/*
 * Android-PercentProgressBar
 * Copyright (c) 2015  Natasa Misic
 *
 *
 *     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 *     (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *     GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 *
 */

package com.natasa.progresspercent.lib;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.res.TypedArray;
import android.graphics.Canvas;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.graphics.Paint;
import android.graphics.Rect;
import android.graphics.RectF;
import android.graphics.Typeface;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.View;

import com.natasa.progresspercent.R;

public class LineProgress extends BaseProgressView {

    private RectF rectP;

    public LineProgress(Context context) {
        super(context);
    }

    public LineProgress(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
        super(context, attrs);
    }

    public LineProgress(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyle) {
        super(context, attrs, defStyle);
    }

    @Override
    protected void init(Context context) {
        this.context = context;
        progress = 0;

        initBackgroundColor();
        initForegroundColor();
        initTextColor();
        rectP = new RectF();
    }

    @Override
    protected void initForegroundColor() {
        super.initForegroundColor();
    }

    @Override
    protected void initTextColor() {
        super.initTextColor();
    }

    @Override
    protected void initBackgroundColor() {
        super.initBackgroundColor();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
        super.onDraw(canvas);
        drawRects(canvas);
    }

    private void drawRects(Canvas canvas) {
        int nMiddle = height / 2;
        Rect bounds = new Rect();
        String text = "" + progress + "%";
        textPaint.getTextBounds(text, 0, text.length(), bounds);
        float mt = textPaint.measureText(text) + 40 + text.length();

        int progressX = (int) ((width - mt) * progress / maximum_progress);

        rectP.left = getPaddingLeft();
        rectP.top = nMiddle;
        rectP.right = progressX;
        rectP.bottom = nMiddle;
        if (progress > 2) {
            canvas.drawRect(rectP, foregroundPaint);
        }
        if (progress < maximum_progress) {
            canvas.drawRect(rectP.width() + mt, nMiddle, width - getPaddingRight(), nMiddle, backgroundPaint);
        }
        canvas.drawText(text, progressX + 10, nMiddle + backgroundStrokeWidth,
                textPaint);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onSizeChanged(int w, int h, int oldw, int oldh) {
        super.onSizeChanged(w, h, oldw, oldh);
        float xpad = (float) (getPaddingLeft() + getPaddingRight());
        float ypad = (float) (getPaddingTop() + getPaddingBottom());

        width = (int) (w - xpad);
        height = (int) (h - ypad);
        setMeasuredDimension(width, height);
    }

    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
        super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);
        setPadding(PADDING, 0, 0, 0);
    }
}


As mobile devices continue to get thinner and more features are added, design and packaging requirements become increasingly more difficult to achieve. For example, an amount of space available within a mobile device can decrease when a form factor of the mobile device is reduced. A flexible circuit (flex) can be utilized as a replacement for traditional wires and other connections in order to provide additional space efficiency as well as functionality. In some embodiments, design requirements may dictate that the flex bend around an obstruction. Current flex attachment methods when soldering the flex to various components involve: (1) positioning the components relative to the flex and applying solder paste between each of the components and the flex in a surface mounting step, and (2) heating the flex and the solder until the solder adheres and forms around the electrical connections between the flex and the components in a reflow step. However, conventional manufacturing guidelines dictate the flex remains flat during the entire attachment process. Bending or folding of the flex prior to conducting surface mounting and reflow steps is avoided because, stresses resulting from the bending may cause flattening of the flex and adverse shifting of the components.


Introduction {#s1}
============

Bullying and peer victimization among adolescents are growing public health concerns because they affect victims' emotional well-being, as well as their social and academic functioning ([@B1]). Although some of its characteristics overlap with other forms of aggression such as harassment, bullying is defined as unwanted and repetitive aggressive behaviors committed by a young individual or a group of young people towards the victim, and a perceived sense of power imbalance in favor of the aggressors ([@B2]). Unfortunately, bullying has traditionally been socially accepted as a "rite of passage" and a "developmentally appropriate" behavior among children and adolescents, despite its adverse psychological and social consequences ([@B3]). This unhealthy acceptance of bullying is also prevalent in the media and literature ([@B4], [@B5]).

Bullying usually occurs in settings such as classrooms or among siblings at home ([@B2], [@B3], [@B6]). Siblings or dating partners, however, are not seen as pivotal pillars in most operational definitions of bullying behaviors ([@B2]). Bullies try to assert their power over individuals with an emotional response to bullying or with limited social support ([@B6]). This epidemic is prevalent across all societies, ethnicities, races, cultures and geographies ([@B3]). The world-wide prevalence of bullying is estimated to be slightly more than 1 in 3 students aged 13 to 15 years ([@B7]), and these figures are substantiated by a recent metaanalysis of 80 studies that reported the global prevalence rate of traditional bullying to be 35% ([@B8]). Similar prevalence figures have been reported from developing countries such as Pakistan, where a nationally representative school-based health survey in 2009 estimated the prevalence of bullying behavior to be around 41% ([@B9]). These rates are significantly higher than those reported in the developed world, and the difference is substantiated by the 2011 CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which estimated the prevalence of bullying among adolescents in the USA to be around 27% ([@B10]).

Bullying has also been associated with adverse physical, mental and academic consequences in children and adolescents. For example, victims of bullying were more likely to have a higher risk of depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, sleep disturbances, social isolation and feelings of loneliness ([@B11]--[@B14]). Moreover, the prevalence of substance use including alcohol, nicotine and inhalants was reportedly higher among victims of bullying than non-victims ([@B12], [@B15], [@B16]). The perpetration of bullying is also associated with externalizing symptoms such as aggression, truancy and delinquency ([@B11]--[@B14]). A recent metaanalysis of 14 studies suggested a dose-dependent relationship between bullying and the development of psychotic symptoms---a finding that highlights the debilitating consequences of bullying ([@B17], [@B18]).

Somatic symptomatology and academic underachievement have also been associated with bullying behavior among children ([@B3], [@B19], [@B20]). A recent study of a sample Pakistani children reported that more than 89% of the young respondents reported one or more occurrences of victimization, and more than 75% reported one or more acts of perpetration ([@B21]). A high prevalence of bullying behavior among Pakistani youth was found to correlate significantly with hunger, absences from school, witnessing fights between the father and another man, and patriarchal attitudes ([@B22]). Further to these findings, a deeper investigation into gender roles and violence against women and girls among youth also demonstrated that the aforementioned factors along with bullying behavior also account for acceptance of patriarchal attitudes in Pakistan ([@B23]). However, only a few high-quality studies exploring the public health aspects of bullying have been conducted in this country. Most of these studies explored bullying in the context of patriarchal and gender-biased aspects of Pakistani society ([@B22], [@B23]), and this research reported participants' gender to be a significant predictor of bullying behaviors. Compared to females, males were reported to be more involved in the perpetration of bullying, aggression and violence ([@B22], [@B23]). However, none of the studies compared the employment status of mothers or her availability at home as a possible correlate of bullying and emotional problems in children.

Recent years have seen improvements in our understanding of the psychosocial correlates of bullying behavior, owing to the progress made in data sciences. The psychosocial model of bullying behavior is viewed as complex due to potential overlaps in the frequency of involvement, perpetration and victimization among youth ([@B24], [@B25]). This approach reflects the view that psychosocial and health-related behaviors tend to cluster together, rather than acting as single factors in determining behavior ([@B26], [@B27]). Moreover, these complexities indicate that variable-centered approaches may be inferior to person-centered analytic approaches such as cluster analysis. In contrast to variable-centered analysis, cluster analysis uses patterns of behaviors, experiences, demographics and health to identify different subgroups, their frequencies, and heterogeneity in associations ([@B28]). This approach thus provides a better method to elucidate actual behavioral patterns among respondents, and thus sheds light on the conceptual overlaps in bullying behavior ([@B24], [@B25]).

There is a paucity of data exploring the relationships between bullying and its emotional and behavioral consequences in Pakistan. Moreover, no research has explored this phenomenon with person-centered analytical approaches. Therefore, the present study was designed with the following aims:

a.  To explore the prevalence of bullying, victimization and bully-victimization behaviors among Pakistani schoolchildren.

b.  To explore the association of mothers' employment status with bullying behaviors among children.

c.  To elucidate the strength of association of different bullying behaviors with strengths and difficulties among schoolchildren.

d.  To identify the mediating effects of pure victimization behavior on the association between externalizing symptomatology and pure perpetration.

e.  To identify the mediating effects of pure perpetration behavior on the association between internalizing symptomatology and pure victimization.

f.  To use an unsupervised machine learning technique in orde to identify clusters of emotional and behavioral difficulties associated with patterns of bullying behavior among schoolchildren.

Methods {#s2}
=======

Study Design {#s2_1}
------------

This cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2016 and July 2017 at seven public and private schools located in five districts in Pakistan: Lodhran, Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Multan, Thatta, and Nawabshah ([@B29]). The districts of Lodhran, Rahim Yar Khan, Faisalabad, Bahawalpur, and Multan are located in Punjab province, where the total population of 12,388,824 represents three major ethnicities, i.e. the Saraiki, Punjabi, and Urdu-speaking populations ([@B29]). The districts of Thatta and Nawabshah are located near the Indus River in Sindh province, where a total population of 13,55,131 represents a Sindhi and Urdu-speaking majority ([@B29]). Our study sample was representative of both urban and rural populations. However, all participating schools were selected based on convenience sampling methods.

Sample Size {#s2_2}
-----------

The total sample size was calculated with two methods. A minimum sample size of 664 was calculated with the following parameters: 5% margin of error, 99% confidence level, hypothetical population size of N = 20,000, and 50% response distribution. Previous studies have reported low to moderate effect sizes for associations between bullying behavior and emotional and behavioral difficulties in children ([@B19], [@B30]). Therefore, for low to moderate effect sizes, an alpha error probability of 5%, a statistical power of 99% and 5 predictors, a minimum sample size of 1,342 was found to be suitable for this study (GPower, v. 3.1).

Operational Definitions {#s2_3}
-----------------------

This study focused on three different patterns of bullying behaviors: pure perpetrators, pure victims, and bully-victims. Pure perpetrators were defined as those having a history of bullying other children. Pure victims were those who had a history of being bullied by other children. Children who reported a history of both perpetration and victimization were classified as bully-victims.

Survey Procedure and Questionnaire {#s2_4}
----------------------------------

A team of local researchers was recruited to approach the administrative staff of the schools to seek their permission to conduct the study at their sites. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, and was found to meet the ethical criteria of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and comparable standards. An informed consent form and detailed brochure outlining the objectives of the study were mailed to each participant's parents. They were assured that all data would be anonymous and that no individual findings would be reported.

Thereafter, children enrolled at these schools and aged 10 to 17 years were approached through a convenience sampling method by a team of interviewers including their teachers and local researchers. Only those participants were recruited whose parents provided their written consent for their child to participate in the study. The study sample was not stratified based on the number of schools or potential study participants. A universal sampling technique was preferred, in which we approached all students enrolled at each school during the study period.

No incentives were provided to the parents or children taking part in the study. The children completed a three-part survey containing items on a) demographics, b) experiences of bullying and victimization, c) help-seeking behavior, and d) a strengths and difficulties questionnaire. All surveys were self-administered in the Urdu language, the national language of Pakistan. Members of the research team distributed the survey to students in their regular classrooms in the presence of their teachers, and responded to any questions or comments from the students. They were given ample time during regular classroom hours to complete the survey. These measures ensured a high response rate and high accuracy of the responses.

Measures {#s2_5}
--------

The first section of the survey inquired about respondents' demographic characteristics including age, gender, mother's employment status, and background. The second section comprised 11 items regarding experiences of bullying and victimization as perceived by the participants. They were asked about the frequency of both victimization and perpetration of bullying behaviors. Four items sought details on bullying behavior at school and outside school, e.g. at private tuition centers, in the previous six months. The responses to these four items were recorded on a Likert-type scale ranging from "not at all" to "most days". These items yielded good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.820, and showed a unidimensional factor pattern that explained 66.1% of the variance according to exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency for both the victimization (alpha = 0.74) and perpetration subscale (alpha = 0.77) was acceptable. Participants who had a positive history of both bullying victimization and perpetration were classified as bully-victims.

The next three items specified the gender of bullying perpetrators as boy, girl or group. These items were rated on a four-point Likert-like scale ranging from "not at all" to "most days". The third section consisted of four items pertaining to help-seeking behavior. Out of these four items, two dichotomous questions asked whether the respondent had talked to or sought help from anyone regarding these experiences. The next question inquired about the relationship of the help provider to the respondent, i.e., teacher, parent, friend, sibling, or other. The last question asked respondents whether they sought help from parents, teachers, relatives, siblings, friends, or others.

The fourth section comprised the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which has undergone extensive validation in samples of Pakistani children and adolescents. This instrument yields scores across several domains of emotional difficulties and strengths including emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer relationship problems, prosocial, externalizing, and internalizing symptoms ([@B31]). The scores were grouped into three categories based on established cut-off values for normal, borderline and abnormal. The ranges of possible scores for each section were: a) total difficulties (20--40), emotional difficulties (7--10), conduct problems (5--10), hyperactivity (7--10), peer problems (6--10), prosocial behavior (0--4), and impact score (2--10). The present study used the impact supplement of the SDQ to assess the frequency of distress among participants at home, in the context of their friendships, and during leisure and classroom activities ([@B31]).

Statistical Analyses {#s2_6}
--------------------

All data were analyzed with SPSS v. 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical variables are reported here as frequencies, and quantitative variables are reported as the mean and standard deviation. A series of t-tests for independent samples quantified the association of gender and mother's employment status with scores on the SDQ. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to analyze associations between age and SDQ subscales. Subsequently, a series of linear regressions were used to evaluate the associations between demographic characteristics and bullying behaviors with total SDQ scores, impact supplement scores, and internalizing and externalizing subscale scores. Before regression analysis, multicollinearity among variables was checked with the variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance (TOL) values. A value ≥10 for VIF and ≤0.2 for TOL for any predictor in the regression analysis was considered significant multicollinearity. Hierarchal regression was also used to assess the mediating effect of episodes of bullying in the past on the relationship between perpetration of bullying and externalizing symptoms. The significance of this mediating relationship was further verified with Sobel, Aroian, and Goodman statistics ([@B32], [@B33]). Thereafter, a two-step clustering algorithm was used to identify clusters of respondents based on their bullying behavior, strengths and difficulties. A log-likelihood model-based distance measure was used in the present analysis. This approach combines the clusters and evaluates the distance between them as the corresponding decrease in log-likelihood ([@B34]). First, all cases were sorted into pre-clusters, which were then clustered according to a hierarchical algorithm. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) was then used to select the "best" cluster solution. The silhouette measure of cohesion and separation was used to assess the quality of the cluster, with a cut-off value of ≥0.5 considered as "good".

Several approaches were used to minimize missing data. For example, respondents were given educational brochures and presentations to help them understand the importance of this study. They were asked to double-check their questionnaire to ensure no items were left unanswered. Finally, if there were any missing data, continuous values were replaced with the means of the scale for a given respondent, and values for categorical variables were replaced with the mode.

Results {#s3}
=======

Demographics {#s3_1}
------------

Out of 2,650 parents approached, a total of 2,325 provided consent for their child to participate in the survey. There was no rejection from the children and adolescents themselves, and the final overall response rate was 87.74%. Mean age of the respondents was 14.63 (2.87) years. Independent sample t-tests revealed that mean age in boys, i.e. 14.97 (3.58) years, was significantly older than in girls ($\overline{\text{x}}$ = 14.20, SD = 1.39). More than half of the respondents were males (n = 1301, 56.2%), and a majority reported that their mothers were housewives (n = 2,100, 90.7%). A high proportion of respondents reported that they had felt the need to ask for outside help in the preceding six months (n = 1,117, 48.2%), especially from their parents (n = 1,004, 43.4%).

Prevalence of Bullying Behavior {#s3_2}
-------------------------------

A total of 615 (26.6%) respondents reported being bullied at school, and 415 (17.9%) away from school. The perpetration of bullying was reported by 430 (18.6%) participants at school and 376 (16.3%) away from school. Approximately one fourth of the participants (n = 559, 24.4%) reported being bullied by girls, and 516 (22.3%) by boys. A smaller number (n = 413, 17.8%) reported being bullied by a group more than once a week. Further exploration of the patterns of bullying revealed a total of 735 (31.70%) bully-victims. The experience of being bullied in the past showed a strong association with bully-victim behaviors (*X* ~2~ = 1,298.19, P \< 0.001, φ = 0.75). Student bullying at school showed a positive association with bullying away from school (ρ = 0.59, P \< 0.001). Similar trends were noted for victimization behavior (ρ = 0.56, P \< 0.001). Respondents who had been bullied in the past also scored significantly higher on the SDQ and its subscales than their counterparts who did not report any victimization experiences. Detailed demographic characteristics and patterns of bullying are presented in [**Table 1**](#T1){ref-type="table"}. The prevalence of history of victimization, perpetration and bully-victim experiences were significantly higher among children of mothers who were employed outside the home. Both boys and girls were more frequently bullied by other boys than by girls or groups ([**Supplementary Table 1**](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

######

Demographic characteristics and trends in bullying among Pakistani schoolchildren.

  Variables                                                                                Subcategories                  Frequency (n)   Percentage (%)
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------------- ----------------
  Gender                                                                                Boy                            1,301           56.2%
  Girl                                                                                1,014                          43.8%
  Mother's profession                                                                                Housewife                      2,100           90.7%
  Employed                                                                                215                            9.3%
  Have you felt the need to ask for outside help in the past six months?                                     No, I have not felt the need   600             25.9%
  I have considered getting outside help                                                                     599                            25.9%
  I have sought outside help                                                                                1,117                          48.2%
  Preference for seeking help                                                                                Parents                        1,004           43.4%
  Teachers                                                                                382                            16.5%
  Relatives                                                                                73                             3.2%
  Siblings                                                                                162                            7.0%
  Friend                                                                                573                            24.7%
  Other                                                                                122                            5.3%
  How often have you been bullied in school in the past six months?                                          Not at all                     1,434           61.9%
  Less than once a week                                                                                267                            11.5%
  More than once a week                                                                                259                            11.2%
  Most days                                                                                356                            15.4%
  How often have you been bullied away from school (such as in tuition centers) in the past six months?      Not at all                     1,651           71.3%
  Less than once a week                                                                                250                            10.8%
  More than once a week                                                                                259                            11.2%
  Most days                                                                                156                            6.7%
  How often have you bullied others in school in the past six months?                                        Not at all                     1470            63.5%
  Less than once a week                                                                                416                            18.0%
  More than once a week                                                                                212                            9.2%
  Most days                                                                                218                            9.4%
  How often have you bullied others away from school (such as in tuitions centers) in the past six months?   Not at all                     1,708           73.7%
  Less than once a week                                                                                232                            10.0%
  More than once a week                                                                                157                            6.8%
  Most days                                                                                219                            9.5%
  How often have girls bullied you?                                                                          Not at all                     1,532           66.8%
  Less than once a week                                                                                200                            8.7%
  More than once a week                                                                                161                            7.0%
  Most days                                                                                398                            17.4%
  How often have boys bullied you?                                                                           Not at all                     1,574           68.0%
  Less than once a week                                                                                226                            9.8%
  More than once a week                                                                                276                            11.9%
  Most days                                                                                240                            10.4%
  How often has a group bullied you?                                                                         Not at all                     1,705           73.6%
  Less than once a week                                                                                198                            8.5%
  More than once a week                                                                                163                            7.0%
  Most days                                                                                250                            10.8%
  Have you told anyone about your experience so that they can help you?                                      Yes                            1,646           71.1%
  No                                                                                670                            28.9%
  If yes please indicate who you told:                                                                       Parents                        1,126           48.6%
  Teachers                                                                                389                            16.8%
  Siblings                                                                                303                            13.1%
  Friends                                                                                386                            16.7%
  School                                                                                44                             1.9%
  Other                                                                                68                             2.9%

Responses on the SDQ {#s3_3}
--------------------

According to these data, a total of 527 (22.8%) participants had borderline abnormal scores, and 479 (20.7%) had severe difficulties. According to SDQ subscale results, abnormal scores were seen in 600 (25.9%) participants for emotional problems, 583 (25.2%) for conduct problems, 195 (8.4%) for hyperactivity, 389 (16.8%) for peer problems, and 435 (18.8%) for poor prosocial skills. According to the results for the impact supplement scale, 299 (12.9%) participants had borderline scores and 902 participants (39.0%) had severe problems.

Bullying, Distress and Help-Seeking Behavior {#s3_4}
--------------------------------------------

Most respondents (1,646, 71.1%) had told someone about their experience of being bullied, and a high proportion indicated that they had sought help from their parents (n = 1,126, 48.6%). [**Supplementary Table 2**](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"} presents the association of bullying experiences with individual items on the impact supplement scale.

Bullying and Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties {#s3_5}
--------------------------------------------------

Linear regression analysis yielded a significant model predicting total scores on the SDQ scale (adj. R^2^ = 15%, F = 68.88, DF~total~ = 2,314, P \< 0.001). According to this model, higher SDQ scores were associated with male gender, older age, and mother's employment outside the home. Although a history of bullying correlated with higher SDQ scores, the strongest association was observed for children who reported both perpetration and victimization, followed by perpetration only and victimization only ([**Table 2**](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Similar trends were noted in the frequencies of distress reported by participants (adj. R^2^ = 8.5%, F = 36.64, DF~total~ = 2,314, P \< 0.001).

######

Patterns of bullying behaviors as predictors of SDQ scores.

  Variables             B        Std. Error   Beta     t-value   P value
  --------------------- -------- ------------ -------- --------- ---------
  (Constant)            14.089   0.843                 16.713    \<0.001
  Gender                −2.444   0.238        −0.212   −10.249   \<0.001
  Age                   0.086    0.039        0.043    2.221     0.026
  Mother's profession   1.070    0.383        0.054    2.791     0.005
  Bully victims         3.245    0.275        0.264    11.813    \<0.001
  Pure victims          1.582    0.343        0.095    4.604     \<0.001
  Pure perpetrators     2.121    0.379        0.113    5.590     \<0.001

Being bullied in the past exerted significant mediation effects on the relationship between bullying others and externalizing symptoms ([**Table 3**](#T3){ref-type="table"}), as shown by hierarchal regression analysis (F = 108.96, df~total~ = 2,315, P \< 0.001). These variables yielded significant effects in the Sobel test (test statistic = 6.32, SE = 0.07, P \< 0.001), Aroian test (test statistic = 6.32, SE = 0.07, P \< 0.001) and Goodman test (test statistic = 6.33, SE = 0.07, P \< 0.001). In a similar manner ([**Table 5**](#T5){ref-type="table"}), being victimized in the past exerted significant mediation effects on the relationship between bullying others and internalizing symptoms ([**Table 4**](#T4){ref-type="table"}), as shown by hierarchal regression analysis (F = 108.96, df~total~ = 2,315, P \< 0.001). These variables yielded significant effects in the Sobel test (test statistic = 6.74, SE = 0.06, P \< 0.001), Aroian test (test statistic 6.73, SE = 0.06, P \< 0.001) and Goodman test (test statistic = 6.74, SE = 0.06, P \< 0.001).

######

Controlling effects of bullying perpetration on the association between victimizing behavior and externalizing symptomatology.

  Model                                     B       Std. Error   Beta     t-value   P value
  ---------------------------- ------------ ------- ------------ -------- --------- ---------
  1                            (Constant)   4.975   0.146                 34.060    \<0.001
  Frequency of victimization   1.016        0.077   0.266        13.274   \<0.001
  2                            (Constant)   4.605   0.157                 29.413    \<0.001
  Frequency of victimization   0.628        0.098   0.165        6.402    \<0.001
  Frequency of perpetration    0.642        0.103   0.160        6.232    \<0.001

######

Controlling effects of bullying victimization on the association between victimizing behavior and externalizing symptomatology.

  Model                        B            Std. Error   Beta    t-value   P value
  ---------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------- --------- --------- ---------
  1                            (Constant)   11.994       0.237             50.662    \<0.001
  Frequency of perpetration    1.560        0.131        0.241   11.946    \<0.001
  2                            (Constant)   11.247       0.253             44.386    \<0.001
  Frequency of perpetration    0.750        0.167        0.116   4.501     \<0.001
  Frequency of victimization   1.217        0.159        0.197   7.660     \<0.001

Cluster Analysis {#s3_6}
----------------

A two-step clustering algorithm was used to group cases into two clusters. The overall quality of the clusters was rated as good, with a silhouette measure of cohesion and separation of 0.5. The first cluster---"normal behavior"---contained lower scores on all SDQ subscales. It represented 0% of bully-victims, 100% of the pure perpetrators and 100% of the pure victims. The second cluster---"psychopathological behavior"---contained significantly higher scores on all subscales except prosocial behavior. The SDQ subscale scores clustered 100% of bully-victims and excluded respondents with a history of victimization only or perpetration only ([**Table 5**](#T5){ref-type="table"} and [**Supplementary Figure 1**](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Thereafter, cluster analysis was done by introducing variables based on pure victims, pure perpetrators, or bully-victims, with similar results ([**Supplementary Figure 2**](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

######

Mean (SD) scores on SDQ subscales in the two clusters.

  SDQ subscales                           Clusters
  --------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------- --------------- ----------------
  **Children with history of bullying**   **Frequency**   **Percentage**   **Frequency**   **Percentage**
  Bully victims                           0               0%               735             100%
  Perpetrators                            239             15.1%            735             100%
  Victims                                 315             19.9%            735             100%
  Scores on SDQ scale                     Mean            SD               Mean            SD
  Emotional problems                      4.08            1.93             4.58            1.94
  Conduct problems                        2.81            1.98             4.07            2.06
  Hyperactivity                           3.13            2.04             4.16            2.05
  Peer problems                           3.30            1.87             4.10            1.91
  Prosocial behavior                      6.67            1.80             5.60            2.15
  Global score                            13.32           5.56             16.92           5.31
  Externalizing symptoms                  5.94            3.41             8.23            3.33
  Internalizing symptoms                  7.38            2.99             8.68            2.92
  Impact scores                           10.04           3.63             12.31           4.00

Discussion {#s4}
==========

Our survey results show a high prevalence of bullying victimization as well as perpetration among Pakistani schoolchildren. Almost all of the students who reported being bullied in the past also reported perpetrating bullying behaviors themselves. This behavior was associated with significant distress as shown by the responses on the SDQ impact supplement, and was also associated with severe behavioral problems as identified by the main SDQ.

An especially disturbing result is that almost 45.3% of the students reported being victims of bullying, while 42.1% were perpetrators of bullying and 31.2% were both victims and perpetrators. These figures are consistent with earlier surveys in Pakistan. For example, a high prevalence of verbal (57%) and physical abuse (33.7%) was reported among schoolchildren in the cities of Karachi, Lahore and Quetta ([@B35]). Similar prevalence rates of bullying behavior were reported by Zhu and Chan among Chinese schoolchildren ([@B36]). However, lower prevalence rates of bullying behaviors were reported among children in developed countries such as Australia, where the findings were attributed to better implementation of intervention programs that targeted bullying behaviors among schoolchildren ([@B37]).

Our data thus reveal a high prevalence of behavioral problems among Pakistani schoolchildren. Interestingly, there are no systematic reviews or metaanalyses summarizing the global prevalence of behavioral problems identified with the SDQ among schoolchildren. However, a systematic review by Salmanian et al. concluded that studies based on this instrument reported higher prevalence of conduct problems than other tools such as the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia or clinical interviews used in the same populations ([@B38]). These authors also concluded that the SDQ might be useful as a screening tool, and that further psychiatric research should be done to ascertain the prevalence rate of behavioral problems among children ([@B38]). Therefore, the present findings should be interpreted with caution.

In the present study, more than 43% of the children scored in the abnormal range of the SDQ. Syed et al. reported similar prevalence rates of emotional and behavioral difficulties among children 7 to 11 years old in Karachi who completed the SDQ ([@B39]). These results are consistent with findings published by Goodman et al., who reported a high prevalence of emotional difficulties (10--15%) among children and adolescents in different settings such as rural Brazil and deprived British populations, and prevalence of 22% in urban Yemen and urban Brazil slum settings, 30--32% in Russia and Bangladesh, and 60% in rural Yemen ([@B40]). Our results are also consistent with those of Polanczyk et al. and Kovess-Masfety et al., who reported a significantly lower worldwide pooled prevalence of mental disorders compared to the present findings ([@B41], [@B42]).

The present findings show that children whose mother was employed outside the home had a higher prevalence of mental health problems and victimization by bullies at school than children from families in which the mother worked as a housewife. This highlights the patriarchal nature of Pakistani society, where working women may also be expected to shoulder a higher burden of child care than their male counterparts ([@B43]). This situation, coupled with a difficult work environment, lower wages, life stressors and the lack of day-care facilities for working women, acts as a double-edged sword that limits the ability of working mothers to provide care for their children.

Both being bullied and bullying others were associated with significant distress at school, during leisure and home activities, and in friendships, and higher SDQ scores. However, bullied victims reported more distress and more emotional and behavioral difficulties than bullies. It is usually believed that perpetrators of bullying exhibit externalizing symptoms (anger, criminality, and aggression), whereas victims of bullying exhibit internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, fear, and social withdrawal) ([@B44]--[@B46]). This belief is supported by Gini, who reported a higher propensity for psychosocial maladjustment and poor coping behavior among bullied schoolchildren than in their perpetrator counterparts ([@B19]). We believe that the higher prevalence of distress among victims of bullying may therefore be partly explained by two factors: a) victims experience comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders, and b) a high proportion of these victims are bully-victims, who are themselves involved in perpetration behavior ([@B37]). This learned behavior is a consequence of the sociocognitive development of bullied children. After their experiences of being bullied by their peers, victims begin to believe in power symmetry and develop intolerance toward power differentials among peers; this in turn can lead to a higher prevalence of counterattacks ([@B6]). Thus, the victims themselves resort to the perpetration of bullying, and contribute to the resulting vicious circle of perpetration and victimization, adding further to their psychological injuries ([@B6]).

In the present study, a two-step cluster algorithm was used to examine clusters and dimensions of psychopathologies (assessed with the SDQ) among respondents. These results indicated that perpetrators, victims and bully-victims regressed to the same clusters when psychopathologies were taken into account. This finding confirms the homogenous nature of psychopathologies among adolescents in Pakistan, once the large overlap between victimization and perpetration behavior is controlled for. As such, it is a relatively novel finding, given that previous studies with cluster analysis classified bullying subtypes rather than behavioral and emotional problems. For example, one study of bullying behavior subtypes identified unwanted sexual and internet solicitation subgroups, and another identified uninvolved adolescents, victims, verbal bullies, bully-victims, and physically aggressive bullies, based on social support and skills status and social behavior ([@B25]). A similar conclusion can be drawn from the mediation analyses, which challenge the prevalent notions that pure victimization is categorically associated with internalizing disorders and pure perpetration with externalizing disorders. We feel that future studies should conceptualize the association between pediatric behavioral disorders and bullying behaviors from a dimensional approach ([@B47], [@B48]).

The present results and analysis have several practical implications. They underscore the synergistic effect of perpetration and victimization behavior among young people, leading to a plethora of emotional and behavioral psychopathologies that persist later in life. Moreover, these strengths and difficulties tend to cluster together. Therefore, intervention programs should be multimodal and comprehensive, targeting both externalizing disorders such as aggression and internalizing disorders such as depression among youth. These intervention programs should also implement psycho-educational knowledge of victimization, perpetration and bully-victim behavior together ([@B24], [@B25]). Our results are also corroborated by a study that found a similar clustering of physical health behaviors among different forms of bullying ([@B27]). According to that research, Dutch adolescents who showed bullying behavior had high rates of risk-prone behavior, screen use, sedentary lifestyle, higher body mass index values, problematic self-efficacy and problematic SDQ scores ([@B27]).

Strengths of the Study {#s4_1}
----------------------

The present study has several strengths. Our large sample of Pakistani schoolchildren included respondents in seven cities across two provinces of Pakistan, which provided high statistical power for the data analyses. Despite the use of a convenience sampling method, the approach used to seek voluntary participation together with the high response rate make our findings potentially generalizable to the Pakistani population of schoolchildren in the same age group. The participating schools in this study were situated in small cities catering to their respective populations. But a large proportion of these children had a rural background, which increases the generalizability of our findings to the rural population as well.

Limitations {#s4_2}
-----------

The cross-sectional nature of this study limits inferences related to temporality and causality. These hypotheses should therefore be explored in future studies of longitudinal cohorts. In addition, the use of a self-administered instrument may have led to some recall bias; moreover, no collateral information was obtained from the children's parents or teachers.

In conclusion, the prevalence of bullying perpetration and victimization behaviors among Pakistani schoolchildren was very high and was associated with behavioral difficulties. This study also provides insights into the association between childhood psychopathologies, different patterns of bullying behavior, and the mediators governing them. Bullying perpetration was associated with externalizing symptoms, whereas being a victim was associated with both externalizing and internalizing psychopathologies. The higher prevalence of distress among victims of bullying can be explained by comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders, and by a greater tendency of victims to engage in bullying perpetration themselves as a learned behavior.

Our findings have several implications for Pakistani policy makers and researchers. We emphasize the need to understand the patterns of behavioral difficulties in order to design effective anti-bullying initiatives, psychosocial counseling procedures, and school-based mental health services.

Ethics Statement {#s5}
================

Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, and it was found to meet the ethical criteria of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and comparable standards. The informed consent form and a detailed brochure outlining the objectives of the study were mailed to each participant's parents. They were assured that all data would be anonymous and that no individual findings would be reported.

Author Contributions {#s6}
====================

SN and AW conceived and designed the study, supervised data collection, analyzed the data and interpreted it, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. ZS, WA, MW, JR, and TA collected the data and edited the draft extensively. All authors reviewed the final draft and approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest {#s7}
====================

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The authors thank K. Shashok (AuthorAID in the Eastern Mediterranean) for her help in improving the use of English in the manuscript. We also thank the school administrative staff members who helped our team with data collection.

Supplementary Material {#s8}
======================

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00976/full#supplementary-material>

######

Click here for additional data file.

######

Click here for additional data file.

[^1]: Edited by: Anat Brunstein Klomek, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel

[^2]: Reviewed by: Vivek Agarwal, King George's Medical University, India; Melissa Holt, Boston University, United States; Joy Benatov, University of Haifa, Israel

[^3]: This article was submitted to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

[^4]: †These authors have contributed equally to this work


Being indecisive is no big deal when it comes to choosing baby names or the proper blood type for a life-saving transfusion, but when it comes to your food, it’s a total travesty. Get yourself a plan with this deal at Kuroshio Midtown Sushi & Lounge, good for $30 worth of Japanese cuisine and beverages, for only $15.

If you want to experience Japanese cuisine, you do it at Kuroshio. It’s really that simple. They’re revered for a reason, from their award-winning wine list to their skillfully prepared sushi available at the sushi bar or dramatically prepared table side on shark skin. Their various menus hold a menagerie of options, from marinated Korean Beef to Thai Chicken Satay, Japanese Hot Rock Tuna and Szechuan Grilled Chicken. Sip Miso Soup, put together the perfect Bento Box from land or sea and top it all off with Chocolate Volcano Cake (among other sinful sweets), and consider yourself educated in unparalleled Japanese fare.


451 Pa. 241 (1973)
Commonwealth
v.
Tingle, Appellant.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued November 13, 1972.
March 16, 1973.
*242 Before JONES, C.J., EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.
Samuel Dashiell, for appellant.
Ronald I. Rosen, Assistant District Attorney, with him Milton M. Stein, Assistant District Attorney, Richard A. Sprague, First Assistant District Attorney, and Arlen Specter, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
OPINION BY MR. JUSTICE ROBERTS, March 16, 1973:
Appellant Gilbert Tingle was tried nonjury in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia and found guilty of second degree murder. Post-trial motions were denied and appellant was sentenced to six to fifteen years imprisonment. We reverse.
Appellant's principal contention[1] is that the suppression court erred in finding voluntary his confession *243 secured by the police after some twenty-one and a half hours of interrogation.[2]
The challenged confession was secured by the police between appellant's warrantless arrest and arraignment, a period of some twenty-one and a half hours. The circumstances surrounding appellant's arrest and the lengthy delay before arraignment, as established by the Commonwealth's own witnesses, are as follows: Appellant was arrested at approximately 11:45 A.M. on June 27, 1971. He was immediately taken to the police station and handcuffed to a chair for the next twenty-one and a half hours. During that interim, spent in a "well-lit" room of modest dimensions, appellant was subjected to almost constant police interrogation. By the computation of the police appellant could have had no more than six hours of respite during this twenty-one and a half hour detention.
During the twenty-one and a half hour period of almost constant interrogation and surveillance only appellant's most basic needs were satisfied. Access was provided to a lavatory and appellant received three sandwiches and coffee. A statement was actually given by appellant at 5:45 P.M. on June 27, but the police were not satisfied with its contents and continued the interrogation. Finally, at 9:15 A.M. on June 28, a second statement, now challenged as involuntary, was secured from the appellant, and within minutes he was thereafter arraigned.
The issue presented is whether the twenty-one and a half hour delay between arrest and arraignment violates the clear mandate of Pa. R. Crim. P. 118: "When a defendant has been arrested without a warrant, he shall *244 be taken without unnecessary delay before the proper issuing authority where a complaint shall be filed against him. . . ." (Emphasis supplied.)
This Court recently held in Commonwealth v. Futch, 447 Pa. 389, 394, 290 A. 2d 417, 419 (1972), that "all evidence obtained during `unnecessary delay'" between arrest and arraignment is inadmissible "except that [evidence] which . . . has no reasonable relationship to the delay whatsoever." (Emphasis added.) In so holding this Court noted that the purpose of Rule 118 is to insure that the defendant will be afforded "without unnecessary delay" after arrest those protections and rights embodied in Rule 119:[3] "(a) At the preliminary arraignment, the issuing authority shall not question the defendant respecting the offense charged, but shall forthwith deliver a copy of the complaint to him. The issuing authority shall also inform the defendant: (1) Of his right to secure counsel of his choice and his right to assigned counsel in accordance with Rule 318; (2) Of his right to have a preliminary hearing or, except as provided in these rules, to waive it; (3) If the offense is bailable, of the amount of bail demanded and the types acceptable as provided in these rules; and. . . ." Pa. R. Crim. P. 119 (emphasis added).
This Court in Futch made it clear ". . . that failure to comply with Rule 118[4] does not ipso facto render inadmissible *245 evidence obtained by the police during the `unnecessary delay' and that it is incumbent upon defendant to show some prejudice from the delay."[5]Futch did not, and we do not here, establish a per se rule that all evidence obtained during an unnecessary delay be excluded. It is only upon the defendant's showing of prejudice from the delay, i.e., a nexus between the delay and the challenged evidence that he is entitled to relief. In Futch, supra, the defendant waived counsel for a lineup after a twelve hour "unnecessary delay." Noting that the waiver of counsel form signed by defendant was "misleading", and the lineup itself of a "suggestive nature", this Court held evidence from the lineup to be inadmissible at trial. Id. at 395, 290 A. 2d at 420.
Chief Justice, then Judge BURGER, has offered the following guidelines for ascertaining "necessary delay" between arrest and arraignment: "`Necessary delay can reasonably relate to time to administratively process an accused with booking, fingerprinting and other steps.. . .'" Adams v. United States, 399 F. 2d 574, 579 (D.C. Cir. 1968) (concurring opinion) (quoted in Commonwealth v. Futch, 447 Pa. at 392, 290 A. 2d at 418).
Notwithstanding, the fact that here the twenty-one and a half hour detention and delay before arraignment was not for "administrative reasons", nor was it "directed to possible exculpation of the one arrested", the Commonwealth still insists that the delay was "necessary." Specifically the Commonwealth argues that since *246 appellant was informed of his Miranda[6] warnings after his arrest the police were under no obligation to comply with Rule 118's mandate. Such a position is clearly contrary to Commonwealth v. Futch, supra, and the specific and mandatory language of Rule 118.
As we have previously noted, the very purpose of Rule 118 is to insure that "without unnecessary delay" after arrest, an accused is informed by an officer of the court of his right to counsel. The United States Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966), was quite emphatic that the mere recitation of Miranda warnings did not obviate the duty of the police to promptly arraign an accused: "Our decision today does not indicate these rules [F.R. Crim. P. 5(a), which requires prompt arraignment] can be disregarded. When federal officials arrest an individual, they must as always comply with the dictates of the congressional legislation and cases thereunder. . . ." 384 U.S. at 463, n.32, 86 S. Ct. at 1622 n.32.[7]
We hold, as did the United States Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, supra, that merely because an accused has been informed of his Miranda warnings the police are not thereby free to "disregard" Rule 118. The record in this case clearly demonstrates that the twenty-one and a half hour delay between arrest and arraignment was unnecessary and thus violative of Rule 118 and Commonwealth v. Futch, supra.
Nor can it be seriously disputed that the challenged confession was "reasonably related" to the "unnecessary delay." Id. at 394-96, 290 A. 2d at 419. By the *247 police's own admission the statement appellant gave some six hours after his arrest was not "satisfactory;" and the interrogation continued for another fifteen hours. We must conclude that the challenged statement here, as the evidence in Futch, supra, was "reasonably related" to the "unnecessary delay" and thus inadmissible.
The judgment of sentence is reversed and the record remanded for a new trial.
CONCURRING OPINION BY MR. JUSTICE EAGEN:
I agree with the conclusion of Mr. Justice ROBERTS that the long delay between the arrest and the filing of the complaint in this case was "unnecessary" in the sense that term is used in Rule 118 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure. I likewise agree that, under the circumstances of this case, Tingle's confession was "reasonably related" to the delay, and hence, evidence thereof should have been suppressed in the trial court. However, I cannot accept the rationale that the delay, without more, establishes this necessary relationship.
Initially, I must make it clear that I agree in principle with Rule 118 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure. It is of utmost importance that an accused be taken promptly before an issuing authority. Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER explained the necessity for such action in McNabb v. United States, 318 U.S. 332, 63 S. Ct. 608 (1943), stating: "A democratic society, in which respect for the dignity of all men is central, naturally guards against the misuse of the law enforcement process. Zeal in tracking down crime is not in itself an assurance of soberness of judgment. Disinterestedness in law enforcement does not alone prevent disregard of cherished liberties. Experience has therefore counseled that safeguards must be provided against the dangers *248 of the overzealous as well as the despotic. The awful instruments of the criminal law cannot be entrusted to a single functionary. The complicated process of criminal justice is therefore divided into different parts, responsibility for which is separately vested in the various participants upon whom the criminal law relies for its vindication. Legislation such as this, requiring that the police must with reasonable promptness show legal cause for detaining arrested persons, constitutes an important safeguard  not only in assuring protection for the innocent but also in securing conviction of the guilty by methods that commend themselves to a progressive and self-confident society. For this procedural requirement checks resort to those reprehensible practices known as the `third degree' which, though universally rejected as indefensible, still find their way into use. It aims to avoid all the evil implications of secret interrogation of persons accused of crime. It reflects not a sentimental but a sturdy view of law enforcement. It outlaws easy but self-defeating ways in which brutality is substituted for brains as an instrument of crime detection." 318 U.S. at 343-44, 63 S. Ct. at 614-15.[1] Moreover, since this rule applies to warrantless arrests, it is imperative that the accused be taken promptly before an issuing authority for a judicial determination of probable cause for arrest and detention. Such a procedure acts as a barrier to abuses of the criminal process, such as dragnet arrests, and for lack of a better phrase, mere "fishing expeditions" by the authorities.
However, in determining if evidence of a confession is admissible at trial, it is my view the main inquiry is whether the confession was given voluntarily under the qualitative test of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, *249 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966), and the decisions of this Court following that landmark decision. If there is a delay between the arrest and the confession, this delay, in itself, does not render the confession involuntary. The operative question is what occurred within the delay.
Rule 118 is a mere procedural device, lacking in constitutional dimension. The impact of Justice ROBERTS' opinion, as I read it, is to attach to Rule 118 a judicial evidentiary exclusionary rule, and to hold that a violation of Rule 118 with the only consideration being the amount of time between the arrest and the confession, renders the confession inadmissible. In other words, no consideration is given to whether the confession is voluntary. Miranda teaches that a person accused of crime is entitled to certain basic and fundamental rights under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Constitution, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Miranda also sets forth guidelines under which a determination can be made if an accused's "waiver" of his rights is constitutionally valid, and if a confession is voluntary and admissible in a judicial proceeding. To give Rule 118 the force and effect advocated by Mr. Justice ROBERTS is to preclude any consideration of the guidelines enunciated in Miranda.
My disagreement with the above approach can be seen from the following hypothetical. An individual is arrested without a warrant, taken to police headquarters and given full warning of his Miranda rights, which he knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waives. He is then intermittently questioned by the police for a period of time, which may be construed as "unreasonable delay" under Rule 118, and confesses. Under the position espoused by Mr. Justice ROBERTS his confession would be inadmissible at trial, notwithstanding it was freely given and unquestionably met all of the constitutional *250 standards dictated by Miranda. Ironically, the result would be the exclusion of a confession which is freely given and constitutionally valid merely because of a violation of a procedural rule which was brought into existence to insure that confessions would be voluntary. The accused's constitutional rights have not been violated, the police have afforded the accused all the required protections so that his confession is a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary exercise of his free will; yet, the confession is excluded. I cannot reconcile this type of result with the general purposes of our criminal law. Additionally, its impact on the administration of justice in Pennsylvania gives me great concern.
While I believe the time of delay in presenting an accused to an issuing authority and the filing of a complaint should weigh heavily in considering whether a confession is voluntary and, therefore, admissible, I do not believe delay alone, exclusive of all other factors, is a reasonable basis for the exclusion of a confession.
Mr. Chief Justice JONES and Mr. Justice POMEROY join in this concurring opinion.
NOTES
[1]  In view of our disposition we need not reach appellant's other contention that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction of second degree murder.
[2]  The Commonwealth does not argue, and the record would not support, the contention that the admission of this confession was "harmless error."
[3]  Commonwealth v. Futch, 447 Pa. 389, 394, 290 A. 2d 417, 419-20 (1972). See also Hall, Kamisar, LaFave, Israel, Modern Criminal Procedure (3d ed.) pp. 466-67 for a discussion of the purposes of the similarly worded F.R. Crim. P. 5(a).
[4]  Rule 118, by its terms, applies only to warrantless arrests. Rule 116, which is applicable to arrests made pursuant to warrant, imposes the identical requirement (as found in Rule 118) that all arrestees be preliminarily arraigned "without unnecessary delay."

"When a defendant has been arrested, with a warrant, within the county where the warrant of arrest was issued, he shall be taken without unnecessary delay before the issuing authority whose name appears upon the warrant for preliminary arraignment in a court case or trial in a summary case." Pa. R. Crim. P. 116. (Emphasis added).
Thus, both Rules 116 and 118 contain the same post-arrest prohibition against "unnecessary delay" in preliminarily arraigning the defendant.
[5]  Futch, supra at 393, 290 A. 2d at 419 (citations omitted) (emphasis and footnote added).
[6]  Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).
[7]  In Commonwealth v. Futch, supra, this Court noted the similarity between our Rule 118 and Federal Rule 5(a) and specifically adopted the federal approach of excluding evidence found to be the product of "unnecessary delay." Our result as in Futch involving our Rule 118 is in complete harmony with the United States Supreme Court treatment of Federal Rule 5(a) in Miranda.
[1]  McNabb, supra, was decided under the supervisory powers of the Supreme Court and not on constitutional grounds.


This post strays a bit from the norm, however, with a rundown of some non-gridiron articles. If you read anything below, check out Eric Epler's story on Penn State-Mont Alto basketball player Siele Johnson and his heartwarming relationship with his brother Raikwon.

Also, the main campus hoopsters pulled off an amazing win against Indiana last night, Saturday's lacrosse game has been moved indoors and the wrestling team preps for Oklahoma State.

Finally, Forbes.com looks at NCAA greed and advocates, "systematic change to college sports — even if it means doing so through unionizing or by taking the NCAA to court."


London and Scotland were the only areas where prices did not rise in the period, RICS said. Very high rents for luxury properties have coming down slightly, bringing down the average

Rental price inflation is expected to outstrip house price inflation, estimated at 20%, over the next five years, with changes to stamp duty and relief on mortgage interest payments reducing incentives for buy-to-let landlords to build up large portfolios of properties.

28% more respondents to the survey thought that that landlords were likely to decrease the size of their portfolio over the next twelve months.

Simon Rubinsohn, RICS chief economist, said: "Not only are the headline price and rent series pointing to further increases over the course of this year, but more significantly, the medium term view of RICS professionals working up and down the country, is that both house prices and rents will over the medium term continue to grow at a faster pace than wages putting even greater pressure on affordability."

There are also plans to relax restrictions on building heights, and to allow land with so-called "low density" uses like car parks, to be built over.

Meanwhile prices in Central London's once-booming housing market are expected to decline. RICS said it "is the only area where near term prices expectations are negative, with the three month expectations series slipping to -15%, following a reading of zero last time round."


The company’s recruitment drive aims to help the business take advantage of growth opportunities in the high-tech electric automotive industry.

The specialist positions will support the delivery of existing and rapidly growing electric vehicle programmes in the UK and overseas. One example of this is the 7.5 tonne electric refuse collection commercial vehicle currently being tested by the company in Greenwich, London.

Magtec currently employs more than 70 people at its factories in Sheffield and Rotherham, and is looking to recruit almost 20 new highly-skilled positions, including production engineers, production and service managers, demand planners and design engineers covering the software, electronic, electrical and mechanical sectors.

The Royal Academy of Engineering’s Enterprise Hub has announced applications are open for the October intake of its SME Leaders Programme; Ten successful applicants will receive grant funding of up to £10,000 to support training needs.

Pressure on the automotive sector for more electric and low carbon vehicles is increasing

With the rise of the electric vehicle market, and low carbon initiatives for the automotive sector being announced by governments across the world in light of the Paris Climate Agreement, can the industry possibly switch to alternative fuel sources quickly enough?

The electric and low carbon vehicle market is growing, as governments across the world implement environmental automotive strategies.

In response to the UK government’s recent proposal, outlined in the Road to Zero Strategy, for half of British cars to be low carbon by 2030, Mike Hawes, SMMT chief executive, said: “We are concerned about targets for ULEV penetration that go far beyond the high levels of expectation proposed by the European Commission.

“Achieving 50% market share would require a nearly 23-fold increase in uptake from the current position of just 2.2%.”

In 2001, diesel was subsidised by the UK government, and consumers were encouraged to trade in their petrol cars for diesel vehicles.

As demand rose for diesel vehicles, the diesel automotive sector grew, but it was not until a decade later that concerns were raised about the health impacts of diesel, including the harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides and particle matter.

The government has now proposed to ban diesel vehicles, but in order for manufacturers, consumers and the entire industry to adopt these technologies and make this plan realistic, the Britain’s leaders must provide a long term commitment to the industry, alongside incentives such as financial backing, policy support and investment in infrastructure.


James Franklin spent the past three seasons transforming Vandy football into a Top 25 program. Now he's getting a robust six-year deal to put a jolt back in the Penn State program as the Nittany Lions try and emerge from harsh NCAA sanctions.

Penn State coach Bill O'Brien's name has come up a lot with NFL vacancies. What would PSU do if he does bolt? The Nittany Lions options are explored in this week's mailbag along with Pitt's prospects for 2014; the Texas coaching search through the prism of the BCS Title Game plus the most surprising conference in 2013.

Man vs. Woman vs. Machine is a feature that runs every Thursday afternoon. It's here where Tom Fornelli fights against the rising tide of female empowerment and technology to ensure that men everywhere can at least claim college football is still theirs.


President Barack Obama signed a Presidential Memorandum on Federal Benefits and Non-Discrimination June 17. The memorandum follows a review by the director of the Office of Personnel Management, John Berry, who is the highest-ranking Gay official in the Obama adminimore --------------------------------------------------

Tel Aviv, "the Gay capital of the Middle East," celebrated its 16th Pride Day on Friday, June 12, 2009, with a festive "happening" in Meir Park, followed by a giant parade of an estimated 20,000 people through the downtown streets that ended with thousands dancing on the beach and swimmimore--------------------------------------------------

When a group of Westboro Baptist Church members came to Seattle June 14 to spread hate and picket two local churches, they weren't met with anger or violence. Instead, they ran into a church choir, a strong show of Gay pride, and a bubble machine.

You've seen these guys before more --------------------------------------------------

50,000 at EuroPride
Some 50,000 people turned out for the EuroPride parade, held in Zurich this year on June 6.
Openly Lesbian Zurich Mayor Corine Mauch joined in.

Next year, the parade ventures behind the former Iron Curtain to Warsaw - a city that as recently as 2005 tried to ban pride, onmore

Northwest News

Northwest Newscompiled by Rick McKinnon -
SGN Staff Writer
AFSC SPEAKER'S BUREAU
LOOKING FOR QUEER YOUTH
The American Friends Service Committee's speaker's bureau, Out Spoken, is looking for Queer youth to interview about their life experiences and hopes for the future to expand and enrich their panel presentations. Participants will receive a gift card and much appreciation formore

Miss California USA fired;
New queen also thinks marriage is between a man and a woman
Controversial Miss California USA and Miss USA first runner-up Carrie Prejean was stripped of her California crown June 10.

One of my memories of just-elected mayor Greg Nickels was his confession at Dr. Martin Luther King Day rally that he'd never heard of Juneteenth until someone about a day before had mentioned it to him. It seemed incredibly naïve and, at the time, I thought, rather humble.


I have been an on/off Vegetarian for a long time now and have decided to start doing this properly and get my nutrition dialled in with a Vegan diet. Does anyone know of any online personal trainers/nutritionists that are Vegan that can help athletes with their goals?

I'm pretty lean at the moment and I'm in decent shape but I want to make sure that I'm making the transition successfully.

I was curious about the PCF ratios for the last lady so I asked her about it and Ms. Jones replied: "The Vegan menus from our Nutribase dieticians differ each day and range from the following: 15-59-26 to a high of 20-56-24 as on the 1400Cal. vegan plan. Every day differs slightly of course."


Memorial Day weekend is always a big weekend for movies and this year is no exception. We’ve got three big ones – from big summer action, to raunchy comedy, to magical animation. This is what you’re looking at.

Epic

When Mary Katherine (Amanda Seyfried) comes to live with her estranged father (Jason Sudeikis), she’s dismayed to find he’s even more obsessed than ever with a secret magical forest society he’s convinced exists. Of course this world of noble leaf men, talking bugs, and evil “Boggans” does exist as MK finds out when shes transported there against her will.

A cross between Avatar, The Littles, Fern Gully, and every story of a kid becoming the hero of a magical hidden fairy kingdom, the plot is fairly straightforward. An ordinary girl, MK is sucked into a magical world that she will help save from an evil force. It’s the setup for a fun, “epic” adventure but this is merely a passable film with a mostly cookie-cutter story and wasted talent. Kids might enjoy it, but probably won’t be talking about it long afterwards, and there’s not much here for adults. Still, if you’re looking to take your family to the movies during the long weekend, there aren’t many other options.

The third film featuring the “wolf pack,” Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Bradley Cooper and Justin Bartha, part three deviates significantly from the formula successfully established by the first film. Instead of recovering themselves from a night of blank spaces and debauchery, the group of friends instead find themselves trying to recover some stolen gold in the R-rated comedy version of a heist flick.

Fans of the franchise will likely be thrown off by the departure from form, and it doesn’t offer anything new or refined enough to attract many newcomers. It’s offensive and not all that funny, but you’ve probably already made up your mind about seeing it.

Normally a franchise has worn out its welcome well before the sixth entry. Fast and Furious is just getting warmed up. With its origins as a street racing movie, the series has evolved into something of The Italian Job meets Die Hard.

Continuing from where the last film left off, Letty (Rodriguez) is not dead as had been previously thought and is, apparently, involved in a highly sophisticated ring of criminals who are responsible for taking down a Russian military convoy. Taking down this deadly group led by Owen Shaw (Evans), is a top priority and just the job for a certain crew of talented drivers.

Even though it’s pretty thin on story, we get some surprisingly emotional moments, as well as one or two pretty shocking twists that you probably won’t see coming. The car chases have never been more ridiculous and the hand to hand combat scenes are beautifully choreographed. In short, this might be the most fun you have at the movies this year, so long as you don’t mind the laws of physics being broken.

I don’t usually mention limited releases unless I’ve had a chance to see them, but I’m making an exception here. The final (?) chapter in what must be one of the most drawn out trilogies ever, Before Midnight follows Before Sunrise (1995) and Before Sunset (2004).

A different type of romance, the three films follow the lives of two people – Jesse (Ethan Hawke) and Celine (Julie Delpy). Strangers who meet on a train in the first film, Jesse and Celine share a meaningful night together. Nine years later, in the second film, they enter each other’s lives again when Jesse writes a book based on that night. Now, once again nine years down the road (both in our time and story time) we pick up with the two of them are living together, parents of two girls.

I didn’t see the first film, but enjoyed the second, and the two are critical favorites. At the very least, it’s an interesting way to film a story. If you like romance and want something a bit different, Before Midnight is now playing in five theaters in New York, Austin, and LA and will be expanding to more locations in the coming weeks.


/* Copyright 2019 Joel Pyska
 *
 * This file is a part of Tusky.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
 * GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the
 * License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * Tusky is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
 * the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General
 * Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Tusky; if not,
 * see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>. */

package com.keylesspalace.tusky.util

import android.content.Context
import android.graphics.drawable.ColorDrawable
import android.text.InputFilter
import android.text.TextUtils
import android.view.View
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.annotation.DrawableRes
import androidx.appcompat.content.res.AppCompatResources
import com.bumptech.glide.Glide
import com.keylesspalace.tusky.R
import com.keylesspalace.tusky.entity.Attachment
import com.keylesspalace.tusky.entity.Emoji
import com.keylesspalace.tusky.entity.Status
import com.keylesspalace.tusky.view.MediaPreviewImageView
import com.keylesspalace.tusky.viewdata.PollViewData
import com.keylesspalace.tusky.viewdata.buildDescription
import com.keylesspalace.tusky.viewdata.calculatePercent
import java.text.NumberFormat
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat
import java.util.*
import kotlin.math.min

class StatusViewHelper(private val itemView: View) {
    interface MediaPreviewListener {
        fun onViewMedia(v: View?, idx: Int)
        fun onContentHiddenChange(isShowing: Boolean)
    }

    private val shortSdf = SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss", Locale.getDefault())
    private val longSdf = SimpleDateFormat("MM/dd HH:mm:ss", Locale.getDefault())

    fun setMediasPreview(
            statusDisplayOptions: StatusDisplayOptions,
            attachments: List<Attachment>,
            sensitive: Boolean,
            previewListener: MediaPreviewListener,
            showingContent: Boolean,
            mediaPreviewHeight: Int) {

        val context = itemView.context
        val mediaPreviews = arrayOf<MediaPreviewImageView>(
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_media_preview_0),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_media_preview_1),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_media_preview_2),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_media_preview_3))

        val mediaOverlays = arrayOf<ImageView>(
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_media_overlay_0),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_media_overlay_1),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_media_overlay_2),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_media_overlay_3))

        val sensitiveMediaWarning = itemView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.status_sensitive_media_warning)
        val sensitiveMediaShow = itemView.findViewById<View>(R.id.status_sensitive_media_button)
        val mediaLabel = itemView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.status_media_label)
        if (statusDisplayOptions.mediaPreviewEnabled) {
            // Hide the unused label.
            mediaLabel.visibility = View.GONE
        } else {
            setMediaLabel(mediaLabel, attachments, sensitive, previewListener)
            // Hide all unused views.
            mediaPreviews[0].visibility = View.GONE
            mediaPreviews[1].visibility = View.GONE
            mediaPreviews[2].visibility = View.GONE
            mediaPreviews[3].visibility = View.GONE
            sensitiveMediaWarning.visibility = View.GONE
            sensitiveMediaShow.visibility = View.GONE
            return
        }

        val mediaPreviewUnloaded = ColorDrawable(ThemeUtils.getColor(context, R.attr.colorBackgroundAccent))

        val n = min(attachments.size, Status.MAX_MEDIA_ATTACHMENTS)

        for (i in 0 until n) {
            val attachment = attachments[i]
            val previewUrl = attachment.previewUrl
            val description = attachment.description

            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(description)) {
                mediaPreviews[i].contentDescription = context.getString(R.string.action_view_media)
            } else {
                mediaPreviews[i].contentDescription = description
            }

            mediaPreviews[i].visibility = View.VISIBLE

            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(previewUrl)) {
                Glide.with(mediaPreviews[i])
                        .load(mediaPreviewUnloaded)
                        .centerInside()
                        .into(mediaPreviews[i])
            } else {
                val placeholder = if (attachment.blurhash != null)
                    decodeBlurHash(context, attachment.blurhash)
                else mediaPreviewUnloaded
                val meta = attachment.meta
                val focus = meta?.focus
                if (showingContent) {
                    if (focus != null) { // If there is a focal point for this attachment:
                        mediaPreviews[i].setFocalPoint(focus)

                        Glide.with(mediaPreviews[i])
                                .load(previewUrl)
                                .placeholder(placeholder)
                                .centerInside()
                                .addListener(mediaPreviews[i])
                                .into(mediaPreviews[i])
                    } else {
                        mediaPreviews[i].removeFocalPoint()

                        Glide.with(mediaPreviews[i])
                                .load(previewUrl)
                                .placeholder(placeholder)
                                .centerInside()
                                .into(mediaPreviews[i])
                    }
                } else {
                    mediaPreviews[i].removeFocalPoint()
                    if (statusDisplayOptions.useBlurhash && attachment.blurhash != null) {
                        val blurhashBitmap = decodeBlurHash(context, attachment.blurhash)
                        mediaPreviews[i].setImageDrawable(blurhashBitmap)
                    } else {
                        mediaPreviews[i].setImageDrawable(mediaPreviewUnloaded)
                    }
                }
            }

            val type = attachment.type
            if (showingContent
                    && (type === Attachment.Type.VIDEO) or (type === Attachment.Type.GIFV)) {
                mediaOverlays[i].visibility = View.VISIBLE
            } else {
                mediaOverlays[i].visibility = View.GONE
            }

            mediaPreviews[i].setOnClickListener { v ->
                previewListener.onViewMedia(v, i)
            }

            if (n <= 2) {
                mediaPreviews[0].layoutParams.height = mediaPreviewHeight * 2
                mediaPreviews[1].layoutParams.height = mediaPreviewHeight * 2
            } else {
                mediaPreviews[0].layoutParams.height = mediaPreviewHeight
                mediaPreviews[1].layoutParams.height = mediaPreviewHeight
                mediaPreviews[2].layoutParams.height = mediaPreviewHeight
                mediaPreviews[3].layoutParams.height = mediaPreviewHeight
            }
        }
        if (attachments.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            sensitiveMediaWarning.visibility = View.GONE
            sensitiveMediaShow.visibility = View.GONE
        } else {
            sensitiveMediaWarning.text =  if (sensitive) {
                context.getString(R.string.status_sensitive_media_title)
            } else {
                context.getString(R.string.status_media_hidden_title)
            }

            sensitiveMediaWarning.visibility = if (showingContent) View.GONE else View.VISIBLE
            sensitiveMediaShow.visibility = if (showingContent) View.VISIBLE else View.GONE
            sensitiveMediaShow.setOnClickListener { v ->
                previewListener.onContentHiddenChange(false)
                v.visibility = View.GONE
                sensitiveMediaWarning.visibility = View.VISIBLE
                setMediasPreview(statusDisplayOptions, attachments, sensitive, previewListener,
                        false, mediaPreviewHeight)
            }
            sensitiveMediaWarning.setOnClickListener { v ->
                previewListener.onContentHiddenChange(true)
                v.visibility = View.GONE
                sensitiveMediaShow.visibility = View.VISIBLE
                setMediasPreview(statusDisplayOptions, attachments, sensitive, previewListener,
                        true, mediaPreviewHeight)
            }
        }

        // Hide any of the placeholder previews beyond the ones set.
        for (i in n until Status.MAX_MEDIA_ATTACHMENTS) {
            mediaPreviews[i].visibility = View.GONE
        }
    }

    private fun setMediaLabel(mediaLabel: TextView, attachments: List<Attachment>, sensitive: Boolean,
                              listener: MediaPreviewListener) {
        if (attachments.isEmpty()) {
            mediaLabel.visibility = View.GONE
            return
        }
        mediaLabel.visibility = View.VISIBLE

        // Set the label's text.
        val context = mediaLabel.context
        var labelText = getLabelTypeText(context, attachments[0].type)
        if (sensitive) {
            val sensitiveText = context.getString(R.string.status_sensitive_media_title)
            labelText += String.format(" (%s)", sensitiveText)
        }
        mediaLabel.text = labelText

        // Set the icon next to the label.
        val drawableId = getLabelIcon(attachments[0].type)
        val drawable = AppCompatResources.getDrawable(context, drawableId)
        ThemeUtils.setDrawableTint(context, drawable!!, android.R.attr.textColorTertiary)
        mediaLabel.setCompoundDrawablesWithIntrinsicBounds(drawable, null, null, null)

        mediaLabel.setOnClickListener { listener.onViewMedia(null, 0) }
    }

    private fun getLabelTypeText(context: Context, type: Attachment.Type): String {
        return when (type) {
            Attachment.Type.IMAGE -> context.getString(R.string.status_media_images)
            Attachment.Type.GIFV, Attachment.Type.VIDEO -> context.getString(R.string.status_media_video)
            else -> context.getString(R.string.status_media_images)
        }
    }

    @DrawableRes
    private fun getLabelIcon(type: Attachment.Type): Int {
        return when (type) {
            Attachment.Type.IMAGE -> R.drawable.ic_photo_24dp
            Attachment.Type.GIFV, Attachment.Type.VIDEO -> R.drawable.ic_videocam_24dp
            else -> R.drawable.ic_photo_24dp
        }
    }

    fun setupPollReadonly(poll: PollViewData?, emojis: List<Emoji>, useAbsoluteTime: Boolean) {
        val pollResults = listOf<TextView>(
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_poll_option_result_0),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_poll_option_result_1),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_poll_option_result_2),
                itemView.findViewById(R.id.status_poll_option_result_3))

        val pollDescription = itemView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.status_poll_description)

        if (poll == null) {
            for (pollResult in pollResults) {
                pollResult.visibility = View.GONE
            }
            pollDescription.visibility = View.GONE
        } else {
            val timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis()

            setupPollResult(poll, emojis, pollResults)

            pollDescription.visibility = View.VISIBLE
            pollDescription.text = getPollInfoText(timestamp, poll, pollDescription, useAbsoluteTime)
        }
    }

    private fun getPollInfoText(timestamp: Long, poll: PollViewData, pollDescription: TextView, useAbsoluteTime: Boolean): CharSequence {
        val context = pollDescription.context

        val votesText = if(poll.votersCount == null) {
            val votes = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance().format(poll.votesCount.toLong())
            context.resources.getQuantityString(R.plurals.poll_info_votes, poll.votesCount, votes)
        } else {
            val votes = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance().format(poll.votersCount.toLong())
            context.resources.getQuantityString(R.plurals.poll_info_people, poll.votersCount, votes)
        }
        val pollDurationInfo = if (poll.expired) {
            context.getString(R.string.poll_info_closed)
        } else {
            if (useAbsoluteTime) {
                context.getString(R.string.poll_info_time_absolute, getAbsoluteTime(poll.expiresAt))
            } else {
                val pollDuration = TimestampUtils.formatPollDuration(context, poll.expiresAt!!.time, timestamp)
                context.getString(R.string.poll_info_time_relative, pollDuration)
            }
        }

        return context.getString(R.string.poll_info_format, votesText, pollDurationInfo)
    }

    private fun setupPollResult(poll: PollViewData, emojis: List<Emoji>, pollResults: List<TextView>) {
        val options = poll.options

        for (i in 0 until Status.MAX_POLL_OPTIONS) {
            if (i < options.size) {
                val percent = calculatePercent(options[i].votesCount, poll.votersCount, poll.votesCount)

                val pollOptionText = buildDescription(options[i].title, percent, pollResults[i].context)
                pollResults[i].text = pollOptionText.emojify(emojis, pollResults[i])
                pollResults[i].visibility = View.VISIBLE

                val level = percent * 100

                pollResults[i].background.level = level

            } else {
                pollResults[i].visibility = View.GONE
            }
        }
    }

    fun getAbsoluteTime(time: Date?): String {
        return if (time != null) {
            if (android.text.format.DateUtils.isToday(time.time)) {
                shortSdf.format(time)
            } else {
                longSdf.format(time)
            }
        } else {
            "??:??:??"
        }
    }

    companion object {
        val COLLAPSE_INPUT_FILTER = arrayOf<InputFilter>(SmartLengthInputFilter)
        val NO_INPUT_FILTER = arrayOfNulls<InputFilter>(0)
    }
}


Unconfirmed reports that Sam Allardyce has survived today’s West Ham United board meeting remain confused.

Sources within the club have made it clear to Claretandhugh that early reports may have “jumped the gun” and confirmed that the meeting over his future at David Sullivan’s Essex mansion is continuing.

National journalist Darren Lewis tweeted that the 59 year old Upton Park boss would not be dismissed TODAY – an added word to which club officials quickly drew attention!

And sources at the club immediately pointed that out claiming: “When there is something official to say we will say it.”


Effect of latamoxef on platelet function and prothrombin time in partially nephrectomized rats.
Latamoxef (daily 100 and 300 mg/kg, i.v.) was injected once a day for 8 days to 75% and 90% nephrectomized rats kept on a vitamin K-sufficient diet (500-600 ng/g) or a vitamin K-deficient diet (30-50 ng/g), and changes in ADP-induced platelet aggregation and prothrombin time were examined. The half-life of latamoxef was markedly prolonged and plasma latamoxef and N-methyltetrazolethiol (NMTT) concentrations increased, resulting in a delay of the total body clearance of the compounds. The ADP-induced platelet aggregation increased after nephrectomy, and latamoxef slightly but inconsistently decreased the aggregation. Prothrombin time did not change even in the 90% nephrectomized rats kept on an ordinary diet, but increased dose-dependently in the vitamin K-deficient nephrectomized rats, with the 90% nephrectomized animals showing larger increases of prothrombin time. These data suggest that NMTT or NMTT-containing antibiotics cause no hypoprothrombinemia even in partially nephrectomized rats when they are fed an ordinary diet containing vitamin K, but these compounds enhance the manifestation of hypoprothrombinemia in vitamin K deficiency. Further renal failure promotes the manifestation by increasing drug concentration in the blood. However, platelet aggregation in these animals is not significantly affected at the doses examined.