on April 18, 2017, in the home they shared in Gardiner Mines, N.S.

Maidment has schizophrenia and his mental health had been deteriorating dramatically in the days before the killing. Forbes and their son, then 10 years old, had moved out of the residence as a precaution the day before.

But on the morning of April 18 she returned to the home, where she was killed.

Maidment was charged with first-degree murder, but in December 2017 was found not criminally responsible and confined to the East Coast Forensic Hospital in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia's only secure psychiatric facility.

In 2015, Forbes had purchased a life insurance policy for herself naming Maidment as the beneficiary. She named their son as an alternate beneficiary.

Friends described Sarabeth Forbes as 'always smiling ... a bubbly personality, and would do anything for anybody.' (Submitted by Tanya Hennick-McNeil)

Maidment's mother, Linda McNeil, claimed the insurance money on behalf of her son.

Forbes's mother, Emeline Forbes, who is now raising the couple's son, applied for the insurance money on his behalf.

Because there were competing claims, Co-operators Life Insurance Company paid the claim to the court and left it to a judge to decide.

In a decision released Thursday, Justice Frank Edwards ruled the money should go to Maidment, not his son. The decision does not disclose the amount of the payout.

"There is a public policy rule which says criminals should not be permitted to benefit from their crimes," Edwards wrote.

"That public policy rule has no application to this case. Richard has been found to be not criminally responsible. He is not a criminal."

Edwards is the same judge who found Maidment not criminally responsible for the killing, an event he describes as "an unspeakably horrendous and tragic event for everyone involved."

Friends say money should be in trust

Friends of Forbes said they were "sickened" to hear about the ruling and that it took them back to the day they learned of Forbes's death.

"Just a gut-wrenching feeling in the pit of your stomach that this can't be real, this can't be happening. But now it's happened twice," said Valerie Youden, who worked with Forbes at Parkland, a senior's home in Sydney, N.S. Forbes also worked as a teacher's assistant at an elementary in nearby Reserve Mines.

Co-workers of Sarabeth Forbes said they were 'sickened' to hear about the ruling. (Submitted by Tanya Hennick-McNeil)

"I know he has a mental illness, but he still chose to brutally [kill] Sarabeth, and we all have choices in life, and he made that one," said Terri Spooney, another friend and co-worker, adding Forbes would be "devastated" if she knew he'd received the money instead of her son.

Both women believe Forbes would have wanted the money to go to her son's future.

'Heart bigger than life itself'

Youden considers the situation a failure of the justice system.

"If you're not responsible for her death, he shouldn't be [considered] responsible enough to get the money," she said.

She and Spooney said they try to focus on memories of Forbes instead of her death. They said there's rarely a day at work that either a client or co-worker doesn't refer to her fondly.

"She was always smiling, always laughing, a bubbly personality, and would do anything for anybody. She had a heart bigger than life itself," said Spooney.

MORE TOP STORIES


Top Tabs

Thursday, September 18, 2008

From the Mailbag: Kaboose

Kaboose (KAB) is an online advertiser and marketer geared towards families and children. Some of the websites they run include bounty.com, babyzone.com, amazingmoms.com, funschool.com, zeeks.com and bubbleshare.com. Kaboose generates revenues through online commerce and advertising. The company has been growing revenues primarily by making strategic acquisitions of websites geared towards their target market segment.

First, lets review some of the Kaboose value indicators. The stock has a market cap of $101.5M based on the current market price of $0.73/sh. The relatively small market cap suggests that analyst coverage is likely low and could lead to pricing inefficiencies with the stock, as we've discussed here. The company is not yet profitable, however, with an equity value of $180M the price to book ratio is 0.53. Depending on the quality of the assets, the low P/B value could indicate value.

As a value investor, I heed the warnings of Graham, Dreman and Athanassakos (and others) and do not attempt to forecast a company's earnings. Rather, I assess earnings strength by looking at the track record of what a company has already accomplished and make a judgment if the results are repeatable or not (look out for value traps!). Kaboose is not at a stage where they can show consistent positive free cash flow, and for this reason I personally would never buy a company like Kaboose until they have demonstrated the capacity to do so. For that reason, let's review the quality of Kaboose's assets to see if value can be found there.

Total assets for Kaboose total $249M. Reviewing the assets, I found that goodwill and intangibles are on the books at $107.5M and $103.5M respectively. Goodwill is the excess value paid over the fair value of the assets acquired. Presumably, Kaboose is paying more than fair value for the acquired assets because they believe those assets will generate adequate returns in the future to justify the price paid. However, since Kaboose has yet to demonstrate profitable operations, I have deep reservations about recognizing goodwill at its book value. By the same line of reasoning, I have similar reservations about recognizing the full intangible value on the books.

Even though the price to book value looked promising for Kaboose, the tangible asset value of the company is rather small compared to the total assets. Since the goodwill and intangibles represent $210.5M of the total asset value of $249M, if those "softer" assets are impaired significantly, an investor may be investing in a company with a very high price to book ratio. The extremes then for price to book would be the 0.53 if you accept goodwill and intangibles at book value ranging up to 2.6 if you write them off completely. I don't know what the real value of goodwill and intangibles should be but without a reliable gauge on earnings strength I would tend towards being more conservative rather than optimistic in my judgment.

To summarize, since Kaboose has not yet demonstrated the ability to consistently generate positive free cash flows and that the asset value of the company is predominantly made up of goodwill and intangibles (84.5% of the total assets), I would consider putting money into the company's stock at this time speculative in nature without adequate protection of capital. Of course, people that decide to speculate under such circumstances and subsequently do well may be left with an exciting sense of precognitive abilities that are bound to disappoint in the future.


[Variation in closeness to reality of standardized resuscitation scenarios : Effects on the success of cognitive learning of medical students].
Simulation often relies on a case-based learning approach and is used as a teaching tool for a variety of audiences. The knowledge transfer goes beyond the mere exchange of soft skills and practical abilities and also includes practical knowledge and decision-making behavior; however, verification of knowledge or practical skills seldom unfolds during simulations. Simulation-based learning seems to affect many learning domains and can, therefore, be considered to be multifactorial in nature. At present, studies examining the effects of learning environments with varying levels of reality on the cognitive long-term retention of students are lacking. The present study focused on the question whether case scenarios with varying levels of reality produce differences in the cognitive long-term retention of students, in particular with regard to the learning dimensions knowledge, understanding and transfer. The study was conducted on 153 students in the first clinical semester at the Justus-Liebig University of Giessen. Students were randomly selected and subsequently assigned, also in a random fashion, to two practice groups, i.e. realistic and unrealistic. In both groups the students were presented with standardized case scenarios consisting of three case studies, which were accurately defined with a case report containing a detailed description of each scenario and all relevant values so as to ensure identical conditions for both groups. The unrealistic group sat in an unfurnished practice room as a learning environment. The realistic group sat in a furnished learning environment with various background pictures and ambient noise. Students received examination questions before, immediately following and 14 days after the practice. Examination questions were identical at each of the three time points, classified into three learning dimensions following Bloom's taxonomy and evaluated. Furthermore, examination questions were supplemented by a questionnaire concerning the individual perception of reality and own learning success, to be filled in by students immediately after the practice. Examination questions and questionnaires were anonymous but associated with each other. Even with less experienced participants, realistic simulation design led to a significant increase of knowledge immediately after the end of the simulation. This effect, however, did not impact the cognitive long-term retention of students. While the realistic group showed a higher initial knowledge after the simulation, this "knowledge delta" was forgotten within 14 days, putting them back on par with the unrealistic comparison group. It could be significantly demonstrated that 2 weeks after the practice, comprehension questions were answered better than those on pure knowledge. Therefore, it can be concluded that even vaguely realistic simulation scenarios affect the learning dimension of understanding. For simulation-based learning the outcome depends not only on knowledge, practical skills and motivational variables but also on the onset of negative emotions, perception of own ability and personality profile. Simulation training alone does not appear to guarantee learning success but it seems to be necessary to establish a simulation setting suitable for the education level, needs and personality characteristics of the students.


This invention relates to a hand-operated remote control unit for controlling the welding current of a welding machine, and more particularly to such a device in which a single push button activates and controls the current of a welding machine with a universal mounting structure which permits the positioning of the welding torch in a variety of positions and permits the push button to be easily operated with different digits of the hand without effecting the welding operations being performed.
A number of prior art devices have been disclosed which utilize remote control means for controlling the welding current of a welding torch without resorting to returning to the welding console for such an adjustment. Two of the more recent patents dealing with this problem are U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,341 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,344 include on-off switches and linearly actuated controls for varying the resistance of a potentiometer to vary the current supplied to a welding torch. Both devices are hand-held and thumb operated. The problem with this type of operation is that the thumb is better used for support than for control because the thumb has less sensitivity to touch than the other digits of the hand. Further, using linear operation requires pressure on the handle which tends to move the torch and changes its position with respect to the workpiece thereby producing a faulty weld. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,341, the control is actually mounted in the handle and accordingly the positioning of the welding torch is limited since the thumb must be positioned on the actuating control. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,344, the control unit is strapped to the welding torch again restricting movement in all but a rotational sense.


Dentate Gyrus Immaturity in Schizophrenia.
Hippocampal abnormalities have been heavily implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was shown to manifest an immature molecular profile in schizophrenia subjects, as well as in various animal models of the disorder. In this position paper, we advance a hypothesis that this immature molecular profile is accompanied by an identifiable immature morphology of the dentate gyrus granule cell layer. We adduce evidence for arrested maturation of the dentate gyrus in the human schizophrenia-affected brain, as well as multiple rodent models of the disease. Implications of this neurohistopathological signature for current theory regarding the development of schizophrenia are discussed.


Mechanical discoordination rather than dyssynchrony predicts reverse remodeling upon cardiac resynchronization.
By current guidelines a considerable part of the patients selected for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) do not respond to the therapy. We hypothesized that mechanical discoordination [opposite strain within the left ventricular (LV) wall] predicts reversal of LV remodeling upon CRT better than mechanical dyssynchrony. MRI tagging images were acquired in CRT candidates (n = 19) and in healthy control subjects (n = 9). Circumferential strain (epsilon(cc)) was determined in 160 regions. From epsilon(cc) signals we derived 1) an index of mechanical discoordination [internal stretch fraction (ISF), defined as the ratio of stretch to shortening during ejection] and 2) indexes of mechanical dyssynchrony: the 10-90% width of time to onset of shortening, time to peak shortening, and end-systolic strain. LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), end-systolic volume (LVESV), and ejection fraction (LVEF) were determined before and after 3 mo of CRT. Responders were defined as those patients in whom LVESV decreased by >15%. In responders (n = 10), CRT increased LVEF and decreased LVEDV and LVESV (11 +/- 6%, 21 +/- 16%, and 30 +/- 16%, respectively) significantly more (P < 0.05) than in nonresponders (1 +/- 6%, 3 +/- 4%, and 5 +/- 10%, respectively). Among mechanical indexes, only ISF was different between responders and nonresponders (0.53 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.31 +/- 0.16; P < 0.05). In patients with ISF >0.4 (n = 10), LVESV decreased by 31 +/- 18% vs. 5 +/- 11% in patients with ISF <0.4 (P < 0.05). We conclude that mechanical discoordination, as estimated from ISF, is a better predictor of reverse remodeling after CRT than differences in time to onset and time to peak shortening. Therefore, discoordination rather than dyssynchrony appears to reflect the reserve contractile capacity that can be recruited by CRT.


Q:

How do I do bi-directional communications using "Codename One New-Java-Javascript-Interop-API" in my specific use-case?

I have an App that makes intensive use of "browserComponent" and bidirectional communication between Java native code and Javascript embedded inside web-page content.
Now we must make the same thing using the New Async-Java-Javascript-Interop-API recently posted by Codename One.
In this context, We need to bind all buttons present on each page to routines coded in native code (java/kotlin) as soon the page is loaded.
How can we capture "Html Body on-load-event" and how to activate all binds that we need?
And, on the opposite direction, the java code that was triggered by html-buttons mentioned before, interacts with the users. As a result of these interactions, normally it is necessary to modify some values of javascript variables (frequently a javascript-array) and that way allowing update dynamically the document model in the Browser.
Any help on this subject will be very appreciated.

A:

You can bind an onLoad event in the same way you always could using:
browserComponent.addWebEventListener(BrowserComponent.onLoad, e -> {
    // here you can start writing JS binding code
});

For reference this article covers everything else about the binding https://www.codenameone.com/blog/new-async-java-javascript-interop-api.html


Q:

Form Shows and hides again: jQuery

I am trying to show a form when a button is clicked. But it shows for a second or so and then hides again. i have tried to debug it with console.log() but my jQuery is not reaching in the anonymous function in click event in chrome console it is showing me this error "Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 400 (Bad Request)" Here is my code
        <asp:Panel id="dynamicSubForm" class="container"  runat="server" DefaultButton="btnAdd" DefaultFocus="txtSegment">

                        <asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server"
                            Text="Sources"></asp:Label>

&nbsp

                        <asp:Label ID="lblSource" runat="server" Text="Source:"></asp:Label>

                        <asp:DropDownList ID="ddlSource" runat="server"
                            CssClass="whiteCtrl" DataSourceID="dsIrrigationSource"
                            DataTextField="title" DataValueField="id">
                        </asp:DropDownList>
                        <asp:SqlDataSource ID="dsIrrigationSource" runat="server"
                            ConnectionString="<%$ ConnectionStrings:MIS4BOSConnectionString %>"
                            SelectCommand="SELECT [id], [title] FROM [IrrigationSource]">
                        </asp:SqlDataSource>

                        <asp:Label ID="lblSegment" runat="server" Text="Area Segment:"></asp:Label>

                        <asp:TextBox ID="txtSegment" runat="server" CssClass="whiteCtrl"></asp:TextBox>
                        %

                        <asp:RegularExpressionValidator ID="revArea0" runat="server"
                            ControlToValidate="txtSegment" Display="Dynamic"
                            ErrorMessage="Percentage must be all digits." ValidationExpression="^[0-9]+$"></asp:RegularExpressionValidator>

                        <asp:Label ID="lblDesc" runat="server" Text="Description:"></asp:Label>

                        <asp:TextBox ID="txtDesc" runat="server" Height="70px" TextMode="MultiLine"
                            CssClass="whiteCtrl"></asp:TextBox>

                        <asp:Button ID="btnAdd" runat="server" CssClass="blueBtn" Text="Add"
                            onclick="btnAdd_Click" />
                        <asp:Button ID="btnAddCancel" runat="server" CssClass="whiteBtn"
                            Text="Cancel" onclick="btnAddCancel_Click" />

                        <asp:Label ID="lblSubMsg" runat="server" CssClass="usrMsg" Text="Label"
                            Visible="False"></asp:Label>

        </asp:Panel>
enter code here

A:

The form is probably submitting, do it like this
addBtn.on("click", function (e) {
    e.preventDefault();
    console.log('in anonymous func');
    subForm.show();
});

Note that the id irrAdd does not seem to exist in the markup, and that you could also change the buttons type to button


Differential distributions of peptides in the epidermal growth factor family and phosphorylation of ErbB 1 receptor in adult rat brain.
Using two-site enzyme immunoassays, we measured protein levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) in adult rat brain, and compared them with the phosphorylation levels of their receptor (ErbB 1). There were significant variations in the brain distributions of each ErbB 1 ligand. Among these ErbB 1 ligands, HB-EGF protein levels were higher than those of TGF alpha and those of EGF were the lowest. TGF alpha protein was relatively enriched in the midbrain regions, while HB-EGF levels were most abundant in the cerebellum. Protein distributions of the EGF family members were discordant with previously reported mRNA distributions. In addition, there was significant basal ErbB 1 phosphorylation detected with the largest amount of activation in the midbrain. These observations suggest that the activation of brain ErbB 1 involves post-translational regulation of multiple EGF family members in a region-specific manner.


<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ProjectItem Type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.SharePoint.Module" DefaultFile="Elements.xml" SupportedTrustLevels="All" SupportedDeploymentScopes="Web, Site" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/2010/SharePointTools/SharePointProjectItemModel">
  <Files>
    <ProjectItemFile Source="Elements.xml" Type="ElementManifest" />
  </Files>
</ProjectItem>


include $(top_srcdir)/glib.mk

noinst_LTLIBRARIES += libgiowin32.la

libgiowin32_la_SOURCES =			\
	gwin32directorymonitor.c		\
	gwin32directorymonitor.h		\
	gwinhttpvfs.c				\
	gwinhttpvfs.h				\
	gwinhttpfile.c				\
	gwinhttpfile.h				\
	gwinhttpfileinputstream.c		\
	gwinhttpfileinputstream.h		\
	gwinhttpfileoutputstream.c		\
	gwinhttpfileoutputstream.h		\
	winhttp.h				\
	$(NULL)

libgiowin32_la_CFLAGS = \
	$(GLIB_HIDDEN_VISIBILITY_CFLAGS)	\
	-DG_LOG_DOMAIN=\"GLib-GIO\"	\
	$(gio_INCLUDES)			\
	$(GLIB_DEBUG_FLAGS)		\
	-DGIO_MODULE_DIR=\"$(GIO_MODULE_DIR)\"	\
	-DGIO_COMPILATION		\
	-DG_DISABLE_DEPRECATED


Q:

Difference between Angular Translate's useSanitizeValueStrategy('sanitize') vs. useSanitizeValueStrategy('sanitizeParameters')

I am using angular-translate for localization and I'm a little unclear on the differences between the 'sanitize' and 'sanitizeParameters' strategies for escaping.
I've already checked out the docs but I still don't understand what "sanitize HTML in the translation text" means vs "sanitizes HTML in the values". Is one less secure than the other?
If it is only sanitizing the HTML in the values of the interpolation parameter, is it not thoroughly sanitizing the content? The only differences I can see is that 'sanitizeParamters' will escape html when using a filter, while 'sanitize' does not. I can't use the 'sanitize' strategy because of the utf8 issue addressed here, so I want to make sure using 'sanitizeParameters' is a secure strategy.

A:

I took a look directly in the official angular source file ‘angular-translate.js’ and determined the following

sanitize - Sanitizes the complete translation including all parameters
sanitizeParameters -> Sanitizes only the parameters

The same logic applies for both escape and escapeParameters.
Note: Strategies can be combined ie.
$translateProvider.useSanitizeValueStrategy(['sanitize', 'escapeParameters']);


Hepatitis C virus RNA profiles in chronically infected individuals: do they relate to disease activity?
Fluctuations of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA serum levels were monitored in a multicenter study in 76 chronic HCV carriers who had been followed longitudinally without receiving antiviral therapy to assess their relation with the course of liver disease activity. Forty-four patients had normal transaminases over more than 2 years, while 32 additional patients had fluctuating levels. Viral load was measured in serial serum samples prospectively collected for 10 to 12 months in 54 patients and in sera stored yearly up to 8 years in an additional 22 patients. In patients tested monthly, a lesser extent of fluctuations was detected in cases with constantly normal transaminases as compared with those with fluctuating transaminases. In the former group, the mean difference between maximum and minimum values observed in each individual patient was 0.7 Log, while in the latter group, it was 1.3 Log (P =.0004). Most of these patients experienced, on average, three peaks of viremia over 1 year. The range of variation observed upon yearly testing was between 0.2 and 2.2 Log and did not reach statistical significance between the two groups. In conclusion, a careful viral replication profile can be achieved only by monthly testing, because longer time intervals could miss viremia fluctuations. HCV-RNA levels are more stable in asymptomatic HCV carriers than in patients with biochemical activity of liver disease.


Unreal Engine 4 "probably around 2014"

The next version of video game engine Unreal will probably launch in 2014, Epic has said.

Epic Games founder Tim Sweeney told IGN he spends 60 per cent of his time researching Epic's next generation engine: Unreal Engine 4, and the next generation of consoles.

"This is technology that won't see the light of day until probably around 2014," he said, "but focusing on that horizon enables me to do some really cool things that just aren't practical today, but soon will be.

"Some of our most productive work in the industry was on the first Unreal engine back in 1996, when I wrote a software renderer with a bunch of new features that hadn't been seen before.

"I feel like that's what I'm doing now on Unreal Engine 4 in exploring areas of the technology nobody else is really yet contemplating because they're still a few years away from practicality. But I see a huge amount of potential there and so it's very, very fun work."

A 2014 release for Unreal Engine 4 suggests a 2014 release for the next generation of consoles, given it is unlikely Epic would release it for use on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 games.

In July CryEngine maker Crytek told Eurogamer video game graphics achieved using the DirectX 11 standard provide a solid indication of the visual power of the next Xbox and PlayStation.

And earlier this year Epic released the Samaritan tech demo - a real-time video designed to provide a glimpse into what the next generation of consoles will be capable of.


<Type Name="NSControlText" FullName="MonoMac.AppKit.NSControlText">
  <TypeSignature Language="C#" Value="public delegate bool NSControlText(NSControl control, NSText fieldEditor);" />
  <TypeSignature Language="ILAsm" Value=".class public auto ansi sealed NSControlText extends System.MulticastDelegate" />
  <AssemblyInfo>
    <AssemblyName>MonoMac</AssemblyName>
    <AssemblyVersion>0.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
  </AssemblyInfo>
  <Base>
    <BaseTypeName>System.Delegate</BaseTypeName>
  </Base>
  <Parameters>
    <Parameter Name="control" Type="MonoMac.AppKit.NSControl" />
    <Parameter Name="fieldEditor" Type="MonoMac.AppKit.NSText" />
  </Parameters>
  <ReturnValue>
    <ReturnType>System.Boolean</ReturnType>
  </ReturnValue>
  <Docs>
    <param name="control">To be added.</param>
    <param name="fieldEditor">To be added.</param>
    <summary>To be added.</summary>
    <returns>To be added.</returns>
    <remarks>To be added.</remarks>
  </Docs>
</Type>


Q:

Cannot telnet host from ec2 instance behind a proxy

Let me try to rephrase the whole question as it was not very clear the first time.
I need to understand and workout port forwarding. I have an ec2 instance running behind a proxy server. I need to telnet from my ec2 instance to a server outside, 'in internet' through port (let's say) 1919 . In security groups I have allowed tcp traffic on port 1919 from my ec2 instance to the proxy and back and from proxy to the remote server.
To be able to telnet from my ec2 instance to remote server, i think i will have to port forward 1919 in proxy to be able to get to the remote server. I tried it with
iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 9093 -j DNAT --to *ipaddofEC2*:1919
iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -d  --dport 1919 -j ACCEPT
In my squid I have :
acl servicebus_port_9093 port 1919 and
http_access allow allowed_source_hosts allowed_messaging_sites servicebus_port_9093     and
acl allowed_messaging_sites dstdomain .servicebus.windows.net(remote host's url finishes with windows.net)
Still I have not been able to telnet from my ec2 to remote server.
Ps. ip forwarding is on in proxy and I tried to tcpdump in proxy while trying to telnet from my ec2 instance to remote server but I get nothing. (I dont know much about tcpdump)
I get timeout error.

A:

The protocol used was not tcp but a 'special' protocol that's why I was not able to tunnel the traffic through.


Q:

How to convert a text in xml to a hyperlink in html using xslt

How to convert a text in xml to a hyperlink in html using xslt.
my Xml code is

<Steps>
  <Filepath>C:\Test\Capture\050615165617TC001_05_06_1516_57_11.png</Filepath>
</Steps>

to convert it into html my xslt code looks like

  <xsl:element name="a">
 <xsl:attribute name="href">
   <xsl:value-of select="./Filepath"/>
 </xsl:attribute>
 <xsl:value-of select="./Filepath"/>
  </xsl:element>

Now this code writes the entire path of the file in html, but I want to write only "File" in the html with the hyperlink to the location of the file.
My current generated html code is given below

C:\Test\Capture\050615165617TC001_05_06_1516_57_11.png
C:\Test\Capture\050615165617TC001_05_06_1516_57_11.png

What I want is

File

Can anyone help me what change I need to do in xslt.

A:

You are telling it to have the value:
  <xsl:element name="a">
    <xsl:attribute name="href">
      <xsl:value-of select="./Filepath"/>
    </xsl:attribute>
    <xsl:value-of select="./Filepath"/>
  </xsl:element>

So change it to:
  <xsl:element name="a">
    <xsl:attribute name="href">
      <xsl:value-of select="./Filepath"/>
    </xsl:attribute>
    File
  </xsl:element>


The relationship of peak inspiratory airflow to subjective airflow in the nose.
A prospective study of 145 patients presenting for nasal surgery was designed to examine the relationship of peak nasal inspiratory airflow (PNIF) to subjective nasal airway patency (SNA). Patients admitted for surgery filled in a self-assessment Questionnaire and PNIF measurements were taken. Six weeks post surgery the procedure was repeated. The patients were divided into four operative groups and the results analysed accordingly. Improvement in SNA was noted in 80-96% of patients and PNIF improved in 60-83%. However, PNIF decreased in 17-40% of patients who felt they were improved. Statistical analysis using Spearman's Rank Correlation test showed no correlation between SNA and PNIF. Despite the well recognized problems of assessing subjective sensation of nasal airflow, we feel this study casts doubt on the usefulness of PNIF in routine clinical practice.


/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2018 - 2020 by the deal.II authors
 *
 * This file is part of the deal.II library.
 *
 * The deal.II library is free software; you can use it, redistribute
 * it, and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General
 * Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 * The full text of the license can be found in the file LICENSE.md at
 * the top level directory of deal.II.
 *
 * ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

// Document a hang in Triangulation::prepare_coarsening_and_refinement() when
// periodic boundaries and mesh smoothing is used.

// The (now fixed bug) was caused by eliminate_refined_boundary_islands also
// incorrectly acting on periodic boundaries. This test originally comes from
// ASPECT.

#include <deal.II/base/conditional_ostream.h>

#include <deal.II/distributed/tria.h>

#include <deal.II/dofs/dof_tools.h>

#include <deal.II/fe/fe_q.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_system.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/mapping_q1.h>

#include <deal.II/grid/grid_generator.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/grid_tools.h>

#include <deal.II/numerics/data_out.h>

#include "../tests.h"

template <int dim>
void
test()
{
  MPI_Comm mpi_communicator = MPI_COMM_WORLD;

  const unsigned int n_mpi_processes =
    Utilities::MPI::n_mpi_processes(mpi_communicator);
  const unsigned int this_mpi_process =
    Utilities::MPI::this_mpi_process(mpi_communicator);

  const double L = 20;

  dealii::parallel::distributed::Triangulation<dim> triangulation(
    mpi_communicator,
    typename Triangulation<dim>::MeshSmoothing(
      Triangulation<dim>::limit_level_difference_at_vertices |
      Triangulation<dim>::eliminate_unrefined_islands |
      Triangulation<dim>::eliminate_refined_inner_islands |
      Triangulation<dim>::eliminate_refined_boundary_islands |
      Triangulation<dim>::do_not_produce_unrefined_islands));
  GridGenerator::hyper_cube(triangulation, 0, 1, /*colorize*/ true);

  std::vector<
    GridTools::PeriodicFacePair<typename Triangulation<dim>::cell_iterator>>
    periodicity_vector;
  if (true)
    for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d)
      GridTools::collect_periodic_faces(triangulation,
                                        /*b_id1*/ 2 * d,
                                        /*b_id2*/ 2 * d + 1,
                                        /*direction*/ d,
                                        periodicity_vector);

  triangulation.add_periodicity(periodicity_vector);

  // refine mesh
  triangulation.refine_global(3);

  // mark all cells except these for coarsening:
  std::vector<Point<dim>> points = {{312500, 93750},
                                    {312500, 156250},
                                    {62500, 343750},
                                    {312500, 281250},
                                    {312500, 343750},
                                    {62500, 406250},
                                    {62500, 468750}};

  // rescale to [0,1]^2 for this to work:
  for (auto &p : points)
    {
      p[0] /= 1e6;
      p[1] /= 5e5;
    }

  for (auto &cell : triangulation.active_cell_iterators())
    {
      cell->set_coarsen_flag();
      for (auto &p : points)
        if (cell->point_inside(p))
          {
            cell->clear_coarsen_flag();
            cell->set_refine_flag();
          }
    }
  triangulation.execute_coarsening_and_refinement();

  deallog << "number of elements: " << triangulation.n_global_active_cells()
          << std::endl;

  // create dof_handler
  FESystem<dim>   FE(FE_Q<dim>(QGaussLobatto<1>(2)), 1);
  DoFHandler<dim> dof_handler(triangulation);
  dof_handler.distribute_dofs(FE);

  // write mesh for visualization
  DataOut<dim> data_out;
  data_out.attach_dof_handler(dof_handler);
  Vector<float> subdomain(triangulation.n_active_cells());
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < subdomain.size(); ++i)
    subdomain(i) = triangulation.locally_owned_subdomain();
  data_out.add_data_vector(subdomain, "subdomain");
  data_out.build_patches();
  data_out.write_vtu_in_parallel(std::string("mesh.vtu").c_str(),
                                 mpi_communicator);

  IndexSet locally_relevant_dofs;
  DoFTools::extract_locally_relevant_dofs(dof_handler, locally_relevant_dofs);

  IndexSet locally_active_dofs;
  DoFTools::extract_locally_active_dofs(dof_handler, locally_active_dofs);

  const std::vector<IndexSet> locally_owned_dofs =
    Utilities::MPI::all_gather(MPI_COMM_WORLD,
                               dof_handler.locally_owned_dofs());

  std::map<types::global_dof_index, Point<dim>> supportPoints;
  DoFTools::map_dofs_to_support_points(MappingQ1<dim>(),
                                       dof_handler,
                                       supportPoints);

  /// creating combined hanging node and periodic constraint matrix
  AffineConstraints<double> constraints;
  constraints.clear();
  constraints.reinit(locally_relevant_dofs);

  for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d)
    DoFTools::make_periodicity_constraints(
      dof_handler, 2 * d, 2 * d + 1, d, constraints);

  const bool consistent =
    constraints.is_consistent_in_parallel(locally_owned_dofs,
                                          locally_active_dofs,
                                          mpi_communicator,
                                          /*verbose*/ true);

  deallog << "Periodicity constraints are consistent in parallel: "
          << consistent << std::endl;

  DoFTools::make_hanging_node_constraints(dof_handler, constraints);

  const bool hanging_consistent =
    constraints.is_consistent_in_parallel(locally_owned_dofs,
                                          locally_active_dofs,
                                          mpi_communicator);

  deallog << "Hanging nodes constraints are consistent in parallel: "
          << hanging_consistent << std::endl;

  constraints.close();
  deallog << "OK" << std::endl;
}

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  Utilities::MPI::MPI_InitFinalize mpi_initialization(argc, argv);
  MPILogInitAll                    log;
  test<2>();
}


As Christmas Day approaches, I am readying myself for 'Ghar Wapsi'. Normally it would be celebration time, but there has been a dramatic shift in interest and emphasis, what with the mass re-conversions planned on that day at Aligarh and the observance of Good Governance Day in schools across the country!

A BJP vice president (for the state of Maharashtra) stays in my building and I meet him quite often in the elevator or in the building compound during my morning walk. When I told him that I was ready for 'Ghar Wapsi' he was visibly excited. I asked him what caste I would be assigned to on reconversion, but he said he would have to find out. After a brief pause he wanted to know the caste to which my Hindu ancestors belonged. I mentioned that they were Saraswats, so he opined that I would revert to that caste. In reply, I asked him how he could be so sure since my forebears had eaten all sorts of prohibited meat. That stumped him and he reverted to his stance of the need to consult someone about the same.

It is a historical fact that Hindus of different castes were converted by Portuguese missionaries 400 to 500 years ago at a time when faith dominated political discourse. Some sort of coercion must necessarily have been used. The Ottoman Turks had done the same in the Balkans despite resistance from the Austro Hungarians and Czarist Russia. The detritus of those conversions still linger in the surcharged atmosphere of embattled Bosnia and neighbouring Kosovo.

Religion has always been used as a tool by State players from the dawn of history. It has led to numerous religious wars, the most prominent of which were the Crusades which pitted the Muslims against the Christians in Jerusalem and the Middle East. Everyone forgets that religions did not exist when man first appeared on Earth. Different theories were put forth by different people in different corners of the world to explain the mystery of life and death, of the wonders of nature and events that could not be explained by human intellect. Different theories were soon turned into beliefs and ultimately into religions. Fortunately, all religions speak of the necessity of being just and good and condemn that which militates against peace and order in society.

Five centuries ago, in the Age of Faith, Christian missionaries just like Arab traders and Ottoman soldiers went around the world propagating a one true religion. That epoch has long gone but diehards abound and they in turn have given birth to extremists in more moderate religions like Hinduism. Mass conversions disturb social order and need to be discouraged. Individuals seeking spiritual solace in another religion different from the one in which they were born is common all over the world. In Portugal I came across descendents of those who converted my forefathers who had now adopted Krishna as their preferred god!

There can be no justification for killing innocent people in the name of God and no plausible reasons for hating individuals who hold beliefs about God that are different from theirs. Unfortunately, we are now confronted with 'Ghar Wapsi' which is just an excuse for divisive politics and is not going to help the country to advance. I have no quarrel with the concept of Hindutva or cultural nationalism as the RSS describes it. As I have said earlier, I admit that my ancestors were Hindus and incidentally I have never failed to proclaim it. Probably, because my forefathers belonged to the higher varna of Hindu society as compared to many other compatriots who had been liberated from an inferior status ascribed to them in the Hindu social order.

Here's a historical tidbit which most Goan Christians, including priests, do not know will be of interest to them as well as to our Hindu brothers in Goa. The first Goan Catholic Priest to be ordained Bishop (of Bijapur) was Mateus de Castro of Chorao in Diwad. He insisted on being ordained as Mateus de Castro Mahale because that was the Hindu surname of his family prior to conversion. The Priest who baptized his forefathers was a Castro and like all Goans (even East Indians from Mumbai and Vasai) converted en masse they were given the surname of the priest who baptized them. Portuguese surnames are to be found all along the coast of India and even Sri Lankan test cricketers Mendis, Pereira, Vas and De Silva are Sinhalese whose ancestors were converted by the Portuguese. I have also come across a Ribeiro in Quilon in Kerala who spoke only Malayalam.

So, as I await December 25, the day ear-marked for 'Ghar Wapsi', I am trying to figure out what my old Hindu surname was. I will have to go to Goa, to my taluka of Bardez, to my village of Socorro and diligently dig out old Church records. But the Sangh Parivar is giving me very little time to do that. They are obviously in a mighty hurry to reconvert 23 million Indians so that they become first-class citizens like them! But will they really be accepted after reconversion? That is certainly difficult to predict.

(The author is former commissioner of police, Mumbai and ex-DGP, Punjab)


Q:

What do these deprecated markings mean?

I found this Moog Prodigy synthesizer schematic that I'm trying to figure out how it works in order to learn more about how electronics work.
What do the circled symbol at the top of the schematic mean ?
What does "N.C" mean ? An example of it is located at the far right.
What does the "*" next to R2 mean ?
What does the "1%" next to R5 mean ?
What does -9V and -12V mean ?
What does the arrow next to R14 mean ?

A:

The item in the top left is a 2-pole switch that has 3 positions (32', 16', 8'). In the top right, NC means no connection. The 1% is the tolerance of resistor R5. R14 is a potentiometer (variable resistor).  The arrow is the wiper arm of R14. The -12V is the voltage powering that part of the circuit. The voltage (-9.0V) at the output of U2B is either for purposes of troubleshooting or for an adjustment. The meaning of the star above R2 is probably explained in a note somewhere else on the schematic.


MP support boosts RCN nurse prescribing lobby.
The Government is expected to announce plans for nurse prescribing legislation later this year.


1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an anode coated with .beta.-lead dioxide which has dimensional stability and excellent adhesion between the .beta.-lead dioxide coating layer and a titanium substrate. More particularly, this invention relates to an anode coated with .beta.-lead dioxide which comprises a titanium substrate on at least one side of which both titanium expanded metal and titanium reinforcing bars are welded, at least one medium layer (i.e., intermediate layer) being applied on said substrate, said intermediate layer consisting either of an alloy or an oxide of platinum group metals, and a .beta.-lead dioxide coating layer being applied on the said intermediate layer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An anode for use in electrolytic industries should have not only excellent anodic characteristics and corrosion resistance, but also excellent workability, mechanical strength and dimensional stability. Recently, the use of coated metallic anodes in the chlor-alkali industry has been proposed. Such coated metallic anodes have excellent anodic characteristics, corrosion resistance, and dimensional stability and have brought about a number of remarkable improvements in the chlor-alkali industry. However, these anodes have disadvantages in that they are expensive and have relatively short life when they are used under oxygen generation.
On the other hand, the .beta.-lead dioxide anode has been known from old times, and has been recognized to have high oxygen overvoltage characteristics, high corrosion resistance, peculiar catalytic properties and economic advantages resulting from its low manufacturing cost. However, the .beta.-lead dioxide anode has not been adapted very widely in the electrolytic industy in spite of its excellent characteristics. This is due mainly to its lack of mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and workability. Planar .beta.-lead dioxide anodes have conventionally been manufactured by anodically electrodepositing .beta.-lead dioxide on a concave surface of a substrate from a lead nitrate bath, and then by detaching .beta.-lead dioxide layer from the substrate. Such anodes are not free from strong internal stresses and hence are very brittle, thus limiting the size and shape that can be manufactured and substantially reducing their practical value in industry. The attempt has been made to electrodeposit .beta.-lead dioxide on a graphite or on a flash coated platinum which is coated on titanium substrate (See U.S. Pat. No. 3,207,679). This was not very successful, however, because .beta.-lead dioxide is apt to detach from the substrate because of low adhesion and the growth of cracks, and such anodes were too heavy for easy handling. More recently, the manufacture of a .beta.-lead dioxide anode by electrodepositing .beta.-lead dioxide on a screen was tried (See U.S. Pat. No. 2,872,405). The adhesion of the coating layer to the anode was better, but it was difficult to obtain even plates. Thus, the surface was uneven, the dimensional stability was insufficient, and it was impossible to obtain even anodes of the substantial dimensions required in industry. In addition, difficulty was encountered in applying a current connection to the anode.
Accordingly, an anode coated with .beta.-lead dioxide is not satisfactory for extended use in the electrolytic industries, mainly because of the lack of mechanical strength, and dimensional stability and the difficulty of manufacturing large anodes.


Q:

Why atropisomers are called conformers?

Changing one atropisomer to another requires bond breaking (in some cases the removal and reattachement of steric groups, according to my understanding) so how it is possible that according to IUPAC atropisomers are classified as conformers (conformational isomers)?
According to IUPAC:

Atropisomers - A subclass of conformers which can be isolated as
separate chemical species and which arise from restricted rotation
about a single bond.
Conformers - One of a set of stereoisomers, each of which is
characterized by a conformation corresponding to a distinct potential
energy minimum.
Conformation - The spatial arrangement of the atoms affording
distinction between stereoisomers which can be interconverted by
rotations about formally single bonds. Some authorities extend the
term to include inversion at trigonal pyramidal centres and other
polytopal rearrangements.

This definition of "conformation" seems vague to me, but it is often said that changing one conformation to another involves no bond-breaking and changing one configuration to another requires bond-breaking. This is the difference between them.
IUPAC gives examples of atropisomerism: e.g. (E)-cyclooctene (given in Gold Book "planar chirality" entry). This definitely should involve bond-breaking. Other IUPAC examples of atropisomerism include substituted ortho-biphenyls.

A:

I think your notation of "Changing one atropisomer to another requires bond breaking (in some cases the removal and reattachement of steric groups, according to my understanding)" is not correct. To my knowledge, the free rotation of one single bond of an atropisomer is not restricted by connecting bond(s). I think you get confused by some literature explaining breaking a bond selectively directed to pair of atropisomers (e.g., Ref.1):

According to your post, IUPAC definition of atropisomers:

Atropisomers - A subclass of conformers which can be isolated as separate chemical species and which arise from restricted rotation about a single bond.

A variety of sources confirm this definition. For instance, Ref.2 and 3 described atropisomers as:

Atropisomers are stereoisomers (rotamers) resulting from hindered rotation about single bonds (having an energy barrier to rotation about a single $\sigma$ bond) usually due to steric hindrance. This energy barrier to rotation is high enough to allow the isolation of the conformers (rotamers).

Nonetheless, the name, coined by German biochemist Richard Kuhn in application to a theoretical concept 1n 1933 (Wikipedia) is derived from Greek (a = not and tropos = turn; thus, atropos meaning "without turn"), which supported the definition. However, the atropisomerism was first detected in 6,6'-dinitro-2,2'-diphenic acid by Cristie, et al. in 1922 (Ref.4):

It is also important to know the nomenclature of atropisomers (Wikipedia):

Determining the axial stereochemistry of biaryl atropisomers can be accomplished through the use of a Newman projection along the axis of hindered rotation. The ortho, and in some cases meta substituents are first assigned priority based on Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules (Ref.5 & Ref.6). One scheme of nomenclature in based on envisioning the helicity defined by these groups (Ref.7). Starting with the substituent of highest priority in the closest ring and moving along the shortest path to the substituent of highest priority in the other ring, the absolute configuration is assigned $P$ or $\Delta$ for clockwise and $M$ or $\Lambda$ for counterclockwise. Alternately, all four groups can be ranked by Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, with overall priority given to the groups on the "front" atom of the Newman projection. The two configurations are termed $R_\mathrm{a}$ and $S_\mathrm{a}$ in analogy to the traditional $R/S$ for a traditional tetrahedral stereocenter (Ref.8}:

Atropisomers are also found in nature. The main pigment of cotton seeds, gossypol is an atropisomer, which exists in both form of $(R_\mathrm{a})$- and $(S_\mathrm{a})$-conformations. Most commercial Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) cottonseeds have an $(R_\mathrm{a})$- to $(S_\mathrm{a})$-gossypol ratio of ~$2:3$, but some Pima (Gossypium barbadense) seeds have an excess of $(R_\mathrm{a})$-gossypol. Between two isomers, $(R_\mathrm{a})$-gossypol is more toxic and exhibits significantly greater anticancer activity than its $(S_\mathrm{a})$-atropisomer:

Two fun facts about atropisomers are (KU.edu):

Atropisomers are detectable by $\mathrm{NMR}$ if half lives exceed $\pu{10^{-2} s}$.
Atropisomers are isolatable if the half-life is above $\pu{10^3 s}$.

References:

Gerhard Bringmann, Thomas Hartung, “Atropo-enantioselective biaryl synthesis by stereocontrolled cleavage of configuratively labile lactone-bridged precursors using chiral H-nucleophiles,” Tetrahedron 1993, 49(36), 7891-7902 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)88014-5).
Alan R. Katritzky, Christopher A. Ramsden, John A. Joule, Viktor V. Zhdankin, In Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Third Edition; Elsevier Limited: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2010 (ISBN: 978-0-08-095843-9).
Jonathan Clayden,  “Atropisomerism,” Tetrahedron 2004, 60(20), 4335 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.03.002).
George Hallatt Christie, James Kenner, "LXXI.—The molecular configurations of polynuclear aromatic compounds. Part I. The resolution of $\gamma$-6 : 6′-dinitro- and 4 : 6 : 4′ : 6′-tetranitro-diphenic acids into optically active components," Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 1922, 121, 614–620 (https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9222100614).
R. S. Cahn, Christopher Ingold, V. Prelog, “Specification of Molecular Chirality,”  Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. Engl. 1966, 5(4), 385-415 (https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196603851) and Corrigendum: Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. Engl. 1966, 5(5), 511-511 (https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196605111).
G. P. Moss, "Basic terminology of stereochemistry: IUPAC Recomendations 1996," Pure and Applied Chemistry 1996, 68(12), 2193-2222 ()(PDF).
http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/H02763: IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.
http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00547: IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.


South Korea suggests joint probe with North Korea on shooting of South Korean official

South Korea urged North Korea on Saturday to further investigate the fatal shooting of a South Korean fisheries official and suggested it could be an unprecedented joint probe by the two sides, as public and political outrage over the killing grew.


2012-07-29T20:53:01+08:00http://diary.archangelsdy.com/Octopress2012-07-29T20:00:00+08:00http://diary.archangelsdy.com/blog/2012/07/29/cisco-ipsec-vpn-for-debianUnsatisfied with OpenVPN’s low speed to connect, I tried to setup a Cisco IPSec VPN recently. Its awesome speed proves to be a right choice. Here are brief steps on Debian.

Reference

]]>2012-04-24T00:10:00+08:00http://diary.archangelsdy.com/blog/2012/04/24/python-uPython will buffer stdout and stderr by default. If you want to redirect the output into a separate file, use ‘python -u’ instead.
]]>2012-04-22T16:43:00+08:00http://diary.archangelsdy.com/blog/2012/04/22/crontab-tips


Deterministic Nanoassembly of Quasi-Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Nanoarrays with Arbitrary Substrate Materials and Structures.
Guided manipulation of light through periodic nanoarrays of three-dimensional (3D) metal-dielectric patterns provides remarkable opportunities to harness light in a way that cannot be obtained with conventional optics yet its practical implementation remains hindered by a lack of effective methodology. Here we report a novel 3D nanoassembly method that enables deterministic integration of quasi-3D plasmonic nanoarrays with a foreign substrate composed of arbitrary materials and structures. This method is versatile to arrange a variety of types of metal-dielectric composite nanoarrays in lateral and vertical configurations, providing a route to generate heterogeneous material compositions, complex device layouts, and tailored functionalities. Experimental, computational, and theoretical studies reveal the essential design features of this approach and, taken together with implementation of automated equipment, provide a technical guidance for large-scale manufacturability. Pilot assembly of specifically engineered quasi-3D plasmonic nanoarrays with a model hybrid pixel detector for deterministic enhancement of the detection performances demonstrates the utility of this method.


Karin Zarifi (Netherlands, 2002, Law)

“I am convinced that my experience at HLS gives me access to any career I may dream of. (…) Even though I am thrilled for now, I do anticipate wanting to change careers in the future and trying my luck again at a career in Europe, perhaps even with an international organization. One never knows where life may lead us, but I do know that Harvard takes it to great places.”


Pulis relishing Holloway meeting

Stoke, Latest news update: January 04, 2013 3:46 PM[[views]]

Tony Pulis will face one of his oldest friends in football when Stoke travel to Crystal Palace in the third round of the FA Cup.

Pulis and Palace boss Ian Holloway have known each other for almost 30 years since their youth days at Bristol Rovers and Holloway is godfather to Pulis' son Anthony.
"I've known Ian since he was 12 years old," said the Stoke boss. "His mum and dad were lovely people and we knew their family really well. They're typical Bristolians really, and it's lovely to see him do so well.
"He's done fantastic, not just as a manager but his playing career was fabulous, especially the back end of it when he was playing for QPR in the Premier League."
The pair were in opposite dugouts twice in the 2010/11 season when Blackpool, who Holloway managed until joining Palace in November, spent a year in the Barclays Premier League.
Holloway had the upper hand on those occasions, with Blackpool picking up four points and Stoke one, and he could well return to the top flight in August.
Palace sit third in the npower Championship table, two points adrift of the automatic promotion places, but Pulis was keen to praise the work done by former manager Dougie Freedman.
He said: "I think Ian will be the first one to say this, you've got to give the previous manager a lot of credit for putting the team together.
"Ian's gone in there and I think the majority of it has been the same, Ian's just kept it going. But if they get promoted, it'll be a fantastic achievement for Ian."


Antitumor activity and pharmacodynamic properties of PX-478, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha.
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcription factor is an important regulator of tumor response to hypoxia that include increased angiogenesis, glycolytic metabolism, and resistance to apoptosis. HIF-1 activity is regulated by the availability of the HIF-1alpha subunit, the levels of which increase under hypoxic conditions. PX-478 (S-2-amino-3-[4'-N,N,-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl propionic acid N-oxide dihydrochloride) is an inhibitor of constitutive and hypoxia-induced HIF-1alpha levels and thus HIF-1 activity. We report that PX-478 given to mice suppresses HIF-1alpha levels in HT-29 human colon cancer xenografts and inhibits the expression of HIF-1 target genes including vascular endothelial growth factor and the glucose transporter-1. PX-478 shows antitumor activity against established (0.15-0.40 cm(3)) human tumor xenografts with cures of SHP-77 small cell lung cancer and log cell kills up to 3.0 for other tumors including HT-29 colon, PC-3 prostate, DU-145 prostate, MCF-7 breast, Caki-1 renal, and Panc-1 pancreatic cancers. Large (0.83 cm(3)) PC-3 prostate tumors showed 64% regression, which was greater than for smaller tumors. The antitumor response to PX-478 was positively correlated with tumor HIF-1alpha levels (P < 0.02) and was accompanied by massive apoptosis. The results show that PX-478 is an inhibitor of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1 transcription factor activity in human tumor xenografts and has marked antitumor activity against even large tumor xenografts, which correlates positively with HIF-1alpha levels.


Payment

Successful bidders will be emailed an invoice the Tuesday after the auction which will include shipping info. Please do not try to pay until receiving your invoice. Online invoices cannot even be created until the entire auction is closed out and then shipping must be added in manually. Please make arrangements to have pay your invoice within 5 working days as Slotin Auction needs to collect quickly in order to pay consignors.

Accepted payment methods

Invoicing

This is a two-day sale and the shipping prices must be added in manually at the end of the sale. The invoices will be emailed to you by Tuesday after the sale (May 1st). There will be a separate invoice sent for each day of the sale (April 28th sale) and (April 29th sale).

Terms

NOTE:
Mail checks to: 5619 Ridgetop Drive Gainesville, GA 30504
Auction Hall: 112 E. Shadburn Ave. Buford, GA 30518
Slotin Folk Art Auction - GAL #2864 & #2784
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE
1. All sales are final.
2. Only Bidders with an online BID HISTORY (or who are to known to Slotin Auction) will be approved to bid online for this auction. All other bidders will have to contact Slotin Auction directly to bid.
3. PLEASE DO NOT TRY TO PAY FOR YOUR PURCHASES UNTIL AFTER RECEIVING THE FINAL INVOICE WITH SHIPPING INFO. Internet bidders will be emailed invoices with shipping prices by Tuesday after the auction (Nov. 14). Invoices are not even produced until the whole auction is closed out and shipping must be added in manually.
4. Buyers pay Slotin Folk Art Auction premium of 25% of the Lot's Hammer price.
5. Slotin will accept checks and credit cards. (The "Sales Price" is the Hammer Price plus the Buyer's Premium, plus applicable taxes).
6. Title to Lot and risk of loss or damage to the Lot passes to the Buyer when the Hammer falls. Slotin Auction shall have no liability for any damage to property left on its premises after the date of sale. Buyers with an outstanding balance after 14 days of the close of the auction will be charged a ten percent (10%) late fee on the Sales Price. Slotin will have sole and absolute discretion to determine who the successful bidder is and/or may withdraw the Lot or re-offer the Lot for sale, in the event of a dispute.
7. All property is sold "AS IS." All items are on public display for buyer preview prior to and during the auction and bidders are encouraged to inspect pieces before bidding. Call or email for condition reports the week of the sale: 404 403-4244 or auction@slotinfolkart.com. Slotin, for itself and as agent for the seller, makes no warranties or representations of any kind with respect to any Lot. Buyer agrees that in no event shall Slotin be responsible for the correctness, description, genuinness, authorship, attribution, provenance, period, culture, source, origin, value or condition of any Lot. Nothing being said or done by Slotin shall be deemed a warranty of representation or an assumption of liability by Slotin.
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9. SHIPPING: Slotin Folk Art Auction will be glad to pack and ship your auction purchases for you. We ship via UPS Ground. The shipping charges are listed in the catalog for Continental U.S. shipments only. Insurance is optional AND may be purchased for an additional 2%. The shipping costs will be are listed with each item in the catalog description and will be included in your emailed invoice the day after the auction. Please allow 3-4 weeks for delivery - especially on the larger items! International packages will be handled by the UPS Store.
10. BIDDING LIVE ONLINE DURING THE AUCTION: Online bidders may submit absentee bids in advance of the sale or bid live along with the audience during the sale. If you are experiencing trouble bidding online and would like a live phone line, call: 404 403-4244. Of course, the best way to assure getting the desired pieces, is to attend the sale in person. Since this is not possible for all bidders, the next most reliable ways to bid are to be live on the phone or to submit an absentee bid through the auction house. Bids executed in this manner are almost 100% accurate. The process of bidding live on the internet is convenient, but not perfect. There is a live person typing the auction info in as quickly as she can while executing thousands of live internet bids. She will attempt to capture the bid history as accurately as possible, but in the event of a discrepancy, the auctioneer's records are the official records of the auction. In every auction of this size there will be a couple of online bidders who will be declared the online bidder when in fact it is an in house bidder or phone bidder who has won. This is simply the result of the fact that a human is typing in the bids and accepting online bids and in a long auction day, with a thousands of bids executed correctly, she will inevitably miss a bid that should go to the online person or accidentally accept a bid when it should go to an in house person. Generally this happens to 3-5 bidders in an auction. We post the official sales results on our website the week after the auction. Bidders may place absentee bids or bid in real time along with our audience via LIVEAUCTIONEERS. If you place an absentee bid in advance of the auction, your bid will be executed competitively along with the audience on auction day. We as the auction house never get to see your maximum bid, only the increments that are submitted by liveauctioneers. Sometimes, an item can close before an increment by an online bidder is submitted and we are unaware that the bidder would have gone higher to obtain the piece. Since this is a live auction, bids placed in advance of the auction are not given any more priority than bids submitted when the lot comes up for sale. Absentee bids are submitted in increments by LIVEAUCTIONEERS along with the live audience. The Buyer's commission is 25%. You may view the auction live for no fee.


ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. (AP) - Matt Moore became the first Rays pitcher to win his first four starts of a season, Ryan Roberts homered twice and Tampa Bay beat CC Sabathia and the New York Yankees 5-1 on Monday night.

Moore (4-0) allowed one run, two hits, three walks and had nine strikeouts over eight innings. Roberts connected in the first and third to help the Rays take an early 5-0 lead.

Sabathia (3-2) had a three-game winning streak end. The left-hander gave up five runs and seven hits over seven innings.

Tampa Bay has won 12 of its last 14 home games against the Yankees dating back to July 2011. Kyle Farnsworth completed the two-hitter.