Introduction
============

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumor arising from diffuse neuroendocrine systems. LCNEC was initially found in the lung ([@B1]); this was followed by several reports describing LCNEC in various organs, including the thymus, gastrointestinal tract and uterine cervix ([@B2]-[@B4]). Among these locations, primary LCNEC of the mediastinum is considered to be extremely uncommon; only around 40 cases have been reported. The majority of mediastinal LCNECs originate from the thymus, and thymic LCNECs have a poor prognosis in comparison to other types of thymic tumor due to the frequent occurrence distant and lymphatic metastasis, with a 10-year survival rate of 0% ([@B5]). Although a standard treatment approach has not been established, surgical resection remains the first choice. Systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy are most often indicated as adjuvant therapy and their efficacy is yet to be proven. We herein report a case of primary mediastinal LCNEC of unknown origin. This is the first report to describe the achievement of a complete response (CR) in a patient with mediastinal LCNEC through systemic chemotherapy in conjunction with palliative radiotherapy.

Case Report
===========

A 66-year-old woman with an 11-pack-year smoking history was admitted to our hospital for dyspnea, facial edema and dysphagia. On physical examination, both jugular veins were distended and the patient\'s face, neck and bilateral upper limbs were edematous. Blood tests revealed the following: neuron-specific enolase (NSE), 89.4 ng/mL; pro-gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP), 1,930 pg/mL; and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 4.4 ng/mL. Enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a solid mass of 106 mm in diameter in the anterior mediastinum that severely compressed the superior vena cava (SVC) ([Fig. 1A](#g001){ref-type="fig"}). positron emission tomography (PET)/CT revealed an intense uptake (SUV~max~ = 16.9) by the tumor and the right supraclavicular lymph nodes ([Fig. 1B](#g001){ref-type="fig"}). No brain metastasis was found on enhanced brain CT. Immediately after CT-guided biopsy, palliative radiotherapy (total dose: 30 Gy/10fr) was initiated. The tumor was reduced in size to 73 mm in diameter and the SVC obstruction was partially resolved ([Fig. 1C](#g001){ref-type="fig"}) with the improvement of the initial symptoms. A histological examination of the biopsy specimen demonstrated large pleomorphic cells with a high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and vesicular chromatin, consisting of a solid tumor with large areas of necrosis ([Fig. 2A and B](#g002){ref-type="fig"}). The average mitosis count was 33.3 mitoses per 2 mm^2^. Immunohistochemistry was positive for neuroendocrine markers, including chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56 and Ki67 ([Fig. 2C-F](#g002){ref-type="fig"}), and negative for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). The Ki67 index was \>50%. The high mitotic rate and immunohistochemical evidence of neuroendocrine markers were consistent with LCNEC ([@B6]).

![(A) Enhanced chest CT revealed a solid mass of 106 mm in diameter with severe obstruction of SVC (arrow) in anterior mediastinum. (B) Intense uptake (SUV~max~=16.9) of the tumor and right supraclavicular lymphnodes (arrowhead) without any other evidence of metastasis on PET/CT. (C) Patency of SVC was restored after radiotherapy. The tumor was reduced to 73 mm. (D) Chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide resulted in complete response of the tumor. SVC: superior vena cava](1349-7235-58-0563-g001){#g001}

![Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining sections and immunohistochemistry of the tumor specimen. H&E staining reveals large pleomorphic cells with large nucleus and vesicular chromatin and high mitotic count (arrows) (A), consisting solid tumor with large areas of necrosis (asterisks) (B). Resting lymphocytes are also indicated (arrowheads) (A). Immunohistochemistry shows positive staining of chromogranin A (C), synaptophysin (D), CD56 (E) and Ki67 (D). Ki67 index was \>50%. Scale bars: 100 μm.](1349-7235-58-0563-g002){#g002}

Following palliative radiotherapy, the patient underwent systemic chemotherapy with four cycles of cisplatin (80 mg/m^2^, on day 1) and etoposide (100 mg/m^2^, on days 1, 2, and 3), which yielded a dramatic tumor reduction. On enhanced CT following chemotherapy, the tumor showed a CR ([Fig. 1D](#g001){ref-type="fig"}); the CR has been maintained for six months.

Discussion
==========

LCNEC is a high-grade tumor that is defined on the basis of histopathologic features of non-small cell cytology, positive staining for neuroendocrine markers, a high mitotic rate (\>10 mitoses per 2 mm^2^), and large areas of necrosis ([@B6]). Although LCNEC was initially recognized as a lung tumor ([@B1]), it has been observed in various organs.

The diagnosis of LCNEC is sometimes difficult, particularly in the case of small cell carcinoma or small cell-LCNEC combined-type, due to morphological continuum between LCNEC and small cell carcinoma. In the present case, as shown in [Fig. 2](#g002){ref-type="fig"}, the tumor cells have all the features that differentiate them from small cell carcinoma: large cells with conspicuous nucleoli and more abundant cytoplasm in comparison to small cell carcinoma. Cell size is the most important diagnostic criterion to distinguish LCNEC from small cell carcinoma ([@B7]) and an arbitrary cutoff of three times the size of lymphocytes is usually used to distinguish "small" cells from "large" cells ([@B6]). As shown in [Fig. 2A](#g002){ref-type="fig"}, the size of the tumor cells was obviously more than three times the size of a small resting lymphocyte. Small cell-LCNEC combined type, a subclass of small cell carcinoma, is defined as containing at least 10% large cells ([@B6]). Given the small size of the needle biopsy specimen and the heterogeneity of cancer cells, this type of small cell carcinoma would be possible. However, no small cells were found in any of the needle biopsy specimen.

The tumor in the present case was presumably derived from the mediastinum because there was no pulmonary uptake on PET/CT. The current definition of LCNEC of the lung and thymus in the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) classification ([@B6]) is based on the 2004 WHO classification. We searched the PubMed database (either English or Japanese papers) and the Japanese literature for all peer-reviewed case reports on mediastinal LCNEC published after the year of 2005. The prognosis was available for 36 cases, as shown in the [Table](#t001){ref-type="table"} ([@B8]-[@B33]). The origin, in the majority of the reported cases of mediastinal LCNEC, was the thymus. In the 2015 WHO classification for thymic neoplasms, LCNEC is categorized as one of four subclasses of thymic neuroendocrine tumor ([@B6]). Thymic neuroendocrine tumors are the least common thymic malignancy; they account for 2-5% of all thymic neoplasms. Among these, thymic LCNECs account for 14-26% of all thymic neuroendocrine tumors with an estimated incidence of 1 case per 20 million individuals ([@B6]). In the present case, since surgical resection was not performed and the thymus could not be identified on CT images, we were not able to determine whether the tumor originated from the thymus. There have been five previous reports on mediastinal LCNEC of unknown origin ([Table](#t001){ref-type="table"}).

######

Literature Review of Mediastinal Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

  Case No.   Reference No.   Age   Sex   Origin    Chemotherapy                           Radiotherapy                 Surgery   Recurrence   RFS (months)   OS (months)   Survival status
  ---------- --------------- ----- ----- --------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------------- --------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ----------------- -------
  1          \(8\)           57    F     Thymus    Postop CBDCA + VP-16                   Postop 50 Gy                 Op        Yes          7              7             Alive             (ADF)
  2          \(9\)           67    F     Thymus    Postop CDDP + VP-16                    Postop 65 Gy                 Op        Yes          6              9             Dead
  3          \(10\)          35    M     Unknown   Preop CDDP + VP-16 + BLM/ CDDP + PTX   None                         Op        Yes          nd             12            Dead              (DOD)
  4          \(11\)          44    M     Thymus    Postop Octoreotide                     Postop Rx                    Op        No           3              3             Alive
  5          \(12\)          48    M     Thymus    Preop Cx                               Postop 51Gy                  Op        No           73             73            Alive
  6          \(12\)          49    M     Thymus    Preop Cx                               Postop 36Gy                  Op        No           69             69            Alive
  7          \(12\)          50    F     Thymus    None                                   Postop 51Gy                  Op        No           51             51            Dead              (DOD)
  8          \(12\)          48    F     Thymus    None                                   Postop 60Gy                  Op        No           13             13            Alive             (ADF)
  9          \(12\)          46    M     Thymus    None                                   Postop 51 Gy                 Op        No           95             95            Dead              (DOD)
  10         \(13\)          46    M     Thymus    CDDP + CPT-11/ DTX + AMR               None                         None      Yes          6              14            Dead              (DOD)
  11         \(14\)          55    M     Thymus    Postop CDDP + CPT-11/ DTX + AMR        None                         Op        No           16             16            Alive             (ADF)
  12         \(15\)          44    M     Thymus    None                                   Postop 40 Gy                 Op        Yes          7              13            Alive
  13         \(16\)          65    M     Unknown   CDDP + CPT-11                          Whole brain radiation        None      Yes          0              11            Alive
  14         \(17\)          59    F     Thymus    None                                   Postop 50 Gy                 Op        No           6              6             Alive             (ADF)
  15         \(18\)          38    M     Thymus    Preop CDDP + ADM + VCR + CPA           Postop 50 Gy                 Op        Yes          7              7             Alive
  16         \(19\)          42    M     Unknown   None                                   None                         None      No           2              2             Dead              (DOD)
  17         \(20\)          64    M     Thymus    Postop CDDP + ADM + CPA                Postop 45 Gy                 Op        Yes          12             48            Alive
  18         \(20\)          57    M     Thymus    Preop CDDP + VP-16                     Postop 60 Gy                 Op        Yes          12             12            Alive
  19         \(21\)          67    M     Thymus    Postop Cx                              Preop / Postop Rx            Op        Yes          3              3             Dead              (DOD)
  20         \(21\)          42    M     Thymus    Preop Cx                               Preop Rx                     Op        Yes          1              7             Dead              (DOD)
  21         \(21\)          72    F     Thymus    Preop Cx                               Postop Rx                    Op        Yes          2              4             Dead              (DOD)
  22         \(22\)          65    F     Thymus    Postop PTX                             None                         Op        Yes          8              34            Dead              (DOD)
  23         \(23\)          60    F     Thymus    None                                   None                         Op        No           24             24            Alive             (ADF)
  24         \(24\)          44    M     Thymus    Postop CDDP + VP-16                    Preop 45 Gy                  Op        No           36             36            Alive             (ADF)
  25         \(25\)          53    M     Unknown   Preop CDDP + VRB                       Preop 40 Gy                  Op        Yes          7              9             Dead
  26         \(26\)          68    F     Thymus    Postop CDDP + VP-16                    None                         Op        No           17             17            Alive             (ADF)
  27         \(27\)          71    F     Thymus    Postop CDDP + VP-16                    None                         Op        Yes          12             19            Alive
  28         \(28\)          51    F     Unknown   Preop CDDP + VRB                       Preop 40 Gy / Postop 30 Gy   Op        No           15             15            Alive             (ADF)
  29         \(29\)          75    F     Thymus    None                                   None                         Op        No           57             57            Alive             (ADF)
  30         \(30\)          28    F     Thymus    Postop CBDCA + PTX                     None                         Op        No           3              3             Alive             (ADF)
  31         \(31\)          44    M     Thymus    nd                                     nd                           nd        Yes          nd             36            Alive
  32         \(32\)          20    M     Thymus    Postop CDDP + VP-16                    None                         Op        No           9              9             Dead              (DOD)
  33         \(32\)          39    M     Thymus    Postop CDDP + VP-16                    None                         Op        Yes          8              24            Alive
  34         \(33\)          80    F     Thymus    None                                   None                         Op        Yes          nd             71            Alive
  35         \(33\)          57    F     Thymus    None                                   Postop Rx                    Op        Yes          nd             30            Alive
  36         \(33\)          44    M     Thymus    Preop CDDP + VP-16                     Preop Rx                     Op        No           64             64            Alive
  37         Present case    66    F     Unknown   CDDP + VP-16                           30 Gy                        None      No           6              6             Alive             (ADF)

Preop: preoperation, Postop: postoperation, ADM: adriamycin, AMR: amrubicin, BLM: bleomycin, CBDCA: carboplatin, CDDP: cisplatin, CPA: cyclophosphamide, CPT-11: irinotecan, DTX: docetaxel, VCR: vincristine, PTX: paclitaxel, VCR: vincristine, VP-16: etoposide, VRB: vinorelbine, Cx: regimen not described, Rx: dose not described, Op: operative resection, RFS: recurrence free survival, OS: overall survival, ADF: alive diseae-free, DOD: dead of disease, nd: not described

LCNEC has a highly malignant nature and a high rate of recurrence. The overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) of the 37 cases listed in the [Table](#t001){ref-type="table"} are summarized in [Fig. 3](#g003){ref-type="fig"}. Due to the obvious heterogeneity, the survival analysis of 37 patients will show a certain degree of imprecision; however, it still has some scientific merit because of the rarity of the disease. The median OS was 95 months \[95% confidence interval (CI), 34 to not calculated\] and the 5-year OS and the 10-year OS rates were 55.6 and 0%, respectively, which are consistent with the previously reported 5-year OS rates of 30-66% ([@B9], [@B12], [@B34]) and the previously reported 10-year OS rate of 0% ([@B5]). Recurrence was observed in 19 cases in the [Table](#t001){ref-type="table"} and the median RFS was 12 months (95% CI, 7 to not calculated). Distant metastasis was described in 13 cases; the sites included the lymph nodes, brain, lung, liver, spine, bone, and adrenal glands ([@B9], [@B15], [@B16], [@B18], [@B20], [@B22], [@B25], [@B27], [@B31]-[@B33]). We plan to closely follow the patient at bimonthly intervals to monitor locoregional and distant tumor recurrence.

![Overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) of mediastinal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas listed in Table.](1349-7235-58-0563-g003){#g003}

The optimal therapeutic strategy for mediastinal LCNEC has yet to be established. The most salient feature of the present case is that a CR was achieved without surgical intervention. Among the 37 cases listed in the [Table](#t001){ref-type="table"}, only four cases were treated conservatively; among these cases, ours was the only case in which a CR was achieved. Surgery has been the mainstay of therapy for mediastinal LCNEC; however, data to support the efficacy of surgical resection are limited. The report of Gaur et al., which retrospectively analyzed 160 cases of thymic neuroendocrine tumor ([@B35]), was the only study to show that surgical treatment was significantly associated with favorable survival; however, the number of LCNECs was not documented.

SVC syndrome with central airway obstruction is potentially life-threatening and the patient received palliative radiotherapy shortly after CT-guided biopsy, which resulted in rapid tumor shrinkage, with a 31% reduction in diameter. As shown in the [Table](#t001){ref-type="table"}, radiotherapy was conducted as part of the initial treatment in 7 cases. The median reduction in tumor size in these cases ranged from 28% to 66%.

We proceeded with systemic chemotherapy after radiotherapy. In previous studies, the role of chemoradiotherapy was only described within the context of adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy; no curative effect on untreated tumors has been reported. Although Nagata et al. reported that a CR was obtained with carboplatin and etoposide, which was used to treat distant relapse after complete resection ([@B8]), no other reports have described such a remarkable effect of systemic chemotherapy. Our case is, therefore, of great importance, in that it shows the potential for systemic chemotherapy to lead to a CR in primary mediastinal LCNEC. Since the standard chemotherapy regimen has not been established, data from lung LCNECs can provide some clues. For primary lung LCNEC, the efficacy of small cell lung carcinoma-based chemotherapy has recently been proven in two prospective studies ([@B36], [@B37]). Le Treut et al. reported that the median OS and progression-free survival of patients with advanced pulmonary LCNEC who were treated with cisplatin and etoposide were 8.0 months and 5.0 months, respectively ([@B37]). We selected these regimens based on the data and found a remarkable effect. There have been no systematic reports of the efficacy of different regimens for LCNEC of the mediastinum. In [Fig. 4](#g004){ref-type="fig"}, we summarize the OS of 13 cases (from the [Table](#t001){ref-type="table"}) in which systemic chemotherapy was administered as an initial therapy. The combination of cisplatin and etoposide did not show a significant advantage in comparison to other regimens in this small cohort (p=0.59).

![Overall survival (OS) stratified by chemotherapy regimen for 13 cases of mediastinal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas initially treated with systemic chemotherapy listed in Table. The combination of cisplatin and etoposide ("CDDP+VP-16") is compared with other regimens ("Othres"). The OS of all 13 cases is also shown ("All").](1349-7235-58-0563-g004){#g004}

In conclusion, we reported a case of mediastinal LCNEC that was successfully treated with systemic chemotherapy. While surgery is thought to be the mainstay of therapy, our case shows that cisplatin and etoposide has the potential to produce a dramatic effect. This report suggests the possibility that systemic chemotherapy may play a curative role in the treatment of mediastinal LCNEC, a rare and intractable disease.

**The authors state that they have no Conflict of Interest (COI).**

[^1]: Correspondence to Dr.　Takeaki Hidaka, <tahidaka-tky@umin.ac.jp>


Delaware doctor, author accused of ‘waterboarding’ daughter

This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.

Melvin Morse

Delaware doctor, author accused of ‘waterboarding’ daughter

Melvin Morse

GEORGETOWN, Del. — A Delaware doctor and his wife were arrested this week after their daughter told authorities that she was punished by “waterboarding,” police said.

The 11-year-old girl told police that her father, pediatrician Melvin Morse, would hold her face under a running faucet causing the water to shoot up her nose, the Delaware State Police said. The punishments happened at least four times over a two-year period and the girl’s mother, Pauline Morse, witnessed some of them and did nothing, police said.

Morse specializes in near-death experiences in children and wrote a book about the subject called “Closer to the Light” in 1991.

“In hundreds of interviews with children who had once been declared clinically dead, Dr. Morse found that children too young to have absorbed our adult views and ideas of death, share first-hand accounts of out-of-body travel, telepathic communication and encounters with dead friends and relatives,” a reviewer wrote about the book.

Morse was also interviewed by CNN’s Larry King about the subject, and he runs a nonprofit organization called The Institute for the Scientific Study of Consciousness.

Authorities were first alerted to allegations of abuse in July when they went to Morse’s home in the city of Georgetown. Morse was accused of grabbing his 11-year-old daughter by the ankle, dragging her across a gravel driveway into the home and spanking her, police said. Morse was arrested at that time and posted a bond. Also the 11-year-old was interviewed by detectives.

During the interview, the girl spoke about other alleged abuse and talked about a punishment she said her father called “waterboarding,” the Delaware State Police said.

Morse and his wife were arrested on August 7. Both face charges of reckless endangerment, conspiracy and endangering the welfare of a child, police said.

Morse was being held in the Sussex Correctional Institution in lieu of a $14,500 bail. Pauline Morse was released on a $14,500 bail. Both were told to have no contact with their 11-year-old daughter or her 5-year-old sister.

The two children were being cared for by the local Division of Family Services, police said.

The 11-year-old told police in chilling detail about the alleged abuse, according to court documents obtained by Delaware newspaper The News Journal.

The girl said her father said “she could go five minutes without brain damage,” the newspaper reported, citing court documents.


Shvetha Jaishankar

Shvetha Jaishankar, Very often seen partner, Lara Dutta and tennis player Mahesh Bhupathi made their relationship official to get involved last week in New York.

This was confirmed officially in the microblogging site, Twitter when Mahesh foot, “yes” DuttaLara and I got engaged in New York last week. It is official now. ”

Speculation about their relationship was that from time
Speculation on the relationship the duo were long, but when someone asked what was only one answer “just friends.”

Everything I’ve confirmed when the duo were seen together for the first time in public at the 55th Filmfare Awards this year. Now, their commitment to news has cleared all speculation and confirmed their relationship.

Reportedly, Mahesh has divorced his wife-to-model Shvetha Jaishankar.

interconnections past Lara
Earlier, the actress 32 years old, dated model and actor Kelly Dorjee. After his long relationship, she broke with him to mingle with your best friend Dino Morea.

Interestingly, Lara and Mahesh have been related to each other since the split with her longtime boyfriend, Dino Morea.

According to sources, Lara met Mahesh Mahesh when the marriage was in difficult times. Lara was one of the company’s customers Mahesh celebrity management.


Chevrotin

Chevrotin is a soft goat's milk based cheese produced in the historical region of Savoy, (France). Since 2002 it has enjoyed an AOC designation.

Production
Chevrotin has been produced since the 17th century in the Alpine foothills of the Savoyard Chablais, Bauges and Aravis districts.   The landscape presents difficulties to agriculture, with steep gradients, a damp climate and a thin limestone based soil that supports a restricted vegetation.   The only domesticated animals that can feed here are goats: these are also able to move around with the same sure-footedness as the chamois who live nearer the mountain peaks.
Chevrotin is made from filtered but unpasteurized goat's milk.

The cheese is a fresh one, with only a brief maturation period.   Production tends to be a small-scale artisanal process.   At a minimum, it needs three weeks to ripen: this takes place on pine timber shelves, and during ripening time each cheese is turned and washed with brine three times per week.

Appearance
A cheese takes the form of a flattened cylinder, with a diameter of 9 – 12 cm and a thickness of 3 – 4½ cm.   It generally weighs 250 - 350 g.   Chevrotin features a "fine croûte blanche rosée" coating of soft reddish-brown, not unlike the rind of such better known cheeses as Munster.  Chevrotin appears similar to Reblochon which is made in the same regions of Savoy, applying similar processes, but which is produced lower down the valleys using cow's milk.

Taste
The cheese has a full flavour with an aromatic sourness reminiscent of the wild herbs included in the spring and summer diets of the mountain goats.   Chevrotin is particularly suitable for eating with bread at breakfast, and also deserves a prominent place on the cheese-board at the end of a main meal.   The best season during which to eat chevrotin is generally between May and September, approximately five weeks after manufacture, but it can be enjoyed any time between April and November.

(During the winter months the goats are housed in sheds and their diet of hay does not produce the subtle herb based flavour for which enthusiasts value chevrotin.)

See also

References

Category:French cheeses
Category:Goat's-milk cheeses
Category:French products with protected designation of origin
Category:Savoie


Q:

how can i append a new  to nth  using jquery?

im trying to create a tic-tac-toe board dynamically using a nested loop, i got this much:
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however this generates the following html:

how can i append the s so that they get added to the correct
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A:

You have to add the cells to the row, not directly to the table:
//fill grid using jquery
for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

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EVOLUTION OF ALTRUISM IN KIN-STRUCTURED AND RANDOM SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS.
A. population structure favorable to the evolution of an altruistic trait is studied by Monte Carlo simulation. The model is based on a small-scale nonindustrial human society but seems generalizable to other highly social mammals. Three hierarchical levels are recognized: 1) the ecologically isolated local group (hamlet) which may be composed of kin and/or unrelated individuals; 2) the deme (settlement) comprising several such groups which interbreed; and 3) the set of demes (metapopulation) among which gene flow occurs. The first two levels of the model are based on D. S. Wilson's structured deme concept; the third allows for gene flow among demes in the metapopulation and for the structured diffusion of alleles across a wider area than might be included within the scope of a single deme. The simulation models genetic drift by a process of hamlet formation which may be random, or variously kin-structured. Hamlets may then become extinct based on a probability function of their gene frequencies. Individual selection within settlements is modeled deterministically, and gene flow among settlements is modeled as two-dimensional steppingstone migration of random or kin-structured groups. Results of the simulations show that, with realistic values for group sizes, moderate extinction rate, and high rates of migration (m > 27%), disadvantageous alleles (s = 10% and 25%) may increase markedly due to differential hamlet extinction over the course of 50 generations. The greater the degree of kin-structuring of founder groups, the higher the variance among hamlets and the faster the rate of increase of the allele for altruism. Nonetheless, even in some randomly founded groups, a clear increase in the altruism gene frequency occurred. It is also notable that kin-structured group selection by hamlet extinction may be effective when the initial frequency of altruism genes is very low (average of one per deme) and among a relatively small number of demes (25). Thus the process of group extinction in a hierarchically structured population allows rapid increase of an allele for altruism under plausible demographic conditions.


<?php
/**
 * Copyright © Magento, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * See COPYING.txt for license details.
 */

namespace Magento\Framework\EntityManager\Observer;

use Magento\Framework\Event\ObserverInterface;
use Magento\Framework\Event\Observer;
use Magento\Framework\Model\AbstractModel;

/**
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 */
class AfterEntityDelete implements ObserverInterface
{
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     * Apply model delete operation
     *
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     * @return void
     */
    public function execute(Observer $observer)
    {
        $entity = $observer->getEvent()->getEntity();
        if ($entity instanceof AbstractModel) {
            $entity->getResource()->afterDelete($entity);
            $entity->isDeleted(true);
            $entity->afterDelete();
            $entity->getResource()->addCommitCallback([$entity, 'afterDeleteCommit']);
        }
    }
}


Kyle Finnegan

Kyle Edward Finnegan (born September 4, 1991) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball (MLB)

Amateur career
Finnegan attended Kingwood High School in Kingwood, Texas. He earned all-district first team honors while helping his team to a 27–7 mark as a senior and a district championship. Finnegan also played in the HABCA All-Star Game. Finnegan enrolled at Texas State University. As a freshman, he had a 1–0 win–loss record, a 6.97 earned run average (ERA), struck out four batters in 10 1/3 innings of work. He earned the victory in his lone start of the season against Prairie View A&M and pitched three scoreless innings of relief against McNeese State.

In his sophomore year, Finnegan appeared in 15 games, starting 14. He threw a career-high 8 innings twice, against UT Arlington and Texas A&M-Corpus Christi. He finished the year with a 3.28 ERA in 93 1/3 innings, limited opponents to just a .242 average, struck out 75 batters while walking just 26. He began the season 4–0, with wins in each of his first four starts. Finnegan fanned a season-high 12 opponents in 7 innings without allowing a run against Notre Dame. He allowed just two earned runs in 27 innings over his first four starts to begin the year. He threw a scoreless inning in his only relief appearance of the year, as part of an 8–4 win against TCU and struck out eight without walking any in 7 1/3 innings against Sam Houston State. Following his sophomore season at Texas State, Finnegan was invited to play in the Cape Cod Baseball League where he played for the Cotuit Kettleers, helping them to a regular season championship.

Professional career

Oakland Athletics
The Oakland Athletics selected Finnegan in the 6th round (191st overall) of the 2013 MLB draft. Pitching for the Vermont Lake Monsters of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League, he had a 3–3 record and a 2.70 earned run average in 2013. Also in the same year, pitching for the Class A Beloit Snappers of the Midwest League, he had a 1–1 record and a 9.82 ERA. In 2014, pitching for Beloit, he had 7–9 record and a 3.69 earned run average and 55 strikeouts. Finnegan was later named the starting pitcher for the west team in the 2014 Midwest League All-Star Game, where he earned the win tossing one shutout inning. Receiving a promotion to the Midland RockHounds of the Double-A Texas League, he had a 0–1 record with an 11.81 earned run average. He spent the 2015 season with the Stockton Ports, going 9–9 with a 5. 44 ERA over 127 innings. He split the 2016 season between Stockton and Midland, going a combined 2–3 with a 2.54 ERA over 63.2 innings. He split the 2017 season between Midland and the Nashville Sounds, going a combined 2–4 with a 3.88 ERA over 59 innings. He split the 2018 season between the AZL Athletics, Midland, and Nashville, going 1–3 with a 4.84 ERA over 44.2 innings. He split the 2019 season between Midland and the Las Vegas Aviators, going a combined 3–2 with a 2.31 ERA over 50.2 innings. He was named a 2019 Texas League All-Star. He became a free agent following the 2019 season.

Washington Nationals
On December 8, 2019, Finnegan signed a major league contract with the Washington Nationals.

References

External links

Texas State Bobcats bio

Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Kingwood, Texas
Category:Baseball players from Texas
Category:Baseball pitchers
Category:Texas State Bobcats baseball players
Category:Cotuit Kettleers players
Category:Arizona League Athletics players
Category:Vermont Lake Monsters players
Category:Beloit Snappers players
Category:Stockton Ports players
Category:Midland RockHounds players
Category:Nashville Sounds players
Category:Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
Category:Las Vegas Aviators players
Category:Águilas Cibaeñas players


“Even more troubling, when Bernie Sanders smeared Israel at last week’s debate, not a single candidate on that stage stood up to challenge him,” said Pence.

Pence condemned Sanders for criticizing President Donald Trump’s strike on Iranian Maj. Qasem Soleimani as “assassinating a government official.” Later in the speech, Pence denounced Sanders’ recent attacks on AIPAC as a platform for “bigotry” and tried to tie Sanders' views to the rest of the Democratic presidential field.

Pence and Bloomberg received some of their biggest applause lines when they eviscerated Sanders before AIPAC’s rank and file attendees, who were not shy about actively booing the Jewish candidate from Vermont.

At the heart of that consensus is the current front-runner in the Democratic presidential primary, Bernie Sanders. The independent senator from Vermont is boycotting the conference and has denounced it as a platform for “bigotry.” Still, he nonetheless loomed large in his absence.

It’s no secret that the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) has struggled recently to maintain its bipartisan clout in Washington. But Vice President Mike Pence and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg managed to find a strong point of bipartisan consensus at AIPAC’s annual policy conference today.

But Pence’s point was somewhat undermined by the Democrats’ other Jewish presidential candidate, who addressed AIPAC immediately before the vice president.

Bloomberg did refrain from picking a fight with Sanders on the debate stage after Sanders called Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu “a reactionary racist.” Bloomberg instead reserved his ammunition for his AIPAC speech today where he lamented “deeply troubling” cracks in Washington’s bipartisan pro-Israel consensus and called Sanders “dead wrong.”

“Unfortunately, not all of my fellow Democrats in this race have attended an AIPAC conference,” said Bloomberg. “Calling it a racist platform is an attempt to discredit those voices, intimidate people form coming here and weaken the US-Israel relationship.”

Bloomberg also received thunderous applause when he vowed that he would “never impose conditions on military aid [to Israel] no matter what government is in power.” His pledge served as another rebuke of Sanders, who wants to use military aid as leverage over Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and its blockade of the Gaza Strip.

Tellingly, AIPAC is asking its activists to push back against aid restrictions during its annual Capitol Hill lobby day on Tuesday. AIPAC will lobby lawmakers to give Israel its annual $3.8 billion in military aid “without any added conditions.”

“Conditioning aid to Israel is probably about the stupidest thing I’ve heard in the 31 years I’ve been in Congress,” House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Eliot Engel, D-N.Y., told AIPAC attendees today. “It’s absolutely outrageous, and I don’t care about what party. Anybody who talks about conditioning aid to Israel doesn’t get my vote.”

Undeterred, Sanders doubled down on his decision to boycott AIPAC during a CBS interview Sunday, noting that the lobby group has “a lot of money” and “power.”

“I am not anti-Israel,” said Sanders. “I will do everything I can to protect the independence and security and the freedom of the Israeli people. But what we need in this country is a foreign policy that not only protects Israel but deals with the suffering of the Palestinian people as well.”

Sanders was specifically asked to respond to comments made by Israel’s ambassador to the United Nations, Danny Danon, that same day.

“We don’t want Sanders at AIPAC,” said Danon. “We don’t want him in Israel. Anyone who calls our prime minister a ‘racist’ is either a liar, an ignorant fool, or both.”

Howard Kohr, AIPAC’s CEO, also took aim at Sanders and his supporters Sunday without mentioning the senator by name as Kohr called out political leaders who “are not our friends” and becoming “a vocal and energizing part of the electorate.”

AIPAC first started running social media ads against Sanders last year, which largely slid under the radar. The lobby group faced more heat last month for ads accusing “radicals in the Democratic party” of “pushing their anti-Semitic and anti-Israel policies down the throats of the American people.”

AIPAC ultimately apologized for and retracted the ads, some of which singled out two pro-Palestinian Sanders supporters: Reps. Ilhan Omar, D-Minn., and Rashida Tlaib, D-Mich. However, several prominent AIPAC leaders also bankrolled the lion’s share of funding for a pro-Israel super political action committee that ran ads targeting Sanders ahead of the Iowa and Nevada caucuses last month.

This year’s AIPAC conference overlapped with crucial Democratic primary contests in 14 states across the country, inhibiting attendance from Democratic presidential candidates more closely aligned with AIPAC.

Former Vice President Joe Biden, Sanders’ main opponent, addressed the crowd via video. Sen. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn., addressed the conference over a video as well, but dropped out of the race today to endorse Biden. Conversely, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., was the first Democratic candidate to announce she would boycott the AIPAC conference.

In his video, Biden called on Palestinians to end “incitement in the West Bank” and rocket attacks out of Gaza. However, he also called on Israel “to stop the threats of annexation and settlement activity.”

“That’s going to choke off any hope for peace,” said Biden. “And to be frank, those moves are taking Israel further from its democratic values, undermining support for Israel in the United States, especially among young people in both political parties.”

Despite Biden’s warning, AIPAC President Betsy Berns Korn offered praise for Trump’s Israeli-Palestinian peace proposal, which calls for Israeli annexation of the Jordan Valley and allows Israel to keep all its West Bank settlements.

While introducing Pence, Korn recited a litany of Trump’s AIPAC-backed policy moves — including the Soleimani strike and the peace proposal — stressing that the plan “was developed in consultation with the leaders of Israel’s two major political parties.”

“There’s nothing new or remarkable here,” said Lara Friedman, the president of the Foundation for Middle East Peace. “Korn’s comments are entirely consistent with AIPAC policies, activism and legislative initiatives that year after year have legitimized and promoted voices aligned with the illiberal, Greater Israel worldview that is at the core of the [Trump] plan.”


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Q:

what is the use of fflush(stdin) in c programming

I have the following program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
   char ans[8];
    int i;
    for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
    {
        printf("\n What is the unit of traffic ?");
        scanf("%s",ans);
        fflush(stdin);

        if(stricmp(ans,"Earlang")==0)
        {
            printf("\nAnswer is correct");
            exit(1);
        }
        else
            if(i<3)
            printf("\n Try Again!\n");
    }
    printf("\n Nunit of traffic is Earlang:");
}

What is the use of fflush(stdin) in this program?

A:

It's not in standard C, so the behavior is undefined.
Some implementation uses it to clear stdin buffer.
From C11 7.21.5.2 The fflush function, fflush works only with output/update stream, not input stream.

If stream points to an output stream or an update stream in which the most recent
  operation was not input, the fflush function causes any unwritten data for that stream
  to be delivered to the host environment to be written to the file; otherwise, the behavior is
  undefined.

A:

it clears stdin buffer before reading. From the man page:

For output streams, fflush() forces a write of all user-space buffered
  data for the given output or update stream via the stream's underlying
  write function. For input streams, fflush() discards any buffered data
  that has been fetched from the underlying file, but has not been
  consumed by the application.

Note: This is Linux-specific, using fflush() on input streams is undefined by the standard, however, most implementations behave the same as in Linux.

A:

It's an unportable way to remove all data from the input buffer till the next newline.
I've seen it used in cases like that:
char c;
char s[32];
puts("Type a char");
c=getchar();
fflush(stdin);
puts("Type a string");
fgets(s,32,stdin);

Without the fflush(), if you type a character, say "a", and the hit enter, the input buffer contains "a\n", the getchar() peeks the "a", but the "\n" remains in the buffer, so the next fgets() will find it and return an empty string without even waiting for user input.
However, note that this use of fflush() is unportable. I've tested right now on a Linux machine, and it does not work, for example.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a disk playback apparatus provided with a centering mechanism for accurately and consistently positioning a disk, which has been inserted therein, at a clamp location on a turntable.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, there has been provided a compact disk referred to as a disk hereinafter in which analog sound are converted into digital signals and then pits corresponding to the digital signals are formed in a recording layer thereof. With such a disk, analog sound may be optically reproduced by a laser beam emitted from an optical head of the CD player. Also, in comparison with a conventional LP record, the disk is extremely superior in sound quality and operational properties. Accordingly, the disk has been widely used together with the CD player. In particular, CD players have been developed for automotive use. When a disk having a diameter of 12 cm for playback of music is inserted into a disk insertion opening, the disk is loaded toward a predetermined position (the substantially central position of the CD player) by a loading mechanism. When the disk is brought into contact with a stop portion provided within the CD player, the loading operation is stopped to position the disk in place. In this position, the disk is fixed onto a turntable by means of a clamper arm. The disk on the turntable is rotated by a spindle motor, and the music recorded in the disk is reproduced by a readout head.
On the other hand, a disk having a much smaller diameter of 8 cm has been recently developed. However, if it is desired to insert such a disk into the insertion opening of the conventional CD player, the operator must pay special attention to the operation because the width of the insertion opening is too large.
Also, in a conventional CD player, since the stop portion for stopping the inserted disk at the clamp position is provided for positioning the large diameter disk, when the smaller disk is transferred into contact with the stop portion, the smaller disk would be advanced beyond the clamp position.
Accordingly, there has been proposed a centering system for guiding the small diameter disk to the center of the disk insertion opening. In this case, a disk guide plate has been provided below the clamper arm for guiding the small disk to the clamp position.
However, if such a centering mechanism is provided at the disk insertion opening, the overall mechanism of the player becomes complicated. Also, in a conventional disk player, after the centering operation of the disk has been performed at the disk insertion opening, the disk is transferred to the clamp position. As a result, there is a possibility that the disk would be likely to be displaced or offset during clamping so that it would be difficult to accurately clamp the disk at the desired position. Furthermore, when a larger disk is inserted into the player, the disk must be brought into contact with the centering mechanism, and the operator must push the disk to open the centering mechanism. This can be cumbersome to the operator.


<?php
/**
 * Zend Framework
 *
 * LICENSE
 *
 * This source file is subject to the new BSD license that is bundled
 * with this package in the file LICENSE.txt.
 * It is also available through the world-wide-web at this URL:
 * http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd
 * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to
 * obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send an email
 * to license@zend.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
 *
 * @category   Zend
 * @package    Zend_Service_WindowsAzure
 * @copyright  Copyright (c) 2005-2010 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com)
 * @license    http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd     New BSD License
 * @version    $Id: SharedKeyLite.php 22773 2010-08-03 07:18:27Z maartenba $
 */

/**
 * @see Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_CredentialsAbstract
 */
#require_once 'Zend/Service/WindowsAzure/Credentials/CredentialsAbstract.php';

/**
 * @see Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Storage
 */
#require_once 'Zend/Service/WindowsAzure/Storage.php';

/**
 * @see Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_SharedKey
 */
#require_once 'Zend/Service/WindowsAzure/Credentials/SharedKey.php';

/**
 * @see Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_Exception
 */
#require_once 'Zend/Service/WindowsAzure/Credentials/Exception.php';

/**
 * @category   Zend
 * @package    Zend_Service_WindowsAzure
 * @copyright  Copyright (c) 2005-2010 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com)
 * @license    http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd     New BSD License
 */
class Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_SharedKeyLite
    extends Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_CredentialsAbstract
{
    /**
	 * Sign request URL with credentials
	 *
	 * @param string $requestUrl Request URL
	 * @param string $resourceType Resource type
	 * @param string $requiredPermission Required permission
	 * @return string Signed request URL
	 */
	public function signRequestUrl(
		$requestUrl = '',
		$resourceType = Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Storage::RESOURCE_UNKNOWN,
		$requiredPermission = Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_CredentialsAbstract::PERMISSION_READ
	) {
	    return $requestUrl;
	}

	/**
	 * Sign request headers with credentials
	 *
	 * @param string $httpVerb HTTP verb the request will use
	 * @param string $path Path for the request
	 * @param string $queryString Query string for the request
	 * @param array $headers x-ms headers to add
	 * @param boolean $forTableStorage Is the request for table storage?
	 * @param string $resourceType Resource type
	 * @param string $requiredPermission Required permission
	 * @param mixed  $rawData Raw post data
	 * @return array Array of headers
	 */
	public function signRequestHeaders(
		$httpVerb = Zend_Http_Client::GET,
		$path = '/',
		$queryString = '',
		$headers = null,
		$forTableStorage = false,
		$resourceType = Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Storage::RESOURCE_UNKNOWN,
		$requiredPermission = Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_CredentialsAbstract::PERMISSION_READ,
		$rawData = null
	) {
		// Table storage?
		if (!$forTableStorage) {
			throw new Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_Exception('The Windows Azure SDK for PHP does not support SharedKeyLite authentication on blob or queue storage. Use SharedKey authentication instead.');
		}

		// Determine path
		if ($this->_usePathStyleUri) {
			$path = substr($path, strpos($path, '/'));
		}

		// Determine query
		$queryString = $this->_prepareQueryStringForSigning($queryString);

		// Build canonicalized resource string
		$canonicalizedResource  = '/' . $this->_accountName;
		if ($this->_usePathStyleUri) {
			$canonicalizedResource .= '/' . $this->_accountName;
		}
		$canonicalizedResource .= $path;
		if ($queryString !== '') {
		    $canonicalizedResource .= $queryString;
		}

		// Request date
		$requestDate = '';
		if (isset($headers[Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_CredentialsAbstract::PREFIX_STORAGE_HEADER . 'date'])) {
		    $requestDate = $headers[Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_CredentialsAbstract::PREFIX_STORAGE_HEADER . 'date'];
		} else {
		    $requestDate = gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', time()) . ' GMT'; // RFC 1123
		}

		// Create string to sign
		$stringToSign   = array();
    	$stringToSign[] = $requestDate; // Date
    	$stringToSign[] = $canonicalizedResource;		 			// Canonicalized resource
    	$stringToSign   = implode("\n", $stringToSign);
    	$signString     = base64_encode(hash_hmac('sha256', $stringToSign, $this->_accountKey, true));

    	// Sign request
    	$headers[Zend_Service_WindowsAzure_Credentials_CredentialsAbstract::PREFIX_STORAGE_HEADER . 'date'] = $requestDate;
    	$headers['Authorization'] = 'SharedKeyLite ' . $this->_accountName . ':' . $signString;

    	// Return headers
    	return $headers;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepare query string for signing
	 *
	 * @param  string $value Original query string
	 * @return string        Query string for signing
	 */
	protected function _prepareQueryStringForSigning($value)
	{
	    // Check for 'comp='
	    if (strpos($value, 'comp=') === false) {
	        // If not found, no query string needed
	        return '';
	    } else {
	        // If found, make sure it is the only parameter being used
    		if (strlen($value) > 0 && strpos($value, '?') === 0) {
    			$value = substr($value, 1);
    		}

    		// Split parts
    		$queryParts = explode('&', $value);
    		foreach ($queryParts as $queryPart) {
    		    if (strpos($queryPart, 'comp=') !== false) {
    		        return '?' . $queryPart;
    		    }
    		}

    		// Should never happen...
			return '';
	    }
	}
}


Chalabigate

"Weapons of Mass Deception"

2004-11-19

Franklin Met with Naor Gilon

Franklin Met with Naor Gilon

The Israeli foreign ministry has confirmed that Lawrence Franklin, the Pentagon's top Iran desk officer, met repeatedly in Washington with "Naor Gilon, head of the political department at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, and a specialist on Iran's nuclear weapons program."
Gilon appears already to have been under surveillance by the FBI.

At one point Franklin is said to have offered him a document, which he declined to take, but asked what it said and got an oral report. Gilon was unaware that he was being monitored and clearly thought he would be safe as long as he did not have any incriminating paper in his possession (conversations can be denied or spun, as long as they aren't taped).

Franklin did succeed in giving a confidential draft presidential directive on Iran to AIPAC officials, who then passed it to someone at the Israeli Embassy, perhaps Gilon. It is telling that the official took hard copy from AIPAC, presumably because he trusted them implicitly, whereas Gilon had rejected it from Franklin.

That Gilon is a specialist in Iran's nuclear weapons program suggests that Franklin wanted to consult with him about what the US should do about that issue. Gilon was "Director of the Division for Strategic and Military Affairs in the Center for Policy Research in Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from 2000-2002."

Franklin harbors feelings of profound hatred for the regime in Tehran and wanted to see it destroyed.

Israeli government officials and people like Dennis Ross at the AIPAC-funded "Washington Institute for Near East Policy" keep saying that this case makes no sense, since if Israel wanted to know something about US policy toward Iran, they could just make a call. This line of defense doesn't really help, though, since it suggests that there are no US government secrets to which Israel would be denied access on a simple request. That is an impossible proposition, and if it were true then it really would be the case that AIPAC runs the US government.

I continue to believe that Franklin was not seeking to give Israel information so much as he was soliciting input on the wording of the presidential directive on Iran. We have seen over and over again in the Bush administration how crucial it is to control key policy documents.

Because Bush frankly is not a detail man, and cannot get his head around nuanced policy (he makes fun of the word), the ability of his smarter subordinates to control what paper is put in front of him is key to making things happen. Thus, the Neocons managed to put the false Niger uranium purchase story into the State of the Union address in 2003 despite the opposition of CIA director George Tenet, who knew by then that it was junk.

Stephen Hadley, then the Neocon chief mole in the National Security Council, signed off on the insertion. So, if you could work up a presidential directive on Iran that, e.g., threatened military action against the Iranian nuclear facilities at Bushehr, and could put it about the Pentagon that AIPAC and the Israelis had signed off on it, you might be able to make a US air attack on Bushehr happen. When the final draft was presented to Bush for his signature, Karl Rove (Bush's campaign chief) could be assured that Bush would get brownie points (big money and votes) from AIPAC if he signed.

That is, in my view, why Franklin was willing to risk sharing confidential Pentagon policy documents with AIPAC and the Israelis. He was cultivating them as a key constituency for the aggressive policies he was formulating. Having them on board before the directive had been finalized would allow him to argue that it had to be shaped in a particular way in order to please AIPAC and the Israelis. If he could privately assure his superiors that Gilon approved, that would help him get his way in a Neocon-dominated part of the Pentagon.

The Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO) has a front organization, the "National Council of Resistance" or NCR. The NCR has been a significant source of charges about the Iranian nuclear program, and probably spies on Iran for both the Pentagon and Israel. (I am reasoning back from AIPAC's WINEP-associated "scholars" supporting the MEK, which is very odd unless there is a big quid pro quo). They probably exaggerate, playing a game similar to that of Ahmad Chalabi in Iraq. That would be another reason for which Franklin would try to stop its Iraq commanders being turned over to Iran by the US in return for top al-Qaeda leaders that Tehran holds.

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102 N.J. 598 (1986)
510 A.2d 22
MICHAEL CHRISTY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,
v.
CITY OF NEWARK, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT, AND STATE FARM INSURANCE COMPANY, DEFENDANT.
The Supreme Court of New Jersey.
Argued September 24, 1984.
Decided June 11, 1986.
*599 Michael Dougherty, Asst. Corp. Counsel, argued the cause for appellant (John J. Teare, Corporation Counsel, attorney).
*600 Richard H. Wildstein, argued the cause for respondent Michael Christy (Goldstein, Ballen, O'Rourke & Wildstein, attorneys).
Anthony J. Marinello argued the cause for defendant State Farm Insurance Company (Soriano, Henkel, Stein & Gaydos, attorneys).
PER CURIAM.
Rather than obtain from an insurance company a liability insurance policy covering its motor vehicles, defendant City of Newark established an insurance fund under N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6.[1] The Appellate Division determined that under that statutory funding arrangement, the City is obligated to furnish uninsured motorist benefits to plaintiff, a Newark police officer. We granted certification, 96 N.J. 262 (1984), to review that determination, and now affirm.

I
Plaintiff, Michael Christy, was injured when a "hit-and-run" vehicle struck a police car that he was operating in the course of his duties. Plaintiff was an insured within the meaning of the uninsured motorist (UM) endorsement of his own automobile insurance policy issued by defendant State Farm Insurance Company (State Farm). He was also entitled to, and eventually obtained, benefits pursuant to the Workers' Compensation Act, N.J.S.A. 34:15-1 to -127. In addition, plaintiff sought UM protection from the City under its insurance fund, created by *601 the municipality under the authority of N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6. That enactment reads in full as follows:
The governing body of any local unit may establish an insurance fund for the following purposes:
a. To insure against any loss or damage however caused to any property, motor vehicles, equipment or apparatus owned by it, or owned by or under the control of any of its departments, boards, agencies or commissions;
b. To insure against liability resulting from the use or operation of motor vehicles, equipment or apparatus owned by or controlled by it, or owned by or under the control of any of its departments, boards, agencies or commissions;
c. To insure against liability for its negligence and that of its officers, employees and servants, whether or not compensated or part-time, who are authorized to perform any act or services, but not including an independent contractor within the limitations of the "New Jersey Tort Claims Act" (N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 et seq.).
The governing body may appropriate the moneys necessary for the purposes of this section.
Our focus here is on subsection b., the provision for "insur[ance] against liability resulting from the use or operation of motor vehicles, equipment or apparatus" owned by the municipality.
Because the City rejected the claim for UM coverage, plaintiff made demand for arbitration. In a letter of November 17, 1981, the City declared its refusal to participate in arbitration proceedings because it was "not a party to any arbitration agreements." It further took the position that plaintiff's claim was "clearly barred by the provisions of the New Jersey Tort Claims Act," N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to :12-3.
Despite the City's declared position, plaintiff's claims for UM benefits went to arbitration against both State Farm, plaintiff's own carrier, and Newark. As it had indicated it would, the City refused to participate in the arbitration proceedings, but it did nothing to protect its position in respect of the issue of arbitrability. See In re Grover, 80 N.J. 221, 230 (1979) (insurer could have instituted action for judicial decision on arbitrability issue and requested that arbitration be stayed, or could have objected to propriety of arbitration as to it and participated in arbitration proceedings on issues of plaintiff's damages and liability of "hit-and-run" driver). The arbitrator found liability on the part *602 of the hit-and-run driver and fixed plaintiff's damages at $26,500. He specifically refused to decide which source of UM benefits, the City or State Farm, was primary and which was secondary, inasmuch as the question was "not within the jurisdiction of the Arbitrator to decide."
Plaintiff then started this suit in the Law Division, seeking to apportion between State Farm and the City the gross award resulting from arbitration, and to compel Newark to pay its share of UM benefits. As to the City, plaintiff's complaint alleged, without reference to any statutory provision or other source, that the City was "[a]t the time of the accident * * * a self-insurer of its vehicles," and was therefore "required to provide all benefits set forth in law including Uninsured Motorists Protection Benefits * * *." The City's answer set up separate defenses under the New Jersey Tort Claims Act, the Workers' Compensation Act, the Motor Vehicle Security-Responsibility Law (N.J.S.A. 39:6-23 to -91), and, significantly for our purposes, N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6.
The City and plaintiff both moved for summary judgment. The trial court denied plaintiff's motion against Newark and granted the City's motion; the court entered judgment in favor of plaintiff against State Farm for $11,500, "subject to workers' compensation lien, if any." The court concluded that the City was under no obligation to provide UM coverage for its employees. It thus limited plaintiff's remedy to his workers' compensation claim and his UM coverage with State Farm.
On plaintiff's appeal to the Appellate Division he claimed that Newark was required to furnish UM protection under N.J.S.A. 39:6A-14, which requires "[e]very owner or registrant of an automobile registered or principally garaged in this State [to] maintain uninsured motorist coverage" as provided by N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1. Plaintiff argued in addition that the City was "certainly a self-insured pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6," the "insurance fund" provision. The City insisted in its Appellate Division brief that it is "not a self-insurer under N.J.S.A. 39:6-52 *603 [part of the Motor Vehicle Security-Responsibility Law, N.J.S.A. 39:6-23 to -91], but rather provides insurance against liability for negligence pursuant to the authority granted in N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6, which * * * does not mandate uninsured motorist coverage under the facts of this case."
The Appellate Division reversed the summary judgment in favor of the City. It determined that N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6(b), which authorizes the creation of an insurance fund to insure against liability resulting from the use or operation of motor vehicles, equipment, or apparatus owned or controlled by the municipality, must be read to include UM protection within its purposes. The court below reached this conclusion by contrasting subsection b. with N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6(c), which has as its purpose the insuring of the municipality against liability for its negligence and that of its officers, employees or servants. The Appellate Division reasoned that because subsection b. imposes liability on the municipality arising out of the use or operation of its motor vehicles but makes no mention of negligence, that subsection must be deemed to include UM protection, for it would otherwise be superfluous in view of subsection c.'s provision for liability arising from negligence, there being no other source for the imposition of liability against the municipality. The court below observed in passing that a liberal construction of N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6 is warranted in order to afford UM protection not just to a police officer, as in this case, but as well to civilian passengers, who frequently are carried by police cars in emergency situations.
The Appellate Division then dealt with Newark's position under the Motor Vehicle Security-Responsibility Law, N.J.S.A. 39:6-23 to -91. One section of that Law, N.J.S.A. 39:6-52, provides that any person in whose name more than twenty-five motor vehicles are registered may qualify as a self-insurer by obtaining a certificate of self-insurance after satisfying the Director of the Division of Motor Vehicles of his ability to pay judgments. Another section, N.J.S.A. 39:6-54, declares that the Law "shall not apply with respect to any motor vehicle *604 owned by * * * any political subdivision of this State or any municipality therein * * *." Although Newark acknowledged below that our courts have held that a certificate of self-insurance obtained pursuant to N.J.S.A. 39:6-52 is equivalent to a "policy" that incorporates the UM coverage mandated of all insurance policies by N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1, see Transport of New Jersey v. Watler, 161 N.J. Super. 453 (App.Div. 1978), aff'd as modified, 79 N.J. 400 (1979); Mortimer v. Peterkin, 170 N.J. Super. 598 (App.Div. 1979), the City argued that it was exempt from the provisions of that law by virtue of N.J.S.A. 39:6-54. The Appellate Division rejected that contention because inasmuch as the statute under which Newark claimed to have become an insurer, N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6, is not part of the Motor Vehicle Security-Responsibility Law, the exemption did not attach.
The court below also refused to credit the municipality's claim that the New Jersey Tort Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to :12-3, served to limit its liability, because the court considered plaintiff's claim to be for UM benefits rather than one in tort.
Finally, the Appellate Division viewed as without merit Newark's claim that its police car was not an "automobile" within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 39:6A-14, which requires "[e]very owner or registrant of an automobile registered or principally garaged in this State [to] maintain uninsured motorist coverage" as provided by N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1. The City's argument was based on the definition of "automobile" found in N.J.S.A. 39:6A-2(a): "a private passenger automobile of a private passenger or station wagon type that is owned or hired and is neither used as a public livery or conveyance for passengers nor rented to others with a driver * * *." The Appellate Division concluded that the inclusion of the word "private" in the definition was for the purpose of distinguishing normal passenger-type cars from those used "as a public livery or conveyance of passengers" or "rented to others with a driver."
*605 In its petition for certification the City contends that the Appellate Division erred (1) in construing N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6 to include an obligation to provide UM benefits, (2) in granting to plaintiff a source of recovery beyond that provided by the exclusive remedy of workers' compensation, and (3) in failing to recognize the limitations on the City's liability that are set forth in the New Jersey Tort Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to :12-3.

II
Reasoning by analogy to the situation in Transport of New Jersey v. Watler, supra, 161 N.J. Super. 453, aff'd as modified, 79 N.J. 400, the court below found in N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6(b) an obligation on the City to furnish UM benefits to plaintiff. The analogy is apt.
In Transport of New Jersey the question was whether plaintiff, a private self-insurer  there, a bus company  had to insure itself against damage caused by an uninsured motorist. If it had UM protection, the company would be disqualified from pressing a claim against the Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund, see N.J.S.A. 39:6-61 to -91, for damages to its bus caused by a collision with defendant's uninsured motor vehicle. Only a "qualified person" may claim indemnification from the Fund, N.J.S.A. 39:6-69; and N.J.S.A. 39:6-62 excludes from the definition of a "qualified person" anyone who is an insured under an insurance policy providing UM coverage in a form authorized by N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1 "or in a form substantially similar thereto." 161 N.J. Super. at 456-57, quoting N.J.S.A. 39:6-62.
Plaintiff in Transport had secured a certificate of self-insurance pursuant to N.J.S.A. 39:6-52 (see supra at 603-04) and N.J.S.A. 48:4-12 and -13, an Article of the Department of Public Utilities Act of 1948, N.J.S.A. 48:1-1 to :19-25, now the Department of Energy Act, L. 1977, c. 146, codified at N.J.S.A. 52:27F-1 to -32. That Article, which confines its reach to autobuses, permits an autobus owner to "carry its own liability *606 insurance" after approval by the Commissioner of Insurance. The Appellate Division in Transport read N.J.S.A. 39:6B-1, which requires every motor vehicle owner to maintain motor vehicle liability insurance coverage in stated amounts, in conjunction with N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1, which provides that automobile liability policies on any New Jersey motor vehicles must contain UM coverage. The court concluded that "these statutes express the legislative intent that all New Jersey motor vehicles, covered by commercial insurance or self-insured, must be insured against injury for damage caused by uninsured motorists." 161 N.J. Super. at 457.
The Appellate Division in Transport found no reason in either logic or the legislative history of the applicable statutes to impose on self-insured vehicles a lesser obligation than that assumed by those covered by a commercial insurance policy. Nor did it find any warrant for exempting commercial vehicles such as autobuses from the statutory obligation of N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1 to provide UM coverage  a determination that the legislature thereafter made clear was in keeping with its intent by its amendments to N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1 in L. 1983, c. 362 (substituting "motor vehicle" for "automobile" throughout the statute). The court concluded that "[s]elf-insurers such as Transport should be expected to cover at least the same risks that other motorists are required by law to cover." Id. at 463-64.
The Appellate Division's holding in Transport was a limited one, however: "We hold simply that Transport may not receive payment from the Fund for the judgment Transport holds against an uninsured motorist for damage to Transport's bus." Id. at 465. Specifically left open was the question whether self-insurers are obligated to extend UM benefits to their passengers for injuries caused solely by the negligence of uninsured motorists, id., an issue that courts later resolved in Mortimer v. Peterkin, supra, 170 N.J. Super. 598, and Crocker v. Transport of New Jersey, 169 N.J. Super. 498 (Law Div. *607 1979), by holding that passengers were entitled to UM coverage.
In affirming the Appellate Division judgment in Transport essentially for the reasons stated in Judge Botter's opinion, this Court added only the following comment:
The certificate of self-insurance issued to TNJ pursuant to N.J.S.A. 39:6-52 is a "policy" under which TNJ is insured for purposes of N.J.S.A. 39:6-62. Incorporated within this "policy" of self-insurance is the uninsured motorist coverage required of all motor vehicle insurance policies by N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1 [79 N.J. at 401.]
We have dwelt at such great length on Transport of New Jersey v. Watler, supra, 161 N.J. Super. 453, aff'd as modified, 79 N.J. 400, because it furnishes the springboard for resolution of the essential issue posed by this appeal: does the obligation under N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1 to provide UM coverage in all insurance policies issued in this state, judicially declared in Transport to extend to private self-insurers created under N.J.S.A. 39:6-52, apply as well to a municipality such as the City of Newark, which established an insurance fund under N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6? The City's brief seeks to avoid the obvious weight of the Transport holding by distinguishing that case on the basis that in this case "there is neither a `policy' nor a certificate of self-insurance equivalent to a policy for the court to * * * construe." In our view the proffered distinction  the absence here of a policy or certificate of insurance  elevates form over the substance of Transport's holding.
The policy underlying Transport's holding, so precisely explicated in Judge Botter's skillful weaving together of the various statutory provisions touching on the subject, is this: New Jersey requires that "all motor vehicles registered in New Jersey, including those owned by self-insurers, carry UM coverage as part of liability insurance." 161 N.J. Super. at 463. That policy does not depend for its vitality on a piece of paper, either an insurance policy as such or a certificate of self-insurance, and nothing in this Court's opinion in Transport, 79 N.J. 400, even hints that a certificate, there held to be the functional *608 equivalent of an insurance policy, is a condition precedent to the imposition of UM coverage required by N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1 of all motor vehicle insurance policies. See 79 N.J. at 401. This Court did not "construe" the certificate; indeed, we are nowhere informed as to how the certificate read. It is the fact of self-insurance, not the form in which or document by which it is evidenced, that results in UM coverage. When it created a fund under N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6, Newark effected a statutory contract, obligating itself to furnish the UM coverage mandated under N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1 to the extent of at least the statutory minimum of $15,000. So strong is the public policy favoring UM coverage that in the absence of an unmistakable legislative declaration to the contrary, we are certain that the foregoing principle applies to any legislatively-authorized self-insurance fund, including one formed under the authority of the predecessor to N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6. See supra note 1.
To be sure, there are fundamental differences between the self-insurance schemes available to private entities, as contemplated by N.J.S.A. 39:6-52 and N.J.S.A. 48:4-12, and that provided for by N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6: the first require that the assets of the private self-insurer be at risk, and they call for the supervision of a regulator, whereas the second envisions a fund that depends on the public entity's taxing power and does not involve any "outside" regulator. But there is no difference between a private self-insurer, like the one in Transport and Mortimer v. Peterkin, supra, 170 N.J. Super. 598, and Crocker v. Transport of New Jersey, supra, 169 N.J. Super. 498, and a public self-insurer, like Newark, that would justify a difference in the coverages that the two types of self-insurers must furnish. The legislatively-declared public policy of this state strongly supports the construction that the court below gave to N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6.

III
Newark contends that because plaintiff, its employee, has recovered workers' compensation benefits, he is barred by *609 N.J.S.A. 34:15-8 from obtaining any further relief from the City in the form of UM benefits. The enactment in question reads in pertinent part as follows:
Such agreement shall be a surrender by the parties thereto of their rights to any other method, form or amount of compensation or determination thereof than as provided in this article * * *.
If an injury or death is compensable under this article, a person shall not be liable to anyone at common law or otherwise on account of such injury or death for any act or omission occurring while such person was in the same employ as the person injured or killed, except for intentional wrong. [N.J.S.A. 34:15-8.]
Newark's argument is that the UM benefits that plaintiff now seeks constitute an additional "method, form or amount of compensation" for his injuries that is disallowed by the statute.
The City misconstrues N.J.S.A. 34:15-8. Its purpose is to prohibit an employee from suing the employer in negligence once workers' compensation benefits have been awarded. See Wellenheider v. Rader, 49 N.J. 1, 9 (1967); Dudley v. Victor Lynn Lines, Inc., 32 N.J. 479, 489 (1960). There is no prohibition, however, in respect of a suit against a third-party tortfeasor. Indeed, N.J.S.A. 34:15-40 expressly preserves the right to maintain such a suit. It reads:
Where a third person is liable to the employee or his dependents for an injury or death, the existence of a right of compensation from the employer or insurance carrier under this statute shall not operate as a bar to the action of the employee or his dependents, nor be regarded as establishing a measure of damage therein. In the event that the employee or his dependents shall recover and be paid from the said third person or his insurance carrier, any sum in release or in judgment on account of his or its liability to the injured employee or his dependents, the liability of the employer under this statute thereupon shall be only such as is hereinafter in this section provided. [N.J.S.A. 34:15-40.]
The effect of the statutory scheme is to
preserve to an injured workman his right of action against a third-party tortfeasor for an injury caused by the latter, while at the same time it prevents a workman from recovering twice for the same industrial injury.
[Brum v. International Terminal Operating Co., 125 N.J. Super. 558, 561 (App.Div. 1973).]
Moreover, N.J.S.A. 34:15-40 operates to give the employer a credit or reimbursement for damages paid by a third-party tortfeasor to the employee. That UM benefits fall into the *610 same category in this respect as payments by a tortfeasor  a proposition established in Montedoro v. City of Asbury Park, 174 N.J. Super. 305 (App.Div. 1980)  has now been put beyond doubt by our decision in Midland Ins. Co. v. Colatrella, 102 N.J. 612 (1986). Under Colatrella the City is entitled to a lien on any UM benefits payable to plaintiff.

IV
Finally, Newark contends that the New Jersey Tort Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to :12-3, immunizes the City against claims for UM benefits allegedly due because of the negligence of a third-party uninsured motorist. The provision on which Newark relies declares that
[e]xcept as otherwise provided by this act, a public entity is not liable for an injury, whether such injury arises out of an act or omission of the public entity or a public employee or any other person. [N.J.S.A. 59:2-1(a).]
The quoted language is couched in terms of tort liability. The Appellate Division refused to characterize a claim for UM benefits as "one in which a claim for tort has been asserted against the City." We agree. The claim is one arising out of contract  here, a statutory contract founded in N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6  to establish an insurance fund that included, as we have held, the obligation to furnish UM benefits. See supra at 608.

V
We affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division, which in turn reversed the summary judgment in favor of the City. The cause is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Those proceedings are directed to an apportionment of the arbitrator's award of $26,500. Because this case arose before January 1, 1984, the effective date of the so-called "anti-stacking" legislation, L. 1983, c. 362, § 2(c), codified in N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1(c), plaintiff can resort to the UM coverages *611 of both State Farm and the City, under Motor Club of Am. Ins. Co. v. Phillips, 66 N.J. 277 (1974). See our holding to that effect in Mondelli v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 102 N.J. 167, 173 (1986). As in Mondelli, the parties here have not explored the question of which coverage is primary and which is secondary, so that question too is left for resolution at the trial level.
What is not clear, however, is whether Newark is bound by the arbitrator's award  not because it did not participate in the arbitration proceedings, but because the basic statute that requires UM coverage, N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1, now held to bind public self-insurers, does not itself compel arbitration. The statute mandates that UM coverage be furnished "with respect to any motor vehicle registered or principally garaged in this State * * * under provisions approved by the Commissioner of Insurance * * *." The first form of coverage against uninsured motorists approved by the Commissioner as of April 2, 1969, the effective date of the original version of N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1, which had to be used by all insurers writing automobile policies in New Jersey, "states that the determination as to whether the insured is legally entitled to recover damages from an uninsured motorist, and, if so, the amount of the damages, shall be made by agreement between the insured and the company, or, if they fail to agree, by arbitration." See Stanton, "Protection Against Uninsured Motorists in New Jersey," 3 Seton Hall L.Rev. 19, 27 (1971). The record in this case does not enlighten us as to whether the Commissioner has approved other forms, nor has our research supplied the answer.
We have not hesitated to bind Newark to a statutory contract obliging it to furnish UM benefits in keeping with N.J.S.A. 17:28-1.1. Were we certain that the only form that the Commissioner has approved for the provision of UM benefits called for arbitration, we would again have no hesitancy in making arbitration a part of Newark's obligation. As well, there may be some regulation of the Commissioner that covers the subject, although none has been called to our attention.
*612 These are questions that should be explored on the remand. On the state of this record we are reluctant to hazard a definitive answer in this opinion. Although the City's Appellate Division brief questioned the authority that would bind it to the arbitration result in this case, the point was not touched upon by the Appellate Division opinion, not adverted to in the petition for certification, and was dealt with in only the most cursory fashion at oral argument before this Court. We therefore leave it for full development in the trial court.
Affirmed.
For affirmance  Chief Justice WILENTZ and Justices CLIFFORD, HANDLER, POLLOCK, O'HERN and GARIBALDI  6.
For reversal  None.
NOTES
[1]  Although the "insurance fund" statute that we are asked to construe, N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6, did not become effective until eleven months after plaintiff's accident, see L. 1979, c. 230, ¶ 1 (effective Oct. 15, 1979), neither the parties nor the courts below have adverted to that circumstance. At every level, including this Court, the case has been approached as if N.J.S.A. 40A:10-6 applied. Because the statute's meaning and effect present an important issue that is likely to be raised in future cases, we are content to assume the applicability of the statute, particularly inasmuch as the result in this case would be the same even under the predecessor statute, N.J.S.A. 40:51-3. See infra at 608.


1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to position control for agricultural implements and more specifically to an improved transducer arrangement for providing an electrical feedback signal to an electrohydraulic depth control system.
2) Related Art
Numerous systems are available for automatically controlling implement position. One such system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,347, of common ownership with the present application. An electronic control unit (ECU), such as shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,092, is utilized to control the trailing implement in response to input signals including a lever control signal, a position sensor signal and a draft force sensor signal. When the control input from the implement is plugged into the ECU, control is shut off to the 3-point hitch and automatically transferred to the trailing implement. An implement position sensor, such as a rotary potentiometer, is mounted on the towed implement to sense the position of the frame and tools relative to the wheels.
One problem encountered with such automatic position control of a trailing implement is providing a good feedback system which is accurate and supplies repeatable feedback signals so that implement position can be easily ascertained and repeated after the position control cylinder has been cycled. The depth control range for operating a tillage tool in the field-working position is usually a relatively small fraction of the overall range of vertical adjustment of the implement from the uppermost transport position to the lowermost field-working position. The normal depth control range for ground working operations of an implement such as a disk harrow may be several inches while the complete cylinder stroke results in frame movement of sixteen to twenty inches or more. Once the implement is lifted from the ground, returning the implement to the depth setting of the previous ground-working pass is dependant on the accuracy and repeatability of the feedback signal. Providing accurate and repeatable feedback from the implement, particularly when the depth control range is relatively small, has been a continuing source of difficulty.


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A Survey by the IMF staff usually published twice a year. It presents IMF staff economists' analyses of global economic developments during the near and medium term. Chapters give an overview as well as more detailed analysis of the world economy; consider issues affecting industrial countries, developing countries, and economies in transition to market; and address topics of pressing current interest. Annexes, boxes, charts, and an extensive statistical appendix augment the text.


Preamble

(1)The Royal Society of New Zealand is constituted under the Royal Society of New Zealand Act 1965, and continued by the Royal Society of New Zealand Act 1997, for the purpose of advancing and promoting science and technology in New Zealand:

(2)The Royal Society of New Zealand wishes to—

(a)incorporate the discipline of humanities into its object and functions; and

(b)rename the Academy Council the Academy Executive Committee; and

(c)amend the standard for the election of Companions of the Society; and

(d)amend the election process for Councillors of the Society:

(3)The objects of this Act cannot be achieved without legislation:

The Parliament of New Zealand therefore enacts as follows:

1 Title

This Act is the Royal Society of New Zealand Amendment Act 2012.

2 Commencement

This Act comes into force on the day after the date on which it receives the Royal assent.

15 New section 23 substituted

“23Appointed Councillor

“(2)In determining who should be appointed under subsection (1), each Regional Constituent Organisation has 1 vote and the matter is determined by a majority of votes cast by postal ballot or, at the option of the Council, by ballot conducted by electronic means.

“(3)If there is an equality of votes between candidates under subsection (2) and the addition of 1 vote would entitle any of those candidates to be elected, the Chief Executive Officer of the Society appointed under clause 1 of the Schedule must determine by lot which candidate is to be appointed.

“(4)The appointed representative of the Regional Constituent Organisations is appointed for a term of 3 years.”

16 Co-opted Councillors

Section 24(2)(d) is amended by omitting “science and technology” and substituting “science, technology, and the humanities”.

17 Code of professional standards and ethics

Section 34(1) is amended by omitting “science and technology” and substituting “science, technology, and the humanities”.

21 Membership and staff

22 New section 43 substituted

“43Transitional provisions

“(1)Every person who, immediately before the commencement of the Royal Society of New Zealand Amendment Act 2012, is an elected Councillor under section 22 may hold office as an elected Councillor for a maximum of 6 consecutive years, starting from the most recent date that the person assumed office before the commencement of that Act.

“(2)Every person who, immediately before the commencement of the Royal Society of New Zealand Amendment Act 2012, is an appointed Councillor under section 23 is deemed to have been appointed for a term of 3 years.

“(3)The code of professional standards and ethics issued under section 34 that is in force immediately before the commencement of the Royal Society of New Zealand Amendment Act 2012 continues in force and applies to members of the Society as if references to science and technology were a reference to science, technology, and the humanities.”

23 Schedule amended

Clause 7 of the Schedule is amended by omitting “Academy Council” and substituting “Academy Executive Committee”.


Introduction
============

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) is a selective corneal transplantation procedure indicated for corneal opacities limited to the stroma.[@b1-opth-6-1441] The most common intraoperative complication is a perforation.[@b1-opth-6-1441] A manual dissection technique using a combination of hydration and dehydration allows good visualization of the surgical plane and early identification of intraoperative perforation.[@b1-opth-6-1441] Descemetocele, an end-stage complication of corneal ulcers, can be treated with DALK.[@b1-opth-6-1441]--[@b3-opth-6-1441] Here we describe a case of manual DALK graft replacement with continuous and localized sweating of aqueous from Descemet's membrane without visible membrane perforation.

Case report
===========

An 81-year-old Chinese female presented with an inflamed right eye and blurred vision of count fingers at 30 cm. She had hyperemia, anterior chamber cells, central corneal edema, and corneal thinning. She had severe meibomian gland dysfunction with a poor ocular surface and 360 degree pannus. No microorganisms were isolated from corneal scrape cultures and staining. She was diagnosed as having a central corneal ulcer with underlying neurotrophic etiology. Despite one week of intensive medical treatment with fortified antibiotics, lubricants, and oral doxycycline, she progressed to develop a central descemetocele (1.8 × 1.5 mm). A predescemetic manual DALK was successfully performed. The residual stromal bed was 50 μm, and no intraoperative Descemet's membrane perforation or postoperative complications occurred. Six months after surgery the graft was clear, the ocular surface was healed, and suture removal was completed. Unaided visual acuity was 6/30 due to the presence of cataract.

One month later, she presented with blurred vision of count fingers at 30 cm. She developed cornea melting with a central descemetocele (1.2 × 0.8 mm) over the DALK graft which was located in the same area as the previous descemetocele ([Figure 1A](#f1-opth-6-1441){ref-type="fig"}). She underwent repeat manual DALK. Dissection was performed starting from the edge of the descemetocele, proceeding to the corneal periphery while maintaining the plane of the previous DALK dissection with the aid of a blunt marginal dissector. Continuous accumulation of aqueous fluid was observed over the dissection plane. Constant drying of the cornea was necessary to proceed with the surgery ([Figure 1B and C](#f1-opth-6-1441){ref-type="fig"}). Although a perforation was suspected, it was never observed. The dissected stromal graft was cut with Anwar scissors as in a standard DALK.[@b1-opth-6-1441] Following complete removal of the lamellar graft, a localized area of Descemet's membrane sweating of aqueous was identified in an area of intact Descemet's membrane ([Figure 1D--G](#f1-opth-6-1441){ref-type="fig"}). The anterior chamber remained formed throughout surgery, although digitally the eye felt soft. A new graft was sutured as in standard DALK[@b1-opth-6-1441] ([Figure 1H](#f1-opth-6-1441){ref-type="fig"}). On the first postoperative day the graft was clear, well attached to the recipient stroma, and there was no evidence of detachment of Descemet's membrane.

Discussion
==========

There is controversy about the possibility of aqueous sweating through an intact Descemet's membrane.[@b4-opth-6-1441]--[@b7-opth-6-1441] There are a few published letters that have commented about leakage of aqueous through the center[@b4-opth-6-1441] or the periphery[@b5-opth-6-1441] of Descemet's membrane during uneventful DALK. However, these reports lack detailed documentation and photographic or video evidence. Many ophthalmologists would agree that there is no visible sweating of Descemet's membrane during DALK. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed documented case of aqueous sweating from Descemet's membrane without any visible perforation during DALK ([Figure 1](#f1-opth-6-1441){ref-type="fig"}).

In our case, sweating of Descemet's membrane was located exactly where both previous descemetoceles were located ([Figure 1](#f1-opth-6-1441){ref-type="fig"}). Although a localized incompetent endothelial pump cannot be excluded, the most probable explanation was a small, optically undetected micron perforation in an intact posterior nonbanded Descemet's membrane layer. The tear film of an inflamed eye has increased levels of cytokines and metalloproteinases (specifically matrix metalloproteinase-9)[@b8-opth-6-1441] that could damage the exposed anterior banded Descemet's membrane, favoring localized sweating from this area. Low intraocular pressure may be the reason why it did not extend to a microperforation or a macroperforation.

In DALK surgery, the presence of fluid over the dissection plane requires the ophthalmologist to suspect a perforation. If sweating of Descemet's membrane is observed and there is no visible perforation, the reason may be a hidden micron perforation. Hence, in this scenario, it is recommended to proceed with surgery, maintaining maximum diligence and a low intraocular pressure to prevent extension of micron perforation.

**Disclosure**

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

![Consecutive images of a repeat manual deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). During the procedure, there was continuous localized sweating of aqueous through Descemet's membrane, but no microperforation was observed. (**A**) Central descemetocele due to cornea melting in uncomplicated DALK 7 months after surgery for a suspected neurotrophic central ulcer with descemetocele. (**B**) Sweating of aqueous through Descemet's membrane and subsequent accumulation of fluid (arrow) over the recipient bed. The fluid prevents clear visualization of the surgical plane. (**C**) Recipient bed immediately after drying of the sweating. Now it is possible to see the surgical plane clearly and no microperforation is identified. (**D** and **E**) Consecutive images taken 15 seconds apart showing localized and continuous sweating through Descemet's membrane (arrows). (**F** and **G**) Consecutive images after complete manual dissection. The former is immediately after drying of the recipient bed and the latter is after 2 minutes of continuous sweating of aqueous from Descemet's membrane. The arrows indicate the specific location of Descemet's membrane that sweats; perhaps an area with a nonvisible micron perforation. (**H**) Final image after successful redo DALK.](opth-6-1441f1){#f1-opth-6-1441}