Cleantech is dead! Long live cleantech!

A week ago, at the Wall Street Journal Eco:nomics conference, a cleantech investor (well, I guess, what should be described as a former cleantech investor) stated to me that cleantech as a moniker is dead. He didn’t mean that his firm is going to stop investing in startups building things like energy efficiency software, or bio replacements for chemicals, but he meant that he and his fellow investors aren’t going to be loudly declaring that their portfolio is full of cleantech startups.

Fast forward a week, and the research firm Cleantech Group, which has arguably done more than any other firm to brand the term cleantech, held the 10th anniversary of its annual conference focused on bringing together the entrepreneurs and investors building so-called cleantech companies. In the kickoff presentation by Cleantech Group CEO Sheeraz Haji, Haji said that cleantech is changing and that he and his team are “shifting our thinking in a radical way,” to a discussion about how one day cleantech will be pervasive, with “cleantech inside” everything. Though, for now, he said, his group is still focusing on the more traditional view of cleantech as a grouping of specific sectors made up by clean power, biofuels, energy efficiency, etc.

It’s certainly time for reflection for a sector that has had a difficult past 18 months. As many have noticed by now, a significant segment of venture capitalists, many at generalist firms, have shifted away from investing in new and early stage cleantech companies thanks to the difficulties so far in making that money back through acquisitions or IPOs. There’s also a public sentiment backlash brewing due to the high-profile Solyndra bankruptcy (and others), and the continued spin of Solyndra in an election year.

And those are just some of the problems. Others include the slower than expected roll-out of electric cars, abundant cheap natural gas handicapping cleaner forms of power, and the recession that hit capital-intensive cleantech infrastructure companies harder than most. Cleantech investor Rob Day wrote in a column recently that “the period 2009-2011 will be looked back upon as a real dry season for the sector.”

But maybe it’s not just a dry season. Maybe cleantech as a brand is morphing and splintering into more specific verticals, both because it’s an early and emerging sector, but also because the umbrella brand has gotten tarnished in some circles — for consumers, investors (and their LPs) and entrepreneurs.

The whole debate over which would be the dominant term, cleantech vs. greentech, was being pondered a couple years ago, I think largely because the space is relatively new — sometimes it takes awhile for terms to really stick (Web 2.0, cloud computing, big data). (Also because John Doerr cried during his Ted talk when he brought the term greentech to the world stage).

Cleantech is also just vague enough, that it can be unproductive for certain purposes. At a general cleantech conference, does a solar exec really need to talk to a biofuel exec and vice versa? Web conferences and mobile conferences don’t have this problem, it’s unique to the cleantech sector. As my colleague Adam Lesser put it to me: cleantech is an idea that we should leverage technology for the environment — it’s not an industry.

So in the future, will descriptions of “cleantech” companies stick to the specific verticals — like solar, or biofuels — and not fall under a cleantech over arching brand? Will another generic term take the place of cleantech, like energy tech? Or will cleantech rise again more powerful than it was?

Well, already more specific brands are being created to meet the needs of investors and entrepreneurs. Spring Ventures investor Sunil Paul has coined the phrase cleanweb to describe cleantech companies that are leveraging information technology. Note, he’s not using the term “cleantech IT.”

But, then again, perhaps cleantech has been around long enough that it’s not necessarily fading away, it’s just laying low until the market turns up a bit. Paul himself, whom I chatted with after his cleanweb-focused onstage interview this week, thinks cleantech as a moniker is here to stay, it’s just in a down cycle. He was one of the first investors in cleantech and backed Nanosolar and Solazyme early on.

It’s clear that the industry is in flux, whether that’s a transition, growing up, or cycling down. And it’s not just for cleantech, it’s everything related to climate change, sustainability and clean power. At Bloomberg’s New Energy Finance conference last week CEO Michael Liebreich laid out a 7 point plan, emphasizing the need for the clean power industry to tackle new ways or marketing, messaging and PR. At the Wall Street Journal conference marketing execs of large consumer brands seemed to agree that calling a product “green” could be a liability these days.

Energy tinkerer Saul Griffith perhaps had the most marketable (if hard to implement) advice at the Cleantech Group event, saying “you’re in defensive mode right now;” instead “all of you need to make the future of energy sound awesome.”


Sharrod Neasman

Sharrod Neasman (born October 14, 1991) is an American football free safety for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida Atlantic and was signed by the Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2016.

Professional career

Atlanta Falcons
On May 5, 2016, Neasman signed with the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent. He was released by the Falcons on September 3, 2016 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on October 18, 2016.

In the 2016 season, Neasman and the Falcons reached Super Bowl LI, where they faced the New England Patriots on February 5, 2017. In the Super Bowl, the Falcons fell in a 34–28 overtime defeat.

In 2017, Neasman played in 11 games, recording two tackles. He was not tendered a contract following the 2017 season.

New Orleans Saints
On May 31, 2018, Neasman signed with the New Orleans Saints. He was waived on September 1, 2018.

Atlanta Falcons (second stint)
On September 25, 2018, Neasman was signed by the Falcons. He played in 12 games, recording 44 tackles and four passes defensed.

References

External links
Atlanta Falcons bio
Florida Atlantic Owls bio

Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:African-American players of American football
Category:Players of American football from Florida
Category:Sportspeople from Sarasota, Florida
Category:American football safeties
Category:Florida Atlantic Owls football players
Category:Atlanta Falcons players
Category:New Orleans Saints players


Introduction
============

Most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) present with an initial inflammatory phase manifested by relapses and gadolinium-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by a gradually progressive degenerative phase. A minority of patients have the progressive form of the disease from the onset. Even though the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are largely unknown, several clinical trials have confirmed a favorable response to treatment with immunomodulating and immunosuppressive agents. Several disease-modifying agents are currently available for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). These include interferon-β1a (Rebif^®^ and Avonex^®^), interferon-β1b (Betaseron^®^), and glatiramer acetate (Copaxone^®^). Mitoxantrone (Novantrone^®^), an immunosuppressant, is used for the treatment of worsening MS. Natalizumab (Tysabri^®^), a selective adhesion molecule inhibitor, was approved for a short period of time prior to being withdrawn because three patients, two of whom were in MS trials and one of whom was in a Crohn's disease study, developed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) ([@b52]). At the time of writing this review, natalizumab is being re-evaluated for approval. However, if approved, it will likely initially be utilized in a select group of patients.

All these agents have a marked effect on the inflammatory component of the disease and have been shown to alter the natural history of MS. Unfortunately, effects on the degenerative aspect of the disease have not been consistently demonstrated. Glatiramer acetate (GA) is different from the interferons in having a unique mechanism of action and there is emerging evidence that it may also have an effect on the neuro-degenerative aspect of MS. This article reviews the available data supporting the use of glatiramer acetate in relapsing remitting MS.

Immunology of MS
================

Current hypotheses support the idea that MS is an immunologically mediated disease. Although the etiology is unknown, it is likely that exposure to a variety of antigens, including viruses and toxins, results in activation of T cells. These T cells (T helper 1) recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and subsequently release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), inferferon-γ, and IL-12, and then subsequently invade the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, T cells are further activated by antigens found on antigen-presenting cells, which leads to further secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A variety of proposed mechanisms may then lead to demyelination and axonal transaction ([@b31]) ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}).

######

Possible mediators of neuronal demyelination and degeneration in MS

  -------------------------------------------
  T-cell mediated
  Antibodies
  Cytokines
  Complement
  Nitric oxide
  Others (viruses, bacteria, free radicals)
  -------------------------------------------

History of GA and mechanism of action
=====================================

An important step in understanding the immune mechanisms in MS was the development of an animal model of demyelination. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T cell-mediated disease, can be induced in susceptible animals by inoculating them with CNS tissue such as myelin basic protein (MBP) ([@b6]). Copolymers (copolymer 1 up to copolymer 11) were synthesized with amino acid composition similar to MBP. None of them were able to induce EAE but several were able to prevent or minimize EAE in animals inoculated with MBP. Copolymer 1 (L-glutamate, L-tyrosine, L-alanine, and L-lysine) appeared to be the most potent and showed a consistent effect in several animal models, including primates ([@b41]). It was also shown to be safe.

Effect of GA on T cells
-----------------------

GA is a synthetic molecule composed of four amino acids (L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, and L-tyrosine). These are the same amino acids represented in MBP. GA was originally designed as a synthetic model of MBP for the purpose of inducing EAE, an experimental animal model of MS. However, in vitro studies proceeded to show the opposite effect, as GA appeared to prevent the induction of EAE.

Evidence suggests that the structural similarity between GA and MBP may be partly responsible by way of competitive mechanisms and/or cross-reactivity for the therapeutic benefit of GA. EAE studies suggest that GA may compete with MBP for antigenic binding to the MHC II complex on antigen-presenting cells in the CNS. This mechanism alone is unlikely to function in vivo because GA is rapidly degraded after subcutaneous administration before it can enter the CNS ([@b29]). However, this competition may function in vivo if it occurs in the periphery or at subcutaneous SC injection site where GA may confront MBP-specific T cells before GA is degraded. The resulting GA/MHC complex may then bind preferentially to MBP-specific T cells over MBP/MHC complexes and induce alterations to the T cells. One such alteration may be a phenotypic shift in the T cells from Th1 to Th2 cells, thus increasing anti-inflammatory mechanisms ([@b17]; [@b13]; [@b34]). After activation in the periphery by daily immunization, GA has been demonstrated to selectively promote trans endothelial migration of Th2 cells across the blood--brain barrier (BBB) ([@b37]). It is postulated that when the GA-specific Th2 cells are reactivated in the CNS by the presentation of degraded myelin components, they are stimulated to release anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 ([@b34]). The release of anti-inflammatory cytokines then nonspecifically decreases the pathological inflammation in MS ([@b32]; [@b11]; [@b16]; [@b51]) ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).

![A simplified diagrammatic representation of the immunopharmacology of GA in MS therapeutics. The Pre-Rx portion of the panel emphasizes the baseline state in MS with CD4+ Th1 myelin antigen-reactive cells being activated by systemic antigen processing cells, including macrophages, that present foreign antigens that are myelin-like ('myelin' Ag) in the context of surface MHC to TCR; invoking the concept of molecular mimicry. Stimulated CD4+ Th1 'myelin' Ag-reactive cells secrete a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and LT). With GA therapy, GA may displace some 'myelin' Ag. More importantly, on presentation and stimulation of GA and 'myelin' Ag-reactive CD4+ Th1 cells, GA silences cross-reacting CD4+ Th1 'myelin' Ag-reactive cells through anergy, apoptosis, or antigen-specific mechanisms. Concomitantly, GA stimulates and expands a population of GA-reactive CD4+ Th1 cells (dark grey curved arrows). With continued therapy the net result is a reduced proportion of CD4+ Th1 and an increased proportion of GA and 'myelin' cross-reactive CD4+ Th2 cells. When these GA and 'myelin' cross-reactive CD4+ Th2 cells gain access to the CNS by trafficking across the blood-brain barrier, they are re-stimulated by true myelin Ags processed and presented by microglia, a brain-resident macrophage. On re-stimulation, the GA-reactive CD4+ Th2 cells secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines to inhibit 'myelin' Ag-reactive CD4+ Th1 cells within the CNS and also secret topic factors, such as BDNF that may facilitate neuronal survival (light grey curved arrow). Reproduced from [@b45]. Glatiramer acetate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. *Expert Opin Pharmacother*, 5:875--91. Copyright © 2004 with permission from Ashley Publications.\
**Abbreviations:** Ag, antibody; BDNF, brain-derived neutrophic factor; GA, glatiramer acetate; IFN, interferon; LT, leukotriene; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MS, multiple sclerosis; Rx, treatment; TCR, T cell receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.](nano0103-283-01){#fig1}

GA and neuroprotection
----------------------

The burden of disease in MS appears to be propagated by more than just inflammation and secondary demyelination from acute relapses. An important mechanism in MS appears to be a parallel ongoing process of neuro-degeneration. Data pointing towards neurodegeneration as a significant component of the immunopathology of the initial phases of MS are increasing ([@b43]). The mechanism of this neuronal degeneration is unknown and represents an important area of interest and a potential target for future therapeutics ([@b35]).

Much of the interest in potential mechanisms of neuroprotection surround the role of neurotrophic factors, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF is up-regulated in response to neuronal damage and may have a protective role against neuro-degeneration. BDNF is hypothesized to influence the neuronal response to trauma or degeneration via inhibition of cell death and axonal degeneration, and via support of oligodendrocytes and remyelination. Studies have shown BDNF's ability to rescue degenerating neurons by inducing axonal outgrowth, remyelination, and regeneration ([@b23]; [@b50]).

In situ data have demonstrated increased BDNF expression from immune cells isolated from MS lesions ([@b26]) and studies on interferon-β-treated MS patients show higher BDNF production compared with healthy volunteers ([@b36]). Given these observations, BDNF may be a potent neurotrophic factor with the ability to greatly impact neuronal repair and regrowth ([@b42]; [@b5]).

It is possible that GA may also mediate a neuroprotective role via increased production of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF. Evidence has shown that locally activated GA-reactive Th2 cells produce BDNF ([@b53]). In GA-treated EAE-induced mice, brain regions demonstrating high populations of GA-specific T cells also had high levels of BDNF and Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokines ([@b2]). Another study found a reduced level of BDNF in the serum and CSF of RRMS patients which was reversed after therapy with GA ([@b3]).

GA antibodies
-------------

Neutralizing antibodies to interferons is associated with worsening clinical efficacy and MRI parameters. Although patients treated with GA develop binding antibodies, there is no evidence that the antibodies influence the therapeutic effect of the drug ([@b18]).

Clinical trials
===============

Copolymer 1 was initially studied in a small group of patients with advanced MS and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE). Even though there was no clear benefit noted it was found to be safe and well tolerated ([@b1]). Another preliminary trial (Phase 1, open-label) suggested a beneficial effect and no significant toxicity ([@b9]).

The first randomized study of copolymer 1 involved 48 patients in 24 pairs matched for age, sex, and disability. Two additional unmatched patients were also enrolled, raising the total number of patients to 50. Patients on copolymer had fewer relapses and more patients remained relapse-free ([@b7]). Copolymer was then tested in a more disabled chronic progressive population consisting of both secondary progressive and primary progressive patients. After a pretrial observation period, 106 out of 169 patients were noted to have progression and were entered in the trial. Although the results were not statistically significant there was a trend favoring the patients who received copolymer ([@b8]).

In 1991, a Phase 3, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study began with 251 patients. The primary endpoint was the mean number of relapses in subjects receiving GA compared with placebo. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) range was 0--5.0. The mean annualized relapse rate was 0.59 for patients receiving GA and 0.84 for patients receiving placebo (29% reduction) ([@b25]). On the basis of this trial, GA was approved for treatment of RRMS. After 10 years of open label extension, patients originally randomized to GA continue to do better than patients who were originally on placebo. Patients continuing GA for 10 years had an average disease duration of 18 years, yet nearly all remained ambulatory. Only 108 of the original 251 patients remained in the study and the annualized relapse rate in both (GA-GA, placebo-GA) declined to 0.2 ([@b21]).

MRI effects of GA therapy
=========================

MRI provides a non-invasive surrogate marker of pathology, and is the only way subclinical disease activity can be detected. MRI has improved diagnostic accuracy, advanced the understanding of immunopathology of MS, and has become an essential tool in clinical drug trials. The first study of the effects of GA on serial MRI involved 10 RRMS patients compared before and after treatment. GA reduced both frequency and area of new lesions ([@b30]). The larger US Pivotal Trial included only a few patients undergoing MRI but did demonstrate a reduction in enhancing lesions, and it also showed that delay in treatment was associated with increased progression on MRI ([@b48]). Since the Phase 3 trial of GA did not include a significant MRI component, a large randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled MRI trial was initiated in Canada and Europe. A total of 239 patients were randomized to GA or placebo for 9 months followed by an open-label phase for an additional 9 months. The European/Canadian MRI study demonstrated a reduction in frequency and volume of new enhancing lesions, with a 29% reduction in the number of enhancing lesions for the treatment arm. This study also observed an intriguing difference in the rapidity of resolution of gadolinium (Gd)-enhancing activity between GA-treated patients and interferon-β-treated patients. Enhancing activity resolved much more slowly in the GA-treated group ([@b14]; [@b47]). This slower resolution may provide further support for current theories on the differential mechanisms of GA and interferon-β. Gd-enhancing MRI activity generally corresponds with BBB disruption ([@b4]). While interferon-β functions by reducing lymphocytic infiltration across the BBB, GA activity is dependent upon the entry of GA-reactive Th2 cells beyond an intact BBB. From within the CNS, GA-reactive Th2 cells then decrease inflammation and repair the BBB. This mechanism of repair from within the CNS is proposed to take a longer time, as reflected by the delayed change in MRI activity ([@b16]).

Several recent MRI studies raise the possibility of neuroprotection as a potential mechanism of GA. Axonal degeneration in MS is represented on MRI by atrophy and the conversion of hyperintense T2 lesions into persistent hypointense T1 lesions. In the natural history of MS, 20%--60% of new lesions will degenerate into persistent hypointense T1 lesions ([@b44]). The European/Canadian study demonstrated that the percentage of new lesions evolving into so called "T1-black holes" was more than 50% lower in the GA-treated group ([@b19]). Thus, in addition to slowing the formation of new MS lesions, GA may also limit permanent damage of new lesions by protecting axons and promoting lesion recovery.

The effects of GA on generalized brain atrophy in RRMS have also come under recent attention. The pilot study (27 patients from the pivotal Phase III trial) to assess MRI-measured atrophy demonstrated a significantly lower mean reduction in brain volume in patients on GA. The placebo group had a three-fold greater decline in brain volume compared with the GA group ([@b22]). This study was limited because of relatively small number of patients and lack of baseline data. In a larger study population (European/Canadian trial), the findings were mixed depending on the MRI brain volume measurement techniques. When the European/Canadian MRI data were analyzed by a semiautomated segmentation technique, no significant difference in atrophy was found ([@b39]). However, when the same MRI data were re-analyzed using a fully automated, normalized technique, the analysis demonstrated a slight but not significantly lowered brain volume change in the GA group. However, during the open-label phase, there was a significant reduction in atrophy for the group initially treated with GA ([@b40]). These data may suggest a delayed but significant effect of GA on brain atrophy. Further research may better answer this question.

Meta-analysis, comparative, combination, and other trials
=========================================================

When data from three clinical trials (Bornstein pilot trial, US pivotal trial, and European Canadian study) were compiled for meta-analysis, an annualized relapse rate reduction of 28% was noted for GA compared with placebo ([@b10]).

Several comparative open label trials have supported the use of GA as a first-line agent ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}). These trials should be interpreted with caution since biases are unavoidable. Controlled trials comparing the efficacy of GA and inteferon-β are underway. Data for use as combination treatment are lacking, but a large NIH-funded trial looking at the efficacy of a combination of GA and interferon-β1a is currently underway.

######

Comparative open-label trials on the use of GA as a first-line agent

  Author                            Nr patients   Comparative treatment groups     Duration    Results
  --------------------------------- ------------- -------------------------------- ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  [@b27]                            156           IFN β1a 30 μg/week IM (n = 40)   18 months   Relapse rate reduction was significant in the GA and IFN β1b groups
  IFN β1b 250 μg/qod SC (n=41)
  GA 20 mg/day SC (n=42)
  No treatment (n=33)
  [@b12]                            134           IFN β1a 30 μg/week IM (n=26)     16 months   Significant decline in relapse rates in all patients with the largest reduction in the GA group
  IFN β1a 44 μg 3x/week (n=20)
  IFN β1b 250 μg/qod SC (n=20)
  GA (n=30) daily SC
  No treatment (n=38)
  [@b20]                            58            GA daily SC                      2 years     All patients showed similar reduction in relapse rates compared to 2 years prior to immunomodulating therapy
  GA qod SC
  Untreated
  [@b24]                            283           IFN β1a 30 μg/week IM (n=79)     2 years     Significant reductions from pre-study to on-study relapse rates for all of the IFN preparations with superior reduction in GA relapse rate compared with interferons at month 24
  IFN β1a 22 μg 3x/week SC (n=48)
  IFN β1b 250 μg/qod SC (n=77)
  GA daily SC (n=79)

**Abbreviations:** GA, glatiramer acetate; IFN, interferon; IM, intra-muscular; SC, subcutaneous.

When all the randomized and controlled GA trials were analyzed in a Cochrane database review, GA did not show a significant effect on disease progression as measured by a worsening on EDSS score. The authors could not support GA as first-line treatment in MS ([@b33]). This study's reliability could have been limited for several reasons including the variability of disease course (a mixture of RRMS, secondary progressive MS, and primary progressive MS) and the reliability of EDSS as a primary outcome measure.

GA was also studied in primary progressive MS and a large controlled trial failed to provide any evidence for benefit in this population ([@b46]; [@b49]). Similarly, an oral form of GA studied in a controlled population did not show any significant evidence of efficacy.

Safety
======

The most common adverse reaction is a local injection-site reaction of erythema and induration. In one trial, 90% experienced at least one such reaction compared with 69% of placebo patients. GA is less frequently associated with a transient post-injection systemic reaction of flushing, chest tightness, dyspnea, chest palpitations, and anxiety. This self-limited systemic reaction was experienced in 15%. The reactions typically resolve within 15--30 minutes without sequelae. No significant laboratory abnormalities were found. According to the manufacturer, rare cases of non-fatal anaphylaxis have also been reported. Sixty-six non-fatal anaphylactic reactions in about 80 000 treated patients have been reported worldwide ([@b38]). GA is a pregnancy category B drug. Although its use is not recommended in pregnancy, there is no evidence to suggest increased risk of adverse fetal or pregnancy outcome ([@b15]).

Conclusion
==========

Since the initial pilot trial of GA published in 1987, numerous clinical trials have consistently established its safety and efficacy as a first-line treatment of RRMS. Its role in reducing clinical activity of disease has also been supported by parallel MRI data. Laboratory and clinical studies have also helped to define its potential mechanisms of action, including a potentially unique mechanism of neuroprotection. Results of ongoing clinical trials may define its role in combination therapy as well as its efficacy in comparison with other established therapies. Future studies may also help to define other potential clinical applications of GA in the treatment of MS and other autoimmune disorders.

Disclosures
===========

SAR is currently doing clinical trials (funded by research grants)with Teva (makers of glatiramer acetate), Genentech, Biogen, and Berlex. He has been a consultant to and has received honoraria from Teva, Berlex, Genentech, Biogen, and Serono. EK and JM have no conflicts of interest to disclose.


Enforcement of European Community legislation at the national level.
The Dutch system for screening food contact materials, in which global migration no longer has any function, has been applied. An extensive investigation of baby soothers and bottle teats is described and the daily practice of the enforcement of the Dutch Packaging and Food Utensils Regulation is illustrated by an investigation of food contact materials sampled from the Dutch market.


#begin document (wb/sel/12/sel_1223); part 000
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    0    [WORD]    DT   (TOP(S(NP*              -    -   -   -   *    (ARG0*     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    1    [WORD]   RBR       (ADJP*              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    2    [WORD]   VBN            *)             -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    3    [WORD]   NNS            *)             -    -   -   -   *         *)    -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    4    [WORD]    RB       (ADVP*)             -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    5    [WORD]    MD         (VP*              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    6    [WORD]    RB            *              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    7    [WORD]    VB         (VP*              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    8    [WORD]    TO       (S(VP*              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0    9    [WORD]    VB         (VP*              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0   10    [WORD]    CC            *              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0   11    [WORD]    VB            *             own  01   1   -   *       (V*)    -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0   12    [WORD]    NN      (NP(NP*)             -    -   -   -   *    (ARG1*     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0   13    [WORD]    IN         (PP*              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0   14    [WORD]   NNP         (NP*              -    -   -   -   *         *     -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0   15    [WORD]   NNP            *))))))))      -    -   -   -   *         *)    -
wb/sel/12/sel_1223   0   16    [WORD]     .            *))            -    -   -   -   *         *     -

#end document


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					<Label class="80Levels" text="80"/>
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				<Label class="BattleLevelsLabel" text="Battle Levels"/>
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A quick Google search doesn't turn up anything relevant pertaining to J. Cole and Kentucky basketball, but his background provides some clues. He grew up in North Carolina and graduated from St. John's, so chances are he's grown up around college hoops.

Kentucky fans probably won't appreciate the unflattering reference, but it's probably safe to say that Calipari won't be unnerved. Not only has he heard far worse insults before, he also might be able to spin it into a recruiting tool.

Not too many Roy Williams or Mike Krzyzewski references in hip-hop today, are there?


Making the City Of Joy gave me the best political education of my life. It became a wrestling match between an Englishman who had gradually ceased to be a Marxist, and a culture that was becoming more Marxist by the day.


Q:

Trying to access an index from a list and convert it into a string in python

I have a program that I'm writing for a computer class, and I'm having a little bit of trouble accessing the index value of something. I'm fairly new to python (I have only been using it for a week) and I need this program to work successfully.
I've already tried other posts and have used content from other posts, but I'm still struggling with trying to make my program work. I hope this is enough to work with.
I want to print the corresponding index to each item in the "tasks" list at the bottom "wModt" spot. I've tried asking one of the instructors but I was still confused. I want the tasks to be chosen in the index order 0, 1, 2, etc. and then repeat. Please help!
Here is some of my code.
workers = ['Jim','Bob','Matt','Brian','Evan','Alan','Gary','Henry','Noah']

tasks = ['Drilling','Digging','Filling','Pouring']

...

while len(workers) > 0:
    wModt = num_workers % num_tasks

    working = random.choice(workers)
    workers.remove(working)
    num_workers -= 1

    for idx, val in enumerate(tasks):
        pass

    print working + "'s job is", wModt

A:

the best way to do something like this is to zip your lists together ... you can make something repeat by using itertools cycle
from itertools import cycle
for worker,job in zip(workers,cycle(tasks)):
    #do something with them

you could likewise make a dictionary mapping workers to jobs
datamap = dict(zip(workers,cycle(tasks))
print datamap["Jim"]

that said you can easily get the index of something by asking
jims_index = workers.index("Jim")


#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use File::Copy qw(copy);

my $MINGW_ROOT = '/usr/i686-pc-mingw32/sys-root/mingw';
my $MINGW_BIN = $MINGW_ROOT . '/bin';
my $MINGW_LIB = $MINGW_ROOT . '/lib';

my $release = $ARGV[0] eq '-release' ? 1 : 0;
my $deploy = $ARGV[1] eq '-deploy' ? 1 : 0;

sub copy_dll {
  my ($path, $dir, $targets) = @_;
  foreach my $target (@$targets) {
    $target .= '.dll';
    my $src = $path . '/'. $target;
    my $dest = $dir . '/' . $target;
    unless (-e $src) {
      warn 'source: ', $src, ' doesn\'t exists.', "\n";
      next;
    }
    my $ret = $deploy ? copy($src, $dest)
                      : symlink($src, $dest);
    print 'deploying ', $target, '...', "\n";
    warn 'failed deploying ', $target, "\n" unless $ret;
  }
}

system('rm -f */*.dll');

my @targets_in_bin = (
  'libgcc_s_sjlj-1',
  'libpng14-14',
  'libportaudio-2',
  'libstdc++-6',
  'zlib1'
);
if ($release) {
  @targets_in_bin = (
    @targets_in_bin,
    'QtCore4',
    'QtGui4',
    'QtOpenGL4',
  );
}
else {
  @targets_in_bin = (
    @targets_in_bin,
    'QtCored4',
    'QtGuid4',
    'QtOpenGLd4',
  );
}

my @targets_in_lib = (
  'glew32',
  'libHTSEngine',
  'libOpenJTalk',
  'libjulius',
);

my @targets_bullet = (
  'libBulletCollision',
  'libBulletDynamics',
  'libBulletSoftBody',
  'libLinearMath',
);

my $vpvl_version = '0.3.0';
my @targets_vpvl = (
  sprintf('%s.%s', ($release ? 'vpvl' : 'vpvl_debug'), $vpvl_version),
);

my $dir = $release ? 'release' : 'debug';
my $bullet_lib = '../bullet/' . $dir . '-mingw/lib';
my $vpvl_lib = '../libvpvl/' . $dir . '-mingw/lib';

copy_dll($MINGW_BIN, $dir, \@targets_in_bin);
copy_dll($MINGW_LIB, $dir, \@targets_in_lib);
copy_dll($bullet_lib, $dir, \@targets_bullet);
copy_dll($vpvl_lib, $dir, \@targets_vpvl);

if ($deploy) {
  my $cmd = <<"EOS";
mkdir MMDAI;
cp $dir/*.exe $dir/*.dll MMDAI;
cp -r $MINGW_ROOT/lib/qt4/plugins MMDAI;
cd MMDAI/plugins;
rm -rf bearer graphicssystems iconengines script sqldrivers;
find -name '*d4.dll*' -exec rm -f {} \\;
cd ../..;
zip -1 -r MMDAI.zip MMDAI;
rm -rf MMDAI;
EOS
  system($cmd);
}


Q:

How to know which tab is selected in Qt?

I have multiple tabs in an application using Qt and I add them all to a QVBoxLayout object. How to know which one is selected?

A:

QTabWidget::currentIndex() will return the index of the active tab.


A randomised comparison of the self-pressurised air-QTM intubating laryngeal airway with the LMA Unique™ in children.
We conducted a randomised trial comparing the self-pressurised air-Q™ intubating laryngeal airway (air-Q SP) with the LMA-Unique in 60 children undergoing surgery. Outcomes measured were airway leak pressure, ease and time for insertion, fibreoptic examination, incidence of gastric insufflation and complications. Median (IQR [range]) time to successful device placement was faster with the air-Q SP (12 (10-15 [5-18])) s than with the LMA-Unique (14 (12-17 [6-22]) s; p=0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the air-Q SP and LMA-Unique in initial airway leak pressures (16 (14-18 [10-29]) compared with 18 (15-20 [10-30]) cmH2 O, p=0.12), an airway leak pressures at 10 min (19 (16-22 [12-30]) compared with 20 (16-22 [10-30]) cmH2 O, p=0.81); fibreoptic position, incidence of gastric insufflation, or complications. Both devices provided effective ventilation without the need for airway manipulation. The air-Q SP is an alternative to the LMA-Unique should the clinician prefer a device not requiring cuff monitoring during anaesthesia.


/**
 * (C) Copyright 2008 Jeremy Maitin-Shepard
 *
 * Use, modification, and distribution are subject to the terms specified in the
 * COPYING file.
**/

define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "up", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "down", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "left", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "right", null, $fallthrough);

define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "S-up", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "S-down", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "S-left", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "S-right", null, $fallthrough);

define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "C-up", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "C-down", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "C-left", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "C-right", null, $fallthrough);

define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "home", null, $fallthrough);
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "end", null, $fallthrough);

define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "return", null, $fallthrough);

define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, match_any_unmodified_character, null, $fallthrough);
//define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, match_any_key, null, $fallthrough);

define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "escape", "unfocus"); // leave text input mode
define_key(content_buffer_select_keymap, "M-escape", "unfocus");


In the 7th Nekor 9/9 film, Brian "CreatureBoy" Steele shares with us the root of all that he does. Before he trains countless hours, before he signs any contract, before he spends 6 hours getting in a creature-suit, he pays all respect to the craft he loves so much. Owning every performance no matter what it is.

And in case you haven't heard of Brian Steele, here are a few roles you might know of that wouldn't have been possible without Brian inside the suit....


Q:

Expression must be integral or unscoped enum type in C++?

Here is my code:
CString fontroute = me32.szExePath + L"Exo-Regular.ttf";

and for some reason Visual Studio 2017 highlights the L and says "Expression must be integral or unscoped enum type".

A:

me32.szExePath is of type char*. You cannot add (+) a wchar_t-Array (L"foobar") to it.
Construct a temporary CString from me32.szExePath:
CString fontroute = CString{ me32.szExePath } + L"Exo-Regular.ttf";

and it should work.


– The Moment (as Rose Tyler) & the Doctor, Doctor Who
Special episode, “The Day of the Doctor”

This is one of those times where I can hardly add anything to this, not really.

This is from one of my most favorite episodes of Doctor Who. It was very well done, especially as it was to celebrate the show’s fiftieth anniversary, and in so doing it grasped the heart of the Doctor’s adventures and his character. He is a man who spends his entire long life bringing hope to those who need it, but he is also a man who has needed the same hope he gives.

Hope, it must be said, is more than a wish. It’s more than merely wanting something. It’s a driving force, one that convinces you to survive another day and, even more, persuades you to be your best self. Many are the terrible deeds that are done simply because people have lost hope. Some people rage at that. Others drown in sorrow. Still others march on, grimly, doing what they do only because they know no other way.

That Doctor, in this moment, falls into the latter category.

At his lowest moment, when he is filled with despair and on the brink of doing the worst thing he will ever do, and resigning himself to the incomprehensible weight of it, he is a man without hope. Then the most unexpected thing happens: hope finds him. His better selves find him. Trapped in darkness, his light finds him. And though it seems, for a moment, that even this faint hope will be in vain… it isn’t. All at once, he finds a better way. He is shown a better way. And he takes that path gladly.

Sometimes, in life, we are able to find hope, or kindle it, or carry it, and sometimes even share it. But when it all fails and we have no hope left, sometimes it will find us instead. As strange as it may sound, sometimes we have to have hope in having hope.


Biochemical markers of anaphylactoid reactions to drugs. Comparison of plasma histamine and tryptase.
Adverse reactions to drugs require that their mechanisms be elucidated, particularly when anaphylaxis is suspected. Early diagnosis can be achieved by plasma histamine measurements. Unfortunately, the short plasma half-life of histamine and the difficulties in handling the sample usually preclude this measurement, although a sensitive radioimmunologic kit is routinely available. It has been recently suggested that mast cell tryptase, a component of the mast cell granules, could provide an alternative to histamine determination. We have measured plasma histamine and tryptase in 19 patients who developed possible anaphylactoid reactions to anesthetic or other drugs. Eight patients had increased values for both histamine and tryptase. In 4 a muscle relaxant drug was proved responsible for the reaction. Six patients had normal levels for both substances. In each case, the clinical signs of anaphylaxis were moderate. Two patients had normal histamine and high tryptase concentrations, due to late sampling (greater than 5 h). In 2 other patients, histamine was high, with normal tryptase: in 1, muscle relaxant allergy was further demonstrated. Tryptase half-life was equal to 90 min in 3 patients. At least 15 min was necessary to reach the peak level when the responsible drug was administered intravenously. The best time for measuring tryptase was 1-2 h after the reaction (not greater than 6 h), whereas for histamine it was 10 min to 1 h. We conclude that measurement of plasma tryptase along with measurement of plasma histamine may aid in diagnosis of anaphylaxis.


It's been a while posted on the forum since winter is always a pain for me overhere.

FYI, I started the macMini each and everyday since december 1st and didnt have any problem since then with it. I had some miner glitch with ICE3 but nothing that would stop me using it in my car....

Now my setup is done and I would like to push it further....so I would like to address this thread to the Author of ICE3.

I think that turning the source code into a OPEN SOURCE would be a great idea for the MacCar community and it could let people improve the great capabilities of the softare. There's still alot to do, but the big part is already done!!

I would be interested into correcting all the minor and major bugs/glitch at FIRST. Then I would put some time to develop some news features and integrations....

I took some time to learn some COCOA BASICS and I have some experience in C/C++.

So, please give us the chance to improve this beauty and make the CarPc world jealous!!!

Thanks in advance!

Sébastien Gagné aka VmtSquad

04-12-2010, 02:13 PM

sdashiki

The author hasnt been around in months or longer, doesnt touch his website.

Its bull**** like this that keeps us Mac users down.

04-12-2010, 02:58 PM

VmtSquad

^^I keep expecting that he show up...if not atleast I tried. He once told me that he would release the code when tired to play with it... maybe he's more then tired and stop coding or maybe he's planing to sell it in the future...who knows ??

I just hope that he show up and give us an update....I would love to have the source code SO BADDLY!!!

;) anyway I guess I'll be stuck with this frontend until I find some time to start a new one....

04-12-2010, 04:58 PM

maraven2001

source code

hello,

i have a mac mini i will be installing in my car, and have looked all over for a decent app to use, thanks to this site i have already downloaded and am trying to work through amp_tv, but also would like to be able to modify ice3, as the original poster of this thread said, i would also love to get to tweak this app as i find it's very good, anyone here have the source code or know where to get it ???

i would very much appreciate some info regarding the owner of the source code, if he can be contacted, where etc ???

regards

Maraven2001

04-12-2010, 06:29 PM

VmtSquad

^^First Welcome to the forum!!

My thread was asking the same thing you do... and I'm still waiting...

lol why? you know him? Even if I get his email, will he reply back?? PM me if you really have his email...

04-27-2010, 10:37 PM

sonneboz

I worked with him on the themes and visualizations for a while, but I don't personally know him, just emailing back and forth. I'm not sure if he'll answer but it's worth a shot. PM me and I'll see what I can do

05-11-2010, 10:51 AM

ndutyme

Progress update guys?

Please let the rest of us know the progress of your attempts to contact the developer.
We are on the edge of our seat :) !!!

05-11-2010, 10:15 PM

sonneboz

I sent him an email earlier today, I'll let you know if I get a response.


By: Jeremy Anderson Posted at: 02/28/2018 10:36 AMCOLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. -- The Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference announced its 2017-18 men's and women's All-RMAC basketball teams on Tuesday, chosen by the league coaches, and one player from each of the Chadron State College squads was featured.

Kalli Feddersen (Rawlins, Wyoming), the Eagles' star guard for the past two years, was named to the All-RMAC 2nd Team. Feddersen scored in the double-digits in all but four games and set a new Chadron State single-season record for free throws made with 195, best in the RMAC and 71 more than the runner-up.

She also ranked third in scoring, fourth in assists, eighth in rebounding, and 10th in assist-to-turnover ratio among all RMAC players in her senior season.

On the men's side, junior Jaisean Jackson was awarded honorable mention, which requires all-conference votes from at least two coaches, not including a player's own coach. Jackson led CSC in scoring at 12.5 points per game, assists with 84 and a 1.0 assist-to-turnover ratio, whichranked 15th in the conference.

Jackson led CSC in scoring 11 times and reached the 20-point mark four times. Three were in the Eagles' five-game season-closing homestand, when he averaged 18.6 points per game.

The women's Player of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year both went to CSU Pueblo, with Molly Rohrer and Katie Cunningham taking the honors, respectively. Fort Lewis's Vivian Gray was the Freshman of the Year, and MSU Denver's Tanya Haave was Coach of the Year.

Dayon Goodman of Westminster was the men's RMAC Player of the Year, while Regis' Dexter Sienko was named Defensive Player of the Year, Freshman of the Year went to Colorado School of Mines' Michael Glen. Lastly, Westminster's head coach, Norm Parrish was named Coach of the Year.


Final Four
QUESTION: How many Final Four team do you have remaining on your bracket?

Featured Links

Mayor Steve Williams, from left, joins officers Christina Trembley and John Colyer with Police Chief Skip Holbrook after the swearing in of the new Huntington Police officers on Thursday, Aug. 22, 2013, at City Hall in downtown Huntington.

Police Chief Skip Holbrook speaks as officers John Colyer and Christina Trembley are sworn in as the newest members of the Huntington Police Department on Thursday, Aug. 22, 2013, at City Hall in downtown Huntington.

HPD at full force with new officers

Aug. 22, 2013 @ 11:00 PM

LACIE PIERSON

HUNTINGTON -- With the addition of two new probationary police officers Thursday, the Huntington Police Department was at full force for the first time in 11 years, Mayor Steve Williams said.

The new officers, John Colyer of Genoa, W.Va., and Christina Trembley of Huntington, were sworn in during a ceremony at Huntington City Hall.

With the swearing-in of the new officers, the police force is 106 officers strong, said Williams.

Colyer and Trembley will attend a 16-week basic training session at the West Virginia State Police Academy in Institute before they return to Huntington for their assignments, said Huntington Police Chief Skip Holbrook.

"We are here to support you in every way possible," said Holbrook. "We look forward to the exciting careers you both have ahead of you."

Colyer said he has been taking classes at a local community college in preparation for his duties.

"It's exciting," said Colyer. "This is something I've known I always wanted to do, and I'm glad the time has come."

Trembley is a native of California who was stationed in West Virginia during her tenure in the Army.

She previously served as an Army National Guard police officer.

"My family has always been big on giving back to the community whether it's volunteering, politics, the military, education or police service," said Trembley. "You should always be trying to do something to give back, and this is my opportunity to do that."

(u'addcomment',)

Comments

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This blog started off by focussing on NZ's smaller 3rd level airlines, past and present. It has evolved to trying to present some record of NZ's domestic airline operations and some of the larger charter operators, interesting NZ international airliner movements and photos I have taken around the country. Comments, corrections or contributions are welcome, Steve - westland831@gmail.com

25 June 2015

Kiwi Regional Lining Up for Take Off

New air service Kiwi Regional Airlines has announced the routes it will fly with its first aircraft and a start date. It will run its first passenger service on September 27, and each day will start with a return Dunedin-Queenstown flight, says its chief executive, Ewan Wilson. The aircraft, a SAAB 340A 32-seat twin-engine turboprop model, will then fly mid-morning to Nelson direct from Dunedin, a route that has not been flown previously by a scheduled service, but which it says connects the country's premier fishing industry ports, and the two largest South Island cities outside Christchurch. Kiwi Regional Airlines has announced the first four routes it will operate daily, from September 27. From Nelson, Kiwi will fly return to Hamilton in the middle of the day. It says this refreshes a connection flown by thousands of passengers annually on both Origin Pacific and Air New Zealand until 2008. The former, however, used 19-seater planes, Wilson said. "We believe with us operating it in better-fit aircraft, it's a very economical way of capturing the market." The flight then returns from Nelson to Dunedin mid-afternoon, before repeating the Dunedin-Queenstown return flight in the early evening. Wilson said he was "very pleased at the progress Kiwi is making". "Our Civil Aviation Authority certification is well under way, key personnel have been appointed, airports are being negotiated with, aircraft purchase steps are nearing fruition and now we have finalised our first route. "Our route is an exciting one, different from all other airlines, and we expect will be well-supported by the communities it serves." Kiwi intends to add a second aircraft, and additional routes, within the next 12 months, he said. Kiwi produced a draft flight route proposal in February that suggested an Auckland-Hamilton link was on the cards, but Wilson has said Kiwi won't compete with Jetstar and Air NZ. "Air NZ continues to service Auckland [from Hamilton] until early next year, our position may change once they have departed the scene, but we're taking a very conservative approach."


import click

@click.command()
@click.argument(
    'batatinha', envvar='BATATINHA', type=click.INT
)
def xpto(batatinha):
    click.echo(batatinha)

xpto()


Several recent publications have reported phenomena such as superluminescence and amplified spontaneous emission in polymeric organic light emitters such as conjugated polymers. (N. Tessler et al., Nature 382, 695 (1996); F. Hide et al., Science 273, 1833 (1996), both of which are incorporated herein by reference). The materials used in those emitters were spin-coated from a solution of the polymer or its chemical precursors. Optically pumped, stimulated emission from organic laser dyes, introduced into inert, spin-coated polymers or gels has been described in the literature. (R. E. Hermes, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 877 (1993); M. N. Weiss et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3653 (1996); H. Kogelnik et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 152 (1971); M. Canva et al., Appl. Opt., 34, 428 (1995), each of which is incorporated herein by reference).
When compared with other electrolumninescent materials, however, spun-on polymeric materials do not exhibit particularly good thickness uniformity, ability to achieve extremely high materials purity, operating lifetimes, and ease of integration with other conventional semiconductor fabrication processes. In the field of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) for flat panel display applications, for example, small molecule OLEDs currently offer better operating lifetimes by an order of magnitude over their spin-coated, polymeric analogs. (L. J. Rothberg et al., "Status of and Prospects for Organic Electroluminescence", J. Mater. Res. 1996, 11:3174; N. C. Greenham et al., "Semiconductor Physics of Conjugated Polymers", Solid State Physics 1995, 49:1, both of which are incorporated herein by reference).
There is much recent interest in lasing action and stimulated emission in thin films of small molecular weight organic semiconductors and polymers as organic semiconductor lasers ("OSLs"). The low cost of organic materials and ability to grow them as quasi- and non-epitaxial thin films facilitates integration of OSLs with other optoelectronic devices, making them attractive for a number of applications. The particular optical and electronic properties of organic semiconductors result in OSL performance that is significantly more temperature stable than conventional inorganic laser diodes, a potential advantage in optical communications and sensor applications. For example, the lasing action in optically-pumped slab waveguide structures of vacuum-deposited thin films of small molecular weight organic semiconductors has been recently demonstrated. (See V. G. Kozlov et al., Conf on Lasers and Electro-optics CLEO '97, CPD-18, Opt. Soc. Am., Baltimore, Md., May 1997, incorporated herein by reference). The output power, differential quantum efficiency, and emission wavelength of these organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs) were found to be significantly more stable to changes in temperature than conventional inorganic laser diodes. This benefit of organic laser structures combined with the inherent advantages of organic semiconductors such as low cost, quasi- and non-epitaxial growth (S. R. Forrest et al., Phys. Rev. B 49, 11309 (1994), incorporated herein by reference), and ease of integration with other optoelectronic devices, provides strong motivation for further research. Presently, there is an interest in the development of OSL structures that result in desired OSL properties svch as narrow bandwidth emission, the minimal use of active organic materials, and the facilitation of wavelength tuning and electrical pumping.


Chaotic and fractal properties of deterministic diffusion-reaction processes.
We study the consequences of deterministic chaos for diffusion-controlled reaction. As an example, we analyze a diffusive-reactive deterministic multibaker and a parameter-dependent variation of it. We construct the diffusive and the reactive modes of the models as eigenstates of the Frobenius-Perron operator. The associated eigenvalues provide the dispersion relations of diffusion and reaction and, hence, they determine the reaction rate. For the simplest model we show explicitly that the reaction rate behaves as phenomenologically expected for one-dimensional diffusion-controlled reaction. Under parametric variation, we find that both the diffusion coefficient and the reaction rate have fractal-like dependences on the system parameter. (c) 1998 American Institute of Physics.


It is with great delight that I can finally let you know that registration for the biggest, the best, the most exciting pro-liberty conference in the Asia Pacific region is finally open.

That’s right, registration is now open for the 5th ALS Friedman Conference, with a lineup of speakers, events, and contests you just won’t believe.

In addition to some of the best speakers from not just Australia, but over a dozen international speakers, this years conference will include interactive workshops, hands on activism training, filming with YouTube sensations, debates on topical issues like the Trump Phenomenon, student-led sessions highlighting the leaders of tomorrow, and a chance win a staggering $5,000 in our “Shark Tank” contest! Not to mention our line up of panels, speakers, discussions, and the Gala Dinner & Presentation of the Liberty Awards. If you thought last year’s conference was good, believe me, it has nothing compared to the epic we have planned for 2017.

Nick Gillespie, editor of Reason Magazine, and one of the United States’ most widely respected commentators;Professor Mike Munger from Duke University, considered one of the world’s best public choice economists; Austin Peterson, former candidate for US President for Libertarian Party Nomination; Matthew Sinclair, my personal hero, and known as the best issues campaigner alive today, responsible for campaigns such as “Mash The Beer Tax” in the UK which succeeded in forcing the Government to CUT the beer tax for the first time in a half century; Sam Bowman, Executive Director of the Adam Smith Institute in London; Rory Bromfield, Director of The Pro-Brexit “Better Off Out” Campaign; Libertarian activist and author Avens O’Brien, Naomi Brockwell, A producer on the Stossel Show formerly on Fox News, and Policy Director of Blockchain Tech Corp, Jordan Williams from the NZ Taxpayers’ Union and Zoltan Kesz, a member of the Hungarian Parliament!

Our Australian speakers include: Ross Cameron, Former Liberal MP and Sky News Commentator; Mark Latham, the controversial former Australian Leader of the Labor Party; Lorraine Findlay, Law Lecturer at Murdoch University and anti 18C activist, Theresa Moltoni OAM, President of the Queensland Chamber of Commerce, Professor Suri Ratnapala, Emeritus Professor at The University of Queensland, Professor Wolfgang Kasper, Dr Tanvir Ahmed,Sydney based psychiatrist and author of Fragile Nation, and Andrew Bragg Director of Policy & Research of the Menzies Research Centre.

I used to take propranolol from https://propranmed.com/ before my presentations in public. Cz I always nervous. I realized that it's simply my personality-type and a complete biological defense mechanism that's almost completely out of my conscious control. Just knowing Propranolol helps.

We are currently going through a period of profound change not just in Australia, but around the world. Disenchantment with politics as usual is at an all time high as people are desperate for something different. This years Friedman Conference will address the heart of these issues, providing a way forward, and is one you simply can not afford to miss. There will be disagreement, there will be debate, but there will be intellectual stimulation, great people, and a fantastic time for all.

The Conference shall be held in Sydney, at the Aerial UTS Function Centre in Ultimo from 28-30 of April. Different packages to suit your budget are available, and for further information and to secure your spot please visit www.friedman17.org. Last years conference sold out with close to 350 attendees attending, so be sure to get your tickets quick!

The 7th WHO Conference of the Parties (COP7) is coming soon to sunny Delhi, India and on the agenda for the 180 odd countries and international associations will be the spectre of tobacco.

We’ve known about the full devastation of tobacco for decades now. We know that it is one of the most potent carcinogens in the world. We also know that it is also one of the world’s most lucrative drugs… for governments – a veritable coughing and sputtering cash cow.

But at a time when it is costing our public healthcare system millions of dollars and killing many Australians despite our best efforts to tax it and to replace its labelling with edgy pictures of decomposing organ tissue, it is time to consider any practical harm-reduction alternative that has proven its effectiveness.

In a shocking attack on fundamental concepts of media freedom and government accountability, the Australian Delegation at the World Health Organisation’s WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Meeting currently under way in Delhi voted to eject all journalists and observers from the room, so that negotiations could be conducted in secret without any public scrutiny.

This meeting, partially funded by Australian taxes, and costing millions, is expected to call for further regulation of life-saving tobacco harm reduction technologies, in a move many say is designed to protect government cigarette tax revenues.

As discussions were going on, in a move fully supported by the Australian delegation, journalists wanting to report on proceedings were physically removed from the room by security:

I was dragged out of #cop7fctc & my press credential was ripped off my neck for the crime of being a journalist in a #WHO/#UN treaty meeting

So it is particularly disgraceful that the United Nations is refusing to apply this rule to itself.

But that’s not all – the FCTC then started blocking journalists on Twitter. Not content with refusing them access to the negotiations, they are now engaging on a vicious campaign of blocking anyone from following them!

This is a meeting funded by Australian taxes. Our taxpayers have a right to know how our money is being spent and it is a shameful disgrace that our government has acted to suppress transparency, accountability, and freedom of the press.

It has been revealed that thousands of parents are earning more by going on welfare than they do by working. This harmful policy development is both unfair and unsustainable for Australian taxpayers. Extensive reforms are necessary to ensure that there are plenty more incentives to work, rather than to stay on the dole.

Led a Human Rights Commission which denied the human rights of the QUT students: despite spending 14 months on the complaints, they only told the students days before proceedings commenced ensuring no time to get legal advice or achieve a resolution before the case escalated to the Federal Court.

Potentially breached Federal Law in improperly delegating her role to others regarding the QUT complaint, and conducting no inquiry despite this being a requirement of the legislation.

The recent changes to the touring visa system for foreign performers are designed to cut red tape by moving the process online. In theory, this should foster the live music scene in Australia by cutting through the bureaucracy concert organisers face when bringing in acts from overseas. Unfortunately, this won’t be the case since the costs for the new system are being recouped by hiking up visa fees and scrapping the group touring discount previously relied upon by organisers of festivals and other events bringing in multiple performers.

James Penny explains the opportunity cost of a divisive plebiscite, which could instead be used to uphold basic legal rights in court.

For many of us, we think we have our rights at trial. Right to silence, counsel, innocence, trial by jury and those other things we seem to think apply as a result of U.S television shows. Welcome to Australia, home of ‘she’ll be right mate’ and where your rights get taken from you. Make no mistake about it, you are living in a police state. Especially those on the Eastern States. Let us not forget the removal of rights at Commonwealth level too, such as preventative detention orders. The free Australia you thought you were living in, is well and truly gone. The other issue, coinciding with all of this, is spectacularly huge cuts to legal aid. Which is grinding our criminal justice system to a halt.

Imagine there was a way to save hundreds of thousands of lives and save the Australian taxpayer hundreds of million dollars a year in healthcare costs.

Imagine if such a technology existed. And experts all over the world have proven that there was no risk involved – just the potential to save lives.

Wouldn’t this be something? Wouldn’t it be miraculous? We would be singing and dancing in the streets!

The fact is that such a technology does exist – and the Australian government has made it illegal.

Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in Australia. Millions of Australians can’t break the habit and die as a result.

Yet now a new technology – vaping – has arrived which helps smokers to quit. By delivering nicotine through water vapour, they still get their fix – but with none of the carcinogenic tars or chemicals involved in the burning of tobacco. It is a proven safe way to get people to quit and save lives.

This is not a case of the government being wrong or misguided. This is a case of the government standing in the way of saving people’s lives. It is morally reprehensible, and we need to do something about it.

This is why the Australian Taxpayers’ Alliance, in conjunction with MyChoice Australia, have launched a new campaign for the Australian government to legalise vaping.

Please join our campaign at www.thrnow.com and tell your representatives that you support legalising vaping.

Because lives are literally at stake. Click HERE to join the campaign. It will take only a minute – but will make a real difference.

The United Nations Health Agency has recently called on all countries to implement of “at least 20%” on sugar sweetened beverages to curb the epidemic of global obesity. This is a sensible suggestion at first glance, but this exact tax has been tried in many countries and has had no or minimal effect on obesity. This is a public policy suggestion based in intentions and not actual results, leading to many unintended consequences.

The tax is meant to increase the price of sugar sweetened beverages which leads to a decrease in consumption and improved health outcomes of people. But this tax has led to a minimal reduction in energy consumption with the Rural Health Minister, Fiona Nash calling this tax “a lazy solution to a complex problem.”

Firstly, the tax gets partly absorbed by the business’ and partly by the consumer. Secondly, consumers instead of reducing energy consumption, have moved to inferior goods which are more affordable, along with substituting energy in other areas like food. People are inelastic with their energy consumption which means it’s hard to tax people into health, without causing many other problems. This was exemplified with the Danish fat tax which saw 90% of people not change their dietary habits. And also New Zealand where sugar consumption decreased 11% for males while obesity soared 63%.

This tax has the potential of threatening many sugar industry jobs and incur huge economic costs for minor health benefits. For every $1 of health savings from the sugar tax in the UK, taxpayers’ pay about $65. The indirect health outcomes are minuscule compared to the tax paid.

This tax, like any other consumption tax, is regressive, and affects the poorest people the most. This is especially bad since the poorest people are the least elastic group with their food consumption.

This is an irresponsible band aid solution from the UN which will cause more harm than good.


As you might imagine, with a category like folding bikes, selecting a pick that’s truly one-size-fits-all is pretty much impossible. After all, not only are people different sizes physically but they ride for a variety of reasons, too. With folding bikes, we homed in on the commuter segment, the riders who want to get to and from work at least a few days a week, who may have a bus, subway, or car ride within that equation, who want to bring their bike inside during the day to avoid risking theft, and who may want to carry some stuff on their bike rather than on their back. This category also covers recreational riders who want a good-quality kicking-around-town bike that they can stow in an apartment or easily tote in a car.
Moulton - this rugged British bike with a full suspension appears to be designed to compete with full-size bikes and win - the Moulton holds the world speed record for bicycles of conventional riding position at 51 MPH. The Moulton's unconventional cruciform "separable, not folding" frame is made of a lattice of small diameter tubes that make the bike light yet stiff and efficient. Its small high-pressure tires actually perform better than full-size tires in a variety of ways. The newest versions also offer a fully adjustable handlebar that allows the bike to adapt to urban, touring, and racing uses. The more you learn about this bike, the more it seems to be designed not so much to travel compactly (which it is) but actually to be superior in design, performance, and versatility to a standard frame bike. A typical Moulton weighs about 22 pounds and separates to take up about as much space as other small folding bikes, although folding time/size is not touted for this brand. Prices range from under $1500 up to $8000. www.moultonbicycles.co.uk.
In theory, you’re supposed to be able to push the bike when it’s folded, keeping the seat raised so that you can steer with it, but I found doing this to be more cumbersome than it was worth. Like most of these bikes, the Mariner D8 was awkward to carry one-handed in my tests. Folding-bike expert Steven Huang’s pro tip is to keep the folding bike open and turn it around so that you can rest the seat atop your shoulder for easier carrying, especially up and down stairs.
If you expect to be cycling in your office clothes, and want to ensure that you don’t bear a maker of your mode of transport on your attire, then chainguards and mudguards would be a useful addition. Provision for luggage, a frame mounted pump and integrated lights are all ‘nice to have’ accessories which you can feel justified in expecting on higher end models.
This British WWII Airborne BSA folding bicycle was rigged so that, when parachuted, the handlebars and seat were the first parts to hit the ground (as bent wheels would disable the bike). BSA abandoned the traditional diamond bicycle design as too weak for the shock and instead made an elliptical frame of twin parallel tubes, one forming the top tube and seat stays, and the other the chainstay and down tube.[5] The hinges were in front of the bottom bracket and in the corresponding position in front of the saddle, fastened by wing nuts. The peg pedals could be pushed in to avoid snagging and further reduce the space occupied during transit.
Even so, our picks have some limitations. For starters, most folding bikes simply can’t accommodate riders who are very short (typically under 4-foot-8) or very tall (typically over 6-foot-3), and most can’t carry riders who weigh more than about 220 pounds (or, at least, their manufacturers don’t recommend that). And unless you really need your bike to fold for any of the aforementioned reasons, such bicycles might be more trouble than they are worth—a bike with additional mechanical hinges and latches may require more maintenance—and none really ride quite as smoothly or comfortably as a good full-size bike.

In the 1890s, electric bicycles were documented within various U.S. patents. For example, on 31 December 1895, Ogden Bolton Jr. was granted U.S. Patent 552,271 for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel". There were no gears and the motor could draw up to 100 amperes (A) from a 10-volt battery.[5]

5 levels of pedal assist and a thumb throttle allow you to control the amount of power, with a top speed of 20 mph. When power is applied, it is not overwhelming. You remain in control of the 500-watt geared hub motor at all times. The battery is a 36v 9 Ah Lithium-ion model. You can get 20-30 miles of range on one charge, in part thanks to the motor inhibitor that cuts power when the brakes are applied.
Our electric bikes are considered bicycles rather than motorized vehicles so you do not need a drivers license, registration or insurance to operate. The bikes have power assist which means that these bikes combine electric power with one's actual manpower creating a hybrid approach to cycling. Depending on the weight of the rider, hills, wind, pedal assist level and size of the battery a rider can expect a range from 18 to 65 miles before it needs to be recharged.
Brompton - sometimes referred to as the "Jaguar" of folding bicycles, this British import folds smaller than any other model into a package that locks together and keeps the chain away from your clothes. It also can coast about in its folded state on suitcase-style casters (with optional rollerblade wheels for really covering distance). There is also an optional cover and saddle bag combo that turns this bike into a nondescript rolling black canvas object that cannot be identified as a bike (suitable for all "stealth" infiltrations of bike-unfriendly buildings). With its rear suspension, the Brompton is also known for its exceptional ride for a folding bike with 16" wheels. Price: about $700 for the simplest model, $1300 for a fully accessorized version with lights, fenders, a carrier, more gears, a cover, and a framed bag that attaches to the front of the bike. Its dimensions, when folded, are 22" X 22" X 10" and it ranges in weight from 24-28 pounds, depending on accessories. The Brompton folds in about 15 seconds. To see a demonstration of the folding process of the Brompton in animated .gif format, click here. Visit one of NYC's Brompton retailers at nycewheels.com.

We spent 44 hours on research, videography, and editing, to review the top choices for this wiki. Today's folding bikes can offer the ride quality and durability of standard bicycles, but with the added benefit of total portability. The fact that they are foldable lets you take them places you could never reach by pedal power alone, as you can stash them in your vehicle’s trunk or carry them onto a bus or train. Some are even equipped with batteries to give you an even greater range. When users buy our independently chosen editorial picks, we may earn commissions to support our work. Skip to the best folding bike on Amazon.

It’s easy to figure out how to fold and unfold it. I put a stopwatch on myself and discovered that it usually takes under twenty seconds for me to take it apart or put it together. Of course, that’s not including the times when I couldn't align the crossbar properly, or when it took extra grunt to close the clamp. I thought about loosening the nut to make it easier to clamp the crossbar together, but loosening parts on a bike that can go 16 mph didn't seem like a great idea.

Founded in 1962 by Alex Moulton, a key member of the Mini design team, Moulton has been honing its pylon-style “spaceframe” since 1977. Fast forward to 2018 and its stiff, strong frame and handsome geometry still looks utterly unique. Disclaimer: this bike doesn’t actually fold, but Moultons can be dismantled into two stowable pieces within a minute, thanks to a central “kingpin”, making it suitable for car boots and train journeys. Alfine 11-speed internal hub gearing, narrow 20in tyres, a rear disc brake, Brooks titanium saddle and Deda Speciale classic drop handlebars further boost its urban credentials. And if you really want to stand out from the crowd, there’s also the ultra-specced Moulton Speed Unique: only 30 models have been produced – but with a price tag of £14,995, it costs the same as a family car.

With our “most people” rider in mind, we started by zeroing in on the brands and models that had good reputations and good reviews from other outlets, such as BikeRadar, Folding Bike Guy, and Momentum Mag. I discussed at length the merits of a variety of options with experts Lam, Cuomo, and Berk, as well as the specs to use as limiting factors to narrow the field. We settled on bikes with:
The Dahon Qix D8, a higher-end model than the Mariner D8, folds in half like a switchblade (end over end), and you can orient it the standard way (seat up) or upright, with the frame hinge up; with the bike in the latter position, you can roll it. In our tests, everything about the Qix D8, from ride to storage, was just fine, but unless you’re in love with the interesting fold, you may be better off putting your $1,000 toward a Brompton or a Birdy, or saving nearly half of that by buying the Mariner D8.
Your most viable option may be a folding bike. Only now you have to figure out which model to choose. Assuming that you shop online, you can use each folding bike's description - and accompanying images - to determine not only how compact that bike will be, but also how much it weighs, how long it takes to pair down, and what, if any, tools might be required to make any adjustments or repairs.
The environmental credentials of e-bikes, and electric / human powered hybrids generally, have led some municipal authorities to use them, such as Little Rock, Arkansas with their Wavecrest electric power-assisted bicycles or Cloverdale, California police with Zap e-bikes. China’s e-bike manufacturers, such as Xinri, are now partnering with universities in a bid to improve their technology in line with international environmental standards, backed by the Chinese government who is keen to improve the export potential of the Chinese manufactured e-bikes.[67]
Your long bicycle commute to work means you are a sweaty mess before the day even begins, and you have never felt at ease leaving the bike locked outside the building all day, but now that you have a folding electric bike, both of these problems are solved. The electric bike assists you at the hardest parts of your ride and keeps you flying safely down the road at up to 20 miles per hour or faster, without pedaling. Its folding design then makes the bicycle so compact, you can fit it in a corner of the office without disturbing anyone. The large selection on eBay includes folding electric mountain bikes as well, for easily traversing more rugged terrain and in less than perfect weather. Folding electric bikes are safe, efficient, and fully rechargeable. Some brake systems turn the motor off automatically, which saves power. Brushless, gearless motors function quietly, which is more pleasant both for the rider and nearby pedestrians. Electric bike conversion kits are also available to help you install an electric bike motor onto a compatible standard bicycle.

Torque sensors and power controls were developed in the late 1990s. For example, Takada Yutky of Japan filed a patent in 1997 for such a device. In 1992 Vector Services Limited offered and sold an e-bike dubbed Zike.[9] The bicycle included NiCd batteries that were built into a frame member and included an 850 g permanent-magnet motor. Despite the Zike, in 1992 hardly any commercial e-bikes were available.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to data processing and more particularly to making available to the user only those functional modules that meet specified requirements.
2. Description of the Related Art
Databases are computerized information storage and retrieval systems. A relational database management system is a computer database management system (DBMS) that uses relational techniques for storing and retrieving data. The most prevalent type of database is the relational database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in a network. An object-oriented programming database is one that is congruent with the data defined in object classes and subclasses.
Regardless of the particular architecture, in a DBMS, a requesting entity (e.g., an application or the operating system) demands access to a specified database by issuing a database access request. Such requests may include, for instance, simple catalog lookup requests or transactions and combinations of transactions that operate to read, change and add specified records in the database. These requests are made using high-level query languages such as the Structured Query Language (SQL). Illustratively, SQL is used to make interactive queries for getting information from and updating a database such as International Business Machines' (IBM) DB2, Microsoft's SQL Server, and database products from Oracle, Sybase, and Computer Associates. The term “query” denominates a set of commands for retrieving data from a stored database. Queries take the form of a command language that lets programmers and programs select, insert, update, find out the location of data, and so forth.
One of the issues faced by data mining and database query applications, in general, is their close relationship with a given database schema (e.g., a relational database schema). This relationship makes it difficult to support an application as changes are made to the corresponding underlying database schema. Further, the migration of the application to alternative underlying data representations is inhibited. In today's environment, the foregoing disadvantages are largely due to the reliance applications have on SQL, which presumes that a relational model is used to represent information being queried. Furthermore, a given SQL query is dependent upon a particular relational schema since specific database tables, columns and relationships are referenced within the SQL query representation. As a result of these limitations, a number of difficulties arise.
One difficulty is that changes in the underlying relational data model require changes to the SQL foundation that the corresponding application is built upon. Therefore, an application designer must either forgo changing the underlying data model to avoid application maintenance or must change the application to reflect changes in the underlying relational model. Another difficulty is that extending an application to work with multiple relational data models requires separate versions of the application to reflect the unique SQL requirements driven by each unique relational schema. Yet another difficulty is evolution of the application to work with alternate data representations because SQL is designed for use with relational systems. Extending the application to support alternative data representations, such as XML, requires rewriting the application's data management layer to use non-SQL data access methods.
A typical approach used to address the foregoing problems is software encapsulation. Software encapsulation involves using a software interface or component to encapsulate access methods to a particular underlying data representation. An example is found in the Enterprise JavaBean (EJB) specification that is a component of the Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) suite of technologies. In accordance with the EJB specification, entity beans serve to encapsulate a given set of data, exposing a set of Application Program Interfaces (APIs) that can be used to access this information. This is a highly specialized approach requiring the software to be written (in the form of new entity EJBs) whenever a new set of data is to be accessed or when a new pattern of data access is desired. The EJB model also requires a code update, application built and deployment cycle to react to reorganization of the underlying physical data model or to support alternative data representations. EJB programming also requires specialized skills, since more advanced Java programming techniques are involved. Accordingly, the EJB approach and other similar approaches are rather inflexible and costly to maintain for general-purpose query applications accessing an evolving physical data model.
Another shortcoming of the prior art, is the manner in which information can be presented to the user. A number of software solutions support the use of user-defined queries, in which the user is provided with a “query-building” tool to construct a query that meets the user's specific data selection requirements. Often, the query building tool will present the user with a list of functional modules to choose from when building the query. Functional modules that aid in the analysis of query results may also be provided. Unfortunately, the user must know the precise number, order, and data type of each parameter required to utilize the functional module. Keeping users informed of all the accessible modules and their features is an inconvenient and inefficient process.
Further, while the number of functional modules presented to the user may be vast, only a limited subset may actually be of interest. Therefore, nonessential functional modules are revealed to the end user, which may make it difficult to analyze query results in a desired manner, as the nonessential functional modules must be filtered out by the user. In other words, in a conventional processing environment, all accessible functional modules are made available indiscriminately even though individual groups within the entity (teams, workgroups, departments, etc.) are typically only interested in a limited portion of the functional modules. For example, in a medical research facility, a hemotology research group may only be interested in a limited number of medical testing based functional modules, while the processing environment may encompass thousands of functional modules providing a vast array of functionality along with medical testing. Accordingly, when building a query, members of the hemotology research group may spend a lot of effort just to filter through the large number of functional modules for which they have no interest.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved and more flexible method for presenting, to a user, a limited subset of all possible functional modules to choose from when building a query. Preferably, the limited subset of functional modules will only include those of interest to the user.


Q:

Mocking fetch: Jest test says response is wrong, but actually running the code works as expected

I have an async event, createEvent, which contains fetch, meant to save data to a DB, and returns true on success and false on fail and null on error. It is actually doing so properly, as demonstrated by running this code:
let result = await createEvent(newEvent);
console.log("Result:", result);
if (result) {
  setMessage("Event added!");
} else {
  setMessage("Error adding event, please try again later");
}

In this case, the console logs true and the message is set correctly.
However, when I run the following test, it fails:
global.fetch = jest.fn(() =>
    Promise.resolve({
        json: () => Promise.resolve({ success: true }),
    })
);

it('returns proper value', () => {
    expect(createEvent(newEvent)).toBe(true);
});

This is the relevant output from Jest:
console.log src/components/EventForm.js:60
    Fetch response: { json: [Function: json] }

  console.log src/components/EventForm.js:66
    resJson: { success: true }
.
.
.
expect(received).toBe(expected) // Object.is equality

    Expected: true
    Received: {}

I'm not sure why Jest would be getting different results. I'm new to Jest and testing in general, so open to any other corrections as well. Any help is appreciated, thank you!

A:

You just need to mark your test async and await the execution of the createEvent() call before your expectation:
it('returns proper value', async () => {
  const result = await createEvent(newEvent);
  expect(result.success).toBe(true);
});

 (go to Tests tab on the right)
Alternately, if you don't want to deal with the manual mocking of fetch, you can checkout jest-fetch-mock.


# frozen_string_literal: true

FactoryBot.define do
  factory :follow do
    follower
    followed
  end
end


African Studies Center, Michigan State University

Founded in 1960, the African Studies Center (ASC) at Michigan State University (MSU) is a major academic center for the study of Africa and one of 11 "Title VI National Resource Centers on Africa designated by the U.S. Department of Education. The Center’s strength is based on the more than 160 MSU faculty who provide research, teaching, and service on Africa. Center faculty have research, projects, and expertise in 32 African nations.

African languages
MSU offers instruction in up to 32 African languages and teaches 9-12 languages each year and intensive African languages in the summer. The Center is home to the national e-LCTL Initiative, with a website that a) catalogs the 220+ "Less Commonly Taught Languages" (LCTLs) offered in the more than 120 Title VI National Resource Centers of Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East, and Canada, b) offers essays on priorities among LCTL languages for instruction in the U.S., and c) provides a database of "web objects" for teaching some LCTLs. See also the Center's Webbook of the African Languages, a directory of description, texts, and experts for 82 important African languages.

Library
The MSU Africana Library collection is served by two PhD Africanist librarians, more than 237,000 items, and a large annual budget.  The Library hosts the "African e-Journals Project," a directory of journals about Africa and full-text of 11 African journals online. It also houses the African Activist Archive, which preserves records and memories of activism in the U.S. to support the struggles of African peoples against colonialism, apartheid, and social injustice from the 1950s through the 1990s. The project holds the physical deposits at MSU of records of many activist organizations and individuals.  The online African Activist Archive includes a directory of other archives and more than 7,000 historical materials, including pamphlets, documents, newsletters, leaflets, buttons, posters, T-shirts, photographs, audio and video recordings, and personal remembrances and interviews with activists.

Research and service foci
In addition to African languages, social sciences, and arts and humanities, African Studies at MSU has been distinguished by its focus on Africa's human needs - poverty alleviation, food security, education for development, environment and development, tropical disease, ethics of development, and gender equity.  For almost two decades, MSU graduate students have produced circa. 15 Ph.D. dissertations annually on Africa, especially in history, social sciences, economics and agricultural economics, and education. The African Studies Center offers the Title VI Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships for academic year and summer intensive study of African languages and area studies.

Outreach and service
For more than 25 years, MSU's African Studies Outreach Program has provided professional assistance on Africa to K-12 schools, colleges and universities, communities, state and federal government, businesses, and journalists.

For schools and colleges, the program offers Exploring Africa (online gratis materials for teaching Africa K-12) and South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid, Building Democracy (an online curricular resource). The center's African Activist Archive is an online platform aimed preserving and making available online the records of activism in the United States to support the struggles of African peoples against colonialism, apartheid, and social injustice from the 1950s through the 1990s.

Databases from the ASC provide online information on Africa:
 African Media Program Database (Online database of 14,000+ films and videos on Africa)
 African Higher Education Resource Directory (online database of contact information on African universities, colleges, and their faculties created in partnership with the Association of African Universities/Association des Universités Africaines (Accra), the African Studies Association (U.S.))
 Afrobarometer (A collaboration with African social scientists to conduct surveys in 18 African countries on sociopolitical and economic attitudes in Africa, with data online)
 Food Security and Food Policy Information Portal for Africa (a project of UNECA and MSU Agricultural Economics)
 African Books Collective-Oxford (An MSU Press collaboration to distribute books of African authors and publishers in the U.S.)
 MSU Working Papers on Women and Gender in Africa (Working Papers on African Women of the MSU Women in International Development Program)

The Center offers a weekly Tuesday Bulletin with news of African events at MSU and of African conferences, colloquia, fellowships, and grant opportunities nationwide.

Directors
 Jamie Monson, 2015–present
 Assefa Mehretu, 2014 (interim)
 James Pritchett, 2009-2013
 David S. Wiley, 1978-2008
 John M. Hunter, 1975- 1977
 Alfred Opubor, 1971-1974
 Victor N. Low, 1971 (acting)

References

External links
African Studies Center, Michigan State University
 African Online Digital Library, produced by MSU ("portal to multimedia collections about Africa"). 2001 description. Includes links to the African Activist Archive, African e-Journals Project, African Media Program, African Oral Narratives, Slave Biographies, South African Film and Video Project, and West African Online Digital Library.

Category:African studies
Category:Michigan State University
Category:Research institutes established in 1960
Category:1960 establishments in Michigan


## 系统环境依赖

- 操作系统：Linux(推荐CentOS7)
- java 版本: 1.8
- 数据库服务器：MySQL/MariaDB

## 上传安装包到服务器

通过sftp或ftp上传安装包到服务器目录并解压， 通过终端 cd 进入解压目录， 比如

> /opt/toughradius-v6.1.1.3

## 数据库初始化

> 数据库的安装配置请自行完成,首先确保你的数据库服务器已经运行

执行安装目录下的 installer.sh 脚本进行初始化数据库

> sh installer.sh initdb

## 安装服务程序

> sh installer.sh install

## 修改配置

注意修改 /opt/application-prod.properties 配置文件中的数据库部分

如果希望使用自定义的模板，请取消该行注释

> `#org.toughradius.portal.templateDir=file:/opt/portal/`

/opt/portal/ 是自定义模板目录， 可以参照安装包里的模板进行修改

## 运行服务

> systemctl start toughradius


Nitrogen- Doped Graphene Quantum Dots: "Turn-off" Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Ag(+) Ions.
Highly luminescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were prepared from glucose and ammonia as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The N-GQDs showed a strong emission at 458 nm with excitation at 360 nm. The N-GQDs exhibited analytical potential as sensing probes for silver ions determination. Factors affecting the fluorescence sensing of Ag(+) ions such as pH, N-GQDs concentration and incubation time were studied using Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimum conditions were determined as pH 7, N-GQDs concentration 1 mg/mL and time 60 min. It suggested that N-GQDs exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity toward Ag(+). The linear range of N-GQDs and the limit of detection (LOD) were 0.2-40 μM and 168 nM, respectively. The N-GQDs-based Ag(+) ions sensor was successfully applied to the determination of Ag(+) in tap water and real river water samples.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control device for a hybrid vehicle, whereby the engine-start condition for initiating mode transition from electric vehicle mode to hybrid vehicle mode can be made to differ depending on the condition.
2. Background Information
In the prior art, when torque demand information reflective of demand by the driver exceeds an engine start line that was set according to vehicle speed, the engine is started to bring about mode transition from electric vehicle mode to hybrid vehicle mode. That is, a zone for travel in electric vehicle mode (hereinafter termed an EV travel zone) is determined according to the magnitude of the engine start line with respect to the torque demand information.
Control devices for a hybrid vehicle which are designed to set the engine start line to a relatively small value to minimize expansion of the EV travel zone when the driver has definite intent to accelerate, while setting the engine start line to a relatively large value to expand the EV travel zone when the driver has tenuous intent to accelerate, are known (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2007-261442, for example).