Early complications of operatively treated proximal humeral fractures.
Minimal information exists regarding early complications after operatively treated proximal humeral fractures. Of the 82 shoulders that had osteosynthesis, 42 had a (nonmedical) complication, with 21 requiring further surgery. Of 42 shoulders with complications, 12 were related to incomplete reduction, 16 had loss of anatomic fracture fixation, 9 had delayed healing, 3 had an infection, 1 had rotator cuff failure, and 1 had loose bodies. Fixed-angle plates had lower rates of initial malpositioning and resultant malunion. Of the 22 shoulders requiring hemiarthroplasty, 14 had an early complication. Of these, 7 had complications relating to implant insertion or tuberosity malreduction at the index operation and 7 had problems with tuberosity healing. The rate of complications after operative treatment of proximal humeral fractures is high. All efforts at fracture fragment fixation with osteosynthesis and hemiarthroplasty should be directed at obtaining anatomic fracture fixation that resists displacement.


import {assert} from 'chai';
import {isArray} from 'datalib/src/util';

export interface RuleSet<T> {
  name: string;
  rules: Rule<T>[];
}

export interface Rule<T> {
  name: string;
  items: (T|T[])[];
}

export function testRuleSet(ruleSet: RuleSet<any>, getScore: {(_: any): number}, stringify = JSON.stringify) {
  ruleSet.rules.forEach((rule) => {
    it('should preserve ranking order for ' + rule.name, () => {
      const items = rule.items;
      for (let i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
        const l = items[i-1];
        const r = items[i];
        (isArray(l) ? l : [l]).forEach((left) => {
          (isArray(r) ? r : [r]).forEach((right) => {
            const lScore = getScore(left) || 0;
            const rScore = getScore(right) || 0;
            assert.isTrue(
              lScore > rScore,
              'Score for ' + stringify(left) + ' (' + lScore.toFixed(3) + ') ' +
              'should > ' + stringify(right) + ' (' + rScore.toFixed(3) + ')'
            );
          });
        });
      }
    });
  });
}


<?php

namespace Illuminate\Foundation\Auth;

use Illuminate\Auth\Authenticatable;
use Illuminate\Auth\MustVerifyEmail;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Auth\Passwords\CanResetPassword;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\Access\Authorizable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable as AuthenticatableContract;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Access\Authorizable as AuthorizableContract;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\CanResetPassword as CanResetPasswordContract;

class User extends Model implements
    AuthenticatableContract,
    AuthorizableContract,
    CanResetPasswordContract
{
    use Authenticatable, Authorizable, CanResetPassword, MustVerifyEmail;
}


Somitogenesis is a dynamic process that integrates global and local signaling with cell morphogenesis to produce an ordered array of metameric units, or somites, along the axis of vertebrate embryos. The goal of this project is to understanding how the read out of Notch, Fgf, Wnt and Retinoic acid pathways is combined to influence cell behavior mediated by protocadherins during somite boundary formation. A Xenopus explant system will be developed to visualize the behavior of cells within anterior or posterior somite compartments under normal and experimental conditions. The role of a novel protocadherin, paraxial protocadherin 2 (PAPC2), in establishing changes in cell-cell interactions at somite boundaries will be examined using this explant system. Finally, the enhancer regions controlling PAPC2 expression at forming somite boundaries will be isolated to further understand how input of signaling in the presomitic mesoderm positions expression of genes that act at boundary formation. Changes in protocadherin expression as well as misregulation of Wnt, Fgf, Notch, and Retinoic acid signaling pathways are seen during cancerous tumor growth and metastasis. Understanding the way these pathways are integrated during development to change cell behavior will provide strong experimental evidence for creating informed models that will help to elucidate the role of these signaling pathways in the progression of disease. Many ofthe genes that cause growth and establishment of tumors are also involved in the early development of embryos. Basic research into the ways cells use genes and the proteins they produce during development provides necessary tools for predicting how cancerous cells are using the same genes to establish tumors within specific tissues and to metastasize, releasing cells into the body that will invade new tissues. Ultimately, we hope to determine how genes are regulating cells' that are undergoing changes in adhesion during development and apply these findings to understanding the advanced stages of invasive forms of cancer. In solid tumors, certain proteins may cause cells to stick to one another, while in cases of metastasis, these same proteins may be lost from cells, allowing cells to migrate away from the site ofthe initial tumor. When cancerous cells invade new tissues, these adhesion proteins may be produced again and determine what type of tissues cancer cells can adhere to and form tumors in. By understanding how major gene pathways control adhesion in a developmental context, we will more fully understand how these genes control cell behavior during cancer establishment and progression. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]


Tuesday, 29 September 2009

Last year, when I was still in France, I started a course in international trade. The title of that course may sound interesting, but after a few weeks I found it really boring, that was just not for me. However, it has not been a total waste of time, since I have learnt quite a bit about French law. I thought that I could re-use it for the journalism course. I didn't realise at that time how wrong I was. It is unbelievable how England wants to be different from other countries, and especially from France!

Good for me, because it makes life much easier. Yes, French people enjoy having complicated administration, and, being a French citizen, I had never realised that everything could actually be simpler. Some of you may not completely understand what I really mean, so let's take an example: in England, there are four different kinds of court (Magistrates courts, Crown court, County Courts and High Court) whereas in France, there are eight courts, all specialised in different areas (crime, offences, administration, work issues, family issues, commerce, money matters etc.) Needless to say I have simplified the scheme to make it shorter. Now you can imagine how pleased I was when I found out that the English system was actually not that complex! Let's hope that the rest is going to be as simple as that. Honestly, I doubt it.

4
comments:

Yeah - the difference at the base of it is that the French justice system is investigatory or inquisitorial - the judge actually tries to find out what has happened; whereas the anglo-saxon system is adversarial, meaning that two sides argue in an attempt to discern the truth, and the judge is less active (although their decisions form case law which must be obeyed). There are other differences, for example France has statutory privacy protection laws; whereas the UK and US does not. There are cultural differences, eg there is nothing really like the UK tabloids in France and journalism in France I think is taken more seriously (there is in my opinion a greater regard for literary culture in France). TV news is very underdeveloped in France compared with the UK and - especially - the USA. It is a different culture but of course united in a common set of modern European cultural attitude about human rights, freedom of expression, etc.

Still the French contribution to journalism has been vast - just this week Year Two students have reached the point of looking at Emile Zola's journalism - we see him as the founder of photojournalism and of modern investigative journalism.

Strictly speaking Tribunals are not courts. They don't have strict rules on evidence. But they are established by statute (Act of Parliament) and their decisions can be challenged in higher courts. Tribunals (eg Industrial Tribunals which settle disputes between employers and employees who have been sacked) are a very good source of news stories, but they are not strictly speaking courts. My lecture was a but garbled today as I am frazzled by the administrative aspects of the start of the academic session.


1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============

Randomized controlled trials (RCT) are considered to be the "gold standard" of medical interventional research, including research focused on rehabilitation interventions \[[@bib1]\]. The number of RCTs published in PubMed has been growing steadily over the past 50 years \[[@bib2]\]. There are many challenges to implementing RCTs, and many are undocumented. Some are specific to a particular patient population, institutional situation or intervention. Rehabilitation interventions that are enmeshed within a multi-disciplinary care setting can be particularly problematic to research, since participants are undergoing many aspects of rehabilitation and care. One area that has seen somewhat greater discussion is the challenge of recruitment \[[@bib3],[@bib4]\]. Tyson et al. (2015) \[[@bib4]\] reported variable recruitment success at different sites during a stroke rehabilitation study, and found that "enthusiastic, regular and structured engagement with the entire stroke multidisciplinary team" was one key to successful recruiting.

It is helpful to share some of these challenges, and possible solutions, so that others can learn. While each research and clinical situation has its own unique challenges, we hope that by sharing our experiences others might avoid some of our pitfalls and thoughtfully consider how others might impact their research, timeline and budget. Therefore, the objective of this manuscript is to present challenges and solutions of study implementation that arose during a mid-sized single-site RCT of a rehabilitation intervention performed in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation setting.

These lessons were learned from the execution of a trial entitled "Does the addition of virtual reality training to a standard program of inpatient rehabilitation improve sitting balance ability and function after stroke?" \[[@bib5],[@bib6]\]. Approximately 25 500 Ontario residents have a stroke each year, and of those 50% are moderately or severely impaired \[[@bib7]\]. For these people, sitting balance ability is a predictor of their level of functional mobility at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation \[[@bib8]\]. Virtual reality (VR), the use of computer technology to allow someone to interact with a game or activity in a virtual environment, is a promising modality for stroke \[[@bib9],[@bib10]\]. VR has been assessed for the rehabilitation of upper extremity function and standing balance and function (i.e. gait) post-stroke; however there has been no research on its use for the treatment of sitting balance. Therefore, the main objective of our RCT was to "determine if supplemental sitting balance exercises, administered via VR training, improve the control of sitting balance ability in stroke rehabilitation inpatients."

2. Methods {#sec2}
==========

The protocol for the RCT has been published previously \[[@bib5]\] and the study received research ethics board approval. Seventy-six participants who could not stand independently for more than 1 min were recruited from a dedicated inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit. All participants provided informed consent. Participants were randomly allocated into one of two groups, experimental and control. Both groups performed 10 to 12 sessions of VR training (30--45 min each), in addition to their regularly scheduled therapies. Participants in the experimental group played five games that involved reaching and leaning movements, designed to challenge sitting balance ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Participants in the control group played five games that required only minimal upper extremity movement. Assessments of sitting balance and upper extremity function were performed by a research associate blinded to group allocation before and immediately after training and one month later. Of the 76 participants who began the study (38 in each group), 33 in the experimental group and 36 in the control group completed the VR training and post-assessments. Twenty seven in the experimental group and 26 in the control group completed the one-month post assessments.Fig. 1Participant playing a Ball Maze VR game. The Movavi screen capture, upper left, shows the VR game as presented on the screen. The webcam, upper right, shows the participant\'s movements. The CONFORMat image, lower right, shows the displacement of the centre of pressure (grey line) as the participant performs the game.Fig. 1

During the RCT, the research associate and VR trainer (LS) documented barriers to the research process. These barriers were addressed at monthly team meetings (which included the principal investigator, co-investigators, trainees/volunteers and research associate) and a plan was made to address each challenge. At subsequent monthly meetings the barriers and plans were reviewed and further actions were taken as required. Minutes of the monthly meetings were reviewed separately by the research associate and VR trainer in order to compile a list of themes, presented here with the challenges and solutions.

3. Results {#sec3}
==========

Five themes into which the challenges could be placed were described: recruitment, patient-specific issues, scheduling, staffing, and technology. Challenges and solutions are presented under each theme in [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}.Table 1Challenges and solutions discovered during the implementation of a randomized controlled trial in an inpatient rehabilitation setting. Challenges and solutions are presented within five categories: patient-specific, scheduling, staffing, technology and processes related to RCTs.Table 1IssueChallengesSolutionsRecruitmentRecruitment- Research ethics obligations required that potential participants had to be asked by a member of the patient\'s "circle of care" if they were willing to have our research associate talk to them about our project. This process was a potential barrier to timely and complete recruitment.- A preferred solution, opt-in or opt-out, would be for patients to indicate at admission whether they were interested in hearing about research studies. We were not able to do this, due to ethical and management/logistical issues. Discussions regarding this issue are ongoing.Patient-Specific IssuesFatigue (9 out of 130 potential participants declined because of fatigue)- Many participants needed planned breaks between treatments or an afternoon nap.\
- VR might fatigue a participant so that they would not participate fully in their therapy sessions.\
- A treatment session requiring 30 min of VR time could take up to 1 h, including breaks.- Participant\'s schedules were carefully managed to ensure appropriate rest times.\
- VR sessions were often held later in the day, so that fatigue did not influence regular therapies, although this had to be balanced by the potential that a participant would be too tired to participate fully during the VR session.\
- Occasionally, participation in the study was delayed until fatigue had diminished.\
- VR sessions became longer as endurance increased.Pain (2 out of 76 participants declined to continue because of pain)- Pain of many types is a common sequela of stroke \[[@bib11]\].\
- Some participants had pre-existing pain from conditions such as chronic rotator cuff tears or arthritis \[[@bib12]\].\
- Some pain treatments (for example, certain medications, pain clinic interventions) were no longer available in the inpatient setting.- VR sessions were shortened as required.\
- VR parameters were modified as required (while staying within the study goals).\
- Subluxed shoulders were supported at all times, especially during transfers.\
- VR sessions were scheduled appropriately with respect to pain medication schedules.\
- Research staff consulted with members of the participant\'s circle of care regarding ways to minimize a participant\'s discomfort.Vision- For many participants, their stroke had altered their vision.\
- Some individuals also had pre-existing conditions such as colour-blindness, cataracts or age-related macular degeneration.\
- Some elderly participants had a decreased ability to see objects that were green (green was a prominent colour on the VR screen).\
- Hemianopsia was frequently encountered \[[@bib13]\].- There was no need for participants to read, only look at a virtual object or avatar on a 40-inch television screen; therefore even individuals with poor vision could participate.\
- The TV screen was changed to black and white for those who could not see green. The VR manufacture also addressed this by changing some of the object avatars from green to yellow and black and increasing the contrast.\
- After these accommodations were incorporated, there were no further complaints of vision and poor vision did not appear to affect participation in VR.\
- We encouraged the participants to work on compensatory strategies for hemianopsia with the VR games, as appropriate \[[@bib13]\]. Frequent cuing to look to the affected side was used as needed.Engagement (2 out of 76 participants declined to continue because of disinterest)- Some participants were initially nervous with the technology.\
- Some participants became less enthusiastic about attending VR sessions over time. This was more common in the control group, especially for participants with a very dense hemiparesis and minimal recovery of their upper extremity.- The VR platform was user-friendly and easy to learn. Success could be achieved early and game parameters could be adjusted to increase the physical demands of the game or the potential for gaming success depending on the participant\'s motivations and the intervention goals for their group.\
- To increase engagement with the control group participants, when necessary, the VR trainer engaged the participant in conversation. Occasionally the participant\'s choice of music was played during the VR session. It was important to ensure that the music did not encourage motions like foot-tapping and dancing that might affect the intervention goals.SchedulingAppointment Scheduling- It was sometimes challenging to complete 10--12 VR sessions and reassess before discharge. Patients attended inpatient rehabilitation for four to six weeks. There was often a delay of a week or more before consent could be obtained because potential participants needed time to carefully consider their participation and have their therapy assessments completed and schedules confirmed before signing. Then the pre-assessment had to be completed.\
- Completing 5 VR sessions a week was challenging. Participation in research was a lower priority than regular therapy and medical appointments. Participants received one to 5 h of therapy a day with family meetings, medical tests and appointments, and off-site appointments and visits scheduled as needed. Some participants needed scheduled rest periods. Some went home for regular extended weekends.\
- Communication regarding participant scheduling with the rehabilitation unit staff was difficult, complicated by the recent introduction of electronic patient records (EPR). All therapy and appointment scheduling was performed on the EPR but research staff were not allowed access.- Most of the scheduling challenges were met by having a full-time VR trainer, which offered the flexibility to work around the participants\' schedules.\
- Weekend appointments or two VR sessions a day were occasionally done, if time became short before discharge.\
- Communication boards hanging in each patient\'s room provided the best opportunity for the research staff to coordinate their participant\'s therapy schedule with VR appointments. The ward clerk, who had a master copy of the daily schedule, was another resource. However, there was still room for error as the unit staff tended to prefer the EPR.\
- A more permanent solution would be to have the VR trainer provided with access to the EPR.\
- Final result: experimental group participants performed 325 min of VR while control group participants performed 302 min of VR, which met the target of 30 min a day for 10--12 days.VR Laboratory Scheduling- Several research studies were held in the same VR laboratory.- We procured room for a small second laboratory on the inpatient stroke unit. Because the VR equipment was portable, VR training could be done in this room if needed.\
- Researchers used a Google Calendar to schedule the laboratories.Pre- and Post-assessment Scheduling- Participants had to undergo pre- and post-assessments in a timely manner. The research associate who performed the outcome measures was available only three days a week.\
- A priori sample size calculations estimated that 31 participants per group would be required, and considering a 20% dropout rate, 38 per group should be recruited.- The research associate\'s schedule, as well as holidays and the participant\'s schedule were considered carefully when booking assessment times to minimize the amount of delay between training and outcome measures.\
- Two casual research associates were hired and trained.\
- There was a range of VR sessions required for the study (10--12).One-month Follow-up Scheduling- The one-month post reassessment was challenging to schedule. Participants were generally discharged by then, to a variety of living situations. Four out of 69 were difficult to locate because their living situation changed after they were discharged. Four out of 69 lived or moved away from town and declined to return for the reassessment. Five out of 69 experienced health issues (subsequent stroke, seizures, other illnesses). Three out of 69 simply refused to be reassessed. These reasons lead to decreased rates of attendance for the one-month follow-up (53 total attended), resulting in an incomplete dataset.- To mitigate these losses, we tried to accommodate participants\' schedules, for example, scheduling the follow-up just after an outpatient therapy or physician follow-up appointment.\
- If a participant was only available for a few minutes, the laboratory-based outcome measures were performed at the hospital and the research associate performed the rest at the participant\'s home.\
- To avoid expenses for the participants, the research study paid for transportation or parking.\
- The longer the follow-up, the greater the attrition; therefore sample size should reflect this. A drop-out rate of 40% should be considered for a 1-month follow-up in this population.Infectious Disease Outbreaks- The physical layout on inpatient rehabilitation unit, which included shared rooms and bathrooms, along with staff treating multiple patients, led to a gastrointestinal illness outbreak during the study period which lasted three weeks. Patients who became ill were not able to attend their VR training for several days. Since a break in training could compromise the study objectives; these participants were removed from the study. Further, recruitment of new participants was paused because of the possibility that they might become ill.- When planning the RCT, an extra 20% was added to the participant number calculations to allow for attrition due to all reasons, including infectious outbreaks.StaffingPersonnel- To maintain blinding, the VR trainer and outcomes assessor must be different people.\
- Beyond the paid personnel, the study required cooperation from all staff on the inpatient rehabilitation unit. Members of potential participants\' "circle of care" must help to identify them and ask for their permission to be approached by the research staff. Therefore, the support and cooperation of all of the staff on the inpatient rehabilitation unit was essential.- There were two primary paid staff members on the VR team. A full-time postdoctoral fellow (physiotherapist, PhD Rehabilitation Science) oversaw the study and did all of the VR training. A part-time research associate (physiotherapist, MSc Rehabilitation Science) performed the recruitment and outcome measures. Casual staff were available to cover VR training and outcome measures as needed.\
- The relationship between researchers and clinical staff was facilitated through open communication on an individual basis and at staff meetings. The main VR laboratory was located in a prominent room centrally-located on the unit and had a "doors-open" policy (except for training sessions), which enhanced visibility. Two open-houses, with VR demonstrations and food were held to increase the staff\'s awareness of VR and the research study. Colourful posters presenting VR research were prominently displayed throughout the unit.Volunteers and Students- At times additional help was required with the outcome measures, VR training, operating computers, inputting data, etc. This additional assistance was provided by volunteer students.- Volunteer students were recruited from the local University and scheduled to attend 3 h once a week.\
- The volunteers were very helpful and in turn obtained valuable experience in research methods and participant/patient interaction. Some students took on complementary research projects such as reliability studies, in order to fulfill University requirements for research courses. Two full-time summer students also assisted for one summer; they were paid through separate, individual grants.Vacations and Other Absences- Staff were entitled to three weeks of vacation a year. Considering that each participant took at least 3 weeks to complete the entire study protocol, vacation and other time off presented a challenge.- There were two strategies to deal with the VR trainer\'s vacation. For one summer, VR training coverage was provided by an experienced casual trainer, to create a seamless training protocol for the participants. For the other summer vacation period, the project was suspended. Recruitment ceased three weeks before the vacation started, to allow for the entire protocol to be completed with enrolled participants, and resumed a few days before the vacation ended. The VR trainer took all of her yearly vacation at once so only one suspension was required.\
- Shorter absences (due to conferences, illness) were covered by the casual VR trainer.\
- Two casual research associates (physiotherapists) were available to perform the outcome assessments during their lunch hour and after work, ensuring that pre- and post-testing were performed in a timely fashion.\
- Recruitment was put on hold during the research associate\'s vacation; however this did not generally impact the study.TechnologyVirtual Reality Equipment- Game protocols for the study had to be designed to support the specific study objectives of the intervention and control groups and also allow for individualized progression of training.\
- Throughout the trial, it was important that concerns were addressed quickly, since an error or bug in the VR system could cause down time.\
- It was equally important that the VR platform did not change substantially over the course of the study, so that the intervention protocols remained consistent- VR training was provided with Jintronix (Jintronix, Montreal, QC) software. Jintronix was very responsive to our needs and concerns.\
- Jintronix distributed regular software updates, which were intended to improve and expand their VR offerings and make the system more user-friendly. These updates did not always suit the research objectives; however Jintronix was very responsive to make changes according to our feedback.Internet Connectivity- The Jintronix VR system required constant high-speed internet connectivity to work. Because the computer running the Jintronix software was not a hospital-purchased system, it was not able to be connected to the general hospital internet service. Instead, a "guest" internet service was used. This service had limited bandwidth, which caused delays and loss of internet service. This was a significant and ongoing issue which at times threatened to shut down the study.- Frequent discussions with the hospital information technology service did not provide significant relief until very late in the study.\
- The solution was to purchase a mobile internet key, accompanied by a data plan.Monitoring Participants\' Movements While Performing Virtual Reality- We wished to ensure that the participants in the experimental group were challenging their sitting balance and the participants in the control group were not.- A CONFORMat pressure mat (Tekscan, South Boston, MA) was used to monitor the displacement of the centre of pressure under the buttocks and thighs of the participants as they performed VR. The CONFORMat was ideal as it was comfortable to sit on during an entire VR session. An optional webcam fed into the software to take simultaneous video recordings.Visual Record of Virtual Reality- We wished to analyse quantitatively and qualitatively how the participant moved as they did VR training. Movements were to be compared over time and between intervention groups.- Screen capture software (Movavi Video Suite 14, St. Louis, MI) was used to take videos of the television screen while doing VR. The same video suite software was used to make a four-part video of a participant performing VR, which included the CONFORMat image, the webcam video, the screen capture video and a title ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). This was useful for qualitatively analysing participants\' movements and for presentations.

4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============

There were several challenges to the implementation of this RCT in the inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit, in part due to ethical and privacy obligations, the need for scientific rigor, and the fact that we were working with participants who had just experienced a life-changing event. Each participant had their own experience dealing with the effects of stroke, which impacted such things as fatigue and motivation. In the end, we were able to overcome almost all obstacles in order to maintain the integrity of the research study and treat each participant with respect while completing the RCT on time.

The greatest strength of our VR study was the people. The ideal situation is when clinicians and researchers work together and "side-by-side" with patients \[[@bib14]\]. This is a long-term goal that takes time and effort to accomplish. Involvement in research benefits patients and clinicians by providing access to state-of-the-art equipment and treatments. Involvement of clinicians in research also benefits researchers since it provides a stream of potential participants, and collaborative discussions to determine research priorities. Our research team has been working with the clinicians on the stroke rehabilitation unit for almost 10 years. Over that time our relationship with the clinicians has evolved so that clinicians and researchers have become more of a team. Our early VR studies used a lab that was remote from the inpatient rehabilitation unit \[[@bib15]\]. By moving the laboratory to a central location on the unit, and maintaining an open-doors policy, visibility was improved considerably, along with the opportunity to engage with clinicians, administrators, patients and families.

The greatest technical barrier to the implementation of this RCT was the availability of reliable internet service. While we expected reliable internet to be available in an urban, institutional setting, two issues prevented this. The first was the need for our VR computer to be on the "guest" internet system, since it did not have the firewalls and level of antivirus protection required to be on the institutional network. The second was that the "guest" system had relatively low bandwidth and the organization was not able to increase it or allow us to have greater access. Therefore the internet was frequently very slow and prone to interruptions. Purchasing a mobile internet key and data plan provided an economical and reliable way to mitigate this issue and offered flexibility to use the VR equipment in a variety of locals without reliable internet (i.e. for demonstrations and training). Fortunately, late in the project\'s recruitment the bandwidth issues were resolved, but this remains an important consideration for research or clinical practice using technology. Internet and information technology issues need to be considered in the planning and proposal stages of any clinical research project. The use of a data plan may need to be considered whenever uninterrupted internet is required.

We learned important lessons from our earlier VR research, which experienced significant barriers with the VR system. Levac et al. (2016) \[[@bib15]\] trained outpatient therapists to use VR with their stroke patients and documented barriers to the implementation of VR in the clinic. Identified barriers included system usability as well as location. There were many hardware and software malfunctions, and obtaining solutions to these created many delays. Therapists found that it was time-consuming to leave the unit to accompany a patient to the VR laboratory and they were unable to use VR with only one patient at a time if other patients remained in the unit. These issues were addressed in the planning phases of the current RCT. Our VR laboratory was located centrally on the inpatient rehabilitation unit. While this central location was not essential for the research study, it would be for subsequent implementation by therapists. The Jintronix VR system was much more user-friendly than the system used by Levac et al. (2016) \[[@bib15]\].

While scheduling participants\' time for VR was at times difficult, there is considerable evidence that many patients in inpatient rehabilitation spend much of their time inactive and alone \[[@bib16],[@bib17]\]. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations state that rehabilitation inpatients should have 3 h of direct, task-specific therapy five days a week \[[@bib18]\]. In addition to being used by physiotherapists and occupational therapists as part of their one-on-one therapy, VR training might be able to complement traditional therapies and increase patients' rehabilitation intensity. This could be accomplished by using VR as an adjunctive treatment, performed either during times when a patient is not otherwise scheduled for therapy, or in the evenings or on the weekends, when formal therapy is typically not available. A VR program could be developed for each individual patient by a therapist, but carried out under the supervision of an assistant or volunteer or even independently, as long as safety measures are in place (for example, doing only upper extremity exercises in sitting if balance is poor). The Jintronix VR system provides a simple-to-use user interface designed for a patient to access their personal exercise program.

The one-month follow-up assessment was completed by only 71% of the participants, for a variety of reasons (illness, moved, refused). The one-month follow-up is important to assess the sustained impact of a research intervention over a longer term. Because participants may have difficulty fulfilling their obligation for the final assessment, sample size determinations should take into account the expected numbers of participants at follow-up. Furthermore, only 74% of the one-month follow-ups occurred within one week of the one-month date, primarily due to scheduling issues between the research associate and the participant. The assessor(s) for RCTs must be very flexible and accommodating with respect to scheduling, in order to ensure that participants are assessed at the correct time. Providing in-home assessments might be preferable to requiring the participant to travel back to the hospital.

At the trial site, a member of a patient\'s "circle of care" must obtain permission from the patient for the research associate to provide information about the study. While it is understandable that staff with a primary interest in the health of their patients would be appropriate to pre-screen potential participants, this process appeared to be burdensome and surprisingly time-consuming for the clinicians. While this did not impede the overall study time-line, it was a source of frustration for the research associate. The trial site is currently exploring opt-in and opt-out options for study recruitment similar to the processes used in numerous other research hospitals. An alternative option would be to hire a member of the circle of care to perform the entire recruitment process.

Timely completion of research studies is important for researchers, funders, administrators and trainees. Funding typically extends for a defined period of time and continuation of a project past its deadline incurs unbudgeted costs and delays dissemination of the study findings. The academic progress of students involved in the study may also be delayed. We hope that our "lessons learned" helps other researchers implement clinical trials in very complex inpatient rehabilitation settings.

5. Grant support {#sec5}
================

The work was supported by a grant-in-aid from the 10.13039/100004411Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (G-14-0005830), and by a generous personal donation from Tony & Elizabeth Graham. The funders accepted the proposed study design but did not have any role in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data nor in the writing of the report and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.


Q:

Django EmailField and full email address with first and last name

I would like to use the EmailField in a form. However, instead of only storing
support@acme.com

I want to store
"ACME Support" <support@acme.com>

The reason is, that when I send email, I would like a "friendly name" to appear.
Can this be done?

A:

We use Django's email field, and then use a property to render the friendly name in the email.
from django.utils.html import escape
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe

class MyModel(models.Model):
    email_address = models.EmailField()
    full_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    ...

    @property
    def friendly_email(self):
        return mark_safe(u"%s <%s>") % (escape(self.fullname), escape(self.email_address))


DESIGN & MANUFACTURE

While Membrane Systems Australia have a range of quality Australian made standard products and water treatment solutions we also have a team of specialists that share a combined 85years of experience that are more than capable of designing and manufacturing customized solutions for specific, singular water treatment requirements, if you have a water quality requirement we can provide you a solution.

We can sample your water source and advise you on your best option of water treatment to achieve the required water quality. We can go on to provide a basic summary quote to contribute to your project budget plan.

We can provide systems of various sizes and water treatment processes depending on your demand and use for treated water, this enables us to offer our clientele with economic results. We also offer a range of purchase options including rent to buy, build-own-operate, build-own-operate-transfer and lease.

All of our water treatment plants are fully assembled and are containerized or skid mounted offering flexibility in portability. Before leaving our warehouse all systems are factory tested and comply with Australia standards.


Graduates Give Standing Ovation to One of their Own

When history graduate Jerry Griffo walked across the commencement stage during the College of Humanities, Arts, Behavioral and Social Sciences ceremony on Saturday, May 19, he was astounded as his fellow graduates rose from their seats to give him a standing ovation. At the age of 65, Griffo is one of the oldest graduates in CSUSM’s Class of 2012.“I was totally unprepared for the response from the crowd,” Griffo recalls. “I’m extremely flattered and also convinced that their applause and support wasn’t as much about me, as it was for what I represent… someone following their dreams. It strikes a chord with people and reminds us that anything is possible.”Although he is more than four decades older than the average college graduate, Griffo fit right in with his classmates during commencement, wearing flip flops with his academic regalia and donned with floral leis. His journey to college, however, was far from that of his peers. After graduating high school in 1965, Griffo attended several different community colleges without success, never able to find studies relevant to a career path he was passionate about. In 1980, he began working for Amtrak and moved his way up to train supervisor, managing the route from Los Angeles to Seattle. Shortly before retiring after 30 years, Griffo decided he wanted to return to college and finally obtain his degree. He enrolled at Palomar Community College and later transferred to CSUSM in 2010 to study history.“History appealed to me. I’ve always been interested in history and politics, and wanted to give context to what I’ve seen, heard and learned from my life experiences and travels,” he explained.And his education did just that, he said.On May 19, Griffo graduated cum laude alongside 91 of his history classmates, 1,200 of his fellow college graduates and 9,000 guests. During the recessional as he walked down the center aisle lined by ceremony guests, Griffo was again surprised at the response he received. Scores of people were there to shake his hand, take photographs with him and tell him what an inspiration he was to them.“Several people, some of whom where there celebrating their son or daughter as their family’s first college graduate, told me that I had inspired them to think about returning to school,” he said.Like some of his fellow graduates, Griffo hasn’t decided exactly how he’ll utilize his degree, although he is certain that he’ll put it to good use. His love for learning will not end with his baccalaureate degree; the native Californian is currently contemplating graduate school.“We tend to think of college being for those in their early twenties… but, I am a testimony that it is never too late to get an education and that CSUSM is poised to facilitate no matter what your age.”


Last fall, when President Obama debuted the Buffett Rule -- the simple idea that millionaires and billionaires should pay at least the same tax rate as middle class workers -- we climbed into the wayback machine and found a video of President Ronald Reagan decrying "crazy" tax loopholes that allowed a millionaire to pay a lower tax rate than a bus driver.


Transformation to neuroendocrine carcinoma as a resistance mechanism to lorlatinib.
Small cell transformation is a well-recognized mechanism of resistance to EGFR-TKI therapy in EGFR-mutant NSCLC, yet it remains a poorly-described phenomenon in ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Chart and literature review. We report a case of a patient with ALK-rearranged lung cancer progressing on three-lines of ALK-targeted therapies, with development of acquired resistance to lorlatinib, with both transformation to a neuroendocrine carcinoma, and acquisition of ALK 1196 M. Given the inevitable development of resistance in ALK + NSCLC, if feasible, re-biopsy on progression should be standard over liquid biopsy. Neuroendocrine carcinoma transformation remains an important mechanism of acquired resistance to lorlatinib.


Pages

Thursday, April 11, 2013

A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words

Voskopoja

Monastery at Apollonia

I love pictures. Whether taking them myself and sharing them with others or viewing photographs taken by friends, for me a picture truly does say a thousand words. My photography skills aren't great but they are improving. Regardless of the quality of pictures I take I make a point to document our adventures through photographs where ever we go. More often than not I have a camera ready whenever we are in the car. After all, some of the best shots are those that appear when you least expect it. Posted on Facebook they provide friends and family with glimpses of our Albanian life. Words often cannot describe our experiences but pictures can. I've lost track of the number of times someone tells me I can't really be describing some place or some event but once I show them the picture they can see for themselves exactly what I am talking about.

My pictures fall into two categories; those with people and those with only scenery. We've made a point of taking a family picture on each and every one of our trips. From Dubrovnik to Istanbul, Copenhagen to Prague, all of our travels are documented with an iconic city skyline as a back drop. While I post these pictures on Facebook we've gone one step further and printed and framed a single picture from each trip. These pictures line our stairwell and as a result inspire conversations when friends visit. The waterfall

A river runs through Thethi

backdrop? That was taken during a family trip to Thethi last June. The one where we are wind blown, squinting through snow squalls, and wrapped up in so many layers? The top of the Zugspitze this past winter. Looking at the pictures brings back fond memories of our travels and serves as a daily reminder of the amazing opportunities we have had while living overseas. (They also remind me of how much Sidney has grown. Whereas he was a little baby when we arrived, as is evidenced by our most recent picture, he is now a toddler). And much to my delight, these pictures also provide hours of story telling for Sidney. He loves to point out the pictures and talk about what he remembers from each trip. Whether or not he actually remembers the location doesn't matter. He knows that Mamma, Daddy and Sidney were there together. I do suspect he does remember snippets of certain trips. Our Rome picture inspires talk of water fountains while the picture from Budapest has him talking about all of the trains we road with my friend Miss Pam. If I ever had any doubt as to why I do it, this is why I take so many pictures.

Cape Rodon

The second category of photographs are scenic shots capturing the places we have visited. Whenever possible I omit people from these pictures and focus on the natural, or perhaps man made, beauty of the world around us. I first did this during a trip to Italy with my mom. Three of those scenes are now framed and on display in our public reception area. The majority of my current scenic pictures were taken in Albania. From Rozafa Castle in the northern Albanian city of Shkoder and the UNESCO designated city of Berat in the south, to a monastery in Apollonia, the churches of Voskopoja, and the iconic aerial view of Cape Rodon, I have captured aspects of all of our visits. I've taken the best of these pictures, enlarged them and had them printed on canvas. These pictures are now on display in our reception space along side my Italian prints. Whereas the Italian pictures cover a small portion of one wall,

UNESCO houses in Berat

an entire other wall is filled with our Albanian adventures. These pictures are quite impressive if I must say so myself. More importantly, they show our guests, especially our Albanian ones, that we are getting out, visiting, and appreciating their country. It doesn't matter what the event is, there is always one guest who happens to be from the village, city, or area we visited and they love to talk about their birthplace and find out what we liked the best about our visit. Sure these pictures could serve as conversation starters during slow moving dinners but more importantly, they capture a part of this country that we have visited and enjoyed. By displaying a picture we are letting people know that we value that little piece of Albania and that simple picture says more than all of the words in the world ever could.


Valve has posed another set of restrictions to Steam gifts activation and trading. The new rules limit the number of countries gifts could be activated in.

Steam users in countries located in Eastern Europe and South America, among other regions, are discovering that once a gift has been bought from certain countries, it can only be redeemed in the same countries. Furthermore, if a gift were to be added to a user’s library, it would only be playable within the same countries.

Multiple reports from users residing in countries like Singapore, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, and others are cropping up on Reddit. The reports reference a new warning screen that shows up whenever a game bought as a gift from specific countries is traded.

The result of the new change means that Steam users in any of the countries listed above who added games through Steam gifts to their libraries, can only play said games within those countries. For instance, if game X is bought from Russia and sent as a gift, it can only be redeemed in Russia and can only be played in Russia, meaning that if the user were to travel to another country, they would lose access to the game until their return.

Other users are saying that this has already taken effect and is being applied retroactively to all steam gifts purchased since Valve’s most recent trade restrictions.

This also seems to apply to region-restricted cd keys, according to some users. Until this new change, region-restricted keys sold by third-party websites would only require activation in the same region, but would allow players to play them anywhere after that. This lead to many users simply using a VPN to activate those keys – which are much cheaper than the ones sold in their region – then switch back to their region of residence and play the game normally.

Valve, as usual, has not officially announced any of those changes prior.


A hearing at the McDonough County courthouse revolving around the recent controversy regarding the February election for the Macomb City Council's 2nd Ward is set for 9 a.m. Thursday.

The lawsuit, brought by the Liberty Justice Center on behalf of Western Illinois University student Steven Wailand, seeks "proper and just enforcement of state and local election laws and to vindicate the constitutional rights of Macomb citizens to exercise their fundamental right to vote and have their vote count."

It lists the city of Macomb, Mayor Mike Inman, City Clerk Melanie Falk and McDonough County Clerk Gretchen DeJaynes as defendants in the case.

Diane Cohen, who along with Jacob Huebert is representing Wailand, said the lawsuit seeks a temporary injunction from the court "to inhibit what we believe is improperly holding a supplementary election for Ward 2."

Wailand faced incumbent Kay Hill in the February city election and won marginally in a 17-16 vote. The city's 50-percent-plus-one rule was applied, pushing another election in the 2nd Ward race for April 9.

But the rule itself is apparently not in any city statute.

The lawsuit also requests a Writ of Mandamus, which Cohen said is an order from the court to a government official requiring them to fulfill their legal obligations.

In this case, Cohen said, the order would be to "appropriately enforce the laws of the city, county and state" and to declare Wailand the winner of the February election. She added that the lawsuit also asks the court to declare that the definition of a majority is more than half.

Inman declined to comment Tuesday on the specifics of the case, but acknowledged that the city was made aware of the lawsuit. The city will have the necessary representatives in attendance during the hearing, and the city will follow any ruling made by the judge, Inman said, adding that the city hopes the matter will be resolved on Thursday.


Pentobarbital inhibition of progesterone-induced behavioral estrus in ovariectomized guinea pigs.
Administration of pentobarbital inhibits the facilitatory effects of progesterone on the release of gonadotropins. In this experiment facilitatory effects of progesterone on lordosis behavior in guinea pigs were examined with pentobarbital anesthesia. Two major animal groups were subjects: one was short-term ovariectomized (2 weeks) and the other was long-term ovariectomized (several months). All animals received estradiol benzoate (6.6 mug s.c.) followed by progesterone (0.4 mg s.c.) 40 h later. Lordosis behavior was induced by the manual stimulation method of Young et al.29 Sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) was injected 8,4 or 2 h before, simultaneously or 1, 2, 6, or 7 h after progesterone. Animals which received pentobarbital slept for 4.5-5 h with subsequent drowsiness for an additional 0.5-1 h. Pentobarbital injections given 8 h before progesterone had no effect on latency to the first lordosis or on other parameters of estrous behavior. However, pentobarbital delayed the onset of heat in estrogen treated ovariectomized guinea pigs when given 4 h before, 2 h before, or simultaneously with progesterone. The delay was directly related to the length of time the animals remained asleep after the progesterone injection, since estrous behavior was invariably displayed with the latency of controls after the animal awoke. Moreover, in animals which were awake for 1-2 h immediately after the progesterone injection before receiving pentobarbital, the latency of recovery from anesthesia to the first display of lordosis was about 1-1.5 h shorter than in the other pentobarbital groups. In contrast to the latency effects of pentobarbital, the duration of heat was unaffected by the anesthetic for all groups mentioned. In animals which received pentobarbital after they were already in heat, pentobarbital injection terminated heat and abolished it completely, since lordosis behavior was not displayed in the hours after recovery from anesthesia. Gross hypothalamic uptake of progesterone was not influenced by pentobarbital administration. Thus, it is tentatively concluded that an incubation period is necessary for progesterone to mediate the display of estrous behavior in the guinea pig in addition to the time necessary for neural uptake. The way in which pentobarbital interferes with the period of progesterone incubation is not currently known.


 Suppose q = 7*a - 1793. Is a a prime number?
True
Let t = 109804 - -391405. Is t prime?
True
Let f(p) = 97*p + 487. Let g be f(-5). Suppose 5*a - k - 26 = 0, 5*k + 9 + 21 = 5*a. Suppose 848 = 4*o - g*r, 1045 = a*o + 7*r - 2*r. Is o prime?
True
Let b(t) = 86*t**2 - 23*t - 36. Let h be b(-18). Suppose 0 = 3*w + 3*z + h - 85929, -4*z = -w + 19239. Is w prime?
True
Suppose -26 = -7*h + 65. Suppose -254219 = -h*i - 10*i. Is i a prime number?
False
Let l(y) = -7*y**3 + 4*y**2 + 50*y + 8. Let d be ((-52)/(-78))/((-4)/54). Is l(d) a composite number?
True
Let v be 6/2 + 4/(-11 - -7). Is v*(5/10 + 9306 + 2) a composite number?
False
Let j(r) = r**3 - 24*r**2 + 47*r + 31. Suppose -64 = -3*k - 2*t, -k = -3*k + 2*t + 46. Is j(k) prime?
True
Is (-97)/19 + (-44)/(-418) - (-629968 + 0) a prime number?
True
Suppose 401 + 1435 = -9*y. Let q = y + -2227. Let g = q - -3470. Is g composite?
False
Let c be (-2)/6*(-57)/(-38)*-58. Suppose c*r - 247241 + 30292 = 0. Is r a prime number?
True
Let m be 1 + 12/(-10) + (-33716)/20. Let p = m + 4453. Is p composite?
False
Suppose 0 = -6*p + 8*p - 130. Let o = p + -63. Suppose 3*i + x = 8445, -o*i - i + 8445 = 4*x. Is i a prime number?
False
Let u = 5 - 5. Suppose -179 + 11 = -12*g. Suppose g*t - 49 - 4053 = u. Is t composite?
False
Let b = -13 + 54. Suppose b*i - 45*i + 29608 = 0. Is i a prime number?
False
Let l = -56 - -19. Let z = l + 41. Suppose -463 = -z*o + 429. Is o composite?
False
Let g(r) = r**3 + r**2 + r + 1. Let v(n) = -4*n**3 - 9*n**2 - n + 7. Let u(q) = 3*g(q) + v(q). Let b = 571 + -580. Is u(b) composite?
True
Suppose 5*r - 640 = -5*j, -9*j + 5 = -8*j. Let y = r + -121. Suppose -y*p = 11*p - 62179. Is p prime?
True
Let u = 15186 + -31069. Let l = u - -23504. Is l a composite number?
False
Let g = 2691 + 2435. Is (-1 + 3/2)/1*g composite?
True
Suppose -5*z + 148 = -372. Suppose -18 = z*i - 107*i. Is (-10855)/(-7) + i/21 - -2 a prime number?
True
Suppose 3*l + 3*m = 99, -5*l + m = -2*l - 107. Suppose l*j = 39*j + 16. Is (1318/j*4)/(-2) prime?
True
Suppose -481 + 121 = 5*i. Let a = -68 - i. Is 2/(-8) - (-4277)/a prime?
True
Let d = 4984 + -5335. Suppose 3*s - 3*i - 2196 = 0, 4148 = 5*s + 2*i + 502. Let y = d + s. Is y composite?
False
Let v(b) = -4781*b - 487. Is v(-18) prime?
True
Let i(p) = 20*p**2 - 19*p + 31. Let a be i(15). Suppose -q + m + 2098 = 0, 3*q + 5*m = a + 2056. Is q composite?
False
Suppose 3*m + 4*l = 270939, 3*l + 361252 = -26*m + 30*m. Is m a prime number?
True
Let r(g) = 40*g + 3*g + 7 + 65*g. Suppose 0*s - 10 = -2*j - 4*s, -4*s = -3*j + 25. Is r(j) prime?
False
Suppose 0 = -13*p + 5*p + 208. Suppose -9 = 29*n - p*n. Is ((-19495)/10)/(n/(-6)*-1) a prime number?
False
Let b(h) = 5*h**2 + 40*h + 4. Let v be b(-8). Suppose -2*o + 4123 = 5*z, -5*z + 3485 = -v*o + 11656. Is o a composite number?
True
Let l(j) be the third derivative of j**5/60 + 7*j**4/24 - 2*j**3/3 - 11*j**2. Let t be l(-8). Is 749/3*12/t prime?
False
Suppose 105*k = 47*k + 54*k + 247052. Is k a composite number?
True
Let s(a) = 3*a**3 - 14*a**2 - 5*a - 12. Let n be s(5). Is (-120753)/n - 4/(-16) prime?
False
Suppose 1003*o - 1516034 = 977*o. Is o prime?
True
Let v = 119 + 90. Let a = 414 - v. Is a a prime number?
False
Let v(a) = a**2 - 20*a - 152. Let h be v(-6). Suppose 4*j + 1513 = 5*j + 4*i, -j = -h*i - 1521. Is j a prime number?
False
Let b(k) = 704*k**3 - 8*k**2 - 2*k + 7. Is b(3) a prime number?
False
Let b be 3/9 - (-8)/(-12)*-1. Is b + (-35526)/(-4) - 45/90 prime?
False
Suppose y + 15 = i, 22*y = 26*y. Is 2/4 + (-1515)/(-2)*i a prime number?
False
Let l(c) be the third derivative of -187*c**4/24 + 40*c**3/3 - 5*c**2 + 5*c. Is l(-17) a composite number?
False
Let p = -95 - -101. Let k(d) = 30*d**3 + 8*d**2 - d - 8. Let s be k(p). Suppose -12*z = -23*z + s. Is z composite?
True
Let x(h) = -171*h + 785. Is x(-34) a composite number?
False
Let k(s) = -11 - 3 - 13 + 58*s. Suppose 4*w = -16 + 44. Is k(w) a prime number?
True
Is -7 - ((6 - (-6)/(-1)) + -277938) prime?
False
Let c(f) be the first derivative of -f**4 + f**3 + 7*f**2/2 - 27*f - 200. Is c(-8) prime?
False
Let a = -87 - -66. Let z(i) = 232*i**2 - 2*i - 2. Let f be z(-1). Let k = f + a. Is k composite?
False
Let w = 1745114 - 907863. Is w composite?
True
Let g = 80836 - 6897. Is g a prime number?
True
Suppose -3*u + 10 = 2*u + 5*r, -3*u + 5 = 4*r. Suppose 0 = o - 434 - 1316. Suppose -4*s - o = -2*w, -u*s - 1558 = -2*w + 193. Is w a prime number?
True
Let n = 428853 + 253388. Is n prime?
False
Let r be 6/(-8) + (-2 - (-214)/8). Let n be 0 + 14/6 - 8/r. Suppose -n*o + 543 = k, -o + 1621 = 3*k - 3*o. Is k composite?
False
Let w(m) = 259*m - 19. Let a be w(3). Let i be 2 - (0 + 2) - -63. Let g = i + a. Is g a prime number?
True
Suppose -122*p + 269*p - 21895760 = 131*p. Is p a prime number?
False
Let z be (-1 + 13408/(-6))/((-10)/30). Let b = z + 5766. Is b prime?
True
Let x(u) be the first derivative of 3*u**4/4 - 5*u**3/3 + 3*u**2 + u - 158. Is x(20) a prime number?
False
Let f = 247 - 245. Is 11464/16 + 3/f prime?
False
Suppose 0 = 2*p - 5*a - 4, -59 + 19 = 3*p + 4*a. Let f(b) = b**3 + 29*b**2 + 9*b - 13. Is f(p) prime?
True
Let p be (1348/6 - -2)*(-24)/16. Is ((-5469)/5)/(204/p) prime?
True
Suppose 79*l - 4997114 = 10946192. Is l a composite number?
True
Suppose 28 = -4*a + 11*a. Let q(s) = 13*s**3 + 7*s**2 - 5*s. Let w be q(a). Let v = w + -7. Is v composite?
True
Suppose -4*i = 4*o - 412, -4*i + 0*o = o - 427. Suppose -9*z + 4*z = -5, 0 = 4*q + 2*z + 134. Let k = q + i. Is k a prime number?
False
Suppose 4*h - 2388 = 4*t, 4*h = -4*t - 213 + 2593. Suppose -2*j = -174 - h. Suppose 8*m - j = 3*m. Is m prime?
False
Let z(t) = 2934*t**3 + 3*t**2 - 4*t + 6. Let x(o) = 14671*o**3 + 16*o**2 - 20*o + 31. Let i(s) = -2*x(s) + 11*z(s). Is i(1) a prime number?
False
Let h be (-6)/(-8) - 147/(-28). Suppose 2*x + j = -2 + h, x = j - 1. Is (-7 - -1104)*(x - 0) a composite number?
False
Let w = -333 + 198. Let c = -64 - w. Suppose -c - 35 = -2*i. Is i a prime number?
True
Suppose -3*g - 2933 + 293 = 0. Let r be -4 - (-3126)/((10*16/20)/4). Let k = r + g. Is k a prime number?
False
Let i(u) = -44*u**2 + 9*u - 7. Let v be i(1). Let f(r) = -2*r + 151. Is f(v) prime?
False
Let p(m) = 0*m**3 - 57*m + 1272*m**2 - m**3 - 83 - 1224*m**2 - 38. Is p(43) a composite number?
False
Let c = -21 + 23. Suppose -2*f - 88 = 5*j, -f = -5*j - 60 - 31. Is (-447)/j*c*(4 - 1) a composite number?
False
Let a = 59 - -23. Let l = 172 - a. Suppose 3*w - 460 = -c, c + 4*w = 551 - l. Is c a composite number?
False
Let f = 59325 - 23566. Is f a prime number?
True
Let b be 1 - (-20)/(-4) - (0 - 904). Let r = -233 + b. Is r prime?
False
Let x(i) = -94*i + 1457. Is x(-59) a prime number?
False
Is 1364030/2 + -17 + 1 + -2 prime?
True
Let b(s) = -825*s**3 - 5*s**2 - 11*s - 12. Is b(-3) composite?
True
Suppose -53 = 4*u + 4*j - 9, 5*u - 5*j + 25 = 0. Let x(w) = 7*w**2 + 17*w - 19. Is x(u) composite?
False
Let a(q) = 1830*q - 1. Let w be a(1). Suppose 3*u = -4*t + 3613, u + 2*u = 2*t - w. Is t composite?
False
Let r(m) = 6*m**2 + 14*m + 108. Let n be r(54). Let h = 37257 - n. Is h composite?
True
Let d = -23801 - -42438. Is d prime?
True
Let t(d) = -98*d - 7. Suppose 109 = 4*x - 111. Let y = 48 - x. Is t(y) prime?
False
Suppose 2*z - 7 = -2*r + 3*r, -4*r = -2*z + 10. Suppose 2*s - 5*k = 7982, z*k - 8014 = 11*s - 13*s. Is s prime?
True
Suppose -4*n = -4*p + 1004376, 3*p - 702069 = 2*n + 51212. Is p prime?
False
Let x = -5166 - -2843. Let a = -1637 - -521. Let l = a - x. Is l composite?
True
Suppose 0*s - 177 = 5*s + 2*j, -5*s - 172 = -3*j. Let y be 189/s - 6/(-15). Is 1146/4 - y/10 prime?
False
Is (-8 + 4 - -3) + -8*(16 - 725) a prime number?
False
Is (-6)/(0 + 0 + 1) - -5*58643 a composite number?
True
Let r = 383415 - 233569. Is r a prime number?
False
Suppose -812214 = -4*n + z, 5*z - 275193 = -2*n + 130903. Is n a composite number?
True
Let a = 1749131 + -1027792. Is a a composite number?
True
Let m be (-1 + -8014)*(84/(-30) - -2). Let p = m - 789. Is p prime?
True
Is (-4)/(-230)*5 - 28086389/(-437) prime?
True
Let o = 41581 + 31845. Is o composite?
True
Suppose 375764 - 2050817 = -27*y. Is y composite?
False
Let c = -190322 + 269893. Is c composite?
True
Let h(c) = -590*c**2 - 5*c - 5. Let q be h(3). Le


SOI to bear medical expenses of two year old rape victim

Web Admin

5 Dariya News (Ajay Pehwa)

Ludhiana , 15 Mar 2016

In a noble gesture Student Organisation of India, wing of Shiromani Akali Dal today visited two year old who was raped by a minor boy. The student wing assured every kind of help to the family of victim and also bears the medical expenses for the treatment of victim.Inspector Beant Juneja And Dr Baldeep Singh (Deep Hospital) will also contribute for treatment of victim.Director Youth Development Board and SOI zonal president Meetpal Singh Dugri accompanied by Sahibjot Singh Chawla and Raja kang also met the doctors treating the victim and asked the doctors for better treatment of the victim.

Talking to media outside Deep hospital, Meetpal Singh Dugri said that the family of two year old rape victim was unable to bear the medical expenses of private hospital. After the meeting with doctors, they decided to pay the hospital bill and also provide assistance to the victim’s family.Meetpal Singh Dugri said that the condition of victim is critical and she was admitted at ICU. We are satisfied by the treatment provided by the doctors and action taken by police in the case.


Q:

Using '.' (dot or period) in an XPath expression

Can someone tell me the difference between the following XPath expressions?
/IntuitResponse/QueryResponse/Bill/./Id
/IntuitResponse/QueryResponse/Bill/Id

I've tried using both to parse an XML document from the document root and I'm getting the same response.

A:

Those two XPaths are equivalent.
The abbreviation for self::node() (.) is more useful within a predicate.  For example,
/IntuitResponse/QueryResponse/Bill/Id[. = 'abc']

would select only those Id elements whose string value is 'abc'.
Also, . is useful to introduce a relative path.  For example,
./Id

would select only those Id elements that are a child of the current context node.


1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display connector for an electronic device having a display member and, more particularly, to a display connector of an electronic device configured such that a display member is detachable from a body.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a portable electronic device having a display member, such as a notebook computer, a web video phone, a digital video camera or the like, has the display member integrally formed with a body. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a notebook computer as an exemplary electronic device having a display member.
Referring to FIG. 1, the notebook computer includes a body 1 having a computer system and a display member 3 for displaying an image according to a picture signal from the body 1.
The body 1 includes an input device for inputting manipulation commands, such as a keyboard or a mouse, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM, a modem, peripheral devices such as a LAN card, or an acoustic devices for providing an audio signal. The display member 3 is an output device for outputting information supplied from the body 1 in the form of an image. The display member 3 is hinged at a side of the body 1 so as to be capable of being opened or closed. Also, the display member 3 is electrically connected to the body 1 by a cable 5.
In the notebook computer having the aforementioned configuration, since the body 1 and the display member 3 are directly hinged and connected to each other by the cable 5, they are not separable. During use of the notebook computer, the body or display member thereof may become defective. Also, when the service life of the body or display member is spent, or when the display member is intended to be replaced with a new one having a large screen, the replacement of display members cannot be done directly by a user. Also, the cable is exposed outside, resulting in a bad outer appearance.
To solve the above problems, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a display connector for an electronic device configured such that a display member is detachable from a body.
Accordingly, to achieve the above objective, there is provided a display connector including a body having a receiving portion with a predetermined depth at its one end and having input keys on its top surface, a display member for receiving a picture signal from the body and displaying an image, a rotation bracket rotatably and slidably installed inside the receiving portion, and rotating between a first position at which the rotation bracket protrudes to the top surface of the body during rotation and a second position at which the rotation bracket is accommodated inside the receiving portion, a hinge pin which is rotatably coupled to the rotation bracket and to which the display member is detachably connected when the rotation bracket is positioned at the first position, a position fixing mechanism which fixes the position of the rotation bracket, a light emitting module supported by the rotation bracket to be rotated with the hinge pin, and having a laser diode array for independently irradiating light according to a driving signal, and a light receiving module installed in the display member to be locked to face the light emitting module when the display member is mounted on the body, and having a photodiode array for independently performing a photoelectric conversion on incident light, wherein the display member is detachably installed with respect to the hinge pin so as to open or close the top surface of the body when the rotation bracket is positioned at the first position, and the rotation bracket is rotated to reach the second position when the display member is disconnected from the body.


Uncertainty and control in the context of a category-five tornado.
The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to illuminate the experience and management of uncertainty during a natural disaster. Interviews were conducted with 26 survivors of a category-five tornado that entirely demolished the small, rural town of Greensburg, Kansas. Three primary themes were found in the survivors' accounts. First, the survivors experienced rapidly shifting levels and kinds of uncertainty as they proceeded through the stages of the disaster. Second, the fluidity of much-needed information added to uncertainty. Third, the feeling of lack of control over outcomes of the disaster and its aftermath was pervasive and was often managed through reliance on communal coping. Recommendations for disaster-related intervention programs are suggested.


Q:

How to resize image to fit DIV jQuery

I have square DIV and large portrait and landscape images.
I need to fit the image in a DIV with the extra part going overflow:hidden
For eg. If portrait set width=width of div height:auto
Opposite for Lanscape.
I tried this script but it didn;t work
        $('.magic').each(function(){
        if($(this).css('width')>$(this).css('height')){
            $(this).css('height', '300px');
            $(this).css('width', 'auto');
        }
        else{
            $(this).css('width', '300px');
            $(this).css('height', 'auto');

        }
    });

PS Images can't stretch and must scale

A:

Use some CSS like this
.magic.portrait {
    height: 300px;
    width: auto;
}

.magic.landscape {
    width: 300px;
    height: auto;
}

and just add a class with your JS
$('.magic').each(function(){
    if($(this).width() > $(this).height()){
        $(this).addClass('landscape');
    }else{
        $(this).addClass('portrait');
    }
});

This also helps keep your application logic and styles nicely separated. Even better, add these classes server side, and avoid the JavaScript altogether.


Q:

Render a partial view from another controller

I know a similar question has been asked many times, and the answer is to use an absolute path to the view in question. However, that still uses the current controller, not the controller that the partial view belongs to, to render.
My goal here is to treat a drop-down list for a particular model as a
 self-contained component, so it can be re-used by other models that have a foreign key to this model. For example, say I have two models: Device, and DeviceType. Device contains a DeviceTypeId field, which in the edit template would be shown as a drop down list, with the names of all available DeviceTypes.
Normally, you would have to wrap the model and the list of device types in a separate DeviceViewModel class, and have the controller populate both before it renders the page. Then you would template it with something like the following:

    @Html.DropDownListFor(model => model.Device.DeviceTypeId, Model.AllDeviceTypes)
    @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Device.DeviceTypeId)

I don't like this solution - for every model, I have to create a matching view model which includes the lookup tables for the drop-down lists. This also means that the DevicesController has to know how to grab the list of DeviceTypes, which seems like a job the DeviceTypesController should be doing. Ideally, I'd like to define a partial view on the DeviceTypesController, which populates and renders a dropdown list, and then all the other views could just include that view:

        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.DeviceTypeId)

Is this possible?

A:

You can use RenderAction:
@{Html.RenderAction("TemplateMethod","DeviceTypes");}

From the following article: http://www.dotnettricks.com/learn/mvc/renderpartial-vs-renderaction-vs-partial-vs-action-in-mvc-razor

This method result will be directly written to the HTTP response stream means it used the same TextWriter object as used in the current webpage/template.
For this method, we need to create a child action for the rendering the partial view.
RenderAction method is useful when the displaying data in the partial view is independent from corresponding view model.For example : In a blog to show category list on each and every page, we would like to use RenderAction method since the list of category is populated by the different model.
@{Html.RenderAction("Category","Home");}
This method is the best choice when you want to cache a partial view.
This method is faster than Action method since its result is directly written to the HTTP response stream which makes it fast.


236 U.S. 210 (1915)
EVENS AND HOWARD FIRE BRICK COMPANY
v.
UNITED STATES.
No. 567.
Supreme Court of United States.
Argued October 20, 1914.
Decided February 23, 1915.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI.
Mr. George M. Block, with whom Mr. John F. Lee was on the brief, for appellants.
*211 Mr. Edward C. Crow, with whom The Solicitor General was on the brief, for the United States.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the court.
This appeal was taken from the order of the court refusing to allow an intervention on the ground that there was no jurisdiction to do so because as the result of a previous final decree and an appeal taken therefrom by the United States, the authority of the court over the subject-matter was ended. In effect the relief which was sought to be accomplished by the intervention below has been obtained as the result of an original petition for intervention here and our action this day taken thereon. As those applying to intervene were not parties to the record, we are of opinion that the court below had no power to allow them to intervene under the circumstances which existed and its judgment refusing their application was therefore right and is
Affirmed.


Hubbard, for his part, has suggested that Bernanke might remain in the job. Other analysts have suggested that what Romney says as a candidate could change if he's in office, especially if economic conditions change.

But Barclays noted in a recent report: "Any new Fed chairman after January 2014 in a Romney presidency is likely to be more hawkish than under an Obama presidency. Still, changes would likely be gradual, as a new chair will still need the support of the Federal Open Market Committee."

In the event of a Romney victory, Barclays expects the market at some point to begin to pull forward higher short-term rates in the lead up to what it believes could be an announcement of Bernanke's replacement no earlier than the summer. (Read More: Casting Dual Roles, at Treasury and the Fed)

Barclays predicts little effect on the long end of the market

There's also a question about whether Romney would begin to push for tighter policy even before the chairman's term is up.

Economist Stephen Stanley wrote: "If President Romney tries to force an early departure from Bernanke, the Fed Chairman could resist, triggering a potentially ugly stand-off.... Clearly Bernanke would be holding the low card, and it seems doubtful that he would risk the ire of (Congress and the Administration) that can alter the fed's institutional structure at any time."

(Read More:'I'm Quite Concerned About Fiscal Cliff'- Greenspan)

The president cannot force the fed chairman to resign. But —assuming no voluntary resignations from the Federal Reserve Board of Governors — the next president will have the ability to appoint the next fed chairman, vice chairman and at least one board member through 2014. Another board member's term is up in 2016.

-By CNBC's Steve Liesman

@steveliesman


International Defence and Aid Fund

The International Defence and Aid Fund or IDAF (also the Defence Aid Fund for Southern Africa) was a fund created by John Collins during the 1956 Treason Trial in South Africa. After learning of those accused of treason for protesting against apartheid, including Nelson Mandela, Collins created the fund in order to pay all legal expenses and look after the families of those on trial. The group was non-partisan.

This was one of the first examples of foreign intervention against apartheid in South Africa and proved very successful with over £75,000 being raised towards defending those accused. Ultimately all were acquitted

In 1981, the Defence Aid Fund for Southern Africa founded Canon Collins Trust, now known as Canon Collins Educational & Legal Assistance Trust.

History
The IDAF had its start with Collins, who first wired funds to help the 156 South Africans facing charges of High Treason. Collins wired "all available Christian Action funds" in order to create a defence fund for the defendants. Collins ensured that the defendants had the "best and most progressive lawyers." In 1957, the campaigner Mary Benson joined the Defence Fund as its secretary.

Ambrose Reeves, the Bishop of Johannesburg, felt that there would be other treason trials in the future and so he asked Collins to set a "more permanent structure to defend political prisoners." Collins set up the British Defence and Aid Fund (BDAF) in response. At first BDAF was part of Christian Action, but it eventually separated from Christian Action in order to work more independently.

In addition to having independent action the fund needed to become international. In 1964, the organization opened branches in Sweden, Norway, Australia and Switzerland. Collins invited delegates from the countries that had branches to come to the Russell Hotel in Bloomsbury and together they officially founded the newly named International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) on June 20, 1964. In November of that year, the United Nations gave the group a "stamp of approval." In addition, Amnesty International and the Joint Committee for High Commission Territories became involved.

The South African branch of IDAF was banned in South Africa on March 18, 1966 under the Suppression of Communism Act and the government made it illegal for anyone to receive funds from IDAF. Because of this the organization in London created three different programs which had different names in order to send money to South Africa. Under Programme 1 which focused on political trials and defence was the Freedom From Fear International Charitable Foundation, under Programme 2 which focused on the families of political prisoners was the Freedom From Hunger International Charitable Foundation and Programme 3 focused on research and publications and used the Freedom From Hardship International Trust. Activist, Phyllis Altman, who worked with the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU), became the general secretary of projects under Programme 1. Altman helped set up a "scam" which masked any connection between IDAF and the lawyers they paid. Altman and Collins were the only two who knew how the money was being transferred. During this time, Collins' house became a "safe venue" for IDAF. Lawyers in South Africa who were funded by the IDAF, such as Griffiths Mxenge and Victoria Mxenge were assassinated.

In the 1970s, a spy, named Craig Williamson, infiltrated an organization called the International University Exchange Fund (IUEF), which gave money to students leaving repressive regimes. Altman did not trust him and would not discuss IDAF's "inner mechanisms" with Williamson. Williamson was able to cause enough trouble so that the Danish Government became suspicious of IDAF and the Labour government minister Judith Hart turned down a request for funds from IDAF. Williamson and IUEF were exposed by Arthur McGiven in a story published in the Observer.

Collins died in 1982 and Trevor Huddleston became the new director. Altman stayed on long enough to help the transition, but retired once she felt the new people in the organization were settled. Horst Kleinschmidt took over from Altman. During the 1980s, IDAF received more and more requests for defence and for the families of the imprisoned. When apartheid was ended in 1989, IDAF "found itself having to undergo a fundamental review of its reason for existing. Eventually each programme of IDAF was taken over by other agencies.

References

Citations

Sources

Category:Anti-Apartheid organisations
Category:Organisations based in the London Borough of Lambeth


Q:

Move page title using local xml

Is it possible to move the page title on cms pages to the left column of a 2 column left layout?
But, purely using local.xml and not editing the templates?

A:

Yes of course, bu not page title, you can move content heading. In that case local.xml cannot affect to cms page, because of it is loaded before cms.xml. You should edit cms.xml as following:
<cms_page translate="label">
    CMS Pages (All)
    <reference name="left">
        <block type="core/template" name="page_content_heading" template="cms/content_heading.phtml" before="tags_popular"/>
        <remove name="catalog.compare.sidebar"/>
    </reference>
    <reference name="content">
         <block type="page/html_wrapper" name="cms.wrapper" translate="label">
             CMS Content Wrapper
             <action method="setElementClass">
                  <value>std</value>
             </action>
             <block type="cms/page" name="cms_page"/>
         </block>
    </reference>
</cms_page>

You should change layout of cms page via admin.


Flyers: Brian Boucher hopes to see action during Leighton's injury

Flyers backup and career hard-luck goaltender Michael Leighton, expected to make his second start of the season Tuesday in Winnipeg, will instead spend it at home rehabilitating an injury.

General manager Paul Holmgren announced Leighton will miss 7 to 10 days with what Holmgren described in NHLspeak as an "upper body injury."

Advertisement

Since Leighton spent Saturday's game against Carolina using mostly his gluteus muscles on the bench, it would figure that the injury likely occurred during an optional practice Friday. The team did not confirm that or offer any other details.

Phantoms goalie Brian Boucher - who split time with Leighton through a wild 2009-10 season in which both were injured along with alleged starter Ray Emery - was recalled and traveled to Toronto with the team Sunday. Boucher might be in line for a start Tuesday against the Jets.

"It's all kind of happening fast; getting traded back to the organization (from Carolina), going down (to the Phantoms) and playing and now getting recalled," said Boucher, who is in his fourth separate stint with the Flyers organization. "Obviously, I'm excited. I've been able to go down there and play some games, and I feel good about my game right now. We'll see what happens.

"The expectations are to be ready at all times, be a good teammate and if I get tapped on the shoulder to play, go and give the team a chance to win. That's what I'm going to do."

Leighton, 31, allowed all five goals on 26 shots in a 5-1 loss in Tampa Jan. 27. Boucher is 2-4 with a bad Phantoms team, with a 2.71 goals-against average and .908 saves percentage.

Flyers starter Ilya Bryzgalov is expected to play against the Maple Leafs Monday. He has played in 11 of the 12 Flyers games this season. Trenton Titans goalie Cal Heeter was sent back to Adirondack to fill in for Boucher there.

He's hoping he's not back just to oversee some practices.

"For a guy that hasn't played in eight months, and coming off shoulder surgery, you don't know what to expect," Boucher said. "But I've felt much, much better in the last three games I played. Getting going again ... I feel like I'm dialed in.

"If I get called upon, I feel good about my game and hopefully I can go out there and give the team a chance to win."


Students across the nation are graduating with an average debt of $25,250.

Receive the latest local updates in your inbox

Rising loan debt means graduates will be paying it off over a longer period of time.

Students graduating college across the nation are leaving with a record level of student loan debt.

That's according to a new report from The Project on Student Debt at the Institute for College Access and Success (TICAS).

Celebrity Brainiacs

In 2010, students who took out loans to fund their college education owed an average of $25,250 upon graduation. A 5-percent increase from what the class of 2009 owed.

"Student debt continues to rise, but debt levels vary tremendously from school to school and state to state," said report author Mathew Reed. He went on to say that some thought debt levels would be even higher because of the economic downturn, but was helped by increased grant aid.

The NCAA's Most Horrifying Mascots

In the Bay Area, UC Berkeley students graduated with an average debt of $16,056, while Stanford grads had a slightly lower average of $14,058.

Despite having lower tuition, California State University students weren't much better off, possibly due to the cost of living in the Bay Area. While San Jose State students graduated with an average debt of $9,438, San Francisco State graduates owed an average of $17,706.

Geeks Gone Wild

Students with the highest debt in the state graduated from the California institute of the Arts, owing an average of $50,017.

In addition to a record level of debt, the class of 2010 also faced the highest unemployment rate for young college graduates in recent history at 9.1pecent, according to the report.

Cheerleaders & Mascots of the NCAA Tourney

"How you borrow, not just how much you borrow, really matter. If you have federal student loans, Income-Based Repayment, unemployment deferment, and other options can help you manage your debt even in these though time," said TICAS President Lauren Asher.


Mishawaka police find meth lab

November 12, 2008

MISHAWAKA -- Neighbors watched with curiosity Tuesday as police officers and technicians, some dressed in biohazard suits, searched through the site of an in-home meth lab. Police say a tip led officers to the home, at the corner of West 5th and Smith streets, about 2 a.m. Tuesday, and the meth lab was uncovered. Neighbors said there were at least two people living inside the home, but police released no information about possible arrests. According to officers at the scene, police arrived at the home and found evidence of the lab, prompting a call to the Indiana State Police and their meth lab technicians. Last week, an in-home meth lab was found on South Bend's south side. Marie and Michelle Stancoti, 35-year-old twin sisters and teachers for Elkhart Community Schools, have been arrested and charged in connection with the case. Police on Tuesday said it's not known if there is a connection between the Mishawaka and South Bend meth labs, but said it was unlikely. By midafternoon, police had used crime scene tape and squad cars to secure the entire block of 5th Street, but also said that the in-home meth lab didn't appear to put any nearby residents in danger. Both Mishawaka police and the Indiana State Police are continuing to investigate the lab. Staff writer Dave Stephens: dstephens@sbtinfo.com (574) 235-6209


Nav Social Menu

market

After staying in Dresden for a few days, we decided to skip travelling to the UK with our van. Instead, we headed south to sunny Croatia! We changed our plans for several reasons. Croatia has better weather and more sunshine. We both loved living in Scotland. Kuba lived there for almost ten years and I…

Tonight is my last night in Ljubljana. I’ve been here for a week, so what have I been up to? I visited the Central Market every day for lunch (besides Sunday since it was closed). This is the largest produce market I’ve visited so far, and that includes all the massive ones I’ve seen in…

I hope you had a restful weekend! I sure did. Left to my own devices for the entire weekend, I spent most of Saturday walking about taking photos and all of Sunday taking it easy with photo editing, writing, and future goal planning. I’m always thinking two steps ahead—details forthcoming later this week! Since arriving…

Today is Day 3 in Mallorca and I’ve walked so much since I arrived in Palma. I walked close to 10 miles the first day, over 12 miles yesterday, and 9 miles today. I enjoy walking and like the exercise because I need to burn off this fruit energy somehow, but walking limits my exploration…

My usual Tuesday rituals since arriving in Berlin include the Turkish Market and feasting on cherries, but for some reason today I couldn’t be bothered with it. I feel like I’m tapped out on Berlin activities. I still have a few things on my ‘must see’ list, including parks and other markets, but lately I…

The weather has been perfect the past couple of days! This is far from the sweltering heat I endured when I first arrived in Berlin. You will never hear me complain about the sunshine, though. I’ll take all the Vitamin D I can get. Today I met up with a new friend from Couchsurfing for…


Throughout the history of pressurized aircraft, the accumulation of fog on cockpit windows has presented a challenge to the flight of aviators. Given that windshield or side window fog can obstruct clear flight path visibility, the real-time detection of environmental humidity conditions conducive to windshield and/or side window fog is an important cockpit input needed to ensure normal flight operations, especially during the flight phases of approach and landing.
In the aerospace industry certification regulations mandate that any aircraft window heat system must provide anti-fog capability to ensure the at least a portion of the interior surfaces of the cockpit windshield and side windows remain clear of fog to the extent that both pilots have clear visibility of a typical flight path. In order to achieve this directive, any anti-fog system that is installed must be capable of maintaining a window clear of fog at any cockpit ambient dew point temperature.
Historically, the majority of aircraft have not had an automatic real-time window fog detection/prediction system installed, but rather depended on the physical identification of windshield or side window fog by the flight crew and subsequent manual activation of fog protection systems. Alternatively, some aircraft have been equipped with electric or pneumatic anti-fog systems to prevent the formation of fog on windshield surfaces from ever occurring in the course of a given flight. But these anti-fog systems are typically operated for the entire flight and therefore impose excessive energy and fuel burn requirements since the systems are often operating when fog accumulation conditions are not present.
Therefore, it may be desirable to have a system and method that takes into account at least some of the issues discussed above, as well as possibly other issues.


Typically the most common method by which combinatorial and sequential logic simulations occur are by traversal of logic networks as represented in a logic schematic. Such logic schematics include electrical circuit diagrams. The actual implementation of logic being simulated dictates how the simulator will traverse and schedule events during stabilization of signals in the logic network. This prior art method typically involves evaluation and conformation of sensitive and non-sensitive signals associated with logic in a given logic network. Sensitive signals are those that are dependent upon or affected by another signal. In many instances, the entire logic network or logic circuit must be evaluated even though some non-sensitive signals do not contribute to the signals of interest. The prior art method allows optimization to occur only in actual circuit implementation or internal algorithmic methods of the simulator's stabilizing mechanism. Neither of these options takes full advantage of the simulation environment.
The external information presented to a prior art logic simulator includes a definition of a circuit and the events causing propagation of signals through the defined circuit. This information may be provided as shown in the following example:
Signals: PA1 Relationships: PA1 Signals: PA1 Relationships:
Q, QBAR, S, R PA2 Q:=(S'* QBAR')', PA2 QBAR:=(R'* Q)' PA2 Q, S, QBAR, CLOCK PA2 Q:=((S * CLOCK)'* QBAR)'
In the above example, a functional sequential circuit is specified. As specified, the example logic circuit is sensitive to four signals: Q, QBAR, S, and R. Input signals `S` and `QBAR" will produce the product `Q`. Input signals `R` and `Q` will produce the product `QBAR`. Q and QBAR are generated by the prior art simulator whenever any of the sensitive factors or logic signals change state.
Given an instance where input signal `S` is the only signal changing state (for example toggling from a logic 0 state to logic 1 state), only the product `Q` needs to be computed by the simulator. Prior art systems, however group all four signals (Q, QBAR, S, and R) together. Thus, the prior art grouping of the sequential circuit contains unnecessary overhead.
To illustrate consider the following truth table:
______________________________________ R S Q QBAR Q(t) QBAR(t) ______________________________________ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 ______________________________________
The truth table indicates signal dependencies and the relationships that may be optimized. In the prior art, the actual sequential logic under simulation is traced out and evaluated. All signal dependencies are propagated to reach the final resulting signal values. Thus, the traditional method is not efficient in optimizing for signal relationships.
Additionally, another problem exists in prior art logic simulators when modeling zero delay logic circuits or other circuits where the timing of signal state changes is critical. This problem is illustrated in the following examples.
Given a clocked sequential circuit, SR flipflop, as described below:
In the above example, if the input signals `S` and `CLOCK` are active at the same instant in time, the product `Q` will change state. This could possibly be valid in a real implementation as the input signal `CLOCK` may require a zero or negative setup and hold condition on input signal `S`. In that case, this level of precedence is still functionally valid without any constraints of a timing model imposed. However, if input signal `CLOCK` requires `S` to arrive before `CLOCK` is active, an incorrect behavior will be simulated in the above example, without any timing models or other solution imposed. Thus, prior art simulators are unable to properly and conveniently model time critical signal dependencies.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a logic simulation system including optimal configurability of combinatorial and sequential logic circuits in a behavioral form. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a logic simulation system allowing external definability of possible events which trigger combinatorial and sequential logic propagation. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a logic simulation system that eliminates unnecessary evaluations. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a logic simulation system that efficiently models time critical signal dependencies.