INTRODUCTION
============

Since the first clinical study in 1995, the clinical implications of ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver metastasis have expanded ([@B1][@B2][@B3]). Currently, RF ablation is recognized as a curative modality for early-stage HCC, the outcomes of which are comparable with those of surgical resection, as evidenced by many studies ([@B1][@B2][@B3][@B4][@B5]). RF ablation for liver tumors is widely performed because of its ease of use, relatively low cost, short hospitalization time, and minimal invasiveness ([@B6]). Furthermore, major complications of hepatic RF ablation have been reported as occurring rarely, ranging between 2% and 3%, and complications were less observed in cases of HCC (1.8%) as opposed to metastasis (5.8%) ([@B7][@B8][@B9]). Although the treatment algorithms differ slightly among nations, RF ablation is basically recommended for patients with three or fewer HCCs that are 3 cm in diameter or smaller who are contraindicated for surgery ([@B10]).

The local recurrence rate after RF ablation for HCCs ranged from 1.7% to 41% ([@B11]). Local recurrence appears to arise from incompletely treated viable tumors, satellite tumor nests, and microscopic vascular invasion ([@B12][@B13]). Although local tumor progression can occur even after successful RF ablation, local recurrence rates differ significantly between patients with and without an adequate safety margins ([@B14][@B15]). Therefore, when performing RF ablation, it should be the ultimate goal of the procedure to ensure a sufficient ablative margin in all directions that surround the index tumor in order to reduce the local recurrence rate. Further, it is also important for the operator to complete the procedure with no complications even in challenging settings.

In this article, we discuss and illustrate technical strategies to minimize complications and treatment failures of RF ablation on the basis of a review of the literature and our experience.

Technical Strategies for Safe RF Ablation
=========================================

Although RF ablation is widely performed to treat liver tumors, most if not all radiologists who are asked to perform percutaneous US-guided RF ablation have a single major concern: how to successfully perform RF ablation with no complications. There are a number of strategies that might be helpful for preventing complications during the procedure ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}).

Thermal Injury to Non-Targeted Organs
-------------------------------------

When a tumor is located near heat-vulnerable organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract or the diaphragm, it is not straightforward to successfully perform RF ablation because of the risk of collateral thermal damage to the adjacent organs. Further, if an index tumor is situated in the hepatic dome, the visualization of the tumor with US is obscured by the lung ([@B16]). To overcome these difficulties, artificial ascites (AA) can be effectively used. Indeed, the AA method is safe and practical when performing RF ablation for tumors adjacent to heat-vulnerable organs because it can separate the RF ablation zone from the adjacent organs and improve the visibility of an index tumor ([@B17][@B18]).

If AA is difficult in cases with peritoneal adhesion because of prior surgery, artificial pleural effusion may be an alternative to improve the sonic window when performing RF ablation for an index tumor in the hepatic dome ([@B19][@B20]). However, in contrast with AA, artificial pleural effusion cannot protect the diaphragm from collateral thermal injury ([@B21]).

### Steps to Make Artificial Ascites

In order to obtain safe access to the peritoneal space, the Seldinger technique is used. First, a relevant route for AA should be selected according to the tumor location. After the optimal route is chosen, the peritoneal cavity is punctured with an 18-gauge sheathed needle under US guidance. After a stylet is removed, a round-tipped guidewire is advanced through the lumen of the hollow needle while the patient breathes shallowly. Finally, a 4- to 6-French angiosheath is inserted along the guidewire into the peritoneal space for the infusion of 500-1000 mL of 5% dextrose solution ([@B17]).

### Infusion Routes of Artificial Ascites

One of four different infusion routes may be selected according to the location of hepatic tumors ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). If a tumor is located in the right lobe and segment 4, a perihepatic route through the right 7-8 intercostal space or a sub-hepatic route below the hepatic angle along the anterior axillary line is recommended ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). If a tumor is found within segments 2, 3, and 4 abutting the diaphragm, a sub-xiphoid (sub-phrenic) route is appropriate for AA. If a tumor is located in segments 2 and 3 abutting the stomach, a gastrohepatic (lesser sac) route may be chosen ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Based on our experience, the infused fluid via a gastrohepatic route tends to flow into another peritoneal space, such as the sub-hepatic space, without fluid retention in the lesser sac. Therefore, in cases when a gastrohepatic route is used, an angiosheath needs to be inserted around the tumor, and fluid should be continuously infused during RF ablation.

### Tips to Enhance the Role of Artificial Ascites

Even when AA infusion is performed successfully, hydro-dissection may not be sufficient to prevent potential thermal injury. In such cases, leverage (lifting) can be helpful for widening the distance between the target tumor and the surrounding organs. If the handle of the needle is tilted in the caudal direction after an electrode is placed in the tumor, the liver moves toward the cranial direction ([Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). This leverage effect, in turn, may allow for a wider gap between the ablation zone and the heat-vulnerable organs and can lead to a successful procedure ([Fig. 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Although AA plays a role as an effective thermal barrier, it is also important to adjust the ablation time by stopping the procedure when microbubbles generated around the needle tip abut on the extrahepatic organs in order to minimize collateral damage ([@B22]).

Vascular Complications
----------------------

Bleeding usually results from mechanical damage to the vessels during electrode placement, especially in patients with coagulopathy ([@B9][@B23]). A serum platelet count of 50000/µL and an international normalized ratio of 1.5 are often used as threshold values for performing RF ablation ([@B24]). Therefore, at our institution, common coagulation tests, including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet count, are routinely performed before the procedure. To minimize the risk of bleeding, the procedure needs to be postponed until corrective measures including platelet and fresh frozen plasma transfusions are taken ([@B9]). In addition, there are a number of tips for reducing vascular complications, which include avoiding vascular transgression, minimizing the number of electrodes that are repositioned, traversing sufficient normal hepatic parenchyma before reaching the tumor, and ablating the needle tract after the procedure ([@B7][@B24]).

Given that the liver is much more movable in the craniocaudal direction during deep breathing than shallow breathing, the risk of a tear of the hepatic parenchyma could be increased during needle placement if patients breathe deeply. Thus, we recommend performing RF ablation when patients breathe shallowly. In any case, deep breathing should be avoided during electrode placement, especially if the trajectory of the electrode is not perpendicular to the liver parenchyma.

Occasionally, vascular insults to the intercostal vessels may occur ([@B9]). The intercostal vessels only run along the inferior margin in the posterior arc of the rib, whereas the vessels run along both the superior and inferior margins in the anterior arc of the rib. Therefore, when using an intercostal approach, an electrode should cautiously penetrate through the middle portion of the intercostal space to avoid penetrating the vessels.

Biliary Complications
---------------------

Bile duct injury can result from direct mechanical trauma during needle placement or thermal damage, which may lead to bile leakage, bile peritonitis, hemobilia, cholangitis, biliary stricture, biloma, or biliary fistula ([@B9]). RF ablation for tumors that are close to the hepatic hilum may be at risk of injuring adjacent bile ducts ([@B25]). This is because the risk of injury to the central bile ducts is directly proportional to efforts to overcome the heat-sink effect of the larger vessel around the central mass ([@B7]). Thus, the operator should strike a balance between the potential risk of bile duct injury and the extent of the RF ablation zone. A minimum distance of 5 mm or more between the electrode tip and the bile ducts is usually required for preventing severe and irreversible bile duct injury ([@B26]). Ogawa et al. ([@B27]) described that cooling the bile ducts with an endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tube was an effective way to prevent biliary complications during RF ablation.

Tumor Seeding
-------------

Tumor seeding is a rare but feared complication of RF ablation ([@B9][@B23]). According to previous reports, the overall risk of needle tract seeding ranged between 0.2% and 2.8% ([@B7][@B8][@B28][@B29]). The risk factors for neoplastic seeding include use of a large-gauge electrode, multiple punctures, poor tumor differentiation, subcapsular tumors, and a high alpha-fetoprotein level ([@B9][@B29][@B30][@B31]). Potential strategies to reduce the risk of tumor seeding include minimizing the number of punctures and repositioning the electrode and traversing the normal hepatic parenchyma as much as possible before accessing the tumor ([@B9]). Cauterizing the needle tract upon completion of the procedure may be an option for preventing needle tract seeding ([@B29]). In addition, to prevent transportal spread by sudden rupture (popping) of an exophytic tumor during the procedure, gradually increasing the RF energy is needed ([@B23]).

Technical Strategies for Complete RF Ablation
=============================================

There are many causes for incomplete RF thermal ablation, including both technical factors related to the procedure and biological aspects of the index tumor ([@B9]). Given that ablation zones with ablative margins less than 5 mm from the tumor border are significantly associated with local tumor progression ([@B15]), it is crucial to obtain a sufficient ablative margin in order to minimize local tumor progression. A number of investigators have suggested that the location and shape of the tumors are closely related to treatment outcomes ([@B6][@B22][@B23][@B32][@B33][@B34][@B35]). For example, RF ablation for tumors in close proximity to large vessels might often lead to insufficient ablation owing to a heat-sink effect ([@B22]). It has been considered technically challenging to perform the procedure for central tumors adjacent to the hepatic hilum because of the risk of traversing large vessels and central bile ducts ([@B9]). Thus, in these difficult settings, various technical strategies should be used to overcome the possibility of treatment failure, by which RF ablation can be performed successfully, even for index tumors in high-risk locations ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}).

Tumors with Poor Conspicuity under Conventional US
--------------------------------------------------

Although among the various imaging modalities including US, CT, MR imaging and fluoroscopy, US is most widely used for guiding RF ablation because of its numerous strengths, the procedure may not be feasible when the index tumor is too inconspicuous to be localized with conventional gray-scale US. In this situation, fusion imaging guidance and contrast-enhanced US can be used to enhance the conspicuity of the index tumor ([@B21]).

Fusion imaging guidance makes use of real-time US coupled with CT or MR images. This technique is especially useful for targeting small index tumors that are not clearly seen under conventional US. Indeed, a fusion imaging technique allows the operator to perform the procedure with higher confidence because the anatomic information from CT or MR imaging is simultaneously displayed on real-time US images ([Fig. 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B21][@B36][@B37]).

Contrast-enhanced US is also effective for guiding RF ablation in cases that are not highly visible with conventional US. Using this technique, the operator can detect the index tumor by imaging findings such as hyper-enhancement in the arterial phase or defects in the background of enhanced liver in the post-vascular phase ([@B21][@B38][@B39]).

Tumors Abutting the Large Vessel
--------------------------------

Local tumor progression after RF ablation is closely related to the presence of vessels that are at least 3 mm in size and contiguous to the tumor because of the heat-sink effect from blood flow ([@B34][@B40]). In addition, during RF ablation for perivascular tumors, there may be increased risk of vascular complications ([@B41]) because vessels could be damaged directly by the electrode and indirectly by the heat induced inside the tumor. Thus, a number of strategies to increase the ablation zone by minimizing the heat-sink effect have been developed for when the tumor is near large vessels. These include RF ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, RF ablation using multiple overlapping, using large electrodes and a more powerful generator, dual switching monopolar RF ablation using separable clustered electrodes, and \"parallel\" targeting ([@B6][@B12][@B41][@B42][@B43][@B44][@B45][@B46]).

### \"Parallel\" Targeting

\"Parallel\" targeting is a method in which a needle electrode is inserted near a large vessel\'s lumen parallel to the vessel wall in order to enlarge the contact surface between the ablation zone and the vessel, which may lead to a wider ablation zone ([Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}) ([@B6]). Parallel targeting along the large vessel may reduce the heat-sink effect and, in turn, produce the confluent shape of the ablation zone. Indeed, in order to overcome the heat-sink effect, an electrode needs to be positioned as close as possible to the large vessels that are in contact with the tumor ([@B33]). However, it might be impractical in cases when the tumor encases a large vessel or is adjacent to multiple large vessels.

Tumors That Have a Fusiform Shape
---------------------------------

If the shape of an index tumor is ovoid, the straight cooled-tip electrode should be placed along the long axis of the mass rather than its short axis because the electrode frequently makes an ablation zone elliptical ([@B32]). Thereby, the number of punctures during the procedure can be decreased while securing a sufficient ablation zone.

Tumors That Show Exophytic Growth
---------------------------------

With subcapsular tumors that grow exophytically from the liver, it may be difficult to obtain complete ablation. A useful strategy for successful ablation of an exophytic tumor is to ablate the intrahepatic portion first, thus obstructing the blood supply to the exophytic portion, which should be ablated second ([@B32]).

Tumors in the Caudate Lobe
--------------------------

Radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors located in the caudate lobe is technically feasible, despite the deep location and proximity to the major vessels and central bile ducts ([@B33]). However, it is still a heavy burden for operators to perform the procedure for index tumors in the caudate lobe for the following reasons: Firstly, given the anatomically deep-seated position of the caudate lobe, it is challenging to maneuver an electrode with a long trajectory. Secondly, there are major vessels surrounding the caudate lobe, such as the inferior vena cava and the central right portal vein, that make it difficult to plan the needle tract in order not to injure central vessels. In this regard, \"bypass\" targeting may be useful for successful treatment without puncturing vessels.

### \"Bypass\" Targeting

Large vessels and central bile ducts that are located in front of a liver tumor become obstacles for targeting the index tumor using a needle electrode. In such cases, RF ablation can be considered technically impossible to perform from an operator\'s viewpoint. However, \"bypass\" targeting may be a solution. Bypass targeting is a method that helps in placing a needle electrode without puncturing any large vessels or intrahepatic bile ducts that are adjacent to an index tumor. This technique takes advantage of the structural flexibility of the liver and can be accomplished by bending the trajectory of the straight electrode into a gentle curved shape. Indeed, this method could make it possible to insert a needle into target lesions nearly anywhere in the liver without traversing large vessels ([Fig. 8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}). However, it may still be limited in cases with severe cirrhotic changes or a narrow gap between the index tumor and obstacles.

CONCLUSION
==========

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous RF ablation has been widely used for HCCs and metastases in the liver, and it can achieve overall and disease-free survival rates that are comparable with those of surgery for patients with early-stage HCC. In order to reduce local recurrence rates after RF ablation, it is of utmost importance to ensure a sufficient ablative margin. However, when index tumors are in high-risk locations within the liver, the procedure may result in undesirable complications followed by insufficient treatment. To overcome these challenges, operators should be familiar with multiple technical strategies, such as AA, needle track ablation, fusion imaging guidance, parallel targeting, and bypass targeting. These methods may be quite helpful for overcoming technical difficulties related to the location and shape of the tumors as well as for safely completing the procedure. Thereby, RF ablation can be successfully performed with curative intent.

We thank Shin Il Kim, PhD and Joon Yeon Kim, PhD of Chonnam National University (Hwasun) Hospital for their support in performing RF ablation.

This study was supported by a grant (HCRE13057-7) from Dongkook Pharmaceutical.

![Schematic illustration shows four different routes for artificial ascites (AA) infusion.\
Perihepatic, sub-hepatic, sub-xiphoid (sub-phrenic), and gastrohepatic (lesser sac) routes can be selectively used for AA infusion based on location of hepatic tumors (T).](kjr-16-1226-g001){#F1}

![RF ablation using AA via sub-hepatic route in 44-year-old man.\
**A.** Longitudinal US image shows hypoechoic HCC (arrows) in segment 6 near ascending colon (arrowhead). **B.** Longitudinal US image demonstrates inserted angiosheath (arrowhead) and AA (asterisk) in sub-hepatic space. **C.** Longitudinal US image during RF ablation depicts transient hyperechoic ablation zone (asterisk), needle electrode (arrow), and angiosheath (arrowhead). **D.** Immediate follow-up contrast-enhanced CT image reveals low-attenuated RF ablation zone (asterisk) that sufficiently covers index tumor as well as intact adjacent colon (arrowhead). AA = artificial ascites, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, RF = radiofrequency, US = ultrasound](kjr-16-1226-g002){#F2}

![RF ablation using AA method via gastrohepatic (lesser sac) route in 63-year-old woman.\
**A.** Sagittal US image depicts hypoechoic HCC (arrows) in segment 3 near stomach (S). **B.** Photograph shows inserted angiosheath (arrowhead) through gastrohepatic route and needle electrode into target tumor. **C.** Sagittal US image during procedure demonstrates transient hyperechoic cloud (asterisk) and AA (arrow) in lesser sac between liver and stomach (S). **D.** Immediate follow-up contrast-enhanced CT image reveals low-attenuated RF ablation zone (asterisk) that sufficiently covers index tumor as well as intact adjacent gastric wall (arrow). AA = artificial ascites, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, RF = radiofrequency, US = ultrasound](kjr-16-1226-g003){#F3}

![Schematic illustrations show mechanism of leverage (lifting) method.\
**A.** Schematic illustration depicts insufficient hydrodissection between target tumor (T) and adjacent colon (C) after artificial ascites infusion. **B.** Schematic illustration demonstrates caudal tilting of distal end (handle) of needle electrode by which gap between index tumor (T) and abutting colon (C) is widened.](kjr-16-1226-g004){#F4}

![RF ablation using leverage (lifting) method in 73-year-old man.\
**A.** Longitudinal US image depicts index tumor with mixed echogenecity (arrows) in segment 6. There is still narrow gap (arrowhead) between tumor and colon (C) even after AA (asterisk) infusion. **B.** Longitudinal US image during procedure shows that gap (arrowhead) between RF ablation zone (asterisk) and colon (C) is not wide enough to prevent possible thermal damage to colon. Arrow indicates electrode. **C.** Photograph demonstrates caudal tilting of distal end of electrode by hand (arrow) (leverage method). **D.** Longitudinal US image during RF ablation shows wider gap (arrowhead) between RF ablation zone (asterisk) and colon (C) that is generated by leverage method. Note less steep slope of electrode (arrow) compared with that shown in **B**. **E.** Immediate follow-up contrast-enhanced CT image shows low-attenuated RF ablation zone (asterisk) that sufficiently covers tumor and intact adjacent colon (arrowhead) that is surrounded by infused AA. AA = artificial ascites, RF = radiofrequency, US = ultrasound](kjr-16-1226-g005){#F5}

![RF ablation under fusion imaging guidance in 67-year-old man with 2.1 cm HCC.\
**A.** Gadoxetic acid-enhanced axial arterial-phase T1-weighted image shows enhancing mass (arrow) in segment 7 of liver. **B.** Index tumor is not clearly seen on conventional gray-scale US image. HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, RF = radiofrequency, US = ultrasound **C.** RF ablation was performed using fusion imaging technique (volume navigation, GE Healthcare). Fused image (left) and its corresponding MR image (right) during procedure show index tumor (T) and transient hyperechoic microbubbles (asterisk). **D.** Immediate follow-up contrast-enhanced CT image depicts low-attenuated RF ablation zone (asterisk), which sufficiently covers index tumor (arrowhead). HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, RF = radiofrequency](kjr-16-1226-g006){#F6}

![RF ablation using parallel targeting along large vessel in 50-year-old man.\
**A.** Gadoxetic acid-enhanced axial hepatobiliary-phase T1-weighted image shows metastasis (arrow) from rectal cancer in segment 7 abutting right hepatic vein (arrowhead). **B.** Intercostal US image depicts hypoechoic metastasis (arrowhead) abutting right hepatic vein (arrow), which can potentially cause heat-sink effect during RF ablation. **C.** Intercostal US image during procedure demonstrates needle (arrow) in parallel to right hepatic vein (arrowhead) in order to enlarge contact surface between ablation zone and vessel. **D.** Immediate follow-up contrast-enhanced CT image shows elongated low-attenuated RF ablation zone (asterisk) along right hepatic vein (arrowhead), which sufficiently covers index tumor, as well as intact right hepatic vein. RF = radiofrequency, US = ultrasound](kjr-16-1226-g007){#F7}

![RF ablation using bypass targeting technique in 66-year-old man.\
**A.** Pre-RF ablation contrast-enhanced CT image shows HCC (curved arrow) in segment 1 near main portal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) and right portal vein (arrowhead) on expected approach path (dotted arrow) of electrode. **B.** Intercostal US image demonstrates hypoechoic HCC (curved arrow) between main portal vein and IVC in segment 1. Note that right portal vein (arrowhead) blocks approach path for needle insertion into index tumor. **C.** Contrast-enhanced CT image obtained from 5 mm below level of **A** depicts safe approach path (dotted arrow) without traversing right portal vein. **D.** Serial schematic illustrations show process of placing electrode while bypassing large vessel in front of target tumor using structural flexibility of liver. HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, RF = radiofrequency, US = ultrasound **E.** Intercostal US image during procedure shows that electrode (arrowhead) is safely placed within index tumor (arrow) using bypass targeting without puncturing right portal vein. **F.** Immediate follow-up contrast-enhanced CT image reveals low-attenuated RF ablation zone (asterisk) and intact right portal vein (arrowhead) with no signs of penetration by electrode. RF = radiofrequency, US = ultrasound](kjr-16-1226-g008){#F8}

###### Technical Tips for Safe and Complete RF Ablation

![](kjr-16-1226-i001)

  Technical Tips                                              Desired Effects
  ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  Tips for safe RF ablation
   Artificial ascites technique                               To prevent thermal injury to heat-vulnerable organs
   To perform procedure when patients breathe shallowly       To decrease risk of tear of hepatic parenchyma
   Cooling of bile ducts with nasobiliary drainage tube       To minimize biliary complications
   Needle track ablation technique                            To reduce tumoral seeding along needle tract
   Gradual increase of RF energy                              To avoid transportal spread by popping of index tumors
  Tips for complete RF ablation
   Fusion imaging of US with CT/MR imaging                    Correct targeting of index tumors with poor conspicuity
   Parallel targeting                                         Wider ablation zone in tumors abutting large vessel
   Placement of needle along long axis of tumor               Complete ablation of fusiform tumors
   To ablate intrahepatic portion first for exophytic tumor   Successful ablation of exophytic tumors
   Bypass targeting                                           Complete ablation of index tumors in caudate lobe

RF = radiofrequency, US = ultrasound


/* generated by Svelte vX.Y.Z */
import {
	SvelteComponent,
	append,
	detach,
	init,
	insert,
	noop,
	safe_not_equal,
	svg_element,
	text
} from "svelte/internal";

function create_fragment(ctx) {
	let svg;
	let title;
	let t;

	return {
		c() {
			svg = svg_element("svg");
			title = svg_element("title");
			t = text("a title");
		},
		m(target, anchor) {
			insert(target, svg, anchor);
			append(svg, title);
			append(title, t);
		},
		p: noop,
		i: noop,
		o: noop,
		d(detaching) {
			if (detaching) detach(svg);
		}
	};
}

class Component extends SvelteComponent {
	constructor(options) {
		super();
		init(this, options, null, create_fragment, safe_not_equal, {});
	}
}

export default Component;


/*! \page License
 * Copyright (C) 2009, H&D Wireless AB All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * 3. The name of H&D Wireless AB may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
 * from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY H&D WIRELESS AB ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY AND
 * SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL ATMEL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
 * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
 * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*!
 * \file lwIP setup code
 *
 * \brief Collects the lwIP setup code that an application has to
 *        execute in a standalone environment.
 *
 * \author               H&D Wireless AB \n
 *
 */

#include <lwip/init.h>
#include <lwip/dhcp.h>
#include <lwip/tcp.h>
#include <ipv4/lwip/ip_frag.h>
#include <netif/etharp.h>
#include <netif/wlif.h>
#include <timer.h>

#include "lwip_setup.h"
#include "lwip/dns.h"

/**
 *
 */
static void
tcp_tmr_cb(void *ctx)
{
        tcp_tmr();
}

/**
 *
 */
static void
ip_tmr_cb(void *ctx)
{
        ip_reass_tmr();
}

/**
 *
 */
static void
dns_tmr_cb(void *ctx)
{
	dns_tmr();
}

/**
 *
 */
static void
etharp_tmr_cb(void *ctx)
{
        etharp_tmr();
}

/**
 *
 */
static void
dhcp_fine_tmr_cb(void *ctx)
{
    dhcp_fine_tmr();
}

/**
 *
 */
static void
dhcp_coarse_tmr_cb(void *ctx)
{
        dhcp_coarse_tmr();
}

int start_ip_stack(struct net_cfg *cfg,
                   struct ip_addr ipaddr,
                   struct ip_addr netmask,
                   struct ip_addr gw) {

        if (cfg->dhcp_enabled) {
                IP4_ADDR(&gw, 0,0,0,0);
                IP4_ADDR(&ipaddr, 0,0,0,0);
                IP4_ADDR(&netmask, 0,0,0,0);
        }

        /* add wl to lwip interface list and set as default */
        cfg->netif = netif_add(cfg->netif,
                               &ipaddr,
                               &netmask,
                               &gw,
                               NULL,
                               wlif_init, /* init */
                               ethernet_input /* handles ARP and IP packets */);

        if (cfg->netif == NULL)
            return -1;
        netif_set_default(cfg->netif);

        /* register lwip timer callbacks for tcp, arp and dhcp protocols */
        timer_sched_timeout_cb(5000, TIMEOUT_PERIODIC,
                               etharp_tmr_cb, NULL);
        timer_sched_timeout_cb(TCP_TMR_INTERVAL, TIMEOUT_PERIODIC,
                               tcp_tmr_cb, NULL);
        timer_sched_timeout_cb(DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS, TIMEOUT_PERIODIC,
                               dhcp_fine_tmr_cb, NULL);
        timer_sched_timeout_cb(DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_MSECS, TIMEOUT_PERIODIC,
                               dhcp_coarse_tmr_cb, NULL);
        timer_sched_timeout_cb(IP_TMR_INTERVAL, TIMEOUT_PERIODIC,
                               ip_tmr_cb, NULL);
        timer_sched_timeout_cb(DNS_TMR_INTERVAL, TIMEOUT_PERIODIC,
                                      dns_tmr_cb, NULL);

        return 1;
}


Aberrant GRK6 promoter methylation is associated with poor prognosis in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers with high invasiveness and poor prognosis. To identify targeted therapeutics against metastasis, a better understanding of the regulation of HSCC cell invasion is needed. In recent years, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) have been implicated in cancer metastasis through phosphorylation of the activated form of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, there is little information regarding GRKs expression in HSCC. In the present study, we examined GRK6 expression in HSCC and also assessed the possible cause of its aberrant expression, as well as its clinical significance. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting were performed to analyze the expression of GRK6 in HSCC tissues and corresponding non-malignant tissues. Subsequently, paired HSCC and corresponding non-malignant tissues were evaluated for the methylation status of GRK6 gene promoter using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Furthermore, we investigated the methylation status and the clinicopathological significance of GRK6 in 45 paired HSCC and corresponding non-malignant tissues. The suppression of GRK6 in hypopharyngeal cell line FaDu by GRK6-shRNA lentivirus transfection was utilized to detect the role of GRK6 in hypopharyngeal cancer progression. Our results showed that the expression of GRK6 mRNA and protein was significantly lower in HSCC than in corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues, and this downregulation was found to be in accordance with aberrant methylation of the gene. Hypermethylation of the gene was observed in 77.8% (35/45) of the HSCC tissues, while it was found in only 42.2% (19/45) of the corresponding non-malignant tissues. GRK6 methylation was related to depth of tumor invasion and TNM stage. Upon treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, GRK6 expression was upregulated in FaDu cells, and cell invasion was signinficantly inhibited. Furthermore, the suppression of GRK6 by shRNA transfection enhanced FaDu cells invasion. Our results indicate that the aberrant methylation of GRK6 gene promoter may underlie its downregulation in HSCC, and may play an important role in the metastasis of HSCC.


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Pages of the Past

120 Years Ago

Jan. 12, 1894

Monday was the day that taxes became due and payable, and the quickness to which people responded is remarkable. More taxes were paid into the treasury the first three days than occurs in prosperous times. Usually the people wait until the last day of grace before settling taxes, but this does not seem to be the idea this year. The first day, twenty-six receipts were made out by the treasurer. The total collections the first three days were as follows: Monday, $500; Tuesday, $747; Wednesday, $989.69.

• • •

Last Monday, the county treasurer remitted to O.A. Bowen, state treasurer, the state taxes collected in this county during the third quarter ending Dec. 31, 1893: State general fund, $68.96; military fund, $6.05; interest fund, $2.67 — total $77.68.

100 Years Ago

Jan. 9, 1914

DAMAGE BY FLOODS

Five Days of Rainfall puts Rivers on Rampage

Not since the big flood the last week in November, 1909, has the Chehalis River at this city reached such a high mark as it did Wednesday, when at high tide the water lacked but two feet of being on the level with the Northern Pacific depot platform. The rainfall, which began Saturday evening and continued with scarcely a minute’s pause for five days, yesterday morning totaled 9 ½ inches and has been general all over the North Pacific coast. The rainstorm was accompanied by a wind storm that at a number of points, and particularly along the beach, has worked great havoc.

The chief sufferers from the storm have been ranchers of the lowlands and the railroads. All of the residents of the Chehalis bottoms have been forced to move out their stock and families, and railroad companies have been busy trying to keep uninterrupted train service to the Harbor. The Oregon-Washington line from Centralia to Aberdeen has suffered the greatest damage and their trains on Wednesday were detoured over the Northern Pacific. Slides at Preachers Slough and Balch and a washout near Independence caused the trouble. The Northern Pacific has had trouble at Sherlock with slides and the fore part of the week was routing the Harbor trains from the Sound via Centralia. Wednesday noon two hundred feet of their track near the Chehalis boom was washed out and no trains came up or went down to Aberdeen until about 8 p.m., when the break was repaired. The railroad bridges on the Satsop and Wynooche were threatened for a time but prompt work saved them from going out.

The severe storm on the coast has wrecked the old Moclips Hotel and done some other damages to the summer resort. The waves ran mountain high and swept over the beach with destructive force. All was cut off the first of the week and not until Tuesday evening did a train attempt to go down over the beach line. Early rumors reported Moclips entirely destroyed, but the storm was not so severe as the one of last November.

75 Years Ago

Jan. 12, 1939

Dr. Kent W. Berry, Olympia and former Montesano physician; William K. McAloon, former Montesano night marshal; James Reddick, Olympia taxi driver, and Robert H. Smith, Brady farmer, were sentenced by Superior Judge John M. Wilson of Olympia on Monday to serve life terms in the state penitentiary for kidnapping Irving Baker August 19 last. In addition, Berry, McAloon and Reddick were sentence to 20 years and Smith to 10 years for second degree assault in connection with the same crime.

The four were convicted of abducting Baker, then an Olympia automobile dealer, from his home. Berry beat him and tortured him with pliers. He asserted in justification that Baker had attacked Mrs. Elizabeth Berry, 27 year old wife of the more than 50-year-old physician.

Judge Wilson denied requests for suspended sentence in the assault case for Smith. He also refused requests to have Smith and McAloon removed to the county jail here; Smith so that he might be separated from Berry, with whom, it was stated his relations are strained, and McAloon to be near his home.

Smith and Reddick protested their convictions and urged the calling of a grand jury to investigate alleged official activity in the case.

• • •

More Butter Use Urged

An appeal to housewives for the use of more butter in the family diet during the week of January 12 to 18 was issued this week by E.W. Van Tassell, chairman of the state dairymen association’s committee on marketing.

“If every family would use an extra pound of butter during the coming week, a substantial decrease in surplus butter stocks would result.” Van Tassell declared. “Since butter prices control the price of whole milk, and the farmer is dependent on this price for his profit, increased consumption of butter will remove the threatening surplus and increase the income of the Washington dairyman.”

The dairymen’s committee has called on all hotels, soda fountains and restaurants to feature butter-using recipes this week. Van Tassell pointed out that the cooperation of bakeries in featuring cakes and other bakery products using butter was solicited. Bakeries use over 13,000,000 pounds of butter a year,” he stated.

50 Years Ago

Jan. 9, 1964

Mike Svinth, driving a small truck, slid off Sylvia Lake Road Saturday evening, rolled over several times down the bank of a ravine, and walked away virtually unhurt.

It took a wrecker several hours to haul the badly damaged truck back to the road.

• • •

A bull calf was born to Suzan, the $10,000 Jersey owned by Ernest Mock of Satsop, last weekend. The new arrival was delivered by Dr. Duby of Centralia.

Both mother and son are doing fine.

25 Years Ago

Jan. 12, 1989

As was expected and predicted early last month, total log exports from Grays Harbor in 1988 reached a record year, as a total of 787,319,730 board feet wound up being shipped from all five terminals.

In a report to port commissioners Tuesday, Karl Wallin, operations director, told the board, “Of that total, 276.9 million board feet went over Port-owned docks. That was 36 percent more than the 203.6 million feet of 1987.”

As has been the case five of the past eight years, the majority of logs exported, 43.3 percent, went to the peoples Republic of China last year, followed by Japan with 31 percent and Korea with 24 percent. The remaining 1.7 percent was shipped to Taiwan and Turkey, according to Wallin.

10 Years Ago

Jan. 8, 2004

SAN DIEGO — Kyle Basler, former Elma Eagle football player and now Washington State University’s sophomore punter, did something Dec. 30 that no one in history has ever done.

In front of the seventh-largest crowd in Holiday Bowl history — 61,102 — Basler became the first punter to win Defensive Player of the Game award.

Basler’s punts pinned the University of Texas Longhorns inside their own five-yard line on four of his first five punts and the fifth punt rolled out of bounds on the 13-yard line. Texas had trouble getting its offense going after beginning so deep in their own territory.

Texas coach Mack Brown was impressed: “This guy is so good. He just kept pinning us inside the five and we couldn’t go 95 yards.

Basler came to WSU as a walk-on, then he earned a scholarship and the punting job at the end of the 2002-03 fall camp. He averaged 43.9 yards per punt this season, which was tops in the Pac-10. The Cougars went 10-3 for the school’s third 10-win season in a row. WSU finished the season ranked No. 9 in the country, moving up six spots, finishing in the top 10 for the third consecutive year.


Q:

FAIL Logarithms

$$\log_11^x=x$$
$$\log_11^y=y$$
$$1^x=1^y\implies\log_11^x=\log_11^y$$
$$\therefore x=y$$
But
$$1^7=1^8\implies7=8$$
Where is my error? And why?

A:

The logarithm function $\log_a$ is typically defined to be the inverse function of the exponential $a^x$. This makes sense for $a > 0$ and $a \ne 1$ since the exponential function is strictly increasing.
But $1^x$ is constant, and so doesn't have an inverse. Therefore, $\log_1$ doesn't really make sense, and it certainly can't be expected to have the same rule as usual logarithms.


The present invention pertains to the reduction of the viscosity of epoxy resins and phenoxy resins by reaction with a trichloroacetophenone.
Perry, et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,804,795 disclosed a method for reducing the viscosity of epoxy resins by reacting them with an ethylenically unsaturated ether such as methyl isopropenyl ether.
The present invention provides a novel method for reducing the viscosity of epoxy and phenoxy resins by reacting the epoxy or phenoxy resin with a trihalomethyl acyl aromatic compound.


                                                Filed:   May 4, 2005

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                            No. 04-1535
                          (CA-05-309-MJG)

CARMEN THOMPSON; RHONDA HARRIS; JOANN
BOYD; DORIS TINSLEY; LORRAINE JOHNSON;
ISAAC J. NEAL, on behalf of themselves
and all others similarly situated,

                                            Plaintiffs - Appellees,

          versus

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING & URBAN
DEVELOPMENT; ALPHONSO JACKSON, in his
official capacity as United States Acting
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,

                                            Defendants - Appellants,

          and

HOUSING AUTHORITY OF BALTIMORE CITY; DANIEL
P. HENSON, III, in his official capacity as
Executive Director of the Housing Authority
of Baltimore City and the Commissioner of
the Baltimore City Department of Housing and
Community Development; MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL
OF BALTIMORE CITY,

                                                         Defendants.

--------------------------------------------

JONESTOWN PLANNING COUNCIL, INCORPORATED,

                                                             Movant.
                               O R D E R

     The court amends its opinion filed April 15, 2005, as follows:

     On page 3, last paragraph, line 4 -- “HUD’S” is corrected to

read “HUD’s.”

     On page 13, first paragraph, line 30 -- an apostrophe is added

after the word “Defendants.”

                                           For the Court - By Direction

                                               /s/ Patricia S. Connor
                                                       Clerk
                            PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

CARMEN THOMPSON; RHONDA HARRIS;           
JOANN BOYD; DORIS TINSLEY;
LORRAINE JOHNSON; ISAAC J. NEAL,
on behalf of themselves and all
others similarly situated,
                  Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                  v.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING &
URBAN DEVELOPMENT; ALPHONSO
JACKSON, in his official capacity as
United States Acting Secretary of
Housing and Urban Development,
              Defendants-Appellants,
                 and
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF BALTIMORE               No. 04-1535
CITY; DANIEL P. HENSON, III, in his
official capacity as Executive
Director of the Housing Authority
of Baltimore City and the
Commissioner of the Baltimore City
Department of Housing and
Community Development;
MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF
BALTIMORE CITY,
                         Defendants.

JONESTOWN PLANNING COUNCIL,
INCORPORATED,
                         Movant.
                                          
2                        THOMPSON v. HUD
           Appeal from the United States District Court
            for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
             Marvin J. Garbis, Senior District Judge.
                         (CA-05-309-MJG)

                    Argued: December 2, 2004

                     Decided: April 15, 2005

          Before WILKINS, Chief Judge, and MICHAEL
                 and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Traxler wrote the opinion, in
which Chief Judge Wilkins and Judge Michael concurred.

                            COUNSEL

ARGUED: Thomas Mark Bondy, UNITED STATES DEPART-
MENT OF JUSTICE, Civil Division, Appellate Section, Washington,
D.C., for Appellants. Wilma A. Lewis, CROWELL & MORING,
Washington, D.C., for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Howard M.
Schmeltzer, Assistant General Counsel for Litigation, David M.
Reizes, Trial Attorney, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, Office of General
Counsel, Washington, D.C.; Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney Gen-
eral, Thomas M. DiBiagio, United States Attorney, Mark B. Stern,
Appellate Staff, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellants. Andrew D. Free-
man, BROWN, GOLDSTEIN & LEVY, L.L.P., Baltimore, Mary-
land; David L. Haga, CROWELL & MORING, L.L.P., Washington,
D.C., for Appellees.
                           THOMPSON v. HUD                              3
                               OPINION

TRAXLER, Circuit Judge:

   In 1995, African-American public housing residents (the "Plain-
tiffs") filed a class action against the United States Department of
Housing and Urban Development and its then-Secretary Henry Cisne-
ros (referred to together as "HUD"), along with the Housing Authority
of Baltimore City and various Baltimore officials (together, the
"Local Defendants"), seeking to eliminate racial segregation and dis-
crimination in Baltimore’s public housing system. In 1996, the parties
entered into a Partial Consent Decree (the "Consent Decree") resolv-
ing some of the issues raised in the complaint. The Consent Decree
stated that the district court would exercise jurisdiction for only a lim-
ited period of time.

   With the end of the court’s jurisdiction over HUD looming, the
Plaintiffs filed a motion requesting that the district court modify the
Consent Decree to extend the period during which it would exercise
jurisdiction over HUD. The district court granted the motion, and
HUD appeals. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

                                    I.

   Baltimore’s public housing system began in the 1930s as an offi-
cially segregated program. The city abandoned its official segregation
policies shortly after the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board
of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). In their class action complaint, the
Plaintiffs alleged, inter alia, that while the formal policy of segrega-
tion was no longer in place, the Local Defendants were perpetuating
the former de jure segregation through their racially based assign-
ments of public housing applicants and through their decisions
regarding the placement of new housing projects.

   The parties ultimately agreed to settle some of the claims asserted
in the class action, an agreement that was formalized in the Consent
Decree. The Consent Decree imposes numerous obligations on the
Local Defendants and HUD. Many of HUD’s obligations under the
Decree are related to the obligations imposed on the Local Defen-
4                         THOMPSON v. HUD
dants, in that most (if not all) of the steps that the Local Defendants
are required to take under the Consent Decree require HUD’S cooper-
ation and approval. The Consent Decree provides that the district
court will have jurisdiction over the Local Defendants until their obli-
gations under the decree have been satisfied, and that the court will
have jurisdiction over HUD for seven years after the approval of the
Decree. The Consent Decree was approved on June 25, 1996; under
the terms of the Consent Decree, the district court’s jurisdiction over
HUD was to expire on June 25, 2003. HUD acknowledges, however,
that it has obligations under the Consent Decree that extend well
beyond June 2003.

   Although the Consent Decree has been in effect since 1996, the
Local Defendants have fallen jaw-droppingly short of fulfilling their
obligations. The Local Defendants are woefully behind schedule with
regard to many provisions of the Consent Decree, but one failing is
of primary importance to this case. Among other things, the Consent
Decree requires that the Local Defendants make available 911 "hard"
housing units—that is, actual housing units, as opposed to rent
vouchers—in areas of Baltimore referred to in the Decree as "Non-
impacted areas."1 The 911 hard units of housing were to be made
available within six and a half years after the approval of the Decree
—i.e., December 2002. By that date, however, the Local Defendants
had managed to supply only eight of the required units.

   Faced with the utter failure of the Local Defendants to comply with
the terms of the Consent Decree and the impending termination of the
district court’s jurisdiction over HUD, the Plaintiffs in May 2003 filed
a motion asking the district court to modify the Consent Decree to
extend the term of its jurisdiction over HUD. The Plaintiffs argued
that the failure of the Local Defendants to comply with the Decree
was a significant change of circumstance warranting a modification
of the Decree. The Plaintiffs contended that since HUD must approve
the plans and actions required of the Local Defendants under the Con-
sent Decree, the district court should retain jurisdiction over HUD.
Under the original terms of the Consent Decree, the district court’s
    1
   Generally speaking, non-impacted areas are those without high con-
centrations of minority residents or public housing. See Thompson v.
HUD, 220 F.3d 241, 244 (4th Cir. 2000).
                          THOMPSON v. HUD                            5
jurisdiction over HUD terminated six months after the date that the
Local Defendants were to have provided the 911 hard units of public
housing. The Plaintiffs therefore requested that the district court
extend its jurisdiction over HUD for an additional three years, which
would give the court jurisdiction for six months after the date by
which the Local Defendants projected they would be able to provide
the required 911 housing units.

   The district court granted the Plaintiffs’ motion to modify the
Decree. The court held that the Local Defendants’ "level of compli-
ance fell so far short of complete as to be beyond any reasonable
degree of expectations or acceptability." J.A. 509. The district court
concluded that the magnitude of the Local Defendants’ non-
compliance amounted to a change of circumstance sufficient to war-
rant modification of the Consent Decree, notwithstanding the fact that
HUD was not responsible for the delays of the Local Defendants. The
district court, however, declined to extend its jurisdiction over HUD
by the three years requested by the Plaintiffs. Instead, the district
court extended its jurisdiction "until such time as HUD shows that its
obligations have been fulfilled approximately to the same extent as
the parties and the Court originally and reasonably contemplated
would have been fulfilled by June 25, 2003." J.A. 516-17. This appeal
followed.

                                  II.

   It has long been recognized that courts are vested with the inherent
power to modify injunctions they have issued. That same authority
also exists with regard to a court’s consent decrees, which regulate
future conduct and thus operate as injunctions:

       We are not doubtful of the power of a court of equity to
    modify an injunction in adaptation to changed conditions
    though it was entered by consent. . . . Power to modify the
    decree was reserved by its very terms, and so from the
    beginning went hand in hand with its restraints. If the reser-
    vation had been omitted, power there still would be by force
    of principles inherent in the jurisdiction of the chancery. A
    continuing decree of injunction directed to events to come
    is subject always to adaptation as events may shape the
6                         THOMPSON v. HUD
    need. The distinction is between restraints that give protec-
    tion to rights fully accrued upon facts so nearly permanent
    as to be substantially impervious to change, and those that
    involve the supervision of changing conduct or conditions
    and are thus provisional and tentative. The result is all one
    whether the decree has been entered after litigation or by
    consent. In either event, a court does not abdicate its power
    to revoke or modify its mandate if satisfied that what it has
    been doing has been turned through changing circumstances
    into an instrument of wrong. We reject the argument for the
    interveners that a decree entered upon consent is to be
    treated as a contract and not as a judicial act.

United States v. Swift & Co., 286 U.S. 106, 114-15 (1932) (citations
omitted); see Benjamin v. Jacobson, 172 F.3d 144, 161 (2d Cir. 1999)
(en banc) ("The proposition that a court has the authority to alter the
prospective effect of an injunction in light of changes in the law or
the circumstances is, of course, well established."); Sweeton v. Brown,
27 F.3d 1162, 1166 (6th Cir. 1994) ("Anglo-American courts have
always had the inherent equitable power to modify consent decrees
imposing ongoing injunctive relief.").

   The court’s inherent authority to modify a consent decree or other
injunction is now encompassed in Rule 60(b)(5) of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure. See Plyler v. Evatt, 924 F.2d 1321, 1324 (4th Cir.
1991); Money Store, Inc. v. Harriscorp Fin., Inc., 885 F.2d 369, 372
(7th Cir. 1989). Under Rule 60(b)(5), a court may relieve a party from
an order if "it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have
prospective application." Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5).

   In Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk County, 502 U.S. 367 (1992), the
Supreme Court considered the application of Rule 60(b)(5) to consent
decrees, like this one, springing from institutional reform litigation.
The Court noted that, traditionally, the standard for modifying con-
sent decrees was quite flexible, see id. at 379, and that the need for
a flexible approach was particularly great as to consent decrees aris-
ing out of institutional reform litigation:

       The upsurge in institutional reform litigation since Brown
    v. Board of Education . . . has made the ability of a district
                          THOMPSON v. HUD                             7
    court to modify a decree in response to changed circum-
    stances all the more important. Because such decrees often
    remain in place for extended periods of time, the likelihood
    of significant changes occurring during the life of the decree
    is increased. . . .

       The experience of the District Courts and Courts of
    Appeals in implementing and modifying such decrees has
    demonstrated that a flexible approach is often essential to
    achieving the goals of reform litigation. The Courts of
    Appeals have also observed that the public interest is a par-
    ticularly significant reason for applying a flexible modifica-
    tion standard in institutional reform litigation because such
    decrees reach beyond the parties involved directly in the suit
    and impact on the public’s right to the sound and efficient
    operation of its institutions.

Id. at 380-81 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The
Court emphasized, however, that while "a district court should exer-
cise flexibility in considering requests for modification of an institu-
tional reform consent decree, it does not follow that a modification
will be warranted in all circumstances." Id. at 383.

   The Court articulated the standard by which requests for modifica-
tions to consent decrees should be judged:

    [A] party seeking modification of a consent decree bears the
    burden of establishing that a significant change in circum-
    stances warrants revision of the decree. If the moving party
    meets this standard, the court should consider whether the
    proposed modification is suitably tailored to the changed
    circumstance.

Id. A "significant change either in factual conditions or in law" can
support a requested modification. Id. at 384. A significant change in
the factual conditions can support a modification if the changed con-
ditions "make compliance with the decree substantially more oner-
ous," if the decree "proves to be unworkable because of unforeseen
obstacles," or if "enforcement of the decree without the modification
would be detrimental to the public interest." Id.; see Thompson v.
8                         THOMPSON v. HUD
HUD, 220 F.3d 241, 247 (4th Cir. 2000) ("Thompson I"). "Ordinarily,
however, modification should not be granted where a party relies
upon events that actually were anticipated at the time it entered into
a decree." Rufo, 502 U.S. at 385.

                                 III.

   As noted above, the district court concluded that the Local Defen-
dants’ nearly complete failure to comply with their obligations was a
sufficient change of circumstance to warrant modification of the Con-
sent Decree. On appeal, HUD challenges the district court’s decision
on several grounds. HUD contends that the parties anticipated that, at
the time the court’s jurisdiction over HUD was to expire, the Local
Defendants might not have fulfilled their obligations under the
Decree. HUD thus contends that because the Local Defendants’ lack
of compliance was anticipated, it cannot be a basis for modifying the
Consent Decree. HUD also contends that because it was not responsi-
ble for the Local Defendants’ failings, it was error for the district
court to use those failings as a reason to modify HUD’s obligations
under the Decree. Finally, HUD contends that the modification was
not suitably tailored to the problems identified by the district court.

   We review the district court’s decision to modify the Consent
Decree for abuse of discretion, see Thompson I, 220 F.3d at 246, and
"we accept the factual findings on which the district court’s decision
is based unless they are clearly erroneous," Small v. Hunt, 98 F.3d
789, 796 (4th Cir. 1996). Such a deferential standard of review is war-
ranted in view of the nature and purpose institutional-reform consent
decrees:

    The rule of broad discretion in public interest cases is
    designed to give the district court flexibility in deciding
    exactly how the numerous conditions of a complex consent
    decree are to be implemented in practice. In overseeing
    broad institutional reform litigation, the district court
    becomes in many ways more like a manager or policy plan-
    ner than a judge. Over time, the district court gains an inti-
    mate understanding of the workings of an institution and
    learns what specific changes are needed within that institu-
    tion in order to achieve the goals of the consent decree.
                          THOMPSON v. HUD                              9
Navarro-Ayala v. Hernandez-Colon, 951 F.2d 1325, 1338 (1st Cir.
1991); see also Ruiz v. Lynaugh, 811 F.2d 856, 861 (5th Cir. 1987)
("We note that a district court’s decision to modify a consent decree
in an ongoing institutional reform case is committed to that court’s
discretion because it is intimately involved in the often complex pro-
cess of institutional reformation. It has the personal knowledge, expe-
rience, and insight necessary to evaluate the parties’ intentions,
performances, and capabilities.").

                                   A.

   HUD contends that the district court’s decision to modify the Con-
sent Decree was in error because the circumstance upon which the
court based the modification—the lack of compliance by the Local
Defendants—was anticipated by the parties at they time they entered
into the Decree. HUD points out that the Consent Decree calls for the
district court to exercise jurisdiction over the Local Defendants until
they fulfilled their obligations under the Decree, but for the court to
exercise jurisdiction over HUD until June 2003—seven years after the
Decree was approved. HUD thus argues that the parties fully antici-
pated that HUD might be out of the picture before the Local Defen-
dants fulfilled their obligations under the Decree, and that the district
court therefore erred by modifying the Decree based on an anticipated
event. See Thompson I, 220 F.3d at 248-49 (reversing modification of
Consent Decree because modification was based on circumstances
that were anticipated at the time the Decree was entered into).

   We agree that the parties when executing the Consent Decree must
have anticipated the likelihood that HUD would be released from the
district court’s jurisdiction before the Local Defendants had com-
pleted their obligations under the Decree. The structure of the Decree
itself leaves no room for doubt on that score. But the district court did
not modify the Consent Decree because the Local Defendants had not
quite completed all of their obligations; the court modified the Decree
because the Local Defendants had done almost nothing that they were
required to do under the Decree.2
  2
   On this point it is worth restating the most salient fact: Of the 911
hard units of housing that were to have been provided by December
2002, the Local Defendants had managed to provide only eight.
10                         THOMPSON v. HUD
   HUD argues, however, that the magnitude of the Local Defen-
dants’ failure is irrelevant. Since the parties anticipated the possibility
that HUD would be released from the court’s jurisdiction at a time
when the Local Defendants were still performing under the Decree,
HUD contends that the modification was impermissible under Rufo
and Thompson I, even if the Local Defendants were farther behind
than anticipated. We disagree.

   Preliminarily, we note that the issue is whether the parties actually
anticipated the events giving rise to the modification request; that the
events were theoretically foreseeable does not foreclose a modifica-
tion. See Rufo, 507 U.S. at 385 (rejecting the argument that "modifi-
cation should be allowed only when a change in facts is both
‘unforeseen and unforeseeable,’" noting that "[l]itigants are not
required to anticipate every exigency that could conceivably arise
during the life of a consent decree"). In this case, there is nothing in
the Consent Decree or the record to suggest that Plaintiffs anticipated
the exceptional magnitude of the Local Defendants’ non-compliance.
J.A. 508 ("Certainly, the absence of complete compliance with a con-
sent decree is not necessarily extraordinary or unforeseeable. How-
ever, failed compliance of the magnitude confronted in the instant
case is nothing short of exceptional." (citation omitted)). If the parties
had actually anticipated that the Local Defendants would be so far
behind on their obligations at this stage in the proceedings, the Con-
sent Decree would never have been executed. The Plaintiffs would
not have given up their claims in exchange for an agreement that they
anticipated would not be followed, and the Local Defendants would
not have subjected themselves to the district court’s contempt powers
by agreeing to do something they knew they would not be able to do.
Cf. Rufo, 502 U.S. at 386 (expressing doubt about the argument that
rapid increase in prison population was anticipated when the consent
decree was executed: "It strikes us as somewhat strange, if a rapidly
increasing jail population had been contemplated, that respondents
would have settled for a new jail that would not have been adequate
to house pretrial detainees."). Under these circumstances, we cannot
conclude that the district court abused its discretion by determining
that the Plaintiffs did not anticipate the degree of the Local Defen-
dants’ non-compliance.3 See David C. v. Leavitt, 242 F.3d 1206, 1213
  3
   Because the degree of the Local Defendants’ non-compliance was not
anticipated, this case is not controlled by our prior decision in Thompson
                          THOMPSON v. HUD                             11
(10th Cir. 2001) (affirming district court’s decision to modify consent
decree by extending its enforcement period because of defendant’s
significant non-compliance with the terms of the decree: "[I]t would
defy logic for Appellees to agree to include the four-year Termination
Provision in the Agreement if they actually foresaw that Utah would
not be in substantial compliance with the terms of the Agreement at
the end of the four-year period."); see also Small, 98 F.3d at 796-97
(affirming decision to modify consent decree based on changed cir-
cumstance where defendant anticipated small increase in prison popu-
lation during life of decree but did not foresee the extent of actual
increases). Nor can we conclude that the district court abused its dis-
cretion by concluding that the change of circumstance was significant
enough to warrant a modification of the Consent Decree. See Holland
v. New Jersey Dep’t of Corr., 246 F.3d 267, 284 (3d Cir. 2001)
("Courts have extended a decree or parts of a decree when . . . one
party was in substantial non-compliance with the decree.").

                                   B.

   HUD contends, however, that even if the degree of the Local
Defendants’ failure to comply was not anticipated, the only failings
specifically identified by the district court were those of the Local
Defendants. HUD argues that since it was not at fault for the Local
Defendants’ delay in compliance, the delay should not have been the
basis for a modification of HUD’s obligations under the Decree. We
disagree.

   We first note that this argument seems to proceed on an assumption
that a consent decree may be modified only upon a showing of fault.
Quite the opposite is true. Consent decrees are frequently modified
when the change of circumstance was not brought about by the fault

I. In Thompson I, we reversed the district court’s modification of the
Consent Decree because the events the district court viewed as a signifi-
cant change of circumstance had been specifically anticipated by the par-
ties when they entered into the Decree, and important provisions of the
Decree were directed to the very set of circumstances that the district
court relied upon to support the modification. See Thompson I, 220 F.3d
at 248-49.
12                        THOMPSON v. HUD
of a party to the agreement. For example, we have held that modifica-
tions should be made to consent decrees entered in prison-condition
litigation where there was an unanticipated increase in the prison pop-
ulation. See Small, 98 F.3d at 796-97; Plyler v. Evatt, 846 F.2d 208,
215-16 (4th Cir. 1988). While the cases involved requests by the
defendants to modify the consent decree, there is nothing in Rufo or
our cases involving the modification of consent decrees suggesting
that plaintiffs are entitled to modification only if the relevant change
of circumstance was brought about by fault on the part of the defen-
dant. And just as the absence of fault does not preclude a modification
of a consent decree involving a single defendant, it does not preclude
a modification of the obligations of one party to a consent decree as
a result of the fault of another party to the decree.

   A court’s ability to modify a consent decree or other injunction
springs from the court’s inherent equitable power over its own judg-
ments. See United States v. City of Miami, 2 F.3d 1497, 1509 (11th
Cir. 1993) ("[A] district court’s decision on a request to terminate or
modify a consent decree is an exercise of that court’s equitable power
. . . ."); SEC v. Worthen, 98 F.3d 480, 482 (9th Cir. 1996) ("With
respect to permanent injunctions, we have held that Rule 60(b)(5) rep-
resents a codification of preexisting law, recognizing the inherent
power of a court sitting in equity to modify its decrees prospectively
to achieve equity." (internal quotation marks omitted)); Fed. R. Civ.
P. 60(b)(5) (explaining that a court may relieve a party from an order
if "it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective
application"). The hallmark of equity, of course, is its flexibility:

     The essence of a court’s equity power lies in its inherent
     capacity to adjust remedies in a feasible and practical way
     to eliminate the conditions or redress the injuries caused by
     unlawful action. Equitable remedies must be flexible if these
     underlying principles are to be enforced with fairness and
     precision.

Freeman v. Pitts, 503 U.S. 467, 487 (1992); accord Brown v. Board
of Educ., 349 U.S. 294, 300 (1955) ("[E]quity has been characterized
by a practical flexibility in shaping its remedies and by a facility for
adjusting and reconciling public and private needs.").
                          THOMPSON v. HUD                             13
   HUD’s view is that the modification of its responsibilities under
the Consent Decree is inappropriate because it has done nothing
wrong and bears no responsibility for the lack of compliance upon
which the district court based its decision to modify the decree. We
believe that such a position would improperly tie the district court’s
hands and severely limit the ability to fashion the necessary relief.
Institutional reform litigation frequently involves multiple parties
with interrelated obligations, such that a breach of duty by one party
can require an adjustment to the duties of another party. The district
court must be free to exercise its equitable powers as necessary to
remedy the problem. See Rufo, 502 U.S. at 382 (noting that "rigidity
[in applying Rule 60(b)(5)] is neither required . . . nor appropriate in
the context of institutional reform litigation"); Waste Mgmt. of Ohio,
Inc. v. City of Dayton, 132 F.3d 1142, 1145 (6th Cir. 1997)
("Equitable considerations are clearly factors a district court can
address when they are related to a court’s power and duty to modify,
interpret, and oversee a consent decree."); Berger v. Heckler, 771
F.2d 1556, 1568 (2d Cir. 1985) ("[B]readth and flexibility are inher-
ent in equitable remedies." (internal quotation marks omitted)). This
power must include the right, in appropriate cases, to modify the obli-
gations of a party who was without fault in creating the change of cir-
cumstance that gave rise to the need for modification. See New York
State Ass’n for Retarded Children, Inc. v. Carey, 706 F.2d 956, 969
(2d Cir. 1983) ("It is well recognized that in institutional reform liti-
gation such as this judicially-imposed remedies must be open to adap-
tation when unforeseen obstacles present themselves, to improvement
when a better understanding of the problem emerges, and to accom-
modation of a wider constellation of interests than is represented in
the adversarial setting of the courtroom."). Thus, the fact that HUD
bears no responsibility for the Local Defendants' failure to comply
with their obligations does not preclude a modification of HUD’s
obligations under the Consent Decree.

   Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its
discretion when concluding that the Local Defendants’ lack of com-
pliance with their obligations under the Consent Decree was an unan-
ticipated and substantial change of circumstance. We likewise
conclude that the absence of fault on the part of HUD does not pre-
clude a modification of HUD’s duties under the Consent Decree. The
14                        THOMPSON v. HUD
question thus becomes whether the modification imposed by the dis-
trict court was proper.

                                  C.

   "Once a court has determined that changed circumstances warrant
a modification in a consent decree, the focus should be on whether the
proposed modification is tailored to resolve the problems created by
the change in circumstances." Rufo, 502 U.S. at 391. "A court should
do no more, for a consent decree is a final judgment that may be
reopened only to the extent that equity requires." Id.

   The district court concluded that enforcement of the Consent
Decree would be substantially more difficult if it did not extend the
period of jurisdiction over HUD. The court thus concluded that
extending the period of its jurisdiction over HUD would serve the
public interest, by ensuring the most efficient means of enforcing the
decree. The court determined that its jurisdiction over HUD should be
"extended only to the extent necessary to meet the original reasonable
expectations of the parties and the Court." J.A. at 516. Noting that the
Consent Decree called for the court’s jurisdiction over HUD to end
on June 25, 2003, six months after the date that the Local Defendants
were to have provided the 911 hard units of public housing, the dis-
trict court extended its period of jurisdiction over HUD "until such
time as HUD shows that its obligations have been fulfilled approxi-
mately to the same extent as the parties and the Court originally and
reasonably contemplated would have been fulfilled by June 25,
2003." J.A. 516-17.

   In our view, the modification implemented by the district court
nicely meets Rufo’s requirement that any modification be "suitably
tailored to the changed circumstance." Rufo, 502 U.S. at 391.
Although the Local Defendants bear most of the substantive obliga-
tions under the Consent Decree, the Decree also imposes various obli-
gations on HUD, many of which are related to the obligations of the
Local Defendants.4 Given that the Local Defendants are so far behind
  4
  For example, section 3.2.15 of the Consent Decree requires HUD to
make available to the Local Defendants certain FHA single- and multi-
                           THOMPSON v. HUD                             15
in fulfilling their obligations under the Consent Decree and that many
of the obligations of the parties are inter-related, the district court
properly recognized the utility of retaining jurisdiction over HUD, so
as to ensure that the Decree can be efficiently enforced. And by
extending the period of jurisdiction only until the Local Defendants
reach the milestones that should already have been reached when
jurisdiction over HUD originally was to expire, the district court mod-
ified the decree no more than was necessary to approximate the posi-
tions the parties would have occupied had the Local Defendants lived
up to their obligations under the Consent Decree.5 See Pigford v.
Veneman, 292 F.3d 918, 927 (D.C. Cir. 2002) ("[A] ‘suitably tailored’
order would return both parties as nearly as possible to where they
would have been absent [the changed circumstance giving rise to the
modification request]."); Vanguards of Cleveland v. City of
Cleveland, 23 F.3d 1013, 1020 (6th Cir. 1994) (finding district court’s
modification of consent decree to be suitably tailored to the changed
circumstance because, among other things, "the modification operates

family properties, properties that the Local Defendants are to develop as
part of the hard housing units required under the Decree. Section 3.2 of
the Decree requires the Local Defendants and HUD to work together to
create a plan for a home ownership program. Implementation of many
aspects of the plan is dependent on HUD approval. The Consent Decree
also imposes on HUD and the Local Defendants numerous continuing
obligations with regard to the Mobility Counseling Services program cre-
ated by the Decree.
   5
     HUD contends that the Consent Decree’s provision retaining jurisdic-
tion over it for seven years was in no way linked to the other provisions
of the Decree requiring the Local Defendants to comply with various
obligations within six and a half years. Thus, HUD argues that it was
improper to structure the modification to reflect a similar time frame. We
disagree. To be sure, the Consent Decree does not contain language link-
ing the two time frames—that is, the Decree does not state that the court
will retain jurisdiction over HUD for six months past the date that the
Local Defendants provide the required hard units of housing. Nonethe-
less, the Consent Decree as a factual matter did just that —provided for
the retention of jurisdiction over HUD for a period that happened to be
six months after the date that the Local Defendants were to have deliv-
ered the housing units. It was thus entirely proper for the district court
to modify the Decree in a way that reflected a similar time frame.
16                          THOMPSON v. HUD
along the lines of the consent decree" and "the modification merely
allows additional time in which to promote the minority firefighters
as would have occurred under the consent decree, if the minority pass
rates on the 1984 and 1985 promotional examinations had not been
lower than expected").

   HUD, however, argues that the relief fashioned by the district court
was not suitably tailored to remedy the problem at hand. According
to HUD, the Consent Decree’s retention-of-jurisdiction provision was
"the heart" of its bargain, Brief of Appellants at 18, and the district
court’s re-writing of that clause can hardly be considered a suitably
tailored remedy.6
  6
    This argument, as well as others made by HUD, seems to teeter on
the edge of asserting that the modification was improper because it was
inconsistent with the terms of the Consent Decree. Such an argument, of
course, would be doomed to fail. Issues of interpretation and enforce-
ment of a consent decree typically are subject to traditional rules of con-
tract interpretation, and the district court’s authority is thus constrained
by the language of the decree. See Johnson v. Robinson, 987 F.2d 1043,
1046 (4th Cir. 1993) ("A federal district court may not use its power of
enforcing consent decrees to enlarge or diminish the duties on which the
parties have agreed and which the court has approved." (emphasis
added)). A court’s inherent power to modify a consent decree, however,
is not circumscribed by the language of the decree. See System Fed’n No.
91 v. Wright, 364 U.S. 642, 651 (1961) (noting that the Court "has never
departed from th[e] general rule" that a court always retains the authority
to modify a consent decree; "[t]he parties cannot, by giving each other
consideration, purchase from a court of equity a continuing injunction");
David C., 242 F.3d at 1210-11 ("[A] court’s equitable power to modify
its own order in the face of changed circumstances is an inherent judicial
power that cannot be limited simply because an agreement by the parties
purports to do so. . . . To hold otherwise would allow the parties, by the
terms of their agreement, to divest a court of its equitable power or sig-
nificantly constrain that power by dictating its parameters."); Johnson,
987 F.2d at 1050 (explaining that "a district court may, of course, modify
a consent decree to impose new duties upon a party"); South v. Rowe,
759 F.2d 610, 613 (7th Cir. 1985) ("[T]he parties could not agree to
restrict the court’s equitable powers to modify its judgment enforcing the
consent decree, including the two-year limitation period, in light of
‘changed circumstances.’").
                          THOMPSON v. HUD                           17
   We recognize that, generally speaking, a district court modifying
a consent decree should strive to "preserve the essence of the parties’
bargain." Pigford, 292 F.3d at 927. The retention-of-jurisdiction
clause, however, is but one part of a more than 80-page agreement,
an agreement that imposes numerous obligations on HUD. While we
do not doubt the importance of the clause to HUD, that importance
simply does not place the clause beyond the reach of the district
court’s inherent modification powers. See Rufo, 502 U.S. at 387 ("If
modification of one term of a consent decree defeats the purpose of
the decree, obviously modification would be all but impossible. That
cannot be the rule."); see also Holland, 246 F.3d at 282 ("[T]he broad
remedial power contained within the modification and compliance
enforcement powers can be used to extend a consent decree."); David
C., 242 F.3d at 1210 (rejecting argument that "courts have no equita-
ble power to modify material provisions" of a consent decree).

  Finally, HUD suggests that the district court’s modification went
beyond what was necessary to address the changed circumstances,
because the modification imposes substantial new obligations on
HUD and has provided an opening for the Plaintiffs to seek to hold
HUD in contempt for violating the terms of the Consent Decree.
Again we disagree.

   As HUD concedes, it has obligations under the Consent Decree
that extend well beyond the date that the court’s jurisdiction over
HUD originally was to expire. Therefore, even if the district court had
declined to modify the retention-of-jurisdiction clause, the court’s
inherent authority over its own judgment would have provided it with
the continuing authority to enforce the Consent Decree against HUD.
See Frew v. Hawkins, 540 U.S. 431, 440 (2004) ("Federal courts are
not reduced to approving consent decrees and hoping for compliance.
Once entered, a consent decree may be enforced."); System Fed’n No.
91 v. Wright, 364 U.S. 642, 647 (1961) (explaining that injunctions
"often require[ ] continuing supervision by the issuing court and
always a continuing willingness to apply its powers and processes on
behalf of the party who obtained that equitable relief"); Brewster v.
Dukakis, 3 F.3d 488, 491 (1st Cir. 1993) ("[S]o long as the injunction
endures, the district court’s enforcement authority can always be
‘reawakened.’"); In re Pearson, 990 F.2d 653, 657 (1st Cir. 1993)
("[W]hen . . . an injunction entered pursuant to a consent decree has
18                          THOMPSON v. HUD
ongoing effects, the issuing court retains authority to enforce it.");
Hook v. Arizona Dep’t of Corr., 972 F.2d 1012, 1014 (9th Cir. 1992)
(concluding that district court had jurisdiction over motion to seeking
to hold defendants in contempt for violating consent decree in case
that had been closed for 16 years: "A district court retains jurisdiction
to enforce its judgments, including consent decrees. Because the
inmates allege a violation of the consent decree, the district court had
jurisdiction." (citation omitted)); United States v. Fisher, 864 F.2d
434, 436 (7th Cir. 1988) ("[W]hen a court issues an injunction, it
automatically retains jurisdiction to enforce it."); Waffenschmidt v.
Mackay, 763 F.2d 711, 716 (5th Cir. 1985) ("Courts possess the
inherent authority to enforce their own injunctive decrees. . . . Courts
do not sit for the idle ceremony of making orders and pronouncing
judgments, the enforcement of which may be flouted, obstructed, and
violated with impunity, with no power in the tribunal to punish the
offender." (internal citations omitted)). Thus, the modification of the
Consent Decree exposes HUD to no greater risk of contempt than if
the modification had not been granted.7
  7
    The district court in its order suggested that if it did not extend its
jurisdiction over HUD, enforcement of HUD’s continuing obligations
under the Decree would be relegated to the independent actions under the
Administrative Procedure Act with its strict arbitrary and capricious stan-
dard of review. See J.A. at 511-12. Given a court’s inherent power to
enforce a consent decree, we question whether the district court’s predic-
tion about future enforcement mechanisms was accurate. Nonetheless,
the court’s extension of its jurisdiction over HUD significantly improved
the court’s ability to monitor and enforce the Consent Decree. For exam-
ple, by virtue of the extension of jurisdiction, HUD remains an active
party to the litigation, and its presence and participation at hearings can
be required by the court. The district court has been intimately involved
with this case from the very beginning and is thus in the best position to
determine what actions might be necessary to enforce the Consent
Decree, and, ultimately, to bring this litigation to a close. Given the inter-
relatedness of the obligations of HUD and the Local Defendants, we can-
not say that the district court abused its discretion by concluding that
HUD’s active presence and participation in the litigation was necessary
to effectively monitor and enforce the Consent Decree. See Langton v.
Johnston, 928 F.2d 1206, 1221 (1st Cir. 1991) ("[T]he due administra-
tion of [an institutional reform consent] decree calls for a certain deftness
of touch.").
                           THOMPSON v. HUD                             19
                                   IV.

   To summarize, we conclude that the district court properly found
that the Local Defendants’ near total failure to comply with the terms
of the Consent Decree was an unanticipated change of circumstance
that warranted modifying the Consent Decree. Because many of the
obligations of HUD and the Local Defendants under the Decree are
inter-related, the district court did not abuse its discretion by conclud-
ing that the Decree should be modified to extend the period of the
court’s retention of jurisdiction over HUD. The district court’s modi-
fication of the Decree was suitably tailored to the problems created
by the change of circumstance, as required by Rufo. Accordingly, the
district court’s order modifying the Consent Decree is hereby
affirmed.

                                                             AFFIRMED


Event details

Find out why the Mongolians built Beijing’s first hutongs, see for yourself what traditional Beijingers get up to when they think nobody is looking, and discover how a warlord managed to return to Beijing in a coffin alive. All this plus table tennis with the locals, a rickshaw ride, water calligraphy, and much more besides.

Highlights:

Walk around Beijing’s historic hutongs, and learn how to identify their age and how to Feng Shui, and who’s copying it.

Find out how ancient Beijing moved a million people into the city and how long it took for them to leave.

Visit a traditional home and discover why its famous resident was so contradictory.

Learn about the extraordinary technical achievement that is Beijing’s 500-year-old bell tower.

Notice

Once booked we will contact you to confirm the date & time or you can email us on contact@247tickets.com


The role of outcome inhibition in interference between outcomes: a contingency-learning analogue of retrieval-induced forgetting.
Current associative theories of contingency learning assume that inhibitory learning plays a part in the interference between outcomes. However, it is unclear whether this inhibitory learning results in the inhibition of the outcome representation or whether it simply counteracts previous excitatory learning so that the outcome representation is neither activated nor inhibited. Additionally, these models tend to conceptualize inhibition as a relatively transient and cue-dependent state. However, research on retrieval-induced forgetting suggests that the inhibition of representations is a real process that can be relatively independent of the retrieval cue used to access the inhibited information. Consistent with this alternative view, we found that interference between outcomes reduces the retrievability of the target outcome even when the outcome is associated with a novel (non-inhibitory) cue. This result has important theoretical implications for associative models of interference and shows that the empirical facts and theories developed in studies of retrieval-induced forgetting might be relevant in contingency learning and vice versa.


Q:

Создание списка на основе JSON

jQuery в ответ на запрос получает JSON-строку типа
{36:"Австралия",40:"Австрия"}

Фрагмент jQuery:
$.ajax ({
  type: "GET",
  url: "/ajax/",
  data: "q=" + query,
  cache: false,
  dataType: 'json',
  success: function(response) {

    // генерация bar на основе response

    $("#foo").html(bar);
  }
});

Из полученного JSON хочется собрать фрагмент HTML:

Австралия

Австрия

И добавить внутрь div'а "foo".
Хочется не столько увидеть решение, сколько понять логику работы jQuery с JSON.

A:

Спасибо всем за варианты решения. Остановился на этом:
var items = '';
$.getJSON("/ajax/", "q=" + query, function(response) {
  $.each(response, function(i,val) {
    items += '
' + val + '
';
  });
  $('#foo').html(items);
});

Проблема решилась изменением положения строк
var items = '';

и
$('#foo').html(items);

Проблема, как я понял, была в видимости переменной items для $('#foo').html(items). Выручил alert(), который я ставил всюду, где только можно, чтобы визуализировать данные на разных этапах. Еще один косяк - невалидный JSON: обернул ID кавычками.


Miley Save Fuzzy

Miley Save Fuzzy is a website in which an anonymous Miley Cyrus fan threatened to kill and eat their pet cat unless she returns to Twitter.  Miley Cyrus is aware of the campaign, and commented about it in several interviews, in which she stated that she will not come back to Twitter.

MileySaveFuzzy.com
The website was created on October 24, 2009. On the website, the anonymous fan claimed that if Miley Cyrus did not come back to Twitter by November 16 (a deadline which was later extended to November 22), their cat, Fuzzy, would be killed and eaten. The fan claimed this action is legal in their country. The website includes several pictures of Fuzzy, as well as a cat recipes section.

On November 23, 2009, the Miley Cyrus fan posted a new update on the website, named Fuzzy's Demise, claiming that the cat is dead. The fan claimed that the cat was taken to a clinic and was euthanized, and was later eaten. A very detailed explanation of the entire process is described, and pictures of a supposedly dead Fuzzy were posted.

Shortly after the update was announced, there were difficulties accessing the website. An error page showed up, presumably due to the large number of hits it received, causing bandwidth issues.

Public response and legitimacy
The website received media attention throughout the United States and in other countries, such as Spain, Romania and others. The campaign was also mentioned on various radio stations across the globe.

People working against the site have contacted organizations such as PETA and The Humane Society, who responded on their official forums and by email, saying that nothing can be done, as 'no' crime is being committed.

References

External links
Miley Save Fuzzy

Category:Internet properties established in 2009
Category:Miley Cyrus
Category:Twitter controversies


Jack & Bobby

Jack & Bobby is an American drama television series that aired on The WB from September 12, 2004 to May 11, 2005. It starred Christine Lahti, Logan Lerman, Matt Long, Jessica Paré, and John Slattery. The series chronicled the present-day teenage years of two brothers, one of whom would become the President of the United States from 2041 to 2049. The series was created by Greg Berlanti, Vanessa Taylor, Steven A. Cohen, and Brad Meltzer.

On May 17, 2005, The WB announced it would not renew Jack & Bobby for a second season.

The series finale was re-aired as part of a Warner Bros. 50th anniversary celebration on the TV Land cable network on June 11, 2005. Following this airing, the series has never been rebroadcast on American television.

Cast and characters

Main cast
 Professor Grace McCallister (Christine Lahti)
 Jack McCallister (Matt Long)
 Robert "Bobby" McCallister (Logan Lerman) - Future President 2041-2049
 Courtney Benedict (Jessica Paré) - Future First Lady
 Marcus Ride (Edwin Hodge)
 Peter Benedict (John Slattery)
 Missy Belknap (Keri Lynn Pratt)
 Tom Wexler Graham (Bradley Cooper)

Recurring cast
 Warren (Dean Collins) - Bobby's best friend
 Nate Edmonds (Mike Erwin) - Courtney's former boyfriend
 Randy Bongard (Cam Gigandet) - Missy's on-and-off boyfriend
 BJ Bongaro (Kyle Gallner) - Bobby's "frenemy"
 Katie (Kate Mara) - Jack's former girlfriend
 "'Cheerleader'" (J*Smith) - Missy's Posse
 Dennis Morgenthal (John Heard)
 Reverend Belknap (Ed Begley, Jr.) - Missy's father
 Future Marcus Ride (Ron Canada)
 Future Courtney McCallister (Brenda Wehle)
 Dex Truggman (Jeanette Brox) - Bobby's former girlfriend
 Juan Roberto de Alba (Lou Diamond Phillips) - Grace's former lover and the father of Jack and Bobby
 Emily (Crystal Rivers) - Missy's Bible Group Leader

Episodes

Awards and nominations
Art Directors Guild:
 2004: Excellence in Production Design Award - Single-Camera TV Series (for "An Innocent Man", nominated)
Casting Society of America:
 2004: Best Casting for Television - Dramatic Pilot (nominated)
GLAAD Media Awards:
 2004: Outstanding Individual Episode - Series Without a Regular Gay Character (for "Lost Boys", won)
Golden Globe Awards:
 2004: Best Actress - Drama Series (Christine Lahti for playing "Grace McCallister", nominated)
Screen Actors Guild:
 2004: Outstanding Actress - Drama Series (Christine Lahti for playing "Grace McCallister", nominated)

See also
 List of fictional United States Presidents

References

External links

Category:2000s American teen drama television series
Category:2000s American political television series
Category:2004 American television series debuts
Category:2005 American television series endings
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Teenage pregnancy in television
Category:Television series about brothers
Category:Television series by Warner Bros. Television
Category:Television series created by Greg Berlanti
Category:Television shows set in Missouri
Category:The WB original programming


Q:

Caption to auto resize with image, any ideas?

I am trying to figure out a way to get the image caption to resize with the image and remain pinned to the bottom of the image. The only way I have been able to acheive this is by using position relative but this means everything below it has to be moved up with a position relative meaning the page scrolls down to far.
The website is http://bucksarms.co.uk it works great if your browser is bigger than 1400px but as you shrink it down the image and caption don't scale together correctly.
This is the HTML

            <?php include 'includes/header.php'; ?>

                    Follow Us

                This 17th century pub is now embracing a 21st century digital age. Follow us on Twitter to hear our latest offers first and keep up to date with whats going on at the Bucks.

This is the CSS
/* header */

#header {
    width:100%;
    background-color:#000;
    -khtml-opacity:.70;
 -moz-opacity:.70;
 -ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=70)";
  filter:alpha(opacity=70);
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(opacity=70);
  opacity:.70;
  position:absolute;
  top:0;
  z-index:3 !important;

}

#headercontent {

    width:960px;
    height:60px;
    margin:0 auto;
}

#logo {
    padding:23px 0 0 0;
    font-size:30px;
    width:320px;
    float:left;
    text-align:center;
    color:#FFF;
}

/* nav */

#nav {
    padding:36px 0 0 0;
    width:630px;
    float:right;
    margin:0px 0 0 0;
    text-align:right;
    color:#666;
}

/* hero */
#hero {
    width:100%;
    max-width:1400px;
    margin:0 auto;
    clear:both;
    position:relative;
    z-index:1;
    height:680px;

}

#heroimage {
    position:relative;
    top:0px;
    margin:0 auto;
    width:100%;
    z-index:1 !important;
}

/* Feature */
#feature {
    position:absolute;
    bottom:0;
    width:100%;
    margin:0 auto;
    z-index:2;
}

#featuretitle {
    -khtml-opacity:.70;
 -moz-opacity:.70;
 -ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=70)";
  filter:alpha(opacity=70);
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(opacity=70);
  opacity:.70;
    font-size:25px;
    padding:5px 10px 5px 10px;
    color:#FFF;
    text-align:center;
    background-color:#000;
    position:relative;
    top:0;
    width:300px;
    margin:0 0 0 650px;
}

#featuretitlecontainer {
    width:960px;
    margin:0 auto;
}

#featurecontainer
{
position:relative;
    width:100%;
    background-color:#000;
    -khtml-opacity:.70;
 -moz-opacity:.70;
 -ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=70)";
  filter:alpha(opacity=70);
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(opacity=70);
  opacity:.70;
}

#featuretext {
    padding:20px;
    margin:auto;
    width:940px;
    font-size:17px;
    color:#FFF;
    line-height:25px;
    background-color:#000;
}

Any ideas on how to use get this to work either using the code above or any ideas how to get the page to not scroll past the gap created by position relative would be most welcome.
Cheers
Sam

A:

Try removing the height attribute on #hero: /* height:680px; */
You can hard-crop the image on the backend or put overflow:hidden and specify the max-height for #hero.