The Commission held its first open meeting with Pat Wood as the new Chairman today and discussed many interesting issues.  The following is a summary of the meeting.  The meeting is still going on, and we will provide an addendum to this email updating you on what was discussed this afternoon (regarding market power).

RTOs

Chairman Wood expressed his desire to finish the RTO transition, and that the Commission needs to provide guidance and leadership in order to speed up the RTO transition.  Chairman Wood considers the RTO effort on two tracks:  1) organizational -- what will the RTO organizations look like, and 2) substantive -- once you set up the organizations, what will they do.

Organizational Effort:  Wood stated that this effort has already begun with the July 12 orders and the Northeast and Southeast mediation efforts.  The Commission will be issuing additional orders in the northeast, southeast and Midwest within the next couple of FERC meetings.  Wood also stated that it is time for RTO West and Desert Star to "marry up," meaning, I suppose, that the two should consolidate.  Wood does not think that California can be included in the western RTO yet since it has lingering problems.

Structural Effort:  The Commission will initiate a section 206 proceeding to address market design and structure issues in order to translate the 8 functions established in Order No. 2000 into RTO structures.  To achieve this goal, the Commission is establishing an "RTO week" of advanced workshops, from October 15-19, in advance of issuing a NOPR, to address structural issues such as:  congestion management; cost recovery; market monitoring; transmission planning; reliability; transmission rights.  Wood also envisions that the Commission will develop a new pro forma tariff to replace the existing Order No. 888 transmission tariff.  The new tariff will apply to all public utilities and RTOs.

Wood also recognized that some "sticks" are needed to entice RTO participation.  Therefore, Wood proposes to have all public utilities come in by December 15, 2001 with a declaration to join an RTO.  If they do not make this declaration, these entities will have their market based rate authority revoked on a prospective basis.  Furthermore, Wood states that if entities do not join RTOs, they should not be authorized to merge their facilities, and that FERC will also look at their rates to determine whether they are still just and reasonable rates compared with rates offered by RTOs.  Wood states that these "sticks" provide incentive, but do not mandate, RTO participation.

With regard to the pending requests for rehearing, Wood asked legal staff to figure out how "FERC can get there."  In other words, I think Wood is telling them to develop the legal analysis for denying rehearing.

While Commissioner Breathitt is skeptical about some of these RTO proposals, because she was not required to vote on anything today, she only expressed her concern.

Upcoming Dates

	October 15-19 --	RTO Workshops
	End of October -- further orders on Northeast, Southeast, Midwest RTOs
	December 15, 2001 -- all public utilities must commit to an RTO or have their market based rates revoked

Proposed Rule for Standards of Conduct

Within the next few days, FERC will be issuing a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ("NOPR") on standards of conduct for transmission providers.  As explained at the meeting (we do not have a copy of the NOPR yet), the NOPR will propose to apply standards of conduct uniformly to electric transmission providers and gas pipeline transportation providers similarly.  The NOPR also proposes to broaden the definition of affiliate to include all energy affiliates, not just marketers.  The standards of conduct would not apply to RTOs and transmission providers who are members of an RTO may ask for an exemption from the standards.

The NOPR will also likely include a proposal that the standards apply to transmission-owners' marketing affiliates that are serving native load customers.  As you know, the present standards do not apply to the affiliates of TOs that are only buying and selling power for native load customers.  As the interim general counsel noted, these marketing affiliates can go into the control room and have unrestricted interaction with the TO.

There was some discussion of whether it is necessary to apply the standards to affiliates serving native load.  Staff told the Commissioners that market participants have been complaining for years about this loop hole in the rules.  Pat Wood said they will include the proposal in the NOPR (Breathitt may not support), but if the industry does not support the proposal, FERC will pull it.  We of course will strongly support the proposal.

Provision of Adequate Electrical Capacity (ICAP)

Chairman Wood asked Staff to prepare a presentation on reserves and installed capacity requirements.  Wood noted that the Commission had to issue an order on ICAP in New England during their recess in August, and he is not that familiar with the issues.  Therefore, he asked Staff to prepare a presentation, which they made at the meeting this morning.  The presentation will be made public within the next couple of days.  In sum, Staff seems to believe that some type of ICAP requirement is needed for reliability.

After the presentation, Wood noted that the New England ICAP order has enough wiggle room to allow the Commission to change its mind once the commissioners better understand the issue.  Wood sees that there is a potential conflict between decentralized, competitive markets and the need for sufficient supply (without politically unacceptable, prolonged price spikes).

Commissioner Brownell (from the Pennsylvania PUC) has a better understanding of  ICAP and expressed concerns that ICAP may be an outdated tool that acts as a barrier to entry without any definable benefit to customers.

Realizing that there are many positions on this topic, Chairman Wood said he will publish the Staff report and ask for comments by October 17.  We will definitely submit comments on this and will include everyone in the drafting process.

Sorry this is so long, but a lot happened today.  We will provide a summary of the market power discussion as soon as it is over.  Let us know if you have any questions.

Sarah


Q:

Какой тип выражения имеют операторы приведения типов?

Что возвращает dynamic_cast, const_cast, static_cast, reinterpret_cast?
rvalue или lvalue ?

A:

rvalue или lvalue нельзя вернуть — это свойство выражения, его неотъемлемая часть. Будет ли выражение типа method_cast<to>(from) считаться lvalue зависит исключительно от to.
В целом, можно считать следующим образом: если to имеет вид T&, то выражение считается lvalue, в противном случае это не-lvalue. Это не вся правда, безусловно, но случаем с rvalue-ссылкой на «функциональный тип» можно пренебречь, я считаю.


Q:

Weird Behaviour of next() In Reactive Chain

To start with, here's my code:
public static void main(String[] args) {
    List<String> l1 = Arrays.asList("737", "747");
    Flux<String> f1 = Flux.fromIterable(l1);

    List<String> l2 = Arrays.asList("757", "777");
    Flux<String> f2 = Flux.fromIterable(l1);

   f1.mergeWith(f2)
    .doOnNext(a -> System.out.println(a))
    .next()
    .subscribe(a -> System.out.println(a));
}

Here's the output that I am expecting:
737

747

757

777

737

As the documentation of next() says, it takes the first element, creates a Mono out of it, and cancels the subscription.
The output that I am getting is:
737

737

A:

As you said the next() takes the first element of a flux create a Mono. A Mono is 0 or 1 value. So when subscribing you will only receive the first value of the original Flux.
Take a look at the marble:

See how the complete is emitted right after the first value.
So if we apply this to your code we have
737 -> 747 -> 757 -> 777 |

onNext

print 737

next()

737 -> |

subscribe()

print 737


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Month: February 2013

The discipline of philology entered a new phase after Sir William Jones announced his discovery in 1786, of the ancient mother tongue that originated both the Indian and the European languages. This ancient mother tongue was later referred to as Proto-Indo-European. Jones’ discovery1 initiated the reevaluation of all languages, both living and dead, to reassert their historical and prehistorical connections. One line of study that aroused much interest among the philologists was the ancient language of Sanskrit, used in The Avestas, the holy books of the Zoroastrians later adopted by the Indus, especially the Rig Veda and the Avesta Vedic. The speakers of Sanskrit were the Indian Parsis (Persians), a Brahman religious elite who called themselves Aryans, a term derived from Arya, the name of the province where they lived.

Inscriptions of a Sanskrit-type language found in Germany were deemed to be the oldest in Europe and led many German philologists to conclude that Proto-Indo-European had entered Europe via the German plane, which in turn was used to create the theory that the Teutonic peoples were direct descendents of the Aryans, otherwise known as Aryanism. Aryanism can be considered a variant form of Teutonism, the ideology of the supremacy of the Teutonic or Germanic peoples over other ethnic groups. It gave another impulse to archaeological philologists who sought to demonstrate how cultures could be pinpointed to specific archaeological sites.

During the second decade of the 20th century, Gustav Kossina (1858-1931), a German archaeologist and ethno-historian attempted to link archaeological sites to peoples described in the ancient Greek mythology like the Pelasgi, the Illyrians and the Paeonians. The one-to-one relationship between modern and ancient ethnic groups, which Kossina believed, is not accepted by most modern archaeologists. What became known as ‘Nazi archaeology’ ended up as a propaganda tool aimed at inculcating nationalistic pride in the Germanic peoples.

The Jews, whose linguistic ancestry was thought to be unconnected with Proto-Indo-European, were made the scape goats for the two economic crisis that engulfed Germany firstly in 1918 and then again after the crash of the stock market in 1929. Anti-Semitism became the main common denominator which the German National Socialist Party (NSADP) used to unite the German population.

Teutonic supremacy is based on two mistaken beliefs. The first, that the Aryans who authored the the Rig Veda and the Avesta Vedic are only related to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. There are other branches in Iran and in the eastward region into Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Furthermore, there is nothing to suggest that the Aryans were a race let, alone a pure race. The second mistaken belief has to do with the location of the European point of entry of Proto-Indo-European. Recent comparative linguistics of Indo-European languages have identified that the point of entry of Proto-Indo-European in Europe is not Germany but the steppe grasslands of Russia and Ukraine.

The spurious turn of philology started by the lack of objectivity of the ideas of the Romantic Movement, when Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) stated that language gave meaning to the world and was at the core of the authentic experience. This idea was disseminated by the professors of philology to their students (See my posting The Shakers of Teutonic Supremacy). Even after it was shown that it was impossible to circumscribe long dead languages to current political territories, the philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) insisted on the old Romantic notion of language and authenticity. He believed that Germany was the cultural heir of classical Greece and that the German language was more authentic than any other. Although Heidegger’s accolades forgave his association with the Nazis by showing that he was not anti-Semitic like the Nazis, he was, nonetheless, a racist, as he developed a xenophobia against Latin peoples.

Jo Pires-O’Brien is the editor of PortVitoria, a cultural internet magazine dedicated to the Spanish and Portuguese speaking communities worldwide: http://www.portvitoria.com/

Note
1. Apparently, Jones was not the first person who noticed the similarities between the European languages and the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit. Another Englishman,Thomas Stephens (c.1549–1619), made the same discovery which is mentioned in Richard Hakluyt’s book Principal Navigations, written in 1599.

“I dedicate this to all those who did not live to tell it. And may they please forgive me for not seen it all nor remembered it all, for not divined all of it.”

“Arrests rolled through the streets and apartment houses like an epidemic. Just as people transmit an epidemic infection from one another without knowing it, by such innocent means as a handshake, a breath, handing someone something, so, too, they passed the infection of inevitable arrest by a handshake, by a breath, by a chance meeting on the street. For if you were destined to confess tomorrow that you organised an underground group to poison the city’s water supply, and if today I shake hands with you on the street, that means I, too, am doomed.” (Page 75)

“Own only what you can always carry with you: know languages, know countries, know people. Let your memory be your travel bag. Use your memory! It is those bitter seeds alone which might sprout and grow someday.” (Page 516)

“Thin stretches of human lives stretch from island to island of the Archipelago. They intertwine, touch one another for one night only in just such a clickety-clacking half-dark car as this and then separate once and for all. Put your ear to their quiet humming and the steady clickety-clacking beneath the car. After all, it is the spinning wheel of life that is clicking and clacking away there.” (Page 517)

“Human nature, if it changes at all, changes not much faster than the geological face of the earth. And the very same sensation of curiosity, relish and sizing up which slave-traders felt at the slave-girl markets twenty five centuries ago of course possessed the Gulag bigwigs in the Usman Prison in 1947, when they, a couple of dozen men in MVD uniform, sat at several desks covered with sheets (this was their self-importance, since it would have seemed awkward otherwise), and all the women prisoners were made to undress in the box next door and to walk in front of them bare-footed and bare-skinned, turn around, stop, and answer questions. ‘Drop your hands,’ they ordered those who adopted the defensive pose of classic sculpture. (After all, these officers were very seriously selecting bed mates for themselves and their colleagues).” (Page 562)

“And how can you bring it home to them? By an inspiration? By a vision? A dream? Brothers! People! Why has life been given to you? In the deep, deaf stillness of midnight, the doors of the death cells are being swung open – and the great-souled people are being dragged out to be shot. On all the railroads of the country this very minute, right now, people who have just been fed salt herring are licking their dry lips with bitter tongues. They dream of the happiness of stretching out one’s legs and of the relief one feels after going to the toilet. In Orotukan the earth thaws only in the summer and only to the depth of three feet – and only then can they bury the bones of those who died during the winter.” (Page 591)

“One of the truths you learn in prison is that the world is small, very small indeed. True, the Gulag Archipelago, although it extended across the entire Soviet Union, had many fewer inhabitants than the Soviet Union as a whole. How many there actually were in the Archipelago one cannot know for certain. We can assume that at any one time there not more than twelve million in the camps (as some departed beneath the sod, the Machine kept bringing replacements). And not more than half of them were political. Six million? Well, that’s a small country, Sweden or Greece, and in such countries many people know one another. And quite naturally when you landed in any cell of any transit prison and listened and chatted, you’d be certain to discover you had acquaintances in common with some of your cellmates.” (Pages 595-596)

“…because I was a Marxist… But my first year as a prisoner had left its marks inside me – and just when had that happened? I hadn’t noticed: There had been so many new events, sights, meanings, that I could no longer say: ‘They don’t exist! That’s a bourgeois lie!’ And now I had to admit: ‘Yes they do exist’. And right at that point my whole line of reasoning began to weaken, and so they could beat me in our arguments without half-trying.” (Page 602)

Friedrich Nietzsche was born in Röcken bei Lützen, South of Leipzig, Prussia (Germany), in October 15 1844. Since his father was a Protestant minister, the family lived in the house provided by the church. At age five, Nietzsche’s father (Karl Ludwig) died from a brain ailment and with his mother (Franziska), and his younger sister (Therese Elizabeth Alexandra) he went to live with the paternal grandmother and two great-aunts. It has been suggested that the lack of male role models in Nietzsche’s life had an effect on his personality, somewhat different from that of other boys.

Between the ages of 14 and 19, Nietzsche attended Schulpforta, a highly rated boarding school in Naumburg, the same school attended by the German Idealist philosopher Johan Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814). During this period, Nietzsche met his lifetime friend Paul Dessen (1845-1919) who later became an Orientalist and historian of philosophy. Nietzsche was a music lover who even contemplated a career in music. Through a magazine called the Zeitschrift für Musik, which one of his school’s club subscribed, Nietzsche became acquainted with the music of Richard Wagner.

In 1864, after graduating from Schulpforta, Nietzsche enrolled at the University of Bonn to study theology and philology, which at the time were taught for their connections with the classical texts and the Bible. Of these two, it was in philology that Nietzsche had the greatest interest, something that was going to have an indelible effect in his future writings. Nietzsche immersed in philosophy at age twenty one, when he discovered the book The World as Will and Idea by Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). From then on he continued to read Schopenhauer and to rethink his arguments. While Schopenhauer sought ways in the aesthetics of art to raise the human condition, Nietzsche took those further by stating that it is man’s responsibility to give meaning to life. Another book that left a mark on Nietzsche was F A Lange’s History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Significance (1866). The essays that Nietzsche wrote while an undergraduate singled him out by the maturity of his thought.

After graduating from the University of Bonn, Nietzsche enrolled himself at the University of Leipzig as a post-graduate student in philology, supervised by Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl. However, soon afterwards he had to take a break from academic life to comply with the military conscription. He worked as a hospital attendant during the Franco-Prussian War and returned to the University of Leipzig after he was discharged. In November of 1868, Nietzsche met the composer Richard Wagner (1813–1883) at the home of Hermann Brockhaus (1806–1877), an Orientalist who was married to Wagner’s sister, Ottilie. In the following Christmas of 1869 Nietzsche was invited to spend Christmas at the home of Wagner and his wife Cosima, daughter of the composer Franz Liszt, in Bayreuth, Central Germany.

Although Nietzsche had not yet completed his doctorate, with good recommendations from his supervisor Ritschl and others, in December 1868 he was appointed Assistant Professor of Classic Philology at the University of Basel, Switzerland. In March 1869, however, the University of Leipzig issued him the rank of doctor, without examination, based on his publications in the journal of the Rheinisches Museum. After moving to Switzerland, Nietzsche renounced his Prussian citizenship, due to a sense of duty to the university that hired him, but since he never met the criteria for Swiss citizenship, he became stateless.

During the time he was a professor in Basel, between 1872 and 1879, Nietzsche maintained his friendship with Wagner and visited the composer several times. Nietzsche’s first book – The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music (1872)–, as well as ideas spread about in other books and essays, attest the impression that Wagner made on Nietzsche. The Birth of Tragedy was trashed by the philologist Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff (1848-1931), also a former student of Schulpforta. To Wilamowitz-Möllendorff only ignorance, lack of love for truth or naivety could explain Nietzsche’s claims that with the use of Greek tragedy he embodied Dionysius and solved the riddle of the orchestra. When weighting out this bad review it is important to recall the ongoing academic dispute between Nietzsche’s supervisor, Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (1806-1876), and Otto Jahn (1813-1869), in which Wilamowitz-Möllendorff sided with Jahn, who was a friend of his best friend Hermann Sauppe.

In January 1879 Nietzsche had his first nervous breakdown, from which he never quite recovered. His health continued to deteriorate and in June of the same year he resigned from the university of Basel, after a career that lasted only ten years. Afterwards Nietzsche had just under ten years of productive life left. He lived in a series of places in Switzerland as well as in Venice, Genoa, Nice and Trim. However, the visible signs of his madness such as his unkempt appearance and delusional outbursts began to be noticed in the Summer of 1888. Nietzsche’s last breakdown occurred in Turin, on 3rd January 1889 when he collapsed and succumbed to madness. The alleged cause of this breakdown was his witnessing of a cabman flogging viciously a stubborn horse, to which Nietzsche reacted by throwing himself to embrace the horse’s neck in order to prevent any further flogging. Nietzsche received constant care from his mother until her death and thereafter he was cared on and off by his sister Elizabeth. On August 25, 1900, just before completing his 56th birthday, Nietzsche died, of pneumonia and a stroke.

Jo Pires-O’Brien is the editor of PortVitoria, a cultural internet magazine dedicated to Spanish and Portuguese speakers: http://www.portvitoria.com/

The Enlightenment is a way of thinking that is free from dogmas and based on reason and experience. The Age of Enlightenment marks the period when this way of thinking came about in the second half of the eighteenth century, although its roots go back much further, to the transition between the Middle Ages and Modernity. Some of the main transition thinkers at this time were: Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), René Descartes (1596-1650), Benedictus Spinoza (1632-1677) and John Locke (1632-1704). The end of the Age of Enlightenment has been demarcated to coincide with the end of the 18th century, although this did not mean the end of the ideas of the Enlightenment.

Part of the Enlightened mindset was to keep the secular separate from the religious and this was the norm among the practitioners of the objective sciences of Physics and Mathematics that dominated the era. Of all the philosophers of the Enlightenment, the most prominent was Immanuel Kant, a Prussian from near Königsberg (now Kalingrad, a Russian village), an epistemologist and political philosopher who understood and accepted the separation between the secular and the religious even though he believed in God.

Kant on Free Will and Perpetual Peace
Immanuel Kant was a firm believer in man’s free will as opposed to the counter idea of determinism. In order to explain his views, Kant used the word ‘phenomenon’ as a translation of the German word ‘Erscheinung’, which literally means ‘appearance’, to describe the immediate object of sensory intuition, meaning the bare information about an object interpreted through substance and cause. He called the ‘thing-in-itself’ the ‘noumenon’, the last reality. As a being of ‘phenomenon’ or the senses, man’s volition and action are under the control of natural necessity; as a being of ‘noumenon’ or the ‘thing-in-itself’, man is free.

The only significant flaw in Kant’s work is that he was overly optimistic regarding scientific progress, namely that it could lead to a progressive and peaceful world culture. Kant’s optimism was based on a brief period of peace which followed the Treaty of Basilea between Prussia and France. He had seen a lot of war in his time and this interval of peace inebriated him to create a utopia of perpetual peace for humanity. Kant revealed his ideas of political philosophy in a 1785 essay called Perpetual Peace, where he described the world progressing towards an ideal society in which reason would ‘bind every lawgiver to make his laws in such a way that they could have sprung from the united will of an entire people, and to regard every subject, in so far as he wishes to be a citizen, on the basis of whether he has conformed to that will’. Along with the idea of perpetual peace, Kant recognised the unity of the human race and introduced the idea of a world federation of republican states and global citizenship. This is why Kant’s utopia became known as Universalism.

There was another optimism in the Age of Enlightenment which was even more overstretched than Kant’s universalism. This optimism was the expectation that there were laws of society to be discovered, just as the natural laws of the movement of the planets. This belief was widespread among scholars who were not mathematicians and physicists such as the young Napolitan historical philosopher Giambattista Vico (1668-1744). Kant’s Critique of Judgement, providing guidance on how to give objectivity to the study of the natural world and the humanities, delivered an implicit message to such scholars that there is no such thing as ‘natural laws of society’.

Disagreement About God and Other Things
Although the set of ideas associated with the Enlightenment shared common ground this does not mean that the philosophers of this period all thought alike. The main thing that separated enlightened thinkers was their belief or lack of belief in God. The majority appear to have been deists or agnostics and only a few were declared atheists. Immanuel Kant affirmed that he never doubted the existence of God and yet he rejected the idea of intelligent design and stressed that there is no rational justification to ascertain dogmatically that God exists. Kant’s ambivalence1 regarding God was not uncommon among the enlightened thinkers. The most notorious enlightened atheist was Baron d’ Holbach (Paul-Henri Diedrich, 1723-89), a French encyclopaedist and philosopher, whose atheism is proclaimed in his major work The System of Nature (Système de la nature) of 1770.

The New Isms
Apart from God, the other main disagreement among the enlightened thinkers are all described by ‘ism’ words such as materialism, mechanism, naturalism, determinism and idealism. Materialism refers to the view that all facts are caused by physical processes alone and can be reduced to them. The main contentions of materialism are denial of free will, God and the inclusion of mental processes. Mechanism is a form of Materialism that holds that natural phenomena can only be explained by reference to matter and motion and their laws. Naturalism states that everything is natural and fall under the ‘laws of Nature’, which can be uncovered through scientific investigation. Determinism is the belief that man does not have free will because all of his moral choices are determined by previously existing causes. Idealism was understood by Kant as ‘the ideal of pure reason’ but a more radical form of idealism was introduced later by the Irish-born philosopher George Berkeley (1685-1753) who stated that only thought or ideas form the fundamental reality (see below).
The above mentioned D’Holbach, upheld an atheism that was accompanied by ‘materialism’ of the ‘mechanistic’ kind which also happened to be deterministic. In d’Holbach’s interpretation, thought is something that comes from hidden motions inside the body and morality results from the physical tendency of self-preservation. Thus, d’Holbach turned man into a ‘machine’ devoid of free will, where the forces of the soul are no other than those of the body. D’Holbach’s combination of atheism with materialism triggered the dismissal of both, putting on hold any serious discussion of atheism per se.

Nature and the Laws of Nature
The word ‘nature’ was used in the eighteenth century to refer to all that exists, that is, both the universe as a whole and the earth and the species on it. This led to the assumption that there were ‘laws of Nature’ about everything including society, and that the object of science was to discover them. However, laws of Nature such as gravitation and the laws about the movement of the heavenly bodies are commonly restricted to the science of Physics. Kant’s categorization of Nature into ‘phenomenon’ and ‘noumenon’ also served to explain why certain things within Nature have natural laws and others don’t. Thus, according to Kant, those parts of nature that are perceived as ‘phenomenon’ are mechanistic and ruled by natural laws; the remaining parts are complex systems which need to be studied differently. From the nineteenth century onwards, the word ‘cosmos’ started to be used to refer to all that exists, while the word ‘nature’ acquired its present connotation of the earth and living organisms. The old expression ‘laws of nature’ was changed to ‘laws of the universe’ or ‘laws of cosmology’.

The Enlightened Political Science
A new political science emerged in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment, being less functional and more theoretical than classical political philosophy. Its main concern was method, utilising the technique of contrasting one thing against one or more alternatives such as ‘the civil state’ versus ‘the state of nature’, ‘facts’ versus ‘values’, ‘realities’ versus ‘ideologies’, ‘the world’ versus ‘the world of different societies’ and even the contrasts between the ‘I, me, thou, and we’. The aim of the new political science was to develop the capacity to form a political structure of some kind, such as a legislator seeking compromise between what is desirable and what the circumstances permit. It also aimed to deal with the internal as well as external issues of a political unit such as a city or a nation. While classical political philosophy attached importance to debating the merits of different types of political orders (forms of government), the main concern of the new political science was to define the various political orders that existed,without passing value judgement.
One of the greatest political philosophers of the Enlightenment was Baron Charles de Montesquieu (1689-1755), who analysed the ideas underlying the various laws throughout history. His proposed form of government, based on the separation of powers – legislative, executive and judicial, became the model for all constitutional democracies of the West.

The Counter-Enlightenment
The Enlightenment and all the optimism that it brought began to attract bad publicity when the peace that Kant had envisaged did not materialise. First came the wars of the French and the American republics and then the Napoleonic wars. These wars provided an opportunity for terms such as mechanism, materialism and atheism to be used as scapegoats, as the sweeping changes brought by the Enlightenment proved too much for the many who would have preferred to leave things as they were. A Counter-Enlightenment soon emerged, doubting the outcome of a secularised science, independent from religion.
The Counter-Enlightenment refers to all the movements against the rationalism, universalism and empiricism associated with the Enlightenment, which appeared from the late eighteenth century. The best known counter-Enlightenment movement was the Romantic Movement, characterised by a mindset, present mostly in the arts, which sought to restore the age innocence taken away by the ‘mechanistic science’ of the Enlightenment. The term ‘Idealism’ is sometimes used to describe a mindset centred on imagination, nature, symbolism and Divine Providence, and this can equate Idealism with the Romantic Movement. However, in philosophy, the Romantic Movement and Idealism are two different things.

The Romantic Movement
The Romantic Movement in philosophy started with Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78), who wrote in the areas of society and education. With regards to society, Rousseau was highly critical of modern science and modern society and promoted a return to a distant past when things were more genuine and uncorrupted. Rousseau’s perfect society was founded on liberty, equality and fraternity and was based only on the general will, ignoring the views of minorities. Thus, his proposition that every issue could be solved by a vote of the citizenry led to the absolute rule by the majority, something that the French revolutionaries later introduced. With regards to education, Rousseau wanted a return to the state of nature, when man supposedly lived without the corrupting influences of society. However, he contradicted himself when he stated that ‘man’s nature is not fully mature until it becomes social’ as well as in proposing an egalitarian society from which women were excluded. In his La nouvelle Héloise, Rousseau tried to show that women need to develop instinct and feeling in order to be effective companions to their husbands.

Idealism
The philosophy of Idealism stemmed from the Enlightenment in the 1770s when Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) introduced his theory of Monads, the building blocks of every object, which God created to give sense to the world. Although the theory of Monads is considered a wacky idea by today’s standards, Leibnitz can be viewed as an enlightened philosopher who defended rationalism and shared the optimism of Kant. As already mentioned, Berkeley took this idea forward and stated that the only reality is ‘thought’ while all that exists – the things and objects perceived by our senses – are not real. Several great philosophers became associated with Idealism, the main ones being Georg Hegel (1770-1831), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1820) and Johann Fichte (1762-1814).

Science in the 19th century
The separation of the secular and the religious that characterised the Enlightened mindset appeared to have vanished by the 19th century. There is plenty of evidence for that in the countless wrong conclusions that the natural historians took due to their belief in creationism. Had the Enlightened mindset vanished or was it simply hidden behind the Romantic ideas? The answer to this question can be found in a hindsight analysis of the kinds of science practised in the second part of the 18th and the first three quarters of the 19th centuries. While the former was dominated by the exact sciences, the latter was dominated by non-exact ones such as psychology, geology, botany, zoology and biology.

The separation of the secular and the religious was easy for the exact scientists working with the cosmos but proved difficult for the non-exact scientists whose objects of study were closer to home. This is not to say, however, that all non-exact sciences were characterized by a lack of objectivity. Statistics began to develop at that time as a tool to add objectivity to the subjective nature of the various new sciences that appeared. In spite of that, it is fair to say that many non-exact scientists and the scholars working in the humanities were dilettantes who lacked the disposition to question everything, as did the 18th century physicists. It is also fair to say that most of them did not practise their science with an unprejudiced mind.

When the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707-78) set himself the task of classifying the flora of the world, with the help of an army of plant collectors around the globe, he thought he was completing the job of the biblical Adam. Therefore, when he inspected his garden, planted according to perceived kinship relations, and saw gradations instead of clear cut separations between species, the idea of evolution still did not occur to him. Something similar happened when the French zoologist Baron Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) compared the analogous parts of the anatomy of various animals both living and extinct and still insisted in creationism. Cuvier’s theory of catastrophes to explain the extinct fauna shows that he was not studying nature with an unbiased mind but with a mind committed to religion. The doctrine of creationism was finally disproved by the British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-82) in his 1859 book The Origin of the Species, describing how life on earth evolved over millions of years through a process of adaptation and natural selection.

Although the subject of chemistry started with Robert Boyle’s discovery of phosphorous in 1649, thus at the start of the Age of Enlightenment , it was during the 19th century that it came of age, with the publication of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendelev in 1869. The fact is that the exact sciences did not disappear during the 19th century. They just weren’t that noticeable amid the many other subjects that were developing at the time. In physics, a crisis was created after the recently discovered electromagnetic force appeared to conflict with gravity. This crisis was resolved only in the twentieth century by Albert Einstein’s two theories of relativity.

The Enlightenment’s New Enemies
In the 20th century the Counter-Enlightenment came not just from religious dogmatism but also from Post-Modernism. By Post-Modernism I do not mean the kind defined by The New Oxford Dictionary as “a late 20th century style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism, which represents a departure from modernism and has at its heart a general distrust of grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical relationship with any notion of ‘art’.” but to the relativist ideology which stemmed out of literary criticism during the last quarter of the 20th century, centred on the idea that the universal realities of the world are social constructs based on language and communication, and for that reason can be fixed simply by a change of meaning. There is a sweeping assumption in this idea, namely that one type of opinion is as good as another, and that there is no such thing as ‘best knowledge’ or ‘scientific knowledge’.

The inter-related concepts of social construction and linguistic idealism were at the centre of the American culture wars, according to Ian Hacking, a Canadian professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto and winner of the Holberg Prize in 2009. According with K J Gergen, social construction is a perspective which believes that a great deal of human life exists as it does due to social or interpersonal influences. According to Hacking, linguistic idealism refers to the doctrine that only that which is talked about exists. In Hacking’s view, sorting out the culture wars required some kind of mediation from individuals who had the cognitive skills to understand the problem and were willing to get involved.
Although it can be argued that for a large part of the twenty century the Enlightenment appeared to remain eclipsed, it also can be argued that the Enlightenment’s ideas were there all the time. They persisted, not just in the minds of the people who accepted that there is a ‘best knowledge’ in the kind of knowledge derived from reason and from science, but also on the expectations of the general public who looked to science and technology to improve their lives.
____________________
Jo Pires-O’Brien is the editor of PortVitoria, a cultural internet magazine dedicated to the Spanish and Portuguese speaking communities worldwide: http://www.portvitoria.com/

Note
1. Kant’s ambivalence regarding the existence of God was my interpretation based on what I read from Kant himself. However, Will Durant in his book The Story of Philosophy (1953) states that Kant did not press his conclusion regarding God for he realised that the world was not ready for it. Durant also pointed out that Kant wrote his Critique of Pure Reason not to put down science but to show its limitations, something that he had to do in order to demonstrate that religion cannot be proved by theoretical reason. ‘Transcendental dialectic must remind theology that substance and cause and necessity are finite categories, modes of arrangement and classification which the mind applies to sense-experience, and reliably valid only for the phenomena that appear to such experience; we cannot apply these conceptions to the noumenal (or merely inferred and conjectural) world. Thus, Kant concluded his Critique, stating that the objects of faith – a free and immortal soul and a benevolent creator, could never be proved by reason. According with Durrant, those who understood the message at the end of the Critique of Pure Reason realised straight way that Kant had undermined the most precious argument of theology and thus killed God.


Paediatric Surgery

In many cases, it may be difficult for children to express any change in their clinical condition or any pain they may be experiencing. It will also be difficult for them to answer any medical questions, or even be patient or helpful during clinical examinations. Therefore, when there is a need for a paediatric surgery, it will take a skilled and experienced surgeon to perform this invasive medical procedure, keeping in mind the delicate physiological and psychological constitution of a child. Our surgeons at Apollo Cradle are not only veterans in the field of child care, but also incorporate the use of advanced technology and equipment at our paediatric surgery centre, designed especially for children.

Why should you approach a paediatric surgeon?

Surgery can be as terrifying a concept for a child, as it is for an adult. When there is a requirement for such a medical treatment, you will want your child to have only the best care available. At the same time, your child will also need to be healthy to deal with the demands of surgery. Paediatric surgeons are experienced with managing the delicate psychological and physiological constitution of infants, children, and adolescents and are, therefore, well-equipped to handle their fears or ensure that they are in the best physical condition before surgery. At Apollo Cradle, we ensure that your child undergoes the necessary treatment in a comfortable and non-threatening environment, under the care of only the best paediatric surgeons in India.

What is the paediatric surgeon’s role in treating your child?

Certain clinical conditions in your child may require surgical intervention to treat it. At Apollo Cradle, we are trained to recognise such problems and provide the most appropriate paediatric surgery to treat the problem. The surgical treatment may include:

Surgery to correct congenital abnormalities in infancy, childhood or even adolescence such as cleft lip and palate, congenital hernia repair, etc


Hall Of Fame Profile

Allan Stanley

Induction into Hockey Hall Of Fame - Sept. 1981

Allan Stanley's 3rd year card (53-54)

In the pre-Bobby Orr era a defenseman was responsible solely for defense, a few did that job better thanAllan Stanley. He played 1244 NHl games, plus 104 more in the playoffs. His outstanding play resultedin 3 2nd-team all-star teams (1960,61 and 66), 4 Stanley Cup championships with the Leafs and a place in Hockey's Hall Of Fame.

Stanley was an all-star with the Leafs

Allan started played pro hockey in Providence with Chicago's farm team. The Rangers coveted the young defenseman and made a bold trade. The Rangers sent two NHL-roster players, four minor leaguers and an unheard of $70,000 for Allan.Stanley never really developed in New York, especially with the pressure the Rangers fans put on him. New Yorksent him back to Chicago where things didn't improve. It wasn't until he was traded to Boston that he began to show his initial potential. Stanley spent the 1956-57 and 1957-58 season with the Boston Bruins, but the Bruins felt Stanleywas getting past his prime. Once again Stanley was sent packing, this time to Toronto. In Toronto he was teamed with Tim Horton. The defensive pair became one of the toughest in the league, helping the Leafs to 4 Cup wins, includingtheir last one in 1967.

In the Flyers first season in 1967-68, a pleasant surprise was the play of veteran Larry Zeidel. Despite not playing an game in the NHL for a decade , he was extremely helpful in assisting the otherwise youthful defensive corps. When the Leafs leftAllan Stanley unprotected in the reversal draft (June 13, 1968), the Flyers snapped him up, upgrading their veteran presence. Immediately the Flyers made him an assistant captain and helped guide players such as Ed Van Impe and Joe Watson.These tips were to come in handy as these same players helped the Flyers win back to back championships. After the Flyers were eliminated from the playoffsStanley started to build up a golf resort and hockey school in Northern Ontario. He later served as an assistant coach for the Buffalo Sabres.


"*Delay always breeds danger; and to protract a great design is often to ruin it.*Miguel de Cervantes"

Transcatheter interventions for structural heart disease (SHD), in particular aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation, have come a long way in less than two decades and now represent an effective alternative to surgery in selected patients \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. Accordingly, several centers worldwide have established SHD programs with substantial case load yearly. A clear premise is that delay in or neglect of treating patients in need of SHD intervention is associated with unavoidable morbidity and mortality because many of them have life-threatening conditions. However, the recent outbreak of coronavirus-associated disease 2019 (COVID-19) is placing an unprecedented strain on patients, physicians, and world healthcare systems resulting in deferral of elective and semi-elective procedures, such as those for subjects with SHD, and delay in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) \[[@CR3]--[@CR6]\]. We hereby present the case for a focused resumption of transcatheter SHD interventions in selected centers, in order to preserve patient safety and avoid that death rates will extend far beyond that directly associated with COVID-19. A similar approach should be applied to the invasive management of ACS (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}).Table 1Highlights of life-saving interventions for structural heart disease and coronary artery diseaseSettingIncidence per yearTreatmentComparatorOutcomeResultsNumber needed to treat to prevent one deathReferenceAortic stenosis150/10^6^Transcatheter aortic valve implantationBalloon aortic valvuloplastyRisk of death at 12 months31% vs 50%5\[[@CR7]\]Secondary mitral regurgitation300/10^6^Transcatheter mitral valve repairConservative managementRisk of death at 12 months19% vs 23%25\[[@CR8]\]ST-elevation myocardial infarction800/10^6^Streptokinase and aspirinConservative managementRisk of vascular death at 5 weeks8% vs 13%20\[[@CR9]\]ST-elevation myocardial infarction800/10^6^Primary percutaneous coronary interventionThrombolysisRisk of death at 4--6 weeks7% vs 8%50\[[@CR10]\].

As previously mentioned, there is ample evidence that transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is significantly more beneficial than medical therapy (even when valvuloplasty is considered) in patients with severe aortic stenosis at prohibitive risk of surgery \[[@CR7]\]. Similar favorable results have been reported in patients who have high, intermediate, or low operative risk \[[@CR11]\]. Indeed, we should not ignore that the 1-year all-cause mortality in inoperable patients enrolled in the Placement of AoRTic TraNscathetER Valve Trial (PARTNER) and treated with medical therapy reached 50%. This translates into a monthly death rate of 4% (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@CR7]\]. In other words, for each month of interventional treatment delay, we may expect that roughly 1 out of 20 inoperable patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis dies while waiting due treatment (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). This risk is significantly reduced with timely TAVI. Although mortality of asymptomatic aortic stenosis is lower, recent data suggest that early intervention is similarly beneficial if timely and systematically adopted \[[@CR12]\].Fig. 1Survival benefits of appropriate invasive management in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), secondary mitral regurgitation (MR), and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)Fig. 2Incidence and yearly deaths, including avoidable ones, in patients with severe aortic stenosis, secondary mitral regurgitation, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), per million inhabitants (top panel), and in Italy as a whole (bottom panel)

Analogous evidence in favor of transcatheter repair of functional mitral regurgitation has been reported by the Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation (COAPT) trial \[[@CR8]\]. Although estimates of absolute risk clearly differ in this patient population, a 50% all-cause death rate has been reported at 24-month follow-up in the conservative management arm. This translates into a 2% monthly fatality rate unless percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral repair is early instituted in patients with severe regurgitation.

While more challenging given the potential interaction between the prothrombotic milieu of COVID-19 and the natural history of atherothrombosis, we cannot neglect the importance of the invasive and timely management of ACS. Unfortunately, growing data show that the number of ACS patients presenting for emergent care is not in line with pre-pandemic levels. This may indicate that people are reluctant to go to the hospital because of COVID-19 fear. Indeed, STEMI admissions have apparently dropped in many countries, and patients hospitalized often have substantially longer symptom-to-balloon times, leading to poor reperfusion and higher rate of cardiogenic shock and in-hospital cardiac mortality \[[@CR13]--[@CR15]\]. Although lytic therapy may be considered an option in selected cases, timely percutaneous coronary intervention is still the standard of care in terms of effective reperfusion and risk of intracranial hemorrhage \[[@CR9], [@CR10], [@CR16]\].

Thus, how can we safely navigate between the Scylla of COVID-19 and the Charybdis of SHD and ACS? Many strategies might be envisioned, and several have been already implemented and recommended \[[@CR17]\]. First, the concept of creating or adapting some hospitals to the care of COVID-19 patients only is reasonable and appropriate. However, this should not impede the ongoing activity of other institutions that may play a referral role in a hub and spoke system. Second, multi-institutional online registries should be implemented to track all patients with evident indications, in order to appropriately and timely prioritize, allocate, and treat them. Similarly, safe and high-quality management of SHD and ACS in the COVID-19 era requires careful planning and centralization of cases and procedures, using dedicated catheterization laboratories for suspected, probable, or confirmed COVID-19 patients. Of utmost importance to minimize exposure to coronavirus is also the systematic use of appropriate personal protection equipment while ensuring that all patients, relatives, and healthcare providers are preliminarily and periodically screened for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Nowadays, this may be easily accomplished with point-of-care instantaneous tests, most of which are based on inexpensive and sensitive polymerase chain reaction methods or measurement of antibody levels.

However, the simplest and most important recommendation should be made to patients and primary care physicians.: do not underestimate SHD and ACS risk, do not overlook symptoms, and consider appropriate and safe work-up of any patient with suspicious symptoms or sign of cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, enforce all measures that can increase appropriate diagnosis and management, including medical therapy, as pharmacology treatments are also being underused during the COVID-19 emergency. Indeed, given the current COVID-19 outbreak and the recognized high prevalence of SHD and ACS, patients may have both diseases. Conversely, considering them "simply" COVID-19 patients carries the risk of delivering inappropriate care, by not only overlooking cardiovascular diseases but also providing suboptimal COVID-19 management, given the established prognostic impact of cardiovascular and other comorbidities on COVID-19 outcome.

In conclusion, a proactive and vigilant stance on managing SHD and ACS is crucial, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the risk of overlooking severely sick patients or postponing life-saving treatments is high. If such corrective measures are not put into effect, we may expect in the near future an excess of avoidable fatalities indirectly due to COVID-19 but truly caused by cardiovascular diseases, as well as an exceedingly large number of patients with severe heart failure leading to shorter life expectancy, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare cost.

**Publisher's Note**

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

None.


My Coronavirus (COVID-19) experience with Dr Tom Keeble

Dr Keeble talks about the current COVID-19 pandemic including his personal experiences as both a doctor treating patients and as someone who has has a suspected case of the disease. He also answers some questions from members of SCA UK on this topic.


Q:

In Eclipse, in the Call Hierarchy, way to expand all?

I'm individually clicking through each caller's caller.
Would prefer to just "expand all" and bottom out.
Is this possible?

A:

There is no button for that, but you can get very similar result by selecting the root (called method), then use the keyboard shortcut for expanding a tree: SHIFT+RIGHT_ARROW. Repeat several times, staying on the root, and all callers of the next level are shown.
It is a standard shortcut in Gnome applications (I'm on Ubuntu), so I don't know it this will work on other operating systems.

A:

I am using Luna eclipse in windows 7.
Once the Call hierarchy is done, then go to Call hierarchy window press home button then press key * (asterisk) until expanding all.
This is faster than pressing combination right and down arrow key.

A:

It is not possible as of now. Possibly because the node searched further and loaded only when expanded. An Expand All button will be very slow. However, if you have can justify the need with your business case, the JDT UI team will be more than happy to provide it. Please open an enhancement request with them.


e (-1)/((1/(-6))/(-9*(-14)/(-252))). What is the nearest to -0.2 in 1, -21, p?
1
Let f = -0.13 + -0.09. Let y = f + 0.32. Suppose -2*g - 8 + 61 = 3*i, 5*i = 5*g + 80. Which is the closest to y?  (a) 5  (b) 1/5  (c) i
b
Let f be ((-11)/5 - -2) + -1. Let z = 17/4 - 7/4. Let n = 2/563 + 2242/2815. Which is the nearest to 3.1?  (a) n  (b) f  (c) z
c
Let g = -30 + 0. Let h = g - -26. What is the closest to -1 in -2, 11, h?
-2
Let x = -5669.6 + 5670. What is the closest to 2 in x, -2/3, -2, 0?
x
Let r = -483 - -482. Which is the nearest to r?  (a) 0.13  (b) 3/4  (c) 0.1
c
Let b be (-18)/56 + 632/1106. What is the nearest to -3/8 in b, -23, 0.8?
b
Let o = 1623 - 1624. Which is the closest to 0?  (a) o  (b) -2/21  (c) -2/185
c
Let h = -150.62 - -0.62. Let z = 160 + h. What is the closest to z in -0.5, -0.4, 0.1?
0.1
Let n = -1059765 + 1059765.2. Let x = 0.1 + 0.4. What is the closest to n in -4, 3, 46, x?
x
Let a = 0.75 + -0.75. Let s = -35.5 + 35.9. Let b = 0 - 1. What is the closest to b in 5, a, s?
a
Let f = -863/6 - -4339/30. What is the nearest to -1 in f, 3, 868?
f
Let o be ((-165)/6)/11 - (-95)/50. What is the closest to -46 in -18, o, -2/5?
-18
Suppose -16*t = -6*t + 700. Let w be t/(-90) + 2/9. Let s(x) = x**3 - 11*x**2 + 18*x - 5. Let h be s(9). Which is the nearest to w?  (a) h  (b) 5  (c) -0.1
c
Let h(k) = 2386*k + 50102. Let y be h(-21). Let l = -223.12 - -219. Which is the nearest to -0.1?  (a) l  (b) y  (c) 1
c
Let l = -328 - -2290/7. Let j = -1 - l. Which is the nearest to 0.1?  (a) 4  (b) 12  (c) j
c
Let s = -41.16 - -41.26. What is the nearest to s in -2, -4, -3, 0.4?
0.4
Let g = -0.1382 - 0.0618. Let v = 0.3 - 0.4. Suppose 0 = j - 0*j + 2. What is the nearest to j in v, g, 1?
g
Let h be -2 - (63/(-45) - -1)*(-75)/(-24). Let p be 2 - 4/((-32)/(-186)). Let v = p + 21. Which is the closest to v?  (a) 2  (b) h  (c) 3
b
Let k = 581 + -580.9. Let f = -134 + 214. Let o = -879/11 + f. Which is the closest to k?  (a) 3  (b) o  (c) 0
b
Let f = -0.3 + 0.28. Let t = 0.31 - 0.21. Which is the closest to 2?  (a) f  (b) t  (c) 4/5
c
Let u = 2750 + -2748. Let g = 2.2 + 1.8. What is the nearest to u in 0.4, g, 14?
0.4
Let s = -13.28 + 13.18. Let r = 0.11 + -5.11. Let g = -3 - r. Which is the closest to 0?  (a) s  (b) g  (c) 1
a
Let a be 2/(-1) - 13/(-5). Suppose 623*z + 597*z = 1014 + 2646. What is the nearest to -0.3 in z, -3/8, -3, a?
-3/8
Suppose 0 = 5*a + 5*p - 40, 0 = a - 3*a - 5*p + 31. Let g be (6 - 6/a)/(-1*2). Let f = 508 - 503. What is the nearest to -1/2 in 3/2, f, g?
g
Let d be 518/222*36/140. What is the nearest to 2/5 in d, 15, 3, 7?
d
Let m = -15.27 - 4.83. Let o = m + 20.2. Which is the nearest to o?  (a) 3  (b) 5  (c) -1/5
c
Let v = -0.4 - -0.6. Let z = 0.13844 + -0.07844. Which is the nearest to v?  (a) 3  (b) z  (c) -4
b
Let v = 108 - -152. Let c = v + -262. What is the closest to 0 in c, -11, 0?
0
Let k = 59.6 + -22. Let f = -37.4 + k. Which is the closest to -1?  (a) 2/7  (b) 121  (c) f
c
Let v = -219 - -214.72. Let l = -1.28 - v. What is the nearest to -1/3 in l, 4/3, 2/3?
2/3
Let m = 139 - 56. Suppose 6*n + 11 - m = 0. Let x be n/66 + 6/(-33). Which is the closest to x?  (a) -2/9  (b) 0.5  (c) -7
a
Let p = -2373/7636 + 116/1909. Let h be (-41)/(-21) - (-2)/(-7). What is the closest to p in 1, h, 5?
1
Let k be (-18)/20*270/(-648). What is the nearest to 0.4 in 1/3, 1/5, -2/7, k?
k
Let d be 8/44 - (5 - 46/(-11)). Let v be (17 - 4) + d + (-4 - 1). Let b be 64/110 + (-4)/22. What is the nearest to b in v, 3/5, 0.4?
0.4
Let v = 24358 + -243579/10. What is the nearest to 0 in -10, -1/4, 3, v?
v
Let g = 16.83 + -17. Let h = 0.03 - g. Let q = 1.09 + -0.99. What is the nearest to q in -1, h, 1?
h
Let j = 0.04 - -0.1. Let d = 41.14 - j. Let t = d - 38. Which is the nearest to -0.1?  (a) t  (b) -0.3  (c) -3
b
Let r = 8748 + -8747.5. Which is the closest to 242?  (a) 1  (b) r  (c) -5
a
Let i be 1880/(-3666) + 5/3 + -1. Which is the nearest to -15?  (a) i  (b) 2/5  (c) 4
a
Let s = 551/35 - 15. Let i = s + -6/35. Let z = 176.7 - 176. Which is the closest to -1?  (a) i  (b) z  (c) -0.2
c
Let r = 184.3 + -259.5. What is the nearest to -2/5 in -2/9, 4, r?
-2/9
Let n = 2669 - 2672. Which is the nearest to n?  (a) -2/9  (b) 0.4  (c) -3  (d) 0.2
c
Suppose -z - 106 = -3*q + 4, -3*q + 106 = z. Suppose -112*g = -94*g + q. Which is the closest to 0?  (a) -36  (b) 0.3  (c) g
b
Let h = -233123 - -932487/4. Let x = -0.28 + 0.3. What is the closest to 0.8 in -2, h, x?
x
Let r = -12945 + 64726/5. Suppose 2*u - u = -3*g, 0 = u + 5*g. What is the nearest to u in -2, r, 66?
r
Let p = -8533 + 8538. What is the nearest to -17 in -0.3, 2/19, p, -2?
-2
Let z = 444.2 + -32.2. Let b = z - 411.7. What is the nearest to 1/30 in 3, b, 0.1?
0.1
Let y = -11198 + 11193. Which is the nearest to 1.2?  (a) -1  (b) -2/3  (c) 3/8  (d) y
c
Let l = 28825.3 + -28827. What is the closest to 2/3 in 0.06, 2, 7, l?
0.06
Let j = -7436 + 7439. Let p = 3.8 + 1.2. What is the closest to 11 in j, 3/4, p, 0.3?
p
Let v = -440.6 - -439.6. Which is the closest to 0.1?  (a) -207  (b) -5  (c) v
c
Let a = -3.54543 - 0.45457. What is the nearest to -1 in a, -0.5, 2164?
-0.5
Let q = 209.435 + -209. Let y = 0.39 - q. Let o = y - -0.545. Which is the closest to -0.1?  (a) -0.3  (b) o  (c) 1
a
Let n be (4/(16/(-7)) + 2)*(-536)/201. Let x = 3 - -3. What is the nearest to -10 in -2, n, x?
-2
Let v(f) = -f**3 + 42*f**2 - 47*f + 250. Let q be v(41). Which is the nearest to -0.2?  (a) q  (b) 1.92  (c) -2/9  (d) -0.05
c
Let l = 0.087 - 245.087. Let q = l + 245.3. Let g = -25 + 17. Which is the closest to -1?  (a) q  (b) -0.2  (c) g
b
Let k = -1/5 - -7/10. Let l = 2.976157 + 0.023843. Which is the closest to k?  (a) -1  (b) 2/13  (c) -0.3  (d) l
b
Let z = -0.4 - -0.5. Suppose -113*c = 196*c - 48*c. Let j = -43/204 - 2/51. What is the nearest to j in c, 2, z?
c
Let p = -18 - -21. Let i = 25.95 - 26.04. What is the closest to -0.1 in 6/5, p, i?
i
Let a = 4 - 1. Suppose 17*n = 47*n + 66 + 24. What is the nearest to 1 in a, 11, n?
a
Let s be 5104/(-1584) + (-2)/(-9). Which is the nearest to -1/3?  (a) -1/9  (b) s  (c) -7/43
c
Let u = 0.178 - 2.178. What is the closest to u in -0.2, -2.8, 5, 15?
-2.8
Let l be -1 - 14/(-286) - 84/(-28). Let o = -29/13 + l. What is the nearest to 0 in 3, o, 32?
o
Let r be -20 - 3*(-33)/9. Let p = 282.1 + -282. What is the nearest to p in 0.1, -1/3, r?
0.1
Let r = 59/4 + -303/20. Let g = 2 - 2.1. Let d = 3649 - 3645. What is the closest to r in d, g, 0.2?
g
Let h = 94 + -89. Let o = 95 - 103. Let s = o + h. Which is the nearest to -1/2?  (a) -0.2  (b) s  (c) 1
a
Let v be 4/2 - (-6)/(-288)*92. Let g = 0.254 + 0.246. What is the closest to -2/3 in g, -1/26, v?
-1/26
Let f = 1.4563 - 0.2563. Which is the closest to f?  (a) 5  (b) -4  (c) 26
a
Let s(f) = -f + 7. Let d be s(8). Let i = -19/2 - -9. Let u = -359/580 + 11/20. What is the nearest to i in d, u, 0.4?
u
Let v = 52 - 52.061. Let m = v - 0.072. Let x = m + 0.033. Which is the closest to -2?  (a) x  (b) 2  (c) 1
a
Let l = 120.3 + -112. Let k = -8.17 + l. Let y = k - -0.27. What is the nearest to -0.3 in y, 0.3, -2?
0.3
Let g be ((-120)/18 + 5)*6. Let t(i) = -3*i - 28. Let y be t(g). Which is the nearest to -1?  (a) y  (b) -65  (c) -2/9
c
Let g = -6327 + 6322. What is the closest to 63 in 3, g, -0.4?
3
Let z be 2/(-34)*(-2)/(-1). Let l = 0.3 + -0.2. Let g be ((-294)/2940)/((162/(-24))/9). What is the nearest to l in z, g, -2?
g
Let n = -2.05336 + 0.05336. Which is the closest to -32?  (a) -0.4  (b) n  (c) 1/10  (d) -4/3
b
Let p = 7310 + -7309.6. Which is the nearest to -1/5?  (a) 17.3  (b) 5  (c) p
c
Let p = -4.8449 - -0.0799. Let q = -0.765 - p. Let y = 51 + -151/3. What is the nearest to y in -1, 2, q?
2
Suppose 0 = 43*f - 12813 + 2622. Let k = f + -257. Which is the closest to -0.1?  (a) 0.1  (b) k  (c) 0.5
a
Let i = -24472 - -2324806/95. Let y = 4/95 - i. Let f = 11 - 16. Which is the nearest to 0?  (a) y  (b) 4  (c) f
a
Suppose -3*x + 13 = -5*y, 0 = 4*x - y - 0*y + 11. Let i be (1 - 3) + (-4 - (4 + x)). Let k = 4.6 - 7.6. Which is the nearest to i?  (a) 2  (b) k  (c) -1
b
Let p = 385/6 + -64. Let f = 8492.8 - 8451.8. What is the nearest to -1 in f, p, 1/2?
p
Let k(s) = -s**2 - 15*s - 57. Let x be k(-7). Let f = 152 - 1


//
//  UILabel+tipLabel.m
//  JKRAVCameraDemo
//
//  Created by Lucky on 2016/10/22.
//  Copyright © 2016年 tronsis_ios. All rights reserved.
//

#import "UILabel+tipLabel.h"

@implementation UILabel (tipLabel)

+ (instancetype)tipLabelWithText:(NSString *)text {
    UILabel *label = [UILabel new];
    label.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:13];
    label.textColor = [UIColor redColor];
    label.text = text;
    return label;
}

@end


Web Importer Not Working Correctly in Firefox

Follow these troubleshooting instructions below.

Empty the temp files (cache) and cookies for Firefox.

1. Select Clear Recent History from the History menu in Firefox. 2. Select Everything for the time range at the top. 3. Clear all checkmarks from the boxes. Add a checkmark to Cookies and also Cache. 4. Press the Clear Now button. Wait for Firefox to do that. Restart Firefox.

Check that Firefox is allowing third-party cookies. The web importer works by placing a cookie for Firefox for the website you are importing from.

(Another option is to allow ONLY www.mastercook.com to use cookies.)

Restart Firefox and verify everything is working correctly now. Go to this web page:

Use the Add to MasterCook bookmarklet with this recipe and see if it works.

CAUTION: if you have a program that wipes out cookies for your web browser such as an internet security program or web browser add-ons, it could prevent the web importer from working correctly. Disable any security-type add-ons and see if that solves the problem. One add-on that caused a problem for a MasterCook user is Privacy Badger.

If you still have problems, feel free to contact us at MasterCook Support.


Front Firing Walther PKK Blank Firing 9MM-PA Gun Replica by Kimar; also called Lady K, MVP and Major blank gun. Our New Front firing PPK Fires flame and smoke from the end of the Barrel. All blank guns sold in America must have the red tip at the end of the barrel by federal law, though it is my ...
Our price: $142.00Details

Front Firing Walther PKK Blank Firing 9MM-PA Gun Replica by Kimar; also called Lady K, MVP and Major blank gun. Our New Front firing PPK Fires flame and smoke from the end of the Barrel. All blank guns sold in America must have the red tip at the end of the barrel by federal law, though it is my ...
Our price: $164.00Details


RSCC’s satellites scheduled to be commissioned in 2014 are seen instrumental in making Internet access available countrywide

Igor Chursin, Deputy-Head of Federal Communications Agency (Rossvyaz), attended the 3rd international forum, Broadband Russia Forum 2013 – Developing next-generation networks in Russia. In his contribution he paid particular attention to the steps to support and advance the civilian Russian orbital constellation that RSCC has been making under the guidance of Rossvyaz.

Mr. Chursin stressed how topical and important for Russia is broadband access and the specific role of satellite communications in its development. Launches of RSCC’s satellites scheduled for the late 2013 and throughout 2014 will go a long way towards making internet access more readily available.


Q:

Extracting function names from a file (with or without regular expressions)

How can I extract all function names from a PHP file?
The file has many functions that look more or less like the following. Is a regular expression the best way to do it?
public function someFunction(

private function anotherOne(

A:

You could find them with a regular expression:
# The Regular Expression for Function Declarations
$functionFinder = '/function[\s\n]+(\S+)[\s\n]*\(/';
# Init an Array to hold the Function Names
$functionArray = array();
# Load the Content of the PHP File
$fileContents = file_get_contents( 'thefilename.php' );

# Apply the Regular Expression to the PHP File Contents
preg_match_all( $functionFinder , $fileContents , $functionArray );

# If we have a Result, Tidy It Up
if( count( $functionArray )>1 ){
  # Grab Element 1, as it has the Matches
  $functionArray = $functionArray[1];
}


Fire badly damages house in Grafton

GRAFTON
A fire that started in the garage quickly spread and badly damaged a Blanchard Road home last night.

Fire Chief Michael E. Gauthier said no one was hurt, and said residents of 48 Blanchard Road appeared to have quickly exited the burning single-family house.

The chief said the two-alarm fire started in the attached garage of the home just after 10 p.m., and quickly spread to the house.

Neighbors watching from across the street said they heard loud bangs, then saw flames shooting up from the garage.

Firefighters from Sutton helped fight the fire, which sent a plume of smoke into the air that was visible from quite a distance.

Chief Gauthier said once the fire got into the attic, it spread quickly from one end of the house to the other. Firefighters cut vent holes in the roof and the side of the house, releasing billowing smoke and intense flames.

Two cars appeared destroyed in what was left of the garage bays; a third car in the driveway also appeared to have heavy front-end damage.

The garage was destroyed; glowing orange flames were visible through exposed framing on the second floor of the Colonial-style home.

Chief Gauthier said the state fire marshal's office would assist with the investigation into the cause of the fire.

The American Red Cross of Central Massachusetts said it provided assistance to one family, consisting of five adults. The Red Cross assisted the family with resources to purchase food and clothing. The family was also given comfort kits, which include toiletries and other essential items along with referrals to replace medications and glasses. The family was able to find shelter with neighbors, the Red Cross said.


How does a Provident loan work?

1. Choose the loan option you prefer

That’s how much you’d need to borrow over the number of weeks you'd like to make repayments.

Use the calculator to understand how much weekly repayments could be.

The amount you are offered may be lower than the amount you request here as the final decision is based on an assessment of your income and outgoings to ensure the loan is suitable, affordable and sustainable for you.

You must:

You will need:

Personal information including your name and date of birth

A contact telephone number

3. Finish with a visit from your local Agent

If approved in principle, your Agent will come to your home to discuss your loan needs, income and outgoings to ensure your repayments are suitable, affordable and sustainable for you, and complete the loan application.

Your Agent will also need to see income documentation as part of the affordability assessment and application process.

Payslip; in some cases 3 consecutive payslips may be required

evidence of welfare payments

If you're applying for a loan of €500 or more you will also need to provide your Personal Public Service Number during the home visit, you can see the full list of documents you can use for proof of Personal Public Service Number here.

You will need to have legible photocopies of your documents for your Agent to take away with them. They will not be able to issue the loan without this.

If your loan is agreed, your Agent will deliver the money direct to your door and each week, on a day that suits both of you, they'll collect your repayments.Learn more about who Agents are and what they do.

Find out more about our home credit loans

You could get a personal loan from Provident of up to €600, subject to affordability and have it delivered straight to your door. More >>

Need some help?

About us

About our site

A home credit loan from Provident will require an Agent to discuss your financial income, outgoings and other financial commitments. Available to Republic of Ireland residents aged 18 and over. Written quotations are available on request.

Provident Personal Credit Limited (trading as “Provident”) is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland


Introduction {#Sec1}
============

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an accepted treatment for lower urinary tract dysfunction refractory to conservative treatment. It has also proven to be an effective treatment for fecal incontinence and functional bowel disorders. Although no FDA-approved indication exists, there are several reports showing a beneficial effect of SNM treatment in chronic pelvic pain conditions, such as interstitial cystitis or vulvodynia \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. The results seem promising, although the study populations are small and long-term success has not been defined yet.

Clitoral pain is an uncommon pain condition, and very little data exist about its prevalence. Gordon et al. reported 21 cases of clitoral pain syndromes, including one patient with clitoral pain after a laparoscopic hysterectomy \[[@CR3]\]. Their study showed that a wide variety of conditions are associated with clitoral pain syndromes (trauma, surgery, neurological disease), although treatment was not discussed. We present a case of a patient with clitoral pain following hysterectomy, treated successfully with SNM therapy.

Case {#Sec2}
====

A 51-year-old woman presented to our urological clinic with persistent voiding symptoms, which developed shortly after an abdominal hysterectomy done 6 months earlier. The patient reported impaired bladder emptying requiring abdominal straining, followed by a sensation of incomplete emptying. She also complained of urinary incontinence occurring during day and night, without perceiving urgency. Coughing or sneezing did not elicit urinary incontinence.

Furthermore, the patient reported clitoral pain with paresthesia and a bothersome orgasmic sensation. These complaints also developed after the hysterectomy and were continuously present. A hysterectomy with left ovariectomy was performed for complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Post-operatively, a hematoma of the vaginal apex developed, which was treated conservatively. In the acute stage, the patient complained of vaginal pain, with radiation into the lower abdomen. After 2 months, the pain became more prominent in the clitoral area, and paresthesia also developed. She reported that these symptoms increased when having emotional stress. Due to her symptoms, she was unable to have sexual intercourse and to participate in social activities.

Further relevant medical history noted two vaginal deliveries and a right-sided ovariectomy due to the presence of a mature teratoma of the ovary. There was no history of back injury or surgery, vaginal infections, sexually transmitted diseases, genital trauma, or sexual abuse.

Physical examination showed normal external female genitalia and pelvic examination was normal. Clinical neurological examination was unremarkable, including normal perineal sensation for touch and normal sacral reflexes.

Urodynamic measurement revealed a bladder capacity of 340 ml. During voiding, detrusor hypocontractility and inadequate sphincter relaxation was observed, with urethral pressures up to 130 cmH~2~O. Post-micturition residual volume was 321 ml, with a voided volume of 65 ml. Incontinence could not be demonstrated during the investigation.

Electrophysiological evaluation suggested the presence of a peripheral motor neuron lesion of the pudendal nerve. The bulbocavernosal reflex latency was increased to 54.8 ms (normal range 24--41 ms), and bladder--bulbocavernosus reflex latency was 83.6 ms (normal range 47--79 ms). The latency of the pudendal somatosensory-evoked potential was normal with a normal shape of the evoked response.

Psychological evaluation showed signs of mild anxiety and depression. The total score of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was 16, with scores of 10 on the anxiety subscale and 6 on the depression subscale.

The initial treatment consisted of pelvic floor physiotherapy combined with clean intermittent self-catherization (CIC). This treatment facilitated voiding, resulting in reduced residual volumes below 100 ml, after which CIC was discontinued. However, the complaints of urinary incontinence persisted, and therefore anticholinergics were added to the treatment. For the clitoral pain, amitriptylin was started but was only temporarily effective. Additional treatment with pregabalin, lamotrigin, and carbamazepin gave partial relief of pain symptoms but was discontinued because of side effects.

Due to failure of conservative treatment of voiding symptoms, sacral neuromodulation was considered a possible treatment option. The patient was screened for SNM therapy with a tined-lead test stimulation. This procedure involved placement of a quadripolar lead into the third sacral foramen in order to stimulate the S3 nerve root. During the screening period of 3 weeks, patient symptoms were self-monitored using voiding diaries. The test was considered successful if more than 50% was noted in any of the studied parameters. Additionally, pain symptoms were recorded before (baseline) and during test stimulation using the visual analogue scale (VAS).

Evaluation of the voiding diaries showed less than 50% improvement in any of the relevant voiding diary parameters (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The VAS scores however showed a significant reduction in pain symptoms (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). Although the test stimulation was considered unsuccessful regarding voiding symptoms, the marked decrease in pain as well as the high patient satisfaction served as guidance to offer the patient a permanent implantable neurostimulator. After extensive counseling and informed consent that SNM is an off-label treatment for clitoral pain, she received an implant 3 weeks after the tined-lead test stimulation. Table 1Voiding diary parameters at baseline and during test stimulation. In the last column, the amount of improvement is shown as a percentage of the baseline dataParameterBaselineTest stimulationImprovement (%)Voided volume/void (ml)217263+36Number of voids/day12.38.9−28Number of leakages/day5.43.4−37Number of pads/day1.21.0−11Table 2Overview of the VAS pain scores filled out by the patient before and during SNM treatmentVAS score (0--100)BaselineTest Stimulation6 months follow-upPain at the moment75150Pain during last week70105Pain in best period4000Pain in worst period853510

After 6 months, VAS scores still showed a significant improvement (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}) in pain symptoms. The patient reported to be very satisfied with the treatment and had resumed her daily activities. No improvement in bladder function was noted: bladder emptying was still difficult and incontinence persisted.

Discussion {#Sec3}
==========

The cause of the clitoral pain in this patient is unknown and probably multifactorial. Repeated minor trauma of the pelvic floor and pudendal nerve may have accumulated due to the vaginal deliveries and pelvic surgery, leading to the measurable pudendal nerve lesion. SNM shows to be beneficial in improving clitoral pain and the effect persists already for up to 6 months post-implantation. Previous studies that evaluated the effect of SNM on chronic idiopathic pelvic pain have shown positive results. Siegel et al. reported a significant improvement in pain symptoms in six out of ten patients with pelvic pain, which persisted after a median follow-up of 19 months \[[@CR4]\]. Yet, no previous studies evaluated the effect of SNM treatment in clitoral pain. Although SNM was used as an off-label treatment for clitoral pain in our case, the results of this report suggest that the application of SNM in patients with clitoral pain might be effective.

Randall Leong assisted with the discussion of this paper.

**Conflicts of interest** T. Marcelissen: none; Ph. Van Kerrebroeck is consultant and speaker for Medtronic; S. De Wachter is speaker for Medtronic.

**Open Access** This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.


Diana Chapman Walsh

Diana Chapman Walsh was President of Wellesley College from 1993 to 2007. During her tenure, the college revised its curriculum and expanded its programs in global education, internships and service learning, and interdisciplinary teaching and learning. The faculty established new majors in environmental studies, quantitative reasoning, cinema and media studies, neurosciences, and astrophysics. Japanese, Arabic and Korean languages were added to the curriculum as well, and a new department of East Asian Languages and Literatures was launched.

Contributions
Other innovations included the opening of the Davis Museum and Cultural Center, the establishment of the Religious and Spiritual Life Program, the creation of a media and technology center, a social science center, a center for the humanities, annual day-long conferences to showcase student learning in the classroom and beyond, and other initiatives designed to strengthen the quality of campus intellectual life. Many of the college’s administrative structures were strengthened and major landscape restoration and building projects were completed across the campus. The college raised over $700 million in new gifts during this 14-year period, strengthened the management of the endowment and increased it fourfold, to over $1.6 billion.

Academic career
Previously, Dr. Walsh was the Norman Professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, and chair of the Department of Health and Social Behavior.  There she developed and led an interdisciplinary program in society and health, an educational initiative in cancer prevention, a program of studies on social norms and substance abuse, and a project on social marketing for public health. Prior to that, she was at Boston University, as a University Professor, and Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences in the School of Public Health.

Walsh is a 1966 graduate of Wellesley College, as an English major. At Boston University, she earned an M. S. degree in journalism from in 1971 and, in 1983, a Ph.D. in health policy from the University Professors Program. She received the Wallerstein Award for the distinguished graduate thesis in journalism in 1971 and the Alumni Merit Award for the best graduate dissertation by a University Scholar in 1983.

Diana Chapman Walsh began her professional career, in the fall of 1966, at Barnard College. She spent five years, in the early 1970s, as the information and education director for the Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts, on whose board she continued to serve for a decade. She was senior staff associate of the Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Health and then associate director of the Health Policy Institute at Boston University, where she developed and ran a fellowship program in health policy for corporate executives. As a Kellogg National Fellow, from 1987 to 1990, she traveled extensively (to Spain, Russia, Iceland, Norway, Brazil and throughout the United States) studying workplace democracy and patterns of leadership, and writing poetry.

Walsh has published  on topics related to the organization and financing of health care services, the conservation of health, the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, the health effects of work and on a number of issues in higher education. Her empirical studies have appeared in professional and scholarly journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine, Health Affairs and the Journal of the American Medical Association, and she is the author of reviews, essays, commentaries, and case studies. She has written, edited and co-edited twelve books, including a nine-volume series on industry and health care published by Springer-Verlag, a study of the practice of medicine within corporations entitled Corporate Physicians: Between Medicine and Management, Yale University Press, 1987, a co-edited monograph entitled Society and Health and published by Oxford University Press, and an essay, Trustworthy Leadership, published by the Fetzer Institute.

Other positions
Walsh currently serves as chair of the board of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, as a member of the corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is a trustee of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. She was a director of the State Street Corporation from 1999–2007 and a trustee of Amherst College from 1998-2010. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of Phi Beta Kappa.

Biographical notes
Her husband, Christopher T. Walsh, is the Hamilton Kuhn Professor in the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry at the Harvard Medical School. Their daughter, Allison Walsh Kurian, is an assistant professor of medicine and health policy at Stanford University.

Notes

Category:Barnard College faculty
Category:Boston University College of Communications alumni
Category:Boston University School of Public Health faculty
Category:Harvard School of Public Health faculty
Category:Living people
Category:Wellesley College alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Presidents of Wellesley College


Tariffs are going to come way down, because we people cannot continue to do that. We’re like the piggy bank that everybody’s robbing, and that ends. It’s got to change. It’s going to change. I mean, it’s not a question of, I hope it changes. It’s going to change, 100 percent. I will say it was not contentious. What was strong was the language that this cannot go on. But the relationships are very good, whether it be President Macron or with Justin [Trudeau]. So I don’t blame them. I blame our leaders. In fact, I congratulate the leaders of other countries for so crazily being able to make these trade deals that were so good for their country and so bad for the United States. But those days are over. In just a few minutes, I’ll be leaving for Singapore. I’ll be on a mission of peace. We have to get denuclearization. We have to get something going. We really think that North Korea will be a tremendous place in a very short period of time. You know the way they say that you know if you’re going to like somebody in the first five seconds? You ever hear that one? Well, I think that very quickly I’ll know whether or not something good is going to happen. I also think I’ll know whether or not it will happen fast. I think within the first minute I’ll know. Just my touch, my feel. That’s what, that’s what I do. But I really feel confident. I feel that Kim Jong-un wants to do something great for his people. And he has that opportunity, and he won’t have that opportunity again.


A. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to the field of embedded systems, and more particularly, to systems and methods for gathering debug information from embedded systems.
B. Background of the Invention
In the development of embedded systems, such as data storage systems, debugging operations are typically performed using external hardware. The external hardware is used to monitor and control the system. FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary system of hardware used to debugging a storage system.
FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified functional view of computer system 100, which comprises one or more applications 112 at an application level of the system, a device driver 114 at the hardware abstraction level, and controller 120 at the hardware level. Debugging system 200 is connected to computer system 100 via connection 201, which may be a serial connection. A hyper terminal application 212 transmits commands through COM (communications) port 220. Controller 120 receives the commands via connection 201 and processes the commands. The resulting data is transmitted through connection 201 to debugging system 200 and may be displayed by hyper terminal 212.
While developing firmware, it is very important to have a serial port or some other type of hardware connected to controller 120 to debug it while the code. This way, a developer has extensive information, which can help find and analyze problems. A developer can also step through the code while it is executing. This functionality also allows the developer to change execution order of the code. Essentially, the developer can have full control over the software that is being developed. Although having hardware for external connections is beneficial for the development and testing of a system, the hardware is not generally included in the final product.
To reduce the final costs of the system, the hardware used to create the connection to the external hardware (e.g., debugging system 200) is typically removed. For example, a UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) (not shown), used to facilitated communications with external debugger 200, may be removed from controller 120 to help reduced the production costs of system 100. Although computer system 100 is typically very stable upon release to customers, computer system 100 may still experience some problems while being operated by a customer. Because these problems generally occur while computer system 100 is at a customer location and without any external hardware attached to system 100, it is very difficult to debug the problems that occur. The developer of the computer system may attempt to reproduce a customer's problem, but this can take considerable amounts of time. Furthermore, some problems experienced by a customer may not be able to be reproduced by the developer.
Accordingly, what is needed are systems and methods for gathering internal information of an embedded system without having additional external hardware connected.


- g. Round m to 1 decimal place.
-0.3
Suppose -21 = -5*w - 1. Let p(n) = -3*n**2 + 39*n + 124. Let m be p(-3). Let i be w/m - (-16400002)/10. What is i rounded to the nearest 100000?
1600000
Suppose -6898803 = 2*t - c, -11*t - 28*c = -27*c + 37943397. Round t to the nearest 10000.
-3450000
Let d = -0.046 - 340.954. Let g = 336.73 + d. What is g rounded to 1 decimal place?
-4.3
Let l = 255 + -254.99951928. What is l rounded to four decimal places?
0.0005
Suppose 17*t + 356109 = 2332988. Let f be (6/2 - 1) + 41285. Let m = t - f. Round m to the nearest 10000.
80000
Let m = -4970.3152 + 4969. Round m to 1 decimal place.
-1.3
Let m be ((-36)/7 - (-4)/28)/((-54)/14489280). What is m rounded to the nearest 10000?
1340000
Let p = 19491.8 - 19484.0023. What is p rounded to one decimal place?
7.8
Let a = -0.0179196 + 0.02144. Round a to five decimal places.
0.00352
Let x = 3814919 + -2678874. Suppose 3*a - y + 1932132 = 0, -3*y = 5*a - 8*y + 3220210. Let d = x + a. Round d to the nearest 100000.
500000
Let t(s) = -82257*s + 60. Let m be t(-9). Let r = 2420373 - m. Round r to the nearest 100000.
1700000
Let p = 4041.346895 - 4040.8. Let w = p - 0.016721. Let z = -0.53 + w. What is z rounded to 5 decimal places?
0.00017
Let y be 978544600/150 + ((-1)/3)/(-1). Let j = y + 4446369. Round j to the nearest one hundred thousand.
11000000
Let b = -56.61 + 56.61014502. What is b rounded to 6 dps?
0.000145
Suppose 16*i = 20*i - 626048. Let u = 304312 - i. Round u to the nearest 1000.
148000
Let j = 141 - 114. Let q = 44.1 + j. What is q rounded to zero decimal places?
71
Let x = -149.8 + -0.2. Let o = 318 - 171.48. Let y = x + o. What is y rounded to one decimal place?
-3.5
Let y = -239 + 216.7. Let b = -22.2134 - y. What is b rounded to 2 dps?
0.09
Let r = 178 - 36. Let x = r - 142.241. Round x to two dps.
-0.24
Let g = -12 - -5. Let y(v) = -3 - 2*v - 3*v + 16*v. Let h be y(g). Round h to the nearest 10.
-80
Let j(p) = -319998*p - 28. Let o be 4 + 1*(-1 - 1) - -13. Let x be j(o). Let g be 11/(-4) - -3 - x/8. What is g rounded to the nearest one million?
1000000
Let r = 334910 - 334889.0761. What is r rounded to zero dps?
21
Suppose 3*a = -5 - 145. Let i = a + 52. Suppose -o = i*z - 154722 - 179274, z - 166992 = -2*o. What is z rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?
200000
Let o = -8619 + 14312.2. What is o rounded to the nearest one thousand?
6000
Suppose 26*a - 24*a = -110. Let j = 49 + a. Let d be 1766*906/(-4) - (-5 - j). Round d to the nearest one million.
0
Let h = 579.3 - -118.15. Let o = -647 + h. Let d = o - 51. Round d to one dp.
-0.6
Let l = 56261345 + -56261251.9999504. Let c = 200 + -293. Let q = l + c. What is q rounded to five dps?
0.00005
Suppose 4*w + c + 39 = -0*c, -3*c - 9 = 0. Let g = -10 - w. Let p(u) = -75*u + 6. Let d be p(g). Round d to the nearest 10.
80
Let t = -77 + 188. Let m = -7.6 - t. Round m to 0 decimal places.
-119
Let k = 51.956 - 28.562. What is k rounded to the nearest ten?
20
Let c = -6.125 + 1.84. Let f = c - 204.815. Let m = -226 - f. What is m rounded to 0 decimal places?
-17
Let w = 1.94 - 1.99. Let j = 14.25 + w. Round j to the nearest integer.
14
Let d = -2080.0152 + 0.0152. Let m = d + 2079.99994017. Round m to five decimal places.
-0.00006
Let p = -2.8268627 + 2.8248. What is p rounded to five decimal places?
-0.00206
Let f be (6732/16)/(126/348600*(-10)/12). Round f to the nearest 10000.
-1400000
Let h = -9.247 - -307.807. Let a = h + -303. Round a to 0 decimal places.
-4
Let i = 11819.8 - 9729. Round i to the nearest 1000.
2000
Let c = -254.06 - -265.721. Let r = 11.665903 - c. What is r rounded to 4 decimal places?
0.0049
Let k = -952027642.1 + -120948136.9. Let f = k + 1072975740.99999835. Let l = -38 - f. What is l rounded to 7 dps?
0.0000017
Let p = 231.1 + -213. Let o = p - 18.836. Round o to one dp.
-0.7
Let y = 100521.077 - 100443. Let w = 78 - y. Round w to three dps.
-0.077
Let g = 6635.9997341 - 6636. What is g rounded to 4 decimal places?
-0.0003
Let s = -25.434 + 25. Let k = s + 0.434000045. Round k to 7 dps.
0
Let p = 147 - 260. Let l = -112.926 - p. What is l rounded to three decimal places?
0.074
Let b(c) = -2*c + 1. Let r be b(8). Let w be 60/(-2)*((-1115)/r - 8). What is w rounded to the nearest 100?
-2000
Let k = -445 - -626. Let o = k + -181.00000097. What is o rounded to six dps?
-0.000001
Let h = 0.4 + -0.391. Let v = h - 0.006. Let n = 0.0013 - v. What is n rounded to three dps?
-0.002
Let r = -18.5298715 + 18.528. Round r to three decimal places.
-0.002
Let m = 105208189 - 196088189. Round m to the nearest 1000000.
-91000000
Let m(a) = -873*a - 10. Let q be m(-2). Let w be 1930/(-2 + 0) - 1. Let l = w + q. Round l to the nearest one hundred.
800
Let q = 1.172 + -0.96. Let w = 0.018 + q. Round w to one dp.
0.2
Let n(t) = 902*t**2 + 9*t - 33. Let u be n(-11). Suppose 2*p - u = 8*b - 6*b, -163505 = 3*b - p. Round b to the nearest 1000.
-55000
Let n(l) = -47170*l + 20. Let x = 20 + -41. Let u be ((-24)/14)/(6/x). Let d be n(u). Round d to the nearest ten thousand.
-280000
Let g = -320.83 + 78.86. Let q = g + 242. What is q rounded to one decimal place?
0
Let x = -1863 - -1862.9032. What is x rounded to two dps?
-0.1
Let r(c) = -2*c**2 + 11*c + 8. Let l be r(6). Suppose 6*g - 9*g + 23030000 = x, -l*g = 4*x - 92120000. What is x rounded to the nearest one million?
23000000
Let o = -0.043150908829 + 1726.043093988829. Let z = o - 1726. Round z to 5 dps.
-0.00006
Let a(f) = -302001*f**2 + f + 1. Let v be a(-1). Let r(u) = -2765*u**2 + 6*u + 7. Let y be r(-8). Let k = y - v. Round k to the nearest ten thousand.
130000
Let n = -375 + 110. Let u = 133 - n. Let p = u - -147. What is p rounded to the nearest 10?
550
Let i = -229 - -234. Suppose i*k = 2*o + 35008, -8*o = -3*o + 20. What is k rounded to the nearest 10000?
10000
Let h = 180.326 + -0.326. Let t = h - 180.000716. Round t to four dps.
-0.0007
Let n = -2517013823.099224 - -2517029386. Let u = 15563 - n. Let q = -0.099 + u. Round q to five decimal places.
0.00022
Let b = -66178464.000146 - -66178278. Let o = b - -186. What is o rounded to 4 dps?
-0.0001
Let o = -170.2865 + -2.2235. Let w = 174 + o. Let z = w - 1.49000073. What is z rounded to 7 dps?
-0.0000007
Let h = 4481422.431907 + -4481414. Let k = h - 0.231906. Let n = k - 8.2. Round n to five dps.
0
Let t(h) = -64*h - 8. Let v(u) = -5*u - 1. Let m(z) = -2*z - 1. Let b(y) = -2*m(y) + v(y). Let j(f) = 3*b(f) - t(f). Let n be j(7). Round n to the nearest 100.
400
Let w = 7040445 + -7041080.0726. Let j = 528 + -1163. Let s = w - j. What is s rounded to 3 dps?
-0.073
Let b = -2599932 + 2600152.2881. Let p = 221 - b. Let d = 0.72 - p. What is d rounded to three dps?
0.008
Let n = 1777029383070.000006 - 1777031883046. Let o = n + 2499972. Let w = -4 - o. What is w rounded to 6 decimal places?
-0.000006
Let n = 29.452 + -30. Let q = n - -0.548698. What is q rounded to four decimal places?
0.0007
Let d = -91.21 + 124.375. Let r = d + 0.535. What is r rounded to the nearest ten?
30
Let x = -3074899 + -1558601. What is x rounded to the nearest 100000?
-4600000
Let p = -38954.8909 + 0.8909. Let g = p + 39134.774. Let y = -181 + g. Round y to 2 decimal places.
-0.23
Let v(u) = -u - 34. Let a(k) = -k. Let b be a(-4). Let q be b + 7/(7/(-16)). Let l be v(q). Round l to the nearest 10.
-20
Suppose 0*x - 5*x - 4*h = -7, -x + 11 = -4*h. Let g be x/(18/(-4)) + (-48)/(-18). Suppose 2*v + 344 = 4*r, -g*v - 4*r - 466 = v. Round v to the nearest 10.
-160
Let d = -118415219.999918 - -118415058. Let s = 162 + d. What is s rounded to 5 dps?
0.00008
Let b = 26463.198 - 26424. Round b to the nearest integer.
39
Let m be (-47)/(-3) - 7/(-21). Suppose 12*n = m*n. Suppose n*q = -6*q - 2220000. Round q to the nearest one hundred thousand.
-400000
Let j = 0.04574 - 0.045752755. What is j rounded to 7 dps?
-0.0000128
Let l = -0.5871 + 0.557. Let f = 11111.94 + -11112. Let h = f - l. Round h to two dps.
-0.03
Let y = -0.0288 - -0.02854363. Round y to 6 decimal places.
-0.000256
Let x = -12084.9993869 - -12085. Round x to 4 decimal places.
0.0006
Let f = 31 - 26. Suppose 0 = p - 4, 2*c + 4 = -7*p + 8*p. Suppose 2*y + f*z + 0*z - 6465 = c, -2*y - 4*z = -6464. What is y rounded to the nearest one thousand?
3000
Let n