Introduction {#section5-2050312117694938}
============

Diabetes management imposes considerable demands on patients including dietary control, adherence to insulin regime and close glucose monitoring. These daily tasks are difficult to comply with particularly in children and adolescents who are going through major physical, cognitive and psychological changes and have a risk-taking behavior.^[@bibr1-2050312117694938]^ There is considerable evidence that children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) experience poorer health-related quality of life than their healthy peers.^[@bibr2-2050312117694938]^ It is shown that increased flexibility in daily life is one of the most important benefits for improving quality of life for children with T1DM and their parents.^[@bibr3-2050312117694938]^ Quality of life for young people with T1DM centers on two major domains: treatment satisfaction and health perception. These two domains are directly related to various issues in diabetes management including lifestyle flexibility, anxiety over hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, feasibility of correcting abnormal glucose readings and covering extra meals and snacks with insulin.^[@bibr4-2050312117694938]^ The observation of improved treatment satisfaction can be seen with or without improved quality of life and the overall treatment satisfaction in diabetes management appears to be related to the method used for treatment.^[@bibr5-2050312117694938],[@bibr6-2050312117694938]^

In the recent decades, success of particular diabetes treatment method has been linked not only to diabetes metabolic outcome but also to its impact on patient's satisfaction and quality of life. Various instruments have been used to measure treatment satisfaction. Quality of life is often measured by Bradley Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (BDTSQ).^[@bibr7-2050312117694938]^ Other customized questionnaires have also been used.

Health perception is defined as perception of physical, mental and social well-being. It can be assessed by rating of personal health status. Good health perception is shown to be strongly related to better metabolic control in children and adolescents with T1DM.^[@bibr8-2050312117694938]^

Diabetes management requires a great patient engagement and participation. Accordingly, more comprehensive understanding and appreciation of children's and parents' treatment satisfaction are required. Better understanding of patients' needs and attitude are critical for both the medical and psychological care of T1DM. We aim to examine the relationship between treatment satisfaction and health perception with the method used for treatment of T1DM in children and adolescents.

Patients and methods {#section6-2050312117694938}
====================

A questionnaire was designed to assess treatment satisfaction and health perception with three different methods of insulin treatment: multiple daily injection (MDI), insulin pump therapy and sensor-augmented pump therapy. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part contained eight items related to treatment satisfaction over various aspects of diabetes impact and management and the second part showing a scale for assessing health perception.

The eight items assessing treatment satisfaction analyzed four subscales: perceived general management (Q1--3), feeling toward hypo and hyperglycemia (Q4--5), perceived frequency of use of the treatment method to correct high blood glucose or give extra insulin for snacks (Q6--7) and perceived compatibility of the treatment method with the lifestyle related to dietary habits (Q8). The response to each question was assessed by a scale ranging from 1 to 5. The higher the score, the higher the satisfaction. Each scale is indicated in three forms. First is a drawn symbol explained by text (two thumbs up for strongly agree, one thumb up for agree, a balance for neutral, one thumb down for disagree and two thumbs down for strongly disagree). The scale is also indicated arithmetically by numbers from 1 to 5 with 1 is the lowest and 5 the highest ([Table 1](#table1-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}).

######

Questionnaire used to assess treatment satisfaction.

![](10.1177_2050312117694938-table1)

      Statement                                            Strongly agree   Agree   Neutral   Disagree   Strongly disagree
  --- ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------- --------- ---------- -------------------
  1   I feel generally good with my diabetes treatment
  2   My treatment modality is easy and convenient
  3   I feel confident with dealing with my diabetes
  4   I am not worried about hypoglycemia
  5   I am not worried about hyperglycemia
  6   I use correction doses when my blood sugar is high
  7   I inject/bolus with snacks
  8   My treatment does not restrict my dietary habits

Each symbol corresponds to the arithmetic scale indicated with the number underneath.

Health perception was assessed by a scale of 0--100 with 0 indicating worst imaginable health and 100 as an indicator of best health possible. The higher the scale chosen, the higher the subjective health perception ([Table 2](#table2-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}).

######

Subjective Health Perception Scale.

![](10.1177_2050312117694938-table2)

  Analog scale
  ----------------------------------------
  ![](10.1177_2050312117694938-img6.jpg)

Data were collected using the customized questionnaire during the patients' follow-up visit at the outpatient diabetes clinic in the endocrine department. Approval from the Ethics and Research Committee at Mafraq hospital was obtained to run the study.

Patients were approached by the study team and are given information about the study. Those who consented were enrolled in the study.

The questionnaire format and symbol meanings were explained to the patients by the study coordinator (T.H.). Answers to the questionnaire were obtained through interviews, which were conducted in a private room at the department with each lasting about 30--40 min. Data about age and duration of diabetes were obtained. Duration of sensor use in the sensor-augmented pump group in days per month was noted from the latest insulin pump download. Capillary HbA1c was done on the day of the visit if there was no record of HbA1c within the previous 4 weeks.

Statistical methods {#section7-2050312117694938}
-------------------

Statistical data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 22. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparison tests was used to compare means between groups. Non-parametric Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to examine the associations between selected variables. A two-tailed statistical significance level of 0.05 was chosen for all analyses.

Power calculation {#section8-2050312117694938}
-----------------

Sample size is calculated based on the requirement of detecting a difference between any two groups of one standard deviation (SD) with a power of 80% and a significance level of 5%. After Bonferroni correction, this implies a significance level of 1.67% for comparison of any two groups. Using the program [*openepi.com*](http://openepi.com), a sample size of at least 42 for comparison of any two groups is required provided that the proportions are approximately 50:50 of the total sample size.

Results {#section9-2050312117694938}
=======

In all, 72 patients were enrolled in the study. Male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Mean age (SD) for all participants was 11.4 (4.4) years with a mean (SD) duration of diabetes of 4.9 (3.5) years. Mean (SD) HbA1c was 8.1 (1.2). Breakdown of age, gender, duration of diabetes and HbA1c for each study group is illustrated in [Table 3](#table3-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}. Median (range) duration of sensor use in the sensor-augmented therapy group was 17.7 (3--30) days/month. Assessment of treatment satisfaction based on analysis of the questionnaire questions is detailed below and summarized in [Table 4](#table4-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}.

######

Demographic description for the study group.

![](10.1177_2050312117694938-table3)

  Total (72)      MDI (23)     Pump (30)   Pump/sensor (19)   p Value
  --------------- ------------ ----------- ------------------ ---------
  Gender (36 M)   12 (M)       13 (M)      11 (M)             0.59
  Age (years)     10.5 (4.6)   12.3 (4)    11.2 (4.8)         0.34
  Duration        3.73 (3)     4.8 (2.8)   6.5 (4.7)          0.043
  HbA1c           8.5 (1.3)    8.0 (1.2)   7.9 (1.2)          0.007

MDI: multiple daily injection; M: male; SD: standard deviation.

Data are expressed as mean and SD.

######

Treatment satisfaction and health perception analysis: overall mean and mean scale by individual study question for the three study groups.

![](10.1177_2050312117694938-table4)

                                 MDI (no. 23)   Pump (no. 30)   Pump/sensor (no. 19)   p Value
  ------------------------------ -------------- --------------- ---------------------- ---------
  Treatment satisfaction
   Total mean                    25.3           29.7            31.7                   0.00
  Mean scale/question
   Q1                            3.56           4.26            4.4                    0.003
   Q2                            3.91           4.68            4.76                   .000
   Q3                            2.63           2.69            3.36                   0.49
   Q4                            2.52           2.57            3.20                   0.097
   Q5                            3.95           4.31            4.56                   0.07
   Q6                            2.5            4.1             4.15                   0.00
   Q7                            2.87           3.00            3.10                   0.82
   Q8                            3.39           4.15            4.16                   0.012
  Mean Health Perception Scale
                                 MDI            Pump            Pump/sensor            p Value
                                 60             79.7            81                     0.00

MDI: multiple daily injection.

Overall mean of scale for treatment satisfaction questions was 25.3, 29.7 and 31.7 for the MDI, pump and sensor-augmented pump, respectively. The difference was statistically significant with a p value of 0.00. On post hoc Bonferroni analysis, the difference shown was statistically significant between the MDI and both the pump and the pump and sensor (p = 0.004 and 0.00, respectively). However, the difference was not significant between the pump and the sensor-augmented pump groups (p = 0.36).

1.  *Q1.* I feel generally good with my diabetes treatment

2.  Mean scale for this question was 3.56, 4.26 and 4.4 for the MDI, pump and sensor-augmented pump groups, respectively. ANOVA testing showed a statistically significant difference in the answers between the study groups (p = 0.003).

3.  *Q2.* My treatment modality is easy and convenient

4.  There was a statistically significant difference in the mean scale answer for this question in the three study groups with the MDI group showing the lowest mean scale p = 0.000.

5.  *Q3.* I feel confident with dealing with my diabetes

6.  The overall feeling on the confidence of diabetes management was assessed in this question, which showed a higher confidence in the pump and the sensor-augmented pump groups compared to the MDI. The difference was statistically significant with a p value of 0.012.

7.  *Q4.* I am not worried about hypoglycemia

8.  In responding to the question related to concerns about hypoglycemia, the sensor-augmented pump group scored the highest with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.049).

9.  *Q5.* I am not worried about hyperglycemia

10. Similar to Q3, the sensor-augmented pump therapy group scored higher in response to this question. However, there was no statistical significance in the difference between groups.

11. *Q6.* I use correction doses when my blood sugar is high

12. The sensor-augmented group used more correction boluses for high glucose reflected by the higher mean scale for this question. The difference between the three groups was not statistically significant.

13. *Q7.* I inject/bolus with snacks

14. The MDI group scored markedly lower in answering this question. Both the pump and the sensor-augmented pump had a higher mean scale with a p value of 0.000.

15. *Q8.* My treatment does not restrict my dietary habits

16. A lower mean scale was obtained from the MDI group in answering this question. The difference in mean scale was not statistically significant in the three groups.

Health perception {#section10-2050312117694938}
-----------------

Overall mean of scale for health scale was 60, 79.7 and 81 for the MDI, pump and sensor-augmented pump, respectively. The difference was statistically significant with a p value of 0.00. On post hoc Bonferroni analysis, the difference shown was statistically significant between the MDI and both the pump and the pump and sensor (p = 0.00). However, the difference was not significant between the pump and the sensor-augmented pump groups (p = 1.0).

Treatment satisfaction and use of continuous glucose monitoring system {#section11-2050312117694938}
----------------------------------------------------------------------

A total of 19 patients used continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). This group scored highest among the three studied groups in majority of the treatment satisfaction questions as well as the health perception. In this group, the duration of use of sensors ranged between 3 and 10 days per month with a median of 17.7 days. There was no correlation between the treatment satisfaction score and the health perception with the duration of CGMS use. p value was 0.25 and 0.48 for both variables.

Discussion {#section12-2050312117694938}
==========

Treatment satisfaction plays an important role in the success of treatment used. In a randomized crossover open trial in children with T1DM, patients expressed a higher treatment satisfaction from pump therapy than MDI, although there was no difference in quality of life between the two different methods of treatment.^[@bibr5-2050312117694938]^ Several other studies comparing pump therapy and MDI have demonstrated increased quality of life after the transition to pump therapy.^[@bibr6-2050312117694938]^ Furthermore, Barnard et al.^[@bibr9-2050312117694938]^ showed that switching from MDI or older version of pump therapy to more advanced later generation form of pumps is associated with increased treatment satisfaction. Cherubini et al.^[@bibr10-2050312117694938]^ suggested that pump therapy might be useful for patients perceiving a poor health-related quality of considering the favorable impact reported by pump users.

Data from studies of children with recent diagnosis of diabetes showed that they are more satisfied with pump treatment than with MDI.^[@bibr5-2050312117694938]^ We found a statistically significant difference in the overall mean score for treatment satisfaction in our three study groups. Mean score increased from 25.3 in the MDI group to 29.7 and 31.7 in the pump and the sensor-augmented pump groups (p = 0.00).

Self-efficacy and confidence in ability to manage diabetes is an important factor for treatment satisfaction. It is shown that patients on insulin pumps have higher diabetes self-efficacy compared to those on MDI treatment.^[@bibr11-2050312117694938]^ Insulin pump therapy improves diabetes self-efficacy and engagement in children, thereby improving diabetes self-management.^[@bibr3-2050312117694938]^ In our cohort, we saw a higher mean score in pump and sensor-augmented pump users in areas related to the general feelings about method of treatment, ease of use of treatment method and confidence in dealing with diabetes (Questions 1, 2 and 3, [Table 4](#table4-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}).

The added flexibility in pump function is proven to be an important benefit of insulin pump therapy.^[@bibr12-2050312117694938]^ With the pump, patients have the benefit of flexibility to make various adjustments to suit exercise, various types and timings of food, variable dose and different basal rates and patterns required.^[@bibr4-2050312117694938]^ Insulin pumps offer greater ease with meal coverage and hyperglycemia correction. This is particularly the case outside home (personal observation). We found that more patients on pumps are satisfied with their treatment in this regard, as they have higher mean score for satisfaction related to feasibility of use of correction boluses or bolusing for snacks (Questions 6 and 7 in [Table 4](#table4-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}).

Other possible reasons for superiority of treatment satisfaction of pump therapy over MDI are decreased sense of physical and dietary restrictions.^[@bibr4-2050312117694938]^ We found a statistically significant difference between the study groups in relation to the impact of method of treatment used on diet restriction with those on pump scoring higher in Question 8 ([Table 4](#table4-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}).

Garmo et al.^[@bibr13-2050312117694938]^ showed significant improvement in treatment satisfaction and perceived frequency of symptomatic hypoglycemia and hyperglycemic events after changing from MDI to Continous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII). In a group of 47 young people with T1DM, treatment satisfaction has increased when switching to insulin pumps from MDI. This was clearly associated with reduction in the rate of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.^[@bibr14-2050312117694938]^ Our pump users showed significant satisfaction difference with their treatment method compared to MDI users in relation to hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia (Questions 4 and 5, [Table 4](#table4-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}).

Improved treatment satisfaction with pump therapy might be due to improved metabolic control on this treatment modality. Several meta-analyses suggest that insulin pump therapy and Continuous Glucmose Monitoring (CGM) improve glycemic control.^[@bibr15-2050312117694938]^ Furthermore, it is shown that health-related quality of life and health perception are higher among patients with better glycemic control.^[@bibr16-2050312117694938]^ However, in a randomized controlled trial in newly diagnosed children with T1DM, health satisfaction is shown to be higher in the pump group compared to the MDI group despite that there was no difference in metabolic control.^[@bibr17-2050312117694938]^ Our study group on pump treatment has a lower HbA1c compared to the MDI group and their higher treatment satisfaction might be, at least in part, attributed to the better metabolic control.

Integrating diabetes technology, such as insulin pump therapy and CGM, into a child's treatment plan may help children improve their treatment satisfaction and glycemic control while preventing severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).^[@bibr3-2050312117694938]^ Children and parents find that CGMS helps improving treatment satisfaction and enhance ease of diabetes care.^[@bibr18-2050312117694938]^ In addition, children and parents favor CGMS mainly for hypoglycemia prevention and improvement of diabetes control.^[@bibr18-2050312117694938]^ A large multicentric randomized controlled study by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) which compared real-time CGM versus conventional treatment group showed high treatment satisfaction in users.^[@bibr19-2050312117694938]^ In our cohort, users of sensor-augmented pump therapy scored highest in expressing ease of use of the treatment and reassurance related to hypoglycemia prevention (Questions 2 and 4, [Table 4](#table4-2050312117694938){ref-type="table"}).

The DirecNet study found that higher self-management scores are associated with more frequent CGM use.^[@bibr20-2050312117694938]^ In the JDRF study, CGM satisfaction was higher in patients who used CGM 6 or more days per week compared to those who wore it less.^[@bibr19-2050312117694938]^ Our group had 19 patients on sensor-augmented therapy. Their duration of using the sensor ranged from 3 to 30 days per month. We did not find correlation between the duration of CGMS use and treatment satisfaction. Many patients and parents acknowledge the benefit of CGMS; however, disadvantages of the CGMS use are also highlighted by patients with cost and lack of insurance cover being major issues.^[@bibr21-2050312117694938]^ In our center, false alarms and skin reaction are the major disadvantages in the CGMS use (unpublished data). Accordingly, use of CGMS might be improving diabetes care and prevention of acute complication but might not necessarily improve the treatment satisfaction.

Limitations of our study include the relatively low number of patients particularly in the sensor-augmented pump patients. In addition, it would be useful to compare the health perception scores in a group of healthy controls.

Conclusion {#section13-2050312117694938}
==========

We conclude that the method used for diabetes treatment has an impact on patients' satisfaction and health perception in children and adolescents with T1DM. Insulin pump users have a higher treatment satisfaction and better health perception than those on MDI. Significant difference was seen particularly toward diabetes management ability, ease of use of treatment method, ease of hyperglycemia correction and diet flexibility between treatment groups. Augmenting pump therapy with CGM adds value to treatment satisfaction in the group studied without correlation with the duration of the sensors use.

**Declaration of conflicting interests:** The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

**Ethical approval:** Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Mafraq Hospital Research & Ethics Committee (MAF-REC-08/2014_03).

**Funding:** The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

**Informed consent:** Written informed consent was obtained from parents of all subjects in addition to subjects' assents before the study.


Physicochemical characterization of pure persimmon juice: nutritional quality and food acceptability.
Technological process for production of non-astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. "Rojo Brillante") juice was described. The degree of fruit ripening expressed as color index (CI) varied between 12.37 and 16.33. Persimmon juice was characterized by determining physicochemical quality parameters as yield, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), organic acids, and main sugars. A thermal treatment of 90 ºC for 10 s was effective in controlling naturally occurring microorganisms for at least 105 d of storage without significantly affecting production of soluble brown pigments (BPs) and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity and acceptability of juice by panelists. Storage time affected all and each of the above parameters, reducing BPs, TPC and antioxidant capacity but increasing 5-HMF content. Refrigerated storage enhanced the acceptability of the juices. This information may be used by the juice industry as a starting point for production of pure persimmon juices.


MAURICE LINDSAY says the Tomkins brothers will spearhead England’s revival ahead of the Four Nations series in Australia and New Zealand.

MAURICE LINDSAY says the Tomkins brothers will spearhead England’s revival ahead of the Four Nations series in Australia and New Zealand.

Former Wigan chairman Lindsay, who has also served as chief executive of the RFL and Great Britain team manager, believes on-song Wigan can be key to transforming England’s fortunes – just as they were in 1992.

And he reckons Joel and Sam Tomkins, who helped the Warriors to Grand Final victory over St Helens last weekend, will be crucial to the Three Lions roaring Down Under.

Ahead of England’s first Test against New Zealand on October 23, Lindsay said: “When I retired from Wigan the Tomkins brothers were still kids, but I knew they’d be superstars.

“They are going to be a special part of a Wigan and England revolution.

“It will be a massive test Down Under but I can see signs of the cycle turning and the revival is coming.

“Sean O’Loughlin is playing the best rugby of his career, Gareth Ellis won player of the year with Wests Tigers in the NRL, and St Helens prop forward James Graham [pictured below] is a very special player.

“There’s a new and vibrant spirit coursing through English rugby league. These have been barren years for Wigan and the national team, but the emergence of the Tomkins brothers can help bring the glory back.”

England face a tough test of their credentials in next Saturday’s friendly against New Zealand Maori in Auckland, ahead of the Four Nations series, but Lindsay is optimistic.

As Great Britain team manager he helped to mastermind a shock Ashes Test victory over Australia in Melbourne 18 years ago.

“That was the day English rugby league got its credibility back and I want them to have that spirit again.

Technique

“For 20 years before that, Australia toyed with us. It was embarrassing – they were in a different universe.

‘‘The Aussies said to me before the tour, ‘Trying to sell Great Britain on tour is like flogging a dead horse. Nobody wants to know’.

“They dismissed us as unimportant and thrashed us every time.

“At the time, we didn’t even recognise how far Australia had got ahead of us in terms of lifestyle, training methods and technique. We were in the Dark Ages. ‘I made it my life’s work to try to help GB win a Test in Australia – and we achieved it.”

Lindsay went to Australia six months before the tour and hand-picked the hotels and training facilities.

He said: “We were meticulous and methodical.

“We were a battle-hardened squad and it was a great shock to the Aussies.

“They had a celebration dinner before the Second Test but we did not go because we had nothing to celebrate.


/*
 * Copyright 2019 New Vector Ltd
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package im.vector.app.features.roomdirectory

import com.airbnb.epoxy.TypedEpoxyController
import com.airbnb.epoxy.VisibilityState
import com.airbnb.mvrx.Fail
import com.airbnb.mvrx.Incomplete
import com.airbnb.mvrx.Success
import im.vector.app.R
import im.vector.app.core.epoxy.errorWithRetryItem
import im.vector.app.core.epoxy.loadingItem
import im.vector.app.core.epoxy.noResultItem
import im.vector.app.core.error.ErrorFormatter
import im.vector.app.core.resources.StringProvider
import im.vector.app.features.home.AvatarRenderer
import org.matrix.android.sdk.api.MatrixPatterns
import org.matrix.android.sdk.api.session.room.members.ChangeMembershipState
import org.matrix.android.sdk.api.session.room.model.roomdirectory.PublicRoom
import org.matrix.android.sdk.api.util.MatrixItem
import org.matrix.android.sdk.api.util.toMatrixItem
import javax.inject.Inject

class PublicRoomsController @Inject constructor(private val stringProvider: StringProvider,
                                                private val avatarRenderer: AvatarRenderer,
                                                private val errorFormatter: ErrorFormatter) : TypedEpoxyController<PublicRoomsViewState>() {

    var callback: Callback? = null

    override fun buildModels(viewState: PublicRoomsViewState) {
        val publicRooms = viewState.publicRooms

        val unknownRoomItem = viewState.buildUnknownRoomIfNeeded()

        val noResult = publicRooms.isEmpty() && viewState.asyncPublicRoomsRequest is Success && unknownRoomItem == null
        if (noResult) {
            // No result
            noResultItem {
                id("noResult")
                text(stringProvider.getString(R.string.no_result_placeholder))
            }
        } else {
            publicRooms.forEach {
                buildPublicRoom(it, viewState)
            }

            unknownRoomItem?.addTo(this)

            if ((viewState.hasMore && viewState.asyncPublicRoomsRequest is Success)
                    || viewState.asyncPublicRoomsRequest is Incomplete) {
                loadingItem {
                    // Change id to avoid list to scroll automatically when first results are displayed
                    if (publicRooms.isEmpty()) {
                        id("loading")
                    } else {
                        id("loadMore")
                    }
                    onVisibilityStateChanged { _, _, visibilityState ->
                        if (visibilityState == VisibilityState.VISIBLE) {
                            callback?.loadMore()
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (viewState.asyncPublicRoomsRequest is Fail) {
            errorWithRetryItem {
                id("error")
                text(errorFormatter.toHumanReadable(viewState.asyncPublicRoomsRequest.error))
                listener { callback?.loadMore() }
            }
        }
    }

    private fun buildPublicRoom(publicRoom: PublicRoom, viewState: PublicRoomsViewState) {
        publicRoomItem {
            avatarRenderer(avatarRenderer)
            id(publicRoom.roomId)
            matrixItem(publicRoom.toMatrixItem())
            roomAlias(publicRoom.getPrimaryAlias())
            roomTopic(publicRoom.topic)
            nbOfMembers(publicRoom.numJoinedMembers)

            val roomChangeMembership = viewState.changeMembershipStates[publicRoom.roomId] ?: ChangeMembershipState.Unknown
            val isJoined = viewState.joinedRoomsIds.contains(publicRoom.roomId) || roomChangeMembership is ChangeMembershipState.Joined
            val joinState = when {
                isJoined                                                    -> JoinState.JOINED
                roomChangeMembership is ChangeMembershipState.Joining       -> JoinState.JOINING
                roomChangeMembership is ChangeMembershipState.FailedJoining -> JoinState.JOINING_ERROR
                else                                                        -> JoinState.NOT_JOINED
            }
            joinState(joinState)

            joinListener {
                callback?.onPublicRoomJoin(publicRoom)
            }
            globalListener {
                callback?.onPublicRoomClicked(publicRoom, joinState)
            }
        }
    }

    private fun PublicRoomsViewState.buildUnknownRoomIfNeeded(): UnknownRoomItem? {
        val roomIdOrAlias = currentFilter.trim()
        val isAlias = MatrixPatterns.isRoomAlias(roomIdOrAlias) && !publicRooms.any { it.canonicalAlias == roomIdOrAlias }
        val isRoomId = !isAlias && MatrixPatterns.isRoomId(roomIdOrAlias) && !publicRooms.any { it.roomId == roomIdOrAlias }
        val roomItem = when {
            isAlias  -> MatrixItem.RoomAliasItem(roomIdOrAlias, roomIdOrAlias)
            isRoomId -> MatrixItem.RoomItem(roomIdOrAlias)
            else     -> null
        }
        return roomItem?.let {
            UnknownRoomItem_().apply {
                id(roomIdOrAlias)
                matrixItem(it)
                avatarRenderer(this@PublicRoomsController.avatarRenderer)
                globalListener {
                    callback?.onUnknownRoomClicked(roomIdOrAlias)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    interface Callback {
        fun onUnknownRoomClicked(roomIdOrAlias: String)
        fun onPublicRoomClicked(publicRoom: PublicRoom, joinState: JoinState)
        fun onPublicRoomJoin(publicRoom: PublicRoom)
        fun loadMore()
    }
}


1. Introduction {#s0005}
===============

*Magnusiomyces clavatus* (M. clavatus), formerly known as *Geotrichum clavatum*, is an ascomycetous fungus, that has been described as a rare cause of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in immuno-compromised patients [@bib1], [@bib2]. Profound and prolonged neutropenia is a requisite for M. clavatus fungemia, which may lead to multiple organ localizations (1). Other risk factors, like contaminated venous catheters or previous antifungal treatment, have been also associated with this infection [@bib3], [@bib4]. Clusters have been reported in hematological settings through Europe, but no clear source of infection has been found yet, due to its natural presence in human flora, soil and dietary products, as some kinds of milky-cheeses [@bib2], [@bib3]. Poor outcome has been described with this pathogen (1), since no satisfy antifungal regimen has been found yet [@bib5].

Approximately one hundred cases of IFD due to M. clavatus have been reported in adults, while only few cases of Magnusiomyces capitatus (Saprochaete capitata) fungemia have been described in children [@bib1], [@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib6], [@bib7].

We describe the first pediatric case of M. clavatus fungemia with organ dissemination occurred in a neutropenic patient between the second and the third allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) performed in a tertiary Italian pediatric Research Institute.

2. Case {#s0010}
=======

A 6-year-old boy, affected by bone marrow failure, received a first haploidentical stem cell transplantation using α/β/CD19 depleted peripheral blood stem cells from his mother, after conditioning regimen including Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, low-dose of Total Body Irradiation, anti-thymocyte globulin, and Rituximab. His brother was excluded as a donor due to abnormalities in granulocytes colonies' growth.

On day + 24 after HSCT, rejection was documented and a second haploidentical HSCT was performed 16 days later. In this case, the patients received anti-mycotic prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) at 2.5 mg/kg two times a week, according to our standard protocol in cases of HSCT reject. In this case conditioning regimen included Fludarabine, Melphalan, Alemtuzumab, and Rituximab. The day after infusion the patient developed fever, empirically treated with piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin, waiting for the culture results. Blood cultures were positive for yeasts subsequently identified as M. clavatus by molecular identification. In particular, the extracted genomic DNA was amplified using the universal fungal-specific primers ITS1 (TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG) and ITS4 (TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC) for internal transcribed spacer regions of fungal ribosomal DNA and nucleotide sequences were analyzed using Finch TV software Version 1.4.0. ([www.geospizia.com](http://www.geospizia.com){#ir0005}) [@bib8]. We inserted sequences in GeneBank (accession number of the closest hit in GenBank [MF142803.1](ncbi-n:MF142803.1){#ir0010}), but at the moment we do not yet have the datum related to the strain.

Antifungal susceptibility test performed by broth microdilution assay (Sensititre™ YeastOne - TREK Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA) according to manufacturer\'s indications, showed the following minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC mg/L): amphotericin B (AMB) 1, caspofungine \> 8, fluconazole 64, voriconazole 1, flucytosine 0.5. No standardized MICs interpretation is currently available for this pathogen [@bib9].

AMB dose was increased to 3 mg/kg daily, but blood cultures remained positive. Substitution of intravascular access was performed but nodular lesions on the chin and left arm appeared, associated with pulmonary nodules and kidney\'s lesions ([Fig. 1](#f0005){ref-type="fig"}), seven days after the fever. The removed central venous line was cultured without growth of *M. clavatus*. Echocardiography was normal.Fig. 1Panel A: Pulmonary localization of S. clavata. Panel B: Multiple bilateral renal lesions due to S. clavata. Panel C: Multiple skin localization of S. clavata.Fig. 1

On day + 9 after HSCT, voriconazole at 9 mg/Kg for 2 doses and then 8 mg/Kg twice daily was added. Skin biopsy was not diagnostic but compatible with generic inflammation. Unfortunately the patient developed another HSCT rejection. Therefore the patient received a 3rd HSCT, from his HLA identical brother, after a secondary assessment to exclude abnormalities of granulocytes colonies growth. The conditioning regimen included Fludarabine, Treosulphan, ATG, and cyclosporine. Full donor engraftment occurred regularly, but blood cultures remained persistently positive for *M. clavatus*. Plasmatic level of liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole were 7.4 mg/L (peak) and 3.5 mg/L (trough) respectively. LAMB was increased to 5 mg/Kg and then to 10 mg/Kg/day, with the aim to increase the Cmax/MIC ratio, while voriconazole dosage was unchanged since its plasma concentrations were considered in the therapeutic range, at least comparing with other fungi, as Aspergillus. Blood cultures remained positive for *M. clavatus* until day + 10 from the 3rd HSCT that corresponded to neutrophils engraftment and later blood cultures became negative. Combination treatment with LAMB and voriconazole was prolonged for 1 month after negativity of blood culture, and voriconazole 8 mg/kg was maintained for other 4 months. During this period the clinical, hematological and radiological pictured improved. Eight months after the end of antifungal treatment the patient was still on treatment with cyclosporine with complete engraftment (100% donor) and no signs of IFD was demonstrated.

3. Discussion {#s0015}
=============

This case report represent the first description of IFD due to *M. clavatus* in paediatrics.

Profound and prolonged neutropenia due to recurrent HSCT rejections was probably the most important risk factor for the development and persistence of this infection, since cultures of all vascular accesses removed were negative and the persistence of fungemia was related with documented organ localizations.

No known dietary products containing cheese, possibly contaminated by the fungus, were identified in the patient\'s daily diet, although it cannot be excluded.

Low dose liposomal amphotericin B, suggested as a possible prophylaxis of IFD in pediatric allogeneic HSCT (at least for aspergillosis), was not effective to prevent this infection.

Susceptibility to antifungal drugs of *M. clavatus* has been reported from in vitro studies [@bib1], [@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib4], [@bib5], [@bib10]. In absence of any standardized breakpoint we adopted a treatment strategies with full doses of antifungal drugs and plasma levels evaluation, similar to that suggested for other fungi and a combination of liposomal amphotericin B (at increasing doses) and voriconazole, that in some way resulted effective in limiting the containing spreading at least until neutrophils recovery, that seems to have been pivotal for patient\'s final recovery [@bib10]. Disseminated IFD due to *M. clavatus* is associated with high morbidity and mortality [@bib2]. In this case combination therapy with LAMB and voriconazole seemed more effective to limit the infection and in our patient did not lead to any organ toxicity [@bib1], [@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib4], [@bib5], [@bib6], [@bib7], [@bib8], [@bib9], [@bib10], [@bib11].

Finally, high level of awareness, a strict policy of high-risk patients' contact-isolation even before pathogen identification, as well as a rapid fungal diagnostic avoided a possible healthcare-associated outbreak [@bib12].

No certain data about combination therapy *vs* mono-therapy and length of treatment are available yet. In our case aggressive and strictly monitored combination treatment along with durable recover from neutropenia seemed to be useful to control the infection.

None.

Conflict of interest {#s0020}
====================

The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest

[^1]: Equal contributors.


A bunch of Pajibans reading and reviewing and honoring AlabamaPink.

Archive for the category “4 stars – a great book”

Just under the wire. Picked this one up based on some recommendations from Pajibans/other Cannonballers. I’m surprised by how much quality literature is being churned out in the YA section of the book store. Although it helps when I’m only picking up novels after reading lots of raving reviews from intelligent adults with discerning tastes.

My relationship with the Virgin Mary has always been a little complicated.

I grew up in a religious household, so I was of course introduced to her at an early age. Every year, she was trotted out in Christmas pageants and nativity scenes, where they would tell her story––the angel, the donkey ride to Bethlehem, the virgin birth in a dirty barn––and then put her away with the rest of the Nativity set, not to be seen or heard from until next Christmas.

This was fine with me, because as Biblical figures go, aside from being my introduction to the term “virgin,” Mary never held much interest for me. We had nothing in common, I felt, and yet as I grew older she was constantly thrust in front of me as the ultimate role model for women. You can see the value a character like Mary would have as a tool for reinforcing traditional gender roles, given that her defining characteristics are virginity, motherhood, and submissiveness to God. But traditional gender roles didn’t appeal to me, so I just found her boring. She had no thoughts or opinions of her own, she was simply a means to an end, a side note in a larger story.

It’s fitting then, that in Colm Tóibín’s The Testament of Mary it is her interpretation of the events surrounding her sons life that takes precedence. Though the narrative itself does not stray much from its source material, the Mary Tóibín imagines is completely her own, a full-fledged character worlds away from the shallow, one-dimensional figure we’ve come to revere from Renaissance paintings. This Mary does not believe her son was the Son of God. She can’t stand his followers, does not approve of their mission to evangelize the world on his behalf, and though she acknowledges the existence of his miracles, she finds their effect dubious at best.

This is perhaps best exemplified in the example of Lazarus. Lazarus, for those of you who did not go to Bible school, is a man that Jesus raised from the dead. After his death and resurrection, not much is said about Lazarus. Like Mary, he fades into the background after he has played his part in the narrative. As a child, I used to wonder what happened to Lazarus after he was raised from the dead, and the picture Tóibín paints is not pretty: having experienced death, Lazarus finds himself removed from the world. He does not speak, he can barely eat. And through his example, Mary begins to question the value of the work her son is doing.

This is what differentiates Tóibín’s Mary with the Mary most of us are used to. Unlike the serenely knowing, quietly submissive Mary we are so used to seeing, this Mary does not understand who her son is or what he’s trying to do. In fact, she tries actively to prevent him from doing it. Much of The Testament of Mary details her struggles to reconcile the son she loves with the Son that is headed willfully to his own death, and to do what she can to stop it. At the wedding in Cana (which Biblical scholars will recognize as both the site of the water into wine miracle and one of the only other times Mary is mentioned in the New Testament), she confronts him, attempting to get him to see the danger his life is in and agree to come home with her. He responds by saying (as he does in the Bible), “Woman, what have I to do with you?” At this moment, she knows that he is lost. And yet up until the end, she continues to ask whether there is something that can be done, whether his death can be prevented.

Colm Tóibín is a master of detail, and this is seen nowhere so much as the climax of the book, Jesus’ crucifixion. Unable to process the horror of what is happening, Mary finds herself focusing on details of the scene around her: the way the thorns embed into her son’s forehead, pushing themselves deeper as he tries to pry them out; the way the crosses keep tilting over when they are being put into the ground, the people nearby, playing dice, or in one memorable case, a man feeding rabbits to a live hawk in a cage (this image, incidentally, calls to mind a painting that Tóibín credits for giving him the inspiration for the book). After hours of bearing witness to her son’s suffering, afraid for her own safety, she flees before he’s even dead.

It is her decision to flee that most haunts her, in her old age. She constantly searches for gaps in her memory, places in the narrative where by acting differently she may have been able to save her son. Even as she finds none, even as she knows there are none to find, she continues to look for them, to the point where her memory becomes confused. First she dreams that she saw her son alive, then she dreams that she was with him when he died, and she starts to think that maybe she did stay, maybe she cried over his broken body and washed it in preparation for burial. These false memories have a dreamlike, Titian quality to them, a genius stroke of authorial subtlety, comparing the reality Tóibín imagines to the myth we’ve all accepted. In the end, reality wins out. At night, she still dreams of her son alive and well, of herself as a dutiful mother, but in the harsh light of day, she is forced to reckon with the truth: she had a son, and now her son is dead, she could not save him and no protestations about eternal life from his disciples will bring him back.

There’s a verse in Luke 2:19 about Mary, that takes place soon after Christ’s birth: “And Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart.” My mother always loved that verse for what it said about Mary’s character, but it made me want to scream. If she was meant to be a role model for all women, I thought, it stood to reason that she should have more to say about what happened to her, about what happened to her son. It never occurred to me that maybe Mary never wanted to be a role model. I think I would have liked her more if it had.

At the end of the novel, Jesus’ unnamed disciples, Mary’s protectors and bane of her fragile existence, attempt to make her understand the value of her son’s death. It was all part of the plan, they say, to redeem the world, to which she responds:

“I was there. I fled before it was over but if you want witnesses than I am one and I can tell you now, when you say that he redeemed the world, I will say that it was not worth it. It was not worth it.”

For me, the last third of 2012 was all about China Miéville. After watching his polemic at the World Writers Conference in August, I rapidly read every article about and interview with him that I could get my hands on. Then I moved on to his essays and lectures. Finally, I decided I should probably read this guy’s books already. I read Kraken first, and loved it. Then I dug into Dial H, and ditto. For The City & The City, I thought it would be interesting to do a little bit of genre reading as a companion so I read a selection of crime novels (Hammett, Chandler, Highsmith & more). And then, because it felt appropriate, I read some Kafka and Philip K Dick. I watched Brick, Miller’s Crossing, The Big Sleep and Blade Runner. I’d been meaning to reread Paul Auster’s New York Trilogy so that went into the mix too. This reading project has been a really entertaining, thought-provoking and intellectually stimulating ride. I definitely feel as if I have a deeper appreciation for all the works I read than I would have if I’d just read them solo.

It just so happened that my reading this book coincided with The City & The City being Twitter book club #1book140’s December choice. So I was able to further enrich my experience by participating in the discussions there.

Having written all that, I feel as if I should write a really amazing essay about this book but, honestly, I’m kind of tired. I just wrote 20 reviews in two days. So apologies to my readers, the tweeps at #1book140 and China Miéville if my review fails to adequately capture this book. All failures in this review are my own.

One of the things I really like about China Miéville (other than the AWESOME acute accent in his name) is the fact that he’s incredibly rigorous about following through on his ideas. Miéville describes The City & The City as a crime novel and its plot is definitely structured in the same way as the procedurals we all know so well. But because Miéville is not satisfied until his work has some element of the fantastic or surreal, the murder his detective is investigating is overshadowed by a larger mystery – that of the relationship of the two cities of Beszel and Ul Qoma. These two Eastern European cities are entangled with one another but it is unclear if this relationship is magical (like London Above and London Below in Neil Gaiman’s Neverwhere), or if they are simply intricately and absurdly sharing the same geographical space. In order to emphasize the separation between the two cities, citizens learn as children to “unsee” any elements from the other city. Certain colors are limited to either Beszel or Ul Qoma. In crosshatched areas, areas which are shared by both cities, traffic and pedestrian from the two cities mingle yet retain their separation by unseeing one another. To violate these precepts is to risk the ire of Breach, a mysterious power that enforces barriers between the two cities. Breach is spoken of as being “invoked” and it is unclear if Breach has supernatural powers.

Procedural murder mysteries are like the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat. In order to maintain the audience’s tension all possible solutions exist simultaneously until the “true” solution is finally revealed and all possibilities then collapse into one. Miéville takes quantum physics theories and applies them to his novel in a astonishingly rigorous way. There are the obvious ways: the two cities are entangled, and the aforementioned collapsing of possibilities. But he also applies Schrödinger’s paradox to the genre of the book. A supernatural and a natural solution to the mysteries of the murder and the entanglement of the two cities exist in tension to one another until the end of the book when Inspector Borlú, his hero, finally observes the truth, collapsing all possibilities. It’s a high wire act and throughout the book I and my fellow book club readers were questioning whether or not Miéville would pull it off. That he did absolutely astonishes and delights me.

Based on what I’ve heard about his other books, I don’t think that The City & The City is destined to make my list of favorite China Miéville books, but this book is so inventive, so well-structured, so extraordinarily carefully well-crafted, so smart, that I am rather dazzled by his achievement and talent.

I tell people I love Oscar Wilde, but I had never really read anything beyond The Importance of Being Earnest. Until now. Wow. Dorian’s a naughty boy.

An artist, Basil Hallward, paints Dorian’s portrait. He’s so beautiful, Basil is enraptured. Basil’s a good guy, who has some pretty bad friends. One such friend is Lord Henry Wotton, who becomes friends with Dorian, and shows him the ropes of degenerate high society. Dorian falls in love with an actress because of her skills. They become engaged, he brings Basil and Wotton to see her act, and she totally throws it. She did it because she was leaving the stage and didn’t care. So of course he falls out of love with her, breaks the engagement, and leads her to kill herself. It’s a black mark on his soul. When he looks at the painting, he sees that it’s kind of sneering at him. He realizes that the painting takes all of his sin, so he can still appear to be a beautiful angel.

Dorian takes complete advantage of this, getting into all sorts of mischief, and developing quite a nasty reputation (well-deserved). A lot of the debauchery takes place “off camera (page?),” but there’s enough said about it that we can figure out what he’s done. He has also ruined a few people, and is well known down in the seedy parts of town.

There’s murder, mayhem, revenge, and all kinds of nasty bits. I can’t believe it took me this long to read Dorian Gray. If you’ve been waiting, get to it.

Subtitled “a biography of cancer”, the book covers history and research into cancer, mostly focusing on this century but occasionally going back further. Very informative but also written in an engaging style so that even non scientific types can understand.

As some of you may have noticed, I’ve been rereading Georgette Heyer’s historical romances chronologically. Devil’s Cub is a sequel to These Old Shades (which is one of my all-time favorite of Heyer’s novels) and has as its hero Vidal, the son of Avon and Léonie from the earlier novel. Because the book is set a generation after These Old Shades, it can be read on its own. While this book isn’t my favorite of Heyer’s books, it’s easily in the top ten of her best books. It’s laugh out loud funny, moves along at a smart pace and is peopled by vivid characters. Great fun.

I know it’s too late to make a top three list for 2012 but if I were to do so this book would be on it (along with Redshirts by John Scalzi and Red Dust Road by Jackie Kay). Magic for Beginners is a collection of short stories and novellas and it is… extraordinary. I can honestly say I’ve never read anything like her before. I can understand why pretty much every fantasy and science fiction writer I admire is slavish in their praise of Kelly Link’s writing. She’s definitely working in the tradition of Charles De Lint and Neil Gaiman, using mythological and horror tropes to inform her fiction. These stories read like forgotten folk tales as David Lynch might tell them – dark and funny and weird, really really weird. Wonderfully weird. Her writing is delightful, witty, exquisite and haunting. These stories are heartbreaking and beautiful, filled with unforgettable images. Seriously, just do yourself a favor and download this book. It’s available for free on her website. You’re welcome.

Ok, Book 5 and the most recent one. No one seems to know when Book 6 (The Winds of Winter, ooh, ominous) is coming. Everyone’s still scattered to the four winds: Jon Snow’s still in charge at the wall, but some people aren’t happy about that; Bran Stark (one of Ned’s younger ones, the one that was paralyzed by Jamie Lannister) is North of the Wall, being led by some creature (and I have theories about who that may be); the horrible Boltons are in the north-Winterfelly areas, being horrible (poor Jayne Poole); Theon Greyjoy has been through quite a bit, most of it deserved; Davos is alive and still working for Stannis; people want to go looking for little Rickon Stark (the baby) who may be hiding on an island somewhere; Cersei’s still in King’s Landing, paying penance for (some of) her bad deeds; Jamie’s working his redemption arc in the Riverlands; Tyrion’s back in the west with a potential Targaryen; Arya’s still in Braavos, learning to be faceless; Daenerys is having trouble with slaves, dragons, and a Dornish prince.

I’m sure there’s more, but I keep losing track. According to Wikipedia, this book is told from the point of view of 18 people. For comparison’s sake, the first book was told from the point of view of eight.

We’re left off with a number of cliffhangers, so we’re now stuck for as long as it takes. And from what I’m told, it might take a while. Martin’s teased us with a couple of chapters, just to keep us on tenterhooks. And there we shall remain.


Q:

How to permanently log in users with aws cognito on app like Facebook app

I am developing an app to use aws cognito to manage my user authentication. The way I understand is, once authenticated, I will receive an access token and a refresh token. The access token is short-lived and I will have to use the refresh token to periodically get new ones. However, the problem I have is the refresh token also have an expiry date. What happen when the refresh token expires, do I ask users to log in again in the app? The Facebook app or the linkedin app seem to have users logged in permanently. Only a fresh re-install of the app would prompt users to log in again. One way I can think of is to keep the username and password saved in the app, but wouldn't that defeats the purpose of this token based authentication?
So, what is a correct way to permanently log in users like Facebook app?

A:

AWS documentation says

By default, the refresh token expires 30 days after the user authenticates. When you create an app for your user pool, you can set the app’s Refresh token expiration (days) to any value between 1 and 3650.

Expiration 3650 means about 10 years what you can pretty much regard as " forever".
Details here http://docs.aws.amazon.com/cognito/latest/developerguide/amazon-cognito-user-pools-using-tokens-with-identity-providers.html


Newcrest Mining is reviewing the future of some of its mines, as the recent plunge in the gold price continues to take a toll on the nation's fourth-biggest mineral export industry.

Newcrest was one of several ASX-listed goldminers to reveal March-quarter results on Tuesday, and the publication of production costs revealed that numerous mines across Australasia are unprofitable at current gold prices.

The gold price is hurting many miners. Credit:Arsineh Houspian

While Newcrest's biggest mines are low cost, its portfolio includes stakes in high-cost mines such as Papua New Guinea's Hidden Valley, which the company owns in partnership with Harmony Gold.

Tuesday's report revealed that ''all in'' costs for the mine were $2268 an ounce during the March quarter; drastically higher than the $US1410 that gold was fetching on Tuesday evening. Newcrest said a program to improve performance and ''assess the future'' of the mine was under way with ''considerable focus''.


Seminal elastase-inhibitor complex, a marker of genital tract inflammation, and negative IVF outcome measures: role for a silent inflammation?
There is no consensus on whether and how male genital tract inflammation affects sperm fertilizing potential. The aims of this prospective study were to evaluate the elastase-inhibitor complex in seminal plasma (s-EI) level, a marker of male genital tract inflammation, in men undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) having no clinical signs of inflammation, and its association with semen characteristics, and the predictive role of s-EI for the outcome of IVF in terms of fertilization, embryo development to the blastocyst stage and pregnancy. The study involved 104 male partners of infertile couples with normal spermiogram undergoing IVF. On the day of oocyte retrieval, spermiogram and s-EI assessment using homogeneous immunoassay were performed. The outcome of IVF according to the s-EI level was assessed in 85 cycles with two or more oocytes. In 67 cycles embryos were cultured to the blastocyst stage. Spearman's and Pearson's correlation tests, chi-square test, and multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used for statistical evaluation. Increased s-EI level (> or =250 microg/L) was detected in semen of 32% of men, and in 24% of men without leucocytospermia. We found an association between the s-EI level and semen leucocytes (r = 0.49, p = 0.004) but not with classical sperm characteristics. No correlation between the s-EI level and fertilization was observed. Increased s-EI levels were associated with a poorer blastocyst development rate (p = 0.03) and a higher number of arrested embryos (p = 0.04). Extended embryo culture to the blastocyst stage shows a negative effect of clinically silent male genital tract inflammation on embryo developmental potential.


More than five years after the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded off the Louisiana coast, killing 11 workers and sending more than 134 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, a portion of the billions of dollars in settlement money with oil giant BP and others is slowly starting to reach 23 Florida counties.

The counties stretch from Escambia on the western edge of the Panhandle to Monroe County on the southern tip of the Florida peninsula, all economic victims of the worst environmental disaster in U.S. history.

The 23 counties' ideas for spending their oil spill windfalls vary widely. From preserving bird habitat in the Everglades to boat ramps and waterfront parks in the Panhandle, county leaders are in the midst of deciding what to do with their share of a more than $20 billion settlement.

___

THE FLORIDA PLAYERS

Eight Panhandle counties that saw oil, tar mats and tar balls on their beaches will get a greater share of the money. Those are Escambia, Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla. The other 15 counties are: Jefferson, Taylor, Dixie, Levy, Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Hillsborough, Pinellas, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte, Lee, Collier and Monroe.

Environmental groups including Audubon Florida and The Nature Conservancy are monitoring county projects and spearheading others in conjunction with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.

Triumph Gulf Coast, a nonprofit organization created to address economic losses sustained in the spill, will use settlement money to help diversify the economy of northwest Florida.

___

THE MONEY

Five Gulf Coast states — Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and Florida — are sharing in more than $20 billion in funds from oil giants BP, Transocean and Halliburton and others who reached settlements with the state and federal regulators after years of complicated litigation. Most of the money will come from BP and will be paid out over 17 years.

In Florida, Triumph Gulf Coast will oversee about the bulk of a $2 billion between the state and BP for economic damages created by the spill.

The 23 Florida counties will split about $308 million in direct restitution from BP, with 75 percent of that money going to the five Panhandle counties most affected by the spill. The counties already have access to about $45 million in settlement money paid earlier by Transocean.

___

THE PROJECTS

Most of the 23 Florida counties are in the midst of finalizing plans on how to spend their share of the money.

In Escambia County, which saw the heaviest oil wash ashore, money has already been used to improve a public marina and park, build boat ramps, salvage oyster beds and restore beaches. Grover Robinson, chairman of the Escambia County Commission and head of the Florida's 23-county oil spill consortium, said the county hopes to do projects that improve the region's water quality and ecosystem for future generations.

"We also hope to do things that will help diversify our local economy beyond the tourist sector because we learned during the spill how dependent we are on tourism," he said.

While the counties have not finalized their plans many have indicated priorities.

Hillsborough County commissioners voted to wait at least a year before spending any settlement money. The vote was intended to make sure the money went for the best use rather than filling routine budget gaps. Tampa Mayor Bob Buckhorn said in July he wants his region's settlement money to have an impact for generations to come.

Monroe County, which covers the Keys, hopes to use some money to help preserve its threatened coral reefs. Another Florida project includes bird habitat preservation in Everglades National Park.

Darryl Boudreau, director of local government relations for The Nature Conservancy in Florida, said he is encouraged by many of the projects being considered by the counties and the work they are putting into the planning process.

"From what I have seen, everyone involved is taking this very seriously," he said. "It is not crystal clear yet how all of the money is going to be handled and there are a lot of competing interests, but we are seeing a commitment to investing in projects that provide long-term benefits for the region."


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Genome-wide identification and characterization of odorant-binding protein (OBP) genes in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae).
Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector. Insect odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) may function in the reception of odorants in the olfactory system. The classification and characterization of the An. sinensis OBP genes have not been systematically studied. In this study, 64 putative OBP genes were identified at the whole-genome level of An. sinensis based on the comparison between OBP conserved motifs, PBP_GOBP, and phylogenetic analysis with An. gambiae OBPs. The characterization of An. sinensis OBPs, including the motif's conservation, gene structure, genomic organization and classification, were investigated. A new gene, AsOBP73, belonging to the Plus-C subfamily, was identified with the support of transcript and conservative motifs. These An. sinensis OBP genes were classified into three subfamilies with 37, 15 and 12 genes in the subfamily Classic, Atypical and Plus-C, respectively. The genomic organization of An. sinensis OBPs suggests a clustered distribution across nine different scaffolds. Eight genes (OBP23-28, OBP63-64) might originate from a single gene through a series of historic duplication events at least before divergence of Anopheles, Culex and Aedes. The microsynteny analyses indicate a very high synteny between An. sinensis and An. gambiae OBPs. OBP70 and OBP71 earlier classified under Plus-C in An. gambiae are recognized as belonging to the group Obp59a of the Classic subfamily, and OBP69 earlier classified under Plus-C has been moved to the Atypical subfamily in this study. The study established a basic information frame for further study of the OBP genes in insects as well as in An. sinensis.


Q:

MySQL / PHP - How to match an author id to a user id and display username

another question. I need to display a username and so what I'm doing is getting the author id (which is '1'), and then using a query saying get the username from the users table where the author id is the same as the user id.
My problem is that I'm getting the value of '1' returned as I've said above and the following is my code. Am I missing something here or...?
 $users = mysqli_query($sql, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE userid = '$authorid'") or die($users . "<br/>" . mysqli_error($sql));

 while($userData = mysqli_fetch_array($users)) {
    $postAuthor = $usersData['username'];
}

Edit 1
I said also mention the above information should show the name 'Dan'.
The user 'Dan' has a user id of 1 should the author id should be 1 (which it is) from the post row. This is the only use of anything to do with the user table so it's not being overridden anywhere. I'm so confused.

A:

This should have been an error:
while($userData = mysqli_fetch_array($users)) {
       ^^ no s
    $postAuthor = $usersData['username'];
                    ^^ used different variable name
}

Note: Use prepared statements also in this case, you're using mysqli anyways.
$select = $sql->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE userid = ?");
$select->bind_param('i', $author_id);
$select->execute();
$results = $select->get_result();

while($userData = $results->fetch_assoc()) {
    $postAuthor = $userData['username'];
}


207 F.2d 832
CITY OF ERLANGERv.BERKEMEYER et al.
No. 11656.
United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit.
May 11, 1953.
Rehearing Denied September 15, 1953.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED Ralph P. Rich, Covington, Ky., and Ervin L. Bramlage, Cincinnati, Ohio, on the brief, for appellant.
Peck, Shaffer & Williams, Per Frank H. Shaffer, Jr., John Colville Taylor and Walter E. Beckjord, Cincinnati, Ohio, on the brief, for appellee, Weil, Roth & Irving.
William J. Deupree and William J. Deupree, Jr., Covington, Ky., on the brief, for appellee, John D. Exterkamp.
Before ALLEN, MARTIN and MILLER, Circuit Judges.
MILLER, Circuit Judge.

1
This action was brought by the appellee, Raymond J. Berkemeyer, to enforce collection of past due principal and interest, of certain sewer revenue bonds alleged to have been issued by the appellant, City of Erlanger, payment of which had been refused. The appellee, John D. Exterkamp, intervened as the holder of certain bonds of the same issue. Appellant contended that the bonds had not been legally issued. The District Court upheld the validity of the bonds, from which ruling this appeal was taken.

2
The Town of Erlanger, then a municipal corporation of the sixth class, but now a city of the fourth class under the name of City of Erlanger, after duly providing by ordinance for the improvement of certain streets by the construction of sanitary sewers under the provisions of §§ 2741L-1 to 2741L-43, Carroll's Ky. Statutes, 1936 Ed., adopted ordinance No. 583 on March 5, 1936, which was thereafter amended on May 13, 1936, for the purpose of defraying the cost of construction and erection of the sewer system. The ordinance provided that there should be issued bonds of said town in the principal amount of $150,000 bearing date of March 15, 1936, with each of said bonds in the denomination of $1,000, bearing interest at the rate of not to exceed 6% per annum payable semi-annually on the 15th of March and September of each year, commencing September 1, 1936, with $5,000 of the principal of said bonds maturing on the 15th of March for each year from 1939 through 1968. It further provided that there should be set aside from all revenue and receipts from the sanitary sewer system a certain amount each year in monthly installments to be paid into a sinking fund to be used for the payment of principal and interest. Pursuant to the ordinance, $150,000 face value of bonds were printed and executed by the Mayor and the Town Clerk of the Town of Erlanger.

3
The construction of the sewer system was being done by Coolsaet Brothers Corporation, contractor, under written contract approved by the Town Board on November 22, 1935. The contractor encountered financial difficulty with a resulting delay in the construction work, and an attempt was made to have the Board of Trustees deliver certain of the bonds to the contractor in payment on the contract obligation. The appellees, owner of the bonds involved in this litigation, contend that a resolution authorizing the delivery of the entire issue to the contractor was adopted by the Board on June 4, 1936, and that the bonds were so delivered in payment for his construction work. The appellant denies that any such resolution was ever adopted by the Board and contends that the delivery of the bonds to anyone was never authorized by the Board, and that in the absence of such an authorized delivery the bonds were not legally issued and never became legal obligations of the Town. This issue will be disposed of first.

4
At the trial the complainants and intervenor proved possession and non-payment of the past due bonds and interest coupons and rested their cases. The appellant introduced the minutes of the Board at its meeting on June 4, 1936, which did not disclose the passage of the ordinance relied upon by the appellees. It also introduced other evidence tending to show that no such ordinance was ever adopted. The appellees introduced what purported to be a typewritten copy of the ordinance of June 4, 1936, which had been delivered by the City Attorney of the Town of Erlanger to a firm of lawyers in Cincinnati, Ohio, which was passing on the validity of the bond issue, which copy was certified by the City Attorney as a true and correct copy of the ordinance passed by the Board on June 4, 1936. The District Court received in evidence over objection of the appellant, this purported copy of the ordinance, and held that pursuant to said ordinance all of the bonds had been legally delivered by officials of the Town of Erlanger in good faith and for value to the President of the Coolsaet Corporation, and that the bonds were enforceable obligations in the hands of the present holders. The appellant contends that under the settled law of Kentucky such evidence was not competent, and that the appellees failed to prove the passage of an ordinance providing for the delivery of the bonds, which was necessary for their validity.

5
We are of the opinion that the evidence was improperly received by the District Court. It appears to be the well settled rule in Kentucky that a city council can speak only by its records and that when the record is produced, parol evidence is inadmissible to supply omissions or to contradict its provisions. Dunn v. City of Cadiz, 140 Ky. 217, 130 S.W. 1089; Spalding v. City of Lebanon, 156 Ky. 37, 160 S.W. 751, 49 L.R.A.,N.S., 387; City of Highland Park v. Reker, 173 Ky. 206, 190 S.W. 706; Baker v. Kelly, 226 Ky. 1, 4, 10 S.W.2d 467. See City of Evarts v. Fuller, 261 Ky. 47, 49, 86 S.W.2d 1058; Fidelity & Deposit Company of Maryland v. Commonwealth, for Use of City of Jackson, 252 Ky. 476, 479, 67 S.W.2d 719; Dance v. Board of Education, 296 Ky. 67, 69, 176 S.W.2d 90. The facts in Baker v. Kelly, supra, are somewhat similar to those in the present case, in that in that case there was offered in evidence an attested copy of the proceedings of the City Council which the City Clerk had delivered to an attorney who was testing the validity of the bonds. The evidence was held incompetent, the Court pointing out that the attestation of the copy by the City Clerk was not the proper certification required by the statute to make such records admissible in evidence. Likewise in the present case, the certification by the City Attorney is not authorized by statute and does not make the copy admissible in evidence as a properly certified copy under § 422.020 (3) or § 86.100(2) Ky. Revised Statutes.

6
The District Judge was of the view that the record of the resolution calling for the delivery of the bonds to the contractor had in some manner disappeared from the records and the books of the Town of Erlanger, and that secondary evidence was admissible to supply the lost record. Appellees rely upon the rule to that effect, which appears to be well recognized in Kentucky. Eversole v. Baker, 217 Ky. 15, 20, 288 S.W. 758; Commonwealth ex rel. Love v. Reynolds, 284 Ky. 809, 814-816, 146 S.W.2d 41; Kissel-Skiles Co. v. Neff, 232 Ky. 825, 834, 24 S.W.2d 588; Belcher's Adm'r v. Belcher, 55 S.W. 693, 21 Ky.Law Rep. 1460. The rule in such cases is applicable to a situation where the record itself has been lost or destroyed and such lost record is reproduced in its entirety under the well accepted best evidence rule. In the present case, the record of the proceedings of the Board was not lost or destroyed, but on the contrary was available, and appellees' efforts were an attempt to contradict or vary the written record rather than an attempt to reproduce it.

7
Irrespective of any failure to prove an authorized delivery of the bonds to Coolsaet Brothers, appellees contend that the bonds were negotiable in character and in the hands of a holder in due course are enforceable against the City. Appellant contends that the bonds were not negotiable in character, and that even if negotiable in character the defense of illegality in their issuance can be maintained against the appellees.

8
Under the Negotiable Instrument Act, an instrument to be negotiable must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum certain in money. An order or promise to pay out of a particular fund is not unconditional. §§ 3720b-1, 3720b-3, Carroll's Ky.Statutes, 1936 Ed., which were the statutory provisions in effect in 1936. The bonds, which were payable only from revenue derived from the sewer system did not qualify as negotiable instruments under these sections of the statute. See Pulaski County v. Ben Hur Life Association, 286 Ky. 119, 125-126, 149 S.W.2d 738. However, irrespective of such a conditional promise to pay, the Legislature can provide that such instruments be negotiable in character. Hunter v. City of Louisville, 208 Ky. 326, 270 S.W. 841; Pulaski County v. Ben Hur Life Association, supra, 286 Ky. at pages 130-131, 149 S.W.2d at pages 743, 744. Section 2741L-5, Carroll's Ky.Statutes, 1936 Ed., which authorizes a city of the sixth class to establish a sewer system and to issue bonds for the purpose of defraying the cost, provides "Any and all such bonds shall have and are hereby declared to have in the hands of bona fide holders all of the qualities of negotiable instruments under the law merchant, and shall not be subject to taxation. * * *" The bonds referred on their face to this Act of the Legislature. Appellant contends that the proper construction of this statutory provision is not that the bonds are negotiable instruments, but that they have the qualities of negotiable instruments "in the hands of bona fide holders", and that with respect to the bonds and coupons involved in this litigation, the present holders, who acquired them after maturity or without consideration, are not bona fide holders, even though they may have acquired them from one who was a bona fide holder. Bank of Willard v. Pennsylvania & Kentucky Fire Brick Co., 175 Ky. 192, 194 S.W. 110, L.R.A.1918E, 165. Such a construction fails to give effect to another section of the Negotiable Instrument Act which provides that "a holder who derives his title through a holder in due course, and who is not himself a party to any fraud or illegality affecting the instrument, has all the rights of such former holder in respect of all parties prior to the latter." § 3720b-58 Carroll's Ky.Statutes, 1936 Ed.; § 356.058 Ky. Revised Statutes. This section of the statute was not referred to in the Bank of Willard case, supra. We are of the opinion, and so hold that the bonds are negotiable in character and that the holders of the bonds and coupons, even though not holders in due course themselves, have the same rights with respect to such bonds and coupons as had been previously acquired by their predecessors in title. Citizens' Trust & Guaranty Co. v. Hays, 167 Ky. 560, 566, 180 S.W. 811; Thomas v. Siddens, 261 Ky. 613, 88 S.W.2d 277. It becomes necessary then to determine if the appellees or their predecessors in title, were holders in due course.

9
The evidence shows that the City Attorney of the Town of Erlanger delivered 22 of the bonds to two men named Zumstein and Smith, who represented that they could raise some money for the appellant on the bonds at the Ft. Thomas Bank, that the bonds were thereafter pledged by Zumstein and Smith to the Ft. Thomas Bank as collateral on notes, executed by them, and that the Town of Erlanger did not receive any of the proceeds of these loans by the bank.

10
The District Judge made no findings with respect to these loans, but the documentary evidence indicates the following. On December 23, 1936, two bonds were pledged to the Bank on a note for $1,000. Another loan in the amount of $2,000 was made on February 11, 1937, which was secured by three of the bonds. On other loans, two bonds were pledged on February 13, 1937, two on March 25, 1937, three on May 12, 1937, two on May 15, 1937, two on June 30, 1937. The Bank purchased two bonds on April 22, 1937. Some payments were made on the indebtedness. The unpaid balance on September 6, 1938, was $5,389. On November 14, 1938, the Bank charged off $1,000 of the indebtedness. Following a small final payment on May 16, 1939, the unpaid balance was $4,371. On June 6, 1939, the Bank charged off additional notes in the total amount of $3,800, leaving an unpaid balance on its books of $571. Thereafter on September 12, 1945, the Bank sold to the appellees, The Weil, Roth and Irving Company, dealers in municipal bonds in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Raymond J. Berkemeyer, its cashier, the bonds which they are now seeking to enforce. Their claim is for past due interest on nine bonds, represented by coupons which fell due on September 15, 1937 and thereafter, and for the principal on four of the bonds, two of which fell due on March 15, 1942 and 1943, and two of which, being the two which the Bank purchased, fell due on March 15, 1945.

11
The evidence also shows that the City Attorney delivered twenty-five bonds to the contractor, Coolsaet Brothers, to enable him to raise some money on them in Detroit under an agreement that they were not to be used until the Board passed the ordinance authorizing the delivery. There is only hearsay evidence concerning the possible return of these bonds to the City. But there is evidence that Coolsaet Brothers rented from John G. Exterkamp, father of the appellee John D. Exterkamp, certain equipment which he used in his construction work, and that he made the final payment on his indebtedness to the senior Exterkamp by a delivery of the bonds now owned by the son, who acquired them by inheritance following the death of the senior Exterkamp in 1942. The claim of Exterkamp is for past due interest coupons on five bonds, none of which are due as to principal, represented by 157 coupons falling due on September 15, 1936, and semi-annually thereafter.

12
The District Judge found that John G. Exterkamp received his five $1,000 bonds for work, labor and material of like value performed in the construction of the sewers in the Town of Erlanger, under contract with Coolsaet Brothers, the original contractor, and that the intervening petitioner John D. Exterkamp was the bona fide holder and owner of the bonds he is seeking to enforce in this action. He also found that two of the bonds herein sued on, each due March 15, 1945, were purchased by the Bank for value; that the other seven bonds came into the possession of the Bank as collateral on notes held by that bank; that said transactions occurred in 1936 and 1937 prior to the maturity of the bonds; that the bank took the bonds in good faith and for value without notice of any infirmity or defect in the title of the persons negotiating them; that the bonds were purchased from the Bank by Weil, Roth and Irving Company in September, 1945; that the purchaser was not a party to any fraud or illegality affecting the bonds; that the Bank was a holder in due course of said bonds; and that Weil, Roth and Irving Company acquired all the rights of the Bank in the bonds.

13
These findings and conclusions are supported by the evidence hereinabove briefly reviewed, with the following exception. With respect to the seven bonds acquired by the Bank as pledgee, it was a holder in due course only to the extent of the amount due the bank, which indebtedness the pledge secured. Thomas v. Siddens, 261 Ky. 613, 617, 88 S.W. 2d 277. Upon remand of the case, the District Judge will make a finding on this factual issue, hearing additional testimony if necessary.

14
Appellant challenges the conclusions drawn by the District Judge from the facts, on the ground that the failure to prove the passage of an ordinance authorizing sale or delivery of the bonds is such an inherent defect in the validity of the bonds that it is available as a defense even against a holder in due course. It relies upon the rule that a failure on the part of a municipality to comply with the constitutional or statutory provisions governing the issuance of bonds will invalidate the bonds; City of Newport v. Newport National Bank, 148 Ky. 213, 217, 146 S.W. 377; City of Louisville v. Parsons, 150 Ky. 420, 150 S.W. 498; City of Princeton v. Princeton Electric Light & Power Co., 166 Ky. 730, 741, 179 S.W. 1074; Payne v. City of Covington, 276 Ky. 380, 388, 123 S. W.2d 1045, 122 A.L.R. 321; and that such invalidity can be asserted against a subsequent purchaser for value before maturity. Pulaski County v. Ben Hur Life Association, supra, 286 Ky. 119, 127, 149 S.W.2d 738; Women's Catholic Order of Foresters v. Trigg County, D.C. W.D.Ky., 38 F.Supp. 398. See also Levy v. Doerhoefer's Ex'r, 188 Ky. 413, 222 S.W. 515, 11 A.L.R. 207; Whitaker v. Smith, 255 Ky. 339, 73 S.W.2d 1105, 95 A.L.R. 727. In such instances the invalidity results from the fact that the ordinance authorizing the issue is invalid because it was not properly advertised, or that it was not read at more than one meeting, or that it did not contain certain provisions with respect to the interest rate or other conditions of the bonds, or that it created a debt which exceeded the debt limitation. In the present case, no attack is made upon the validity of Ordinance No. 583, which authorized the issuance of the bonds. Pursuant to it the bonds were printed and duly executed by the authorized officials. Delivery for consideration was all that was necessary to change the authorized liability into an actual liability. Although appellees failed to prove an authorized delivery pursuant to a duly adopted ordinance, it does not follow that the bonds are invalid in the hands of a holder in due course.

15
Some of the cases involving the validity of Kentucky municipal or county bonds in the hands of holders in due course, heretofore considered by this Court, have been decided on the ground of estoppel. First Trust Co. of St. Paul v. County Board of Education, 6 Cir., 78 F.2d 114; Pulaski County, Ky. v. Eichstaedt, 6 Cir., 110 F.2d 79; Knott County v. Aid Ass'n for Lutherans, 6 Cir., 140 F.2d 630. These cases involved bonds issued prior to the enactment in 1934 of § 1649c-1, Carroll's Ky. Statutes, now § 422.140, Ky. Revised Statutes, which limited the application of the doctrine of estoppel. See Women's Catholic Order of Foresters v. Carroll County, D.C.E.D.Ky., 34 F.Supp. 140; Women's Catholic Order of Foresters v. Trigg County, D.C.W.D.Ky., 38 F. Supp. 398. We are not advised by any Kentucky decisions, which have come to our attention, of what effect, if any, such legislation would have in a case like the present one involving bonds issued in 1936. In any event, the appellees did not plead estoppel. City of Hazard v. Duff, 295 Ky. 628, 634, 175 S.W.2d 146; Matthews v. Hudson, 308 Ky. 39, 213 S.W.2d 424. The case was not tried in the District Court on the theory of estoppel, and the District Judge made no ruling with respect thereto. The present appeal does not present the question to us. Helvering v. Wood, 309 U.S. 344, 348, 349, 60 S.Ct. 551, 84 L.Ed. 796; De Waters v. Macklin Co., 6 Cir., 167 F.2d 694, 699.

16
However, the necessary valid delivery is established in another way. Under the Negotiable Instrument Act, where the instrument is in the hands of a holder in due course, a valid delivery thereof by the maker is conclusively presumed. § 356.016, Ky. Revised Statutes; Baskett v. Ohio Valley Banking & Trust Co., 214 Ky. 41, 44, 281 S.W. 1022. Nor is lack or failure of consideration a valid defense against such a holder. § 356.028, Ky. Revised Statutes; Berryman v. Harris, 196 Ky. 21, 244 S.W. 68; Baskett v. Ohio Valley Banking & Trust Co., supra, 214 Ky. at page 44, 281 S.W. at page 1023.

17
Appellant contends that the section of the statute above referred to, and the general rule applicable to a holder in due course of a stolen negotiable instrument, do not apply where the instrument has been stolen from the maker before delivery, which it claims is the situation in the present case. See Annotations, 1 A.L.R. 717, 85 A.L.R. 357; 102 A.L.R. 28; Germania Savings Bank v. Village of Suspension Bridge, 73 Hun 590, 26 N.Y.S. 98. The present case is not strictly that type of case, but, even if so considered, it appears that the weight of authority holds that the statute is applicable and a holder in due course is protected. City of Newport Richey v. Fidelity & Deposit Co., 5 Cir., 105 F.2d 348, 350, 123 A.L.R. 1352; Cohn v. City of Taunton, 303 Mass. 182, 21 N.E.2d 281; Angus v. Downs, 85 Wash. 75, 147 P. 630, L.R.A.1915E, 351; Schaeffer v. Marsh, 90 Misc. 307, 153 N.Y.S. 96; Perlmutter v. R. & K. Leather Goods Co., Sup., 54 N.Y.S.2d 539; American Express Co. v. Anadarko, etc., 179 Okl. 606, 67 P.2d 55, 110 A.L.R. 972; Shipley v. Carroll, 45 Ill. 285; Clarke v. Johnson, 54 Ill. 296; Rainier v. LaRue, 83 Ind.App. 28, 147 N.E. 312; Ronede v. Jersey City, Fed.Cas.No.12,031a.

18
In the present case, the bonds were not stolen, but there was an unauthorized delivery by a city official, who along with others had access to the bonds, and who was trying unsuccessfully to sell them in an effort to carry out the purpose of the bond issue. Such facts present even a stronger case in favor of the holder in due course. We are of the opinion that in the hands of a holder in due course, the statute is applicable, and a valid delivery by the maker is conclusively presumed. Citizens' Savings Bank v. Town of Greenburgh, 173 N.Y. 215, 65 N.E. 978; Buzzell v. Tobin, 201 Mass. 1, 86 N.E. 923; Borough of Montvale v. People's Bank, 74 N.J.L. 464, 67 A. 67; Town of Newbern v. National Bank, 6 Cir., 234 F. 209, 220-221, L.R.A.1917B, 1019; City of Newport Richey v. Fidelity & Deposit Co., supra; Cohn v. City of Taunton, supra. See also Pulaski County, Ky. v. Eichstaedt, 6 Cir., 110 F.2d 79; Cooke v. United States, 91 U.S. 389, 403-404, 23 L.Ed. 237.

19
Since the bonds are payable from the revenues of the Sewer System and are not obligations of the appellant, the appellees prayed for the appointment of a receiver to operate the Sewer System and to apply the revenue therefrom to the payment of the bonds. Appellant considered the action as one equitable in nature, and pleaded laches on the part of the appellees as a defense. The District Judge ruled that whether the case rested in law or in equity, the appellees were not guilty of laches, nor had any statute of limitations run against them affecting the relief granted, and appointed a receiver. Appellant contends that this action was erroneous in view of the fact that in setting up the sewer system it did not establish a system of rents and charges to pay these bonds, and had in December, 1938, repealed the ordinance which authorized the issuance of the bonds, and that the long delay in instituting this action on February 21, 1950, was prejudicial to the intervening rights of purchasers of the property served by the Sewer System. Card Creek Coal Co. v. Cline, 305 Ky. 473, 204 S.W.2d 571; Louisville Asphalt Co. v. Cobb, 310 Ky. 126, 220 S. W.2d 110, 8 A.L.R.2d 981. Delay, even though unreasonable, does not of itself constitute laches. Laches includes bad faith, silence or delay. Wisdom's Adm'r v. Sims, etc., 284 Ky. 258, 263-266, 144 S.W.2d 232. The evidence does not show that either of the appellees or their predecessors in title ever acquiesced in appellant's assertion that the bonds were invalid, or represented that they did not intend to enforce them. Only four of the fourteen bonds herein involved had matured when this action was filed, none of them being included in the claim of Exterkamp, and these four did not mature until 1942-1945. Appellant has had for many years the use and benefit of the work and material which Coolsaet Brothers contributed to the project without making any payment therefor. The present bonds are but a small portion of the total. The question of laches was addressed to the discretion of the District Judge, and will not be disturbed unless it is so clearly wrong as to amount to an abuse of discretion. Robert Hind, Limited, v. Silva, 9 Cir., 75 F.2d 74, 78; Laursen v. O'Brien, 7 Cir., 90 F.2d 792, 795. No such abuse is shown in the present case.

20
Appellant contends that the five-year statute of limitations, dealing with actions upon promissory notes negotiated before maturity, is applicable to the two bonds which matured in 1942 and 1943 and to the coupons which fell due more than five years before the suit was filed. § 413.120(8), Ky. Revised Statutes; Thomas v. Siddens, 261 Ky. 613, 88 S.W.2d 277; Redding v. Main, 303 Ky. 41, 44, 196 S.W.2d 887. The Kentucky statute of limitations applies to equitable actions as well as to legal actions. Ferguson v. Covington & C. El. R. & Transfer & Bridge Co., 108 Ky. 662, 671, 57 S.W. 460; Pond Creek Coal Co. v. Hatfield, 6 Cir., 239 F. 622, 626. But it must be pleaded. City of Hazard v. Duff, 295 Ky. 628, 634, 175 S.W.2d 146; Matthews v. Hudson, 308 Ky. 39, 213 S.W.2d 424. It is probable that the question is raised by the plea of laches, under which a court of equity in an equitable action will by analogy apply the statute of limitations if the statutory period has run. Ewin v. Ware, 2 B.Mon. 65, 41 Ky. 65; Gover's Adm'r v. Dunagan, 299 Ky. 38, 40-41, 184 S.W.2d 225; Dixie Margarine Co. v. Shaefer, 6 Cir., 139 F.2d 221, 224. However, we are of the opinion that the action, not seeking to enforce a financial obligation against the appellant, but being essentially one against the appellant for breach of its written obligation to collect revenues from the sewer system and to apply them to the payment of the bonds, is controlled by the fifteen-year limitation as provided by § 413.090(2), Ky. Revised Statutes. City of Corbin v. Becker, 297 Ky. 485, 487, 180 S.W.2d 419. The coupons partake of the same nature and are governed by the same statute. City of Lexington v. Butler, 14 Wall. 282, 296, 20 L.Ed. 809; Amy v. City of Dubuque, 8 Otto 470, 474, 25 L.Ed. 228. The District Judge was correct in rejecting the defense of limitations.

21
The judgment, as so modified, is affirmed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings in connection with the receivership.