Venlafaxine exhibits pre-clinical antidepressant activity in the resident-intruder social interaction paradigm.
Venlafaxine, a novel 2-phenyl-2-(1-hydroxycycloalkyl) ethylamine, is a potent inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline reuptake and exhibits a profile of activity in pre-clinical in vitro biochemical studies predictive of antidepressant activity. The studies described here examined the effects of acute and chronic treatment with venlafaxine on the behaviour of resident rats confronted with an unfamiliar, non-treated, intruder conspecific. Ethological analysis of the social encounters revealed that acute, subcutaneous, treatment with venlafaxine, 20-180 mumol kg-1, induced a selective, dose-related, reduction in aggressive behaviour (ID50 = 24.87 mumol kg-1) concomitant with increased flight behaviour. In contrast, chronic treatment with venlafaxine, 20 mumol kg-1 day-1, via subcutaneously-implanted osmotic mini-pumps, induced a marked elevation in aggressive behaviour concomitant with reduced flight behaviour. These diametrically opposite effects of acute and chronic venlafaxine treatment on the agonistic behaviour of resident rats are consistent with the behavioural effects of similar treatment regimes previously identified for a range of antidepressant drugs that differ widely in their acute pharmacology. These data strongly support the potential antidepressant activity of venlafaxine and are consistent with the results of recent clinical trials which demonstrate that venlafaxine exhibits significant antidepressant activity.


Tuesday, August 26, 2014

It was Samuel Johnson, in his poem "The Vanity of Human Wishes," who used the phrase, "To point a moral or adorn a tale." D.H. Lawrence quoted the line and pointed out that often the (author's) moral pointed one way and the tale another (think of the famous example of Milton's Paradise Lost). "Never trust the author, trust the tale!" says Lawrence. Fr. Barron makes a similar point about Allen, his bleak vision, and his art: Don't trust the auteur, trust the film!

Friday, August 15, 2014

Can Christians ever be victims of genocide? asks Professor Mark Movesesian over at First Things magazine. Not only President Obama and his people, but also Condoleeza Rice and policy elites more widely seem to have a blind spot when it comes to the world's most persecuted major religion. Nina Shea of the Hudson Institute reported that Rice's response to her attempts to draw the attention of the Bush Administration to the plight of Iraq's Christians was that assistance to Christians by the United States would appear sectarian. Britain's failure to defend the persecuted Christians in the Middle East has also been shameful.

When I posted a link to Movesesian's article on my Facebook page, my friend Dwayne Ryan Menezes, who is a director of the new London think tank, Human Security Centre and head of its Religion and Politics division, responded with this deeply moving and personal comment. Dr. Menezes' research interests are in Christianity in the non-Western world and Christians from the non-Western world in the West. Here he tells a story, too little understood in the West, about the meaning for Christians in many lands beyond the West of the embarrassed silence of Christians in face of anti-Christian persecution. It is a hostile, politically correct multiculturalism that is as insensitive as possible to persecuted minorities where these do not fit the dominant narrative.

This postmodern secularist pose of Western elites approves of every culture but its own, and values, in the name of diversity, every religion except those at the heart of its own culture and civilization, Christianity and Judaism. What Dwayne experienced in India, where he was born into a Catholic family of Indo-Portuguese descent, was rejection as a living reminder of empire, an attitude mirrored in the post-Christian, anti-Christian West, where he and others like him saw no support. "All we saw was the post-Christian garb of the West, a cultural hemisphere where Christians had been crushed into silence, embarrassment or apathy."

Here are his observations:

Aliens in Our Own Land: Persecution of Christians and Western Indifference

by Dwayne Ryan Menezes

The fear of 'appearing sectarian' or 'showing favouritism' is the poorest, the weakest and the most appalling excuse for not speaking up for a persecuted group in a distant land that happen to share your beliefs.

During the wave of intensified persecution of Christians in India in 2008, I had to head to Ottawa and Washington to get people to even listen to my concerns. It was only later - once the overseas Indian Christian diaspora was mobilised into action - that the West took some notice.

I shall never forget how despondent and frustrated I used to feel as the sole Christian in my school in India for 10 years. Throughout my childhood, you were accepted, but only to a point, and only so long as you surrendered to the expectations of the majority on the minority.

I shall never forget how it felt to be treated as an alien in one's own land, where I was expected to defend everything the West did as if being Christian made me its Ambassador, all while the same West appeared so removed from my plight, so beyond my reach, and so embarrassed and reluctant to come to my defence.

I will never forget the year 1999. I was 14 when the Australian missionary Graham Staines and his two boys were burned alive by a mob of 50 or so in Manoharpur, Orissa, while they were sleeping in their vehicle. His two boys - Philip (10) and Timothy (6) - were only a few years younger than me. I saw them in my dreams that night, their little hands tapping the window of their locked vehicle, summoning me to do something.

I remember the pain and confusion I felt in my 14-year-old heart when I saw people celebrating their demise and warning other Christians that the same fate would befall them. I remember some of my best friends remarking scornfully the next day, "You've still gone back to school? Haven't you learnt a lesson? Why don't you go back to Rome or London or Lisbon, wherever it is that you come from?"

I would have left, had I happened to have come from any of those places, but what could I do as one born into a Roman Catholic family in India of Indo-Portuguese descent? The West didn't want me, if at all they knew "my kind" existed. The Indians didn't want me, for they saw "my kind", quite literally, as the last, but living, vestiges of the empire. There I was: an alien in every land, a stranger to every people.

Perhaps there were people (like yourself) and organisations (like Christian Solidarity Worldwide) then who did indeed stand up for Christians like me, but how was I - a child born in distant India - supposed to know? All we saw was the post-Christian garb of the West, a cultural hemisphere where Christians had been crushed into silence, embarrassment or apathy.

If you are born a Muslim in India, you can at least tap into some sort of transnational Muslim community that is visibly and vocally attentive to your concerns. If someone in Denmark publishes a cartoon that Muslims find offensive, Muslims in lands as far as India will rise up in uproar. There is a sense of collective honour and collective responsibility, at least within some transnational sectarian communities.

We must not stigmatise Muslims for their transnational and trans-ethnic solidarity; we must learn from their example. We must put Christian teachings into practice, see (and not just call) ourselves a global 'community of the faithful', have a sense of transnational solidarity and responsibility, and set a 'Christian' example of how to respond to the challenges the most vulnerable among us face: a response borne in dignity, peace, love and humility.

Wednesday, August 13, 2014

Why on Earth would an officially atheist country’s ruling class decide to create a new theology? Furthermore, why on Earth would anyone listen to what that ruling class had to say? The answers to those two questions: to buttress their authority and because their people have to listen to what they say on fear of severe penalties, may give you a hint as to which country we’re talking about. Yes China! The Communist Party controlling China has decided that spying on the menstrual cycles of its citizens is no longer enough, now it is going to pronounce on theodicy, the problem of consciousness and the whether it is holy because God wills it, or whether God wills it because it is holy. According to the International Business Times:

“The [Chinese] government will create a “Chinese Christian Theology” to guide the practice of Christianity in the country, the China Daily reported Thursday. Although the government has yet to provide any details into what this new theology entails, its purpose is clear: Speaking to China Daily, Wang Zuo, director of the State Administration of Religious Affairs, said, ‘The construction of Chinese Christian Theology should adapt to China’s national condition and integrate with Chinese culture.’”

I always thought that Christianity was universal and that the state should have little to say about Christian practice, but I suppose Caesaropapism has a long history. I think the importance of this attempt at a new theology is that the Chinese government is worried about an “unguided” Christianity, a religion that is claiming more and more Chinese adherents:

“Since relaxing prohibitions on religious faith in 1982, the Chinese Communist Party now recognizes five official faiths: Protestantism, Catholicism, Taoism, Buddhism and Islam. Because much religious faith remains underground, it is difficult to establish the precise number of worshippers in China. But a 2007 survey estimated that 31 percent of the country’s population, a number exceeding 400 million people, practiced a religious faith of some kind. Each religion has an organized, government-sanctioned hierarchy that is headquartered in Beijing and under the direct supervision of the Chinese Communist Party.”

There have been other attempts that the government has taken over the years to ensure that religious belief is according to the government’s rules:

“In 2007, Beijing passed a law prohibiting Buddhists from reincarnation. (The government has thus far not revealed whether there have been any violations.) In Tibet, government minders have replaced monks as supervisors of Buddhist temples throughout the region, reversing a long-standing policy.

In the far-western Xinjiang region, whose 9 million ethnic Uighurs practice a mild form of Sunni Islam, Beijing limits permission of Muslims to make the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, while in July China banned fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. And this month, in Karamay, the local government said residents wearing Islamic clothing, and men wearing long beards, could not legally board city buses.”

It will be interesting to see what the Chinese government approved theology ends up looking like and to what extent it is followed by the various Christian denominations in China. Quite frankly I’m not surprised at the attempt to “de-fang” Christianity. The trouble for a totalitarian dictatorship is that the state is not able to tolerate a competitor for people’s affections and faith. Especially a competitor that presumes to judge the actions of the state and its officials according to a universal moral precept that isn’t that espoused by Marx, Lenin and Mao. The attempt to defang may be a bit late however:

“Still, in a country where Web searches for Jesus far outnumber those for President Xi Jinping, Beijing may have a major challenge on its hands.”

This article is published by Marcus Roberts and MercatorNet.com under a Creative Commons licence. You may republish it or translate it free of charge with attribution for non-commercial purposes following these guidelines. If you teach at a university we ask that your department make a donation. Commercial media must contact us for permission and fees. Some articles on this site are published under different terms.


Enthused by Madame Carven’s longstanding love of travelling, the new fragrance collection from the house captures seven olfactory journeys in seven singular, precious bottles. Paris-Bangalore is a hypnotic dance of clove leaves, a balance of Tolu balm and vanilla and the spell cast by sandalwood, tonka bean and amber.

COOKIES

Not the tasty variety you'll find in our Foodhall, but definitely important - wWe use cookies to offer you the best experience possible when shopping with us. Continue browsing if you're happy with our Privacy & Cookie Policy

Want to hear from us?

Our emails are filled with the latest fashion collections, events and offers at Selfridges, we may tailor emails and online advertising to the things you love so they are relevant to your location, what you've shown an interest in and the things you buy from us. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link in any email.


Armin Van Buuren performs at FUR Nightclub, which was sold to Skanska. (Courtesy of Glow Washington D.C.)

Skanska is planning a 300-plus apartment building to replace FUR and the parking lot next to it, as well as two office buildings to replace parking lots down the block.

Skanska first bought property along M Street NE between North Capitol and First streets early in 2011, when it acquired two sites that are currently parking lots. A previous owner marketed the development plans as Capitol Plaza II and III, but Skanska renamed the projects 44 and 88 M Street. The two office buildings Skanska plans could also be connected to attract one large user, said Robert Ward, executive vice president of Skanska USA Commercial Development Inc.

With the FUR Nightclub and the parking lot next door, Skanska is considering building its first Washington apartment building. Ward said it would be between 300 and 340 units and would likely be called 22 M Street. “That First and M intersection has become pretty active and nice,” he said. “I feel like that’s almost become sort of the main and main of NoMa.”

One other thing: Why are all the buildings named after addresses with repetitive numbers? Ward said it made the properties easy to locate and remember.

“There’s so many buildings that have constitution or capital, all those types of names in this city, that sometimes you get confused,” he said.


The purpose of this publication is to provide the elemental theoretical effects pertaining to inference principles in deductive formal structures. basic recognition is targeted on:• admissible or permissible inference ideas• the derivability of the admissible inference ideas• the structural completeness of logics• the bases for admissible and legitimate inference rules.There is specific emphasis on propositional non-standard logics (primary, superintuitionistic and modal logics) yet common logical final result kinfolk and classical first-order theories also are considered.The ebook is essentially self-contained and precise realization has been made to give the cloth in a handy demeanour for the reader. Proofs of effects, lots of which aren't on hand somewhere else, also are included.The ebook is written at a degree applicable for first-year graduate scholars in arithmetic or laptop technology. even if a few wisdom of user-friendly common sense and common algebra are worthwhile, the 1st bankruptcy contains all of the effects from common algebra and good judgment that the reader wishes. For graduate scholars in arithmetic and computing device technological know-how the publication is a superb textbook.

Genius mathematician, Dr. Dennis Shasha, the following units out his newest book-length mind-twister. made from many smaller segments, a few of which are solved by way of ten year-olds and a few that are more difficult, the detective paintings calls for not more than highschool geometry and junior highschool algebra.

The writer of the foreign bestseller The Pig that desires to Be Eaten and his fellow founding editor of The thinker? s journal have a few thought-provoking questions about your considering: Is what you suspect coherent and constant? or a jumble of contradictions? for those who may well layout a God, what might He, She, or it's like? and the way will you fare at the difficult terrain of ethics while your taboos are lower than the highlight?

Here are a dozen philosophical quizzes absolute to make armchair philosophers uncomfortably shift of their seats. The solutions will demonstrate what you actually imagine? and it could actually now not be what you concept. enjoyable, demanding, and astounding, this e-book will show you how to realize the you you by no means knew you have been.

The current quantity has its starting place in a gathering of philosophers, linguists and cognitive scientists that used to be held at Umea college, Sweden, September 24-26, 1993. The assembly used to be geared up by way of the dep. of Philosophy in cooperation with the dept of Linguistics, and it was once known as UmLLI-93, the Umea Colloquium on Dynamic ways in common sense, Language and knowledge.

This paintings is dedicated to the isomorphism challenge for cut up Kac-Moody teams over arbitrary fields. This challenge seems to be a distinct case of a extra common challenge, which is composed in making a choice on homomorphisms of isotropic semi easy algebraic teams to Kac-Moody teams, whose photograph is bounded. considering that Kac-Moody teams own normal activities on dual constructions, and because their bounded subgroups may be characterised by means of fastened aspect homes for those activities, the latter is absolutely a pressure challenge for algebraic crew activities on dual structures.

Additional info for Admissibility of Logical Inference Rules

Example text

5 The matrix ~ i ( ~ ) is a characterizing matrix for the logic Proof. This is evident because by the definition every logic ~ is closed with respect to substitution. The calculation of the truth values of formulas in 9~L (A) is hampered if we have no knowledge beforehand about whether the formulas are actually theorems of ~. The Lindenbaum-Tarski matrix is very simple by definition but this matrix is little suited for real evaluations. Therefore it is desirable to find a more convenient and effective algebraic characterization of propositional logics.

H4. ~41 ~ F D ~ . That is, the property of a finite model being a submodel is expressible by an existential formula. Suppose/C is a class of algebraic systems in a signature ~, A/[ is an algebraic system in the same language. System M is said to be locally embedded in/C if the following holds. , an) - b. hA which is locally embeddable in IC is a member of IC. If L is a language then EL is the algebraic system of L, where ]EL] has only one element and where all the predicates relations in L are true in EL.

Am / fl be a rule in a language of a logic )~. (i) If ~ is an superintuitionistic logic then r is derivable in )~ iffK~ ~i A ... A ~n --+ fl; (ii) If )~ is a modal propositional logic over K 4 then r is derivable in )~ iffK~ e~l A ... A C~n A Oc~i A ... A Oc~n --+/3; Oii) If ~ is a modal propositional logic containing $4 then r is derivable in )~ ifft-~ o ~ l A ... A Oc~ --+/3; Proof. 10. 10. 4, there are admissible rules that are not derivable. We will pay more attention to this fact later.


Gift Cards

Express Order

Quaint colonial styling and a sleek, modern matte black finish make this lamp a winning addition to your décor! Your favorite pillar candle looks lovely at center stage behind six clear glass panels; just the right accent to make any evening into a special occasion.

This lamp is the perfect blend of modern and retro style! The textured ceramic white base is topped with a mod “pop art” shade with black graphics. This table lamp packs a big punch of graphic style with its woven-texture rectangular base and a mod shade with black square and circle graphics. It will brighten any room with its hip and contemporary style!


Leupeptin inhibits phospholipases D and C activation in rat hepatocytes.
The relationship between phospholipase D and C activation was studied in intact rat hepatocytes and rat liver plasma membranes. In intact hepatocytes, in the presence of ethanol, vasopressin, phorbol ester, and calcium independently stimulated phosphatidylethanol (PETH) formation, a specific marker of phospholipase D activity. Leupeptin (10-1500 microM) inhibited PETH formation induced by vasopressin, but was ineffective in response to phorbol ester or calcium. Leupeptin also inhibited the formation of inositol phosphates in intact cells in response to vasopressin. In liver plasma membranes, GTP[S] induced the production of phosphatidic acid and, in the presence of ethanol, PETH. Plasma membrane-associated phospholipase D did not require calcium and was insensitive to protein kinase C inhibitors. Leupeptin inhibited PETH formation in response to GTP[S]. The inhibition by leupeptin could be overcome by increasing the concentration of GTP[S]. In plasma membranes, the inhibitory effects of leupeptin on phospholipase D occurred at doses that far exceed those required to maximally inhibit proteolysis. These data highlight a central role for phospholipase C in the activation of phospholipase D, and a minor role for a direct G-protein activation. The findings also demonstrate a novel use of leupeptin as an inhibitor of phospholipases D and C, perhaps at the level of a G protein.


Jan Simons

Jan Simons (11 November 1925 – 7 May 2006) was a Canadian baritone, and music teacher and  administrator. Complementing a vocal performance career in Canada in the 1950s and 1960s, he was a member of the faculty of music at McGill University in Montreal and a long-time teacher and general director at the summer musical camp, CAMMAC.

Vocal studies
After emigrating from his native Germany, Simons studied voice with Emilio de Gogorza in New York, Leslie Holmes, Emmy Heim and Ernesto Vinci in Toronto, and Yvonne Rodd-Marling in London.

Performer

Simons specialized in lieder as well as oratorio, with live, radio, and televised performances in Canada, Europe, and Japan. His solo performances include the 1956 Canadian premiere of the ballet Dark Elegies by the National Ballet of Canada, set to music of Mahler's Kindertotenlieder, the Stratford Festival's first concert, and performances with the Montreal Bach Choir. He was also a founding member of the Festival Singers of Canada. He performed frequently with pianist Michael McMahon and on occasion with Gerald Moore, Glenn Gould and even Oscar Peterson.

Teacher

Simons taught voice in the Faculty of Music at McGill University from 1961 to 1993, continuing to teach song interpretation as well as vocal technique privately until his death. He also taught for periods of time at Montreal's Marianopolis College and Vanier College. Notable students who went on to vocal careers of their own include Stephanie Marshall, Matthew White, Olivier Laquerre, Michiel Schrey, and Daniel Taylor.

Simons also regularly taught amateurs, both privately, but especially at the summer music camp of Canadian Amateur Musicians/Musiciens Amateurs du Canada (CAMMAC), where he was on the faculty for over 50 years. He was director general for 30 years, long-time artistic advisor, and oversaw the yearly advanced voice studies programme as well as regular vocal training and song interpretation classes.

At various times, Simons was involved as an administrator or musical jury member for the Quebec Competitive Music Festival, the Juno Awards, the Quebec Opus Prize, and the Montreal Symphony Orchestra Voice Competition. Simons received the Opus Prix Hommage from the Conseil Québécois de la musique in 2005.

References
 Nadia Turbide and Sarah Church, '"Jan Simons", entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia. Downloaded 6 Jun 2011 from .
 Danielle Dubois, "Jan Simons - Winner of the 2005 prix Hommage", in La Scena Musicale, 15 Feb 2005. Downloaded 6 Jun 2011 from .
 Zarya Rubin, "Remembering Jan Simons", in La Scena Musicale, 16 May 2006. Downloaded 6 Jun 2011 from .
 Obituary of Jan Simons, The Montreal Gazette, 14 May 2006, page A14.

Category:Canadian operatic baritones
Category:1925 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:McGill University faculty
Category:20th-century Canadian singers
Category:20th-century opera singers
Category:20th-century male singers


/*
 * PRESS CTRL+F6 to run tests.
 *
 * When all tests pass you have written the Winner() method correctly.
 */
package tictactoe;

import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;

/**
 *
 * @author mafudge
 */
public class BoardTest {

    /**
     * Winner in first row
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerInFirstRow() {
        System.out.println("X Winner in 1st row");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                { Marker.X, Marker.X, Marker.X },
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY },
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY }
        });
        boolean expResult = true;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

    /**
     * Winner in second row
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerInSecondRow() {
        System.out.println("X Winner in 2nd row");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY },
                { Marker.X, Marker.X, Marker.X },
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY}
        });
        boolean expResult = true;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

    /**
     * Winner in third row
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerInThirdRow() {
        System.out.println("X Winner in 3rd row");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY },
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY} ,
                {Marker.X, Marker.X, Marker.X }
        });
        boolean expResult = true;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

    /**
     * Winner in first column
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerInFirstCol() {
        System.out.println("X Winner in 1st col");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                { Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY },
                {Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY },
                {Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY }
        });
        boolean expResult = true;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

    /**
     * Winner in second column
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerInSecondCol() {
        System.out.println("X Winner in 2nd col");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY },
                { Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY },
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY}
        });
        boolean expResult = true;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

    /**
     * Winner in third column
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerInThirdCol() {
        System.out.println("X Winner in 3rd col");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X },
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X} ,
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X }
        });
        boolean expResult = true;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

        /**
     * Winner on down angle
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerOnDownAngle() {
        System.out.println("X Winner on down angle");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                { Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY },
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY },
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X}
        });
        boolean expResult = true;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

    /**
     * Winner on up angle
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerOnUpAngle() {
        System.out.println("X Winner on up angle");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                {Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X },
                { Marker.EMPTY, Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY },
                {Marker.X, Marker.EMPTY, Marker.EMPTY}
        });
        boolean expResult = true;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

    /**
     * Winner == none
     */
    @Test
    public void testWinnerIsNoWinner() {
        System.out.println("There is no winner");
        Marker marker = Marker.X;
        Board instance = new Board(new Marker[][] {
                {Marker.O, Marker.X, Marker.X },
                {Marker.X, Marker.O, Marker.O} ,
                {Marker.X, Marker.O, Marker.X }
        });
        boolean expResult = false;
        boolean result = instance.Winner(marker) || instance.Winner(Marker.O);
        assertEquals(expResult, result);
    }

}


Treberth

Treberth is a suburb within the electoral ward of Ringland, Newport. Treberth used to be a Post War Development in Ringland, Newport until the prefabs were demolished and modern housing was built in its place many years after they had been built.

References

Category:Districts of Newport, Wales


Commercial, cargo, private, corporate and military aircraft rely extensively on both high pressure and low pressure hydraulic lines for their proper and safe operation. For instance, the control surfaces on high performance aircraft are mechanically actuated through hydraulic control systems. The extension and retraction of land gear are also typically hydraulically actuated. Further, many additional functions of an aircraft, some critical and some less than critical, are operative through hydraulics.
When a leak develops in fight critical hydraulic control systems, the associated aircraft is typically grounded until the leak can be repaired. On many commercial, cargo, private, corporate and military aircraft, the hydraulic tubing that transports the pressurized fluid is comprised of rigid stainless steel, titanium and/or aluminum wherein the aluminum tubing is typically reserved for low pressure usage and the higher strength materials are used in high pressure hydraulic lines. A typical hydraulic line may be bent in a multitude angles and places as it snakes itself around the various components and structure of an aircraft from its proximal to distal ends whereat it is connected or coupled to other conduit or other components of the hydraulic system.
As can be appreciated, the probability that any one hydraulic line will fail of the hundreds if not thousands on a particular aircraft is extremely low. Accordingly, airlines do not typically stock the various hydraulic line sections as repair parts at its various repair facilities around the country and the world. To repair damage or a leak, the necessary section of hydraulic tubing is ordered from the appropriate manufacturer who specially fabricates the section as the typical aircraft repair facility does not have the specialized equipment available for bending hydraulic tubing without unintentionally crimping or otherwise damaging the tubing.
From the time the replacement tubing section is ordered to the time of its delivery and installation can take anywhere from days to weeks costing an airline thousands if not hundred of thousands of dollars because of the grounded aircraft.
One known work around that minimizes the downtime of an aircraft is to replace the leaking portion of a rigid pressure tube section with a temporary flexible tube replacement thus minimizing the aircraft's downtime. Procedurally, the leaking portion is cut from the affected hydraulic line, fittings having threaded ends are swaged or otherwise secured into place on the line, and a suitable flexible tube with corresponding threaded ends is secured to the fittings to complete replacement of the damaged portion. Current FAA rules classify a flexible hose repair of high pressure hydraulic lines as only temporary and permit its use for no more than 40 hours of flight time before it must be replaced with a permanent repair. Even under the best conditions, the affected aircraft must undergo two costly repair procedures.


The disclosed embodiments relate to identifying physical characteristic information of an optical disc, and more particularly, to a method and related controller for identifying physical characteristic information of an optical disc, such as a disc type, layer number and/or disc capacity of a Blu-ray disc (BD), by referring to a reading result derived from reading specific region(s) on the optical disc, where each specific region is specified in the BD specification for recording information associated with recording management of a BD recordable disc.
Optical storage media, such as recordable optical discs, have become popular data carriers nowadays. When an optical disc is loaded into an optical disc drive, the optical disc drive has to acquire physical characteristic information of the optical disc for reading data from or recording data onto the optical disc. Taking a Blu-ray disc (BD) for example, the physical characteristic information is generally derived from a permanent information & control data (PIC) zone or ADIP (Address In Pre-Groove) Aux frames on the BD disc. However, when the BD disc has defective areas due to scratch, dirt, or fingerprint on a surface of the BD disc, the optical disc drive might have difficulty in reading the physical characteristic information from the PIC zone or ADIP Aux frame which is fully or partially affected thereby. Besides, even though the optical disc drive may successfully read the physical characteristic information from the PIC zone or ADIP Aux frame, the overall reading procedure is time-consuming.
In view of above, avoiding deriving the physical characteristic information from the PIC zone or ADIP Aux frame is beneficial to the performance of the optical disc drive. Therefore, there is a need for obtaining the desired physical characteristic information of the optical disc without reading the PIC zone or ADIP Aux frame.


A woman was arrested and charged after she threatened to kill fellow passengers on a Southwest Airlines flight from Portland to Sacramento. The chaotic scene was captured on video that a fellow passenger sent to CBS Sacramento.


Droplets undergoing evaporation and settling while transported in a turbulent buoyant jet is a complicated multiphase flow problem. And never as in the past few months was it appreciated how strong this problem can impact our daily life. COVID-19 is just a tiny proteinic chain, which requires multiphase flow to exist and spread. We, as the editors of International Journal of Multiphase Flow, felt compelled to communicate to the broader community what multiphase flow has to offer in way of solution to the present global pandemic problem. We consulted several esteemed colleagues in our community asking the question, "how can multiphase flow community help the broader community of scientists, doctors, engineers and policy makers in addressing the present problem?". The decision was to form a team of world-class expertise in every aspect of the problem and write a paper that presents simple theoretical framework that encapsulates the current understanding of the community.

The object of the paper is to write about the state-of-the-art in modelling the evolution of a swarm of expectorated droplets, starting from their initial size distribution ejected and arriving at the potential contagion concentration at the breathing zone of a susceptible individual. Clear understanding of these phenomenon and our current prediction capabilities and limitations will help us identify the much needed fundamental and applied research to be conducted, so that the full commitment of our multiphase flow community can be properly directed. It is also our aim to stimulate and involve the multiphase flow community to advance the current knowledge further, working synchronously with virologists, biologists and policy makers so to establish a firm scientific basis for the prediction of airborne diseases, so that effective technologies for limiting the spread of contagion can be developed, and sound policies for protecting the public can be formulated.

[^1]: Editors in Chief International Journal of Multiphase Flow


      SUBROUTINE OFFSET_ccsdt_lr_alpha_offdiag_13_13_1(l_a_offset,k_a_of
     &fset,size)
C     $Id$
C     This is a Fortran77 program generated by Tensor Contraction Engine v.1.0
C     Copyright (c) Battelle & Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (2002)
C     i2 ( h2 h13 h11 h12 )_ytb
      IMPLICIT NONE
#include "global.fh"
#include "mafdecls.fh"
#include "sym.fh"
#include "errquit.fh"
#include "tce.fh"
      INTEGER l_a_offset
      INTEGER k_a_offset
      INTEGER size
      INTEGER length
      INTEGER addr
      INTEGER h2b
      INTEGER h13b
      INTEGER h11b
      INTEGER h12b
      length = 0
      DO h2b = 1,noab
      DO h13b = h2b,noab
      DO h11b = 1,noab
      DO h12b = h11b,noab
      IF (int_mb(k_spin+h2b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h13b-1) .eq. int_mb(k_spin+
     &h11b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h12b-1)) THEN
      IF (ieor(int_mb(k_sym+h2b-1),ieor(int_mb(k_sym+h13b-1),ieor(int_mb
     &(k_sym+h11b-1),int_mb(k_sym+h12b-1)))) .eq. ieor(irrep_y,ieor(irre
     &p_t,irrep_b))) THEN
      IF ((.not.restricted).or.(int_mb(k_spin+h2b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h13b-
     &1)+int_mb(k_spin+h11b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h12b-1).ne.8)) THEN
      length = length + 1
      END IF
      END IF
      END IF
      END DO
      END DO
      END DO
      END DO
      IF (.not.MA_PUSH_GET(mt_int,2*length+1,'noname',l_a_offset,k_a_off
     &set)) CALL ERRQUIT('ccsdt_lr_alpha_offdiag_13_13_1',0,MA_ERR)
      int_mb(k_a_offset) = length
      addr = 0
      size = 0
      DO h2b = 1,noab
      DO h13b = h2b,noab
      DO h11b = 1,noab
      DO h12b = h11b,noab
      IF (int_mb(k_spin+h2b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h13b-1) .eq. int_mb(k_spin+
     &h11b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h12b-1)) THEN
      IF (ieor(int_mb(k_sym+h2b-1),ieor(int_mb(k_sym+h13b-1),ieor(int_mb
     &(k_sym+h11b-1),int_mb(k_sym+h12b-1)))) .eq. ieor(irrep_y,ieor(irre
     &p_t,irrep_b))) THEN
      IF ((.not.restricted).or.(int_mb(k_spin+h2b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h13b-
     &1)+int_mb(k_spin+h11b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h12b-1).ne.8)) THEN
      addr = addr + 1
      int_mb(k_a_offset+addr) = h12b - 1 + noab * (h11b - 1 + noab * (h1
     &3b - 1 + noab * (h2b - 1)))
      int_mb(k_a_offset+length+addr) = size
      size = size + int_mb(k_range+h2b-1) * int_mb(k_range+h13b-1) * int
     &_mb(k_range+h11b-1) * int_mb(k_range+h12b-1)
      END IF
      END IF
      END IF
      END DO
      END DO
      END DO
      END DO
      RETURN
      END


Just so you had the latest matrices; although some of you directly received
these materials.  I anticipate being able to send you a revised draft of the
Purchase and Sale Agreement by next Tuesday morning.  No doubt, everything
will become clear in the next draft - materiality, Subject Companies,
required Authorizations, etc.  I anticipate circulating a full draft of the
Schedules by mid next week.  The plan would be to revise the draft schedules
based on the revised text of the Agreement and your further review of the
respective businesses generally.  We will also need to keep in mind some
sense of conformity as to how each unit is making their respective
disclosures.  The Schedules will not need to win an award for beauty at that
point, but do need to be well organized and make sense.  I encourage each of
the General Counsels to coordinate with Mary Joyce on HR matters, Frank Smith
or Dave Nutt on environmental matters, Cullen Duke on tax matters, Bob
Williams and Chuck Cheek on litigation matters, Rick Shapiro on regulatory
matters, and Jim Bouillion on insurance matters, just to make sure nothing
slips through the cracks.  Timing of course is critical.  The Disclosure
Schedules may become critical path items, and we may all hear that.    I
expect there will be great progress generally next week, and there will be
tremendous pressure to deliver a complete draft of the Schedules to Skadden
soon after the end of next week.  Your comments would likely need to be in by
the end of the week - sorry.  Please be aware that the Business Unit heads,
right before execution of the Agreement, are likely to have to sign-off on
the disclosures under the Agreement.  Truly, thanks for all the help.  Send
money or Disclosure Schedules.  Lance.
----- Forwarded by Lance Schuler-Legal/HOU/ECT on 07/21/2000 05:07 PM -----

	Nicole Alvino
	07/21/2000 12:22 PM

		 To: Bill Gathmann/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Randy
Young/SA/Enron@ECT, John Schwartzenburg/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT,
Fred L Kelly/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Kathleen
Carnahan/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Frank
Sayre/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Daniel
Castagnola/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Ricky Lynn
Waddell/SA/Enron@Enron, Daniel R Rogers/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT,
Bruce Lundstrom/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Jeffrey E
Sommers/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Ananda
Mukerji/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Christopher B
Hunt/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Joseph Franz/Corp/Enron@Enron,
lbrasher@skadden.com, bhoghooghi@skadden.com, Sashby@skadden.com
		 cc: Cheryl Lipshutz/HOU/ECT@ECT, Lisa Mellencamp/HOU/ECT@ECT, Cullen
Duke/ENRON_DEVELOPMENT@ENRON_DEVELOPMENT, Jan Johnson/GPGFIN/Enron@ENRON,
Richard Shapiro/HOU/EES@EES, Lance Schuler-Legal/HOU/ECT@ECT, Shonnie
Daniel/HOU/ECT@ECT, Amit Walia/HOU/ECT@ECT, Ceci Torn/Corp/Enron@ENRON,
Patrick Conner/HOU/ECT@ECT, mspradling@velaw.com, jdilg@velaw.com,
wjoor@velaw.com, sbarber@velaw.com, ashouse@velaw.com, ckornreich@velaw.com,
jkamine@velaw.com, bweiland@velaw.com, jamie.welch@csfb.com,
david.munoz@csfb.com, Victor.gonzalez@csfb.com, bradley.aitken@velaw.com
		 Subject: Project Summer Matrices

Attached please find the latest and greatest ABC matrix and Gty, LC, and
affiliate contract matrix.  The information has been updated in red by
comments we have recieved from the EI business units.  The new transfer level
and sever level info came from the A/B/C structure task force.  (Please note
that the A/B transfer level is the same as the sever level unless ptherwise
noted.)  It still needs to be reviewed by both sides.  We are waiting for
final regulatory issues and action items this weekend after a collaborative
effort from both sides.  There are still pieces of info in these matrices
that the deal team needs that are highlighted in blue.  Please fill in TBD to
the extent you can determine and send it back in green.

Please review both matrices and send changes to Nicole Alvino and Bill
Gathmann.

Thanks so much for all your help!


Ruby

Below is an example of making a HTTP request to SITE_NAME from Ruby.

require 'net/http'
require 'uri'

Net::HTTP.get(URI.parse('PING_URL'))


Tag: D-Star

If you’re a fan of either D-Star or DMR, you have probably noticed the proliferation of multi-protocol gateways. These gateways, such as the XLX020 system, permit users of radios of one type to communication with users of radios of another type. Multiprotocol gateways help to defragement the amateur digital landscape.

However, there can be issues if the transmitting operator is not registered on both systems. Have you been on a DMR radio and seen the transmitting party display as radio id 0? They are a D-Star (or Fusion or P25 or NXDN) operator who has not registered a DMR radio number.

For DMR operators who have not registered with their nearest D-Star gateway, transmissions could even fail to pass through the D-Star gateway to connected D-Star repeaters.

Therefore, k2ie.net highly recommends that all amateurs using any digtial voice mode register for BOTH a DMR radio id and with a local D-Star gateway, whether or not you have a corresponding digital radio.

Is XLX a protocol? Is it a type of reflector? Why are we asking these questions?

There is a bit of a debate going on now in D-Star circles as to how the end user (you OM or YL) of a hotspot or repeater should connect to an XLX reflector. I’ve exchanged emails with some notable folks in amateur radio software development circles (Luc LX1IQ, Andy MW0MWZ, and Tom N7TAE) on the subject. The software developers are all in agreement. XLX is not a protocol, it is a type of reflector. On that point, they are quite correct.

To varying extents, each have indicated that the preferred way to access a reflector is via the protocol, node and module notation. Using this paradigm, to access XLX020A via DExtra protocol, you’d connect to XRF020A. But there could be an XRF020A that is not XLX020A. We’ll get to that in a couple of paragraphs.

On the other hand, Jonathan Naylor (G4KLX) has implemented the ability for ircDDBGateway to access XLX reflectors by name. Since all XLX reflectors support DCS protocol and DCS is the most modern of the three D-Star reflector protocols, ircddbgateway defaults to DCS connections. This make perfect sense to me. And it works!

Note: In case you did not know, ircDDBGateway is part of the software suite that comprises the exceedingly popular Pi-Star distribution. May of the tools provided as part of Pi-Star were developed by G4KLX.

As an end user of a hotspot or repeater, I just want to connect. There is also the problem of amgibuity. You can have an REF123, an XRF123, a DCS123, and an XLX123. They may or may not be the same destination. But XLX123 is a specific destination, as are the other three. So the best way to connect to an XLX reflector for the end user would be to allow the end user to specify that destination.

To continue to require that XLX connection requests specify a particular protocol, when there is no specific reason to do so, would be as confusing as requiring the end user of a mobile phone to specify what network the called party is connected to. Yes, the option is there, but let’s make this simple.

I’d like to see the various hotspot platforms adopt this aproach. What do you think?

There are a couple of big announcements to make in terms of support for the XLX reflector world this week.

The first development is that Kenwood has released firmware version 1.09 for the popular D74A handheld transceiver. Among the improvements contained in this release is direct support for selecting XLX reflectors by name on the “Link to Reflector” menu.

The second development is that Andy Tayor <MW0MWZ>, developer of the extremely popular Pi-Star hotspot software distribution for the Raspberry Pi, has made a change that allows the radio operator to directly select an XLX reflector. Previously, you would have to make a local host table override entry for an XRF or DCS reflector in order to make this work.

06-28 Alert: After some more testing, it seems that the Pi-Star change to allow connection via the XLX name isn’t working properly. Testers experienced one way audio with the initiator of the connection not hearing the remote end.

07-11 Update: XLX Linking is now working, with some tweaks to the ircddbgateway config. See this thread on the Pi-Star Forum for more info.

XRF020B is your link to Dayton Hamvention through the end of this weekend. In cooperation with VA3UV and KA8SCP, we’ve linked XRF020B and XRF038C to Dayton D-Star repeater W8RTL. So feel free to connect through the course of the weekend for updates from your fellow radio amateurs.

You can also connect via DMR to XLX020B using TG6. Key up with an initial private call to 64002.

David <PA7LIM>, the very talented developer of the Peanut app, has added a new master server in the USA. This ought to greatly improve voice stream quality once fully deployed. The “020 Project” has volunteered to be the first reflector to move over the the USA master, which is currently in test mode.

When the move occurs, you’ll have to change the “Master” in the Peanut app to USA-Test. Then, you’ll connect to XRF020C as before. XRF020C is the gateway to the repeaters connected to REF020A.

The move is expected to occur tomorrow, May 1. (Update: We’re already there on the afternoon of April 30.)

D-Star users have long known about REF020. Reflector 20, as many call it, is one of the original D-Plus Reflectors. A number of repeaters in the New Jersey/New York/Pennsylvania region link to it, including powerhouse K3PDR in Philadelphia and NJ2DG in Martinsville, NJ. It was recently relocated to the cloud by its operator (Scott KB2EAR) when when the site where the server was housed became unavailable. Historically, the busy channel tends to be REF020A.

During the weeks that Reflector 20 was down, I started exploring D-Star smart groups as a way to get together on the air with some of the folks that I talk to regularly. Smart Group CNJHAM was created on the QuadNet array.

Smart Groups can be a bit confusing on repeaters if you don’t know what group is being used as you come into range. My friend Ray <W2RJR> is playing with a low profile Pi-Star based repeater so we decided that repeater use would be simpler if it could connect to a reflector. Then the only destination route needed is CQCQCQ. So XRF020 was born.

Initially, there were challenges getting XRF020 getting listed in the right directories. You see, there is supposed to be one XRF directory that is authoritative, but not all gateway systems seem to pull data from the same place. Pi-Star uses one list, OpenSpot another, and DV4mini yet another. OpenSpot listed XRF020 right away. DV4mini uses the XLX list and you could have an XRF and XLX using the same number, which is “interesting”. Pi-Star took weeks to list XRF020 until I went to the “top guy”. Then it was handled immediately. Once I learned that XLX reflectors self-register, XLX020 was born.

CNJHAM - Our Central New Jersey smart group conferenceREF020 - The original D-Plus Reflector 20 operated by KB2EARXRF020 - An XRF Reflector that speaks D-Plus and DCS as well as DExtraXLX020 - A multiprotocol reflector that bridges digital modes

Here is the lay of our digital land.

Smart Group CNJHAM is where a few of us in the Central NJ area meet up daily. It is more or less our local digital intercom, but you are welcome to stop by and say hello. You can also say hello via XRF020A and XLX020A, as well as REF020D. They are all linked. The NJ2DG-C repeater is linked to REF020D, so you can get in that way too.

CNJHAM <==> XRF020A <==> XLX020A <==> DMR/YSF | REF020D

If you’re an REF020 user, then you’ll want to know that REF020A is linked fulltime to XLX020C. You can connect to the XLX side of things via DMR, D-Star, or YSF. You can also get in via PA7LIM’s Peanut.

Last month I wrote about callsign routing in a D-Star environment. I mentioned that it is possible to create your own Starnet routing group for you and your friends to chat on. If you’re running Pi-Star, here is how to do it.

On the Pi-Star Expert Editors menu, select ircDDBGateway. This component (written by G4KLX) of the Pi-Star distribution contains the Starnet server. Starnet uses callsign routing to set up a group which can be subscribed to by any valid user on the same network. In this case, we’re using the default network run the the QuadNet team (rr.openquad.net).

You’ll have to pick a name for your group. The ideal Starnet group name is not a valid call sign and is 6 characters long. This leaves room for a space and a subscribe/unsubscribe character. So it looks like this:

MYGRUP -- Group name

MYGRUP A -- Subscribe to MYGRUP

MYGRUP T -- Unsubscribe to MYGRUP

In the ircDDBGateway config, you’ll need to change the following:

starNetBand1 AstarNetCallsign1 MYGRUP AstarNetLogoff1 MYGRUP TstarNetInfo1 What my group is about

You’ll see some other Starnet options but it is ok to keep the defaults for now. Once you know what you’re doing you can tinker further. You can even setup multiple groups. There is also an option to link your Starnet group to a reflector, but please do not do so without the permission of the reflector operator. But if you want to test this, you can try XRF020E, which I have reserved for experimentation.

Note: The address of XRF020 is not yet current in the Pi-Star file listings, so until it is updated you’ll have to manually edit /root/DExtra_Hosts.txt with the following:

Once you see your group listed in the QuadNet directory under Legacy STARNet groups, you can set your D-Star destination call (URCALL) to MYGRUP and chat away. Just remember that MYGRUP is an example only, and you’ll need to pick your own unique name that is not already in use.

You’ll also likely have to forward port 40000 (the ircDDB port) on your router to the internal address of your Pi-Star installation.

It may not be like having your own private repeater, but for many D-Star hams, it is the next best thing.

Callsign routing has been around since the earliest days of D-Star. It has also been little used. However, with the proliferation of Pi-Star based hotpots, callsign routing and D-Star have been given new life. Your Pi-Star installation includes a piece of software called ircddbgateway. It truly is a gateway to a whole new way of looking at D-Star.

The first piece of the puzzle is to get comfortable with callsign routing. I invite you to give me a direct call on my D74A HT. To do that, you’ll need to configure your radio with a memory that is setup to use your Pi-Star as a gateway. While that is outside the scope of this article, the general idea of the D-Star configuration (using the ficticious callsign N0TME) is:

Now for the fun part. Normally, you’d use CQCQCQ as the destination callsign. This is the standard if using a repeater or a reflector. But, you COULD put a callsign in that destination field. Put “K2DLS P” in the destination and if I’m around, I’ll answer. Note that the P identifies my portable and must be in the 8th character position of the destination (UR) field.

There are also destinations that are not individuals, but are Smart Routing Groups. Try DSTAR1, for example. That is a very active routing group operated by the folks at QuadNet and it offers a lot of multiprotocol connectivity. There is even a net where users check in from D-Star, DMR, and Fusion and everyone can hear everyone else! Be sure to disconnect when you’re done (DSTAR1 T).

You can also configure your own legacy Starnet group on your own Pi-Star for you and your friends to chat on. This can be found on the expert menu for ircddbgateway. We’ll talk more about this in a future post.

The K2DLS DV4mini image for the Raspberry Pi 2 and 3 (only!) has been updated to include the October 12 release of the DV4mini Control Panel. This includes XRF through letter Z and REF up to 100 for the D-Star users. The image will fit nicely on an 8 GB SD Card.


Q:

Primefaces messages for validation and growl for the rest

I have a JSF page with primefaces and I would like to use p:messages for the messages of the input validations and a Growl element for the rest of the things like notifications, errors ...
At the moment I have a Growl with attribute for and I'm sending notifications with this for attribute.
The problem is that I don't know which for attribute I have to put in the p:messages component. If I left it as null the notification messages are showing in Growl and on p:messages.
Here you can see an example of my JSF.
<p:growl id="growlNotifyNewReg" for="growlNotificationsNewRegister"
                         showSummary="true"
                         showDetail="true"
                         autoUpdate="true"/>

<h:outputText value="Validado"/>
<p:selectBooleanCheckbox id="checkValidado" value="#{}" required="true"/>

<h:outputText value="Temperatura (ºC)"/>
<p:inputText id="Temperatura" value="#{}" required="true">
      <f:validateDoubleRange minimum="-50" maximum="60" />
      <f:convertNumber maxFractionDigits="1" />
</p:inputText>

<!-- Other inputs... -->

<p:messages showSummary="true" showDetail="true" redisplay="false"/>

When I want to send a notification I do like this.
FacesMessage facesMsg = new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "summary", "details");
FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage("growlNotificationsNewRegister", facesMsg);

This code sends messages to Growl component but also to messages component because it doesn't have for attribute. I want to know which attribute I have to put in messages component to show only the validations messages of the form.
As you can see I put redisplay attribute to false. Can I put multiple ids in the for attribute of the p:messages?

A:

Here is an example works as you want, you can change it according to your code :
in .xhtml
<h:form prependId="false">
     <p:growl id="growl" for="msg" showDetail="true" sticky="true" />
     <p:panel header="Growl">
     <h:panelGrid columns="2" cellpadding="5">
        <p:outputLabel for="msg"  value="Message:" />
        <p:inputText id="msg"  value="#{growlView.message}" required="true" />
        <p:outputLabel for="msg2" value="Message2:" />
        <p:inputText id="msg2" value="#{growlView.message2}" required="true" />
     </h:panelGrid>
     <p:commandButton value="Save" actionListener="#{growlView.saveMessage}" update="growl" />
     </p:panel>
     <p:messages id="messages" for="msg2" showDetail="true" autoUpdate="true" closable="true" />
</h:form>

in the for attribute for both <p:growl> and <p:messages> you can add whatever Ids you want just like for="id1 id2 .."
in bean
import javax.faces.application.FacesMessage;
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedBean;
import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;

@ManagedBean
public class GrowlView {
    private String message;
    private String message2;

    // setters / getters

    public void saveMessage() {
        FacesMessage facesMsg = new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "summary", "details");
        FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage("msg", facesMsg);
    }
}


Q:

Tangent to hyperbola meeting on ellipse

Can anyone prove that the two tangent lines to hyperbola that meet on a confocal ellipse make the same angle with the tangent of the ellipse at the point of intersection?
Thanks

A:

Alternative formulation. Let us have an ellipse and a hyperbola that share the same pair of foci $F_1$ and $F_2$. Let point $E$ be a point on the ellipse and let the lines $t_1$ and $t_2$ be the two tangents to the hyperbola that pass through the point $E$. Let $H_1$ and $H_2$ be the points where the lines $t_1$ and $t_2$ touch the hyperbola respectively.
Let $t_E$ be the line tangent to the ellipse at point $E$ with $E1$ and $E2$ two arbitrary points chosen on $t_E$ so that $E$ is between $E_1$ and $E_2$, as shown on the figure. Prove that
$$\angle \, E_1EH_1 = \angle \, E_2EH_2$$
$$ $$

Proof. Let $F_1$ and $F_2$ be the foci of the hyperbola in question. Let $H_1$ and $H_2$ be two points from the hyperbola and let lines $t_1$ and $t_2$ be the two tangents to the hyperbola at the points $H_1$ and $H_2$ respectively. Take the unique ellipse with foci $F_1$ and $F_2$ that passes through point $E = t_1 \cap t_2$. Indeed, this is the ellipse, formed by all points $X$ in the planes such that $$F_1X + XF_2 = F_1E + EF_2$$ The line $t_E$ is the tangent line to the ellipse at the point $E$ and points $E_1$ and $E_2$ are two arbitrary points chosen on $t_E$ so that $E$ is between $E_1$ and $E_2$, as shown on the figure.

By the reflective properties of ellipses,
$$\angle \, E_1EF_1 = \angle \, E_2EF_2 = \alpha$$
By the reflective properties of hyperbolas,
$$\angle \, F_1H_1E = \angle \, F_2H_1E \,\, \text{ and } \,\,
\angle \, F_1H_2E = \angle \, F_2H_2E$$
Let the line through point $F_1$ orthogonal to $t_1 = H_1E$ intersects $H_1F_2$ at point $S_1$, and let he line through point $F_2$ orthogonal to $t_2 = H_2E$ intersects $H_2F_1$ at point $S_2$. Since $t_1$ is the angle bisector of $\angle \, F_1H_1F_2$ and $t_2$ is the angle bisector of $\angle\, F_1H_2F_2$, the two triangles $F_1H_1S_1$ and $F_2H_2S_2$ are isosceles with $H_1F_1 = H_1S_1$ and $H_2F_2 = H_2S_2$ respectively.
By the properties of the hyperbola, $$F_1S_2 = F_1H_2 - H_2S_2 = F_1H_2 - H_2F_2 = F_2H_1 - H_1F_1 = F_2H_1 - H_1S_1 = F_2S_1$$
Furthermore, by construction, line $t_1 = H_1E$ is the orthogonal bisector of segment $F_1S_1$, and  line $t2 = H_2E$ is the orthogonal bisector of segment $F_2S_2$. Therefore, $EF_1 = ES_1$ and $EF_2 = ES_2$. Combined with the fact that $F_1S_2 = F_2S_1$, all of these identities yield that triangles $EF_1S_2$ and $EF_2S_1$ are congruent. Hence, $$\angle \, F_1ES_2 = \angle \, S_1EF_2 = \beta$$ Let $\angle \, S_2ES_1 = \theta$. Then $$\angle \, F_1ES_1 = \angle \, F_1ES_2 + \angle \, S_2ES_1 = \beta + \theta = \theta + \beta = \angle \, S_2ES_1 + \angle \, S_1EF_2 = \angle \, S_2EF_2$$ and for that reason $$\angle \, F_1EH_1 = \frac{1}{2} \, \angle \, F_1ES_1 = \frac{1}{2} \, (\beta + \theta) =  \frac{1}{2} \, \angle \, S_2ES_2 = \angle \, F_2EH_2$$
Finally,
$$\angle \, E_1EH_1 = \angle \, E_1EF_1 + \angle \, F_1EH_1 =\alpha + \frac{1}{2}(\beta + \theta)$$ and
$$\angle \, E_2EH_2 = \angle \, E_2EF_2 + \angle \, F_2EH_2 =\alpha + \frac{1}{2}(\beta + \theta)$$ Hence
$$\angle \, E_1EH_1 = \angle \, E_2EH_2$$


---
abstract: 'We present a simple technique for avoiding physically spurious eigenmodes that often occur in the solution of hydrodynamic stability problems by the Chebyshev collocation method. The method is demonstrated on the solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation for plane Poiseuille flow. Following the standard approach, the original fourth order differential equation is factorised into two second-order equations using a vorticity-type auxiliary variable with unknown boundary values which are then eliminated by a capacitance matrix approach. However the elimination is constrained by the conservation of the structure of matrix eigenvalue problem, it can be done in two basically different ways. A straightforward application of the method results in a couple of physically spurious eigenvalues which are either huge or close to zero depending on the way the vorticity boundary conditions are eliminated. The zero eigenvalues can be shifted to any prescribed value and thus removed by a slight modification of the second approach.'
address: 'Applied Mathematics Research Centre, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK'
author:
- Jonathan Hagan and Jānis Priede
title: Capacitance matrix technique for avoiding spurious eigenmodes in the solution of hydrodynamic stability problems by Chebyshev collocation method
---

spurious eigenvalue; Chebyshev collocation method; hydrodynamic stability

Introduction
============

Spectral methods are known to achieve exponential convergence rate [@Canuto-etal], which makes them particularly useful for solving numerically demanding differential eigenvalue problems which arise in hydrodynamic stability analysis [@Orszag-71]. Unfortunately, besides providing accurate and efficient solutions for a certain number of leading eigenvalues, spectral methods often produce physically spurious unstable modes, which cannot be removed by increasing the numerical resolution [@Gottlieb-Orszag-77]. For detailed discussion of these modes we refer to Boyd [@Boyd-01]. Such physically spurious eigenvalues can appear in all types of spectral methods including Galerkin [@Zebib-84], tau [@Dawkins-Dunbar-Douglass-98] and collocation approximations [@Canuto-etal], unless some kind of *ad hoc* approach is applied to avoid them. In the Galerkin method, spurious eigenvalues can be removed by using the basis functions also as the test functions instead of separate Chebyshev polynomials [@Zebib-87]. A number of approaches avoiding spurious eigenvalues have also been found for the tau method [@Gardner-Trogdon-Douglass-89; @McFadden-Murray-Boisvert-90; @Lindsay-Ogden-92]. The same can be achieved also for the collocation (or pseudospectral) method by using two distinct interpolating polynomials [@Huang-Sloan-94]. Following the approach of McFadden *et al*. [@McFadden-Murray-Boisvert-90] for the tau method, Huang and Sloan [@Huang-Sloan-94] use a Lagrange interpolating polynomial for second-order terms which is by two orders lower than the Hermite interpolant used for other terms. The choice of the latter polynomial depends on the particular combination of the boundary conditions for the problem to be solved [@Weideman-Reddy-00 p. 493].

The objective of this paper is to present a simple method avoiding spurious eigenmodes in the Chebyshev collocations method which uses only the Lagrange interpolating polynomial applicable to general boundary conditions. Our approach is based on the capacitance matrix technique which is used to eliminate fictitious boundary conditions for a vorticity-type auxiliary variable. The elimination can be performed in two basically different ways which respectively produce a pair of infinite and zero spurious eigenvalues. The latter can be shifted to any prescribed value by a simple modification of the second approach. The main advantage of our method is not only its simplicity but also applicability to more general problems with complicated boundary conditions.

The paper is organised as follows. In the next section we introduce the Orr-Sommerfeld problem for plane Poiseuille flow, which is a standard test case for this type of method. Section \[sec:Cheb-col\] presents the basics of the Chebyshev collocation method that we use. The elimination of the vorticity boundary conditions, which constitutes the basis of our method, is performed in Sec. \[sec:Method\]. Section \[sec:Num-res\] contains numerical results for the Orr-Sommerfeld problem of plane Poiseuille flow. The paper is concluded by a summary of results in Sec. \[sec:Sum\].

Hydrodynamic stability problem
==============================

The method will be developed by considering the standard hydrodynamic stability problem of plane Poiseuille flow of an incompressible liquid with density $\rho$ and kinematic viscosity $\nu$ driven by a constant pressure gradient $\vec{\nabla}p_{0}=-\vec{e}_{x}P_{0}$ in the gap between two parallel walls located $z=\pm h$ in the Cartesian system of coordinates with the $x$ and $z$ axes directed streamwise and transverse to the walls, respectively. The velocity distribution $\vec{v}(\vec{r},t)$ is governed by the Navier-Stokes equation $$\partial_{t}\vec{v}+(\vec{v}\cdot\vec{\nabla})\vec{v}=-\rho^{-1}\vec{\nabla}p+\nu\vec{\nabla}^{2}\vec{v}\label{eq:NS}$$ and subject to the incompressiblity constraint $\vec{\nabla}\cdot\vec{v}=0.$ Subsequently, all variables are non-dimensionalised by using $h$ and $h^{2}/\nu$ as the length and time scales, respectively. Note that instead of the commonly used maximum flow velocity, we employ the viscous diffusion speed $\nu/h$ as the characteristic velocity. This non-standard choice will allow us to test our numerical method against the analytical eigenvalue solution for a quiescent liquid.

The problem above admits a rectilinear base flow $\vec{v}_{0}(z)=\RE\bar{u}(z)\vec{e}_{x},$ where $\bar{u}(z)=1-z^{2}$ is the parabolic velocity profile and $\RE=U_{0}h/\nu$ is the Reynolds number defined in terms of the maximum flow velocity $U_{0}=2P_{0}h^{2}/\rho\nu.$ Stability of this base flow is analysed with respect to small-amplitude perturbations $\vec{v}_{1}(\vec{r},t)$ by searching the velocity as $\vec{v}=\vec{v}_{0}+\vec{v}_{1}$. Since the base flow is invariant in both $t$ and $\vec{x}=(x,y),$ perturbation can be sought as a Fourier mode $$\vec{v}_{1}(\vec{r},t)=\vec{\hat{v}}(z)\e^{\lambda t+\mathrm{i}\vec{k}\cdot\vec{x}}+\mbox{c.c.},\label{eq:v1}$$ defined by a complex amplitude distribution $\vec{\hat{v}}(z)$, temporal growth rate $\lambda$ and the wave vector $\vec{k}=(\alpha,\beta).$ The incompressiblity constraint, which takes the form $\vec{D}\cdot\vec{\hat{v}}=0,$ where $\vec{D}\equiv\vec{e}_{z}\frac{d\,}{dz}+\mathrm{i}\vec{k}$ is a spectral counterpart of the nabla operator, is satisfied by expressing the component of the velocity perturbation in the direction of the wave vector as $\hat{u}_{\shortparallel}=\vec{e}_{\shortparallel}\cdot\vec{\hat{v}}=\mathrm{i} k^{-1}\hat{w}',$ where $\vec{e}_{\shortparallel}=\vec{k}/k$ and $k=|\vec{k}|.$ Taking the *curl* of the linearised counterpart of Eq. (\[eq:NS\]) to eliminate the pressure gradient and then projecting it onto $\vec{e}_{z}\times\vec{e}_{\shortparallel},$ after some transformations we obtain the Orr-Sommerfeld equation $$\lambda\vec{D}^{2}\hat{w}=\vec{D}^{4}\hat{w}+\mathrm{i}\alpha\RE(\bar{u}''-\bar{u}\vec{D}^{2})\hat{w},\label{eq:OS}$$ which is written in a non-standard form corresponding to our choice of the characteristic velocity. Note that the Reynolds number appears in this equation as a factor at the convective term rather than its reciprocal at the viscous term as in the standard form. As a result, the growth rate $\lambda$ differs by a factor $\RE$ from its standard definition. The same difference, in principle, applies also to the velocity perturbation amplitude which, however, is not important as long as only the linear stability is concerned. In this form, Eq. (\[eq:OS\]) admits a regular analytical solution at $\RE=0,$ which is used as a benchmark for the numerical solution in Sec. \[sec:Num-res\].

The no-slip and impermeability boundary conditions require $$\hat{w}=\hat{w}'=0\quad\mbox{at}\quad z=\pm1.\label{eq:bc}$$ Because three control parameters $\RE$ and $(\alpha,\beta)$ appear in Eq. (\[eq:OS\]) as only two combinations $\alpha\RE$ and $\alpha^{2}+\beta^{2},$ solutions for oblique modes with $\beta\not=0$ are equivalent to the transverse ones with $\beta=0$ and a larger $\alpha$ and, thus, a smaller $\RE$ which keep both parameter combinations constant [@Drazin-Reid-81]. Therefore, it is sufficient to consider only the transverse perturbations $(k=\alpha)$.

The first step in avoiding spurious eigenvalues in the discretizied version of Eq. (\[eq:OS\]) to be derived in the following section is to represent Eq. (\[eq:OS\]) as a system of two second-order equations [@Gottlieb-Orszag-77] $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda\hat{\zeta} & = & \vec{D}^{2}\hat{\zeta}+\mathrm{i}\alpha\RE(\bar{u}''\hat{w}-\bar{u}\hat{\zeta}),\label{eq:OS-zeta}\\
\hat{\zeta} & = & \vec{D}^{2}\hat{w},\label{eq:zeta}\end{aligned}$$ where $\hat{\zeta}$ is a vorticity-type auxiliary variable which has no explicit boundary conditions.

\[sec:Cheb-col\]Chebyshev collocation method
============================================

The problem is solved numerically using a collocation method with $N+1$ Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto nodes $$z_{i}=\cos\left(i\pi/N\right),\quad i=0,\cdots,N.\label{zcol}$$ at which the discretizied solution $(\hat{w},\hat{\zeta})(z_{i})=(w_{i},\zeta_{i})=(\tilde{w},\tilde{\zeta})$ and its derivatives are sought. The latter are expressed in terms of the former by using the so-called differentiation matrices, which for the first and second derivatives are denoted by $D_{i,j}^{(1)}$ and $D_{i,j}^{(2)}$ with explicit expressions given in the Appendix. Requiring Eqs. (\[eq:OS-zeta\],\[eq:zeta\]) to be satisfied at the internal collocation points $0<i<N$ and the boundary conditions (\[eq:bc\]) at the boundary points $i=0,N,$ the following system of $2N$ algebraic equations is obtained for the same number of unknowns $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda\tilde{\zeta}_{0} & = & \underline{A}\tilde{\zeta}_{0}+\underline{B}\tilde{\zeta}_{1}+\tilde{g}_{0},\label{eq:OS-zeta0}\\
\tilde{\zeta}_{0} & = & \underline{A}\tilde{w}_{0},\label{eq:zeta0}\\
\tilde{0}_{1} & = & \underline{C}\tilde{w}_{0},\label{eq:bc0}\end{aligned}$$ where $\tilde{0}$ is the zero matrix and the subscripts $0$ and $1$ denote the parts of the solution at the inner and boundary collocation points, respectively; $\tilde{w}_{1}=\tilde{0}_{1}$ due to the first boundary condition (\[eq:bc\]) and $$g_{i}=\mathrm{i}\alpha\RE(\bar{u}_{i}''w_{i}-\bar{u}_{i}\zeta_{i}).\label{eq:f}$$ The matrices $$\begin{aligned}
A_{i,j} & = & (\vec{D}^{2})_{i,j},\quad0<(i,j)<N,\label{eq:A}\\
B_{i,j} & = & (\vec{D}^{2})_{i,j},\quad0<i<N,j=0,N,\label{eq:B}\end{aligned}$$ represent the parts of the collocation approximation of the operator $$(\vec{D}^{2})_{i,j}=D_{i,j}^{(2)}-\alpha^{2}I_{i,j}\label{eq:D}$$ using the inner and boundary points, respectively; $I_{i,j}$ is the unity matrix. Equation (\[eq:bc0\]) is a discretizied version of the second boundary condition (\[eq:bc\]) imposed on $\hat{w}'$ which is defined by the matrix $$C_{ij}=D_{i,j}^{(1)},\quad i=0,N;0<j<N.\label{eq:C}$$

Our goal is to reduce Eqs. (\[eq:OS-zeta0\]-\[eq:bc0\]) to the standard matrix eigenvalue problem for $\hat{w}_{0}.$ First, $\tilde{\zeta}_{0}$ is eliminated from Eq. (\[eq:OS-zeta0\]) by using Eq. (\[eq:zeta0\]), which results in $$\lambda\underline{A}\tilde{w}_{0}=\underline{A}^{2}\tilde{w}_{0}+\underline{B}\tilde{\zeta}_{1}+\tilde{g}_{0}.\label{eq:OS-w0}$$ Next, we can use Eq. (\[eq:bc0\]) to eliminate $\tilde{\zeta}_{1}$ from the equation above. This, as shown in the next section, can be done in two basically different ways.

\[sec:Method\]Elimination of the vorticity boundary values
==========================================================

In order to eliminate $\tilde{\zeta}_{1}$ from Eq. (\[eq:OS-w0\]) using Eq. (\[eq:bc0\]) we employ a modified capacitance (or influence) matrix method. For the basics of this method, see [@Peyret-02 p. 178] and references therein. Modifications to the method are due to the structure of the matrix eigenvalue problem which needs to be conserved in the elimination process. The general capacitance matrix approach suggests to express $\tilde{w}_{0}$ from Eq. (\[eq:OS-w0\]) and then to substitute it into Eq. (\[eq:bc0\]), which then would result in a system of linear equations for $\tilde{\zeta}_{1}.$ However, as noted above, the elimination procedure must be linear in $\lambda$ for the eigenvalue problem structure to be conserved. It means that $\tilde{w}_{0}$ can be expressed either from the right or left hand side of Eq. (\[eq:OS-w0\]) but not from the combination of both sides as in the standard capacitance matrix approach for the time stepping schemes.

Our first approach is to express $\tilde{w}_{0}$ from the r.h.s. of Eq. (\[eq:OS-w0\]) by inverting $\underline{A}^{2}$ and then substituting it into the boundary condition (\[eq:bc0\]), which results in $$\underline{C}\tilde{w}_{0}=\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-2}(\lambda\underline{A}\tilde{w}_{0}-\underline{B}\tilde{\zeta}_{1}-\tilde{g}_{0})=\tilde{0}_{1}.\label{eq:bc1}$$ Next, solving the equation above for $$\tilde{\zeta}_{1}=(\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-2}\underline{B})^{-1}\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-2}(\lambda\underline{A}\tilde{w}_{0}-\tilde{g}_{0})\label{eq:zeta1-1}$$ and substituting it into Eq. (\[eq:OS-w0\]), we obtain $$\lambda\underline{E}\underline{A}\tilde{w}_{0}=(\underline{A}^{2}+\underline{E}\underline{G})\tilde{w}_{0},\label{eq:OS1-gen}$$ where $\underline{G}\tilde{w}_{0}=\tilde{g}_{0}$ and $$\underline{E}=\underline{I}-\underline{B}(\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-2}\underline{B})^{-1}\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-2}.\label{eq:E}$$ It is important to notice that $\underline{E}\underline{B}=0\underline{B},$ which means that $\underline{E}$ is singular. Namely, it has a zero eigenvalue of multiplicity two corresponding to two eigenvectors represented by the columns of $\underline{B}.$ Representing Eq. (\[eq:OS1-gen\]) as $$(\underline{A}^{2}+\underline{E}\underline{G})^{-1}\underline{E}\underline{A}\tilde{w}_{0}=\lambda^{-1}\tilde{w}_{0},\label{eq:OS1-std}$$ which is a standard eigenvalule problem for $\lambda^{-1},$ it is obvious that zero eigenvalues of $\underline{E}$ result in two zero eigenvalues $\lambda^{-1},$ which in turn correspond to infinite eigenvalues $\lambda$ of the original Eq. (\[eq:OS1-gen\]). A way to avoid these spurious eigenvalues is described below.

Alternative approach to eliminate $\tilde{\zeta}_{1}$ is to express $\lambda\tilde{w}_{0}$ from the l.h.s. of Eq. (\[eq:OS-w0\]) by inverting $\underline{A}$ and then substituting it into the boundary condition (\[eq:bc0\]), which results in $$\lambda\underline{C}\tilde{w}_{0}=\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-1}(\underline{A}^{2}\tilde{w}_{0}+\underline{B}\tilde{\zeta}_{1}+\tilde{g}_{0})=\tilde{0}_{1}.\label{eq:bc2}$$ This equation can be solved for $\tilde{\zeta}_{1}$ similarly to Eq. (\[eq:bc1\]) as $$\tilde{\zeta}_{1}=(\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-1}\underline{B})^{-1}\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-1}(\underline{A}^{2}+\underline{G})\tilde{w}_{0},\label{eq:zeta1-2a}$$ which substituted in Eq. (\[eq:OS-w0\]) leads to $$\lambda\underline{A}\tilde{w}_{0}=\underline{F}(\underline{A}^{2}+\underline{G})\tilde{w}_{0},\label{eq:OS2-gen}$$ where the transformation matrix $$\underline{F}=\underline{I}-\underline{B}(\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-1}\underline{B})^{-1}\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-1}\label{eq:F}$$ is singular with two zero eigenvalues because it satisfies $\underline{F}\underline{B}=0\underline{B}$ similarly to the $\underline{E}$ considered above. In contrast to the previous eigenvalue problem defined by Eq. (\[eq:OS1-gen\]), now the singular transformation matrix appears on the r.h.s. of Eq. (\[eq:OS2-gen\]) and thus it produces two zero rather than infinite eigenvalues $\lambda.$

It is important to notice that zero eigenvalues represent an alternative solution to Eq. (\[eq:bc2\]), which can be satisfied not only by the boundary condition (\[eq:bc0\]) but also by $\lambda=0.$ Consequently, these spurious eigenvalues can be shifted from zero to any value $\lambda_{0}$ by subtracting $\lambda_{0}\underline{C}\tilde{w}_{0}$ from both sides of Eq. (\[eq:bc2\]), which obviously does not affect the true eigenmodes satisfying Eq. (\[eq:bc0\]). As a result we obtain $$\tilde{\zeta}_{1}=(\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-1}\underline{B})^{-1}\underline{C}\underline{A}^{-1}(\underline{A}(\underline{A}-\lambda_{0}\underline{I})+\underline{G})\tilde{w}_{0},\label{eq:zeta1-2b}$$ which substituted in Eq. (\[eq:OS-w0\]) leads to the following standard eigenvalue problem $$\lambda\tilde{w}_{0}=(\underline{A}^{-1}\underline{F}(\underline{A}(\underline{A}-\lambda_{0}\underline{I})+\underline{G})+\lambda_{0}\underline{I})\tilde{w}_{0}.\label{eq:OS2-std}$$

The complex matrix eigenvalue problems above are solved using the LAPACK’s ZGEEV routine [@LAPACK].

\[sec:Num-res\]Numerical results
================================

           $N=8$                     $N=16$                       $N=32$                Exact
  ----------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------- --------------
   $5.4285\times10^{16}$   $\quad1.2597\times10^{17}$   $\quad3.5670\times10^{16}$       $-$
   $3.1699\times10^{16}$     $-1.1600\times10^{17}$       $-6.0842\times10^{18}$         $-$
       $-9.3120595$               $-9.3137399$                 $-9.3137399$          $-9.3137399$
       $-20.709030$               $-20.570571$                 $-20.570571$          $-20.570571$
       $-39.297828$               $-38.947806$                 $-38.947789$          $-38.947789$
       $-66.057825$               $-60.054233$                 $-60.055435$          $-60.055435$
       $-73.670710$               $-88.285123$                 $-88.299997$          $-88.299997$
                                  $-119.43366$                 $-119.27480$          $-119.27480$
                                  $-157.89593$                 $-157.38866$          $-157.38866$
                                  $-199.64318$                 $-198.23234$          $-198.23234$
                                  $-226.99053$                 $-246.21576$          $-246.21576$
                                  $-384.38914$                 $-296.92876$          $-296.92874$
                                  $-409.06660$                 $-354.78191$          $-354.78176$
                                  $-961.90740$                 $-415.36266$          $-415.36420$
                                  $-961.99676$                 $-483.07721$          $-483.08684$
                                                               $-553.58796$          $-553.53879$
                                                               $-711.16464$          $-711.45255$
                                                                 $\vdots$              $\vdots$

  : \[tab:Re0\] The eigenvalues found numerically by solving Eq. (\[eq:OS1-std\]) (method I) with various number of collocation points $N$ for $\alpha=1$ and $\RE=0.$ The exact eigenvalues values are the roots of the characteristic equation resulting from analytical solution of Eq. (\[eq:OS\]) for $\RE=0.$

In order to validate the approach developed above we start with $\RE=0$ for which Eq. (\[eq:OS\]) can easily be solved analytically leading to the characteristic equation $$\frac{\tanh(k)}{\tan(\sqrt{k^{2}-\lambda})}=\pm\left(\frac{k}{\sqrt{k^{2}-\lambda}}\right)^{\pm1},\label{eq:analytic}$$ which defines two branches of eigenvalues $\lambda$ for the even and odd modes corresponding to the plus and minus signs in the above expression. The eigenvalues resulting from Eq. (\[eq:OS1-std\]), which represents our first approach, are shown in Table \[tab:Re0\] for various numbers of collocation points along with the exact solution defined by Eq. (\[eq:analytic\]). As seen, this approach indeed produces a couple of huge spurious eigenvalues, which are due to the singularity of the transformation matrix $\underline{E}$ (\[eq:E\]) pointed out above. At the same time, the numerical solution accurately reproduces the leading eigenvalues of the exact solution. The accuracy, however, decreases down the spectrum so that only a half of the exact eigenvalues are reproduced by the numerical solution. The other half are numerically spurious eigenvalues which are due to the discretization of the problem [@Boyd-01].

Our second approach defined by Eq. (\[eq:OS2-gen\]) produces exactly the same eigenvalues as the first one for the given $N$ except for the two spurious eigenvalues which are now machine-size zeros rather than infinities. Using the modification of the second approach defined by Eq. (\[eq:OS2-std\]), these zero eigenvalues can be shifted to any prescribed value $\lambda_{0}$ without affecting other eigenvalues. Further we use $\lambda_{0}=4(N/4)^{4}$ which shifts the two physically spurious eigenvalues to the region of numerically spurious eigenvalues located in the lower part of spectrum. The variation of the five leading eigenvalues with the number of collocation points $N$ plotted in Fig. \[fig:k1\] shows an exponential convergence rate characteristic for the spectral numerical methods [@Canuto-etal].

![\[fig:k1\]Relative variation of leading eigenvalues with the number of collocation points $N$ for $\alpha=1$, $\RE=0$ and $\RE=10^{4}.$](chan2_k1){width="50.00000%"}

Next, we consider the solution of Eq. (\[eq:OS2-std\]) for $\RE=10^{4}$ and $\alpha=1,$ which is a standard test case for the linear stability analysis of plane Poiseuille flow. The leading eigenvalue for this case is shown in table \[tab:Re10e4\] in terms of the commonly used phase velocity $c=-\mathrm{i}\lambda/\RE k.$ For $N\gtrsim60$ the solution is seen to converge to the reference value obtained in [@Orszag-71] using a tau method with $M\gtrsim30$ even Chebyshev polynomials. As seen in Fig. \[fig:k1\], however the convergence rate for $\RE=10^{4}$ is somewhat slower than for $\RE=0,$ it is still exponential with the final accuracy comparable to the previous case.

The number of collocation points can be reduced by a half by considering even and odd modes separately as done in [@Orszag-71]. In our case, this would require substitution of differentiation matrices (\[eq:D1\],\[eq:D2\]) for general functions with their half-size counterparts for even and odd functions, which, however, lies outside the scope of this paper.

   $N$             $c$
  ----- --------------------------
   16    (0.23272286, 0.00922887)
   20    (0.23814366, 0.00566303)
   24    (0.23842504, 0.00282919)
   28    (0.23735182, 0.00357013)
   32    (0.23747200, 0.00372519)
   36    (0.23752527, 0.00375400)
   40    (0.23752494, 0.00373917)
   44    (0.23752716, 0.00374012)
   48    (0.23752633, 0.00373961)
   52    (0.23752653, 0.00373969)
   56    (0.23752648, 0.00373967)
   60    (0.23752649, 0.00373967)
   64    (0.23752649, 0.00373967)

  : \[tab:Re10e4\]Phase velocity $c=-\mathrm{i}\lambda/(\RE k)$ of the most unstable mode depending on the number of collocation points $N$ for $\alpha=1$ and $\RE=10^{4}.$

\[sec:Sum\]Summary and conclusions
==================================

We have developed a simple technique for avoiding physically spurious eigenmodes in the solution of hydrodynamic stability problems by the Chebyshev collocation method, which was demonstrated on the Orr-Sommerfeld equation for plane Poiseuille flow. The method is based on the factorisation of the original fourth order differential equation into two second-order equations using a vorticity-type auxiliary variable which has no explicit boundary conditions. The main element of the method is the elimination of the vorticity boundary values by using a capacitance matrix approach to obtain a standard matrix eigenvalue problem. Although the elimination is constrained by of the structure of eigenvalue problem, it can be still done in two basically different ways. Both approaches result in couple of physically spurious eigenvalues, which are either huge or close to zero depending on the way the vorticity boundary values are eliminated. We showed that these spurious eigenvalues are due to the double singularity of the transformation matrices which eliminate the vorticity boundary conditions by multiplying either the stiffness or mass matrices of the original generalised eigenvalue problem. By a slight modification of the second approach, the zero eigenvalues can be shifted to any prescribed value and thus moved to the region of numerically spurious eigenvalues at the end of spectrum.

The main advantage of our method is not only its simplicity but also its applicability to more general stability problems with complex boundary conditions involving several variables. An example of such a problem is that of 3D linear stability of MHD duct flow using a non-standard vector stream function and vorticity formulation, which results in the coupling of the stream function components through the boundary conditions [@PAM10]. In this case neither Galerkin nor collocation method with the *ad hoc* approach of Huang and Sloan [@Huang-Sloan-94] is applicable because no simple basis functions satisfying the boundary conditions can be constructed.

Acknowledgement {#acknowledgement .unnumbered}
===============

J.H. thanks the Mathematics and Control Engineering Department at Coventry University for funding his studentship.

Appendix {#appendix .unnumbered}
========

The differentiation matrices for the first and second derivatives at Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto nodes (\[zcol\]) are defined as follows [@Peyret-02 pp. 393–394]:

$$D_{i,j}^{(1)}=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
\frac{2N^{2}+1}{6} & j=0\\
\frac{c_{j}}{c_{i}}\frac{(-1)^{i+j}}{(z_{j}-z_{i})} & i\neq j\\
-\frac{z_{j}}{2(1-z_{j}^{2})} & 0<i=j<N\\
-\frac{2N^{2}+1}{6} & j=N
\end{array}\right.\label{eq:D1}$$

and $$D_{i,j}^{(2)}=(D_{i,j}^{(1)})^{2}=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
\frac{(-1)^{i+j}}{c_{j}}\frac{z_{i}^{2}+z_{i}z_{j}-2}{(1-z_{j}^{2})(z_{i}-z_{j})^{2}} & 0<i\neq j<N\\
-\frac{(N^{2}-1)(1-z_{i}^{2})+3}{3(1-z_{i}^{2})^{2}} & 0<i=j<N\\
\frac{2}{3}\frac{(-1)^{j}}{c_{j}}\frac{(2N^{2}+1)(1-z_{j})-6}{(1-z_{j})^{2}} & j\not=i=0\\
\frac{2}{3}\frac{(-1)^{j+N}}{c_{j}}\frac{(2N^{2}+1)(1+z_{j})-6}{(1+z_{j})^{2}} & j\not=i=N\\
\frac{N^{4}-1}{15} & i=j=0,N,
\end{array}\right.\label{eq:D2}$$ where $c_{i}=1$ for $0<i<N$ and $c_{i}=2$ for $i=0,N.$

[10]{} E. Anderson, Z. Bai, C. Bischof, S. Blackford, J. Demmel, J. Dongarra, J. Du Croz, A. Greenbaum, S. Hammarling, A. McKenney, D. Sorensen, LAPACK Users’ Guide, 3rd ed., SIAM, Philadelphia, 1999.

J.P. Boyd, Chebyshev and Fourier Spectral Methods, Dover, New York, 2001, pp. 139–142.

C. Canuto, M.Y. Hussaini, A. Quarteroni, T.A. Zang, Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics, Springer, Berlin, 1988.

P.T. Dawkins, S.R. Dunbar, R.W. Douglass, The origin and nature of spurious eigenvalues in the spectral tau method, J. Comput. Phys. **147** (1998) 441–462.

J.J. Dongarra, B. Straughan, D.W. Walker, Chebyshev tau-QZ algorithm methods for calculating spectra of hydrodynamic stability problems, Appl. Num. Math. **22** (1996) 399–434.

P.G. Drazin, W.H. Reid, Hydrodynamic Stability, Cambridge, 1981, p. 141.

D.R. Gardner, S.A. Trogdon, R.W. Douglass, A modified tau spectral method that eliminates spurious eigenvalues, J. Comput. Phys*.* **80** (1989) 137–167.

D. Gottlieb, S.A. Orszag, **Numerical Analysis of Spectral Methods: Theory and Applications**, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1977, pp. 143–148.

W. Huang, D.M. Sloan, The pseudospectral method for solving differential eigenvalue problems, J. Comp. Phys. **111** (1994) 399–409.

K.A. Lindsay, R.R. Ogden, A practical implementation of spectral methods resistant to the generation of spurious eigenvalues, J. Numer. Methods Fluids **15** (1992) 1277–1294.

G.B. McFadden, B.T. Murray, R.F. Boisvert, Elimination of spurious eigenvalues in the Chebyshev tau spectral method, J. Comput. Phys. **91** (1990) 228–239.

S.A. Orszag, Accurate solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld problem, J. Fluid Mech. **50** (1971) 689–703.

R. Peyret, Spectral Methods for Incompressible Viscous Flow, Springer, Berlin, 1982.

J. Priede, S. Aleksandrova, S. Molokov, Linear stability of Hunt’s flow. J. Fluid Mech. **649** (2010) 115–134.

J.A.C. Weideman and S.C. Reddy, A MATLAB differentiation matrix suite, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software **26** (2000) 465–519.

A. Zebib, A Chebyshev method for the solution of boundary value problems, J. Comput. Phys. **53** (1984) 443–455.

A. Zebib, Removal of spurious modes encountered in solving stability problems by spectral methods, J. Comput. Phys. ** **70** (1987) 521–525.


NeNe Leakes Gets Wedding Spinoff, I Dream of NeNe

NeNe Leakes is unstoppable! Like Bethenny Frankel and Kim Zolciak before her, the Real Housewives of Atlanta star and New Normal actress, 45, has landed her own Bravo reality spinoff series in honor of her upcoming nuptials. Debuting this fall, I Dream of NeNe: The Wedding will follow NeNe as she gears up to marry -- again! -- ex-husband Gregg Leakes.

As fans of RHOA know, NeNe and Gregg, 58, divorced back in 2011 after 13 years of marriage. The couple share son Brentt, 13, and initially parted ways after Gregg claimed "fame got to her head," and that he invested $300,000 in NeNe's fledgling acting career. They reconciled, and announced their engagement back in January.

In I Dream of NeNe, cameras will follow the over-the-top housewife as she works with -- and butts heads with -- celebrity wedding planner Tiffany Cook. Bridal party members, according to a press release, will include castmate Cynthia Bailey and controversial featured guest star Marlo Hampton.

NeNe also strives to bury the hatchet with Gregg's children from previous relationships -- and with her own, estranged father, Curtis. It's the third wedding-inspired housewife spinoff from Bravo. Bethenny Frankel broke away from Real Housewives of New York with her series Bethenny Getting Married, which eventually morphed into Bethenny Ever After. (She and husband Jason Hoppy have since filed for divorce.) NeNe's on-again, off-againRHOA pal Kim Zolciak and husband Kroy Biermann also starred in a similar show, Don't Be Tardy for the Wedding. Now called Don't Be Tardy, the series' second season debuted earlier this week.


Q:

How can I detect recycling from within a recyclerView adapter, so I can perform an action before it gets recycled?

I have a recyclerview that contains fields with editTexts. When scrolling, the data in the edit texts gets all mixed up or erased due to some functions I use and the views being recycled.
This could be completely solved if I could save my data before the view gets recycled.
How can I detect that happening from WITHIN the adapter?

A:

Just add below code in your adapter's onBindViewHolder method:
viewHolder.setIsRecyclable(false);

so you never lose your data on the scroll.


Impact on daily functioning and indirect/direct costs associated with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in a U.S. population.
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a debilitating side effect of chemotherapy, but it may be prevented or mitigated with medications. Uncontrolled CINV can lead to reduced quality of life and can result in increased costs (due to health care utilization and missed work). We prospectively assessed the prevalence and burden of CINV in a US population. Final analysis was performed on 178 patients, beginning chemotherapy during 2007-2008 at oncology specialty settings. Patients kept a diary recording use of antiemetic medications just before the start of chemotherapy and use of antiemetic medications, health care resources, and episodes of nausea and vomiting during the 5 days following. In addition, they completed a Functional Living Index-Emesis (FLIE) questionnaire and a Work Productivity and Assessment Inventory-Nausea and Vomiting assessment, to determine the impact of CINV on daily functioning and on work productivity, respectively. Physicians independently recorded prescribed medications and health care utilization. Of the patients, 61.2% reported experiencing CINV (34.3% with acute CINV and 58.4% with delayed CINV). Based on the FLIE assessment, 37.2% of all patients reported reduced daily functioning, and of those with poorly managed CINV, about 90% reported a significant impact on daily functioning. Total costs due to CINV were on average $778.58 per patient from the day of administration through the 5 days following the first cycle of chemotherapy; patients with more severe CINV typically had higher costs. CINV remains a significant problem among US patients, suggesting a need for more effective prophylaxis use in clinical practice.


Q:

How to create an undeletable file in Delphi

[the following is a rephrase of my previous question, which was deemed ambiguous].
I'm digging into creating a basic licensing mechanism for a demo application. What I have in mind goes like that: the application creates an empty "license file" called, say "0b1xa487x.ini" upon the first run, then expires 30 days after it has been first executed and can't be run anymore as long as that specific file is present on the system.
What I'm looking for is a method to protect that specific file in a way to deter deletion. Since it will be a blank file, devoid of any content, I wouldn't mind it to be corrupt, have corrupt headers, invalid date, whatever it takes to stay undeletable.
I've seen a similar approach somewhere based on file attributes (the file had the HX attributes set in place); however, the attribute approach lead me nowhere, as I can't find any documented feature on the existence of a file attribute X.
I also know that there are other approaches including rootkit drivers and system services launched as system user, but this particular one seems to fit best in this scenario. Again, I outline that the file's contents may as well be inaccessible, I'm not planning to use the approach in running any kind of malware from the file, as I've been accused below :)

A:

Corrupt suggests not conforming to some standard. There are no standards for blank files.

A:

Thanks everybody for your suggestions. I found a way to render my file inaccessible, namely by using fortunate combination of file permissions. The downside is that these things don't work on non-NTFS partitions. The good thing is that I can always clean up after my application by simply removing these permissions programatically and deleting everything afterwards.


Books? What Books? - gibsonf1
http://www.rev2.org/2007/06/18/opinionanalysis-books-what-books/
======
tx
I agree with lupin_sansei. The article lacks a credible source to back up
their conclusions. In fact, I believe just recently I stumbled upon some
numbers that suggest otherwise: _because_ of the Internet people get caught up
in the net of social marketing and start buying more books: _"OMG!! everybody
is reading this, I gotta buy one too"_ Several books became very popular this
way: Freakonomics, Tipping Point, Long Tail.

Seriously, without this largely Internet-based hype about Long Tail I cannot
see an article like that (about something obvious) make a book, and a popular
one.

------
lupin_sansei
"As a format, the book is becoming less and less popular in the modern world."

Any figures to back that up? What with the internet's biggest shop being an
online bookstore, and the proliferation of Borders I wonder is that is really
true.

Besides the web is just one big reading machine anyway.

~~~
corentin
Without Amazon, I would never had as much books as I have now. I'm even buying
books legally available as PDFs/HTML (including books I've already read). I
don't see them disappear anytime soon unless someone comes up with a really
good portable device able to compete with paper.

edit: and with websites such as lulu.com I'm sure we'll see even more books
printed.