Depression: Taking Antidepressants Safely

Introduction

If your doctor has prescribed antidepressants, there are some important things you need to know about how to take them. Following these guidelines can reduce problems and help you get the most benefit from your medicine.

Antidepressants work best when you take them exactly as your doctor prescribes them. This also helps reduce side effects.

You may start to feel better within 1 to 3 weeks after you start to take an antidepressant. If you have not improved at all in 3 weeks, your doctor may increase your dose or have you try a different medicine.

Antidepressants can cause side effects, but most of them are mild and go away after you take the medicine for a few weeks.

Taking an antidepressant for at least 6 months after you feel better can help keep you from getting depressed again.

Be sure your doctor knows about any other health conditions you have and any medicines you take regularly. This information can affect which antidepressant your doctor prescribes for you.

Quitting antidepressants suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms or cause depression to return. If you are having a problem with your medicine or are ready to quit taking antidepressants, work with your doctor to slowly reduce the dose over a period of a few weeks.

How to take antidepressant medicine wisely

Learn about your medicine

To get the best results from an antidepressant medicine, you need to take it just as prescribed. Be sure you know:

The name and dose of your medicine.

How often you need to take it.

How to take it. For example, should you take it with a meal or just with a glass of water?

What to do if you miss a dose. Should you take it when you remember, or should you wait for the next dose?

When you pick up your medicine at the drugstore, read the information sheet that comes with it. This will list the side effects and other important facts. If there is anything you don't understand, ask the pharmacist to explain it.

Take it as prescribed

Try to take your medicine at the same time each day so you get in the habit.

Use a pillbox that holds a week's worth of pills. This can help prevent overdose.

If you have not improved at all after taking your medicine for 3 weeks, tell your doctor. You may need to try a different antidepressant.

Take your medicine for as long as your doctor says to. Don't stop taking it just because you start to feel better.

When it is time to quit taking antidepressants, work closely with your doctor. You will need to slowly reduce the dose over a period of a few weeks. Quitting suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms or cause depression to return.

Know what to avoid

Do not take any new medicines without talking to your doctor first. Even common medicines such as aspirin and some vitamins and herbs can cause problems if you use them while you are taking antidepressants.

Do not drink alcohol. It can make the side effects worse.

Know about the side effects

Do not stop taking your medicine if you have mild side effects. They will most likely go away after you take the medicine for a few weeks.

If the side effects bother you, talk with your doctor. He or she may prescribe a different medicine or suggest ways to manage your side effects.

This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content.


#!/usr/bin/python
'''
 Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 distributed with this work for additional information
 regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 specific language governing permissions and limitations
 under the License.
'''

from setuptools import setup, find_packages
import os
import sys

"""
setup module for ivision.

Created on 7/3/2015

@author: alex
"""

PACKAGE = "aliyunsdkivision"
NAME = "aliyun-python-sdk-ivision"
DESCRIPTION = "The ivision module of Aliyun Python sdk."
AUTHOR = "Aliyun"
AUTHOR_EMAIL = "aliyun-developers-efficiency@list.alibaba-inc.com"
URL = "http://develop.aliyun.com/sdk/python"

TOPDIR = os.path.dirname(__file__) or "."
VERSION = __import__(PACKAGE).__version__

desc_file = open("README.rst")
try:
	LONG_DESCRIPTION = desc_file.read()
finally:
	desc_file.close()

setup(
    name=NAME,
    version=VERSION,
    description=DESCRIPTION,
    long_description=LONG_DESCRIPTION,
    author=AUTHOR,
    author_email=AUTHOR_EMAIL,
    license="Apache",
    url=URL,
    keywords=["aliyun","sdk","ivision"],
    packages=find_packages(exclude=["tests*"]),
    include_package_data=True,
    platforms="any",
    install_requires=["aliyun-python-sdk-core>=2.11.5",],
    classifiers=(
                "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
                "Intended Audience :: Developers",
                "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
                "Programming Language :: Python",
                "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6",
                "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7",
                "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
                "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3",
                "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4",
                "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5",
                "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6",
                "Topic :: Software Development",
              )

)


Sprayberry replaces Doug Hoell, who retired earlier this month.

“This is an exciting opportunity,” said Sprayberry in a statement from the state, “and I'm looking forward to working with our local and state partners to continue building North Carolina's nationally recognized emergency management program.”

Sprayberry was named deputy director for the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management in 2005. According to the state, he has overseen the division's budget, as well as the emergency and human services, communications and field staff.

“Sprayberry has been providing invaluable service as acting director, while still managing his responsibilities as deputy director and operations chief for the division,” North Carolina Department of Public Safety Secretary Kieran Shanahan said in a statement. “Time and again he has demonstrated exceptional leadership, and I am confident in his abilities to carry the state's emergency management program forward.”

Before working for the state, Sprayberry served in the U.S. Marine Corps and the North Carolina Army National Guard for 25 years.

He replaces Doug Hoell, who retired earlier this month.

Join the Discussion

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Q:

Get indexPathsForVisibleItems() not including ones under a translucent navigation bar

I am developing an app targeting iOS 8.0+ using Swift 2.2. I have a UICollectionView which displays a different number of columns depending on the device orientation. In viewWillTransitionToSize, I use indexPathsForVisibleItems() and find the smallest index path to determine the first visible item and scroll to that item on orientation change.
This works well except that indexPathsForVisibleItems() includes items which are under the translucent navigation bar so the scrolling may be off by a few cells. Is there some way to know which cells are visible and not under the navigation bar?

A:

If you want to scroll to a specific cell on rotation you could get the physical location of that cell on screen (take the height of your translucent navigation bar and the y coordinate of the cell) and call indexPathForItemAtPoint.  That will give you the first cell that is actually visible (not under the overlay).  Then you can tell the UICollectionView to scroll to that cell on rotation.


Q:

Is taking Ganga's name at the time of death another way to attain liberation from rebirth?

From "India and Its Faiths: A Traveler's Record":
Page 36:

He who calls, O Ganga! Ganga! While life is flickering in the throat, goes when dead to the City of Vishnu and is not born again on earth.”

Garuda Purana X, 30 and 79 (Translated by Wood and Subrahmanyam, The Sacred Books of thee Hindus, Vol IX, Allahabad, 1911
Is this a correct citation and translation?

A:

No, that is not correct citation for at least this part:

"He who calls, O Ganga! Ganga! While life is flickering in the throat, goes when dead to the City of Vishnu and is not born again on earth.”

The above verse is found in Garuda Purana, Chapter 9 by Ernest Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam. So it's IX, 30 instead of X, 30.

30: And the man who, when his life is leaving, contemplates with faith the Ganges, goes to the highest goal.

Translation of Garuda Purana, Chapter 10 by Ernest Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam of relevant part is as follows:

30: Purified gold should be used, and sacrifice performed with Rikṣa mantras, with the mantra "Pretājayata," and with leaf-vessels.
79: He whose bones sink in the water of the Ganges within ten days, never returns from the world of Brahma.


Q:

Program doesn't work on every machine, and where it works depends on the Oracle client version installed. Why?

I reference Oracle.DataAccess.dll in my project. It works fine on my computer. When it is transferred to another colleague's computer, it no longer works, the error being:
    The provider is not compatible with the version of Oracle client

even if the dll is copied into the Application directory. So I compiled it with a different version of the dll, and it still worked on my computer, it now also worked on my colleague's computer, but didn't work on the client's server.
I've googled this a lot and all the solutions I've found are bad - they involve installing software on the machine - my application needs to work on any machine regardless of what may or may not be installed there. Is there a way to make this work universally?
Edit: It is even acceptable if Oracle client is required to be installed. But it is not acceptable to be version-picky. I can pick whatever version of the DLL I want and use it, I want a version that will always work everywhere. But it doesn't seem to work that way.
Surprisingly, I never ran into this problem with System.Data.OracleClient, which is very similar.

A:

In addition to managed Oracle.DataAccess.dll, you also need to copy the native OCI DLLs to the application's dir. The easiest way to obtain these DLLs is through Oracle instant client.
Just be careful to use the right "bitness" (32-bit DLLs for 'x86' configuration, 64-bit DLLs for 'x64' configuration and whatever bitness matches the target machine for the 'Any CPU' configuration).


Isozyme variations in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (e.c.1.2.1.3) in human tissues.
NAD-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) of human tissues was investigated by electrophoresis and enzyme assay. ALDH is located mainly in the liver and kidney. The isozymes consist of at least six different components. Five different phenotypes were found in a total of 68 human liver and kidney specimens. It is likely that three isozyme sets are concerned in determining ALDH types. The distribution of various phenotypes of ALDH isozyme sets is presented.


Q:

Can i multiply an [6x1] matrix with an [6x6] in linear algebra?

I wish to multiply the first matrix
float X[6] =
{
  x,  //Position
  y,  //Position
  z,  //Position
  _x, //Velocity
  _y, //Velocity
  _z  //Velocity
};

with the second one. (where t = 2)
float F[6][6] = {
  { 1, 0, 0, t, 0, 0 },
  { 0, 1, 0, 0, t, 0 },
  { 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, t },
  { 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 },
  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 },
  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 },
};

which is actually [6x1] * [6x6]
Is it posible? Or should i also convert the first matrix at [6x6] first?

A:

You can multiply it the other way around. You can multiply a 6x6 square matrix by a 6x1 column matrix. Suppose you are multiplying two matricies, the left one is $n\times m$ and the right one is $\ell\times j$. This multiplication fails by normal matrix multiplication rules if $m\neq \ell$. That is, you can only multiply an $n\times m$ by an $m\times j$ matrix. The resulting matrix has a dimensionality $n\times j$. There are other forms of matrix multiplication which may be applicable to you, but if you require normal matrix multiplication, you must follow this procedure.
If you are looking to get a square matrix back, this procedure will not work. You will get back a $6\times1$ column matrix by following this procedure.


Introduction {#s0001}
============

Based on the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the leading cause of death since 1980.[@cit0001] In previous studies, a reduced CVDs mortality rate was observed in high-income countries; however, high rates of CVDs mortality have been reported in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).[@cit0002] In the EMR, the total number of deaths from CVDs was 1,373,329 in 2015, which accounted for over one-third of all deaths. Moreover, age-standardized mortality rate of CVDs in EMR was higher than the global average.[@cit0001] Iran is among the countries in the EMR with the highest burden of CVD.[@cit0002] Previous studies have shown that among all CVDs, ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in Iran and around the world.[@cit0002],[@cit0004] Mortality remains the most important contributor to the burden of IHD in Iran. Moreover, population growth and aging can lead to more incidences, which ultimately increases the burden of IHD in Iran.[@cit0005]

The GBD study on IHD epidemiology estimates has highlighted the paucity of data concerning IHD in many LMIC and EMR countries.[@cit0001],[@cit0006],[@cit0007] More reliable information regarding the global burden of IHD and epidemiologic measures, including incidence, prevalence, case fatality, and mortality has to improve the surveillance programs in all regions of world.[@cit0006] The reports of health system challenges in managing CVD in certain EMR countries re-emphasize the need for high quality data.[@cit0001],[@cit0007] The GBD results are a combination of real and estimated data; moreover, the low level of data completeness in regard to certain locations implies that the estimates for these places rely more on the modelling process. The improvement in estimation methods represented in each iteration of GBD does not mitigate the pressing need for investments in data gathering and surveillance at country level.[@cit0008]

To the best of our knowledge, there are very few data on the incidence of IHD in Iran, and if there are, it is usually based on cohort studies with short follow-ups or small sample sizes. The present study aimed to examine the 15-year temporal trends in crude and age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted incidence rate (IR) of IHD in a large city of Iran. The adjustments were done using multiple populations as reference and different diagnostic methods which helped identify the heterogeneity and variability.

Materials and Methods {#s0002}
=====================

Design and Patients {#s0002-s2001}
-------------------

This study consists of IHD and stroke registries initiated by the "Isfahan Healthy Heart Program" (IHHP) in 2001 and continued until 2016. Here, we reported the IHD registry methods and results as we published the stroke registry before.[@cit0009],[@cit0010] IHHP is a comprehensive integrated community-based program that consists of multiple simultaneous interventions at community levels and in high risk groups.[@cit0011],[@cit0012] The registry was performed using the methodology of the "World Health Organization Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease" diagnostic categories (WHO-MONICA).[@cit0013],[@cit0014] In this study, we reported the incidence rate and case-fatalities of IHD in Isfahan, Iran; this was done through gleaning information from the disease registration covering all hospitalized IHD patients from April 2001 to March 2016. Isfahan is an industrial city located in central Iran and the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran. Most large cities in Iran are similar regarding socioeconomic status, population density, age distribution, men to women ratio, demographic picture, and health profile.[@cit0015],[@cit0016] The population of Isfahan district was 1,253,338 (51.6% men and 90.6% urban residents) in 2001. In 2016, the population of Isfahan grew up to 1,791,621. Because Isfahan city is the center of Isfahan province, patients from other cities of the province are also referred to its hospitals. In this registry, we collected private, governmental, social security insurance, university-affiliated, and military hospital records. This study was approved by the Research Council of Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute (ICRI).[@cit0017] Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center. Patients' privacy was protected at all times. In order to maintain a full confidentiality of the patients' information, a registration code, (as inspired by Huffman coding)[@cit0018] formed by a de-identifiable combination of patient information, such as the first and last name and date of birth, was assigned to be used for research purposes.

In 2015, we started a new CVD registry named the "Persian Registry of Cardiovascular Disease" (PROVE) that covered many CVD types and used methodologies other than MONICA. PROVE was initiated in Isfahan with some elements of national scale-up while both stroke and IHD continued to be registered as before. IHD has been expanded in PROVE to register all acute coronary syndromes (ACSs).[@cit0019]

Data Collection {#s0002-s2002}
---------------

Patients' IHD records and basic information were evaluated by our trained nurses. Medical records of patients, who were hospitalized in Isfahan hospitals, were assessed for IHD signs and symptoms. All cases of possible heart attack were identified retrospectively based on death certificates and hospital discharge reports. The studied variables included sex, birthdate, date of chest pain onset and its management, admission date, hospital name, risk factors, IHD history, diagnostic categories associated with clinical diagnosis (CD) based on the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) (CD-ICD-10), and WHO-MONICA. All patients were followed up for a period of 28 days to define their case fatality and survival. Details of death, death certificate diagnoses, and findings at autopsy were recorded on fatal events.[@cit0017]

In CD-ICD-10 method, subgroups of IHD included myocardial infarction (MI) (I21 and I22), unstable angina (I20.0), stable angina (I20.1--I20.9), and other IHD such as chronic IHD (I25), other acute IHD (I24), and complications following acute MI (I23).[@cit0020] IHD patients were identified based on primary diagnoses or underlying causes of death and the secondary diagnoses at discharge from hospital or contributory causes of death from death certificate. In WHO-MONICA method, events are classified as first-ever or recurrent and fatal or non-fatal. Diagnostic criteria are based on previous history of IHD, symptoms at onset, maximum levels of serum enzymes, relevant electrocardiograms (coded according to the Minnesota codes), clinical findings, investigations undertaken within 28 days of onset, and postmortem findings. Fatal cases were defined as death occurring within 28 days of the onset of an event. Signs of angina within 28 days were not regarded as a new event. Non-fatal events were classified as "definite" (NFl), "possible" (NF2), "ischemic cardiac arrest" (NF3), or "no myocardial infarction" (NF4). In addition, fatal events were classified as "definite" (F1), "possible" (F2), "unclassifiable" (F9) (called "insufficient data"), or "no myocardial infarction or coronary death" (F4). Details pertaining to the categories of the WHO-MONICA diagnostics were previously reported.[@cit0013],[@cit0014] In this study, the two following diagnostic methods were used to identify hospitalized IHD patients: CD-ICD-10 method (I20.0 and I21-I25) and third definition (NFl+NF2+Fl+F2+F9) from the WHO-MONICA method.

Statistical Analysis {#s0002-s2003}
--------------------

We calculated age, sex, and place of residence whether urban- or rural-area adjusted IRs of IHD per 10,000 from April 2001 to March 2016. The annual numbers of the Isfahan population for the study years based on different age groups, place of residence, and sex were used as the denominators for all IR calculations. To adjust the age, sex, and place of residence differences in the studied years, the direct method was applied using the following five different populations as reference; 2006 and 2011 Iranian population census, 2006 and 2011 Isfahan province population census, and the sum of Isfahan district population from April 2001 to March 2016. To examine the trend of IHD incidence across time, bootstrap robust zero-truncated negative binomial regression models were used for analysis; the year was considered as an independent variable while crude and age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted IRs were dependent variables. The negative binomial regression model addresses the over dispersion issue and requires fewer assumptions concerning the patterns of variance compared to Poisson regression. By adjusting the IRs, we obtained the data for dependent variables in a regression model which truncated at zero. In other words, we used zero-truncated negative binomial regression because dependent variables do not include the zero value. All hospitalized patients with first and recurrent IHD events were further considered, hence an intra-group correlation was expected. A common approach to examining the intra-group correlation is robust standard error of regression coefficients using different methods. In this study, we used robust bootstrap to address the misspecification caused by intra-group correlation. This regression model allows for the estimation of trends across individual calendar years to obtain average annual percentage changes. On the basis of the corresponding estimated regression coefficient and standard error, a yearly change in IHD can be derived along with 95% confidence interval (CI). The exponent of the estimated regression coefficient is the relative risk (RR) per each calendar year. The regression coefficient of year multiplied by 100 gives the average annual change of incidence in percentages. Data were analyzed by R Statistical Software version 3.5.3 (R Core Team, 2019).

Results {#s0003}
=======

In total, we registered 102,254 hospitalized patients of first and recurrent IHD incident events in Isfahan, Iran, over the period of April 2001 to March 2016. Approximately 97% were hospitalized with IHD as the primary diagnosis. Among the 102,254 admissions with IHD assessed by CD-ICD-10 method, 48,465 IHD cases were identified via the WHO-MONICA method. Patients' demographic data based on diagnosis methods are summarized in [Table 1](#t0001){ref-type="table"}. About 54% of the hospitalized IHD patients were men, more than 50% aged 55--75 years, around 1.5% were younger than 35 years old, and approximately 95% were from urban areas. The mean (SD) age was 61.85 (12.79) years. [Table 1](#t0001){ref-type="table"} provides more details as to the basic characteristics of study participants.Table 1Characteristics of the Ischemic Heart Disease Patients Based on Diagnostic MethodsCharacteristicsDiagnostic MethodsClinical Diagnoses (ICD-10)WHO-MONICA Diagnostic CategoriesTotal cases102,25448,465Sex, n (%)Female46,682 (45.7)19,104 (39.4)Male55,572 (54.3)29,361 (60.6)Residency, n (%)Urban96,800 (94.7)45,876 (94.7)Rural5454 (5.3)2589 (5.3)Age (years), Mean (SD)Female64.03 (12.07)65.58 (11.85)Male60.02 (13.09)60.55 (12.76)Urban61.88 (12.77)62.58 (12.63)Rural61.26 (13.18)61.76 (12.99)Total61.85 (12.79)62.53 (12.65)Age Groups, n (%)15--19 years26 (0.03)14 (0.03)20--24 years144 (0.1)60 (0.12)25--29 years368 (0.4)119 (0.2)30--34 years908 (0.9)341 (0.7)35--39 years2209 (2.2)927 (1.9)40--44 years5160 (5.0)2163 (4.5)45--49 years9117 (8.9)4045 (8.3)50--54 years12,889 (12.6)5969 (12.3)55--59 years14,128 (13.8)6641 (13.7)60--64 years13,953 (13.6)6746 (13.9)65--69 years12,593 (12.3)6120 (12.6)70--74 years11,752 (11.5)5693 (11.7)≥75 years19,007 (18.6)9627 (19.9)

[Tables 2](#t0002){ref-type="table"} and [3](#t0003){ref-type="table"} depict the age, sex, and place of residence-specific IRs (per 10,000) of IHD based on CD-ICD-10 and WHO-MONICA methods, respectively, over the three observation periods: April 2001--March 2006, April 2006--March 2011, and April 2011--March 2016. The IR of IHD based on WHO-MONICA for urban women increased with the rise in age. Among all periods in both areas, IR of IHD (based on both studied diagnosis methods) for men aged 30--60 years were higher than that of women with the same age range. For both genders in all age categories, the IR of IHD for urban area was higher than that of rural areas in the first time period. Based on both studied diagnosis methods, the increase in the IR of IHD was considerably higher in patients older than 65 years compared to those aged 40--65 years old, in women compared to men, and in urban areas compared to rural areas.Table 2Incidence Rate (per 10,000) of Ischemic Heart Disease Based on CD-ICD-10 in Isfahan, Iran, Between April 2001andMarch 2016YearsApril 2001--March 2006April 2006--March 2011April 2011--March 2016SexAge Group, yearsRuralUrbanRuralUrbanRuralUrbanIR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)Female15--190 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)20--240 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0(0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)25--291 (0--2.0)0 (0--0)1 (0--2.1)0 (0--0)2 (0.5--3.5)0 (0--0)30--341 (0--2.1)1 (0.6--1.3)1 (0--2.2)1 (0.7--1.3)3 (1.0--4.9)2 (1.6--2.4)35--395 (2.2--7.8)6 (5.1--6.9)5 (2.1--7.9)4 (3.3--4.7)9 (5.1--12.9)5 (4.3--5.7)40--4411 (6.3--15.7)21 (19.1--22.9)17 (10.9--23.1)16 (14.5--17.5)21 (14.6--27.4)19 (17.5--20.5)45--4931 (22.5--39.5)45 (42.0--47.9)30 (21.3--38.7)38 (35.6--40.4)69 (55.7--82.3)42 (39.6--44.3)50--5447 (35.5--58.5)88 (83.4--92.6)64 (50.2--77.8)77 (73.2--80.8)88 (71.7--104.3)89 (85.2--92.8)55--5965 (50.02--79.9)140 (133.2--146.8)102 (82.0--121.9)130 (124.0--135.9)138 (116.2--159.8)166 (159.6--172.4)60--64106 (84.3--127.7)175 (166.6--183.4)141 (115.5--166.5)185 (176.9--193.1)189 (159.3--218.7)229 (220.5--237.5)65--69117 (927--141.3)236 (222.3--249.7)156 (125.5--186.5)235 (224.4--245.5)208 (173.9--242.1)297 (285.5--308.5)70--74101 (76.9--125.0)285 (272.2--297.7)148 (117.7--178.3)271 (258.9--283.0)232 (190.6--273.4)291 (278.93--303.1)≥7582 (64.9--99.1)272 (261.2--282.8)123 (101.1--144.9)335 (323.5--346.)248 (218.3--277.7)438 (425.1--450.9)Male15--190 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)20--241 (0.1--1.9)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)1 (0.7--1.2)0 (0--0)1 (0.8--1.2)25--291 (0.1--1.9)2 (1.6--2.4)1 (0.0--1.9)2 (1.6--2.4)3 (1.3--4.7)2 (1.6--2.4)30--345 (2.6--7.4)5 (4.2--5.7)4 (1.8--6.2)4 (3.4--4.6)9 (5.7--12.3)8 (7.2--8.8)35--3911 (7.1--14.9)17 (15.5--18.5)10 (6.2--13.8)14 (12.8--15.2)17 (12.0--21.9)15 (13.8--16.2)40--4430 (22.5--37.5)45 (42.3--47.7)31 (23.1--38.9)31 (29.0--32.9)43 (34.4--51.6)34 (32.1--35.9)45--4953 (42.0--63.9)87 (82.9--91.1)61 (48.8--73.2)66 (62.9--69.1)96 (80.7--111.3)71 (68.0--73.9)50--5461 (47.7--74.3)134 (128.3--139.7)93 (76.4--109.6)107 (102.6--111.4)146 (125.3--166.7)115 (110.8--119.2)55--5988 (69.9--106.1)169 (161.6--176.4)144 (119.1--168.9)160 (153.6--166.4)165 (140.5--189.4)181 (174.7--187.3)60--64104 (81.4--126.6)184 (175.5--192.5)171 (140.9--201.1)189 (181.1--196.9)242 (206.5--277.5)228 (219.9--236.1)65--69137 (110.6--163.4)201 (191.7--210.3)147 (117.1--176.9)182 (173.3--190.7)273 (231.6--314.4)239 (229.5--248.5)70--74173 (140.8--205.2)268 (255.5--280.4)173 (141.1--204.9)213 (202.9--223.1)193 (154.6--231.4)218 (208.1--227.9)≥75123 (101.1--144.9)255 (244.3--265.7)193 (164.1--221.9)290 (279.0--300.9)239 (208.7--269.2)364 (352.2--375.8) Table 3Incidence Rate (per 10,000) of Ischemic Heart Disease Based on WHO-MONICA Diagnostic Categories in Isfahan, Iran, During April 2001--March 2016YearsApril 2001--March 2006April 2006--March 2011April 2011--March 2016SexAge Group, yearsRuralUrbanRuralUrbanRuralUrbanIR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)IR (95% CI)Female15--190 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)20--240 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)25--290 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)30--340 (0--0)0 (0--0)1 (0--2.2)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)35--391 (0--2.3)2 (1.5--2.6)3 (0.8--5.3)1 (0.7--1.4)3 (0.8--5.3)2 (1.6--2.5)40--444 (1.2--6.9)6 (5.0--7.1)3 (0.5--5.6)5 (4.2--5.9)8 (4.1--12)6(5.2--6.9)45--4911 (6--16.1)15 (13.3--16.8)9 (4.3--13.8)11 (9.7--12.4)25 (17.0--33.1)14 (12.7--15.4)50--5414 (7.8--20.3)31 (28.3--33.8)24 (15.6--32.5)27 (24.8--29.3)40 (29.0--51.1)33 (30.7--35.4)55--5929 (19.0--39.1)51 (46.9--55.2)31 (20.0--42.1)48 (44.4--51.7)64 (49.2--78.9)64 (60.1--68)60--6438 (25.0--51.1)68 (62.8--73.3)64 (46.8--81.3)73 (67.9--78.2)90 (69.5--110.6)97 (91.5--102.6)65--6948 (32.4--63.7)98 (91.0--105.1)87 (64.2--109.9)99 (92.2--105.9)87 (64.9--109.2)129 (121.4--136.7)70--7429 (16.1--42.0)124 (115.6--132.5)67 (46.6--87.5)121 (113.0--129.1)104 (76.2--131.9)128 (120.0--136.1)≥7529 (18.8--39.3)128 (120.6--135.5)62 (46.5--77.6)163 (154.9--171.2)130 (108.4--151.7)209 (200.0--218.1)Male15--190 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)20--240 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)0 (0--0)25--290 (0--0)1 (0.7--1.4)1 (0.1--2.0)1 (0.8--1.3)1 (0--2.1)1 (0.8--1.3)30--341 (0--2.1)2 (1.6--2.5)2 (0.5--3.6)2 (1.6--2.5)5 (2.6--7.5)3 (2.5--3.6)35--394 (1.7--6.4)8 (7.0--9.1)6 (3.1--9.0)6 (5.3--6.8)10 (6.2--13.9)6 (5.3--6.8)40--4413 (8.1--18.0)22 (20.2--23.9)16 (10.4--21.7)15 (13.7--16.4)19 (13.3--24.8)16 (14.7--17.4)45--4921 (14.1--28.0)42 (39.2--44.9)31 (22.3--39.8)33 (30.8--35.3)53 (41.7--64.4)38 (35.9--40.2)50--5427 (18.2--35.9)71 (66.9--75.2)63 (49.3--76.8)54 (50.9--57.2)84 (68.3--99.8)63 (60.0--66.1)55--5929 (18.6--39.5)94 (88.5--99.6)76 (57.9--94.2)84 (79.4--88.7)92 (73.7--110.4)101 (96.3--105.8)60--6440 (26.0--54.1)100 (93.8--106.3)105 (81.4--128.7)103 (97.2--108.9)143 (115.6--170.5)128 (121.9--134.2)65--6954 (37.4--70.7)108 (101.2--114.9)92 (68.3--115.8)99 (92.6--105.5)164 (131.8--196.3)133 (125.9--140.2)70--7462 (42.7--81.4)143 (133.9--152.2)95 (71.3--118.8)112 (104.7--119.4)120 (89.6--150.5)120 (112.6--127.5)≥7538 (25.8--50.3)135 (127.2--142.9)111 (89.0--133.1)162 (153.8--170.3)121 (99.4--142.7)196 (187.3--204.8)

[Figure 1](#f0001){ref-type="fig"} and Supplementary [[Appendix 1](http://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=259953.docx)]{.ul} show the crude and age-, place-of-residence, and sex-adjusted trend of IR (per 10,000) of IHD based on CD-ICD-10 method across 15 years: from April 2001 to March 2016. IRs of IHD were adjusted by the five mentioned populations as reference. Furthermore, [Figure 2](#f0002){ref-type="fig"} and Supplementary [[Appendix 2](http://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=259953.docx)]{.ul} graphically depict the crude and adjusted trends of estimated IR based on different standard populations in terms of IHD diagnosed by WHO-MONICA criteria over the study periods. The lowest and highest adjusted IRs of IHD based on both studied diagnosis methods were respectively related to adjustment based on 2006 Iranian population census and 2011 Isfahan province population census as reference across the time periods. Therefore, according to different reference populations, adjusted IRs of IHD based on CD-ICD-10 ranged from 27 to 37 (per 10,000) in April 2001 to March 2002 and from 39 to 51 in April 2015 to March 2016. Similarly, adjusted IR based on WHO-MONICA ranged from 11 to 16 and 19 to 25 in the same time periods. According to [Figures 1](#f0001){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#f0002){ref-type="fig"}, after the initial decrease from 2006 to 2010, crude and age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted IR of IHD increased over the study period based on all reference populations.Figure 1Crude and adjusted incidence rate (per 10,000) of ischemic heart disease based on CD-ICD-10 in Isfahan, Iran, during April 2001--March 2016.Figure 2Crude and adjusted incidence rate (per 10,000) of ischemic heart disease based on WHO-MONICA in Isfahan, Iran, during April 2001--March 2016.

As seen in [Table 4](#t0004){ref-type="table"}, the average annual increase in IHD incidence based on CD-ICD-10 in Isfahan ranged from 1.42% (95% CI= 0.16--2.68) to 2.42% (95% CI= 0.89--3.95) per year. A significant increasing trend was detected for all estimated IRs based on different reference populations. In addition, a significant increasing trend was also observed for the IR of IHD based on WHO-MONICA during the 15-year study period, for all reference populations in Isfahan. The average annual increase in the incidence of IHD ranged between 1.93% (95% CI= 0.59--3.26) and 3.36% (95% CI= 1.96--4.76) per year.Table 4Annual Percent Change in the Incidence of Ischemic Heart Disease in Isfahan, Iran, During April 2001--March 2016CD-ICD-10 MethodWHO-MONICA MethodAnnual Percent Change (% per Year) (95% CI)p-valueRelative Risk (95% CI)Annual Percent Change (% per Year) (95% CI)p-valueRelative Risk (95% CI)Model 11.42(0.16--2.68)0.0271.01(1.002--1.03)1.93(0.59--3.26)0.0051.02(1.01--1.033)Model 22.42(0.89--3.95)0.0021.02(1.01--1.04)3.36(1.96--4.76)\<0.0011.03(1.02--1.05)Model 32.38(0.90--3.86)0.0021.02(1.01--1.04)3.24(1.93--4.56)\<0.0011.03(1.02--1.05)Model 41.84(0--3.77)0.0631.02(1.0--1.04)2.52(1.19--3.84)\<0.0011.03(1.01--1.04)Model 51.87(0.59--3.17)0.0041.02(1.01--1.03)2.51(1.26--3.77)\<0.0011.03(1.01--1.04)Model 61.43(0.23--2.63)0.0191.01(1.002--1.03)1.93(0.59--3.26)0.0051.02(1.01--1.03)[^1]

Discussion {#s0004}
==========

In this study, we elucidated the temporal trends in age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted IR of IHD in Isfahan, Iran. We used five populations as reference or standard for adjustment and two diagnostic methods, namely WHO-MONICA and CD-ICD-10 between April 2001 and March 2016.

A significant increasing long-term temporal trend was detected in the crude and age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted IR of IHD based on all reference populations and diagnostic methods in an Iranian population across a 15-year period with an average annual change of 1.42--3.36%.

Previous reports from some western countries showed that the adjusted incidence trend of IHD or MI decreased over the same time period.[@cit0020],[@cit0022] A binational study of more than 7 million IHD hospitalizations in England and Australia highlighted that the age-adjusted hospitalization rates for total IHD declined in Australia from 1996 to 2013 (with an average annual percent change of −3.0); meanwhile, IHD rates increased in England from 1996 to 2003 (with an average annual percentage change of 0.8), followed by a significant decrease from 2004 to 2013 (with average annual percentage change of −2.4).[@cit0020] On the contrary, in Asian countries, increasing trends in the adjusted incidence of IHD or MI have been reported over the same time period.[@cit0023],[@cit0025] In Korea, using the Korean National Health Insurance Database, the crude incidence of AMI increased by 2.1 times from 43.5 cases per 100,000 persons in 1997 to 91.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2007. Crude and age-adjusted IR in Korea increased from 1997 to 2002, indicating a continuous increase after 2002. Age-adjusted IRs of AMI increased from 60.4 and 40.7 in 1997 to 92.2 and 63.7 in 2007 regarding males and females, respectively.[@cit0025]

Previous studies showed that the trends of age-standardized IHD mortality declined in high-income western regions from 1980 to 2010, but they increased in South Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. In addition, the highest age-standardized IHD death rates were concentrated in a cluster of regions, including North Africa and Middle East called MENA region.[@cit0026] Mortality rate depends on the number of new cases and the survival among the patients. Therefore, the change in mortality rate may be caused by 1) a change in the incidence of IHD due to the changes in known coronary risk factors in the population or 2) from the change survival rate as a result of the changes in the disease management and treatment.[@cit0027],[@cit0028] GBD study showed that traditional risk factors play a major role in the regional differences in IHD mortality rates around the world.[@cit0026] A recent systematic review reported increased rates in all major risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle in the Middle East. Specifically, significant changes in dietary habits and the growing epidemic in the use of alternative tobacco products have been further reported.[@cit0029] Findings of a longitudinal study showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, as a cluster of interconnected risk factors and a major determinant of IHD incidence,[@cit0030] had a significant increasing trend in the Iranian middle-aged population from 2001 to 2013.[@cit0031] Therefore, the increasing trend in IHD incidence rate in our study in Iran may have also been affected by such conditions.

Moreover, our findings showed that the IRs of IHD based on CD-ICD-10 were higher than the data obtained according to WHO-MONICA criteria identifying IHD patients. Because the WHO-MONICA criteria are fairly quantitative and complicated, it is not surprising that only some of the cases diagnosed by clinicians as IHD qualify it.[@cit0013] In the current study, according to the different reference populations, the adjusted IRs (per 10,000) of IHD based on CD-ICD-10 method varied from 27 to 37 and 39 to 51 in April 2001--March 2002 and April 2015--March 2016, respectively. According to the Iranian MI Registry in 2012, the crude and age-standardized IR of MI based on ICD-10 were 64.9 and 73.3 per 100,000, respectively, in the whole country, significantly ranging from 24.5 to 152.5 per 100,000 across the 31 provinces.[@cit0032] In 2001, a large ongoing prospective cohort named the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS) was initiated for the healthy population without CVDs at baseline; from 2001 to 2011, the age adjusted IRs of ACS including fatal and nonfatal MI, sudden cardiac death, and unstable angina events were reported to be 1168 and 887 per 100,000 person-years for men and women, respectively.[@cit0033]

Although a significant increasing long-term temporal trend was detected in the crude and age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted IR of IHD based on all reference populations and diagnostic methods, the trend of incidence rate showed fluctuation. According to [Figures 1](#f0001){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#f0002){ref-type="fig"}, after an initial reduction from 2006 to 2010, crude and adjusted IRs increased between 2010 and 2016. In this regard, similar results were observed in previous studies. Among hospitalized stroke patients in Isfahan from 2000 to 2014, the age-standardized incidence of stroke significantly raised by 6.65% per year, from 2009 to 2014.[@cit0009] The changes in IR may be caused by the changes in known coronary risk factors in the population.[@cit0027],[@cit0028] The MONICA results based on 38 populations from 21 countries (three in Asia, three in Australasia, two in North America, and others in Europe) suggested the need to consider a time lag between risk factor changes occurring in the population and their effect on disease incidence.[@cit0034] Therefore, the decline in IR could be related to many reasons, including improved knowledge of the population and healthier lifestyle, at least in part, by preventive care programs and interventional projects. In Isfahan, a community intervention trial, namely IHHP, was launched in 1999--2000 and implemented from 2001 to 2007. IHHP was a 6-year, action-oriented, comprehensive integrated community-based program for the prevention and control of CVDs via reducing its risk factors and improving relevant healthy behaviors. It targeted the whole population and high risk groups living in two intervention cities of Isfahan and Najaf Abad. It included a large number of interventions for increasing awareness among the adults, health professionals, cardiac patients, children, and adolescents of the importance of controlling CVD risk factors.[@cit0011],[@cit0035],[@cit0036] Previous studies showed that implementing educational, environmental, and legislation strategies in the IHHP could improve lifestyle behaviors, physical and metabolic risk factors, and survival among patients.[@cit0011],[@cit0036],[@cit0037] Based on evidence, sustainability of interventional programs need to examine two or more years after implementation.[@cit0038] Previous studies showed that many IHHP interventions were sustainable and integrated in health system and the society after the completion of this program in 2007;[@cit0011],[@cit0039] however, after 2010, the impact of IHHP interventions seems to have been diluted. Based on a review study, it is difficult to generalize about the long-term impact of implementation efforts and the extent to which interventional programs and practices are sustained.[@cit0038]

Strengths and Limitations {#s0005}
=========================

The first strength of this study is its long-term follow-up that can be conducive to determining the trends of incidence rate over time. The second is the registry of IHD in all private, governmental, social security insurance, university-affiliated, and military hospitals in Isfahan city. The third strength is that we applied two diagnosis approaches and multiple reference populations which helped identify heterogeneity and variability. And, finally, a comprehensive statistical method was used.

One of the limitations is the non-generalizability to all hospitalized patients with IHD because we did not have access to patients who were managed at home, died before reaching the hospital, or failed to receive medical care due to their lack of access to information or economic reasons. The number of patients who were not included in the study might be small as most IHD events, particularly acute IHD, are considered as emergency in the healthcare system in Iran and all hospitals must admit such patients irrespective of their insurance status. In addition, patients with stable angina were not included in the study and, obviously, these results cannot be generalized to all patients with IHD. Moreover, although the current study tried to cover all hospitals, the samples were limited to a central area of Iran. Since the incidence rates are dependent on the prevalence of the risk factors, it is necessary to examine the temporal trend in adjusted incidence rate in other cities of Iran. The present analysis does not include trend of mortality rates, environmental, or other risk factor information that is often measured in a clinical setting. In addition, due to the lack of reference standards for reporting and possible challenges in the quality of data in primary care, data quality measurement in hospital records was limited. These limitations should be taken into account when interpreting the results of the study.

Conclusions {#s0006}
===========

We reported increasing long-term trends in age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted IR of IHD in Isfahan, Iran. A cross-sectional decline was observed over the time periods after the implementation of the interventional program; however, it is still necessary to reinforce the implementation of community-based interventions regarding disease prevention and healthy lifestyle promotion. In addition, it is important to implement effective surveillance programs and better monitor the trends over time in regard to the incidence and prevalence of IHD and its risk factors.

This study was supported by grant number 91116 from ICRC. We appreciate all registry staff that helped us in data gathering, especially Leila V. Dalili, Zahra Kiani, Zahra Ghorbani, Mahtab Sepahifar, and Farzaneh Nilforooshzade.

Data Sharing Statement {#s0007}
======================

To discuss our data sharing policy, please contact Nizal Sarrafzadegan at nsarrafzadegan\@gmail.com.

Disclosure {#s0008}
==========

The authors declare they have no conflict of interest with respect to this research study and paper.

[^1]: **Notes:** Bootstrap Robust Zero-Truncated Negative Binomial Regression models were used with year as an independent variable and crude incidence rate as a dependent variable in Model 1. Age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted incidence rate (Iran population on census 2006 as a reference population) as a dependent variable in Model 2. Age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted incidence rate (Iran population on census 2011 as a reference population) as a dependent variable in Model 3. Age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted incidence rate (Isfahan province population on census 2006 as a reference population) as a dependent variable in Model 4. Age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted incidence rate (Isfahan province population on census 2011 as a reference population) as a dependent variable in Model 5. Age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted incidence rate (Isfahan district population during 2001-2016 as a reference population) as a dependent variable in Model 6. The regression coefficient of year multiplied by 100 gives the average annual change of incidence as a percentage.


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LinkedIn’s major update is rolling out across the country, so Mindset Digital’s LinkedIn Makeover team walks creative director Pete Brown through the important changes. Learn why your summary is more important than ever, why you need to double check your profile pic, and how skills, search and connections all have changed. (15 minutes)

As Livestreaming from your phone approaches its second birthday, we examine new reasons to go live, learn best Periscope practices from guest Ryan Clarkin, and offer up something on the internet to make you laugh.

Livestreaming from your phone is about to turn two years old, and Creative Director Pete Brown says efforts are underway by the big players to convince the public to lower the bar for going live. Plus, personal trainer and popular Periscoper Ryan Clarkin shares some of the best practices he’s developed from going live each and every day. Finally, Danika Stahl returns with something on the internet guaranteed to make you laugh.

Episode 11: A new option for online meetings

Few things can ruin your day like a terrible webinar or online meeting. In this week’s Tool Time edition of the Mindset Digital podcast, Mike Taylor says there’s a new option that’s worth checking out.

In this three things episode of the Mindset Digital podcast, three team members get four minutes each to bring host Pete Brown up-to-speed on recent and interesting developments in the ongoing digital revolution. Matt Weiner talks Alexa and CES, Jen Michaels talks Alexa and murder, and Hope Madden proves that refrigerator-smack-talk is totally a thing. Check it out!

Episode 9: The demise of Vine, the rise of Hype

Vine was a quirky, fun and creative social network founded on the premise of six-second looping videos, and not much more. So why did Twitter shut it down?

In this episode, we breakdown why Twitter is shuttering video-looping network Vine and put Hype – the new app from Vine’s original creators, to the test. What;s more, Hype (and former Vine) creator Rus Yusupov tunes in to our Hype livestream and answers a couple of questions from the team.

Episode 8: Three Things to Know: Harambe, Underwater Livestreaming and the NFL

We’re trying out a new mini-episode format: Three Guests, Three Topics, Four minutes each. This week, the team brings creative director Pete Brown up to speed on Harambe and the Cincinnati Zoo’s twitter account, livestreaming from the bottom of the ocean and the NFL’s Thursday night deal with Twitter. Invest 15 minutes in getting the just-what-you-need-to-know scoop!

Episode 7: Building An Audience on Twitter

Today, it’s easy to put your message out there…but how do you get people to tune in?

In our Building an Audience series, we’ll look at how real (non-celebrity) people have built a robust audience on social media, and how it benefits their professional careers.

This episode features Mindset Digital’s Mike Taylor, who has grown a healthy audience of seven thousand followers on Twitter. How did he do it? Using his personal method of “working smarter, not harder.” Plus, we talk about how to determine who’s in – and should be in – your audience, and a new intern takes up the challenge of finding something on the internet guaranteed to make you laugh…

All this, plus some wise words about ferrets. It’s Episode 7, and it is awesome.

Episode 6: What’s the big deal with Pokemon Go?

Since its launch late last week, Pokemon Go has taken the US by storm. Wondering what all the fuss is about? Not into Pokemon? Not a gamer? The Mindset Digital team breaks it down for you, soup-to-nuts style: What is Pokemon Go, why is everybody playing, and what can we learn from the sudden success of this app?

Two quick corrections to this show:

Pokemon was originally released on the Nintendo Gameboy Advanced, not the Nintendo DS

Episode 5: The Secret Meaning of Emojis

Do you ever get the feeling there’s something going on that you don’t know about?

That’s been the case for Creative Director Pete Brown as he works emojis into his communications. In this episode of the Mindset Digital podcast, all manner of MSD staff help get Pete up to speed.

So if you’ve been looking for the right combination of emojis to express your distaste for salads, then there’s great things in store. We also cover the newest set of emojis — which include a black heart and a salad.

Mindset Digital’s Mike Taylor will share a tool for adding even more emojis, and this time personalized, to your repertoire of smiley faces.

Plus, Danika the fast-working intern takes up the challenge of finding something on the internet guaranteed to make you laugh.

Episode 4: The Disappearing Episode

Is disappearing the new black? Snapchat certainly thinks so. In this episode, we look at the Snapchat 2.0 update and speculate on what it means for the network’s overall strategy, plus the Mindset Digital team goes in search of the podcast after it inexplicably disappears from iTunes. We have a new bookmarking tool recommendation from Mike Taylor, plus how will Pete and Emma the soft-spoken Intern grapple with what-is or is-not funny on ‘Something on the Internet Guaranteed to Make You Laugh.’

Episode 3: The Livestreaming Showdown!

It’s been just about a year since livestreaming from your phone went mainstream with the launch of apps like Meerkat, Periscope and Facebook Live. In this episode, we check back in with livestreaming and see what’s transpired in the past year. Plus, we go live on four livestreaming services at once (Periscope, Meeerkat, Facebook and YouTube) in the first ever Mindset Digital MEGASTREAM as Creative Director Pete Brown tries to make the office millennials laugh with a TV clip from 1963.

Episode 2 (March, 2016):

It’s Time to Talk About Snapchat

Plus, the Secret Meaning of Emoji, Tool Time and Something on the Internet Guaranteed to make you laugh

The Mindset Digital Podcast brings you insight and tips from the intersection of Social Media, Learning and technology. Here’s what we cover in episode 2:

Mindset Digital Creative Director Pete Brown co-opts the entire podcast to solve one of his personal parenting dilemmas, namely whether or not to let his daughter use Snapchat.

The Mindset team is only too happy to discuss. Social guru Matt Weiner breaks down what snapchat is actually being used for, and its implications for both parents and business professionals. Mindset Digital founder Betsy Hubbard even drops in to share her wisdom on raising teenagers with evolving social platforms.

Episode 1 (Feb. 2016):

Twitter, Instagram and Jealousy; The Top Three Emojis of 2015

Plus, Tool Time and Something on the Internet Guaranteed to make you laugh!

The Mindset Digital Podcast brings you insight and tips from the intersection of social media, learning and technology. Here’s what we cover in our first episode:

Why a podcast? Why now? A few comments on why we think the time for MSD to fire up a podcast is here.

A look at Twitter in 2015: The social network replaced its CEO and rolled out new features that suggest a much more visual future lays ahead; Is Instagram getting jealous? Plus, the top three emoji of 2015.

This episode’s tool tip recommends Feedly.com to make your content consumption more efficient, plus something on the Internet guaranteed to make you laugh.


A-Rod Chokes in the Clutch

Hat tip to Stephen Kersey of Knuckle Curve for providing us with Cynthia Rodriguez’s entertaining description of her husband’s experience as she was in labor. I’m not sure you can draw a correlation between this and his prolific postseason downers, but it’s a funny read nonetheless.


Vidya Balan Speaks to Bollygraph!

From Lolita to Silk and now Vidya Bagchi, this woman has been an embodiment of Strength. The epitome of Elegance, she is bestowed with the noble power of expressions: some that might take over you. With a consecutive winning run at the Awards for the past three years, Vidya Balan has definitely proved herself to become the most profitable and bankable actress of her time. She is the only actress today who can pull crowd to the multiplex. Proof? Check out the reviews and the BO collections of Kahaani and decide. But known to market and promote her films on a grand scale, Vidya Balan spoke to us while she promoted the film at Kolkata, days ahead of her poignant release!

You have used the fat look in The Dirty Picture and in Kahaani too. So do you think that curves will return to Bollywood due to this?

Actually this is not the fat look. This look is, what we call, the pregnant look. And in The Dirty Picture too, what was shown, was a healthy Indian body. It’s the specialty of an Indian woman to have a healthy body. And in both the films, back to back, this type of look has been used, and this look is due to the script of this film. It’s just the requirement of the character. The character needs to be dressed in a certain way.

How was the experience of working with so many actors from Kolkata?

Dhritiman da, Apu Da(Saswata), Khoraj Da and Param were all great! I have worked together with Param in Bhalo Theko and I have worked with Khoraj Da in Parineeta before. So it was great working with them; it was almost like a home coming for me.

There is a song in the film (Aami Shotti Bolchhi) which is an ode to Kolkata. So how would you describe Kolkata?

Kolkata has a whole lot of things, and sexy is just one of the many things that Kolkata is. It’s the friendliest place I have ever been to. Sujoy(Director Sujoy Ghosh) says that Kolkata serves good food. Everyone has an opinion; everyone wants to contribute their opinion. Great films have been made here. And Kolkata is like a Bengali woman, who is always mischievous.

You are doing more female centric roles like No one killed Jessica, The Dirty Picture and Kahaani. Is that your conscious decision? Are you a feminist?

Yes, it is my conscious decision to do films, which gives me the opportunity to play great parts. I’m getting to work with great directors. But I don’t support feminism. I don’t believe in feminism or any such –isms.

How is Parambrata as a co-actor?

He is fabulous in the film. He is one of the most under-rated actors I have ever come across and I really think that there are going to be an array of people who would want to sign up Param all over. God bless him.

What makes Kolkata a perfect background for this film?

I just loved shooting in Kolkata. And I loved the backdrop of Durga Puja in Kolkata. I started my career here with Bhalo theko and I have always said that Kolkata is second home to me. Aami mon theke Bangali (I am a Bengali from heart)

In Paa, you played the mother’s role Vidya and here also you played the role of Vidya, a mother-to-be. So how different are the two Vidyas?

I think, they are completely different people. It’s just a coincidence that both of their names are Vidya. But Vidya in both the films are extremely strong woman. The interesting thing about Vidya Bagchi is that she is in a very pathetic situation. She is six-months pregnant and she is coming to Kolkata where she knows no one. She is coming here for the first time. And yet, she is not helpless. She still has got a smile on her lips and that’s the most beautiful thing.

Do you ever desire to direct any film?

I am not a director. Param is a director so he should tell me. And he does not want to cast me. Coming back to your question, I think I will never turn a director. I have people like Sujoy who want to cast me, so I’m happy. And Sujoy has been telling me that he is going to write a script for me which I should direct but I have told him then he should give up the dream of making the film. Ami direct korte parbo na. (I can’t direct)

Which is your favourite song in this film?

Ami shotti Bolchi. It describes Kolkata so beautifully and Usha di has sung it so beautifully. When I heard the song first time I didn’t recognize it was her. She changes her voice so effortlessly, it’s unbelievable. And she has given such energy to this song. Anyone who doesn’t know Kolkata, needs to hear this song.

You are carrying this baby bump everywhere for promotion of your film.

Yeah this baby bump helps in the promotions. When you see me with this baby bump you will be sure that it’s for the film Kahaani and nothing else. So it draws the attention to the particular film.

After The Dirty Picture, you are stamped as the most profitable actress of Bollywood now. In the recent tabloids we read that you have done something which only Madhuri and Kajol could do: bring audience to the theatres. So how do you take that?

That is surely a huge compliment. But I still think that I have a long way to go.

One thing that you love about Kolkata and one thing you want to change about the city. Shotti Shotti.

(Laughs) Shotti Shotti. I love the people of Kolkata. That is what makes Kolkata for me. I started my career here. I have got a lot of love and affection from here. But there is nothing specific which I don’t like about Kolkata. I can’t think of anything such now really.

In The Dirty Picture, you had mentioned: “Ek film sirf teen cheezo ke liye chalti hai- Entertainment, Entertainment, aur Entertainment”. So what are the three things for which this film (Kahaani) will work?

“Kahaani…Kahaani…Kahaani” (Smiles). The Kahaani (story) of the film, Kahaani is very interesting. Is Kahaani ka kahaani bohot mazedar hai. There’s a Kahaani in the Kahaani of Kahaani, so it’s nine times over Kahaani. So this is the USP of this film. (Laughs out loud, leaving us confused)

(She signs off, in her own imitable style)

The Khans, Kapoors and Bachchans can now be done away with, for sometime. We have our Balan, here!

Grb movie.. Kahaani has really an awesomw kahaani.. N kudos to the under-rated bong stars too.. They rock..
Very rightly said.. The khans n kapoors can be away for a while now.. We have our Balan's here now.. Ami shotti bolchi.. :P


Electronic commerce is an increasingly popular way of conducting business and selling items to customers. Customers are able to efficiently identify and purchase a wide variety of items, including both goods and services, over computer networks, including the Internet. The same goods and services can be offered by multiple sellers, each with its own conditions of sales e.g., taxes, shipping charges, promotions, rebates, etc.), allowing a customer to quickly and easily select an item from a given seller with the desired sales conditions.
One problem commonly encountered by such sellers is an inability to effectively price items to maximize profits and manage inventory such that each item is sold at an optimum profitable price. Pricing strategies employed by some sellers often lead to losses and inventory outages because they make their pricing strategy dependent on the pricing of another seller. For example, some sellers set their own price by using a competitor's price and then subtracting, e.g., 10%. Each seller often manually adjusts the price under such a pricing strategy hundreds or thousands of a time in every day. And since this strategy depends on the actions of another seller, it can lead to losses and inventory problems as prices decrease because each successive seller is undercutting the next. Indeed, a situation could develop where two competing sellers make their pricing strategies depend on each other and conceivably, the prices could be driven below cost and cause losses for both sellers.
Nor do such pricing strategies capture the actual price at which a customer would purchase an item. Since these pricing strategies focus on competitors, they do not account for any customer reaction to the price or any customer reaction to the item that is for sale. Thus, no idea exists as to whether the customer would pay more or less for the item. So some profit is lost in certain instances because the customer might pay more for an item. While in other instances, sales are lost because the customer thinks the price is too high.
There exist other problems that can be encountered by sellers in a network-based environment. Another problem is that many pricing strategies and methods are cumbersome and typically require manual input and effort to monitor the information about any given item in a timely manner. It is also not unusual for a seller to offer thousands of items at any given time, and adjusting the price for each one requires expensive time and manual effort. Such problems are compounded because new sellers are offering products via network-based sites at an increasing pace.


Q:

how to display images saved in sdcard folder in android

As i am working on displaying images saved in sdcard folder, I found the following link.
Displaying images in gridview from SDCard.
I am using the following code to get images from specified folder in sdcard,but here i am getting 0 count.
MyCode.jav
    String[] projection = {MediaStore.Images.Media._ID};

    final String[] columns = { MediaStore.Images.Media.DATA,MediaStore.Images.Media._ID };
    final String orderBy = MediaStore.Images.Media._ID;
    Cursor imagecursor = managedQuery( MediaStore.Images.Media.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI,
            projection,
            MediaStore.Images.Media.DATA + " like ? ",
            new String[] {"/my_images"},
            null);
    int image_column_index = imagecursor.getColumnIndex(MediaStore.Images.Media._ID);
    this.count = imagecursor.getCount();
    this.thumbnails = new Bitmap[this.count];
    this.arrPath = new String[this.count];
    this.thumbnailsselection = new boolean[this.count];

    for (int i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
        imagecursor.moveToPosition(i);
        int id = imagecursor.getInt(image_column_index);
        int dataColumnIndex = imagecursor
                .getColumnIndex(MediaStore.Images.Media.DATA);
        thumbnails[i] = MediaStore.Images.Thumbnails.getThumbnail(
                getApplicationContext().getContentResolver(), id,
                MediaStore.Images.Thumbnails.MICRO_KIND, null);
        arrPath[i] = imagecursor.getString(dataColumnIndex);
    }
    imageAdapter = new ImageAdapter();
    secure_gallery_grid.setAdapter(imageAdapter);
    imagecursor.close();

But here as per the following link all the images saved in sd card are displaying. But here i want to display images which are saved in particular folder, as like i created "My_images" folder & saved images in that folder. I want to display images from that folder & need to display in gridview as per link.

A:

You can get the path of files from a particualr folder as below
Once you get the path of files you ca display the images in gridview
ArrayList<String> f = new ArrayList<String>();// list of file paths
File[] listFile;

public void getFromSdcard()
{
    File file= new File(android.os.Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory(),"TMyFolder");

        if (file.isDirectory())
        {
            listFile = file.listFiles();

            for (int i = 0; i < listFile.length; i++)
            {

                f.add(listFile[i].getAbsolutePath());

            }
        }
}

Remember to add permissionin manifest file
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>

By having write permission will have read permission by default.
Example
main.xml
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent">

<GridView
    android:id="@+id/PhoneImageGrid"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:columnWidth="90dp"
    android:gravity="center"
    android:horizontalSpacing="10dp"
    android:numColumns="auto_fit"
    android:stretchMode="columnWidth"
    android:verticalSpacing="10dp" />

   </RelativeLayout>

gelleryitem.xml
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
   <RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent">
<ImageView android:id="@+id/thumbImage" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_centerInParent="true" />
<CheckBox android:id="@+id/itemCheckBox" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
    android:layout_alignParentTop="true" />
    </RelativeLayout>

AndroidCustomGalleryActivity.java
   public class AndroidCustomGalleryActivity extends Activity {
private int count;
private Bitmap[] thumbnails;
private boolean[] thumbnailsselection;
private String[] arrPath;
private ImageAdapter imageAdapter;
ArrayList<String> f = new ArrayList<String>();// list of file paths
File[] listFile;

/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.main);
    getFromSdcard();
    GridView imagegrid = (GridView) findViewById(R.id.PhoneImageGrid);
    imageAdapter = new ImageAdapter();
    imagegrid.setAdapter(imageAdapter);

}
public void getFromSdcard()
{
    File file= new File(android.os.Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory(),"MapleBear");

        if (file.isDirectory())
        {
            listFile = file.listFiles();

            for (int i = 0; i < listFile.length; i++)
            {

                f.add(listFile[i].getAbsolutePath());

            }
        }
}

public class ImageAdapter extends BaseAdapter {
    private LayoutInflater mInflater;

    public ImageAdapter() {
        mInflater = (LayoutInflater) getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
    }

    public int getCount() {
        return f.size();
    }

    public Object getItem(int position) {
        return position;
    }

    public long getItemId(int position) {
        return position;
    }

    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ViewHolder holder;
        if (convertView == null) {
            holder = new ViewHolder();
            convertView = mInflater.inflate(
                    R.layout.galleryitem, null);
            holder.imageview = (ImageView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.thumbImage);

            convertView.setTag(holder);
        }
        else {
            holder = (ViewHolder) convertView.getTag();
        }

        Bitmap myBitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeFile(f.get(position));
        holder.imageview.setImageBitmap(myBitmap);
        return convertView;
    }
}
class ViewHolder {
    ImageView imageview;

}
    }

Snap shot


Energy Audit

To make CO2 a manageable subject a number of requirements exists. The first and mandatory step is the performance of an Energy Audit, which means setting up a reliable energy data base. How to do this along best practice experience will be explained in theory and exercised in seminars:

- Why an Energy Audit is unrenounceable for managing energy and CO2? (A reliable database about the energy use in the company is needed to calculate related CO2 emissions - A breakdown of energy use is needed to itemize energy use per internal consumers to identify weak points and energy saving potentials - Clever indicators are needed to set into relation energy consumption and costs and to use controlling and benchmarking instruments - Typical failures of insufficient energy management in industry, which have to be avoided)- Planning an Energy Audit - Collecting and documentation of energy data - How to interpret energy data? - Energy Audit exercises in the class room (Interpretation of energy curves and what they can tell us - Training on computer aided data collection tools)- Energy Audit exercises in the reality of a company (perform your first Energy Audit)


Stay Social

Southpoint Films Portfolio

360° “Day in the life” video series for University of Southampton

Please note that you will need to be using a compatible browser to correctly view the videos on this page

We were approached by the University of Southampton to produce an ambitious series of 360° videos to use at UCAS fairs around the country, and at similar events globally, that would give prospective students a taste of what life would be like after enrolling.

The University’s plan was to create a number of Google Cardboard style headsets that students would be able to take home with them to view the videos in an immersive VR-style environment. There would also be several VR headsets on the University’s exhibition stands which students could pick up and use on the day. Our task was to help the University create the content that the students would watch within them.

Meeting the diverse needs of a major University

Our 360° camera, lovingly nicknamed “Mo” during the course of this project. He even has his own Instagram account: @motheinsta360pro

The concept of the video, which was co-developed by both Southpoint Films and the University’s marketing department, was to film a day in the life of a typical University of Southampton student. However, we soon realised that there is no such thing as a typical student at the University of Southampton, which has a wide and diverse syllabus across many faculties.

The original plan for one video turned into nine videos featuring different courses, facilities and activities. When prospective students would come to watch the video at a UCAS fair or on the university’s website they would be able to choose which version of the video to watch based on their interests.

Each subject-specific video shared footage of staple facilities like the university halls, as well as social activities that were relevant to all students, and featured a unique middle section showcasing the subject that had been chosen. (The only exception being a video filmed for Winchester School of Art, which was an entirely unique piece.)

As the video had a narrative, this cross-usage of footage required a tremendous amount of planning to execute a consistent story without continuity errors, especially as all nine videos couldn’t be filmed on the same day or with the same student actors in some cases.

As for telling the story, we identified with the University very early on that the video had to make sense to a variety of audiences. As the videos were intended to be used at overseas events to attract international students to study at Southampton, we agreed that incorporating spoken word narration could be off-putting for prospective students for whom English may not be their primary language.

Additionally, the videos were going to be watched at UCAS fairs where the sound wouldn’t be audible over the bustle of an exhibition style event. Because the videos were effectively silent, with a music track later added to avoid confusion for viewers watching online, we had to make sure that the story was told entirely on-screen.

A screenshot from a 360° video clip filmed at Common People festival for the University of Southampton. This is how 360° video appears before it’s put into a virtual reality 360° environment.

A project on the cutting-edge of video technology

360° video and VR (Virtual Reality) are new types of video and media technology that have started to gain traction in the past few years. The 360° video format gives viewers the ability to look anywhere in the video, which is a 360° spherical view of what was happening around the camera when the video was recorded. Viewers can look up, down, left, right and will keep seeing content at any viewpoint, even if they loop back around on themselves. When viewed with a VR headset this creates a highly immersive virtual experience, although 360° video can be viewed on desktops and smartphones too.

The 360° video format poses a number of challenges when compared to “normal” filming. When producing a standard video, the Director makes a choice about what viewers will see and how they’ll see it. The Director can be selective about what’s shown on screen and this allows for flexibility with framing unwanted items out of shot, choosing to show close ups of certain points of interest, or simply hiding the production crew. This isn’t the case with 360° video. Everything in proximity of the camera can be seen by a viewer, and the viewer chooses what to look at.

This aspect of 360° video can effect a video project in many little ways. For example, with this project, instead of wearing our typical Southpoint Films crew shirts, our crew wore “civilian” clothes so that they could blend into the background if they couldn’t avoid being in the shot. To a degree, we even had to cast our crew to make it look realistic that they would be in lectures or in the students’ union bar to avoid any obvious “crew in shot” gaffs. Some of our older staff would have looked out of place in some scenes, which would have ruined the immersion of the video for the viewer.

Mo taking a ride on a Unilink bus

The wide field of view that comes with 360° video also poses bigger challenges, particularly when it came to filming in public spaces like West Quay shopping centre that weren’t fully under control of the production team. A person doing something unusual in the background, such as picking their nose or perhaps heckling with rude gestures, would be visible in the final video and could distract or offend the viewer.

If issues like these aren’t spotted on the day it may result in reshoots, or the footage might not be usable at all, which is catastrophic for a narrative project like this one where each shot moves the story forward. Our solution was to film shots multiple times to ensure we had a variety of options in the edit, even if this did slow the production process down a bit.

The final challenge with 360° video is hiding the equipment that’s supporting the camera – because, where the camera records a complete 360° image around itself, it picks up anything that’s underneath it too. In many cases, 360° video is typically filmed with static tripods so that they can be photoshopped out later. We knew at the outset of this project that we didn’t want to film the entire project this way as, having seen other 360° videos, we found the static approach quite dull. We were also keen to take our viewers on a journey around the city and it’s hard to do that without movement.

Because the University of Southampton has a fairly large campus with many interesting buildings and beautiful green spaces which we want to show on camera, we decided that we would have an operator walk between locations with the camera. The difficulty was hiding our operator without obstructing too much of the field of view. To solve this, our operator would carry the camera on an extended tripod or monopod and walk while crouched down to minimise the size of their footprint. During the editing process we covered the operator with a digital “sticker” so that they weren’t visible in the video.

Creating immersion with 360° video

Reviewing videos on a phone-based VR headset

While the 360° format takes a huge amount of control out of the hands of the Director in terms of deciding what viewers will be shown, we were still keen to direct the audience’s attention where we wanted it. This was partly to make sure that viewers could follow the story, but also to make sure that attention was guided to avoid the viewer becoming “lost” in 360 space. We didn’t want viewers to become disorientated because the action kept moving around their head, for example.

The concept of the video was to give students a taste of what it was like to be a University of Southampton student for the day, and we wanted the viewer to feel like they were the student on a journey.

To really sell this, our cast were directed to interact with the camera as if it was a real person. Looking “through” the camera was explicitly advised against, and although we chose to film the video without a vocal narrative, we made sure there was a dialogue between our camera operator and the actors while filming to keep the camera included. We even let the cast give our camera a nickname, Mo, to help them feel more comfortable around “him”. (Plus, he looks a bit like a Mo.)

To make sure that the videos were working as intended, we would regularly review cuts on phone-based VR headsets that were similar in function to those being distributed by the University. We would then make changes and tweaks to ensure that the action was happening in a clear and easy to follow way without risking viewers falling out of their chairs to keep up.

Overall, we’re really happy with how these videos came out and we understand that they’ve been received well by those who’ve seen them. While there were some technical learnings throughout this project, and some creative ones too, we look forward to taking on more 360° projects and bringing this expertise to more businesses and organisations who would benefit from it.

We’ve included a few of the subject-specific versions of these videos below

Alternative version for Earth, Marine and Environment Sciences students

Taking your first steps with video

Video doesn’t have to be a challenge.

Forward-thinking businesses can use video in all sorts of innovative ways, including giving customers a taste of their product, providing useful support information to existing customers, or creating stunning promotional videos that can be shared online, played at business exhibitions and shown during presentations.