THE views I express to you tonight are not the views of The Washington Evening Star, which has generously afforded me an opportunity to speak to you. They are not the views of any international banker, nor are they dictated by interventionists or war-mongers.

The thoughts I am about to express are not based upon any fear of wild boasts of American conquest by Stalin, Hitler or Mussolini. I know that neither they nor their ideologies will capture the people of the United States or our imagination to the point that we would adopt fascism, communism, or nazism as an American doctrine.

You and I are Americans—and as Americans, of course, we are interested in the well-being of the people of all the world. Coming, as we do, from the four corners of the earth, we know that our business, our race, and our religion, color our reaction to any European war. We know that today wars in Europe or Asia affect us economically, politically and emotionally.

We sympathize with the oppressed and persecuted everywhere.

Stresses
Problems at Home

We also realize that we have great problems at home, that one-third of our population is ill-fed, ill-housed and ill-clad, and we have been told repeatedly, upon the highest authority, that unless and until this situation is corrected our democracy is in danger. I fully subscribe to this view.

Believing, as I do, in this thesis, I cannot help but feel that we should settle our own problems before we undertaketo settle the problems of Asia, Africa, Australasia, South America and Europe.

As Americans, interested first in America, what is our present stake? Our stakes are our independence, our democracy and our trade and commerce. Every red-blooded American would fight to preserve them.

What is the best way to preserve them? There are two schools of thought. One group feels, as they felt before the last World War, that England is our first line of defense, and that we must go to England's aid every time she declares war, and that some European dictator is after rich loot in the United States, perhaps our gold buried in the hills of Kentucky.

This group wants to repeal our Neutrality Act and the Johnson Act. They want to loan our ships, our guns and our planes, even though it may involve us in the European conflict. They profess to believe it is necessary for the preservation of our country, our religion and civilization.

We were told the same things in almost the same terms before the last war.

Defense
Group Is Considered

The other group feels that we should build our defenses to meet any emergency that may arise. But we do not believe that the preservation of the American people or our democracy depends upon any foreign nation. It is hard for us to visualize a nation of 130,000,000 people so weak that we cannot defend ourselves when our forefathers in the

thirteen original colonies, poor, divided and weak, were not only able to conquer an army already in our midst but to build the greatest democracy the world has ever known.

Just as I love the United States so do I dislike Hitler and all that he symbolizes. My sympathy for the British is both deep and genuine and is exceeded only by the depth and sincerity of my Americanism. No anti-British feeling dictates my opposition to the evasion or repeal of the Johnson and Neutrality Acts.

I am opposed to American convoy of British ships. I oppose all these because they lead us down that road with only one ending, total, complete and futile war. And Mr. William Allen White, chairman of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, agrees that the convoying of British ships by American vessels and the repeal of the Neutrality and Johnson Acts would mean war for us.

Refers to President's Speech

Remember, if we lend or lease war materials today, we will lend or lease American boys tomorrow. Last night we heard the President promise that there would be no American expeditionary force, but we received no promises that our ships and sailors and our planes and pilots might not at some time within the near future be cast into the cauldron of blood and hate that is Europe today.

Our independence can only be lost or compromised if Germany invades the Western Hemisphere north of the equator. This would be fantastic, as it would require the transportation of at least 2,000,000 men, with planes, tanks and equipment, in one convoy across the Atlantic. This would require two or three thousand transports plus a fleet larger than our Navy, plus thousands of fighter-escorted bombers.

Such a fleet cannot possibly be available. Certainly it cannot be trained efficiently before our two-ocean Navy is ready. It is not possible for the German Navy to prepare an effective plan for such an invasion which our Navy and Army with our air force cannot defeat. Remember, Hitler has already been seven months in vainly trying to cross twenty miles. If Hitler's army can't cross the narrow English Channel in seven months his bombers won't fly across the Rockies to bomb Denver tomorrow.

A Union of Nations Denounced

The only threat to our independence would be to join in some "union of free nations," so-called, in which we would be but a unit and out-numbered and out-generaled by our good neighbors across the sea.

Democracy! We cannot hold our democracy except by prosperity and improvement in the mechanics of democracy. This will not be aided by joining the war.

The cost of this war will come out of the millions of poor people, the common folk of the world who will toil for generations to pay the cost of the destruction.

War inevitably means back-breaking debt, blighted lives, bedeviled futures. War means the end of civil liberties, the end of free speech, free press, free enterprise. It means dictatorship and slavery, and the things we abhor in nazism, communism and fascism. It means Stalin or Hitler will have achieved their boasts for a totalitarian world without conquering America.

The President, in his speech last night, ridiculed the idea of a peace in Europe. Conceding all that he so eloquently said about "outlaws," the "concentration camps" and the "servants of God in chains," what about Russia and Joseph Stalin's communism? And have we not recognized Hitler and Franco? Did we not at least acquiesce in Mussolini and all his works?

If we follow the logic of Mr. Roosevelt then we ought immediately to break off diplomatic relations with Russia, Italy, Germany, Japan and other nations whose domestic and foreign policies we abhor.

Eventual Peace Is Visualized

And where do we go from there?

Regardless of when or who is proclaimed victor in the present war, it cannot last forever. Peace, fleeting though it may be, will eventually come to Europe. At some time in the future representatives of England and Germany will sit around a table. Some time they will agree upon peace, and until that day the world suffers. Each of us, from the President of the United States to the most humble citizen, should exert his every effort for peace now.

Removal of Hitler, even the defeat of the German armies, will not destroy that which Hitler symbolizes. Hitlerism can be destroyed and banished from Europe only by destroying that which caused or maintains nazism.

Ask yourselves who and what were responsible for the real birth and growth of Hitlerism.

Lord Lothian, until his recent death, wartime Ambassador from Great Britain to the United States, said of nazism (I quote him):

"In great measure it was rebellion against the discriminations of the treaty of Versailles."

That wasn't some Nazi sympathizer, that was your friend, Lord Lothian, speaking.

I firmly believe the German people want peace just as any people prefer peace to war. And the offer of a just, reasonable and generous peace will more quickly and effectively crumble Hitlerism and break the morale of the German people than all the bombers that could be dispatched over Berlin.

Peace Linked to Belligerents

A just peace is difficult, if not impossible, to abstractly define while war rages. It is too completely dependent on the attitude of the belligerents.

A working basis for a just peace might involve among other factors the following::

Restoration of Germany's 1914 boundaries with an autonomous Poland and Czecho-Slovakia.

Internationalization of the Suez Canal. No indemnities or reparations. Arms limitation.

The United States is no longer trudging along the road to war. We are running. Some feel that we have gone so fast and so far that there can be no stopping—no return to complete peace except via war. But we are at peace and we can remain at peace if either one of two lines of action is pursued. First, Americans in greater number must firmly resolve and express themselves that we will fight no offensive war. And, secondly, we can remain at peace if the horrible European debacle of death and destruction ends in the near future.

Though today we stand as close to the brink of war as we stood in January of 1917, some people still oppose a European peace. War-mongers, sordid romanticists, reckless adventurers and some whose sympathies and sentiments are stronger than their reasoning powers would plunge this nation into war. Plunge us into a war from which wecould gain nothing. Plunge us into a war that would destroy democracy, that would bring deep harrowing anguish to millions of hearts. And how would they bring this to pass? They would take us in today as they did in 1917.

The Right Hon. Sir Gilbert Parker, writing for Harpers Magazine of March, 1918, said of American entry into the last war, quote: "Practically since the day war broke out between England and the Central Powers I became responsible for American publicity. * * * We established connection with the man in the street through cinema pictures of the Army and Navy, as well as through interviews, articles, pamphlets, etc.

"We had reports from important Americans constantly, and established association, by personal correspondence, with influential and eminent people of every profession in the United States, beginning with university and college presidents, professors and scientific men, and running through all the ranges of the population.

"We had our documents and literature sent to great numbers of public libraries, Y. M. C. A. societies, universities, colleges, historical societies, clubs and newspapers. It is hardly necessary to say that the work was one of extreme difficulty and delicacy."

Attacks
Educators' Action

Do Sir Gilbert's words in any way explain the war-mongering telegram to the President urging greater aid to Britain? Has British propaganda again reached the college and university professors? Twenty-nine educators signed the highly publicized wire that urged steps that would take the United States into war on the side of Britain.

And have you and I, "the man in the street," felt the insidious force of war propaganda through the movies?

Is there another Sir Gilbert Parker in the United States? Perhaps not, but there are a lot of foreign slackers, European royalty, princes and potentates, and their idolaters, who, instead of being wined and dined in high places in Washington and urging us to go to war, ought to be home fighting the battles for liberty and Christianity they so glibly tell us about. Poor things! As usual, they were forced to leave their country while their subjects had to remain to do the fighting.

My friends, it is this satanically clever propaganda that appeals to the Christianity, the idealism, the humanity and the loyalty of the American people that take us to war. It is this that we must resist. It is this that we must cast aside if we truly love our country and democracy. We must remain at peace and dedicate ourselves to effecting peace for a war-torn world.

Demands
Free Speech Right

We have reached a strange situation in America when those who advocate peace, who do not follow the party line, are branded appeasers or unwitting tools of the dictators. This still is a democracy, and American citizens whose beliefs vary from those of the Government ought not to be howled down or intimidated by threats of the FBI. Free speech still belongs to all the people, not to just a few at the top.

I do not believe that the great majority of our people are eager to be embraced by war and I call upon them not to be afraid to say so. I, for one, believe the policy advocated by the interventionists is insane because it will lead to total war, and war is insanity.

I say so now and I intend to continue to say so, even if at the end I stand alone.

Americans! Do not let yourselves be swayed by mass hysteria. No not travel again the road that you took in 1917. You hanged Bob La Follette in effigy because he opposed war—and lived to repent your action and put him in the hall of fame. Fifteen years after the war, when the secret treaties were exposed, you realized that you had been duped. Has history suddenly changed?

Urges
Appeal to Congress

Are the facts of yesterday no longer facts? Has this war a sweeter odor than the last? Don't let yourselves be misled by the so-called notables. Numerically they are few—a few hundred—even though they command the newspaper headlines. But they do not speak for the mass of Americans. They do not represent labor, the farmer, the youth, the mothers or the fathers of America. The great mass of our people are inarticulate, but it is time you were heard. You must not be driven like sheep to the slaughtering pens.

There is a war that I call upon you to enter—a noble war which the royalty of Europe and our Tory friends at home are unwilling to face—a war to end economic inequality and poverty and disease in this the richest land in the world,America's war ought to be a war against industrial unemployment and low farm prices.

Whether the stroke of twelve will usher in a really happy New Year tomorrow night depends upon you—and upon your sincere loyalty to Christian ideals. "Peace on earth to men of good-will" is a sacred cause for which we should pray and work. Let your representatives in Washington know that you have not surrendered the independence of America to war-mongers and interventionists, and God will bless America.


Navi Pillay, the UN human rights chief, has expressed alarm at what has been described as the disproportionate use of force by Yemen authorities against protesters.

The UN human rights office said on Friday that Yemen had approved a mission to examine the violence during the anti-government protests in the country.

A spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights said that it had "been seeking access" and that "yesterday we received confirmation from the permanent mission [embassy] in Geneva that we can do a mission to Yemen".

The spokesman said: "They [the Yemen government] suggested we visit at the end of June; we would like to go rather earlier than that, and we stand ready to deploy as soon as we can."

Earlier on Friday, a military vehicle was attacked near the town of Maarib, killing five Yemeni soldiers from a unit under the command of General Ali Mohsen, who defected to protesters last month.

A security official said the vehicle was ambushed with a rocket-propelled grenade, and that Yemen suspects the attack was carried out by al-Qaeda fighters.

Saleh's party said in a text message distributed by the Saba news agency that it welcomed Qatar's decision, after the president had accused the Gulf country of inciting months of demonstrations aimed at unseating him.

A government source, who asked not to be identified, said: "Yemen will continue working with the rest of its brothers in the GCC for the success of the initiative."

Recent developments in Yemen have strongly damaged the economy in the Arab world's poorest country.

The months of protests have cost the economy $5bn, or about 17 per cent of Yemen's 2009 gross domestic product, Hisham Sharaf, the trade and tourism minister, said.

"Several oil companies have quit the country and the refineries in the southwestern governorate of Aden came to a standstill a week ago," said Amir al-Aidarou, the oil minister, adding that many foreign oil workers had left Yemen.

Aidarou said: "If the problem persists, the government will be unable to meet the minimum needs of the citizens. The situation will pose a catastrophe beyond imagination."


Q:

HTTP POST from Android to PHP not working for certain domain

I am trying to send data from an Android app to a PHP file on my server (school server) but I'm running into some problems. I have my own hosting space through SimpleHelix, and I was able to send the data just fine, but when I try to use my school's server, the PHP program returns the following error:
Notice: Undefined index: message in /home/alespurg/test_good.php on line 4

Warning: file_put_contents(androidmessages.html) [function.file-put-contents]: failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/alespurg/test_good.php on line 9

Warning: file_get_contents(androidmessages.html) [function.file-get-contents]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/alespurg/test_good.php on line 11

All I have changed in my Java file is the URL that I need it to post to. Could there be restrictions on my school's server that prevent the post to go through? I've checked my permissions on the folders and files, they're all 775. Again, I know the program works, I'm just having problems with the server. I did not use the IP address of the domain for either one. I couldn't find it for my school's server.
EDIT:
<?php
// get the "message" variable from the post request
// this is the data coming from the Android app
$message=$_POST["message"];

// specify the file where we will save the contents of the variable message
$filename="androidmessages.html";
// write (append) the data to the file
file_put_contents($filename,$message."<br />",FILE_APPEND);
// load the contents of the file to a variable
$androidmessages=file_get_contents($filename);
// display the contents of the variable (which has the contents of the file)
echo $androidmessages;
?>

A:

If the permissions are 775 that means that if the web server process isn't either (1) the user who owns /home/alespurg/ (not likely) or (2) a member of the group that owns /home/alespurg/ (also not likely) then it won't be able write to the directory.
Are you sure the web server process is the owner or a member of the ownership group for /home/alespurg/?
I'll assume your web server is apache, which usually runs as apache:apache or nobody:nobody. Judging from the directory structure, it's likely that /home/alespurg/ is owned by alespurg:alespurg or some derivation.

ADDENDUM
If you need to do things like this an apache process is not really the appropriate place. You may not know it but you can write php scripts and execute them from the shell environment on your server where you're logged in as the appropriate user to write to that directory. Further, you can have CRON run them for you if necessary. The web server process is an unnecessary middleman.


Evaluating toxicity of copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) through waterborne exposure to tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) by tissue accumulation, oxidative stress, histopathology, and genotoxicity.
Metal oxide nanoparticles are widely used in industries, and peak level can be confirmed in their surroundings. In the present study, the sub-lethal effects of CuO-NPs from low to high concentration as 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L were observed in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Accumulation of copper from CuO-NPs was increased with the increase in doses, and maximum accumulation was found in the gill than liver and muscles. The increased lipid peroxidation level was observed in the gill as compared to liver, and the similar results were obtained in catalase and glutathione while superoxide dismutase level was higher in the liver than gills. In histological alterations, gill edema, curved tips, fusion of gill lamellae, and thickening of primary and secondary gill lamellae were observed. Necrosis and apoptosis with condensed nuclear bodies and pyknotic nuclei were observed in the liver at the highest dose concentration. In a genotoxic study, the highest value of % tail DNA and olive tail movement was observed with increasing concentrations. Copper oxide nanoparticles has greater potential to accumulate in the soft tissues, which may cause respiratory distress such as oxidative stress, induction of antioxidant defense by raising glutathione, organ pathology, and genotoxicity.


Q:

Customizing linux kernel for new board

I'm porting/customizing linux kernel for our board. I will base on atmel evolution board configuration, and I need to overwrite some startup routines and add our drivers.
Is there any document, link, forum where I can get information how to make it in Linux way ?
Which files can I overwrite, and which shall I create from scratch ?
Is this a Board Support Package question ?
Thank you

A:

I doubt that there is short and simple answer to your question. To accomplish this task you should more or less good understand Linux as distribution (kernel + boot scripts + user space software) work together and how make them be a friends.
I could recommend you book, which I found extremely useful as embedded Linux engineer:  Embedded Linux Primer: A Practical Real-World Approach (2nd Edition) I am quite confident it will answer most of your questions.


Q:

Oracle inner join two select queries with columns first in second

I am trying to join two select queries where a column from the first query is used as value in the second query. Here's what the query looks like -
SELECT q1.a, q1.b, q2.a, q2.b FROM
 (SELECT
    func(sysdate, someDate) as a,
    col2 as b,
    rownum AS r
     FROM DUAL) q1
INNER JOIN
 (SELECT
    func(q1.a, someDate) as a,
    col4 as b,
    rownum AS r
    FROM DUAL) q2
USING (r)

As you can see the problem is  func(q1.a, someDate) . It is a function that takes the value of the column 'a' from 'q1' (which is also a date).
The data with the same query looks like

80.05     2015-11-16 17:26:00        80.05        2015-11-16 17:26:00     1

Note: Col2 and Col4 are also functions where col4 refers to col2 value. I just didn't want to type it here because that would look confusing. This query will be chained up to 8 more selects.

A:

It seems like something along the lines of the query below is what you're after:
WITH q1 AS
( SELECT func(sysdate, someDate) as a,
         col2 as b,
         rownum AS r
    FROM DUAL
)
SELECT q1.a,
       q1.b,
       func(q1.a, someDate) as a,
       col4 as b
 FROM q1


Thurber joins DreamWorks for Murphy starrer

In the film, in which he’ll play multiple characters, Murphy stars as Norbit, a meek guy pressed into marrying a monstrous woman (also played by Murphy). When he subsequently meets the woman of his dreams, he has to figure out a way to be with her.

Original script was written by Eddie and Charlie Murphy, with a rewrite by “Guess Who” scribes Jay Scherick and David Ronn — who recently were hired by DreamWorks to write the bigscreen version of “Baywatch.”

John Davis is producing. John Fox oversees the project at the studio.

Thurber’s “Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story” was bought and developed by DreamWorks, but the studio ultimately passed on it. As a Fox release, it grossed $114 million domestically.

His return to the studio is due largely to his ties with producer Fox, who was an exec on “Dodgeball” while it was at DreamWorks, and to the new management structure at the studio, led by production prexy Adam Goodman.


The Green Line | Twin Cities, MN (2014)

"As Irrigate projects began popping up along the corridor in unexpected ways, the disruption of the many small projects quickly had a surprising impact. The magic of art started a different conversation; something that couldn't have been predicted but was such a blessing. Irrigate's public process engaging artists from the community to support local businesses provided a nimble and creative way to influence the narrative and change the community perceptions of the value of community development. Irrigate's approach taught the public sector that sometimes it's all right to let go of the bureaucratic process to allow for a more organic process of community engagement." – Nancy Homans, Policy Director, City of Saint Paul

Irrigate: Arts' role in the Green Line project and the construction process

The new light rail line, the Green Line, connecting Minneapolis and Saint Paul would be a powerful economic driver, but officials were determined to learn from past mistakes and ensure that the line itself would reflect and bring together the community.

Specifically, the construction process for the Green Line would be long, and such disruptions could fragment communities and hurt businesses located along the route. In response, the nonprofit Springboard for the Arts proposed the idea of supporting businesses and residents alike during the construction process through artist-led creative placemaking installations in a groundbreaking program known as Irrigate.

The idea behind Irrigate was simple: Any self-identified artist (professional or otherwise) who lived, worked, or had a connection to the six neighborhoods along the line could attend a training workshop and apply for a grant, up to $1,000, to do something creative with a local business, non-profit or other neighborhood group. This could be a temporary activity, such as performances and chalked poetry, or a more permanent installation, such as landscaping and unique art. The idea was to both boost activity in the corridor, and make it easier for community members to have a voice and a space to address opportunities and challenges associated with the change in their communities.


The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.

Introduction
============

Thymomas are neoplasms that develop from the epithelium of the thymus gland with a mixture of lymphocytes and epithelial cells in varying proportion. Thymic epithelial tumors are classified as spindle, lymphocytic, mixed, epithelial, and as thymic carcinoma \[[@REF1]\]. Radiographic assessment of invasion can be difficult and may not be evident until surgical exploration. Invasive thymomas and thymic carcinomas are rare and represent approximately 0.2% to 1.5% of all malignancies. The overall incidence of thymoma is 0.15 cases per 100,000 \[[@REF2]\]. Thymomas are usually considered indolent tumors that tend to recur locally, whereas thymic carcinomas are characterized by invasion and regional spread including drop metastases which are defined as intradural extramedullary spinal metastases that arise from intracranial lesions. Thymic carcinomas also carry a much greater risk of relapse and death \[[@REF3]\]. Paraneoplastic disorders most commonly seen with thymomas include myasthenia, pericarditis, Addisons disease, autoimmune hepatitis, neutropenia, alopecia areata, Cushing\'s syndrome, hemolytic anemia, nephrotic syndrome, limb encephalopathy, pure red cell aplasia, polymyositis, stiff man syndrome, aplastic anemia, and systemic lupus erythematous. We present a case of an invasive thymoma in a young African-American female who presented with a plurality of unique paraneoplastic manifestations.

Case presentation
=================

A 34-year-old African-American female with a medical history of obesity, depression, and autoimmune hepatitis initially thought to have been drug-induced from azithromycin presented with dry eyes, fatigue, occasional blurred vision, and progressive shortness of breath. Keratoconjunctivitis was diagnosed by her ophthalmologist who prescribed cyclosporine ocular drops.

Autoimmune hepatitis
--------------------

In June 2010, the patient's gynecologist prescribed a 3-day course of azithromycin after a cervical biopsy. The patient subsequently developed pruritus that worsened during the following month, and her liver function test (LFT) values were elevated: alanine transaminase 325 U/L, aspartate transaminase 682 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 174 U/L, and total bilirubin 14.2 mg/dL. Laboratory tests were negative for viral hepatitis, and alpha-fetoprotein levels were within normal limits. Liver biopsy showed cholestasis and large duct obstruction. The patient received ursodeoxycholic acid and steroids without any improvement in symptomatology or chemistries. A repeat liver biopsy was performed eight months later when her alkaline phosphatase level increased to 1165 U/L and total bilirubin increased to 20.4 mg/dL, demonstrating acute cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis. Etiology of liver failure at that time was determined to be secondary to azithromycin. The patient was placed on a liver transplant evaluation list, but 14 months after exposure, the patient's LFTs normalized. Despite LFT normalization, the patient had repeat office visits with complaints of pruritus. After dark marks appeared on her extremities, the patient was referred to dermatology, and she was diagnosed with lichen simplex chronicus.

Pure red cell aplasia
---------------------

Approximately five years after her initial presentation in 2010 the patient became progressively anemic with a hemoglobin nadir of 7.5 g/dL and a mean corpuscular volume nadir of 77 fL, whereas her usual baseline hemoglobin was 12.0 g/dL. The patient was noted to be markedly iron deficient with a ferritin nadir of 8 ng/mL and a saturated iron nadir of 2%. All other cell lines were in the normal range. The patient was referred to the hematology clinic and was treated for profound iron deficiency anemia. She required multiple iron gluconate infusions but remained persistently anemic despite receiving monthly iron infusions.

Myasthenia
----------

The patient developed myasthenic symptoms, including increased fatigue with repetitive motion, diplopia, blurred vision, productive cough, and horizontal nystagmus. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with contrast revealed a 6.5 × 9 cm anterior mediastinal mass with central calcification and extension into the anterior left chest abutting the pleura (Figure [1](#FIG1){ref-type="fig"}).

![Computed tomography (CT) of the chest.\
A CT of the chest with contrast revealed a 7.69 cm x 9.25 cm anterior mediastinal mass with central calcification and extension into the anterior left chest abutting the pleura (yellow arrow).](cureus-0009-00000001374-i01){#FIG1}

An additional pleural-based soft tissue density measuring 4.6 × 1.8 cm was seen along the inferior posterior aspect of the left hemithorax.

The patient underwent a left anterior thoracotomy with biopsy of the mediastinal mass. Intraoperative findings demonstrated involvement of the pericardium and phrenic nerve, as well as invasion into the adjacent left upper lobe (Figure [2](#FIG2){ref-type="fig"}).

![Intraoperative findings.\
Intraoperative findings demonstrated involvement of the pericardium (green arrow) and phrenic nerve (white arrow) as well as invasion into the adjacent left upper lobe (yellow arrow).](cureus-0009-00000001374-i02){#FIG2}

Frozen section analysis suggested lymphoma; however, the final pathologic analysis revealed an invasive thymoma, lymphocyte predominant, type B1. Sections from the tumor showed a lymphocyte-predominant population with scattered starry sky-appearing cells representing macrophages. Admixed in these lymphocytes were cells with vesicular chromatin and prominent nucleoli representing epithelial cells. Dense fibrous tissue traversed throughout the tumor and was extensively invaded by the tumor cells. The tumor also invaded the fibroadipose tissue. Scattered rare Hassall's corpuscles were also seen (Figure [3](#FIG3){ref-type="fig"}).

![Surgical histopathology of thymic mass.\
Sections from the tumor showed a lymphocyte-predominant population with scattered starry sky-appearing cells representing macrophages (yellow arrow). Admixed with these lymphocytes were cells with vesicular chromatin and prominent nucleoli representing epithelial cells. Dense fibrous tissue traversed throughout the tumor and was extensively invaded by the tumor cells (white arrow).](cureus-0009-00000001374-i03){#FIG3}

Immunostains CD3, CD5, and AE1/3 were positive, with few cells showing CD20 positivity. EMA, S-100, and CD30 were negative. CD15 staining showed nonspecific positivity.

Echocardiogram performed four days postoperatively revealed a mildly depressed left ventricular ejection fraction of 45-50% due to the extent of pericardial involvement. A small pericardial effusion was noted along the right ventricular wall. However, no evidence of electrical alternans was seen on EKG. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was recommended, and the patient received two cycles of dose-reduced chemotherapy secondary to the cardiomyopathy: cisplatin 50 mg/m^2^, doxorubicin 50 mg/m^2^, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m^2^ (CAP). Left ventricular ejection fraction was reassessed two months later and showed mild improvement at 50-55%.

After the patient completed two rounds of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, repeat CT scan revealed that the size of the mass had decreased. Following her third cycle of chemotherapy, the patient presented with increasing weakness and shortness of breath. Repeat CT scan revealed the progression of the disease. The patient was reassessed for thymoma resection. On the morning of surgery, she underwent plasmapheresis. After thoracosternotomy, the tumor was found infiltrating the pericardium and phrenic nerve and encasing multiple left upper lobe pulmonary arterial branches. The entire mass, including the involved pericardium, phrenic pedicle, and a portion of the left upper lobe, were resected en bloc (Figure [2](#FIG2){ref-type="fig"}). Pathology revealed invasive thymoma, World Health Organization (WHO) classification type B3, with minor B2 component.

The patient's postoperative course was complicated only by a localized wound infection that resolved with antibiotic therapy drainage and packing. The patient was referred to radiation oncology and was scheduled to receive 54 grays to the tumor bed. The patient still has visual changes and red cell aplasia but has reported improvement in her respiratory symptoms and strength.

Discussion
==========

Mechanism for autoimmune hepatitis
----------------------------------

Paraneoplasia is multifaceted and requires a unique lattice of both humoral and cell-mediated responses. Thymoma-induced autoimmune hepatitis has several proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis, namely autoantigen presentation in the context of MHC II of UGT1A6 and production of UGT1A6 antibodies \[[@REF4]\]. Other proposed mechanisms seen in mouse models are gene mutations for TRAF6 that cause depletion of medullary thymic epithelial cells that in turn specifically causes a hepatic autoimmune response \[[@REF4]-[@REF6]\].

Mechanism for myasthenia
------------------------

Our case illustrates that thymomas can present with paraneoplastic manifestations. A proposed mechanism of these paraneoplasm, especially myasthenia, is their autoimmunity to anti-acetylcholine receptors (AChR), striated muscle proteins, and neuronal antigens \[[@REF5]\]. It has been experimentally derived that a process of abnormal intratumoral positive selection occurs with upregulation of abnormal expression of cross-reacting epitopes with homology to AChR \[[@REF5]\]. This immune dysregulation specifically has been described within category 1 malignant thymomas that have exposure prior to tumor resection. The tumor is covering the pulmonary artery trunk, ascending aorta, innominate artery, and pericardium. There is also adhesional formation on the left anterior chest wall with intratumoral T cells with the immature phenotype CD1^+^/CD4^+^/CD8^+^/CD3^-^. It is proposed that the development of immature thymocytes into autoaggressive mature T cells is present. Based on murine models, this process is mediated by epithelium-mediated negative selection \[[@REF5]\].

Mechanism for pure red cell aplasia
-----------------------------------

At the age of 34 years, our patient was relatively young. Most published cases of invasive thymomas occur around the fifth decade of life when thymic T cells can potentially undergo gene rearrangements and have difficulty managing suppressor T cells and antigen anergy \[[@REF6]\].

Prognosis
---------

The degree of invasiveness and completeness of resection are the best predictors of relapse-free survival. The Masaoka Staging System is used widely for grading, staging, and for treatment planning \[[@REF1]\]. For our patient, the extracapsular extension into the pectoralis minor muscle and extension into the left upper lobe suggested the potential for a high locoregional recurrence rate with surgery alone \[[@REF8]\]. Accordingly, adjuvant external beam radiation was indicated \[[@REF10]\].

Case-specific management
------------------------

National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines indicate that patients with stage III or IV disease should receive adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy \[[@REF2]\]. One unique feature of our case is that the patient had significant pericardial involvement that required a dose-reduced regimen of an anthracycline. Despite two cycles of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin, the patient's scans showed progressive disease and she also had worsening symptoms; therefore, we felt surgical intervention was necessary, and waiting for concurrent radiation therapy would have resulted in an unacceptable surgical treatment delay. Additionally, elevation in total bilirubin was approaching 2.0 mg/dl which would have further limited our ability to utilize anthracyclines \[[@REF7]-[@REF9]\].

Plasmapheresis prior to this patient's surgery was necessary to remove anti-AChR antibodies from circulation to minimize anesthetic complications and prolonged intubations. Depolarizing neuromuscular blockade anesthetic agents cause unpredictable respiratory failure and post extubation in myasthenia gravis patients, as the available amount of AChR is not consistent because of the presence of the anti-AChR antibodies \[[@REF10]\].

Post-thoracosternotomy biopsy pathology revealed a different stage than prethoracotomy biopsy pathology. The WHO classification of the thymoma changed from B1 to B3 with a minor component of B2. This change was likely attributable to a treatment effect, as neoadjuvant therapy could potentially have depleted the lymphocytes.

Conclusions
===========

Thymomas with distinct multiparaneoplastic features mandate a multidisciplinary approach. Early identification and treatment are needed to ensure an overall positive outcome. A detailed history and physical examination can identify paraneoplastic processes in patients with thymoma. Specific attention should be paid to perioperative medical management, including preoperative plasmapheresis and postoperative intravenous immunoglobulin when indicated. The goal of surgery is complete resection including adjacent involved structures. Adjuvant therapy such as external beam radiation is indicated in cases of transcapsular invasion. The collaborative efforts of medical oncology, thoracic surgery, pulmonary, ophthalmology, and radiation oncology ultimately enhanced the clinical outcome.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Consent obtained from the patient and all material is HIPPA friendly.


Scope of application:

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In a mailer to Ohioans, a conservative group distorts Ohio’s job figures under President Obama and misquotes his administration about the potential for mismanaged stimulus money.

Ironically, the mailing from Americans for Tax Reform, a nonprofit group led by Grover Norquist, proclaims that it’s “important for Ohio to get the whole picture.”

We couldn’t agree more.

The mailer displays a 2012 newspaper headline, “Ohio second-worst for job losses.” But the article was about job losses over the last 10 years — a time period that saw Ohio lose hundreds of thousands of jobs. Under Obama, Ohio ranks higher than most states for job creation.

ATR attributes job losses to Obama that occurred before he took office and cites figures from an employment survey that isn’t the standard measure for jobs.

The flier claims Obama officials admitted that $55 billion in stimulus funds “may have been lost through fraud, waste and abuse.” Officials said no such thing. They were talking about trying to prevent such a loss.

Our thanks to an Ohio resident who sent us ATR’s mailer, which she said she received last month. We’re including this piece on our Spin Detectors page, through which we ask our readers to help us monitor political claims and campaigns across the country. The Ohio reader asked us to withhold her name.

Jobs Rankings Ruse

Displayed across the mailer’s front side is the headline of a Dayton Business Journal article from May that reads: “Ohio second-worst for job losses.”

The article wasn’t even about Obama or his time in office. The piece focused on Ohio’s poor national ranking for private-sector job growth from March 2002 to March 2012. George W. Bush was president for nearly seven of those years. And the time period includes a significant overall decline in the number of Ohio’s private-sector jobs, which peaked in June 2000.

The truth is Ohio’s job growth under Obama ranks higher than most states.

American City Business Journals, which includes the Dayton publication, used numbers from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to rank all 50 states and the District of Columbia based on private-sector job growth over 10 years. Ohio came in 50th (out of 51) — both for the number of jobs it lost (285,000) and for the percentage decrease (-6 percent).

But under Obama, Ohio ranks fourth for the net number of private-sector jobs gained — nearly 200,000 – between February 2009, the president’s first full month in office, and July of this year. The state comes in 17th based on the percentage increase, which is 4.6 percent.

Even accounting for the loss of more than 30,000 government jobs, Ohio still ranks 17th under Obama based on the total number of seasonally adjusted, non-farm jobs that it gained, which is 9,300. The state ranks 21st based on percentage change, which is less than 1 percent.

Ohio also had a high ranking in a Rutgers University study that charted private-sector job gains in each state during and after the most recent recession. Ohio came in sixth for absolute jobs gained and 22nd based on the percentage at which it recovered jobs since December 2009, when the number of private-sector jobs bottomed out.

Granted, Ohio still has more than 400,000 fewer private-sector jobs than it did at its peak of 4.9 million in June 2000. And it continues to be among the top states for government jobs losses under Obama, according to the Rutgers study and the National Conference of State Legislatures.

And jobs numbers have plummeted in other states. For example, Florida lost 45,000 private-sector jobs between February 2009 and July.

But Ohio is a far cry from being “the second-worst” for job losses under Obama as ATR claims. Plus, the country has experienced a net gain of more than 1 million private-sector jobs and more than 350,000 total non-farm jobs between February 2009 and July.

More Slippery Statistics

ATR claims that “over 88,000 Ohio workers have lost their jobs” since Obama took office. But that number includes 25,000 jobs that disappeared before he took the oath. And ATR bases that job-loss figure on a BLS survey that economists typically do not use as the standard measure for jobs.

As we’ve explained before, the Bureau of Labor Statistics produces its job figures from two major monthly surveys taken the week that contains the 12th day. Obama’s inauguration was Jan. 20, 2009.

ATR bases its job-loss claim on numbers from the monthly Current Population Survey, which polls a sample of households, classifying people over the age of 16 as employed or unemployed. The survey showed that 5,440,551 Ohioans held jobs on Jan. 12, 2009, compared with 5,352,679 in July of this year — a difference of nearly 88,000. But if you count from February — Obama’s first full month in office — the difference falls to a little more than 62,000.

Furthermore, Ohio has gained jobs under Obama based on the other major survey. The Current Employment Statistics survey is the standard measure for jobs used by economists and journalists. It collects information from businesses and government agencies and provides seasonally adjusted figures of employees on non-farm payrolls. The survey, which we referred to above, shows that Ohio has added 9,300 jobs since February 2009.

The mailer also claims that “with all of the spending and waste, Ohio’s unemployment has reached as high as 10.6 percent.” The state’s unemployment rate was indeed 10.6 percent — above the national rate’s peak of 10 percent — for seven straight months between July 2009 and January 2010.

But ATR fails to mention that Ohio’s unemployment rate has fallen well below the national average since then. It was 7.2 percent in July — almost 1 percentage point lower than the national rate of 8.1 percent.

The mailer asks: “Now the [stimulus] money is gone. But where are the jobs?” As we’ve written before, the Congressional Budget Office has found that the 2009 stimulus positively affected the economy, making its strongest impact during the third quarter of 2010. Nationally, the unemployment rate was between 0.4 percentage points and 2 percentage points lower than it would have been without the stimulus, CBO said. The number of people employed was higher by between 700,000 and 3.6 million.

Flimsy Fraud Claim

The flyer also spins a quote from a 2009 New York Times article about the potential mishandling of stimulus money.

ATR Mailer: Obama officials admitted: $55 billion of stimulus cash may have been lost through waste, fraud and abuse.

Obama officials admitted to no such thing. Instead, they were talking about trying to prevent such a loss of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding.

The $55 billion figure is based on the conventional estimate — often used by the Association of Fraud Examiners — that 7 percent of government spending is typically lost to fraud, waste and abuse. Seven percent of $787 billion — the cost estimate of the stimulus at the time — is $55 billion.

New York Times, Sept. 19, 2009: To try to prevent that, the various federal inspector general offices, state comptrollers and auditors, and federal and local prosecutors have trained their sights on the stimulus money.

The Recovery and Accountability Transparency Board, a nonpartisan watchdog created to prevent mismanagement of stimulus funds, said the government has lost a relatively small amount of money to fraud, as inspectors general have conducted more than 2,000 investigations.

Michael Wood, the board’s executive director, said in a recent blog post that $11 million so far has been lost to fraud out of the $276 billion in stimulus funds the government allocated for grants, loans and contracts. (The other portions of the $840 billion stimulus included tax benefits and entitlements such as unemployment insurance.)

Certainly, there is anecdotal evidence of mismanaged stimulus dollars. One example could be the stimulus’s Weatherization Assistance Program, which provided money to the states to help low-income people make their homes more energy efficient. The Department of Energy found that West Virginia’s program suffered from nepotism, poor workmanship and billing errors. In Ohio, the state failed to inspect at least 5 percent of homes that were weatherized with program funds, a requirement of the grant.

The federal government also used stimulus money to guarantee more than $500 million in loans to two green energy companies — Solyndra and Beacon Power — that later filed for bankruptcy.

But the mailer is wrong when it says that Obama officials “admitted” that $55 billion in stimulus money “may have been lost.”

— Ben Finley


Steve,

Krishna wrote a number of matrix manipulation routines.

Vince

Steven Leppard
04/17/2000 06:18 AM
To: Grant Masson/HOU/ECT@ECT, Stinson Gibner/HOU/ECT@ECT, Vasant
Shanbhogue/HOU/ECT@ECT, Vince J Kaminski/HOU/ECT@ECT, Zimin Lu/HOU/ECT@ECT,
Samer Takriti/Enron Communications@Enron Communications
cc: Stuart Ffoulkes
Subject: Mathematical software libraries

Guys

Do we own/subscribe to any mathematical libraries in C and/or VB?  Our credit
trading group in London needs some well-engineered, documented and
trustworthy matrix manipulation routines for their online system.

I've only seen people using Numerical Recipes book.

Steve


284 S.C. 148 (1985)
326 S.E.2d 147
Handy S. SELDON, James A. Miller, Louis Leach, George Jenkins, Willow J. Graves, Lonnie L. Merritt, Cephas Davis, Individually and as General Trustees of the Pentecostal Church of the First Born of the Living God, Inc., Appellants.
v.
Early SINGLETARY and Nero Whack, Individually and/or as Trustees, Deacons or Elders of the Deep River Church, and The Deep River Holiness Church, Respondents. Allene BRYANT, [and forty-four other individuals], as Members, Trustees and Deacons of The Pentecostal Church of the First Born of the Living God, an Assembly of Persons United by Profession of the same Christian Faith Meeting Together for Religious Worship, Of Whom Eugene Eaddy, [and nineteen other individuals] are Appellants,
v.
DEEP RIVER HOLINESS CHURCH, Early Singletary, and Nero Whack, Individually and/or as Deacons, Elders or Trustees of Deep River Holiness Church, Respondents.
22223
Supreme Court of South Carolina.
Heard October 29, 1984.
Decided January 28, 1985.
*149 T. Kenneth Summerford, Florence, for appellants.
Charles E. Godwom Law Office, Lake City, and Karl A. Folkens, Florence, for respondents.
Heard Oct. 29, 1984.
Decided Jan. 28, 1985.
LITTLEJOHN, Chief Justice:
These two church property cases were heard separately at the trial level but were, by consent of counsel, argued together on appeal. Both involved identical church property located in Lake City. The church has heretofore been known as "Deep River Church."[*]
A dispute arose among the members over church policy, doctrine and control of the property. One faction, which we shall call "the dissenters," wished to withdraw from the corporate denomination which is headquartered in Trenton, New Jersey. Its official name is "The Pentecostal Church of the First Born of the Living God, Inc." The other faction, which we shall call "the loyalists," desired to retain the affiliation with the New Jersey church corporation.
Both cases were decided by the trial courts in favor of the dissenters. The loyalists and/or the parent church have appealed.
Religious organizations are generally divided into two groups: (1) congregational churches and (2) hierarchical churches. Understanding the differences is essential to a discussion of the issues involved on appeal. The distinction is adequately set forth in 66 Am. Jur. (2d) Religious Societies § 3 as follows:
A congregational church is an independent organization, governed solely within itself, either by a majority of its members or by such other local organism as it may have instituted for the purpose of ecclesiastical government, while a hierarchical church may be defined as one organized *150 as a body with other churches having similar faith and doctrine with a common ruling convocation or ecclesiastical head. Under the latter system, a local church is but a member of a larger and more important religious organization, and is under its government and control, and the voluntary act of joining the general denominational organization subjects the local church to its rules and regulations. Under the congregational form of government, however, the local church is not subject to the control of any higher ecclesiastical judicature and is self-governing in its religious functions.
A typical example of a hierarchical church is the Presbyterian; typical of the congregational church is the Baptist.

The First Action
The first action was commenced by Handy S. Seldon, et al., "... individually and as General Trustees of The Pentecostal Church of the First Born of the Living God, Inc." The defendants are Early Singletary and Nero Whack, individually and/or as Trustees, Deacons or Elders of the Deep River Church and the Deep River Holiness Church. Singletary and Whack are among and representative of the dissenters.
Three deeds are made a part of the record involving conveyances of realty with which we are concerned. The first was in 1952. The grantee was "... Warren Smith [and five other individuals], Trustees of Lake City Pentecostal Holiness Church (Colored) their Successors and Assigns." The second deed was executed in 1953 to correct the one of 1952 because there was on such church as that named in the 1952 deed. The grantee in the 1953 deed was "... Warren Smith [and five other individuals], Trustees of the Pentecostal Church of the Living God, their Successors in Office and Assigns." The third was in 1958 wherein the grantee was "... Roosevelt Bryant [and four other individuals], as Trustees for the Pentecostal Church of the Living God, of Lake City, South Carolina, their Successors and Assigns Forever."
The trial judge ruled in favor of the dissenting defendants based on what he perceived to be the intent of the grantors. Plaintiff-parent church has appealed.
In this appeal, it is argued that the property rights are controlled by the holdings in Young v. Bramlett, 229 S.C. 519, *151 93 S.E. (2d) 873 (1956) and Adickes v. Adkins, 264 S.C. 394, 215 S.E. (2d) 442 (1975). We agree.
The outcome of this case is dependent upon the simple determination of whether this is or is not a hierarchical church. From a review of the whole of the evidence, we are of the opinion that the only reasonable inference to be drawn is that the local church here involved was a part of the religious organization headquartered in New Jersey and was under its government and control. That which caused the split within the congregation was beyond question the control which the parent church attempted to assert. The trial court erred in failing to so hold.

The Second Action
Plaintiff, having failed in the first cause of action, instituted a second cause of action wherein the plaintiff was Allene Bryant and numerous other individuals "... as Members, Trustees and Deacons of The Pentecostal Church of the First Born of the Living God, an Assembly of Persons United by Profession of the same Christian Faith Meeting Together for Religious Worship." The defendants were "Deep River Holiness Church, Early Singletary, and Nero Whack, individually and/or as Deacons, Elders or Trustees of Deep River Holiness Church." In this second action, as in the first, the plaintiffs are in essence the loyalists and the defendants are the dissenters. The gist of the second cause of action is to relitigate the right to control the church property. In this second action apparently the attorney for the loyalists (plaintiffs) believed that his clients were a majority of the church members and stipulated that the case was being tried as a congregational religious society.
The law is clear that the majority controls the decisions of a congregational church. See, Morris Street Baptist Church v. Dart, 67 S.C. 338, 45 S.E. 753 (1903) and Whitmire v. Adams, 273 S.C. 453, 257 S.E. (2d) 160 (1979).
The judge ruled, in an oral order dictated from the bench, that the plaintiffs had failed to prove their case, in effect, giving the property to the dissenters. It should be noted that counsel did not agree that this was a congregational church. He merely stipulated that he was willing to proceed to trial *152 as a congregational church obviously on the theory that he represented not only the parent church but also a majority of the members.
There can be no serious question but that this is in actuality a hierarchical church. Such being true, the first action should have been, as a matter of law, decided in favor of the loyalists and the parent church, and the second action would not have been necessary.
We, therefore, hold that all proceedings in the second cause of action are moot.
The second cause of action is dismissed. The first cause of action is remanded for the entry of such orders as may be necessary to place the property in control of the Trustees of The Pentecostal Church of the First Born of the Living God, Inc. and the loyalists.
Reversed and remanded.
CHANDLER, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[*]  It is sometimes known as "Deep River Holiness Church."


Wednesday, September 21, 2011

Congress dismisses Modi fast as BJP's headache

Party spokesman Janardhan Dwivedi gives
a thought-out response

New Delhi: A day after Gujarat chief
minister and BJP's Hindutva poster-boy Narendra Modi broke his much
publicised three-day fast in Ahmedabad, the Congress Party's central
office maintained an eloquent silence on his state unit lader
Shankarsinh Vaghela's Modi counter-fast, collected its wits as it
were and dismissed the Modi show as a headache for the BJP and the
NDA.

Party's media cell head and general
secretary Janardhan Dwivedi in a thought-ut ex tempre statement,
pointed out, “A fast is performed for a purpose. One of the
purposes is for atma-shuddhi (cleansing of the self). In Modi's case,
it is not there. A fast is also part of satyagraha as initiated by
Mahtma Gandhi. A satyagraha is a protest against an injustice or a
fight for justice. What injustice is Modi fighting against, and what
is the just cause he is championing? As a matter of fact, it is the
victims of injustice – the victims of 2002 riots -- who should be
fasting.”

Commenting on the absence of Shiva Sena
and Janata Dal (S), two of the key members of the NDA, at Modi's fast
venue along with the BJP luminaries, Mr Dwivedi said, “Where is the
NDA without Shiva Sena and Janata Dal (S)?”

He also said that the country would not
accept a politician like Modi, who does nt believe in the national
credo of inclusiveness, and decsribed the Gujarat chief minister and
the party's bete noir as the “biggest hypocrite” in Indian
politics is the first decade of the new century.

He said that it was the RSS at the
institutional level and Mr L.K.Avvani at the individual level who had
to worry over Modi's fast and his suppsoed rise in popularity.

The party presented its characteristic
attitude of insouciance and it was implied that it was the media that
tried to project the events surrounding Anna Hazare and Narendra Modi
as popular events when they were not.

It also feels that Modi was speaking
the language of Lalu Yadav – that of social justice – when
Narendra Modi was the party in-charge of Bihar, and that he changed
his tune to Hindutva when he was placed in Gujarat, implying that he
was an opportunist.

But the Congress leaders are cautious
enough to admit that Modi's work on the economic and developmental
front cannot be dismissed out of hand.

While the party is right in assessing
that Modi's immediate challenge lies within the BJP and the
'parivar', the party feels safe that it would survive any kind of
challenge because there is no credible alternative. Congress feels
quite secure that the TINA factor will keep it safe in power, and
that 2014 is a long way off.


Q:

On the relationship between shell initialization and desktop apps after a "graphic login"

I am very (zsh)/somewhat (bash) familiar with the shell's initialization sequence when the user logs in through a text interface.
But what about the case of a "graphic login", IOW, when the user logs in through a graphic interface (e.g. through a so-called "display manager" on Linux, or the standard OS X login)?
I am particularly interested in those files (.zprofile, .zlogin, .profile) that are supposed to be sourced only for "login shells".  When the login is via a text interface, this is more or less equivalent to being sourced "exactly once per session".
When the login happens through a graphic interface, it is not clear to me that there's ever a "login shell" to begin with.  And even if .zprofile et al. are somehow sourced at some point as part of the graphic login sequence, it is not clear to me how the settings (e.g. exported environment variables) resulting from the sourcing of these files affect the rest of the of the session.
For example, do these settings affect the environment seen by apps that are auto-started at the time of login?  Or by apps that the user starts later by clicking on desktop icons?
For that matter, what about the settings that happen in .zshenv, or in .zshrc/.bashrc1?  Do they have any impact on the environment seen by "auto-started" and/or "click-started" apps?
If the answers to either of the last two question is something like "not by default", the follow-up question would be: how can one ensure that the settings performed in (at least) .zprofile/.profile, and possibly also .zlogin, get transmitted to the environment seen by all the "auto-started" and "click-started" applications?
I'm interested in the answers to these question for two shells, zsh and bash, and two operating systems, Linux and OSX.

1 assuming that .zshrc/.bashrc are being sourced as part of the zsh/bash built-in initialization sequence for "interactive" shells, rather than being sourced explicitly by .zprofile/.profile.

A:

Shell configuration files come into play only when the shell is invoked.  There's nothing magical about them.  Any process can change its environment.  Most only read it, but any program that exec's another is apt to have cause to alter the environment first.
It all starts with init, or whatever pid 1 is on your system.  It starts the X server, which starts the display manager, which provides the login prompt.  The sequence that gets X11 started need not include a login shell; for example, init could call fork(2) and exec(2) on /usr/bin/startx.  No login, no .profile.  The X server inherits only the environment exported by init.
What does the X server's environment look like?  You can extract the environment of a process with ps(1).  Easier, but not definitive, is to use ssh hostname /usr/bin/env (where hostname is the name of the machine hosting the X11 server).  Similar to what usually happens with the X server, sshd executes env without creating a login shell.
Then we come to whatever your display manager does when you log into it.  It forks a process, changes the uid from (probably) root to yours, and starts a session manager.  For details, I commend you to your friendly manual.
From that point forward, the session manager has established its environment, by whatever means.  Processes that it creates -- command interpreters or other applications by "clicking" on them -- inherit its environment.  The session manager may provide a way to define additional environment variable values on a per-icon basis, and the process that the clicked-on-thing starts may (as a shell does) alter its environment at startup, perhaps by a configuration file.
It's all there.  To understand how the environment comes to be what it is, you "just" have to follow the chain of processes that created it, and understand what each one did to the environment.  Unfortunately, not only does that chain vary by OS, distribution, and machine & user configuration, it's also not particularly well documented or tooled.  Good luck, for example, finding documentation that states what environment variables will be set before, say, sshd starts, or finding an X11 client that displays the session manager's environment.


In vitro photodynamic activity of lipid vesicles with zinc phthalocyanine derivative against Enterococcus faecalis.
Zinc(II) phthalocyanine bearing eight non-peripheral 2-propoxy substituents was subjected to physicochemical study and, after incorporation in lipid vesicles, assessed as a potential photosensitizer for antibacterial photodynamic therapy. The phthalocyanine derivative obtained in the macrocyclization reaction was characterized by MS and NMR techniques. Moreover, its chemical purity was confirmed by HPLC analysis. X-ray structural analysis revealed that overcrowding of the phthalocyanine derivative leads to a strong out-of-plane distortion of the π-system of the macrocycle core. In the UV-Vis absorption spectra of zinc(II) phthalocyanine two characteristic bands were found: the Soret (300-450 nm) and the Q band (600-800 nm). Photophysical properties of mono- and diprotonated forms of phthalocyanine derivative were studied with time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Its tri- and tetraprotonated forms could not be obtained, because compound decomposes in higher acid concentrations. The presented zinc(II) phthalocyanine showed values of singlet oxygen generation ΦΔ = 0.18 and 0.16, the quantum yield of the photodecomposition ΦP = 3.06∙10-4 and 1.23∙10-5 and the quantum yield of fluorescence ΦFL = 0.005 and 0.004, designated in DMF and DMSO, respectively. For biological studies, phthalocyanine has been incorporated into modified liposome vesicles containing ethanol. In vitro bacteria photoinactivation study revealed no activity against Escherichia coli and 5.7 log reduction of the Enterococcus faecalis growth.


Q:

В чем разница между php и php –fpm?

Мне поставлена задача установить на сервер связку nginx и php- fpm.  Я не очень понял чем php-fpm отличается от ядра php, написано что nginx самостоятельно обрабатывает статику  а обработку php скриптов отдает php-fpm.  Я всегда считал, что ядро php собственно и занимается тем что получает запрос от веб-сервера на обработку php скритов, обрабатывает и отдает результат назад.

A:

Есть сферический PHP в вакууме, Zend Engine. Он именно что в вакууме, не имеет никаких средств взаимодействия с пользователем без реализации некоторого интерфейса SAPI - Server API.
В дереве исходных текстов есть несколько штатных реализаций SAPI:

интерфейс для запуска из командной строки CLI
модуль для веб-сервера apache
интерфейс для работы через CGI интерфейс
FPM как самостоятельная реализация FastCGI интерфейса

Ну и некоторые другие.
Поэтому бессмысленно сравнивать php с его же собственным SAPI. Каждый из SAPI ведёт себя по-разному, что продиктовано требованиями к взаимодействию с внешним миром.

В контексте nginx - речь может идти только о FPM. nginx не умеет CGI, очевидно не может работать с модулем apache, CLI тоже неуместен. Временами настраивается цепочка nginx -> apache -> модуль PHP для apache, где статические файлы раздаёт nginx, за динамику отвечает apache. Но зачем здесь apache, если есть fastCGI? Просто лишнее звено, ещё раз форматирующее и разбирающее запрос.
Почему сейчас в большинстве случаев используется nginx? Он легче и проще держит множество соединений с клиентами.

Я так понял у apache по умолчанию CGI?

По умолчанию apache вовсе не обрабатывает скрипты. Что-то было настроено явным образом в конфигурации веб-сервера. Возможно не вами (а, например, инсталлятором), но настроено было. Угадать что именно - затруднительно. Я бы ожидал использование модуля libapache2-mod-php.


Business & Commercial Lawyers

What to Do After a Minor Car Accident

According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data, the United States incurs losses of more than $230 billion owing to the over seven million car crashes annually. This results to over two million individuals injured and a further 40,000 killed. Insurance statistics place minor accidents at a 75 percent threshold, with losses considered as more of property damage as opposed to injury accidents. Such matters are easily resolved, and the following are the steps you can take after being involved in a minor incident.

Keep Calm

The instinctual actions that kick in when you are in an accident include tempers flaring, yelling and engaging in a blame exchange. It is important that when in such a situation, stay calm. Get out of your car and do not confront the other motorist. Instead, determine if yourself or anyone in the other vehicle was hurt and if so, seek medical attention immediately.

Safety First

Before doing anything else, it is wise to inform other road users of the impending danger. Turn on your hazard lights, and put up the caution triangle at a safe but visible distance from the scene.

Document the Accident Scene

This step is important if an accident investigation becomes necessary. In this step, you will want to ensure the following areas and information are documented, possibly with the camera and/or video camera on your cell phone;

The two cars’ damaged areas.

Your license plate as well as that of the other driver’s.

The insurance details of the other driver

The surrounding environment. With this, you may find skid marks, signs of a faulty road, or it could be that actual place the first impact occurred.

Get Witness Accounts

At this stage, all the information is critical. You should ask them if they would be willing to make a written or a verbal statement as to the events that unfolded. If they would be willing to talk, get all their contact details. If possible, also photograph and videotape them using your cell phone. All of this helps in making sense of the crash as well as strengthening your car claim.

Get In Touch With the Police

In several situations, accident victims have fallen prey to the thought of not involving the police in the accident. However minor the crash is, get in touch with police. Please note that insurance payment claims are only effected with a police report attached to the claim request.

Call Your Insurer

Get in touch with your insurance provider as early as possible. They can begin the process of documenting the accident and determining liability. They may send a claims adjuster to assess the damage and confirm which party is at fault.

Admission of Guilt

Under no circumstances should you admit any fault in the accident, either to anyone on scene, other drivers who were involved, or even your insurance company. It is the duty of the police and the insurance agents to determine the liable party and not you.

Seeking Medical Assistance

As minor as the crash may seem, you should get checked by a doctor to ascertain that you didn’t suffer any internal or hidden injuries. Do this immediately.

A car accident lawyer DC counts on can help you recover your damages from the liable person should your injury be more serious than you initially thought.


Photo credit: Sandy Huffaker / Getty Images

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*Updated at 3:30 p.m.

Officials said two people were killed when an F/A-18 military jet about to land at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar slammed into a San Diego neighborhood today. The pilot was able to eject safely.

Two in the house are dead and two are missing.

Neighbors said they heard sputtering, saw the jet wobbling, and then it crashed, creating a ball of fire. Afterward, neighbors said they saw the pilot wandering around in a daze. He had parachuted out of the jet and landed in the baseball field of nearby University City High School.

John Kreischer, 62, was returning home from taking pictures at La Jolla Cove when he spotted the plane only 300 to 500 feet in the sky.

“It was mushing through the air,” Kreischer said. “It was chugging along with what seemed like one engine. Then I heard a roar of engine and all of a sudden, woop, dead silence.

"This guy could have turned it around and put it in the ocean," he continued. "He was never going to make it to Miramar.”

“My heart goes out to the family of the victims and to the community of University City,” said Mayor Jerry Sanders.

Marine officials told The Times the pilot was part of a training squadron and that he was trying to aim the plane at a deserted canyon to avoid slamming into homes or the nearby 805 Freeway. He had taken off from the carrier Abraham Lincoln several miles off the coast. His destination was the air station. Marine Col. Chris O’Connor pledges an in-depth investigation and to see “that the neighborhood is cleaned up as quickly as possible.”

Jason Widmer, who was working in the neighborhood, talked to the pilot after he ejected and landed.

"He was pretty shook up," Widmer said. "And pretty concerned if he had killed anyone. He had seen his bird go into a house.”

Students at University City High were eating lunch when they saw the F/A-18. "It was coming in too low,” said student Mike Scott.

“It was like the plane hit a wall: it went straight down."

Vanessa James, a neighbor, was taking out her trash when she heard a high-pitch boom.

"I heard the boom, came out, and saw a parachute coming out over a house into a canyon,” she said. Police and fire officials said one home was destroyed and another damaged in the crash that occurred just before noon.


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‘Yanny’ Or ‘Laurel’: The Debate Ripping The Internet Apart

Is it “yanny” or “laurel”? Honestly, no one even knows

The internet is currently being ripped apart over a four second clip. No one can decide if the words “yanny” or “laurel” are being said in a now viral piece of audio, and it’s creating quite the lively online debate. Remember the whole “blue dress or gold dress” controversy of 2015? It’s basically just like that, only people have gotten even feistier on Twitter since then.

The whole drama began when a Twitter user posted an audio clip and asked the internet if they heard the word “yanny” or “laurel.” 20,000 comments later, and no one can agree on what’s being said. For the record, I have now listened to that clip ten times and exclusively hear “laurel.” I also saw a blue dress and shiny legs and refuse to be told otherwise.

By the end, we were all feeling exhausted, confused, and suspicious of people we thought we once knew.

If you’d like an answer to this whole debate STAT, The Verge talked to Lars Riecke, an assistant professor of audition and cognitive neuroscience at Maastricht University, who had some pretty interesting thoughts on the matter.

Riecke noted that he heard “laurel” but his eight-year-old daughter heard “yanny.” This is because older people begin to lose their hearing at higher frequency ranges and “yanny” is said with a higher frequency than “laurel.” This is terrible, terrible news for all of us in the #TeamLaurel camp.

On the more comforting side of things, Bharath Chandrasekaran, a professor of communications sciences and disorders at the University of Texas at Austin, told The Verge that the audio quality could be impacting what people are hearing.

“It’s a little bit noisy, so that itself causes perception to be a little more ambiguous,” he said. “Because it’s noisy, your brain is filling in with what it thinks it should be.” Yeah, let’s just go with that one.

This debate will probably rage for a few more days, which is actually totally a-okay because it’s the first time in a long time that people are arguing on Twitter over something that is not completely horrendous and politically divisive. So, here’s a big round of applause to whoever created this yanny/laurel (it’s laurel) clip.


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And when Eliab, his more brother/the elder brother of David, had heard this, while he spake with other men, he was wroth against David, and said, Why camest thou hither, and why hast thou left those few sheep in desert, (and why hast thou left those few sheep back in the wilderness)? I know thy pride, and the waywardness of thine heart; for thou camest down to see the battle.


The present invention generally relates to the manufacture of printed wiring boards and more specifically to the filling of clearance patterns in conductive constraining core layers used in the construction of multilayer printed wiring board (PWB).
Computers and similar electronics products are pervasive in consumer, businesses, military, aerospace and governmental activities. The use of electronics in critical applications has created an increased demand for reliable electronics. Many applications specify electronics that will run longer with less down time than was expected in the past.
The increased emphasis on reliability amongst customers also extends to PWBs. PWBs can be used to establish electrical connections between devices. In some instances, the devices can be mounted on the printed wiring board. The manner in which the devices are mounted is typically dependent upon the packaging of the device. Applications for printed wiring boards can include challenges such as thermal management, expansion mismatch control, low stiffness or rigidity and higher weight. Materials that have been used in the past to address some of these issues include thick metal core, copper-Invar-copper (CIC), copper-Moly-copper (CMC). These metal core materials are electrically conductive and require special processing in order to be incorporated into printed wiring board structures. These special processes can include drilling clearance patterns, surface preparation, clearing pattern filling and additional lamination steps. Use of these materials and the associated additional processes are typically associated with a substantially lower manufacturing yield and additional labor cost. In addition, drilling small via holes or plated through holes (PTH) through thick metal cores can be problematic. An inability to drill small via holes through a material can limit the usefulness of the material in the construction of high density interconnects.
A variety of other materials can be used in place of the metal materials above to try and address reliability issues such as thermal management, expansion mismatch control, low stiffness or rigidity and higher weight. U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,664 to Vasoya et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/131,130 to Vasoya, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/376,806 to Vasoya and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/831,108 to Vasoya disclose techniques that can be used to manufacture printed wiring boards having a desired coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) using layers incorporating carbon materials such as woven carbon fiber. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,664 to Vasoya et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/131,130 to Vasoya, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/376,806 to Vasoya and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/831,108 to Vasoya is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


Cetirizine for seasonal allergic rhinitis in children aged 2-6 years. A double-blind comparison with placebo.
A total of 107 children of both sexes between 2 and 6 years of age with pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) were entered in a multicentre study of double-blind parallel group design in which the effects of 5 mg cetirizine, given as drops from a solution containing 10 mg/ml once daily each evening for two weeks, were compared with those of identical placebo. Sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction and nasal and ocular pruritus were the symptoms evaluated by means of symptom scores by investigators and, on daily record cards, by parents. Investigators also made a global evaluation at the end of treatment. Cetirizine was more active than placebo for each symptom evaluated both by parents and investigators. There were significant by more (p = 0.002) days during which symptoms were absent or mild, in the cetirizine than in the placebo group. When the maximum symptom scores rated by investigators at each visit were compared, the difference in favour of cetirizine at the end of treatment was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Global evaluation by investigators of changes in symptoms at the end of the study showed an improvement in both groups which was significantly greater with cetirizine, providing excellent or good improvement in 34/54 patients compared with 25/53 patients on placebo (p = 0.039). Tolerance was good. Three patients on cetirizine and none on placebo experienced mild somnolence.


First rib fractures in abused infants: a report of three cases.
The authors describe 4 first rib fractures in 3 infants, highlighting the difficulty in detecting first rib fractures on skeletal survey. All 4 fractures were the result of physical abuse. A literature search does not find a case of first rib fracture in a healthy infant that is not the result of child abuse. The diagnosis of first rib fracture in an infant should prompt a thorough medical and social evaluation for child abuse.