Macroautophagy (autophagy) delivers cytoplasmic components to the lysosome for degradation in eukaryotic cells. Autophagy is an important cellular response to stress that is required for survival in response to starvation[@R1], and has also been associated with cell death in several *in vivo* contexts[@R2],[@R4]. It is not clear, however, how autophagy might function in cell death, and what might determine its function in cell death versus cell survival. *Drosophila* larval salivary gland cell death is induced by a rise in steroid 12 hours after puparium formation, and this tissue is completely degraded by 16 hours after puparium formation[@R5]. Both caspases and autophagy are induced by this rise in steroid, and function in an additive manner to kill and degrade salivary glands[@R2]. By contrast, autophagy is induced in response to starvation in the larval fatbody[@R6], and this induction is associated with cell survival.

To identify genes that may regulate autophagy in cell-specific contexts, we queried genome-wide DNA microarray data from dying salivary glands. Interestingly, several factors that have been implicated in the engulfment of apoptotic cells are induced in dying salivary glands[@R7] ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), while there are no detectable changes in these genes after larval starvation[@R8]. Although many engulfment factors are pleiotropic through their regulation of the cytoskeleton and vesicular transport, the identification of the engulfment receptor *drpr*[@R9],[@R10] is intriguing, as salivary gland destruction is thought to be largely independent of phagocytes.

We analyzed whether Drpr is present in dying salivary glands. Whereas no Drpr protein is present in *drpr^Δ5^* null mutants, Drpr-I, II and/or III isoforms are present at low levels and localize to the luminal/apical region of salivary gland cells at 6 hours after puparium formation ([Fig. 1a](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Fig. 1](#SD4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Following the rise in steroid that triggers cell death 12 hours after puparium formation[@R11], Drpr-I, II and/or III levels increase ([Fig. 1a](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Drpr-I protein levels remain high through 14 hours after puparium formation when a portion of Drpr changes from apical to cytoplasmic in localization, and this is coincident with a decrease in Drpr-II/III isoforms ([Fig. 1a](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Fig. 1](#SD4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

The presence of Drpr protein in salivary glands suggested the possibility that Drpr could function directly within salivary gland cells to mediate their degradation. We tested whether *drpr^Δ5^* null mutants have a defect in salivary gland cell death. We found that 98% of homozygous *drpr^Δ5^* null mutants have persistent salivary gland material ([Fig. 1b, c](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). By contrast, 0% of control *drpr^Δ5^*/wild type heterozygous animals possess salivary gland material at 24 hours after puparium formation ([Fig. 1b, c](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), and fatbody cells fill the void where salivary gland material has been cleared. As a known engulfment factor, Drpr could also function in phagocytic blood cells to mediate salivary gland clearance, and this could explain the defect in clearance observed in whole animal *drpr^Δ5^* null mutants. We tested this possibility by driving an upstream activating sequence (UAS)-regulated double-stranded inverse repeat construct designed to target *drpr* (*drpr^IR^*) with the blood cell-specific *hml*-GAL4 driver and assaying for the persistence of salivary glands. We found that whereas hml-GAL4 is clearly expressed in blood cells but not salivary glands, *drpr* knockdown in blood cells does not lead to a defect in salivary gland clearance ([Supplementary Fig. 2](#SD4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). By contrast, expression of *drpr^IR^* in salivary glands with the salivary gland-specific *fkh*-GAL4 driver resulted in the persistence of salivary gland fragments in 89% of pupae compared to 0% of control animals lacking the *fkh*-GAL4 driver 24 hours after puparium formation ([Fig. 1c, d](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, reduced function of any one of the engulfment pathway genes *simu*, *crq*, *ced-6*, *src42a*, *ced-12*, *crk*, and *mbc* also inhibited clearance of dying salivary glands ([Supplementary Fig. 3](#SD4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These data indicate that *drpr*, as well as other engulfment genes, function autonomously in salivary gland cells during degradation. Similar to animals with reduced function of either caspases or autophagy genes[@R2], decreased function of *drpr* and other engulfment genes appears to inhibit clearance of dead fragmented salivary gland cells.

Drpr-I protein isoform levels remain elevated in extracts of dying salivary glands 14 hours after puparium formation ([Fig. 1a](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, we explored the role of Drpr-I in salivary gland cell death. Knockdown of *drpr-I* in salivary glands prevents tissue clearance in 80% of these animals compared to 0% of control animals lacking the *fkh*-GAL4 driver ([Fig. 1e, f](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting that the defect in salivary gland cell degradation is due to decreased *drpr-I* function. In addition, salivary gland-specific expression of Drpr-I in *drpr^Δ5^* null mutant animals is sufficient to rescue the salivary gland persistence phenotype; 78% of Drpr-I *drpr^Δ5^* pupae that lack the GAL4 driver have persistent salivary gland material, while only 10% of *drpr^Δ5^* pupae expressing Drpr-I have persistent gland material ([Fig. 1g, h](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, these results indicate that *drpr-I* is required for salivary gland cell clearance.

The expression of Drpr in dying cells prompted us to investigate whether Drpr might play a role in regulating an intracellular cell death process. Caspases and autophagy have been shown to function in an additive manner in the degradation of salivary glands, and inhibition of genes in either pathway leads to partial persistence of salivary glands[@R2]. Expression of the caspase inhibitor p35 alone leads to the persistence of condensed salivary gland cell fragments in 94% of pupae, and salivary gland fragments in 6% of pupae ([Fig. 2a, b](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Control homozygous *drpr^Δ5^* mutant pupae that contain the p35 transgene but lack the salivary gland GAL4 driver have persistent vacuolated salivary gland cell fragments in 80% of animals ([Fig. 2a, b](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). However 100% of experimental *drpr^Δ5^* pupae that also express p35 in salivary glands contain larger amounts of persistent salivary gland material, including multi-cell gland fragments ([Fig. 2a, b](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, the salivary gland persistence phenotype in *drpr^Δ5^* is enhanced by the expression of p35, indicating that Drpr functions in an additive manner with caspases. To further test the relationship between Drpr and caspases, we tested whether *drpr* knockdown in salivary glands affects degradation of nuclear Lamin, a known caspase substrate in this tissue[@R3]. Clones of salivary gland cells that express *drpr^IR^* and GFP possess strong Lamin staining 6 hours after puparium formation, and both control and *drpr^IR^*-expressing cells contain decreased Lamin staining 14 hours after puparium formation ([Fig. 2c](#F2){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that caspases are active in both control and *drpr^IR^*-expressing cells 14 hours after puparium formation. Taken together, these results suggest that Drpr does not influence caspase activity, and functions downstream or parallel to caspases in dying salivary gland cells.

We next tested whether the salivary gland phenotype caused by expression of *drpr^IR^* is enhanced by knockdown of *Atg12*, a gene required for autophagy. We found that 81% of pupae expressing *Atg12^IR^* in salivary glands have persistence of salivary gland cell fragments, whereas 100% of those expressing *Atg12^IR^ drpr-I^IR^* have gland cell fragments ([Fig 3a, b](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). These phenotypes are very similar to each other, and unlike expression of p35 in *drpr^Δ5^* ([Fig. 2a](#F2){ref-type="fig"}), co-expression of *Atg12^IR^* and *drpr-I^IR^* does not lead to an increase in the amount of salivary gland material that persists, and multi-cell gland fragments were absent. This led us to hypothesize that Drpr could function in the same pathway as autophagy genes. To test this possibility, we knocked down *drpr* in salivary glands expressing the autophagy reporter GFP-LC3. Autophagy induction leads to the association of GFP-LC3 with autophagosomal membranes, which are visible as GFP puncta. We found that whereas autophagy is highly induced in control salivary glands 14 hours after puparium formation, those expressing *drpr^IR^* contain few GFP-LC3 puncta at the same stage ([Fig 3c, d](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Autophagosomes are trafficked to and fuse with lysosomes, where autophagic content is degraded by lysosomal hydrolases. To test whether *drpr* knockdown affects lysosome numbers, we expressed *drpr^IR^* in salivary glands and assayed for the number of Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein 1 (LAMP1)-GFP puncta. We found that salivary glands expressing *drpr^IR^* contained more lysosomes than control salivary glands ([Fig. 3e, f](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, *drpr* is required for the induction of autophagy in salivary glands. The increase in lysosome numbers in *drpr* knockdown salivary gland cells is consistent with the failure in autophagy induction, given that lysosome numbers decrease when autophagy and autolysome formation are abundant[@R12].

Expression of Atg1 is sufficient to induce ectopic autophagy and cell death in several *Drosophila* tissues, including the fatbody and salivary glands[@R2],[@R13]. Therefore, we tested whether expression of Atg1 is sufficient to suppress the *drpr^Δ5^* null mutant defect in degradation of salivary glands. Whereas 100% of control Atg1^6A^ *drpr^Δ5^* animals that lack the GAL4 driver have persistent salivary gland material 24 hours after puparium formation, this phenotype is completely suppressed by the expression of Atg1 in *drpr^Δ5^* null mutant salivary glands ([Fig. 3g, h](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This suggests that *Atg1* functions downstream of *drpr*.

The question of whether autophagy plays dual roles in cell survival versus cell death has been controversial, and raises the possibility that different factors may regulate autophagy in different cell contexts. We analyzed whether Drpr protein is present in the larval fatbody, since *drpr* RNA was not detected in microarray analyses of starving larvae[@R8]. We found that Drpr is expressed in larval fatbody, but the levels and localization of Drpr do not change in response to starvation ([Fig. 4a, b](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Since *drpr* is required for autophagy during salivary gland cell death, we wondered whether *drpr* is required for starvation-induced autophagy in the *Drosophila* larval fatbody[@R6]. We starved third instar larvae expressing GFP-Atg8a (fly homologue of LC3 in mammals) in all cells and *drpr^IR^* specifically in dsRed-marked cell clones, and assayed for the induction of autophagy. Surprisingly, we found that GFP-Atg8a puncta form in both *drpr^IR^*-expressing cells, as well as neighboring control cells ([Fig. 4c](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, loss of *drpr^Δ5^* function in mutant clones of cells failed to suppress autophagy in starved fatbody ([Supplementary Fig. 4](#SD4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Therefore, unlike in dying salivary glands, *drpr* is not required for starvation-induced autophagy in the *Drosophila* fatbody. One possibility is that *drpr* mediates a tissue-wide autophagic response, as we had not tested whether *drpr* functions in a cell autonomous manner in dying salivary glands. To test the cell-autonomous requirement of *drpr* for autophagy, salivary glands of animals expressing GFP-Atg8a in all cells, and *drpr^IR^* specifically in dsRed-marked clone cells, were assayed for GFP-Atg8a puncta. Strikingly, we found that salivary gland cells expressing *drpr^IR^* contain diffuse GFP-Atg8a, whereas neighboring control cells contain numerous GFP-atg8a puncta ([Fig. 4d](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Thus, *drpr* functions in a cell-autonomous manner upstream of autophagy in dying salivary glands, but not in the larval fatbody in response to starvation.

Our findings indicate that Drpr is autonomously required for the clearance of cells that are not removed by phagocytosis. Although autophagy has been associated with engulfment in studies of TLR4- and CD46-mediated clearance of pathogens[@R14], this is the first example of an "engulfment factor" regulating cell-autonomous clearance. Moreover, our work suggests that Drpr is required for the induction of autophagy in a cell death-specific context. Little is known about how autophagy induction leads to different outcomes in different contexts. It is possible that autophagy functions to deplete specific survival factors during cell death[@R15]. Alternatively, different levels of autophagy could also be induced during different contexts, and extensive autophagy and depletion of cell resources could kill a cell. How Drpr functions to regulate autophagy specifically in a cell death context remains to be determined. Given recent interest in manipulation of autophagy for therapy[@R16], it is possible that factors such as Drpr could be used as biomarkers to distinguish autophagy leading to cell death versus cell survival.

METHODS SUMMARY {#S1}
===============

Genetic, histological, protein expression and localization, and reporter assays were performed as previously described[@R2],[@R3],[@R17]. Detailed genotypes of control and experimental individuals, as well as the detailed methods for each experiment, are described in Supplementary Information.

Supplementary Material {#SM}
======================

We thank A. Bergmann, U. Gaul, H. Kramer, E. Kurant, T.P. Neufeld, T.E. Rusten, H. Stenmark, the Bloomington Stock Center, the VDRC, and the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank for flies and antibodies, and R. Simin, T. Fortier and A. Sheehan for technical support. This work was supported by American Cancer Society Postdoctoral Fellowship PF-07-258-01-CSM to MAL, NIH grants NS053538 to MRF and GM079431 to EHB, and Merck and Co. Inc. to EHB. EHB is a member of the UMass DERC (DK32520).

**Supplementary Information** is linked to the online version of the paper at[www.nature.com/nature](http://www.nature.com/nature)

Methods {#S3}
=======

*Drosophila* strains {#S4}
--------------------

The Canton-S strain was used as the wild-type control. For loss of function studies, *drpr^Δ5^* [@R9], *simu^2^* [@R18], *ced-6^J26^* [@R19], and *Df(2R)^w73-1^* mutants were used. For RNAi studies, the following fly strains were used: *pWiz-drpr^IR^*[@R10], *pWiz-drpr-I^IR^*, UAS-*Atg12-RNA^IR^*[@R20]. The following Vienna *Drosophila* RNAi Center (VDRC) RNAi stocks were used: UAS-*crq^IR^* VDRC Transformant ID (TID) 45884, UAS-*src42a^IR^* VDRC TID 46019, UAS-*ced-12^IR^* TID 10455, UAS-*crk^IR^* TID 19081, UAS-*mbc^IR^* TID 16044. The sequences used for VDRC knock-down strains are available for each TID at <http://stockcenter.vdrc.at/control/main>. For ectopic expression studies, UAS-Drpr-I, UAS-p35[@R21], and UAS-Atg1^6A^ [@R13]were used. UAS-GFP-LC3[@R22], hs-GFP-Atg8a[@R6] and tub-LAMP1-GFP[@R22] were used as markers of autophagy and lysosomes.

Transgenic strains {#S5}
------------------

To generate the UAS-Drpr-I strain, full length *drpr-I* cDNA (GH24127) was inserted into the XhoI site of the pUAST transformation vector[@R23]. The *pWiz-drpr-I^IR^* RNAi construct was made by amplifying a 1041 nucleotide sequence unique to Drpr-I (nucleotides 1331-2371 from GH 24127) and inserting this fragment into the NheI and XbaI sites of the pWIZ transformation vector[@R24]. The same sequence was then inserted in the XhoI and EcoRI sites in the 3′ to 5′ direction to generate the final *pWiz-drpr-I^IR^* RNAi construct. Constructs were sequenced and used to generate transgenic *Drosophila* (BestGene, Inc.).

Protein Extracts and Western Blotting {#S6}
-------------------------------------

Protein extraction and Western Blotting were performed as described previously[@R17]. Primary antibodies used were rabbit anti-Drpr[@R9] (1:1000), and mouse anti-Beta-Tubulin (1:50)(Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank).

Histology {#S7}
---------

Histology was performed as described previously[@R25].

Immunolabeling and Microscopy {#S8}
-----------------------------

Dissection, fixation, and antibody labeling of *Drosophila* tissues was performed as described previously[@R3]. Imaging was performed on a Zeiss Axiophot II microscope. Primary antibodies were used at the following concentrations: rabbit anti-Drpr[@R9](1:500), mouse anti-Lamin DMO (1:10) (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), mouse anti-Crumbs (1:10)(Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), and mouse anti-GFP (1:100)(Invitrogen Monoclonal). For LC3 and LAMP1 quantification, salivary glands were imaged without fixation on a Zeiss Axiophot II microscope and GFP puncta were quantified using Zeiss Automeasure software.

Induction of cell clones {#S9}
------------------------

To induce RNAi-expressing cell clones in *Drosophila* tissues, an overnight egg lay was obtained at 25°C, and following the egg lay, embryos were heat shocked at 37°C for 15 min. To induce expression of hsGFPAtg8, larvae were heat shocked at 37°C for 30 minutes, and then recovered at 25°C until the time of dissection. To induce *drpr^Δ5^* null mutant cell clones, y w hsFLP; UAS-pCherry-Atg8; UbiGFPnls, FRT2A virgins were crossed to *CG*-Gal4; UbiGFPnls, FRT2A, *drpr^Δ5^* males. An overnight egg lay was obtained at 25°C, and following the egg lay, embryos were heat shocked at 37°C for 1 hour.

Starvation of larvae {#S10}
--------------------

Third instar larvae were either allowed to remain in the food (fed) or removed from food and placed on moist petri dishes for 4 hours (starved).

![Draper is required for salivary gland cell degradation\
**a,** Protein extracts from *drpr* null (*w*; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*) pupae at puparium formation (0h) and wild type (Canton-S) salivary glands 6h, 12h, and 14h after puparium formation, were analyzed by Western Blotting with anti-Drpr antibody. **b,** Control animals (+/*w*; +/*drpr^Δ5^*), n=12, and *drpr* null mutants (*w*; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*), n=47, were analyzed by histology for the presence of salivary gland material (red circles) 24h after puparium formation. **c,** quantification of data from **b** and **d**. **d,** Control animals (+/*w*; +/UAS-*drpr^IR^*), n=11, and those with salivary gland-specific knockdown of *drpr* (*fkh*-GAL4/*w*; UAS-*drpr*^IR^/+), n=19, were analyzed by histology for the presence of salivary gland material (red circles) 24h after puparium formation. **e,** Control animals (+/*w*; +/UAS-*drpr-I^IR^*), n=9, and those with salivary gland-specific knockdown of *drpr-I* (*fkh*-GAL4/*w*; UAS-*drpr-I^IR^*/+), n=20, were analyzed by histology for the presence of salivary gland material (red circles) 24h after puparium formation. **f,** quantification of data from **e**. **g,** *drpr* null animals (+/*w*; +/UAS-Drpr-I; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*), n=9, and those with salivary gland-specific expression of Drpr-I (*fkh*-GAL4/*w*; UAS-Drpr-I/+; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*), n=20, were analyzed by histology for the presence of salivary gland material (red circles) 24h after puparium formation. **h,** quantification of data from **g**.](nihms-199345-f0001){#F1}

![Draper functions downstream or in parallel to caspases during salivary gland cell death\
**a,** Animals with salivary gland-specific expression of p35 (*fkh*-GAL4/+; UAS-p35/+), n=18, *drpr* null animals (+/*w*; +/UAS-p35; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*), n=10, and *drpr* null animals with salivary gland-specific expression of p35 (*fkh*-GAL4/*w*; UAS-p35/+; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*), n=16, were analyzed by histology for the presence of salivary gland material 24h after puparium formation. Cell fragments are in red circles, and gland fragments are in the yellow circle. **b,** quantification of data from **a**. **c,** Salivary glands were dissected from animals expressing *drpr^IR^* specifically in GFP-marked clone cells (hsflp/*w*; UAS-*drpr^IR^*/+; *act*\<FRT,cd2, FRT\>Gal4, UAS-GFP/+) 6h and 14h after puparium formation. Salivary glands were stained with GFP antibody (green) to label cells expressing *drpr^IR^*, and Lamin antibody (red).](nihms-199345-f0002){#F2}

![Draper is required for the induction of autophagy in dying salivary gland cells\
**a,** Animals with salivary gland-specific knockdown of *Atg12* (*fkh*-GAL4/*w*; UAS-*Atg12^IR^*/+), n=21, and those with salivary gland-specific knockdown of both *Atg12* and *drpr-I* (*fkh*-GAL4/*w*; UAS-*Atg12^IR^*/+; UAS-*drpr-I^IR^*/+), n=19, were analyzed by histology for the presence of salivary gland material (red circles) 24h after puparium formation. **b,** quantification of data from **a**. **c,** GFP-LC3 was expressed in salivary glands of control animals (+/*w*; UAS-GFP-LC3/+; *fkh*-GAL4/+) and those with salivary gland-specific knockdown of *drpr* (*w*; UAS-*drpr*^IR^/UAS-GFP-LC3; *fkh*-GAL4/+). Salivary glands were dissected 6h and 14h after puparium formation, imaged for GFP-LC3, and LC3 puncta were quantified using Zeiss Automeasure software. **d,** quantification of data from **c**. Error bars represent s.e.m.; n ≥ 10; p \< 0.0000001. **e,** LAMP-GFP was expressed in control animals (*tub*-LAMP-GFP/*w*; +/*fkh*-GAL4) and those with salivary gland-specific knockdown of *drpr* (*tub*-LAMP-GFP/*w*; UAS-*drpr*^IR^/+; *fkh*-GAL4/+). Salivary glands were dissected 14h after puparium formation, imaged for LAMP-GFP, and LAMP puncta were quantified using Zeiss Automeasure software. **f,** quantification of data from **e.** Error bars represent s.e.m.; n ≥ 10; p \< 0.05. **g,** *drpr* mutant animals (+/*w*; +/UAS-*Atg1^6A^*; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*), n=10, and those with salivary gland-specific expression of *Atg1^6A^* (*fkh*-GAL4/*w*; UAS-*Atg1^6A^*/+; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*), n=16, were analyzed by histology for the presence of salivary gland material (red circles) 24h after puparium formation. **h,** quantification of data from **g**.](nihms-199345-f0003){#F3}

![Drpr is cell-autonomously required for autophagy in dying salivary glands, but not in response to starvation in the fatbody\
**a,** Protein extracts from *drpr* null (*w*; *drpr^Δ5^*/*drpr^Δ5^*) pupae at puparium formation (0h) and from the fatbodies of wild type (Canton-S) third instar larvae were analyzed by Western Blotting with anti-Drpr antibody. Third instar larvae were either fed or starved 4h. **b,** Wild-type (Canton-S) third instar larvae were either fed or starved 4h, and fatbodies were dissected, stained with anti-Drpr antibody, and imaged for Drpr (green). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). **c,** Third instar larvae expressing GFP-Atg8 in all cells, and *drpr^IR^* specifically in dsRed-marked clone cells (hsflp/*w*; UAS-*drpr^IR^*/+; hsGFPAtg8b, *act*\<FRT,cd2, FRT\>Gal4, UAS-dsRed/+), were starved 4h. Larval fatbodies were dissected and imaged for GFPAtg8 (green) and dsRed (red). **d,** Salivary glands of animals expressing GFP-Atg8 in all cells, and *drpr^IR^* specifically in dsRed-marked clone cells (hsflp/*w*; UAS-*drpr^IR^*/+; hsGFPAtg8b, *act*\<FRT,cd2, FRT\>Gal4, UAS-dsRed/+) were dissected 14h after puparium formation. Salivary glands were imaged for GFPAtg8 (green) and dsRed (red). Nuclei were stained with Höescht (blue).](nihms-199345-f0004){#F4}

[^1]: **Author Contributions** All the experiments were performed by C.K.M., and were designed by C.K.M and E.H.B.. M.L. and M.R.F. provided critical DNA constructs and transgenic flies. All authors wrote and discussed the manuscript. The authors have no competing financial interests.

[^2]: **Author Information** Reprints and permissions information is available at [www.nature.com/reprints](http://www.nature.com/reprints).


- 56*z. Give x(u(l)).
-162*l**2
Let j(b) = -2*b. Let o(m) be the second derivative of -7*m**4/4 - m**3/3 + 12*m**2 + m - 263. Give j(o(t)).
42*t**2 + 4*t - 48
Let b(s) = 2192486*s. Let x(g) = -3*g**2. Give b(x(r)).
-6577458*r**2
Let p(a) be the second derivative of -a**3/2 + 8*a**2 - 364*a - 7. Let w(n) = -n - 1. Give p(w(u)).
3*u + 19
Let l(d) be the first derivative of 29*d - 100 - 4*d**2 - d**2 + 19*d - 48*d. Let b(x) = 2*x. Let a(s) = -s. Let i(n) = 11*a(n) + 6*b(n). What is i(l(z))?
-10*z
Let p(s) = 4*s**2. Let x(w) be the first derivative of -217*w**2/2 - 2*w + 2991. Determine x(p(r)).
-868*r**2 - 2
Let a(o) be the second derivative of -7*o**6/240 + 5*o**4/12 + 10*o**2 + 51*o. Let y(z) be the third derivative of a(z). Let u(v) = 2*v**2. Determine u(y(d)).
882*d**2
Let l(u) = -1. Let y(k) = k + 3. Let n(s) = -6*l(s) - 2*y(s). Let m(w) = 66 - 496*w**2 + 1488*w**2 - 495*w**2 - 2 + 44 - 495*w**2. Calculate m(n(h)).
8*h**2 + 108
Let m(f) = f**2 + 84*f + 1. Let b(n) = 12*n**2 + 676*n - 8. Let g(c) = b(c) - 8*m(c). Let i(s) = -2*s. Calculate i(g(v)).
-8*v**2 - 8*v + 32
Let c(n) be the second derivative of 54 + 0*n**3 - 1/6*n**4 - n + 0*n**2. Let r(y) = 13*y - 4. What is r(c(d))?
-26*d**2 - 4
Let i(z) = 53 - 21 - z - 29. Let o(g) = -4. Let r(m) = -8*i(m) - 6*o(m). Let u(j) = -3*j. Determine u(r(q)).
-24*q
Let z(g) = g**2. Let n(q) = -79*q - 20446. Calculate n(z(k)).
-79*k**2 - 20446
Let a(o) be the first derivative of -o**3 - 26098. Let k be (-4 - 0)*(-3)/4. Let t(q) = 6*q + 2*q + k*q. Calculate a(t(v)).
-363*v**2
Let r(o) be the second derivative of o**4/24 - 13*o**2 - 11*o - 2. Let s(t) be the first derivative of r(t). Let v(q) = 10*q**2. Calculate v(s(j)).
10*j**2
Let y(c) = c + 20. Let w(j) = 404680*j. Give w(y(q)).
404680*q + 8093600
Let j(a) = 3*a - 39. Let d(s) be the first derivative of 501625*s - 76 - 501625*s - s**2. What is j(d(z))?
-6*z - 39
Let n(q) = 3*q + 179. Let j be n(-41). Let p(v) = 71*v - j*v + 103*v. Let s(z) = z**2. Determine s(p(t)).
13924*t**2
Let x(m) be the third derivative of -17*m**4/24 - 77*m**3/6 + 186*m**2 + 5*m + 4. Let o(h) = 4*h**2. Determine o(x(y)).
1156*y**2 + 10472*y + 23716
Let s(h) = h**2 - 5*h. Let b(d) = -34*d - 9619892 + 9619892. Give s(b(x)).
1156*x**2 + 170*x
Let d(t) = -117*t + 2. Let h(b) be the third derivative of b**5/30 - 349*b**2. Give d(h(v)).
-234*v**2 + 2
Let z(t) be the second derivative of 7*t**4/12 + 137*t**3/6 + 3*t + 754. Let w(p) = 3*p. Determine z(w(r)).
63*r**2 + 411*r
Let c(a) be the second derivative of 161*a**4/4 - 865*a - 1. Let g(l) = -8*l. Calculate g(c(v)).
-3864*v**2
Let p(s) = 11*s. Let k(c) = 741*c + 1192. What is p(k(r))?
8151*r + 13112
Let q(k) be the third derivative of -k**5/30 + 11*k**2. Let g be 1/((-59)/30 + -4 + 6). Let a(t) = -g*t - 27*t + 69*t. Give a(q(d)).
-24*d**2
Let c(d) be the third derivative of d**6/40 - 45*d**3/2 - 70*d**2. Let g(k) be the first derivative of c(k). Let y(a) = 20*a. Determine g(y(s)).
3600*s**2
Suppose -2*t + 4*d - 2*d - 2 = 0, 13 = 2*t + 3*d. Let k(b) = -19088*b - b**t + 19088*b. Let n(a) = -52*a - 3. Give n(k(w)).
52*w**2 - 3
Let a(t) = 5*t**2. Let b(r) = 7 + 6 + 17*r**2 + 14*r**2 - 15. Give a(b(k)).
4805*k**4 - 620*k**2 + 20
Let z(w) = -136*w**2 - 13*w - 1. Let q(d) = -2*d + 11. Calculate q(z(s)).
272*s**2 + 26*s + 13
Let i(a) be the first derivative of 139*a**3/3 + 60. Let r(k) = 3*k. Determine i(r(l)).
1251*l**2
Let y(v) = 3*v. Let q be 28 - ((-22)/(-33) + (-11)/3). Let f(l) = 53*l**2 - 31*l**2 - q*l**2. Give y(f(k)).
-27*k**2
Let z(v) = 32*v**2. Let j(s) = 9505514*s + 1. What is j(z(i))?
304176448*i**2 + 1
Let y(t) = -3*t**2. Let p(x) be the second derivative of 11*x**6/120 + 2*x**3 + 11*x - 1. Let d(b) be the second derivative of p(b). Give d(y(c)).
297*c**4
Let u(w) = 12*w**2. Let y be ((-5735)/(-341) - 17)/((-1)/11). Let p(o) be the second derivative of 0*o**y + 0 - 1/6*o**3 - 11*o. What is u(p(i))?
12*i**2
Let h(f) = 3*f - 42. Let c be h(15). Suppose -5*n + 667 = 4*q, c*n + n = -4. Let u(j) = -168*j + 3*j**2 + q*j. Let m(y) = -3*y. Calculate u(m(g)).
27*g**2
Let y(s) = -29584173*s. Let g(m) = -4*m**2. What is y(g(a))?
118336692*a**2
Let b(y) = y. Let a(f) = -901301*f**2. What is b(a(n))?
-901301*n**2
Let j(b) be the second derivative of -1/2*b**3 + 0*b**2 + 76*b + 0. Let v(z) = 13*z**2. Determine v(j(p)).
117*p**2
Let k(a) = -85*a. Let f(x) = 837*x**2 - 240. What is f(k(o))?
6047325*o**2 - 240
Let q(h) = 161*h. Let v(w) = 754789*w. Determine v(q(r)).
121521029*r
Let n(u) be the second derivative of -106*u**3/3 + 19*u + 92. Let f(s) = -2*s**2. What is n(f(i))?
424*i**2
Let p(f) = 2313385*f. Let r(m) = 2*m. Calculate p(r(s)).
4626770*s
Let g(q) = 25*q. Let k(w) = 4*w. Let l(j) = -5*g(j) + 30*k(j). Let v(y) = 4*y - 8. Calculate l(v(p)).
-20*p + 40
Let x(m) be the third derivative of 11*m**4/8 - m**3/2 - m**2 + 1626. Let i(k) = -7*k. Give i(x(o)).
-231*o + 21
Let i(q) be the first derivative of q**4/24 + 11*q**2/2 - 4*q + 36. Let a(u) be the second derivative of i(u). Let o(l) = -12*l**2. What is a(o(f))?
-12*f**2
Let s(w) = 1319423*w - 1319423*w + 17*w**2. Let n(v) = -5*v**2 + 29. Calculate s(n(k)).
425*k**4 - 4930*k**2 + 14297
Let q(m) = 4911900*m. Let h(k) = -3*k**2. Determine h(q(s)).
-72380284830000*s**2
Let z(o) = 2535823*o. Let u(s) = 9*s. What is z(u(m))?
22822407*m
Let u(o) = -16*o - 20353. Let z(d) = -5*d + 2. Calculate u(z(p)).
80*p - 20385
Let r(k) = 11*k. Suppose 46*l = -62*l + 95*l + 39. Let f(d) be the third derivative of -20*d**2 + 0*d**l + 0*d + 0 + 0*d**4 + 1/30*d**5. Calculate r(f(w)).
22*w**2
Let m(q) = 2*q. Let a(w) = -4731537*w**2. Determine a(m(y)).
-18926148*y**2
Let d(a) be the second derivative of 3*a**3 - 13*a + 12. Let x(p) be the first derivative of 3 + 0*p + 3/2*p**2. Determine d(x(l)).
54*l
Let i(p) be the first derivative of -8*p**3/3 + 351. Let h(k) = 56*k. Calculate i(h(x)).
-25088*x**2
Let x(d) be the second derivative of -7*d**3/6 - 4*d. Let s(v) = 181*v**2 - 57*v**2 - 68*v**2 - 61*v**2. What is s(x(t))?
-245*t**2
Let u(d) = -10*d**2. Suppose -a - 91 = -2*a + h, 4*h = -a + 96. Let m(s) = 186*s - 96*s - a*s. Give u(m(p)).
-40*p**2
Let w(g) = g**2 - 2531530 - 29*g + 2531530. Let d(h) = h**2. Give d(w(u)).
u**4 - 58*u**3 + 841*u**2
Let s(j) be the first derivative of -5*j**3/3 - 8860. Let i(k) = 3 - 4 + 1 + 15*k. Calculate i(s(m)).
-75*m**2
Let o(k) = -2*k - 8. Let w(c) = 102786*c + 400032. Let x(g) = 250020*o(g) + 5*w(g). Let s(j) = j**2. Calculate s(x(u)).
192932100*u**2
Let p(q) be the second derivative of -12*q + 0 + 0*q**2 + 1/6*q**3. Let w(f) = -8*f**2 + 8*f**2 + 6*f**2. Calculate p(w(o)).
6*o**2
Let c(v) = -4*v**2. Suppose 34*s - 276 = -38. Let x(i) be the first derivative of -5/2*i**2 + s + 0*i. Calculate x(c(d)).
20*d**2
Let t(z) = 11*z**2. Let y be (0 + 1)*(-15)/5. Let i be -2 + (-2)/(y/21354*4). Let h(x) = 3557*x + x**2 - i*x. Give h(t(s)).
121*s**4
Let z(j) = -24 + 24 + 2*j. Let o(l) be the first derivative of -10*l**3/3 + 8*l + 476. Give o(z(c)).
-40*c**2 + 8
Let g(s) = -18*s**2 + 10*s + 70. Let o(a) = a**2 - a - 7. Let j(u) = -g(u) - 10*o(u). Let f(q) = 2*q - 157. Give j(f(l)).
32*l**2 - 5024*l + 197192
Let r(g) = 11*g**2. Let x(o) = o**2 + 12. Let z(y) = -8*y**2 - 120. Let i(w) = 40*x(w) + 4*z(w). What is r(i(p))?
704*p**4
Let s(c) = -69 - 3*c + 17 + 52. Let j(n) = 604*n. What is s(j(t))?
-1812*t
Let x(o) = -103*o**2 - 170*o. Let v(c) = -6*c**2 - 10*c. Let r(j) = -34*v(j) + 2*x(j). Let w(f) be the second derivative of 3*f**3/2 + f. What is w(r(l))?
-18*l**2
Let v(s) = 8*s**2. Let o = 378 - 369. Let m(q) = 14531 - 14531 - o*q**2 + 25*q**2. Calculate m(v(g)).
1024*g**4
Let b(v) = -2*v**2. Let k = 316 + -190. Let m(y) = -k + 127*y + 126. Determine m(b(a)).
-254*a**2
Let f(m) = 1366*m. Let y(l) = 190*l - 128*l - 63*l. Calculate y(f(k)).
-1366*k
Let l(d) = 16*d + 1. Let x(k) = 437323*k. Give x(l(y)).
6997168*y + 437323
Suppose 80*t + 1500 = 83*t. Let m(c) = -1 + 544*c - t*c + 1. Let q(n) = 4*n. Let l(f) = -17*f. Let d(h) = 6*l(h) + 26*q(h). Give d(m(a)).
88*a
Let u(n) = -77*n. Let d(q) = 6621*q + 2. What is d(u(p))?
-509817*p + 2
Suppose -5*z - 3*g - 18 = -150, 0 = 5*z + g - 124. Let y(m) = 13*m + 11*m - m**2 - z*m. Let c(k) = k - 26. Calculate y(c(w)).
-w**2 + 52*w - 676
Let y(p) be th


By Express News Service

VIJAYAWADA: Terming the notice for no-confidence motion moved by the TDP against the Centre a ‘drama’, Opposition YSRC has said the TDP and BJP are still “partners” even as they officially snapped their ties.

Former YSRC MP YV Subba Reddy, one among the five MPs who had resigned from the Lok Sabha over denial of special category status and non-implementation of the AP Reorganisation Act, said in New Delhi, “We have given 13 notices of no-confidence motion against the NDA government during the budget session, but all of them were disallowed.

The TDP, on the other hand, issued the notice on the first day of the monsoon session and it was allowed and will come up for discussion on Friday. This clearly shows that there is clandestine understanding between the TDP and BJP even as they have officially snapped their ties.’’ Subba Reddy, however, said both the parties should tell the people why they failed to implement the provisions of the AP Reorganisation Act in the last four years.

He said the TDP should explain as to why it agreed for special package when it was in NDA government and is now talking about special category status after snapping ties with the BJP.

“Both the parties have cheated the people of AP. It is only the YSRC which fought for SCS and kept the issue alive with the resignation of MPs,’’ the former MP from Ongole said.

Subba Reddy, along with the other four resigned YSRC MPs, staged a protest outside Parliament. The MPs said they will continue their protest till the end of the session.

In Vijayawada, YSRC spokesperson Ambati Rambabu said the drama unfolded on the first day of the monsoon session itself with the NCM being allowed for discussion. “All our 13 NCMs were not taken up,’’ he recalled.

Rambabu alleged that a media person close to the TDP held discussions with the BJP leadership recently, which led to the NCM drama. “The most unfortunate thing is that an MP, who defected to the TDP and against whom a disqualification petition is pending, was called on behalf of the YSRC for the meeting ahead of the monsoon session,’’ Rambabu said.

He alleged that the TDP MPs have lodged a complaint against the resigned MPs of YSRC who were staging a protest in front of the Mahatma Gandhi statue at the Parliament building.

Meanwhile, Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee chief N Raghuveera Reddy, in a press release on Wednesday, said that the TDP government had committed a ‘historical blunder’ by accepting special package in lieu of SCS. He alleged that the State was denied SCS as the TDP and YSRC supported the BJP in the last four years,’’ he said.

Welcoming the admission of the no-confidence motion in the Lok Sabha, BJP MLA P Vishnu Kumar Raju said that it was an opportunity for the Centre to let the public know about the assistance it extended to AP.

“By using this chance, we will expose the allegations of the TDP,” he said.


Q:

Binding all keyboard keys to entry.get() tkinter

I'm trying to create a dynamically-updating searchbox and instead of polling the the entry widget every x milliseconds, I am trying to use keyboard bindings to get the contents of the entry widget whenever a key on the keyboard is pressed:
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
def callback():
    result = searchbox.get()
    print(result)
    #do stuff with result here
searchbox = Entry(root)
searchbox.pack()
searchbox.bind("<Key>", lambda event: callback())
root.mainloop()

my problem is that searchbox.get() is always executed before the key the user pressed is added to the searchbox, meaning the result is the content of the searchbox BEFORE the key was pressed and not after.
For example if I were to type 'hello' in the searchbox, I would see the following printed:
>>>
>>> h
>>> he
>>> hel
>>> hell

Thanks in advance.

A:

There's no need to use bindings. You can associate a StringVar with the widget, and put a trace on the StringVar. The trace will call your function whenever the value changes, no matter if it changes from the keyboard or the mouse or anything else.
Here's your code, modified to use a variable with a trace:
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
def callback(*args):
    result = searchbox.get()
    print(result)
    #do stuff with result here
var = StringVar()
searchbox = Entry(root, textvariable=var)
searchbox.pack()
var.trace("w", callback)
root.mainloop()

For information about the arguments passed to the callback see What are the arguments to Tkinter variable trace method callbacks?
For a better understanding of why your bindings seem to always be one character behind, see the accepted answer to Basic query regarding bindtags in tkinter


Q:

how to print type of keys for a list in python pdb

I'm learning pdb and I can print, or pp a list of objects but how can I print the type of key for each object?  I can see it with pp, it looks like a byte array but I'd like to know the type.  I suppose I could just print debug this but I'm curious if there's a smarter way to do it when using the debugger.

A:

Because you wrote

type of key

I'm assuming that you mean a dictionary. But you do also talk about a "list of objects", which could also mean

a list of any kind of object
a list of dictionaries

But I'll show you two options:
mydict = {b'some bytes': 42,
          'a string!': 'fnord',
          (1,2,3): 'A tuple! (is that two-pull or tuh-ple?)',
          19: 'Just an int',
          }

list_of_things = [b'some bytes', 'a string!', (1,2,3), 19, ['a', 'b', 'c']]

import pdb; pdb.set_trace()

Now when pdb fires up:
(Pdb) for _ in mydict: print('{} {}'.format(_, type(_)))
19 <type 'int'>
some bytes <type 'str'>
a string! <type 'str'>
(1, 2, 3) <type 'tuple'>

That will give you the keys and types of the keys.
Here's the types and values from the list:
(Pdb) for _ in list_of_things: print('{} {}'.format(_, type(_)))
some bytes <type 'str'>
a string! <type 'str'>
(1, 2, 3) <type 'tuple'>
19 <type 'int'>
['a', 'b', 'c'] <type 'list'>


The purpose of the glRotate is so that I am not looking straight down the Z axis.
The glTranslate command should result in the second set of nine points moving in relation to the first. This is not happening.
Modifying the variable "something" appears to be ineffectual.

My objective is to rotate the entire model about the center of the second VBO.
I am running Debian oldstable

KDE reports OpenGL version 2.1 Mesa 7.7.1, and GLX version 1.4 Mesa. I understand that Debian "squeeze" (most recent stable OS) has later versions, but I am having motherboard issues with squeeze. The GPU is a GeForce GT630 (Nvidia), which the vendor says supports OpenGL 4.2
From your results, it appears that I am having version problems.

Originally Posted by Steven Katic

The code you have will not achieve the description of your aim.
can you describe what you are making? what are you trying to do? whats its purpose?

Do you just want the 2 objects to be "something" units apart, and then pitch and roll your viewing of them?

It appears that youd would be using OpenGL2.1 on your system and calling fixed pipeline functions(its a much older deprecated version) but should still work with your graphics card. The fact that your graphics card supports 4.2 doesn't exclude the use of the older 2.1.

More info could help.
(1) what do you currently see when you run your program? And what can you do: pitch, roll an object?

(2)which variables are you changing: pitch and roll?
(3)Is the rotation you want like the earth rotates around the sun(orbit), or like the way your arm rotates around your shoulder(robot)
or are you using updated pitch and roll variables to give the effect of the viewer(you/your camera) rotating around? If you can tell me, I can show you how to modify you code to get the effect you desire.

(3) whats the purpose of your application? Are you just using it to learn test graphics programs concepts? (not that important, but helps)

I am writing an open source version of NASTRAN. Think of it as a CAD model undergoing computer analysis. My test file is from a real life project that has 10,000 points. My current objective is to view the model from any direction. Once in the desired orientation, the model is modified by the operator. Since it was taking two seconds to generate the model, it was suggested to me that I copy the model to a VBO, and rotate the VBO. I can then rotate the model as desired with a mouse drag. Happiness is. I can do that in real time. The code presented in this thread appears within a move() subroutine. The only problem was that the model was rotating about Z = 0 instead of the center of the model. Pan X and pan Y are working just fine, but pan Z is ineffectual.

I can get the effect that I want by subtracting center_z from each Z coordinate as I write the model to the VBO. That will work until I can get my version issues straightened out.

Thank you for your help. Now that my problem is identified, I can deal with it.

Originally Posted by Steven Katic

It appears that youd would be using OpenGL2.1 on your system and calling fixed pipeline functions(its a much older deprecated version) but should still work with your graphics card. The fact that your graphics card supports 4.2 doesn't exclude the use of the older 2.1.

More info could help.
(1) what do you currently see when you run your program? And what can you do: pitch, roll an object?

(2)which variables are you changing: pitch and roll?
(3)Is the rotation you want like the earth rotates around the sun(orbit), or like the way your arm rotates around your shoulder(robot)
or are you using updated pitch and roll variables to give the effect of the viewer(you/your camera) rotating around? If you can tell me, I can show you how to modify you code to get the effect you desire.

(3) whats the purpose of your application? Are you just using it to learn test graphics programs concepts? (not that important, but helps)

If your OS is reporting GL2.1 then you don't have your drivers properly installed. You're likely getting software-emulated GL too, which will be substantially lower-performing (and I don't mean 50% or even 25% of the performance - I mean a drop to 1 frame per second). You should fix that first.

In your code, you have a number of things that indicate you don't actually know what you're doing. Sorry to be blunt, but that's the way it is. Like the fact that you're undoing your transforms before each glPopMatrix call - that has absolutely no effect whatsoever, and shouldn't be there. I'd suggest that you need to go back and learn more about how this stuff actually works before proceeding any further with your current project.

Wow. I am mostly self taught, and my background is as a structural engineer (PE), and incidentally as a computer programmer. I have the Red Book; I should probably get a copy of the Blue Book rather than Googling individual commands.
I will take your suggestions to heart. The Red Book tells how to make something work. I can do that but, as you say, I am still on the steep part of the learning curve. Can you recommend a text that goes beyond the Red Book in terms of style?

Originally Posted by mhagain

If your OS is reporting GL2.1 then you don't have your drivers properly installed. You're likely getting software-emulated GL too, which will be substantially lower-performing (and I don't mean 50% or even 25% of the performance - I mean a drop to 1 frame per second). You should fix that first.

In your code, you have a number of things that indicate you don't actually know what you're doing. Sorry to be blunt, but that's the way it is. Like the fact that you're undoing your transforms before each glPopMatrix call - that has absolutely no effect whatsoever, and shouldn't be there. I'd suggest that you need to go back and learn more about how this stuff actually works before proceeding any further with your current project.

I am not familiar with Debian 6.0 "squeeze", Im on windows mostly (with visual studio and eclipse). But I am of the impression updating drivers is typically straight forward (on windows at least):
e.g. have you tried this: https://wiki.debian.org/NvidiaGraphi...sion_195.36.31

RE: your code.

Your first post talked about 2 widgets, with a second set of nine points, then in a later you only mention the one 10,000 point model. Hence the description of your viewing and transformation problems and aims are still not clear to me. I am used to thinking in terms of models in a 3d space(and their transformtions) and a camera/cameras for viewing(and their transformations).

RE: Redbook

I've always thought of the Redbook as the best starting point for the basic fundamentals of understanding the use of the fixed pipeline api(I used it many many moons ago). It contains clear simpe examples with clear simple explanations. In fact it was the redbook I was alluding to when I asked you whether you want the transformations to be more like an orbit or robot or a camera manipulation. For example see this section: http://www.glprogramming.com/red/chapter03.html#name8
You could/should learn how to drop the code examples from this section into your app to see them in action to reinforce understanding of the use of the api calls (Experimenting is key to learning for me [but that's my bias]).

RE:The code presented in this thread appears within a move() subroutine.

Doesn't sound good. I assumed it was your main renderScene() function (since that is fundamentally what the code actually does and especially because you are swapping the buffers at the end). I also assumed that you had an some sort of updatemovement() function as your glutKeyboardFunc() and/or glutMouseFunc where the variables roll, pitch and 'something' might be updated via user input.(suffice to say making assumptions is not good). But I don't know, you didn't answer my other questions, so you haven't helped me to help you much. That's OK. You can scan through all of chapter 3 for the viewing/camera concepts. You have to become familiar with fundamental concepts of the api calls here in order to troubleshoot the problems in your current code.

RE:Can you recommend a text that goes beyond the Red Book in terms of style?

What is your style?
There really is an enormous amount of info available on the net in countless styles. You should look at and try out as many examples as possible and do whatever else it takes that accomodates your style in order to write the few lines of code that will solve your problem. For example, I could refer you to this: http://www.lighthouse3d.com/tutorial...und-the-world/ as a different style. It gets you thinking about a camera (viewing) and handing the transformations of various models/parts.This is a good site worth looking at.The whole glut tut is here: http://www.lighthouse3d.com/tutorials/glut-tutorial/

RE: steep learning curve

If you think about, its not that steep with regard to the specific code you presented. There is only hand full of api calls you need to make to get what you want. And all you need to do is pass in the right parameters to the right functions and call the right functions in the right sequence to achieve you goal. The hardest part is clearly understanding how the results of that sequence will render out. The section of the redbook I referenced does a great job of explaining what some useful api sequences do.

But if you don't like the redbook, or the lighthouse3d stuff, I guess you will/can google for a style you prefer.

So, as long as you persist, just do what it takes, and you will achieve success.

Back to basics, I have recently learned that my push, transform and pops affect the transformation matrix, not the contents of the framebuffer. You say, "well, duh?"

Google NASTRAN for what I am attempting to accomplish. I am calling my project GNUtran. I am shooting for peer review in a year. In the mean time, all help is most appreciated.

One of my past models was all structure in the aft 105 feet of a ship. The model that I am using for testing purposes is (only) the deckhouse of a ship with the main mast and all appurtenances on the mast. X = 0.0 is the forwardmost frame that I am modeling; Y = 0.0 is the centerline of the ship; Z = 0.0 is typically the keel of the ship. The data presently resides in a three linked lists: one for vertices, one for members (lines, triangles and quadrilaterals) and one general purpose for everything else. Depending on operator preferences, the lines (structural beams) may become extruded texels. The static display is built within model(). However, periodically, the operator needs to rotate, pan, zoom to a new orientation. I stuck that within the move() routine. If the operator has a space puck, then that transformation can be achieved simultaneously. Otherwise, click on a rotate, pan or zoom icon to effect mouse action. Requiring a few seconds to regenerate the static display is no big deal. Being able to transform that model in real time with a mouse drag is really nice. Thus, during static display refresh, I am copying the vertices to a VBO, and rotating the VBO within the move() routine. If satisfying my version problems will give me at least a 4X speedup, I'll make VBOs of some of the other stuff also.
Typically, the model is constructed of elements that are members of groups and layers, and only a few groups or layers are on display at any given time. However, periodically you do have to zoom out to the entire model, reorientate, and zoom back in.

The GUI for constructing the model will end up being several thousand lines of C code.

Originally Posted by Steven Katic

Hi wmelgaard,

How you going with the opengl drivers?

I am not familiar with Debian 6.0 "squeeze", Im on windows mostly (with visual studio and eclipse). But I am of the impression updating drivers is typically straight forward (on windows at least):
e.g. have you tried this: https://wiki.debian.org/NvidiaGraphi...sion_195.36.31

RE: your code.

Your first post talked about 2 widgets, with a second set of nine points, then in a later you only mention the one 10,000 point model. Hence the description of your viewing and transformation problems and aims are still not clear to me. I am used to thinking in terms of models in a 3d space(and their transformtions) and a camera/cameras for viewing(and their transformations).

RE: Redbook

I've always thought of the Redbook as the best starting point for the basic fundamentals of understanding the use of the fixed pipeline api(I used it many many moons ago). It contains clear simpe examples with clear simple explanations. In fact it was the redbook I was alluding to when I asked you whether you want the transformations to be more like an orbit or robot or a camera manipulation. For example see this section: http://www.glprogramming.com/red/chapter03.html#name8
You could/should learn how to drop the code examples from this section into your app to see them in action to reinforce understanding of the use of the api calls (Experimenting is key to learning for me [but that's my bias]).

RE:The code presented in this thread appears within a move() subroutine.

Doesn't sound good. I assumed it was your main renderScene() function (since that is fundamentally what the code actually does and especially because you are swapping the buffers at the end). I also assumed that you had an some sort of updatemovement() function as your glutKeyboardFunc() and/or glutMouseFunc where the variables roll, pitch and 'something' might be updated via user input.(suffice to say making assumptions is not good). But I don't know, you didn't answer my other questions, so you haven't helped me to help you much. That's OK. You can scan through all of chapter 3 for the viewing/camera concepts. You have to become familiar with fundamental concepts of the api calls here in order to troubleshoot the problems in your current code.

RE:Can you recommend a text that goes beyond the Red Book in terms of style?

What is your style?
There really is an enormous amount of info available on the net in countless styles. You should look at and try out as many examples as possible and do whatever else it takes that accomodates your style in order to write the few lines of code that will solve your problem. For example, I could refer you to this: http://www.lighthouse3d.com/tutorial...und-the-world/ as a different style. It gets you thinking about a camera (viewing) and handing the transformations of various models/parts.This is a good site worth looking at.The whole glut tut is here: http://www.lighthouse3d.com/tutorials/glut-tutorial/

RE: steep learning curve

If you think about, its not that steep with regard to the specific code you presented. There is only hand full of api calls you need to make to get what you want. And all you need to do is pass in the right parameters to the right functions and call the right functions in the right sequence to achieve you goal. The hardest part is clearly understanding how the results of that sequence will render out. The section of the redbook I referenced does a great job of explaining what some useful api sequences do.

But if you don't like the redbook, or the lighthouse3d stuff, I guess you will/can google for a style you prefer.

So, as long as you persist, just do what it takes, and you will achieve success.


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Inner removable water-resistant pouch for your phone or valuables.

Material

New, thermally insulated material with high elasticity is ideal to use in production of long-sleeve cycling jerseys, where excellent flexibility ensures maximum comfort when riding.


# ===============================================================================
#
# PROGRAMMERS:
#
# jean-romain.roussel.1@ulaval.ca  -  https://github.com/Jean-Romain/lidR
#
# COPYRIGHT:
#
# Copyright 2016 Jean-Romain Roussel
#
# This file is part of lidR R package.
#
# lidR is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
#
# ===============================================================================

setClass(
  Class = "LAScluster", contains = "Spatial",
  representation(
    center = "list",
    bbbox  = "matrix",
    width  = "numeric",
    height = "numeric",
    buffer = "numeric",
    shape  = "numeric",
    select = "character",
    filter = "character",
    wkt    = "character",
    files  = "character",
    name   = "character",
    save   = "character",
    alt_dir = "character"
  )
)

setMethod("initialize", "LAScluster", function(.Object, center, width, height, buffer, shape, files, name, wkt, proj4string)
{
  hw = width/2
  hh = height/2
  xc = center$x
  yc = center$y

  .Object@center <- center
  .Object@bbox   <- matrix(c(xc - hw, yc - hh, xc + hw, yc + hh), ncol = 2)
  .Object@bbbox  <- .Object@bbox + buffer * matrix(c(-1, -1, +1, +1), ncol = 2)
  .Object@width  <- width  + 2 * buffer
  .Object@height <- height + 2 * buffer
  .Object@buffer <- buffer
  .Object@shape  <- shape
  .Object@name   <- name
  .Object@files  <- files
  .Object@save   <- ""
  .Object@wkt    <- ""
  .Object@proj4string <- proj4string

  if (shape == LIDRCIRCLE)
    .Object@filter = paste("-inside_circle", xc, yc, hw + buffer)
  else if (shape == LIDRRECTANGLE)
    .Object@filter = paste("-inside", .Object@bbbox[1], .Object@bbbox[2], .Object@bbbox[3], .Object@bbbox[4])
  else
    stop("Something went wrong internally initializing a cluster. Process aborted.")

  return(.Object)
})


Elo Lookbook

Purity of light and form

Landscape lighting applications close to buildings using a single solution:

Selux is launching a new series of cylindrical luminaires with a highly attractive minimalist design for the illumination of paths, entrance areas, façades and access roads in close proximity to buildings.

The language of reduction

The consistently reduced, cylindrical shape is characterised by clarity of design and a timeless elegance, enabling the Elo to blend harmoniously into the widest variety of backgrounds and architectural settings.

Visual comfort with a high level of aesthetics

The Tritec module combines prism ring lenses with a hexagonal reflector ball for maximum anti-glare yet with a unique, high-quality appearance that is clearly discernible from afar.

Light distributions

Reserved yet with a striking look by day or by night, the Elo can provide uniform lighting from comparatively low heights. The balanced, softly emitted light is distributed either on all sides or in forward direction to provide safety and guidance, like an elegant signpost.

Correlated colour temperatures (CCT)

3 sizes for bollards and light stacks

bollard: 800/ 1,000 and 1,200 mm

light stacks: 2,000/ 3,000 and 4,000 mm

Comprehensive harmony

Due to a cross-portfolio design language, the Elo complements virtually any Selux luminaire harmoniously and effectively. Design similarities mean it can be combined particularly effectively with the Lif and Aira pole-tope luminaires.

Selux quality

Service and warranty

Every LED luminaire that leaves our company is examined with
regard to light colour, luminous flux and power. The data is stored to
enable light components to be supplied at a later date that have the
same technical parameters as the initial equipment.


Q:

How to Convert "space" into "%20" with R

Referring the title, I'm figuring how to convert space between words to be %20 .
For example,
> y <- "I Love You"

How to make y = I%20Love%20You
> y
[1] "I%20Love%20You"

Thanks a lot.

A:

Another option would be URLencode():
y <- "I love you"
URLencode(y)
[1] "I%20love%20you"

A:

gsub() is one option:
R> gsub(pattern = " ", replacement = "%20", x = y)
[1] "I%20Love%20You"


California’s workplace safety department is starved for inspectors even as it sits on tens of millions of dollars in cash, according to a complaint that will be filed Tuesday against the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

California’s workplace safety department is starved for inspectors even as it sits on tens of millions of dollars in cash, according to a complaint that will be filed Tuesday against the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, an advocacy group based in Washington, D.C., says Cal-OSHA’s atrophy under the Brown administration has been so severe that the state no longer meets federal standards for inspections and enforcement, placing employees at risk.

Cal-OSHA handles workplace inspections and related safety tasks on behalf of its federal counterpart, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It receives half of its funding from a federal grant and the other half from employer fees.

Cal-OSHA’s contingent of 170 workplace health and safety inspectors is down about 10 percent from the number of Cal-OSHA inspectors Democratic Gov. Jerry Brown inherited in 2011 from Republican Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger.

The staffing decline has come while the main fund feeding the department -- the Occupational Health and Safety Fund -- has kept a balance of more than $20 million for the last three years.

Staffing shortages have forced Cal-OSHA to cut back on complaint investigations of toxic-chemical exposures and other dangerous workplaces where low-wage employees – often immigrant and non-union workers – are least likely to file complaints. Follow-up inspections have also lagged.

Greg Siggins, spokesman for the state Department of Industrial Relations that oversees Cal-OSHA, issued a statement noting that state departments can’t spend money without an OK from the Legislature and the governor.

The excess funds in this case, are used for “cash flow purposes,” according to the statement. Gov. Jerry Brown’s 2014-15 budget proposal includes an extra $3.3 million for 26 Cal-OSHA positions, plus a fee on some refineries to pay for another 15 positions.

When all employees dedicated to occupational health and safety are counted, according to the statement, Cal-OSHA has 182 inspectors in its enforcement unit and another 132 employees who work on compliance collaboration and enforcement with other government agencies.


/* sxform.f -- translated by f2c (version 19980913).
   You must link the resulting object file with the libraries:
	-lf2c -lm   (in that order)
*/

#include "f2c.h"

/* $Procedure      SXFORM ( State Transformation Matrix ) */
/* Subroutine */ int sxform_(char *from, char *to, doublereal *et, doublereal
	*xform, ftnlen from_len, ftnlen to_len)
{
    /* Initialized data */

    static logical first = TRUE_;

    static char svto[32];
    extern /* Subroutine */ int zznamfrm_(integer *, char *, integer *, char *
	    , integer *, ftnlen, ftnlen), zzctruin_(integer *);
    integer fcode;
    extern /* Subroutine */ int chkin_(char *, ftnlen);
    integer tcode;
    extern /* Subroutine */ int errch_(char *, char *, ftnlen, ftnlen);
    static integer svctr1[2], svctr2[2];
    extern /* Subroutine */ int frmchg_(integer *, integer *, doublereal *,
	    doublereal *);
    static integer svfcod, svtcde;
    extern /* Subroutine */ int sigerr_(char *, ftnlen), chkout_(char *,
	    ftnlen), setmsg_(char *, ftnlen);
    static char svfrom[32];
    extern logical return_(void);

/* $ Abstract */

/*     Return the state transformation matrix from one frame to */
/*     another at a specified epoch. */

/* $ Disclaimer */

/*     THIS SOFTWARE AND ANY RELATED MATERIALS WERE CREATED BY THE */
/*     CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (CALTECH) UNDER A U.S. */
/*     GOVERNMENT CONTRACT WITH THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE */
/*     ADMINISTRATION (NASA). THE SOFTWARE IS TECHNOLOGY AND SOFTWARE */
/*     PUBLICLY AVAILABLE UNDER U.S. EXPORT LAWS AND IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" */
/*     TO THE RECIPIENT WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING ANY */
/*     WARRANTIES OF PERFORMANCE OR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A */
/*     PARTICULAR USE OR PURPOSE (AS SET FORTH IN UNITED STATES UCC */
/*     SECTIONS 2312-2313) OR FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER, FOR THE */
/*     SOFTWARE AND RELATED MATERIALS, HOWEVER USED. */

/*     IN NO EVENT SHALL CALTECH, ITS JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, OR NASA */
/*     BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES AND/OR COSTS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT */
/*     LIMITED TO, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, */
/*     INCLUDING ECONOMIC DAMAGE OR INJURY TO PROPERTY AND LOST PROFITS, */
/*     REGARDLESS OF WHETHER CALTECH, JPL, OR NASA BE ADVISED, HAVE */
/*     REASON TO KNOW, OR, IN FACT, SHALL KNOW OF THE POSSIBILITY. */

/*     RECIPIENT BEARS ALL RISK RELATING TO QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF */
/*     THE SOFTWARE AND ANY RELATED MATERIALS, AND AGREES TO INDEMNIFY */
/*     CALTECH AND NASA FOR ALL THIRD-PARTY CLAIMS RESULTING FROM THE */
/*     ACTIONS OF RECIPIENT IN THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE. */

/* $ Required_Reading */

/*     FRAMES */

/* $ Keywords */

/*     FRAMES */

/* $ Declarations */
/* $ Abstract */

/*     This include file defines the dimension of the counter */
/*     array used by various SPICE subsystems to uniquely identify */
/*     changes in their states. */

/* $ Disclaimer */

/*     THIS SOFTWARE AND ANY RELATED MATERIALS WERE CREATED BY THE */
/*     CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (CALTECH) UNDER A U.S. */
/*     GOVERNMENT CONTRACT WITH THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE */
/*     ADMINISTRATION (NASA). THE SOFTWARE IS TECHNOLOGY AND SOFTWARE */
/*     PUBLICLY AVAILABLE UNDER U.S. EXPORT LAWS AND IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" */
/*     TO THE RECIPIENT WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING ANY */
/*     WARRANTIES OF PERFORMANCE OR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A */
/*     PARTICULAR USE OR PURPOSE (AS SET FORTH IN UNITED STATES UCC */
/*     SECTIONS 2312-2313) OR FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER, FOR THE */
/*     SOFTWARE AND RELATED MATERIALS, HOWEVER USED. */

/*     IN NO EVENT SHALL CALTECH, ITS JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, OR NASA */
/*     BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES AND/OR COSTS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT */
/*     LIMITED TO, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, */
/*     INCLUDING ECONOMIC DAMAGE OR INJURY TO PROPERTY AND LOST PROFITS, */
/*     REGARDLESS OF WHETHER CALTECH, JPL, OR NASA BE ADVISED, HAVE */
/*     REASON TO KNOW, OR, IN FACT, SHALL KNOW OF THE POSSIBILITY. */

/*     RECIPIENT BEARS ALL RISK RELATING TO QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF */
/*     THE SOFTWARE AND ANY RELATED MATERIALS, AND AGREES TO INDEMNIFY */
/*     CALTECH AND NASA FOR ALL THIRD-PARTY CLAIMS RESULTING FROM THE */
/*     ACTIONS OF RECIPIENT IN THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE. */

/* $ Parameters */

/*     CTRSIZ      is the dimension of the counter array used by */
/*                 various SPICE subsystems to uniquely identify */
/*                 changes in their states. */

/* $ Author_and_Institution */

/*     B.V. Semenov    (JPL) */

/* $ Literature_References */

/*     None. */

/* $ Version */

/* -    SPICELIB Version 1.0.0, 29-JUL-2013 (BVS) */

/* -& */

/*     End of include file. */

/* $ Brief_I/O */

/*     VARIABLE  I/O  DESCRIPTION */
/*     --------  ---  -------------------------------------------------- */
/*     FROM       I   Name of the frame to transform from. */
/*     TO         I   Name of the frame to transform to. */
/*     ET         I   Epoch of the state transformation matrix. */
/*     XFORM      O   A state transformation matrix. */

/* $ Detailed_Input */

/*     FROM        is the name of a reference frame in which a state is */
/*                 known. */

/*     TO          is the name of a reference frame in which it is */
/*                 desired to represent the state. */

/*     ET          is the epoch in ephemeris seconds past the epoch of */
/*                 J2000 (TDB) at which the state transformation matrix */
/*                 should be evaluated. */

/* $ Detailed_Output */

/*     XFORM       is the state transformation matrix that transforms */
/*                 states from the reference frame FROM to the frame TO */
/*                 at epoch ET.  If (x, y, z, dx, dy, dz) is a state */
/*                 relative to the frame FROM then the vector ( x', y', */
/*                 z', dx', dy', dz' ) is the same state relative to the */
/*                 frame TO at epoch ET.  Here the vector ( x', y', z', */
/*                 dx', dy', dz' ) is defined by the equation: */

/*                   -   -       -          -     -  - */
/*                  | x'  |     |            |   | x  | */
/*                  | y'  |     |            |   | y  | */
/*                  | z'  |  =  |   XFORM    |   | z  | */
/*                  | dx' |     |            |   | dx | */
/*                  | dy' |     |            |   | dy | */
/*                  | dz' |     |            |   | dz | */
/*                   -   -       -          -     -  - */

/* $ Parameters */

/*     None. */

/* $ Exceptions */

/*     1) If sufficient information has not been supplied via loaded */
/*        SPICE kernels to compute the transformation between the */
/*        two frames, the error will be diagnosed by a routine */
/*        in the call tree to this routine. */

/*     2) If either frame FROM or TO is not recognized the error */
/*        SPICE(UNKNOWNFRAME) will be signaled. */

/* $ Files */

/*     None. */

/* $ Particulars */

/*     This routine provides the user level interface to computing state */
/*     transformations from one reference frame to another. */

/*     Note that the reference frames may be inertial or non-inertial. */
/*     However, the user must take care that sufficient SPICE kernel */
/*     information is loaded to provide a complete state transformation */
/*     path from the FROM frame to the TO frame. */

/* $ Examples */

/*     Suppose that you have geodetic coordinates of a station on */
/*     the surface of the earth and that you need the inertial */
/*     (J2000) state of this station.  The following code fragment */
/*     illustrates how to transform the position of the station to */
/*     a J2000 state. */

/*        CALL BODVRD ( 'EARTH', RADII, 3, N, ABC  ) */

/*        EQUATR   =  ABC(1) */
/*        POLAR    =  ABC(3) */
/*        F        = (EQUATR - POLAR) / EQUATR */

/*        CALL GEOREC ( LONG, LAT, 0.0D0,  EQUATR, F,  ESTATE ) */

/*        ESTATE(4) = 0.0D0 */
/*        ESTATE(5) = 0.0D0 */
/*        ESTATE(6) = 0.0D0 */

/*        CALL SXFORM ( 'IAU_EARTH', 'J2000',   ET, XFORM  ) */
/*        CALL MXVG   (  XFORM,       ESTATE, 6, 6, JSTATE ) */

/*     The state JSTATE is the desired J2000 state of the station. */

/* $ Restrictions */

/*     None. */

/* $ Literature_References */

/*     None. */

/* $ Author_and_Institution */

/*     C.H. Acton      (JPL) */
/*     N.J. Bachman    (JPL) */
/*     B.V. Semenov    (JPL) */
/*     W.L. Taber      (JPL) */

/* $ Version */

/* -    SPICELIB Version 1.1.0, 23-SEP-2013 (BVS) */

/*        Updated to save the input frame names and POOL state counters */
/*        and to do frame name-ID conversions only if the counters have */
/*        changed. */

/* -    SPICELIB Version 1.0.3, 27-FEB-2008 (BVS) */

/*        Added FRAMES to the Required_Reading section. */

/* -    SPICELIB Version 1.0.2, 23-OCT-2005 (NJB) */

/*        Header example had invalid flattening factor computation; */
/*        this was corrected.  Reference to BODVAR in header was */
/*        replaced with reference to BODVRD. */

/* -    SPICELIB Version 1.0.1, 29-JUL-2003 (NJB) (CHA) */

/*        Minor header changes were made to improve clarity. */

/* -    SPICELIB Version 1.0.0, 19-SEP-1995 (WLT) */

/* -& */
/* $ Index_Entries */

/*     Find a state transformation matrix */

/* -& */

/*     Spicelib Functions */

/*     Local parameters */

/*     Saved frame name length. */

/*     Local Variables. */

/*     Saved frame name/ID item declarations. */

/*     Saved frame name/ID items. */

/*     Initial values. */

/*     Standard SPICE error handling. */

    if (return_()) {
	return 0;
    }
    chkin_("SXFORM", (ftnlen)6);

/*     Initialization. */

    if (first) {

/*        Initialize counters */

	zzctruin_(svctr1);
	zzctruin_(svctr2);
	first = FALSE_;
    }
    zznamfrm_(svctr1, svfrom, &svfcod, from, &fcode, (ftnlen)32, from_len);
    zznamfrm_(svctr2, svto, &svtcde, to, &tcode, (ftnlen)32, to_len);

/*     Only non-zero id-codes are legitimate frame id-codes.  Zero */
/*     indicates that the frame wasn't recognized. */

    if (fcode != 0 && tcode != 0) {
	frmchg_(&fcode, &tcode, et, xform);
    } else if (fcode == 0 && tcode == 0) {
	setmsg_("Neither of the frames # or # was recognized as a known refe"
		"rence frame. ", (ftnlen)72);
	errch_("#", from, (ftnlen)1, from_len);
	errch_("#", to, (ftnlen)1, to_len);
	sigerr_("SPICE(UNKNOWNFRAME)", (ftnlen)19);
    } else if (fcode == 0) {
	setmsg_("The frame # was not recognized as a known reference frame. ",
		 (ftnlen)59);
	errch_("#", from, (ftnlen)1, from_len);
	sigerr_("SPICE(UNKNOWNFRAME)", (ftnlen)19);
    } else if (tcode == 0) {
	setmsg_("The frame # was not recognized as a known reference frame. ",
		 (ftnlen)59);
	errch_("#", to, (ftnlen)1, to_len);
	sigerr_("SPICE(UNKNOWNFRAME)", (ftnlen)19);
    }
    chkout_("SXFORM", (ftnlen)6);
    return 0;
} /* sxform_ */


<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<GenerateModel xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="generateMetaModel_Module.xsd">
  <PythonExport
    Father="PersistencePy"
    Name="PropertySheetPy"
    Twin="PropertySheet"
    TwinPointer="PropertySheet"
    Include="Mod/Spreadsheet/App/PropertySheet.h"
    Namespace="Spreadsheet"
    FatherInclude="Base/PersistencePy.h"
    FatherNamespace="Base"
    Constructor="true">

    <Documentation>
      <Author Licence="LGPL" Name="Eivind Kvedalen" EMail="eivind@kvedalen.name" />
      <UserDocu>Internal spreadsheet object</UserDocu>
    </Documentation>
  </PythonExport>
</GenerateModel>


Willem Eversdijck

Willem Eversdijck (c.1620-1671) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

He was the son of Cornelis Eversdijck and flourished at Goes about the year 1660. He is known for portraits and several of these were engraved by Houbraken. In 1633 he was a pupil of Cornelis de Vos in Antwerp. In 1652 he became a member of the Middelburg Guild of St. Luke, where he later died. A picture of Officers and Members of the Company of Archers, called " Edele Voetboog," at Goes, by him, is in the Rotterdam Museum.

Cornelis Willemsz Eversdijck, his father, was also a portrait painter of Goes, who died there in 1649. In the Rotterdam Museum are three pictures by him, representing Officers and Members of the Company of Archers, called "Edele Voetboog," at Goes; two of which are dated 1616 and 1624.

References

Attribution:

 }}

External links
{{commons category|Willem Eversdijck

Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:1671 deaths
Category:Dutch Golden Age painters
Category:Dutch male painters
Category:Dutch portrait painters
Category:People from Goes
Category:Year of birth uncertain


world

Updated: Nov 04, 2017 21:58 IST

The Italian police have seized tablets of a synthetic opiate, allegedly sourced by an Indian firm and destined for the Islamic State (IS) in Libya, a court said on Saturday.

Financial police discovered over 24 million tramadol tablets being transported from India to Libya at the port of Gioia Tauro. The painkiller, described as the “fighter drug”, is popular among jihadists for its ability to dull pain and suppress fatigue.

The haul is estimated to be worth €50 million and was found following a police crackdown sparked by the discovery of a similar shipment in Genoa in May. Police suspect the haul was destined to be sold by IS to its fighters for about €2 a pill.

“According to the information shared with foreign investigative sources, the traffic of Tramadol is directly handled by IS to finance terrorist activities planned and carried out across the world,” the court in Reggio Calabria city said.

Part of the money raised from the sales would also go “to subsidise terrorist groups and extremists operating in Libya, Syria and Iraq,” it said.

Renzo Nisi, a financial police captain involved in the May operation in Genoa, said tramadol “is produced extremely cheaply in India and Pakistan”. Investigators also suggested ties between the mafia and the IS, noting that it is “impossible” to smuggle goods through the port without their agreement.

Owing to its cheap price and potency, tramadol dependency has reached crisis levels in much of Libya and Egypt. Use of the drug, normally only available on prescription, is also rampant among fighters of the Nigerian terror group Boko Haram.

In May, 37 million tramadol pills were found packed in three containers at the port of Genoa, labelled as blankets and shampoo and set to be loaded on a freighter bound for Misrata and Tobruk in Libya.

Italian investigators traced the shipment to an Indian pharmaceuticals company, which allegedly sold the pills for $250,000 to a Dubai-based importer. The importer shipped the pills to Sri Lanka, where they reportedly disappeared from the freighter’s documents.

This is not the first time that an Indian firm has been tied to IS activities. In February 2016, a study by UK-based Conflict Armament Research found that seven Indian companies were involved in the supply chain of more than 700 components used by IS to construct improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

The study noted that all the components were “legally exported under government-issued licenses from India to entities in Lebanon and Turkey”, and the firms were mostly unaware of the final destination of the products.

On the publication of the report, four of the seven companies denied exporting the components to Lebanon or Turkey.


Storybrooke has frozen over. It’s a tagline every Once Upon a Time fan has become quite familiar with these days. With the simple wave of a blue-sleeved wrist, last season's finale launched the start of OUAT 's Frozen adaptation, sending both Disney and ABC watchers into a flurry of excitement. All summer we’ve asked — no, begged — for answers in regards to what Elsa and Anna’s presence would mean for our favorite fairytale characters. And while we’ve been able to chip away at some Season 4 spoilers, a great deal of the story arc remains a bit of a mystery — one that we are more than looking forward to solving. If all magic does, indeed, come with a price, then consider this plot twist signed, sealed, and delivered. Because there’s little doubt in my mind that Elsa’s arrival will spell trouble with a capital T.

Yes, it’s safe to say that everyone’s developed a very strong case of Frozen fever — which is ironic considering the general premise (and title) of the film. But could all of this hype end up backfiring? Like anything that’s been put on a pedestal for four months, fans could end up finding themselves disappointed with OUAT’s take on the Disney hit. I mean, I certainly hope that won’t be the case, but that doesn’t make the possibility any less of a threat. Luckily, there are a few ways to go about making sure such an occurrence never happens. So while we await OUAT ’s Season 4 premiere, here’s everything we want to see during this Frozen crossover to help ensure its success. Make this happen, writers, or face the wrath of an ice-cold ratings drop.

A Rumpelstiltskin Showdown

More than likely, our “reformed” Dark One is going to be less than thrilled to see his former captive out and about for all to see. As of now, it’s unclear how exactly Elsa got herself trapped inside Rumpel’s secret lair. For all we know, she could’ve been placed there under her own free will. However, I’m hoping this was more along the lines of a kidnapping type of situation, leaving a now-freed Elsa on the warpath for a little revenge. We all know how powerful the Dark One can be, but how would he fare against this ice queen’s frosty wrath? There’s only one way to find out…

Wedding Bells

Spoilers indicate that we can expect a Frozen wedding sometime this season between Princess Anna and Kristoff. And while their marital bliss could be on thin ice (at least temporarily) due to a strained relationship between Elsa and her future brother-in-law, fans are still going to expect to see the actual wedding ceremony take place — no matter how fleeting the couple's happily ever after may be. Trust me when I say letting go of this opportunity would be a very big mistake.

Nods to the Movie

Though fans will want the adaptation to be its own entity, they’ll also want the show to toss out a few nods to its Disney film counterpart, which, after all, is what makes this entire storyline possible. Obviously, this doesn’t mean we necessarily want everyone building snowmen while belting out lyrical ballads, but a few “let it go” references would give diehard fans a much-appreciated chuckle.

A Chilling Backstory

Elsa’s captivity aside, there are still a lot of other things we have yet to know about this Arendelle ruler — stuff that not even the film has explained. Like how it is that Elsa possesses freezing powers while Anna does not? Is it a genetic trait, and if so, do any of her other family members have it? There’s talk that Elizabeth Mitchell’s character will be Elsa and Anna's mother as well as the possible Snow Queen (which incidentally is the title of Episode 4). However, this is all just mere speculation for now. It’d be nice to gain some clarity on the situation and possibly shed light on Elsa’s backstory once and for all.

More Family Ties

This show is known for having a rather complex family tree, so it wouldn’t surprise me in the slightest if these new Frozen characters eventually discover that they’re somehow related to a few of our beloved Storybrooke residents. We’ve already mentioned the possibility of an Elsa and Belle connection, but there are a ton of other ways the writers could incorporate a new family tie. Perhaps Rumpel is Elsa’s half brother. Or maybe Emma is a direct descendant of the Arendelle line, which would help explain how she, like Elsa, appears to be the only one in her family with magical capabilities. It’d be just the kind of shocking reveal that would add another layer of intrigue to an already compelling arc.

Tons of Girl Power

It goes without saying that OUAT’s female characters aren’t just strong — they’re downright badass — a trait that we all hope Elsa and Anna possess in equal supply. So whether these lovely ladies all end up becoming enemies or allies (Elsa and Emma will be friends at least), it’s safe to assume that they’ll be quite the force to be reckoned with. To which I say — Bring. It. On.


Q:

Prove that it is impossible to bound the integral of a product by the product of integrals

How to prove that there is no $c  \ge 0$ such that
$$
\Big|  \int_{0}^{1} f(x)g(x) dx  \Big|  \le c  \int_{0}^{1} |f(x)| dx   \cdot   \int_{0}^{1} |g(x)| dx
$$
where $f,g: [0,1] \to \mathbb{R}$ are continuous.

A:

Take $f(x)=x^n=g(x)$. Then there is no $c$ so that
$$ \frac{1}{2n+1} \leqslant \frac{c}{(n+1)^2} $$
for every positive $n$.


.TH SSAM 1
.SH NAME
ssam \- stream interface to sam
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B ssam
[
.B -n
]
[
.B -e
.I script
]
[
.B -f
.I sfile
]
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Ssam
copies the named
.I files
(standard input default) to the standard output, edited by a script of
.IR sam
commands (q.v.).
When the script starts, the entire input is selected.
The
.B -f
option causes the script to be taken from file
.IR sfile .
If there is a
.B -e
option and no
.BR -f ,
the flag
.B -e
may be omitted.
The
.B -n
option suppresses the default output.
.ne 4
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.B ssam -n ,10p file
Print first 10 lines of file.
.TP
.B ssam 'y/[a-zA-Z]+/ c/\en/' *.ms
Print one word per line.
.TP
.B ssam 's/\en\en+/\en/g'
Delete empty lines from standard input.
.TP
.B ssam 's/UNIX/& system/g'
Replace every instance of
.L UNIX
by
.LR "UNIX system" .
.TP
.B ssam 'y/[a-zA-Z]+/ c/\en/' | grep . | sort | uniq -c
Count frequency of words read from standard input.
.SH SOURCE
.B \*9/bin/ssam
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR sed (1),
.MR sam (1) ,
.MR regexp (7)
.PP
Rob Pike,
``The text editor sam''.
.SH BUGS
Ssam consumes all of standard input before running the script.