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Roof has actually been one of the most essential structures of a building. When thinking about setting up a home or a commercial building, it is required to take into consideration the quality of roof products to utilize and its resilience, apart from its aesthetic value and design. A great quality but inexpensive roofing is exactly what most of us wish to have for our brand-new homes. Or, if you would require extensive renovation on your roof, you might too choose the type of roofing that would last for a variety of years and hold up against altering weather conditions. This is when you have to know and discover out the best roofing materials. So exactly what are a few popular and finest roof products?

This is probably the one of the typically used and the least pricey roofing material. Since this type of roofing material can be quickly utilized in different applications, it might not necessarily require a professional to do the roof task; you may do the installation yourself because this can simply be nailed over an existing roofing.

If you choose an appearance of design for your house, wood shakes may be an option. The best wood shakes are that of an old cedar tree. While this may give an aesthetic look, it does not represent lasting worth and strength due to the fact that its composition is vulnerable to molds, undesirable termites, and it could even rot in the long run. However, it permits a cooler and a more insulated effect when it pertains to ventilation.

Roofing tiles, unlike shingles, can be costly and needs professional installation. This is due to its substantially heavy weight and the fragility of the material. Clay and concrete are the most typical roofing system tiles that are being utilized. House and other building constructions that utilize concrete tiles have to have a well-supported framework to keep the tiles in location for quite at some point.

Another roofing material that can typically be seen in more fashionable and elegant homes is slate. It looks like shingles however in a rock composition, and it can be as heavy as a concrete tile.

A relatively ending up being more extensively used roof product nowadays is metal roof. When it comes to weight, this is reasonably light compared to the rest of the roof materials.

Preparation up on a great roof structure for your home will probably depend upon your individual option for the best roofing products. You have to consider three important aspects in selecting which are the best roof products to be utilized: know what design do you desire for your roofing system, think of the expense or expense, and consider the area, whether the roof can withstand the type of weather conditions in that place. It's constantly smart to know the best roof products offered in the markets today.

Due to the fact that this type of roof material can be easily utilized in different applications, it may not always need an expert to do the roofing job; you may do the setup yourself since this can simply be nailed over an existing roofing.

A relatively ending up being more extensively utilized roofing product nowadays is metal roof. Preparation up on a great roofing structure for your home will most likely depend on your personal option for the finest roof products. You have to think about three crucial factors in choosing which are the best roofing products to be utilized: understand exactly what style do you desire for your roofing system, believe of the cost or expenditure, and think about the area, whether the roofing system can withstand the type of weather conditions in that location. It's always smart to understand the best roof materials offered in the markets today.

Richmond VA Roofing

511 Ryland St #5

Richmond, VA23220

(804) 621-5404

https://www.richmondvaroofing.com

$$

cash, check, credit card

roofing company Richmond VA
Premium building: Extremely tough, non-asphaltic design is not going to rot or develop into brittle (unlike standard asphalt felts which might disintegrate after a while)

Tough to say devoid of recognizing what sort of roof. Remember they'll get rid of the aged a single. The value Despite the fact that may well feel slightly better, is not that negative for San Diego region. The type of material in the area is what makes it during the 18k variety. request for an additional estimate.

and arrived whenever they had been envisioned. The operate was completed in a timely fashion and I am delighted with my new roof.

We've $twenty,000 to operate with for The complete residence. I just Really don't know how much It could be to read more exchange the rotten Wooden and the shingles.

For Maximum Defense: Also put in together rake edges that will help safeguard shingles from wind uplift (and stay away from the mess of hand-sealing the rake edges).

Votes Edit Solution (for an additional -32 moment) I know this is an aged thread but I discovered so number of threads like this just one I thought I might share this facts in any case. I just experienced a packaged heat pump changed so I am able to post up-to-date figures for my minor place from the country, in Arizona.

Household Inspectors are such as Shopping mall Cops from the real estate world, little schooling compared to the level of rely on and authority they've got. Up coming time just get different specialties to take a look at it, ones that you choose to have faith in.

Also, the time can have an affect on your pricing, as finding operate carried out throughout inclement weather or through peak period can at times cost greater than it may at other times with the yr.

The downstairs unit has an air handler inside the crawl Place. We experienced a slide inspection plus they learned which the valve that flips forwards and backwards concerning heating and cooling is stuck on the downstairs device.

In uncommon scenarios, the frame of one's roof will need mend. This could also be the case In the event your are switching to a heavier shingle‒slate or tile might demand reinforcement with the body. Costs for body maintenance usually vary get more info from $300 to $800.

Richmond roofing pros have the talents and equipment needed to Get the roof repaired or changed promptly and properly. The last thing you desire is to test for getting on the roof oneself and slide off it, bringing about bruises, damaged bones, and even Loss of life.

To us, that's an indicator of care in the standard of the get the job done and evidence of the task effectively done. The 1st get in touch with we will make when we want a fresh roof will probably be to Highly developed Property Exteriors.

Great Functionality: Dura Grip® adhesive locks the main training course of shingles set up, reducing the chance of shingle blow-off.

The kind of fabric that you select to setup on your new roof will be the most significant one Think about pinpointing the overall check here cost of the job. The exact cost you can pay for each variety of fabric will depend on your site (for example, components in Richmond, VA will never cost similar to elements in San Francisco, CA), readily available vendors, manufacturer, coloration plus much more, so in lieu of furnishing correct pricing, you will note the elements stated which will affect the cost.

When thinking about putting up a house or an industrial building, it is needed to take into account the quality of roofing materials to use and its sturdiness, apart from its visual value and style. A great quality but inexpensive roof is exactly what most of us would like to have for our new homes. Exactly what are a couple of popular and finest roof materials?

A roof might be made up of structure shingles, wood shakes, clay tile, slate, concrete tile, and metal roofing systems. Shingles include fiberglass and paper, protected with asphalt, and is covered with colored granules. This is most likely the one of the commonly used and the least costly roof product. A structure shingle, commercially available, normally weighs around 200 to 350 pounds. Since this kind of roof product can be quickly utilized in various applications, it might not always require an expert to do the roof task; you might do the setup yourself given that this can simply be nailed over an existing roof.

If you opt for a look of style for your house, wood shakes might be a choice. The best wood shakes are that of an old cedar tree.

This is due to its substantially heavy weight and the fragility of the material. House and other structure constructions that use concrete tiles require to have a well-supported framework to keep the tiles in place for rather sometime.

Another roof material that can frequently be seen in more fashionable and trendy homes is slate. It looks like shingles however in a rock composition, and it can be as heavy as a concrete tile. Like tiles, it needs a strong framework for it to be nailed in location. Both tiles and slate are good option for durability and endurance. Also, they require less upkeep as compared to wood shakes.

Lastly, a relatively ending up being more widely utilized roof material nowadays is metal roofing. You can practically see them on homes almost everywhere due to the fact that of its tested toughness and long-lasting worth. It does not get eaten up by fire and is very much maintenance-free. When it pertains to weight, this is fairly light compared to the rest of the roof products.

Planning up on a good roofing structure for your home will more than likely depend upon your personal option for the very best roof products. You have to consider 3 crucial elements in picking which are the finest roof products to be utilized: understand what style do you desire for your roofing, believe of the cost or expense, and consider the area, whether the roofing can withstand the type of weather condition conditions in that place. It's always wise to know the best roof products available in the markets today.

Due to the fact that this type of roof material can be quickly utilized in different applications, it might not necessarily require a professional to do the roof task; you might do the installation yourself because this can merely be nailed over an existing roofing system.

An apparently becoming more commonly used roof product nowadays is metal roof. Planning up on a good roofing structure for your house will most likely depend on your individual option for the finest roofing materials. You have to consider three important aspects in choosing which are the best roofing materials to be utilized: understand what style do you want for your roof, believe of the cost or expense, and consider the place, whether the roof can resist the type of weather condition conditions in that place. It's constantly wise to understand the best roof materials offered in the markets today.

Richmond VA Roofing

511 Ryland St #5

Richmond, VA23220

(804) 621-5404

https://www.richmondvaroofing.com

$$

cash, check, credit card

roofer near me
You have discovered the best licensed and insured roof cleansing contractor on your up coming Richmond, VA and surrounding spot roof cleansing, force washing or electricity washing venture.

Mueller Builders, LLC is usually certified in Virginia as a Class A Building Contractor and carries all of the required legal responsibility and employee’s payment coverage. Our pledge to our clients has often been to exceed their expectations, and it exhibits as 85% of our function is from referrals or repeat clients.

We have had loads of rain in the area so assumed the here rain and wind had been the bring about. An adjuster came out and immediately after taking a look at the roof educated us the roof experienced no felt paper down and also the nailing was put improperly. Ought to our household inspector have caught this?

We go to the trouble and utmost treatment to setup the best high-quality entire roofing program for your private home that won't only secure your private home but offer enduring elegance and value.

The most common roof repairs are created to fix and halt leaks and cost close to $650 for every fix position. These could possibly be caused by impacts from hailstones, missing or broken shingles, curling and lifting shingles, or broken or lacking flashing. These concerns are Ordinarily set by eradicating and replacing only the afflicted shingles or flashing.

A new soffit can vary in costs determined by content‒aluminum, wood, vinyl, and fiber cement are all solutions. The normal cost of a fresh soffit is about $twenty for each linear foot set up, or about $800 for some properties.

I'm promoting my residence along with the inspector located some tiles damaged that must be fastened and underneath just one tile the lining is torn.

I not too long ago experienced this company replace my roof and so they went earlier mentioned and beyond what I had anticipated. They confirmed up as scheduled and right away began Functioning. Mr. Rollston was incredibly Experienced and stored me knowledgeable all over the full project.

Mike was excellent, extremely genuine and helpful and seemed to essentially really like what he does! Prices were being excellent and they arrived out in a short time to get the position accomplished.

Whilst a great asphalt shingles may past thirty or more years, metallic, tile, and slate may possibly final fifty or even more many years, which can Participate in a task in figuring out the sort you desire.

After a intense hail hurt storm in Aurora Colorado, a certain contractor started focusing on unsuspecting house entrepreneurs. The contractor manufactured promises and agreements then in the event the undertaking was finished the contractor enhanced his overhead and revenue to assert my complete insurance Check out. My home has a complete roof surface spot of 1878.31. The estimate of Device Cost is $51.sixty three for the comp. shingles laminated, the amount of comp.

Laminated shingles, generally known as “architectural” or “dimensional” shingles, are layered, as well as their thickness and depth make them appear more like slate or Wooden shakes. Three-tab asphalt shingles, nevertheless equally priced, are made in one layer. They’re flatter and thinner than laminated shingles and didn’t execute in earlier assessments. What’s much more, slipping rates for laminated shingles are helping them get Increasingly more of the industry.

My experience with Exterior Source was Expert from commence to finish. And, I had Work taking place at two diverse residences.

Roofing has actually been among the most important compositions of a structure. When thinking about putting up a home or a commercial structure, it is required to take into consideration the quality of roofing products to use and its durability, apart from its visual worth and style. An excellent quality but inexpensive roofing is exactly what most of us would like to have for our new houses. Or, if you would need substantial renovation on your roofing system, you might also pick the type of roofing that would last for a number of years and withstand altering weather. This is when you have to know and discover out the very best roof materials. What are a couple of popular and finest roofing materials?

A roofing might be comprised of structure shingles, wood shakes, clay tile, slate, concrete tile, and metal roofs. Shingles consist of fiberglass and paper, protected with asphalt, and is covered with colored granules. This is most likely the among the commonly used and the least pricey roofing material. A composition shingle, commercially readily available, typically weighs around 200 to 350 pounds. Since this kind of roof material can be easily used in different applications, it might not always need an expert to do the roofing job; you may do the installation yourself considering that this can merely be nailed over an existing roof.

Wood shakes may be an option if you opt for an appearance of design for your house. The best wood shakes are that of an old cedar tree. While this might provide an aesthetic look, it does not represent lasting value and durability because its structure is vulnerable to molds, undesirable termites, and it could even rot in the long run. However, it enables a cooler and a more insulated impact when it comes to ventilation.

This is due to its considerably heavy weight and the fragility of the material. House and other building constructions that utilize concrete tiles need to have a well-supported structure to keep the tiles in place for rather sometime.

Another roofing product that can often be seen in more trendy and stylish houses is slate. It appears like shingles but in a rock structure, and it can be as heavy as a concrete tile. Like tiles, it requires a strong structure for it to be nailed in location. Both tiles and slate ready choice for toughness and endurance. Also, they need less maintenance as compared with wood shakes.

An apparently becoming more widely used roof product nowadays is metal roof. When it comes to weight, this is reasonably light compared to the rest of the roofing products.

Preparation up on a good roofing structure for your home will probably depend upon your individual option for the very best roof products. However you have to think about 3 crucial consider choosing which are the best roofing materials to be used: know what style do you want for your roofing system, consider the expense or expenditure, and think about the area, whether the roofing can withstand the kind of climate condition because location. It's always a good idea to know the best roof products readily available in the markets today.

Since this type of roofing material can be quickly utilized in various applications, it may not necessarily require a professional to do the roof task; you may do the installation yourself since this can merely be nailed over an existing roofing.

A relatively becoming more widely utilized roof product nowadays is metal roof. Preparation up on an excellent roof structure for your home will most likely depend on your personal option for the finest roof materials. You have to think about 3 essential factors in picking which are the finest roof materials to be used: understand what design do you desire for your roofing system, believe of the cost or expense, and think about the place, whether the roof can resist the type of weather condition conditions in that place. It's constantly smart to know the finest roof products available in the markets today.

Richmond VA Roofing

511 Ryland St #5

Richmond, VA23220

(804) 621-5404

https://www.richmondvaroofing.com

$$

cash, check, credit card

cost of a new roof in Richmond VA
Water Stains: H2o harm inside your residence showcases a roof which has proven unsuccessful at its Main purpose: to help keep h2o outside. Get hold of our group for an evaluation in case you personal a leaky roofing process. Based on the extent with the leaks, you might want to weigh the need for replacement.

eLocal is a very responsive internet site. I had 1 cellular phone connect with and a pair of email messages inside the hour. Thanks for encouraging me locate a contractor. They did a superb job!

I thought they did a terrific position. They had been by the due date, they did the work they mentioned they might do, And that i appreciated it.

Tiny or substantial, our team will take care of any house roof replacement undertaking. Indicators of wear along with other indicators should really showcase that your roofing needs replacement.

Paramount Builders Service I just needed to say Many thanks for a terrific job on our replacement windows. We have been definitely pleased along with your staff & the products you put on our residence. All get more info the things went just excellent. I like to recommend Paramount Builders to everyone.

Clay tiles: A lot costlier than asphalt or laminate. Can increase both worth and control attract a house. Clay tiles are not generally utilized for household properties.

I am providing my dwelling and the inspector discovered a couple of tiles broken that have to be set and beneath a person tile the lining is torn.

Hermitage Roofing Company is often a accredited, bonded, and fully insured Richmond roofing contractor. They provide roofing fix and replacement companies for household and commercial Houses.

Get quite a few bids and don’t be swayed by price tag on your own. In some cases a bid that is definitely also small may be a signal the company just isn't operating lawfully.

A lot of homeowners try out to fix their roofs by themselves, but this can be an incredibly perilous career for any person who's not a skilled and skilled Richmond roofing professional.

Simply because obtaining an excellent roofing system is crucial on the structural integrity of the building, it's important to select the appropriate roofing contractors to accomplish The work. We've been happy to provide any possible clientele which has a portfolio that we've been proud to share, and as numerous references as required.

This can be our 2nd experience with Exterior Source. It went so properly The 1st time, we arrived again for our subsequent residence likewise. And went every bit as smoothly the next time all around!

In my twenty five many years of Performing In this particular trade I've run into maybe 3 poor valves I have discovered in these cases that it's either the soleniod or even the defrost board have another tech Test your method to be certain the diagosnois is correct.

Cost to frame a new roof may differ drastically by region (and perhaps by zip code). Get absolutely free estimates from Carpenters with your city. Is that this an emergency?

commercial roofing company Roanoke VA
Roof FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
One of the things to highly consider is the roofing. You will be swamped with roofing FAQS you cannot seem to answer and will have to search for info, in some cases even look for expert assessment, in order to much better comprehend how to begin your strategies. In this short article, you will discover few of the roof FAQS that you need to require to understand.

Exactly what is the best roofing system? This is probably one of the most preferred roof FAQS and the very first question that enters the minds of those planning to develop one and even the house owners. However there is no certain answer for this. What with a variety of roofing products and materials in the market today, you will never figure out which one is best. The answer to this concern exclusively depends upon your individual taste and preference. You are offered with all the possible options for your roofing, and you get to decide exactly what matches best for your house.

When is the very best time to place on a new roof? This roof FAQS might be understood in 2 ways. One, it could refer to the very best time of the year to really install a brand-new roof. Or, it might be translated as when to understand if the roof has stopped working or has to be changed. As for the very first one, the best time to do the installation would be on days when the rain and wind frequency are not at their peak. Rainy seasons are not the very best time to do the roofing work. On tropical locations, summertime is a good time to install your roofing system. It's likewise best to choose a roof product that would withstand the weather condition conditions if the building work would fall on rainy days and strong wind pressure. When do you know if the roofing has to be changed? If your roofing leaks, inspect if this is a minor leak or if this is something that requires complete replacement. Screen the dripping problem. If the event is high, then it's time to change the whole roof. However if you see that the leak is only brought on by flashings that have come loose, a needed repair will do.

The life expectancy of a roofing is determined by a number of aspects such as appropriateness of the roof product utilized, correct setup, weather and weather condition conditions, and level of upkeep. According to roof professionals, the roofing system lasts for a typical span of 20 years the minimum.

What with a broad variety of roofing products and materials in the market today, you will never ever figure out which one is finest. Rainy seasons are not the finest time to do the roof work. If the construction work would fall on rainy days and strong wind pressure, then it's also best to pick a roofing product that would hold up against the weather condition conditions. The life-span of a roofing system is identified by a number of elements such as appropriateness of the roofing product used, correct installation, weather and weather condition conditions, and level of upkeep. According to roofing experts, the roof lasts for a typical period of 20 years the minimum.

Cardinal Roofing and Gutters - Roanoke

2026 Salem Ave SW

Roanoke, VA24016

(504) 302-2909

https://www.cardinalroofingandgutters.com/roanoke.html

$$

cash, check, credit card

Slope in the roof impacts the convenience of working on the roof and the amount of labor required for that undertaking. Steeper sloped roofs are more difficult to operate on and should call for better labor costs.

Should your browser isn't going to ask you, try out these methods: At the highest of the Chrome window, near the online handle, simply click the inexperienced lock labeled Secure.

The roof of my shed requires changing to ensure no rain gets into my shed. I need the estimate to include getting away all rubbish

You can easily opt to correct your metallic roof as a result of our restoration process. Nevertheless, choosing the correct restoration item and company to accomplish the application are critical to keeping your future costs and damage very low.

Meredith M. said "My family members is brand new to the area so we have been introduced to Recovery Roofing for the duration of a house acquire approach where the issue on the roof was referred to as into query.

It's not at all simply enough to obtain the references. You actually really need to simply call them and verify which they had been content with The work. Request probing questions simply because often persons is not going to proactively convey up concerns considering the fact that a whole lot of folks go from the philosophy, “When you don't have anything good to mention, tend not to say something!” Here are a few inquiries you could potentially look at inquiring:

With our Tuff Rib Roofing program, we can easily put jointly a brand new roof that could protect your property or business for a few years to come back.

I've tried to Get in touch with Baker Roofing 3 times... At the time by e mail, and twice by telephone to have a roof maintenance carried out on my residence. I did this thanks to their superb popularity.

Evaluation categories include punctuality, cleanliness, initial effect, price and good quality, as well as a 6th classification for Total impression. In addition to the opportunity for reviewers to offer additional information about their experience, the ranking program gives individuals a terrific insight into the standard and popularity of local roofing providers, supporting you to decide on anyone which you could trust.

Drywall Energy Generators Tampa – St. Pete Or If the roof is near the end of its lifestyle, it truly is best to interchange it rather than throw any extra money away on fixing it.

Joshua D. replied: I had Services Specialists install a Lennox AC at our home in 2009. Haven't experienced any complications and your house stays interesting all summertime.

..one thing we get in touch with the Scudder big difference. We also really understand that you have several alternatives available to you With regards to having your roof changed, so no matter whether It really is cedar, metal, asphalt shingles, slate or an entire tear-off and roof replacement you may need, Scudder Roofing is competent for the position and constantly

Falling trees: Know the Hazard signs of an unstable tree Flat roofs are usually sensitive to human visitors. Something which produces a crack or puncture within the waterproofing membrane can quite readily produce leaks. Flat roofs can are unsuccessful, one example is; when subsequent get the job done is completed within the roof, when new via-roof service pipes/cables are mounted or when plant for example air-con units are click here put in.

roofer Roanoke VA
Roofing FAQS
One of the things to extremely consider is the roofing. You will be overloaded with roofing FAQS you can't appear to address and will have to browse for information, in some cases even look for expert assessment, in order to better understand how to begin your plans. In this article, you will find few of the roofing FAQS that you must require to understand.

What is the best roof? This is most likely one of the most preferred roof FAQS and the very first question that enters the minds of those planning to develop one as well as the house owners. There is no guaranteed response for this. What with a wide variety of roofing products and materials in the market today, you will never identify which one is best. The answer to this question exclusively depends on your personal taste and preference. You are offered with all the possible choices for your roofing, and you get to decide what suits best for your home.

When is the very best time to place on a new roofing system? This roofing FAQS might be comprehended in two methods. One, it might refer to the best time of the year to really install a brand-new roofing. Or, it might be interpreted as when to know if the roof has actually failed or needs to be changed. When it comes to the first one, the best time to do the setup would be on days when the rain and wind frequency are not at their peak. Rainy seasons are not the best time to do the roofing work. On tropical areas, summer is a great time to install your roofing system. It's likewise best to select a roofing material that would withstand the weather condition conditions if the building work would fall on rainy days and strong wind pressure. When do you know if the roofing needs to be altered? If your roofing system leaks, inspect if this is a small leak or if this is something that requires complete replacement. Monitor the dripping problem. It's time to alter the entire roof if the event is high. If you see that the leakage is only triggered by flashings that have come loose, a needed repair will do.

For how long should a roof last? This is certainly among the roofing FAQS that relate to security and resilience of the roof structure of your house. The life-span of a roof is identified by a variety of factors such as appropriateness of the roof material used, appropriate setup, climatic and weather, and level of upkeep. According to roof specialists, the roof lasts for an average span of 20 years the minimum.

What with a wide variety of roofing items and products in the market today, you will never ever figure out which one is finest. Rainy seasons are not the best time to do the roof work. If the building and construction work would fall on rainy days and strong wind pressure, then it's likewise best to pick a roofing material that would endure the weather conditions. The life expectancy of a roofing system is identified by a number of aspects such as suitability of the roof product utilized, correct setup, weather and weather condition conditions, and level of maintenance. According to roofing experts, the roof lasts for a typical period of 20 years the minimum.

Cardinal Roofing and Gutters - Roanoke

2026 Salem Ave SW

Roanoke, VA24016

(504) 302-2909

https://www.cardinalroofingandgutters.com/roanoke.html

$$

cash, check, credit card

Any contractor inspecting your roof must appear carefully at attic air flow, which is amazingly critical for staying away from ice damming and damage to the roof.

To discover When your roofer possesses adequate experience, Examine the higher Small business Bureau and Discover how long they happen to be in enterprise before you decide to employ the service of them to try and do roof repairs. Corporations which have a steady record going back decades will typically know what they are accomplishing.

We generally advise scheduling your roof cleaning a couple of days beforehand. By reserving your appointment two or a few ahead of time, we never have to bother with disappointing prospects by not with the ability to get there within the day they call.

Allow us to examine your roof once more info a year to locate any hurt and give you a trusted estimate on obtaining the repairs finished.

It's not just enough to find the references. You really need to connect with them and confirm that they were pleased with the job. Talk to probing inquiries simply because generally folks will not proactively provide up problems since quite a bit of people go because of the philosophy, “In the event you don't have anything nice to mention, do not say everything!” Below are a few queries you could possibly think about inquiring:

People are relieved to find out how realistic we assistance make the roof cleansing procedure at Increase Above Roof Cleaning. If you are passionate about obtaining a roof cleaning estimate for the Roanoke house or company, don't hesitate to call us at 888-416-7747. Call Now

MOUNTAIN ROOFING INC. is actually a CertainTeed installer of asphalt shingles. Shingles are economical and versatile, which can be why they signify greater than 80 website p.c with the roofing market place.

Best car loansRefinance automobile loansHow to get a carTotal vehicle cost calculatorLease calculatorCompare new vs used carShould I refinance?

Deciding on concerning regular 3-tab shingles and architectural shingles is without doubt one of the greatest selections you could make In terms of your roof.

I currently recommended eLocal to a buddy. In just minutes I had two certified contractors contact me. A composed estimate promptly followed. And in every day's time we contracted one of the roofers to accomplish The work.

At the time you settle over a contractor, check to be sure the company is licensed and insured. Also go over how the crew will lower damage to landscaping, and who can pay for virtually any that occurs.

They are really comfortable working heights, and will usually work with plumbers and joiners on more complex projects.


Q:

Physiological changes necessary to scale an insect's size up while maintaining a catapult jumping mechanism and jump/body ratio?

I understand that one does not simply scale up the smallest of creatures to the size of megafauna without violating basic physiological constraints like the square/cube law, among others; so what would have to take place to take a grasshopper and enlarge it to the relative size of a grizzly bear (in terms of 3D space) and preserve its catapult jumping system?
The only thing that need remain in terms of 'grasshopper-ness, or cricket-ness' is the catapult jumping system, and preferably a frightening insectoid appearance. It need not look at all like our starting-creatures.

Higher oxygen content in the air?
Sturdier body-plan (i.e. thicker carapace? Different materials? Wider joints/legs?)
Bird-bone-esque adaptation of weight to power? Or is this irrelevant with mostly slow-twitch muscle at the play in the catapult system?

I'm trying to think through a creature that relies on jumping and mechanoreception to hunt prey, and is somewhat frightening to behold.

A:

I'd go with:

a composite exoskeleton - layers of highly compressive-resistant materials between layers of elastic ones; or highly elastic on compression and high tensile will do the same - is something needed to be elastic and diffusive (spread the energy/tension over higher area) enough to mellow the take-off/landing shocks while still conserving/converting as much energy as possible (e.g landing recover some energy required for the next jump).
Two YouTube down-to-Earth-engineering clips that deal with composites for hardening and elasticity: fiber glass strengthening and core composites
elastic and tough "tendons" that allow storing mechanical energy to be used in the jump - and maybe replenished over a longer time. That is, it would be easier if the creature doesn't keep kangaroo-style hopping but taking some time to prepare for the jump (like grass-hoppers do)


Resistance to ceftaroline - 2018 review

Ceftaroline is a new fifth generation cephalosporin, active mostly against Gram-positive cocci, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). It is used in treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, community acquired respiratory tract infections and methicillin-resistant S.aureus bacteremia. The main resistance mechanisms of bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics, including ceftaroline, are mutations in PBP2a, PBP3 and PBP4. Clinically significant resistance has been noted among both archived and newly-isolated strains in a laboratory test using serial passages. Ceftaroline-resistant strains have also been found in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, ventilator-associated pneumonia and infectious endocarditis. Irresponsible antibiotic treatment using ceftaroline or other antibiotics (due to a possibility of a cross-resistance) can lead to the spread of ceftaroline resistance and, consequently, its loss of value.


Ahead of a vote that would allow casinos to operate in northern New Jersey, Paul Fireman is refining plans for a casino project, dubbed Liberty Rising, and located at 100 Caven Point Road, directly north of his golf course in southern Jersey City. According to The Wall Street Journal, a 90-story, 1,500-key luxury hotel is in the works, which would include a slew of restaurants and a theater.

The $4 billion complex would have ferry service to New York City, and the plan no longer includes a Ferris wheel or racetrack. If built, the tower would fill a partially excavated hole currently serving as the parking lot for the golf course.

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This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. P2000-275783 filed on Sep. 11, 2000 in Japan. The contents of the aforementioned application are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus for continuously retaining brake fluid pressure within a wheel cylinder after releasing the brake pedal. The brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus is mounted on a vehicle, which is equipped with an automatic transmission and a driving force control unit for making a creep driving force smaller at a depression of the brake pedal than at a release of the brake pedal.
Various brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus are known. The brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus continuously retains brake fluid pressure within a wheel cylinder after releasing the brake pedal so that the braking force continuously acts on the vehicle. For example, the applicants disclose a brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus in Japanese Patent Application No. Hei-11-164621 (unpublished), in which brake fluid pressure passages are provided with a solenoid valve and a bypass passage bypassing the solenoid valve is provided with a restriction. The brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus gradually decreases and releases the retained brake fluid pressure through the restrictions when a certain time (about 1 second) passes after the driving force is changed into a greater condition. For this reason, the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus ensures a starting operation of the vehicle on an up slope as well as a smooth starting operation of the vehicle on a down slope, at which a displacement force due to the vehicle""s own weight affects on, without a sudden feel of the driver.
However, there is a possibility that the vehicle undesirably moves or displaces backwards when starting from an up slope, because of the relations between the inclination of the slope, the retained brake fluid pressure and the like. If the driver releases the retained brake fluid pressure while the vehicle rolling down the slope, the backward displacement amount of the vehicle is increased and the driver experiences an awkward feel. Therefore, a smooth starting operation of the vehicle is required on an up slope. Meanwhile, a smooth start without sudden impacts is also required on a down slope.
Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide a brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus, which ensures a smooth starting operation of the vehicle on an up slope with decreased backward displacement amount of the vehicle and also ensures a smooth starting operation on a down slope.
The term xe2x80x9cbackward displacementxe2x80x9d is also referred to as a xe2x80x9cbackward movementxe2x80x9d throughout the specification and the claims.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus in combination with a vehicle equipped with a driving force control unit, the driving force control unit which transmits a driving force from a driving motor to driving wheels when a transmission is set in a driving range even after a depression of an accelerator pedal is released at a certain or lower vehicle speed, and which switches the magnitude of the driving force transmitted to the driving wheels between a greater condition and a smaller condition in accordance with a depression of a brake pedal, so that the driving force is made smaller at a depression of the brake pedal than at a release of the brake pedal, the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus comprising:
a brake fluid pressure passage connecting a master cylinder and a wheel cylinder;
a solenoid valve provided in the brake fluid pressure passage and switchable between a communicating position, where the brake fluid pressure passage communicates, and a shut-off position, where the brake fluid pressure passage is shut off;
a bypass passage equipped with a restriction for communicating the master cylinder and the wheel cylinder respective of the shut-off position of the solenoid valve; and
a control unit for switching the solenoid valve between the communicating position and the shut-off position, wherein said control unit is constituted such that the solenoid valve is switched to the shut-off position for retaining brake fluid pressure within the wheel cylinder when the vehicle is stopped with the brake pedal depressed, and that the solenoid valve is switched to the communicating position for releasing the retained brake fluid pressure when a first setting time passes after the driving force is increased to the greater condition due to the release of the brake pedal,
and wherein said brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus further comprises a backward movement state determination device for determining a backward movement state of the vehicle, and wherein said control unit is constituted such that when the vehicle is determined as being in a backward movement state, said solenoid valve is switched to the communicating position after a second setting time passes, so as to retain brake fluid pressure for a period longer than the first setting time.
With such a constitution of the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus, because brake fluid pressure is continuously retained within the wheel cylinder after releasing the brake pedal, the vehicle is prevented from undesirably rolling down a slope upon starting from the slope. The control means releases the retained brake fluid pressure when the setting time passes after the driving force is increased to the greater condition due to release of the brake pedal. When doing so, the brake fluid pressure is not retained constantly. The retained brake fluid pressure is gradually decreased by the flow rate control of the bypass passage equipped with a restriction. For this reason, the braking force is released gradually and slowly, which leads to a smooth starting operation of the vehicle on both up and down slopes without any sudden impacts.
Meanwhile, when the backward movement state determination device determines that the vehicle is undesirably rolling down a slope (backward movement detected) after the depression of the brake pedal is released and during the first setting time, the control means releases the retained brake fluid pressure when the second setting time passes, so as to retain the brake fluid pressure longer than the first setting time and continuously restrict the backward movement of the vehicle. The second setting time is for extending or delaying the first setting time. Because the second setting time is set only when the vehicle undesirably rolls down a slope, unnecessary brake dragging does not arise at a start of the vehicle unless the vehicle moves backwards.
Herein, the term xe2x80x9ca certain vehicle speedxe2x80x9d indicates that the vehicle is stopped (or the vehicle speed=0 km/h) or the vehicle runs at a vehicle speed just before stopping. Therefore, if the certain vehicle speed is set to be 0 km/h, the term xe2x80x9cat a certain or lower vehicle speedxe2x80x9d only indicates the vehicle speed of 0 km/h. Alternatively, as an example of the preferred embodiment to be described later, if the certain vehicle speed is set to be 5 km/h, the term xe2x80x9cat a certain or lower vehicle speedxe2x80x9d indicates a vehicle speed range from 0 km/h to 5 km/h.
Further, the term xe2x80x9csmaller conditionxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cmade smallerxe2x80x9d includes an instance when the driving force is decreased to zero (in the preferred embodiment to be described later, the instance when the engine is stopped). Therefore, the term xe2x80x9cthe driving force is increased to the greater conditionxe2x80x9d includes (1) an instance that the driving force arises from zero and thereafter increases (in the preferred embodiment, the instance that the driving force is increased from the engine stop condition to the strong creep condition) and (2) an instance that the existing driving force further increases (in the preferred embodiment, the instance that the driving force is increased from the weak creep condition to the strong creep condition).
As to the xe2x80x9cfirst setting timexe2x80x9d, a sufficient time (for example 1 second) is required for decreasing the brake fluid pressure to such an extent that the driver does not experience any sudden feels when the solenoid valve is switched to the communicating position and the retained brake fluid pressure is instantly released. However, other optional values may be set as the first setting time in accordance with the flow rate control of the restriction.
As mentioned above, the xe2x80x9csecond setting timexe2x80x9d is set for decreasing the backward movement of the vehicle. However, the xe2x80x9csecond setting timexe2x80x9d is also set for eliminating unnecessary brake dragging. As long as substantially extending the xe2x80x9cfirst setting timexe2x80x9d, the xe2x80x9csecond setting timexe2x80x9d may be set desirably with the use of any means or manners.
According to this brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus, if the vehicle does not undesirably move backwards, a smooth starting operation of the vehicle can be carried out without a sudden impact. This can be achieved by the braking force that is based on the brake fluid pressure gradually decreasing through the restriction during the first setting time.
Meanwhile, when the vehicle undesirably moves backwards, the brake fluid pressure is retained longer by the second setting time in comparison with the situation when the vehicle does not move backwards. Thereby, backward displacement amount of the vehicle becomes small. Further, because of the restriction D, the longer the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus retains the brake fluid pressure, the smaller the retained brake fluid pressure becomes at the time of releasing the retained brake fluid pressure. Therefore, the release of the brake fluid pressure is carried out smoothly. As a result, even if the vehicle undesirably moves backwards, a smooth starting operation of the vehicle can be achieved with the backward displacement amount decreased.
Preferably, in the aforementioned brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus, the second setting time becomes shorter as the load of the driving motor increases.
With such a constitution of the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus, as the load of the driving motor increases, the second setting time becomes shorter. In other words, when the load of the driving motor is greater, it is assumed that the backward movement restriction force derived from the driving force is also greater. Therefore, the backward movement of the vehicle can be prevented even if the second setting time becomes shorter. Further, shortening the second setting time prevents unnecessary brake dragging. Meanwhile, when the load of the driving motor is smaller, it is assumed that the backward movement restriction force derive from the driving force is smaller. Therefore, in order to decrease the backward displacement amount of the vehicle, the second setting time is not made shorter.
Herein, the term xe2x80x9cthe load of the driving motorxe2x80x9d includes those understood as a rotational speed (Ne) of the engine or the motor, a driving force transmission capacity (starting torque) of the starting clutch, a throttle angle (xcex8TH) and the like.
According to this brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus, it is possible to decrease unnecessary brake dragging because the second setting time becomes shorter in accordance with the increment of the load of the driving motor. Decreasing the retention time of the brake fluid pressure corresponds with the driver""s intention of quickly starting the vehicle with the increased load of the driving motor.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus in combination with a vehicle equipped with a driving force control unit, the driving force control unit which transmits a driving force from a driving motor to driving wheels when a transmission is set in a driving range even after a depression of an accelerator pedal is released at a certain or lower vehicle speed, and which switches the magnitude of the driving force transmitted to the driving wheels between a greater condition and a smaller condition in accordance with a depression of a brake pedal, so that the driving force is made smaller at a depression of the brake pedal than at a release of the brake pedal, the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus comprising:
a brake fluid pressure passage connecting a master cylinder and a wheel cylinder;
a solenoid valve provided in the brake fluid pressure passage and switchable between a communicating position, where the brake fluid pressure passage communicates, and a shut-off position, where the brake fluid pressure passage is shut off;
a bypass passage equipped with a restriction for communicating the master cylinder and the wheel cylinder irrespective of the shut-off position of the solenoid valve; and
a control unit for switching the solenoid valve between the communicating position and the shut-off position, wherein said control unit is constituted such that the solenoid valve is switched to the shut-off position for retaining brake fluid pressure within the wheel cylinder when the vehicle is stopped with the brake pedal depressed, and that the solenoid valve is switched to the communicating position for releasing the retained brake fluid pressure when a first setting time passes after the driving force is increased to the greater condition due to the release of the brake pedal,
and wherein said brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus further comprises a backward movement state determination device for determining a backward movement state of the vehicle, and wherein said control unit is constituted such that when the vehicle is determined as being in a backward movement state, said solenoid valve is switched to the communicating position after a second setting time, which decreasingly changes from a time longer than the first setting time in accordance with the increment of the load of the driving motor, passes instead of the first setting time, so as to release the retained brake fluid pressure.
In this brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus, the manner of preventing the backward movement of the vehicle is the same as that of the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention.
However, when the backward movement determination device determines that the vehicle is undesirably rolling down a slope (backward movement detected) after the depression of the brake pedal is released and during the first setting time, the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus releases the retained brake fluid pressure when the second setting time instead of the first setting time passes. The second setting time decreasingly changes from a time longer than the first setting time in accordance with the increment of the load of the driving motor. In other words, when the load of the driving motor is small, it is assumed that the backward movement restriction force derived from the driving force is also small. Therefore, the second setting time is set to be longer than the first setting time. On the contrary, when the load of the driving motor is great, it is assumed that the backward movement restriction force derived from the driving force is great. Therefore, the second setting time may be set to be shorter. With such a constitution, it is possible to decrease the backward displacement amount of the vehicle and also to decrease the occurrence of brake dragging.
Herein, the terms xe2x80x9ca certain vehicle speedxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9csmaller conditionxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cmade smallerxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9ca first setting timexe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cthe load of the driving motorxe2x80x9d are the same as those of the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention.
Likewise the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention, the xe2x80x9csecond setting timexe2x80x9d is set both for decreasing the backward displacement amount of the vehicle and for eliminating unnecessary brake dragging. In the preferred embodiment to be described later, the second setting time is set so as to be decreased from 2 seconds at the maximum to 0 second in accordance with the load of the driving motor. The xe2x80x9csecond setting timexe2x80x9d may be set desirably with the use of any means or manners.
According to this brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus, if the vehicle does not undesirably move backwards, a smooth starting operation of the vehicle can be carried out without a sudden impact. This can be achieved by the braking force that is based on the brake fluid pressure gradually decreasing through the restriction during the first setting time.
Meanwhile, if the vehicle undesirably moves backwards, the release of the brake fluid pressure is carried out when the second setting time passes. The second setting time decreasingly changes from a time longer than the first setting time in accordance with the increment of the load of the driving motor. For this reason, when the load of the driving motor is small (viz. when the driving force is small), the brake fluid pressure is retained longer than the first setting time. Backward displacement amount of the vehicle is therefore decreased. Further, because of the restriction D, the longer the brake fluid pressure retaining apparatus retains the brake fluid pressure, the smaller the retained brake fluid pressure becomes at the time of releasing the retained brake fluid pressure. Therefore, the release of the brake fluid pressure is carried out smoothly. As a result, even if the vehicle undesirably moves backwards, a smooth starting operation of the vehicle can be achieved with the backward displacement amount decreased. Moreover, when the load of the driving motor is great (viz. when the driving force is great), the brake fluid pressure is retained shorter than the first setting time. This can eliminate unnecessary brake dragging. Decreasing the retention time of the brake fluid pressure corresponds with the driver""s intention of quickly starting the vehicle with the increased load of the driving motor.


Background

The effects of vitamin D on fractures, falls, and bone mineral density are uncertain, particularly for high vitamin D doses. We aimed to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on fractures, falls, and bone density.

Methods

In this systematic review, random-effects meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis, we used findings from literature searches in previously published meta-analyses. We updated these findings by searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central on Sept 14, 2017, and Feb 26, 2018, using the search term “vitamin D” and additional keywords, without any language restrictions. We assessed randomised controlled trials of adults (>18 years) that compared vitamin D with untreated controls, placebo, or lower-dose vitamin D supplements. Trials with multiple interventions (eg, co-administered calcium and vitamin D) were eligible if the study groups differed only by use of vitamin D. We excluded trials of hydroxylated vitamin D analogues. Eligible studies included outcome data for total or hip fractures, falls, or bone mineral density measured at the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, total body, or forearm. We extracted data about participant characteristics, study design, interventions, outcomes, funding sources, and conflicts of interest. The co-primary endpoints were participants with at least one fracture, at least one hip fracture, or at least one fall; we compared data for fractures and falls using relative risks with an intention-to-treat analysis using all available data. The secondary endpoints were the percentage change in bone mineral density from baseline at lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, total body, and forearm.

Findings

We identified 81 randomised controlled trials (n=53 537 participants) that reported fracture (n=42), falls (n=37), or bone mineral density (n=41). In pooled analyses, vitamin D had no effect on total fracture (36 trials; n=44 790, relative risk 1·00, 95% CI 0·93–1·07), hip fracture (20 trials; n=36 655, 1·11, 0·97–1·26), or falls (37 trials; n=34 144, 0·97, 0·93–1·02). Results were similar in randomised controlled trials of high-dose versus low-dose vitamin D and in subgroup analyses of randomised controlled trials using doses greater than 800 IU per day. In pooled analyses, there were no clinically relevant between-group differences in bone mineral density at any site (range −0·16% to 0·76% over 1–5 years). For total fracture and falls, the effect estimate lay within the futility boundary for relative risks of 15%, 10%, 7·5%, and 5% (total fracture only), suggesting that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce fractures or falls by these amounts. For hip fracture, at a 15% relative risk, the effect estimate lay between the futility boundary and the inferior boundary, meaning there is reliable evidence that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce hip fractures by this amount, but uncertainty remains as to whether it might increase hip fractures. The effect estimate lay within the futility boundary at thresholds of 0·5% for total hip, forearm, and total body bone mineral density, and 1·0% for lumbar spine and femoral neck, providing reliable evidence that vitamin D does not alter these outcomes by these amounts.

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation does not prevent fractures or falls, or have clinically meaningful effects on bone mineral density. There were no differences between the effects of higher and lower doses of vitamin D. There is little justification to use vitamin D supplements to maintain or improve musculoskeletal health. This conclusion should be reflected in clinical guidelines.

Funding

Health Research Council of New Zealand.


Pneumoconiosis is the general term used for pulmonary inorganic dust accumulation and tissue reactions developing against it. When there is a pure exposure to inert materials such as iron, antimony, barium, silver, tin, and cerium, cessation of exposure will usually reverse tissue reaction within 3--6 months, without resulting fibrosis. These types of pneumoconioses are termed as benign pneumoconioses.\[[@ref1]\] Pulmonary siderosis (PS) is also benign pneumoconiosis that develops as a result of exposure to metallic iron or iron oxide dusts.\[[@ref2][@ref3]\] The occupations that lead to the development of PS include mining, welding, steel manufacturing, iron oxide manufacturing, grinding wheel manufacturing, and silver jewelry manufacturing.\[[@ref2]\]

The study aimed to review our PS cases who were exposed to iron oxide dust and who were diagnosed with the help of a minimally invasive surgical technique and to provide a review of the relevant literature.

Methods {#sec1-1}
=======

The hospital records of seven patients who were diagnosed with having PS with a minimally invasive technique between 2008 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Data regarding age, sex, occupation, admission complaint, family history of a genetic disorder, and smoking status were explored. All patients underwent posterolateral chest X-ray imaging and thoracic computerized tomographic (CT) imaging. They also underwent respiratory function testing and blood biochemistry and complete blood count analyses. Flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were carried out for making a pathological diagnosis. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) was carried out for seven patients for whom no definitive diagnosis could be made with other methods. This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, and the requirement for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature.

Operative technique {#sec2-1}
-------------------

All patients were operated under general anesthesia at the operating room. After placing patients on the operating table and inducing anesthesia, they were intubated using a double lumen tube. They were placed on the operating table as if a standard posterolateral thoracotomy incision would be made, and they were scrubbed. In lateral decubitus position, the arm was suspended in abduction so that the scapula was maximally elevated. The table was tilted, and a 10 cm high roll pillow was placed under the thoracic cage to maximally expose intercostal spaces. Using a single incision and 0° telescope (Karl Storz, Hopkins II telescopes diameter 5 mm, length 29 cm trocar size 6 mm) imaging, a biopsy sample (Echelon Flex 60 mm Endo Stapler 4.1 mm) was taken with wedge resection from the site where the lung lesion was located. Biopsy samples were taken from two separate sites in patients with bilateral diffuse lung lesions. Entire pleura and pulmonary surfaces were reviewed after the operation. After performing a check for air leaks and hemostasis, a 28F chest tube was placed through the incision site. All patients were extubated at the operating table and transferred to the regular ward.

Results {#sec1-2}
=======

All 7 patients were male, and their mean age was 54 years. The admission complaints were a cough and chest pain in two patients, whereas five were asymptomatic. Four patients were active smokers for 15 years. Two patients were founders, two were grinders, and 3 were welders; and they had been working for an average of 11 (8--15) years \[[Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}\]. The respiratory system examination of two patients showed minimal crepitation in the basal parts of both lungs at the end of expiration, but the examination of other systems was normal. The spirometric examination revealed modest obstructive defects in two patients. In the conventional radiograms of the chest, the most common pathological sign was diffuse, widespread reticulonodular opacities \[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}\]. Thoracic CT revealed multiple small nodular opacities, honeycomb appearances, and patchy ground-glass opacities, usually confined to middle-upper zones \[[Figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}\]. The fibrotic changes that we detected in two patients were mostly in the lower zones of the lungs. All patients who underwent the procedure for diagnostic purposes formerly underwent transbronchial biopsy and lavage at the Chest Diseases Department, but could not be diagnosed. Having been referred to our clinic, these patients were operated with the VATS technique. Intraoperatively, entire lung surface was found to be covered by a black anthracotic material \[[Figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}\]. The pathological examination of the tissue samples taken with wedge resection revealed hemosiderin-laden macrophages that were positively stained with Perl\'s Prussian blue, a finding which was consistent with siderosis \[[Figure 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}\]. Three patients were found to have elevated serum iron and ferritin levels when studied after obtaining the pathological diagnosis. The time to chest tube removal was 2 (1--4) days on an average. No postoperative complication or death occurred. The patients were followed for an average of 24 (15--36) months with chest radiograms and spirometry tests. During the follow-up, the patients were not only free of progression but also they even showed regression during that time.

######

Demographic characteristics of patients

![](ATM-13-163-g001)

![Posteroanterior chest X-ray most commonly showed diffuse, widespread reticulonodular opacities](ATM-13-163-g002){#F1}

![Thoracic computerized tomography revealed multiple small nodular opacities, honeycomb appearances (a), and patchy ground-glass opacities (b), which were usually confined to middle-upper zones](ATM-13-163-g003){#F2}

![Intraoperatively, entire lung surface was found to be covered by a black anthracotic material (a,b)](ATM-13-163-g004){#F3}

![(a) There are hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the alveolar spaces. (H and E, ×40) (b) In the alveolar spaces are hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Anthracosis pigments are in the septa. There is no evidence of inflammation (H and E, ×200,). (c) Staining for iron demonstrates alveoli filled with hemosiderin-laden macrophages. (×100, Perls\' Prussian blue)](ATM-13-163-g005){#F4}

Discussion {#sec1-3}
==========

Heavy inhalation of iron compounds is common in mining, foundry, steel manufacturing, iron oxide manufacturing, grinding wheel production, and jewelry. Welder\'s siderosis was first defined by Doig and McLaughlin\[[@ref4]\] in 1936. They prospectively assessed 16 welders with respect to their clinical examination findings and radiological properties. After a 9-year follow-up of 15 cases, they showed the absence of symptoms, and they were even able to reveal that the disease did not progress. Since then, the debate has begun whether siderosis is a benign pneumoconiosis since fibrosis could not be definitively shown in the pathological examination of the lung.\[[@ref5]\] Buckell and Garrad,\[[@ref6]\] in 1946, reviewed siderosis and asserted that fibrosis may actually exist in these lesions. Further, the existence of fibrosis was reported by subsequent studies in multiple case series with spirometric defects.\[[@ref7][@ref8][@ref9]\]

Long-term pure iron oxide exposure has no known detrimental effect with permanent functional impairment. However, symptomatic interstitial fibrosis may occur, although rarely, when persons exposed to iron dust or smoke are also simultaneously exposed to other silicates, notably silica, and asbestos.\[[@ref10]\] In this study, we revealed minimal fibrosis in two cases. These patients were welders. However, even though we could not demonstrate any exposure to silicates pathologically, we believe that fibrosis is still possible given that dust from many compounds pollute working places during welding. There may be no symptoms at all in PS, but affected patients may also present with a cough, sputum, and effort dyspnea, all depending on exposure time and any lesion developed in response.\[[@ref11]\]

Two of our patients who were smokers had cough and chest pain. Given that siderosis usually elicits no symptoms at all, those complaints may be attributed to smoking.

The main diagnostic tests to make a diagnosis of PS include PA chest X-Ray, high-resolution CT, and thoracic CT. PA chest X-Ray is characterized by bilateral diffuse reticulonodular opacities.\[[@ref12]\] In a study performed by Akira in 1995,\[[@ref13]\] thoracic CT findings of 21 welders mainly were mainly micronodules in the centrilobular region. This finding was subsequently corroborated by others.\[[@ref14]\] However, studies, later on, revealed that lesions of siderosis were mainly concentrated in upper lobes.\[[@ref15]\] Since siderosis is a benign form of pneumoconiosis, unlike other collagen pneumoconioses, its radiological signs may partially or near completely reverse after exposure is eliminated. Respiratory function tests are the second most widely used tests after radiological examinations used for evaluating occupational diseases. Although respiratory function tests are nonspecific occupational diseases, they are valuable for assessing dyspnea, distinguishing obstructive and restrictive disorders, and making a clinical evaluation of the disease.\[[@ref16]\] Whereas exposure to iron dust is known to rarely cause obstructive airway disease, smoking further increases such risk.\[[@ref7][@ref8][@ref9][@ref17]\] In conclusion, we are of the opinion that obstructive disease that occurred in two patients was a consequence of the combined effect of smoking and iron dust inhalation.

To diagnose diffuse lung disorders of different etiology, one of the invasive techniques should be selected, such as transbronchial biopsy and lung biopsy. The use of VATS has been currently increasing in every field of medicine. It has been used as an established technique for many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.\[[@ref18]\] Some authors recommend using thoracotomy and thoracoscopy to diagnose PS cases that cannot be diagnosed pathologically with transbronchial biopsy.\[[@ref19][@ref20]\] Ferguson,\[[@ref21]\] Mack *et al*.\[[@ref22]\] advocated the use of thoracoscopic biopsy to diagnose diffuse lung disorders, and stressed that with this technique diagnostic accuracy reached 100%. Thoracoscopic wedge resection is a reliable tool for the diagnosis of infiltrative and interstitial parenchymal diseases.\[[@ref21][@ref22]\] Moreover, biopsy sampling with this approach is simple and highly successful because plaural and parenchyma can be adequately visualized and the best site for biopsy sampling can be determined. In addition, postoperative pain is less severe with this approach.

The most striking feature of pathology examination of PS is the presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the peribronchovascular space and interstitium. In pure siderosis, fibrosis is either completely absent or minimal.\[[@ref19]\] Alveolar structures are spared; the stromal reaction is minimal, and it primarily consists of reticulin fibers. Iron granules stained by Prussian blue are also visualized. The reaction is potentially reversible.\[[@ref1]\]

Ferritin is the main iron storage protein, and it is a sensitive indicator of total iron depots in the absence of systemic inflammatory conditions.\[[@ref23]\] As an inflammatory marker, ferritin has been shown to increase in various chronic lung diseases.\[[@ref24][@ref25]\] However, ferritin level in PS is substantially higher than those encountered in inflammatory lung disease.\[[@ref24]\] Serum ferritin level increases parallel to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid level.\[[@ref26]\] We determined significant elevation in serum ferritin levels of three patients although we failed to reveal the same elevation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Excessive iron deposits are seen in heterozygous hemochromatosis with H63D mutation, persons undergoing multiple blood transfusions, and persons with thalassemia and sideroblastic anemia. Nevertheless, this accumulation is of a lower extent than that seen with PS.\[[@ref27]\] Our extensive review of past histories and laboratory investigations of the patients revealed no such conditions.

Conclusion {#sec1-4}
==========

PS is benign pneumoconiosis that develops as a result of the exposure to metallic iron or iron oxide dust. One of the available invasive techniques such as transbronchial biopsy or lung biopsy may be selected to make the diagnosis of PS. We also advocate that VATS is an ideal technique for making the pathological diagnosis of pneumoconioses when other methods fail to do so, because this technique is characterized by a simpler biopsy sampling, a better visualization of pleura and lung parenchyma, an ability to spot the best site for biopsy sampling, and a higher success rate.

Financial support and sponsorship {#sec2-2}
---------------------------------

Nil.

Conflicts of interest {#sec2-3}
---------------------

There are no conflicts of interest.


Two classes of ethidium-bromide-resistant mutants of Streptomyces lividans 66.
Five spontaneous mutants of Streptomyces lividans TK64 resistant to 5 or 15 microM ethidium bromide (EB) were isolated, and the corresponding mutations were mapped to two different chromosomal locations. Both types of mutations conferred unselected resistance to several basic dyes and norfloxacin. The strain with the low-level resistance exhibited wild-type levels of EB uptake and energy-dependent efflux, and the resistance mechanism is unclear. The highly resistant mutants, which additionally were resistant to phosphonium ions, had a reduced accumulation and an increased efflux of EB, reminiscent of a mammalian multidrug resistance efflux pump.