Q:

If loop in Bash not working

I have been working on an installer in bash:
#!/bin/bash
echo "Are you sure you want to install the program installCMD? [y/n]"
answer="$@"
if [ $answer = "y" ] then
   echo "Installing Program installCMD"
   wget /usr/bin http://www.chronos.site90.net/DEV/installCMD
else
   echo "Not installing program installCMD."
fi

Every time I run it it reads the error
Are you sure you want to install the program installCMD? [y/n]
installCMDInstaller: line 7: syntax error near unexpected token `else'
installCMDInstaller: line 7: `else'

Any help would be apreciated.
Thanks in advance.

A:

You need to correct the first conditional part:
echo "Are you sure you want to install the program installCMD? [y/n]"
answer="$@"
if [ "$answer" == "y" ]; then
   echo "Installing Program installCMD"
   wget /usr/bin http://www.chronos.site90.net/DEV/installCMD
else
   echo "Not installing program installCMD."
fi

Note the extra quotes and the semicolon after the test.


Why Am I So Stupid?

This question was asked me some time ago by a pupil who for years had been singing with a very tightly constricted throat, so much so, that the quality was very harsh and poor, and there was very little power. I answered this question, and will give the readers of The Etude a synopsis of my answer, hoping that possibly it may help some student laboring under the same difficulty.

To begin with, let me say that the pupil who asked this question is anything but stupid; in fact, she is more than ordinarily intelligent, bright, witty, and well educated. Her condition is a psychological problem, and, in order to make it clear, I shall have to deal somewhat with the study of psychology.

Subconscious Activities.

A child is born with great possibilities, but with very few abilities. He breathes, his heart beats, his digestive apparatus does its work, and, if irritated, he shows it by a cry. All these actions are done in what the psychologists call a “subconscious way.” The child has no objective intelligence. He does not know that he is. As he grows older, he gradually learns to do different things connected with his ordinary existence. For instance, he has to learn to walk, and his mother or some one else has to take one foot and put it before the other. At first, in order to keep himself from stumbling, he has to devote a great deal of attention to walking as he toddles along. As he grows older, the time comes when he walks or runs without paying any conscious attention to the movements of his feet and legs and he never walks or runs well until these actions have become subconscious. Up to that time he has been doing it more or less objectively. A good illustration of the action of the subconscious mind is when a person, thinking of other matters, has walked beyond his intended destination. His conscious intelligence originally willed that his feet should go there, but, after starting them, began to think of other things and forgot to tell them when to stop.

Now, this applies to everything that we do. Most persons use a pen with the right hand. In learning to write, every child is very awkward. His letters are irregular and crude in appearance, and only by long practice, and not until the motions become automatic, or subconscious, can he write in an easy, comfortable way so that his penmanship will look free and flow smoothly. The handwriting of all children and also of people who write but little has a stiff appearance, showing they have given much attention to the formation of each letter. Such handwriting lacks individuality. As we grow older and write much, all of these motions become subconscious, and we acquire a certain “hand” which is easily recognized by those familiar with our writing. Suppose a person lose his right hand. He can (if he wish) learn to write with his left hand. In his first attempts he will be just as awkward with his left hand as he was at first with his right; but, if he will patiently practice, he can learn to write just as well with his left hand as he did with his right.

Those of my readers who have had occasion to walk across a stage in full view of an audience and have suddenly realized for the first time the fact that they possessed muscles in their limbs of which before they were unconscious, and have felt how those muscles would jerk and twitch and do all sorts of things which before did not seem possible, can appreciate the difference between conscious and subconscious effort. They walked badly because they were conscious that others observed them, and this very consciousness made them give an undue and objective attention to their walking, trying to make it so good that it became very bad. I presume the so-called “actor’s strut” is the result of misdirected energy on the part of the actor who tries to make himself walk naturally. The only way one can overcome anything of this kind is to let the limbs move along by themselves and concentrate the attention on something else, even if it be nothing more than the point of destination.

Practice Produces Subconscious Action.

Now let us return to the subject of singing. All of the above illustrations help to answer the question which my pupil asked. In learning to sing, the pupil must practice in a certain way a sufficient length of time until the muscles connected with tone-production will move by themselves without any conscious attention on the part of the singer. In the particular case to which I refer the person had been very badly taught and for years had used her vocal muscles incorrectly. I asked her to do differently and explained to her certain sensations connected with good tone-production. She accepted the fact theoretically that, in order to produce a pure and free tone, the breath must be entirely controlled in the body so as to leave the different parts of the vocal anatomy perfectly free; but, while she accepted this explanation, she was unable to do what I wished her to do, simply because her subconscious intelligence had been trained in the opposite direction. There is only one hope for a pupil who has been through this experience, and that is an unlimited stock of patience so that, no matter how long it may take to educate this subconscious intelligence to a correct method of singing, he will be willing to do the necessary work through the necessary time. It cannot be hurried. In fact, the more the singer tries to hurry it, the slower will be his progress. He must concentrate his attention on the front of his mouth, trying to talk in an absolutely natural manner there, holding his breath in his body to the best of his ability and at first relaxing all the muscles in the region of the back of the mouth, accompanied with this endeavor for clearness of diction in the front of the mouth. Of course, he cannot sing well until he has practiced this long enough so that all this closeness of attention toward even the correct way of singing is forgotten and he uses his vocal ligaments in this new and correct way in a subconscious manner.

This applies with equal force to the talking voice. When a person for years has sung incorrectly, it often has a correspondingly bad effect upon the talking voice, although to the untrained ear it may not be so quickly and easily noticed. In talking the vowels are not prolonged, and therefore do not acquire the undue prominence that they have in singing; but, in the attempt to make a correction of wrong tone-production in singing, this correction should be extended to a corresponding carefulness as regards the talking voice, and one should be sure that no effort is made either in the throat or the back of the mouth, but that all the attention is concentrated upon the lips, teeth, tip of the tongue, and front of the mouth. To one who has been controlling his talking voice in his throat, the first result of this change will be that he will seem to produce an insipid quality; but, while it may seem insipid to Mm, it need not necessarily sound so to others.

First Great Difficulty.

Perhaps the two greatest difficulties which confront the student who is endeavoring to correct erroneous vocal methods are: First, a tendency to think the pitch in his throat. Second, the association of throat-intensity with the endeavor for intensity of tone-production.

In regard to the tendency of the singer to think the pitch in his throat, let me illustrate my meaning. Blind people, it is said, develop nerve-ganglia at their finger-tips, owing to the acquirement of an exquisite sense of touch, and, in a certain sense, they learn to think at their finger-tips. In the same way, a pianist thinks at his finger-tips as he caresses the keys.

In speaking, there is no thought of a definite pitch, the pitch being what it may happen to be, according to the particular size and shape of the vocal muscles of the person speaking, and also a certain conformation of mouth and throat. This pitch will be varied by the intensity with which he speaks. In the act of singing, the first thing necessary, of course, is to think a definite pitch, and where the singer has been in the habit of thinking the tone in his throat he will at first find it exceedingly difficult to think in his mouth. It may be a disheartening process at first, with a tendency for the tone to waver and split and vary from the key, and just the uncertainty which the singer feels as to what may happen when he attempts to think the pitch in his mouth will have a tendency to send him back to his throat. The only way to overcome this difficulty is to consciously think the pitch in the mouth until the subconscious throat-tendency is gradually eliminated and the thinking of the pitch in the mouth has become subconscious.

Second Great Difficulty.

The second difficulty—namely, the confusing of throat- with tone- intensity—is perhaps even more difficult to overcome.

Our modern music, as a rule, is far in advance of that of olden times in that it demands an emotional content and intensity greatly in excess of former times. Far be it from me to decry anything of this kind. It is certainly a long stride forward in the art of music, but it also adds a stumbling-block in the way of the singer, and especially is this difficulty increased when we attempt to combat wrong methods. In fact, I believe the one reason why there is so much harsh and throaty singing is this very striving for intensity. It is not only those who merely want power at the expense of everything else who get into trouble along this line, but also many singers who have the highest ideals of tone-quality. These singers would invariably criticise in others the very faults which they themselves possess; but, owing to this striving for intensity of tone and to their inability to hear their own voices, they will, if they have any throat-intensity, be sure to confuse the two, and it will be a long and weary struggle before the singer is able to produce intensity in the mouth and yet have a perfectly comfortable throat. His first efforts will cause him to feel that the throat is not only loose, but weak, and he will immediately associate this weakness of throat with weakness of tone. Possibly at first the tone itself may be more or less weak, and yet if he could get away from himself and actually hear the tone he produces he would be much better satisfied than he could expect to be when judging the tone by a throat-sensation.

This perhaps is the greatest difficulty where a singer is attempting to help himself without the aid of a competent teacher—one who knows a pure and free tone and who will constantly insist on that even if at first it is somewhat weak, but who, having the strength of his convictions, absolutely knows that it will become even more intense and powerful ultimately if produced with a free throat. My only object in writing an article of this kind is to encourage those who have more or less impaired their voices either on account of their own erroneous study or bad teaching, to confidently strive for a tone in which there will be not one particle of throat- intensity.

In closing, let me insist that, if the singer will confidently sing with the mouth only, he will gradually gain confidence in his ability to do this, and, by so doing, will develop the greatest power and sonority with the most beautiful tone of which he is both physically and mentally capable.—Horace P. Dibble.


using System;

namespace emptyEt
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
        }
    }
}


Customize

Responding to rumors about plans for loot boxes coming to Call of Duty:
Modern Warfare, Infinity Ward
took to Twitter to say these are inaccurate, and that they "are definitely
NOT working on any kind of supply drop or loot box system" for the upcoming
military shooter (thanks
WCCFTECH). That's pretty definitive for now, though it does not rule out the
idea that they may work on such a system in the future. Here's the full statement:

Sigh. There continues to be
misinformed and incorrect info being pushed about Modern Warfare. What I can say
right now is that we are definitely NOT working on any kind of supply drop or
loot box system. Also, functional stuff is unlocked through GAMEPLAY. Stay
tuned, we're planning to release info this week.


Q:

Ruby hash to another hash with certain keys

I have a hash like this
[{"user_id"=>"4672046155508aafb4d01bca27cca8c6", "email"=>"xxxxxxxxxx@gmail.com", "sport"=>[nil]}, {"user_id"=>"007ba6fd74b3ef3c12734ddd0f2280ae", "email"=>"xxxxxxxx@yahoo.com", "sport"=>[nil, nil, nil, nil]}, {"user_id"=>"0085e4d74738a384e10042b62acb56e2", "email"=>"xxxxxxxxxx@gmail.com", "sport"=>[nil, nil, nil]}]

I need a hash with all email in it , How to do this?...whenever I use
  users[:email]

It gives the error cannot convert symbol to integer

A:

You can do like this
hash_array = [{"user_id"=>"4672046155508aafb4d01bca27cca8c6", "email"=>"xxxxxxxxxx@gmail.com", "sport"=>[nil]}, {"user_id"=>"007ba6fd74b3ef3c12734ddd0f2280ae", "email"=>"xxxxxxxx@yahoo.com", "sport"=>[nil, nil, nil, nil]}, {"user_id"=>"0085e4d74738a384e10042b62acb56e2", "email"=>"xxxxxxxxxx@gmail.com", "sport"=>[nil, nil, nil]}]
hash_array.map{ |hash| hash["email"] }

It will return an array of all the emails


Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (1757-1808): an early nineteenth century source for the concept of nervous energy in European behavioral neurosciences.
The nineteenth century witnessed many advances in neuroscientific concepts. Among the notable are Charles Bell's (1774-1842) and François Magendie's (1783-1855) identification of sensory and motor pathways, Thomas Henry Huxley's (1825-1895) elaboration of evolutionary theory in the context of comparative neuroanatomy, and Emile Du Bois-Reymond's (1818-1896) and Hermann von Helmholtz's (1821-1894) work in experimental neurophysiology and on the concept of nervous energy. In Germany, the idea that the nervous system consisted of two elements, one that generated nervous energy and another that conducted it throughout the body, had wide currency in mid-nineteenth century. In France, Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (1757-1808), physician, philosopher, and one of the founders of modern psychophysiology, argued that the brain is the part of the body in which electricity is stored. In his Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme, published between 1796 and 1802 (translated into German under the title Verhältnis der Seele zum Körper (1808)), Cabanis proposed new ideas on brain function, on the brain's own sensibility, on the concept of will, and on the chemical basis of nervous activity. In the Rapports Cabanis proposed a theory of how brain and nerves relate to thought and behavior. Foreshadowing later developments in neuropsychology, he suggested that different parts of the nervous system have separate functions. Despite the fact that Cabanis had many interesting ideas about brain function, he has been largely ignored by historians of neuroscience; e. g., he is mentioned briefly in Clark and Jacyna (1989), in only two footnotes in Neuburger (1897/1981), and not at all in Finger (1994). Cabanis's far-reaching theory of how the brain works helped shape understanding of the general notion of nervous energy in nineteenth-century European neuroscience.


Background
==========

Squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva (SCCC) is a rare, slow-growing tumor of a spectrum of conditions collectively known as 'ocular surface epithelial dysplasias'. These range from benign dysplasias, to carcinoma *in situ* and ultimately to invasive carcinoma \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. It is also considered the most common neoplasm of the conjunctiva, normally affecting elderly men of around 70 years \[[@B3],[@B4]\]. The etiology of SCCC has been previously viewed as multifactorial, with ultraviolet light implicated as the major risk factor for these tumors, and more common in equatorial Africa than in Europe or North America \[[@B5]\].

In Africa, however, the incidence of SCCC has risen rapidly in the recent past, with the peak age-specific incidence reported to be 30-39 years, similar to that of HIV/AIDS pandemics in the tropics. The disease is also more aggressive, with a mean history of three months at presentation \[[@B4],[@B5]\]. An association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva was first reported in the mid-1990s. Subsequently, other studies also reported that since the advent of HIV/AIDS in 1980s, the number of patients presenting with SCCC had been increasing exponentially \[[@B6]-[@B8]\]. In 1995, Ateenyi-Agaba observed that a high incidence of these tumors in Uganda appeared to be related to HIV infection \[[@B9]\]. Parallel studies by Waddell and colleagues also suggested that HIV infection is strongly associated with an increase in the incidence of conjunctival carcinoma in Africa \[[@B10]\].

Although the natural history of the SCCC appears to be unique in this region of the world with etiologic mechanism unclear and therapeutic options limited, immunosuppression from HIV has been thought to facilitate the activity of other infective agents that induce the carcinoma. This has been supported by many studies that have documented the presence of high risk HPV genotypes 16 and 18 DNA in a proportion of SCCC \[[@B11]\]. The oncoproteins E6 and E7 encoded by the high risk HPV genotypes are well documented to play a critical role in pathogenesis of anogenital carcinomas by deregulation of cell cycle control proteins p53 and pRb2/p130, respectively \[[@B12]-[@B18]\].

Another cell cycle regulatory protein whose increased expression is reported to be predictive of, and an independent prognostic marker in high risk HPV infection is p16^INK4A^\[[@B19]-[@B22]\]. However, in our previous study to investigate the roles played by HIV-1 Tat and high risk HPV E6/E7 proteins in promoting carcinogenesis in cervical cancers, expressions of p16^INK4A^ was found to be reduced in HIV-related squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, a correlation which has also been supported by other studies \[[@B23],[@B24]\].

Few authors have also proposed involvement of high risk HPVs in the oncogenesis through altered expression of other key molecules involved in tyrosine kinase pathways, in which inverse expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its phosphorylated form (pEGFR) have been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS--associated SCCC, and correlates with poor prognosis \[[@B25]-[@B27]\]. Altogether, expressions of p16^INKA4^, EGFR and its phosphorylated form pEGFR have been proposed to reflect infection with high risk HPV in squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva. However, HPV detection in conjunctival neoplasm has been largely controversial, and the pathogenic mechanism not well elucidated. Some of these studies have reported a heterogeneous prevalence of high-risk HPV genotypes, suggesting that only a subset of cases can be attributed to these viruses. This variation in the reported HPV infection rates in conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma could result from differences in detection methods and the studied populations \[[@B28]-[@B31]\].

The present study therefore compared PCR-based detection of HPV with immunohistochemical expressions of p16^INK4A^, EGFR and pEGFR; and the potential value of use of these biomarkers as indicators of HPV positivity in selected cases of HIV/AIDS-related SCCC.

Results
=======

Patient's demographics and histology
------------------------------------

Out of the 58 samples evaluated, the ratio of females to males was 1:1. The age ranged from 23 to 73 years, with a mean of 41.6 years and median of 39 years. Fifty six cases were classified as squamous cell carcinomas and the remaining two as carcinoma *in situ*. Tumor site, tumor size and tumor grades were as shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} and Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}a-c.

######

n = 58

                                  **Total**   **%**
  ------------------------------- ----------- -------
  *Age*
    \<50 years                    9           15.5
    \>50 years                    42          72.4
    Unknown                       7           12.1
  *Sex*
    Male                          29          50%
    Female                        29          50%
  *Tumor site*
    Right orbit/eye/conjunctiva   22          37.9
    Left orbit/eye/conjunctiva    24          41.4
    Orbit/eye/conjunctiva         12          20.7
  *Tumor size*
    \<2 cm                        36          62.1
    2-5 cm                        6           10.3
    \>5 cm                        15          25.9
    Unknown                       1           1.7
  *Tumor grade*
    I                             29          50
    II                            21          36.2
    III                           8           13.8

![**Haematoxylin and eosin staining. a**. Grade I, SCCC X 10 Neoplasm comprising of infiltrating cords of mild to moderately pleomorphic malignant squamous cells and of keratin pearls, interspersed with a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate). **b**. Grade II SCCC X 10 (Neoplasm comprising of infiltrating cords of moderately pleomorphic malignant squamous cells). **c**. Grade III SCCC X 20 (Neoplasm disposed in a diffuse architecture, comprising of moderately to markedly pleomorphic malignant squamous cells).](1750-9378-9-7-1){#F1}

Expressions of p16^INK4A^, EGFR and pEGFR
-----------------------------------------

Immunohistochemistry assay was done in all the fifty eight studied cases, of which Out of the fifty eight cases, thirty nine (67.2%) were positive for p16^INK4A^ staining, forty eight cases (82.8%) for EGFR and fifty one cases (87.9%) showed positivity for p-EGFR (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}a-c).

![**a1 (X20) and a2 (X40).** Staining for P16^INK4A^ in majority of the neoplastic cells showed intense nuclear staining, which reflects the functional role of p16 in control of cell cycle prior to the S-phase. In some cells, cytoplasmic positivity appeared prominent. **b1** (X20) and **b2** (X40). EGFR staining was observed to be brown membrane and cytoplasmic, uniformly distributed in all the squamous epithelial cells. **c1** (X10) and **c2** (X20). Staining for pEGFR showed complete brown membrane and cytoplasmic reaction in all epithelial tumors cells.](1750-9378-9-7-2){#F2}

The patterns of p16^INK4A^, EGFR and pEGFR expressions were semi-quantitatively scored for both intensity and proportion of staining in the cell nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane as reported previously \[[@B32],[@B33]\]. Intensity of the staining were scored as 0 (no staining), 1 (weak positivity), 2 (moderate positivity), or 3 (strong positivity). The proportions of the staining were also evaluated and scored as 0 (1%-10% of cells stained), 1 (11%-50%), 2 (51%-80%) or 3 (81%-100%). Sections scored as 0 or 1 for intensity was defined as negative; whereas those scored 2 or 3 were defined as positive.

HPV 16 is the predominant genotype in AIDS- related SCCC
--------------------------------------------------------

From the forty cases where DNA was extracted, four cases (10%) showed positivity for HPV 16 genotype, and no other genotypes were detected. Although this is in tandem with other studies that have documented detection ranges from 8-10% of high risk HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, this low rate of detection suggests that other mechanisms could underlie pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS-related squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva independently from the active role of high risk HPV.

Correlations of HPV detection with p16^INK4A^, EGFR expressions
---------------------------------------------------------------

For the cases in which high risk HPV were positive, statistical significant association was found between HPV detection and p16^INK4^ expressions, p = 0.000, at 99% confidence interval and EGFR expression, p = 0.028, at 95% C.I, but not with pEGFR.

Discussion
==========

A causal relationship between the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the Sub-Saharan region and increased incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva (SCCC) has been hypothesized, with the prevalence of the neoplasm reported in Kenya alone to be 8% \[[@B34],[@B35]\]. Although immune suppression has been known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis, a number of epidemiological studies have postulated other etiological agents for the development of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva, such as ultraviolet (UV) light, history of pterygium, and high risk human papillomavirus infection (HPV) \[[@B36]-[@B39]\].

Detection of high risk HPV associated with squamous cell carcinoma has, however, been controversial, with different authors reporting varied percentages of positivity and prevalence \[[@B40]-[@B42]\]. This could be attributed to various techniques currently in use, ranging from consensus and type-specific end-point PCR methods followed with sequencing, real-time PCR assays for quantification of viral load, *in-situ* hybridization, detection of serum antibodies directed against HPV epitopes, to immunohistochemical detection of surrogate biomarkers such as p16^INK4A^, a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor protein \[[@B42]-[@B45]\]. In our study, a prevalence of 10% of high risk HPV 16 genotype detection was realized, which is consistent with the findings of other studies. Many infectious oncogenic viruses yet to be discovered can use the same mechanism as of high risk HPV in a state of immunosuppression, but the low prevalence in our study could also be a factor attributed to poor tissue processing and thus DNA degradation in a number of the studied cases.

A number of studies have therefore demonstrated that p16^INK4A^ protein over-expression may serve as a surrogate biomarker for biologically and clinically relevant high risk HPV infection in squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva, as well as squamous cell carcinoma and glandular epithelial dysplasia of the uterine cervix \[[@B44],[@B45]\]. Besides, over expression of p16^INK4A^ has also been shown to correlate with the degree and behavioral characteristics of both cervical as well as head and neck neoplasm \[[@B46],[@B47]\].

In addition to over expression of p16^INK4A^ as potential surrogate marker of HPV-derived squamous cell carcinomas, the development of SCCC in HIV positive patients has been documented to involve activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its phosphorylated form (p-EGFR) \[[@B48]-[@B50]\]. The relationship between HPV status and levels of EGFR protein expression with clinical outcome has been reported in several studies, indicating that the best outcomes are observed in patients with HPV-positive tumors with low EGFR expression \[[@B50]-[@B52]\]. However, an inverse relationship between HPV status and EGFR gene amplification has also been reported.

Several studies have discussed about the optimal method for determining HPV status on FFPE tumor sections (5, 34, 35), and in the current study, we evaluated immunohistochemical expressions of p16^INKA^, EGFR and p-EGFR IHC as markers of HPV status and utilized HPV PCR in a subset of cases to correlate the results. Immunohistochemistry was performed in all the fifty eight studied cases, and semi-quantitative scores of the bio-markers enumerated. However, 18 cases were excluded from HPV detection by PCR technique, followed with sequencing, because tumor tissue was either inadequate or had extensive DNA degradation due to poor tissue processing. A prevalence of 10% of high risk HPV 16 genotype detection was realized, which is consistent with the findings of other studies. However, the low prevalence of HPV could be associated with poor tissue processing.

In this study p16^INK4A^ expression in the epithelium was characterized by variable, weak to strong, diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. Thirty nine cases (67.2%) were positive for p16^INK4A^ staining and showed significant statistical correlation between HPV positivity and p16^INK4A^ expression (correlation coefficient -0.502, *p* = 0.000, at 99% confidence interval (C.I)). This was in agreement with similar findings from other authors who demonstrated that p16^INK4A^ expression was significantly associated with the presence of HPV-16 \[[@B20]\].

The expression of EGFR and its activated form, p-EGFR, were also independently enumerated in all of the fifty-eight cases, from which the results demonstrated that 82.8% of the cases expressed EGFR while 87.9% expressed p-EGFR as brown membranous and/or cytoplasmic immunostaining, similar to the findings from other studies \[[@B53]\].

Once EGFR is activated into p-EGFR, it undergoes internalization, resulting in a marked decrease in the non-activated membrane-bound EGFR \[[@B54]\]. For correlation with HPV positive cases, significant statistical correlations was obtained with EGFR expression (correlation coefficient -.252, p = .028 at 95% confidence interval). There was, however, no statistical significant correlation between HPV status and p-EGFR at both 95% and 99% confidence Intervals. Equally, no biomarker showed significant statistical correlation with tumor grades.

Therefore, both immunohistochemical assay and PCR-based techniques showed close agreement in the use of p16^INK4A^ and EGFR but not p-EGFR as clinically useful surrogate biomarkers for high risk HPV infection in HIV/AIDS-associated squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva.

Conclusion
==========

Although the exact role played by high risk human papillomavirus in carcinogenesis is not well known, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association of high risk HPV infection with p16^INK4A^ and EGFR over expressions in HIV/AIDS-associated squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva.

Materials and methods
=====================

Selection of the study cases
----------------------------

Fifty-eight HIV positive SCCC formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks were retrieved from the archives at pathology department, UON/KNH for analysis. The criteria for inclusion as HIV positive case included information from the clinician in the patient's histological request form indicating on follow-up at the comprehensive care centre, on HAART treatment, ARV treatment, immunnosuppression, p24 marker reactive, retrovirus disease and HIV positive. Sections (4 μm) from the tissue blocks were stained with *hematoxylin* and *eosin* to confirm the previous diagnoses and establish the tumor grades according to the WHO guidelines. Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from KNH-ERC.

Immunohistochemistry tests for p16^INK4A^, EGFR and pEGFR
---------------------------------------------------------

Immunohistochemistry was performed as described previously by Russo G, *et al*. \[[@B55]\]. Briefly, 4 μm sections of the FFPE tissue blocks were mounted on positively charged slides and incubated overnight incubation at 65 º C. Sections were subsequently de-waxed through a series of xylene, rehydrated in graded series of alcohol (absolute, 90% and 75%), and taken to water. Antigen retrieval was done by immersing the slides in Tris buffer pH 9 containing 10 mmol/l EDTA and 15 mmol/l sodium azide (NaN~3~) (for *p16*^*INK4A*^) or citrate buffer, pH 6.0 (for EGFR and pEGFR) and subsequently heated in a microwave at 750 W for 20 minutes, with 5 minutes intervals. All the slides were then allowed to cool for 20 minutes, and then rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) wash buffer. The sections were quenched in 3% hydrogen peroxide (H~2~O~2~) containing 15 mmol/l sodium azide (NaN~3~) for 10 minutes to block endogenous peroxidase activity, followed with a rinse in PBS wash buffer. Ten microlitres of ready to use primary monoclonal mouse anti-human antibodies, each of p16INK4A, EGFR (clone EGFR-384-R-7-CE; Leica, Germany), pEGFR (clone EP774Y, Biocare Medical, USA) were applied, and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature, and according to manufacturers' instructions (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The sections were rinsed with wash buffer, followed with incubation in a visualization reagent for 30 minutes. This was followed with rinsing and incubation in a substrate-chromogen solution for 10 minutes to facilitate visualization. After the final rinse with PBS buffer, sections were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin, dehydrated and mounted. For each run, normal skin, normal placenta and colon carcinoma specimens were used as positive controls for p16^INK4^, EGFR and pEGFR, respectively.

DNA extraction from tissue blocks
---------------------------------

DNA was extracted from 20 sections (5 μm) of the FFPE tissue blocks using digestion buffer, 50 mM Tris-pH 8.5, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0 and 0.5% Tween 20 (Sigma) and proteinase-K (Roche) at a final concentration of 500 μg/ml. The lysates were purified using EZ1 DNA Tissue Kit (Qiagen) and 1 μl of DNA were used in a reaction to verify DNA integrity, using beta globin and as described previously in other studies \[[@B56]-[@B59]\]. DNA extraction was successful in forty out of the fifty eight study cases, most probably due to poor tissue processing that resulted in DNA degradation.

PCR testing for HPV and genotyping
----------------------------------

For the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the genotypes, PCR was performed, followed with DNA sequencing on ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer. The sequences compared with the GenBank database. In brief, the PCR reaction was performed in a final volume of 50 μl. Each PCR mixture contained 25 μl of AmpliTaq Gold PCR Master Mix 2X (Applied Biosystems, NJ USA), 30 pmol of primers (A1 5\'- TTGGATCCATGTTAATWSAGCCWCCAAAATT --3\' A2 5\'- TTGGATCCTTATCAWATGCCCAYTGTACCAT --3\'), 2 μl of MgCl~2~ (25 mM) 1 μl of either DNA or water. The cycling conditions were as follows: 10 minutes at 95°C activation step for Taq DNA polymerase, followed by 40 cycles each for 40 seconds at 95°C, 50 seconds at 55°C and 40 seconds at 72°C. The last cycle was followed by a final extension step of 10 minutes at 72°C. The PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide using the protocol described by Gleissner *et al*. \[[@B60]\].

Positive samples were typed using cut and purified DNA bands from agarose gel. The DNA were sequenced with an ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany), with the Big Dye Terminator V1.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, NJ, USA) using primer (A1). Sequences were then compared with the GenBank database as described by Sgueglia *et al.*\[[@B61]\].

Statistical analysis
--------------------

Data was then analysed for significant statistical co-relations using SPSS Version 16. One-tailed *p* \< 0.05 at 95% CI was considered statistically significant.

Competing interest
==================

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions
======================

Contributions: AM, JN, WO, MK, LP and NO, performed the experiments; ER and JN designed the overall study; WM, coordinated the work; RS, ER and LL contributed their expertise in the field of pathology; AM and JN wrote the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements
================

This work was supported by ACSR-Kenya (Prof. Ayers Leona).


An auditory variant of eye movement desensitization in a case of childhood post-traumatic stress disorder.
The present paper reports a case study documenting the success of a child-appropriate variant of eye movement desensitization (EMD) in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although there have been numerous case studies and some preliminary controlled trials of this method in adult cases of PTSD, there does not appear to be any information on its use in children. The available literature suggests that it is a more rapid and less traumatic treatment than traditional exposure based therapies. The present paper describes a child-appropriate auditory variant of eye-movement desensitization applied to a case of childhood PTSD.


Data Validation: Another trick in the bag to catching errors before they cause problems

Original Author: Tiffany-Smith

We all do some form of data validation. Something as simple as making sure that the png we’re importing as a texture is actually a png, or import detection of the classic “million poly rock”. But what I’m talking about here is a specific pass on otherwise valid data that has snuck in. For example you might import a texture and the data is correct but the texture is a temporary texture. This is something that could easily be missed and found later when it’s too late to do anything about it. Here at Nameless, we perform this check by hooking it up in the editor on level load and level test, we also have an offline process that allows us to run it on all of our levels from the command line.

After saying that, obviously something that runs on level load needs to be fast, so I’m not talking about a process that takes minutes, but seconds. For our current game our levels are small, so there isn’t much data to validate. But since we allow the user to use the editor while the validation is running, we should be able to scale up without much hassle. If speed really becomes a problem, you could have the validation constantly running and once the initial validation was done, only run the validation on data that has changed.

What kind of things are we talking about validating?

Assuming you’re making a platformer you may want to make sure there is a valid path to collision geometry. I’m not talking about pathfinding the whole level but more like something as simple as validating that all collision surfaces are within jump height of another collision surface. This would detect the error if someone laid out a collision surface a bit too far, or perhaps accidentally nudged it in the editor when they were doing something else. This and many other little bugs are easy to detect, so why shouldn’t we.

Depending on the editor, it may also be able to accidentally duplicate geometry. In that case then you could look for overlapping objects of the same type. But really it’s about using common sense and flagging issues as you find them to prevent having to debug them in the future.

So, how do we get people to actually fix their warnings?

I think the sanest way is to just enforce no warnings, much like enforcing no warnings in code it gets easier as people get used to the process. If people aren’t staying on-top of their warnings you could also turn them into errors and refuse to allow them to test the game via the editor until they are fixed. I wouldn’t recommend disabling save though, because if the error is incorrect or they have completed 5 hours’ worth of work and missed something but their machine crashed before they could fix it, then they would be in a world full of hurt.


Cryptographic quantum key distribution (QKD) can be utilized for generating and transmitting and/or receiving cryptographic keys with assured secrecy. QKD is based on the quantum nature of light, and any attempts to intercept and clone the quantum key information encoded in transmitted photons is forbidden due to the linearity of quantum mechanics and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In QKD, the quantum state of a photon may be associated with qubits (0 or 1), and these qubits can be used to form the bits associated with a cryptographic key.
Photonic QKD may take place over fiber optic networks, through free-space optical transmission, or through any other network capable of relaying photons. For free-space transmission, at least two telescopes are needed: one to transmit the QKD signal and one to receive the QKD signal. The sizes of these telescopes are determined by a number of parameters, including transmission distance, desired signal-to-noise ratio, chosen optical wavelength, and atmospheric conditions. Due to a number of these factors, including the size and weight of the QKD telescope, QKD has been precluded from use in satellite communications systems.


                                                               FILED
 1                                                             MAY 10 2012

 2                              ORDERED PUBLISHED          SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                             U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                             O F TH E N IN TH C IR C U IT
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
 6   In re:                        )      BAP No.    CC-11-1144-KiMkH
                                   )
 7   FIRST YORKSHIRE HOLDINGS,     )      Bk. No.    SV 10-26058-AA
     INC.,                         )
 8                                 )
                    Debtor.        )
 9   ______________________________)
                                   )
10   FIRST YORKSHIRE HOLDINGS,     )
     INC.,                         )
11                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
12                                 )
     v.                            )      O P I N I O N
13                                 )
     PACIFICA L 22, LLC.,          )
14                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
15   ______________________________)
16
17                  Argued and Submitted on October 21, 2011
                             at Pasadena, California
18
                              Filed - May 10, 2012
19
              Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
20                for the Central District of California
21            Hon. Alan M. Ahart, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
                    _____________________________________
22
23   Appearances:     Moses S. Bardavid of the Law Offices of Moses S.
                      Bardavid, for Appellant First Yorkshire Holdings,
24                    Inc.; Martin W. Phillips of the Law Offices of
                      Martin W. Phillips, argued for Appellee Pacifica L
25                    22, LLC.
26
27   Before: KIRSCHER, MARKELL, and HOLLOWELL, Bankruptcy Judges.
28
 1   KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judge:
 2
 3        Appellant, debtor First Yorkshire Holdings, Inc. (“First
 4   Yorkshire”), appeals an order from the bankruptcy court granting
 5   appellee, Pacifica L 22, LLC (“Pacifica”), relief from the
 6   automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(2) and (d)(4).1   As we
 7   find the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by failing to
 8   make any findings on the equity and value of First Yorkshire’s
 9   property interest in its junior deed of trust under § 362(d)(2),
10   We VACATE and REMAND with instructions to enter findings.    We
11   also find the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in granting
12   relief under § 362(d)(4), when relief under § 362(d)(4)
13   potentially could affect other non-debtor parties, and because
14   the bankruptcy court failed to make any findings on that matter.
15   We VACATE that portion of the order granting relief under
16   § 364(d)(4)and REMAND with instructions to enter findings.
17                    I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
18   A.   Prepetition events.
19        First Yorkshire is a Delaware corporation formed for the
20   sole purpose of acquiring and thereafter selling interests in
21   real property.    Since its inception, First Yorkshire obtained an
22   interest in three separate parcels of real property in Southern
23   California.   This encumbered real property is located on Tryon
24   Road in Los Angeles, California (the “Real Property”).
25
26        1
             Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section and rule
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
27   to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.
     The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure will be referred to as
28   “FRCP.”
                                     - 2 -
 1        On January 22, 2009, non-debtor borrower Alejandro Elias
 2   Weissmann (“Weissmann”) obtained a purchase money loan in the
 3   amount of $1.32 million from East West Bank to purchase the Real
 4   Property.   In exchange for the loan, Weissmann executed a note
 5   and a first deed of trust in favor of East West Bank.   On January
 6   26, 2009, Weissmann executed a grant deed gifting the Real
 7   Property to Serron Investments, Inc. (“Serron”), which took the
 8   Real Property subject to the note and East West Bank’s first deed
 9   of trust.   East West Bank’s first deed of trust was recorded in
10   Los Angeles County on January 30, 2009.   Weissmann’s grant deed
11   to Serron was recorded in Los Angeles County on September 22,
12   2009.
13        On April 9, 2010, Serron executed two more deeds of trust on
14   the Real Property: a second deed of trust in favor of First
15   Yorkshire (“FY’s Lien Interest”)in the amount of $265,000, and a
16   third deed of trust in favor of Durham Development, Inc. in the
17   amount of $245,000.    The second and third deeds of trust were
18   recorded in Los Angeles County several months later on November
19   30, 2010.   Meanwhile, on September 15, 2010, East West Bank
20   assigned its interest in the note and first deed of trust to
21   Pacifica.   The Assignment of Deed of Trust was recorded in Los
22   Angeles County on September 22, 2010.
23        On December 22, 2010, Serron executed a grant deed granting
24   back to Weissmann a 25% interest in the Real Property, thereby
25   making them co-owners.   First Yorkshire filed a chapter 11
26   petition for relief on December 23, 2010, just 23 days after
27   recording its FY’s Lien Interest.
28

                                    - 3 -
 1   B.   Pacifica’s motion for relief from stay.2
 2        FY’s Lien Interest on the Real Property is listed in
 3   Schedule A.   On January 31, 2011, Pacifica moved for relief from
 4   stay under § 362(d)(1), (d)(2)(A) and (B), and (d)(4) (the “Stay
 5   Relief Motion”).    To support its motion, Pacifica offered the
 6   note, the deeds of trust, the assignment, a declaration from a
 7   real estate broker opining on the Real Property’s fair market
 8   value, and a declaration from Manoj Chawla (“Chawla”), Pacifica’s
 9   general manager.
10        According to Pacifica, a Notice of Default had been recorded
11   on the Real Property on August 23, 2010, a Notice of Sale had
12   been recorded on November 30, 2010, and a foreclosure sale was
13   scheduled for February 28, 2011.    As of January 19, 2011, the
14   total debt owed to Pacifica on the Real Property was
15   $1,386,326.40.     First Yorkshire was owed at least $265,000.
16   Based solely on an exterior inspection conducted on January 14,
17   2011, Pacifica’s real estate broker valued the Real Property at
18   $1.5 million.    Assuming estimated costs of sale at $120,000,
19   Pacifica asserted that the debt on the Real Property exceeded its
20   interest, thus leaving no “equity” in the Real Property for FY’s
21   Lien Interest.
22        Pacifica further contended that the transfer or issuance of
23   the grant deed from Weissmann to Serron (and then partially back
24
25        2
             Pacifica moved for relief from stay in First Yorkshire’s
     bankruptcy because FY’s Lien Interest in the Real Property (and
26   the rights contained therein) is considered property of the
     estate, which would invoke the stay under § 362(a). See First
27   Fed. Bank of Cal. v. Cogar (In re Cogar), 210 B.R. 803, 809 (9th
     Cir. BAP 1997)(property is defined broadly under § 541 and
28   includes liens held by the debtor on property of a third party).
                                     - 4 -
 1   to Weissmann), and the issuance of junior trust deeds by Serron
 2   to First Yorkshire and Durham Development, Inc., manifested acts
 3   of fraud and bad faith supporting the extraordinary relief
 4   allowed under § 362(d)(4).   Pacifica asserted in an affidavit
 5   attached in support of its Stay Relief Motion that “it appear[ed]
 6   [First Yorkshire] and other parties claiming fractional interests
 7   in the [P]roperty [were] preparing a series of [bankruptcy]
 8   filings based on these recent transfers of interest.”
 9        First Yorkshire’s opposition to the Stay Relief Motion
10   included a declaration from its principal, Oscar Broederlow
11   (“Broederlow”), and a certified appraisal valuing the Real
12   Property at $2 million.   First Yorkshire argued that Pacifica’s
13   claim under § 362(d)(1) failed because Pacifica made no clear
14   argument as to why it was not adequately protected, and lack of
15   payments did not automatically entitle it to relief from stay.
16   In any event, First Yorkshire offered to pay Pacifica 5%
17   interest-only payments on Pacifica’s loan as a good faith
18   adequate protection payment.3
19        First Yorkshire contended that Pacifica’s claim under
20   § 362(d)(2)(A) and (B) also failed because, based on the Real
21   Property’s value of $2 million, First Yorkshire had equity in the
22   Real Property and, according to Broederlow, the Real Property was
23   “an essential piece of an effective reorganization that [was] in
24   prospect.”
25        Finally, First Yorkshire rejected Pacifica’s allegations of
26
27        3
             Because the bankruptcy court did not grant Pacifica
     relief under § 362(d)(1), we need not address that issue any
28   further.
                                     - 5 -
 1   fraud and bad faith under § 362(d)(4).    First Yorkshire asserted
 2   that it did not promptly record its second deed of trust only
 3   because the Real Property owners were in continuous negotiations
 4   with East West Bank for a loan modification, and a recorded
 5   second deed of trust could have been detrimental to that process.
 6   First Yorkshire further asserted that the Real Property owners
 7   were negotiating with potential buyers and hoped to secure an
 8   offer that would pay off in full the debt to Pacifica and First
 9   Yorkshire.
10        In its tentative ruling dated March 1, 2011, the bankruptcy
11   court expressed its inclination to grant the Stay Relief Motion
12   under § 362(d)(2) because “this debtor has no equity in the
13   [Real] [P]roperty and this debtor has not demonstrated that the
14   [Real] [P]roperty is necessary for this debtor’s reorganization.”
15    (Emphasis in original).    The court was also inclined to grant
16   relief under § 362(d)(4), but the tentative ruling did not
17   articulate the basis for that inclination.
18        The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Stay Relief
19   Motion on March 2, 2011.    Both parties were given the opportunity
20   to argue their positions.    First Yorkshire asserted that its note
21   and second deed of trust were property of the estate, and that it
22   had equity in the Real Property based on its valuation of $2
23   million.   Pacifica contended that no equity could exist for First
24   Yorkshire because it did not have an ownership interest in the
25   Real Property.   Pacifica also asserted what it believed were
26   facts supporting its claim under § 362(d)(4).    First Yorkshire
27   rejected Pacifica’s § 362(d)(4) claim, contending that none of
28   the underlying actions by the Real Property owners or First

                                     - 6 -
 1   Yorkshire were unlawful, nor did they support such a claim.
 2   First Yorkshire further noted that its Schedule A disclosed a
 3   security interest in a second property, as well as a fee interest
 4   in a third.
 5        After hearing argument from the parties, the bankruptcy
 6   court granted the Stay Relief Motion under § 362(d)(2) for the
 7   reasons stated in its tentative ruling, but it declined to grant
 8   relief under § 362(d)(4).    In seeking clarification of the
 9   ruling, counsel for First Yorkshire inquired:
10        COUNSEL:   All right.   And so no 362(d)(4)?
11        COURT: But no 362(d)(4) relief.    Otherwise, my tentative
          stands.
12
13   Hr’g Tr. 9:13-15, Mar. 2, 2011.    The court instructed Pacifica’s
14   counsel to prepare the order.    Hr’g Tr. 9:19-20.
15        Shortly thereafter, Pacifica lodged its proposed order
16   granting the Stay Relief Motion under § 362(d)(2).    First
17   Yorkshire thereafter objected to Pacifica’s lodged order and
18   submitted its own proposed order.    Two weeks later, on March 28,
19   2011, the bankruptcy court entered its own order granting the
20   Stay Relief Motion under both § 362(d)(2) and (d)(4) (the “Stay
21   Relief Order”).   The top portion of the order read: “CHANGES MADE
22   BY COURT.”    First Yorkshire timely appealed the Stay Relief Order
23   on April 1, 2011.4
24
          4
             On October 3, 2011, First Yorkshire filed an emergency
25   motion for stay pending appeal due to an October 4 foreclosure
     sale of the Real Property. The Panel entered an order on October
26   4, 2011, granting the stay to maintain the status quo on appeal,
     which will remain in effect until entry of our written
27   disposition. The stay will be vacated by separate order
     effective upon the date the mandate is issued to the bankruptcy
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     - 7 -
 1                            II. JURISDICTION
 2        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 3   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(G).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 4   § 158.
 5                                III. ISSUES
 6   1.   Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in granting
 7   the Stay Relief Motion under § 362(d)(2)?
 8   2.   Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in granting
 9   the Stay Relief Motion under § 362(d)(4)?
10                         IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
11        We review a bankruptcy court’s order granting relief from
12   the automatic stay for an abuse of discretion.     Arneson v.
13   Farmers Ins. Exch. (In re Arneson), 282 B.R. 883, 887 (9th Cir.
14   BAP 2002).   To determine whether the bankruptcy court abused its
15   discretion, we conduct a two-step inquiry: (1) we review de novo
16   whether the bankruptcy court “identified the correct legal rule
17   to apply to the relief requested” and (2) if it did, whether the
18   bankruptcy court's application of the legal standard was
19   illogical, implausible or “without support in inferences that may
20   be drawn from the facts in the record.”     United States v.
21   Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1261-62 (9th Cir. 2009)(en banc).
22                               V. DISCUSSION
23   A.   The bankruptcy court abused its discretion when it granted
          the Stay Relief Motion under § 362(d)(2).
24
          Equity, for purposes of § 362(d)(2)(A), is the difference
25
26        4
           (...continued)
     court; however, given that the Panel is vacating and remanding
27   for further findings and for conducting other matters in
     accordance with our opinion, the automatic stay under § 362 will
28   remain in effect.
                                     - 8 -
 1   between the value of the property and all encumbrances on it.
 2   Sun Valley Newspapers, Inc. v. Sun World Corp. (In re Sun Valley
 3   Newspapers, Inc.),171 B.R. 71, 75 (9th Cir. BAP 1994)(citing
 4   Stewart v. Gurley, 745 F.2d 1194, 1196 (9th Cir. 1984)).    “The
 5   concept of ‘equity’ in property is based on the premise that the
 6   property itself has some economic value to its owner.”     Scripps
 7   GSB I, LLC, v A Partners, LLC (In re A Partners, LLC), 344 B.R.
 8   114, 121 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2006)(emphasis added).   Such
 9   conclusion is further supported by the definition of equity:    “An
10   ownership interest” determined by “the amount by which the value
11   of or an interest in property exceeds secured claims or liens.”
12   Black’s Law Dictionary 560 (7th ed. 1999).
13        No doubt exists, however, that FY’s Lien Interest on a third
14   party’s real property constitutes property of First Yorkshire’s
15   bankruptcy estate under § 541.    First Fed. Bank of Cal. v. Cogar
16   (In re Cogar), 210 B.R. 803, 809 (9th Cir. BAP 1997)(property is
17   defined broadly under § 541 and includes a lien held by the
18   debtor on property of a third party; however, such lien does not
19   allow debtor to restructure the terms of a priority lien held by
20   a creditor of the third party).
21        First Yorkshire contends the bankruptcy court erred in
22   granting relief under § 362(d)(2) because, based on a valuation
23   of the Real Property at $2 million and the prospect of a sale, it
24   was clear that First Yorkshire had equity in the Real Property,
25   and that its secured lien had value, thus proving its necessity
26   for an effective reorganization.    The bankruptcy court issued no
27   findings as to what value it considered in granting the Stay
28   Relief Motion.   We can not decipher from the record what

                                      - 9 -
 1   methodology was used in determining value and consequently equity
 2   or the lack of equity in FY’s Lien Interest.    Did the bankruptcy
 3   court use Pacifica’s proffered value of $1,500,000 or First
 4   Yorkshire’s value of $2,000,000, or some other value?    What costs
 5   or expenses of sale may have decreased the value remaining to
 6   secure the several liens on the property?    Other alternative
 7   valuations may also be available to determine the value of FY’s
 8   Lien Interest, such as soliciting opinions from mortgage brokers
 9   as to the value of FY’s Lien Interest depending on whether it is
10   secured or unsecured.   Other factors may also impact value such
11   as statutory rights of the lien holder, i.e., the right to
12   collect rents on default; the right to foreclose on default; the
13   right to receive notice of the default in a senior lien; the
14   right to purchase the property at a foreclosure sale; the right
15   to redeem; the right to take title to the property in lieu of
16   foreclosure with the consent of the owners; and the right to cure
17   defaults owed to senior creditors.     See Cal. Civ. Code §§ 2924,
18   2927.
19        Section 362(d)(2) requires the bankruptcy court, on request
20   of a party in interest, to grant relief from the automatic stay
21   when debtor has no equity in the property, and the property is
22   not necessary to debtor’s effective reorganization.    Pursuant to
23   § 362(g), the moving party has the burden of proof on the issue
24   of debtor’s equity; the debtor has the burden of proof on all
25   other issues.   Pacifica had the burden to establish that First
26   Yorkshire did not have equity in FY’s Lien Interest, and as
27   noted, we are unable to determine what value the bankruptcy court
28   used in determining the lack of equity.

                                   - 10 -
 1        First Yorkshire contends on appeal that it provided evidence
 2   of its financial ability to exert its rights as a junior lien
 3   holder to either redeem or reinstate the loan.    This issue was
 4   never specifically raised before the bankruptcy court.    We
 5   generally will not consider issues raised for the first time on
 6   appeal.   United States v. Pimentel-Flores, 339 F.3d 959, 967 (9th
 7   Cir. 2003) and will not do so here.    Such assertions by First
 8   Yorkshire were unnecessary as Pacifica failed to carry its burden
 9   in clearly establishing that First Yorkshire did not have equity
10   in FY’s Lien Interest.   The requirements of § 362(d)(2) are
11   conjunctive and with Pacifica failing to carry its burden, First
12   Yorkshire was not required to go forward on whether FY’s Lien
13   Interest was necessary to an effective reorganization.    See In re
14   A Partners, LLC, 344 B.R. at 126 (If debtor has no equity in
15   property then debtor must establish that property is necessary to
16   an effective reorganization.).
17        The Stay Relief Motion is a contested motion under Rule 9014
18   and is subject to FRCP 52(a), which requires the bankruptcy court
19   to find the facts specifically and state its conclusions of law
20   separately.   In the absence of complete findings, we may vacate a
21   judgment and remand the case to the bankruptcy court to make the
22   required findings.   See United States. v. Ameline, 409 F.3d 1073
23   (9th Cir. 2005).
24        Accordingly, the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by
25   failing to make findings establishing value and determining that
26   First Yorkshire did not have equity in FY’s Lien Interest.     We
27   VACATE and REMAND for further proceedings in accordance with this
28   decision.

                                   - 11 -
 1   B.   The bankruptcy court abused its discretion when in granted
          the Stay Relief Motion under § 362(d)(4).
 2
          The special relief afforded creditors in § 362(d)(4)5 was
 3
     added in 2005 under BAPCPA.   It permits the bankruptcy court to
 4
     grant in rem relief from the automatic stay in order to address
 5
     schemes using bankruptcy to thwart legitimate foreclosure efforts
 6
     through one or more transfers of interest in real property.      If
 7
     the court’s order granting relief under § 362(d)(4) is recorded
 8
     in compliance with applicable state law, it is binding in any
 9
     other bankruptcy case filed in the next two years purporting to
10
     affect the same real property.    See § 362(d)(4), § 362(b)(20).
11
          To obtain relief under § 362(d)(4), the court must find
12
     three elements to be present.    First, debtor’s bankruptcy filing
13
     must have been part of a scheme.    Second, the object of the
14
15        5
              Until December 22, 2010, § 362(d)(4) read as follows:
16   (d) On request of a party in interest and after notice and a
     hearing, the court shall grant relief from the stay . . . such as
17   by terminating, annulling, modifying, or conditioning such stay--
18        (4)with respect to a stay of an act against real property
          under subsection (a), by a creditor whose claim is secured
19        by an interest in such real property, if the court finds
          that the filing of the petition was part of a scheme to
20        delay, hinder, and defraud creditors that involved either--
               (A) transfer of all or part ownership of, or other
21             interest in, such real property without the consent of
               the secured creditor or court approval; or
22             (B) multiple bankruptcy filings affecting such real
               property (emphasis added).
23
     The revised statute, as amended by the Bankruptcy Technical
24   Corrections Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-327, 124 Stat. 3557
     (2010) (effective December 22, 2010) eliminated the conjunctive
25   “and” in paragraph (4) and replaced it with the disjunctive “or.”
     Therefore, the party seeking relief from stay under § 362(d)(4)
26   must show only a scheme by debtor to delay, hinder, or defraud,
     just as in § 727(a)(2).
27        In the stay Relief Order entered on March 28, 2011, the
     bankruptcy court erroneously applied the older version of
28   paragraph (4). Upon remand, it should apply the amended statute.
                                     - 12 -
 1   scheme must be to delay, hinder, or defraud creditors.   Third,
 2   the scheme must involve either (a) the transfer of some interest
 3   in the real property without the secured creditor’s consent or
 4   court approval, or (b) multiple bankruptcy filings affecting the
 5   property.6   For the court to grant relief under § 362(d)(4), and
 6   thus trigger two years of prospective relief as to the subject
 7   real property, it must affirmatively find that the three elements
 8   above are present.   In re Abdul Muhaimin, 343 B.R. at 169 (“The
 9   precise language is: ‘if the court finds . . . .’   For the court
10   to make such an affirmative finding, it must have proof of the
11   elements required to justify such relief.”).
12         As recognized by the bankruptcy court in In re Abdul
13   Muhaimin, relief under § 362(d)(4) has serious implications.    By
14   seeking relief under § 362(d)(4), the creditor requests specific
15   prospective protection against not only the debtor, but also
16   every non-debtor, co-owner, and subsequent owner of the property.
17   Id.   If granted, such relief nullifies the ability of the debtor
18   and any other third party with an interest in the property to
19   obtain the benefits of the automatic stay in future bankruptcy
20   cases for a period of two years.   Id.
21         First Yorkshire contends that the bankruptcy court violated
22   its due process rights when it entered relief under § 362(d)(4)
23   despite stating at the hearing that such relief was not justified
24
25         6
             As noted by one bankruptcy court, § 362(g) would appear
     to put the burden of proof of these elements on the debtor as the
26   opposing party. In re Abdul Muhaimin, 343 B.R. 159, 169 (Bankr.
     D. Md. 2006). However, the court concluded that such a result is
27   nonsensical. We agree. In any event, Pacifica has never
     contended that it did not have the burden of proof on this issue.
28

                                   - 13 -
 1   on the record.   While we disagree that First Yorkshire was denied
 2   due process since it had ample opportunity to defend the Stay
 3   Relief Motion, we do note that the Stay Relief Order contains no
 4   findings whatsoever establishing why Pacifica was entitled to
 5   such relief.   Because the Stay Relief Motion is a contested
 6   matter under Rule 9014 it is subject to FRCP 52(a), which
 7   requires the bankruptcy court to find the facts specifically and
 8   state its conclusions of law separately.
 9        In the absence of complete findings, we may vacate a
10   judgment and remand the case to the bankruptcy court to make the
11   required findings.   See United States. v. Ameline, 409 F.3d 1073
12   (9th Cir. 2005).   We note that a bankruptcy court’s failure to
13   make factual findings as required by FRCP 52(a) does not require
14   reversal and remand unless a full understanding of the issues
15   under review is not possible without aid of the findings.    See
16   Simeonoff v. Hiner, 249 F.3d 883, 891 (9th Cir. 2001).     Here, it
17   is not clear without further findings from the bankruptcy court
18   that Pacifica carried its burden of proof on all of the elements
19   for relief from stay under § 362(d)(4).     Findings are
20   particularly important here because of the in rem nature of the
21   Stay Relief Order and the detrimental effect it has on parties
22   besides First Yorkshire.
23        Accordingly, we VACATE the portion of the Stay Relief Order
24   granting relief under § 362(d)(4) and REMAND with instructions
25   that the bankruptcy court make the required findings supporting
26   such relief.
27                              VI. CONCLUSION
28        For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the order granting the

                                    - 14 -
 1   Stay Relief Order under § 362(d)(2) and granting relief under
 2   § 362(d)(4) and REMAND these matters to the bankruptcy court to
 3   enter findings and to conduct other matters in accordance with
 4   our opinion.
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                                  - 15 -


You've heard the comments. “He reminds me of your ex-boyfriend.” “Do you remember when your last girlfriend did that?” And then there's the catch-all bit of advice poorly masquerading as a question from concerned friends and family: “Are you sure you are ready to risk another heartbreak?”

Wouldn't it be nice if we could approach each new relationship as if it were the first? No preconceived notions, doubts, or attitudes? Research reveals how understanding our tendency to drag our past into our future may help us understand and improve our attitude towards new romance.

Checking Your Bags

Source: Image by GimpWorkshop from Pixabay

New relationships are filled with enjoyment and anticipation. They are experienced as both fulfilling and thrilling, as prospective paramours become acquainted.

As fulfilling as they are, however, come with baggage. You bring a few; so does your partner. What´s in the bags? Emotional residue from past relationships. Adventure, excitement, disappointment, and heartbreak. Some bags are carry-ons—stemming from casual, brief relationships. Some are oversized suitcases, representing serious, long-term unions that involved cohabitation, , and children.

Although logically we recognize the psychology involved, in the heat of passion, filled with , we can downplay the significance of our romantic history. After all, everyone has a past; we live in the present. But research indicates that past relationships do indeed impact current ones.

The Art of Unpacking

Dean M. Busby et al. (2019) explored the impact of past relationships on current relationship functioning.[i] They define a romantic relationship as “an exclusive relationship where individuals share feelings and expressions of love and affection.”

They sampled 4,264 individuals who were in a serious relationship—either exclusively a partner, engaged, or married. The sample was 37% male and 63% female, ranging in age from 18 to 79 years, with a mean age of 31.

Their study explored the existing impact of three types of prior relationships: sexual relationships, romantic relationships, and cohabiting relationships. The results? They found that all three types of prior relationships had a significant negative, shared influence on current relationships in terms of commitment, attitudes, sexual satisfaction, and stability.

Interestingly, Busby et al. noted that beyond shared influence, prior sexual and cohabiting relationships had a unique negative impact on the stability of present relationships. These effects were similar for both men and women.

Baggage Claim: Owning and Learning from the Past

Most people will describe at least one of their last relationships as a learning experience. Whether they learned more about what they are looking for in a partner, what type of lifestyle they prefer—as opposed to what they can tolerate, and whether it was a good idea to get involved with a single parent raising five young children.

But do failed relationships generally help or hurt subsequent relationships? Do we “live and learn?” Busby et al., commenting on their research findings, noted that on average, “the positive lessons that are learned from previous relationship experiences are likely being overwhelmed by the negative carryover, especially in regard to relationship attitudes and relationship stability.”

Busby et al. note that prior research shows that past relational difficulties or breakups can negatively impact future romantic relationships. They also suggest that multiple past relational difficulties may cause prospective partners to take a more cautious approach to future relationships. In some cases, as many people have experienced in their own relationships, some people may carry negative emotions into a new relationship, particularly when they are still recovering emotionally from ending a previous long-term relationship.

Traveling Toward a Happy Ending: Lightening Your Load

But there is hope. The question is how to ensure that past relational baggage is discarded or stored safely out of sight in a current relationship. Busby et al. suggest several ways to accomplish this.

They recommend that young people should be informed about the consequences of casual relationships, including the fact that having numerous partners does not always bode well for long-term relational success. They also note the value of couples taking the time to discuss and realistically evaluate the impact of prior relationships.

In addition, they note that professionals may be able to successfully enhance current relationships by helping couples identify negative relational expectations and develop strategies for success.

The bottom line is that everyone has a relational past, but that past does not have to define our future. Understanding how and why emotional baggage colors our approach and attitude towards new relationships can inspire us to travel lighter.


18 Comments

HEH - hard to believe that they asked one of their own to step down for going to far. WOW these guys must be running scared of the possibility of the coming wrath of the public for their BullShit in office.

Their prejudicial accusations and slurs reveal that tired, old & ugly GOP nature ~ dirty, costly and obsolete, racism. With RepubliCon loss after electoral loss, their beloved bigotry & racism are luxuries they just can't afford... at the moment... openly. Denial and scapegoating are Con expediency de rigueur.

That people like you don't give a damn about anything or anyone. For people like you, it's a power grab and as long as you think that you get a piece of the pie-it doesn't matter who is harmed in the process.


:github_url: hide

.. Generated automatically by doc/tools/makerst.py in Godot's source tree.
.. DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE, but the EditorSettings.xml source instead.
.. The source is found in doc/classes or modules/<name>/doc_classes.

.. _class_EditorSettings:

EditorSettings
==============

**Inherits:** :ref:`Resource<class_Resource>` **<** :ref:`Reference<class_Reference>` **<** :ref:`Object<class_Object>`

Object that holds the project-independent editor settings.

Description
-----------

Object that holds the project-independent editor settings. These settings are generally visible in the **Editor > Editor Settings** menu.

Accessing the settings is done by using the regular :ref:`Object<class_Object>` API, such as:

::

    settings.set(prop,value)
    settings.get(prop)
    list_of_settings = settings.get_property_list()

Methods
-------

+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| void                                              | :ref:`add_property_info<class_EditorSettings_method_add_property_info>` **(** :ref:`Dictionary<class_Dictionary>` info **)**                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| void                                              | :ref:`erase<class_EditorSettings_method_erase>` **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` property **)**                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`PackedStringArray<class_PackedStringArray>` | :ref:`get_favorites<class_EditorSettings_method_get_favorites>` **(** **)** const                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>`                     | :ref:`get_project_metadata<class_EditorSettings_method_get_project_metadata>` **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` section, :ref:`String<class_String>` key, :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` default=null **)** const |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`String<class_String>`                       | :ref:`get_project_settings_dir<class_EditorSettings_method_get_project_settings_dir>` **(** **)** const                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`PackedStringArray<class_PackedStringArray>` | :ref:`get_recent_dirs<class_EditorSettings_method_get_recent_dirs>` **(** **)** const                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>`                     | :ref:`get_setting<class_EditorSettings_method_get_setting>` **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name **)** const                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`String<class_String>`                       | :ref:`get_settings_dir<class_EditorSettings_method_get_settings_dir>` **(** **)** const                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`bool<class_bool>`                           | :ref:`has_setting<class_EditorSettings_method_has_setting>` **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name **)** const                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`bool<class_bool>`                           | :ref:`property_can_revert<class_EditorSettings_method_property_can_revert>` **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name **)**                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>`                     | :ref:`property_get_revert<class_EditorSettings_method_property_get_revert>` **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name **)**                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| void                                              | :ref:`set_favorites<class_EditorSettings_method_set_favorites>` **(** :ref:`PackedStringArray<class_PackedStringArray>` dirs **)**                                                                               |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| void                                              | :ref:`set_initial_value<class_EditorSettings_method_set_initial_value>` **(** :ref:`StringName<class_StringName>` name, :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` value, :ref:`bool<class_bool>` update_current **)**        |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| void                                              | :ref:`set_project_metadata<class_EditorSettings_method_set_project_metadata>` **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` section, :ref:`String<class_String>` key, :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` data **)**               |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| void                                              | :ref:`set_recent_dirs<class_EditorSettings_method_set_recent_dirs>` **(** :ref:`PackedStringArray<class_PackedStringArray>` dirs **)**                                                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| void                                              | :ref:`set_setting<class_EditorSettings_method_set_setting>` **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name, :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` value **)**                                                                    |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Signals
-------

.. _class_EditorSettings_signal_settings_changed:

- **settings_changed** **(** **)**

Emitted when editor settings change.

Constants
---------

.. _class_EditorSettings_constant_NOTIFICATION_EDITOR_SETTINGS_CHANGED:

- **NOTIFICATION_EDITOR_SETTINGS_CHANGED** = **10000** --- Emitted when editor settings change. It used by various editor plugins to update their visuals on theme changes or logic on configuration changes.

Method Descriptions
-------------------

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_add_property_info:

- void **add_property_info** **(** :ref:`Dictionary<class_Dictionary>` info **)**

Adds a custom property info to a property. The dictionary must contain:

- ``name``: :ref:`String<class_String>` (the name of the property)

- ``type``: :ref:`int<class_int>` (see :ref:`Variant.Type<enum_@GlobalScope_Variant.Type>`)

- optionally ``hint``: :ref:`int<class_int>` (see :ref:`PropertyHint<enum_@GlobalScope_PropertyHint>`) and ``hint_string``: :ref:`String<class_String>`

**Example:**

::

    editor_settings.set("category/property_name", 0)

    var property_info = {
        "name": "category/property_name",
        "type": TYPE_INT,
        "hint": PROPERTY_HINT_ENUM,
        "hint_string": "one,two,three"
    }

    editor_settings.add_property_info(property_info)

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_erase:

- void **erase** **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` property **)**

Erase a given setting (pass full property path).

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_get_favorites:

- :ref:`PackedStringArray<class_PackedStringArray>` **get_favorites** **(** **)** const

Gets the list of favorite files and directories for this project.

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_get_project_metadata:

- :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` **get_project_metadata** **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` section, :ref:`String<class_String>` key, :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` default=null **)** const

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_get_project_settings_dir:

- :ref:`String<class_String>` **get_project_settings_dir** **(** **)** const

Gets the specific project settings path. Projects all have a unique sub-directory inside the settings path where project specific settings are saved.

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_get_recent_dirs:

- :ref:`PackedStringArray<class_PackedStringArray>` **get_recent_dirs** **(** **)** const

Gets the list of recently visited folders in the file dialog for this project.

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_get_setting:

- :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` **get_setting** **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name **)** const

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_get_settings_dir:

- :ref:`String<class_String>` **get_settings_dir** **(** **)** const

Gets the global settings path for the engine. Inside this path, you can find some standard paths such as:

``settings/tmp`` - Used for temporary storage of files

``settings/templates`` - Where export templates are located

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_has_setting:

- :ref:`bool<class_bool>` **has_setting** **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name **)** const

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_property_can_revert:

- :ref:`bool<class_bool>` **property_can_revert** **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name **)**

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_property_get_revert:

- :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` **property_get_revert** **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name **)**

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_set_favorites:

- void **set_favorites** **(** :ref:`PackedStringArray<class_PackedStringArray>` dirs **)**

Sets the list of favorite files and directories for this project.

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_set_initial_value:

- void **set_initial_value** **(** :ref:`StringName<class_StringName>` name, :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` value, :ref:`bool<class_bool>` update_current **)**

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_set_project_metadata:

- void **set_project_metadata** **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` section, :ref:`String<class_String>` key, :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` data **)**

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_set_recent_dirs:

- void **set_recent_dirs** **(** :ref:`PackedStringArray<class_PackedStringArray>` dirs **)**

Sets the list of recently visited folders in the file dialog for this project.

----

.. _class_EditorSettings_method_set_setting:

- void **set_setting** **(** :ref:`String<class_String>` name, :ref:`Variant<class_Variant>` value **)**


SU Falls to Fourth

2 years ago

After three weeks at the top, the Syracuse Orange are now down to 4th in the latest AP poll, following a nightmare week which featured an embarrassing home loss to Boston College and a controversial road loss to Duke.

SU became the first No. 1 team to lose two games in the same week since Texas in January 2010, but their 25-2 overall record keeps them in the top 5 for the 13th straight week.

Florida, Wichita State, and Arizona are the three teams ahead of the Cuse, and they all receive first place votes. Despite beating SU on Saturday, a loss to rival North Carolina earlier in the week keeps Duke behind the Orange at #6.

Another tough week for the Cuse begins right away, with a game at Maryland tonight at 7 on ESPN. And 12th-ranked Virginia awaits SU on Saturday.


{ stdenv, fetchurl, cmake, bash, unzip, glibc, openssl, gcc, libGLU, libGL, freetype, xorg, alsaLib, cairo, libuuid, makeWrapper, ... }:

{ name, src, ... }:

stdenv.mkDerivation rec {

  inherit name src;

  pharo-share = import ./share.nix { inherit stdenv fetchurl unzip; };

  hardeningDisable = [ "format" "pic" ];

  # Building
  preConfigure = ''
    cd build/
  '';

  installPhase = ''
    mkdir -p "$prefix/lib/$name"

    cd ../../results

    mv vm-display-null vm-display-null.so
    mv vm-display-X11 vm-display-X11.so
    mv vm-sound-null vm-sound-null.so
    mv vm-sound-ALSA vm-sound-ALSA.so
    mv pharo pharo-vm

    cp * "$prefix/lib/$name"

    mkdir $prefix/bin

    chmod u+w $prefix/bin
    cat > $prefix/bin/pharo-cog <<EOF
    #!${bash}/bin/bash
    # disable parameter expansion to forward all arguments unprocessed to the VM
    set -f
    exec $prefix/lib/$name/pharo-vm "\$@"
    EOF

    chmod +x $prefix/bin/pharo-cog

    # Add cairo library to the library path.
    wrapProgram $prefix/bin/pharo-cog --prefix LD_LIBRARY_PATH : ${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}

    ln -s "${pharo-share}/lib/"*.sources $prefix/lib/$name
  '';

  LD_LIBRARY_PATH = stdenv.lib.makeLibraryPath [ cairo libGLU libGL freetype openssl libuuid alsaLib xorg.libICE xorg.libSM ];
  nativeBuildInputs = [ unzip cmake gcc makeWrapper ];
  buildInputs = [ bash glibc openssl libGLU libGL freetype xorg.libX11 xorg.libICE xorg.libSM alsaLib cairo pharo-share ];

  meta = {
    description = "Clean and innovative Smalltalk-inspired environment";
    longDescription = ''
      Pharo's goal is to deliver a clean, innovative, free open-source
      Smalltalk-inspired environment. By providing a stable and small core
      system, excellent dev tools, and maintained releases, Pharo is an
      attractive platform to build and deploy mission critical applications.

      This package provides the executable VM. You should probably not care
      about this package (which represents a packaging detail) and have a
      look at the pharo-vm-core package instead.

      Please fill bug reports on http://bugs.pharo.org under the 'Ubuntu
      packaging (ppa:pharo/stable)' project.
    '';
    homepage = "http://pharo.org";
    license = stdenv.lib.licenses.mit;
    maintainers = [ stdenv.lib.maintainers.lukego ];
    # Pharo VM sources are packaged separately for darwin (OS X)
    platforms = stdenv.lib.filter
      (system: with stdenv.lib.systems.elaborate { inherit system; };
         isUnix && !isDarwin)
      stdenv.lib.platforms.mesaPlatforms;
  };
}


Q:

Jquery OnChange Won't work at all

I am trying to trigger an onchange on a select box, to show the value that has been selected as an alert.
My current select box code is as follows:

  <input class="value-holder" type="text" disabled="disabled" placeholder="Select a Location">

Advertising

Airport

Cars

Education

Entertainment

Garden

Airport

Cars

Education

Entertainment

Garden

Airport

Cars

<select name="Select_Location" data-placeholder="Select a Location">
   <option>Select Category</option>
          <option value="1">Advertising</option>
          <option value="2">Airport</option>
          <option value="3">Cars</option>
          <option value="4">Education</option>
          <option value="5">Entertainment</option>
          <option value="6">Garden</option>
          <option value="2">Airport</option>
          <option value="3">Cars</option>
          <option value="4">Education</option>
          <option value="5">Entertainment</option>
          <option value="6">Garden</option>
          <option value="2">Airport</option>
          <option value="3">Cars</option>
        </select>

My current jquery script is as follows:

I can't see where I am going wrong, or what I am doing wrong here. The above Jquery code is just one of many iterations I've tried without success.
If someone can figure this out for me - I would be eternally grateful.
Thanks in advance.
p.s - if you would like to see an example - I can provide a URL.

A:

You need to wrap your code in document-ready handler.

A page can't be manipulated safely until the document is "ready." jQuery detects this state of readiness for you. Code included inside $( document ).ready() will only run once the page Document Object Model (DOM) is ready for JavaScript code to execute.

Example
$(document).ready(function() {
    //Your code
});

$(document).ready(function() {
  //Your code
  $('select').on('change', function() {
    alert(this.value);
  })
});

<select name="Select_Location" data-placeholder="Select a Location">
  <option>Select Category</option>
  <option value="1">Advertising</option>
  <option value="2">Airport</option>
  <option value="3">Cars</option>
  <option value="4">Education</option>
  <option value="5">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="6">Garden</option>
  <option value="2">Airport</option>
  <option value="3">Cars</option>
  <option value="4">Education</option>
  <option value="5">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="6">Garden</option>
  <option value="2">Airport</option>
  <option value="3">Cars</option>
</select>

A:

$(document).ready(function(){
    $('select').on('change', function() {
    alert( this.value );
    })
});

  <input class="value-holder" type="text" disabled="disabled" placeholder="Select a Location">

Advertising

Airport

Cars

Education

Entertainment

Garden

Airport

Cars

Education

Entertainment

Garden

Airport

Cars

<select name="Select_Location" data-placeholder="Select a Location">
   <option>Select Category</option>
          <option value="1">Advertising</option>
          <option value="2">Airport</option>
          <option value="3">Cars</option>
          <option value="4">Education</option>
          <option value="5">Entertainment</option>
          <option value="6">Garden</option>
          <option value="2">Airport</option>
          <option value="3">Cars</option>
          <option value="4">Education</option>
          <option value="5">Entertainment</option>
          <option value="6">Garden</option>
          <option value="2">Airport</option>
          <option value="3">Cars</option>
        </select>


Tag Archives: Melchizedek

“Tithing,” or the giving of a tenth-part of what you have to a holy cause, has a long tradition behind it. In the book of Genesis, Abram (Abraham) gave Melchizedek a tithe of everything he had. In both Judaism and Christianity it became a moral obligation to give to charity or in the latter case, to the medieval church, where it became an early form of income tax.

Nowadays, when I note that self-help books advocate “tithing,” not to the Church or any religious institution in particular, but to charity generally, the idea being that by “paying it forward” one may expect future material benefits.

Needless to say, all these people have got the wrong end of the stick – and not least because giving anything to charity in the hope of gaining a reward therefrom is not literally “Charity.”

Man is both a spiritual and a material being. Now Qabalists are always saying that the Bible is allegorical, and in the case of the Abraham / Melchizedek incident, the real allegorical meaning of saying “Abram gave him a tenth part of everything,” is that he gave him a tenth part of all he had both spiritually and materially – in other words, a whole Sephirah! So if one assumes that to be Malkuth, it effectively means that Abraham did not give 10% of his goods to Melchizedek but his entire life on the physical plane.

Therefore, anyone who gives just 10% of his or her income to charity is in fact only giving 1% of all they have – a tenth of a tenth part!

To be honest, I personally do not advocate literally giving away everything that one physically possesses. The real key is to recognise that Charity – Agaph – is not what you give but why you give it, i.e. an inward disposition of your own soul. In this sense, being prepared to put all of your life on the physical plane at the disposal of “Charity” becomes a realistic proposition.


(Adds comment, details and closing figures)
* Canadian dollar at C$1.1394 or 87.77 U.S. cents
* Bond prices mixed across the maturity curve
By Solarina Ho
TORONTO, Dec 2 (Reuters) - The Canadian dollar fell against
the greenback on Tuesday on uncertainty over whether crude oil
prices have bottomed out, with the market also concerned about
how plunging oil might figure into the Bank of Canada's policy
statement on Wednesday.
Canada is a major exporter of crude and its currency has
dropped in recent months as oil prices have dived.
Last week, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries decided not to cut back its production targets, news
that sent oil prices on a volatile ride and left the market
nervous about how low crude prices, already on a five-month
decline, can go.
Prices fell again on Tuesday, hurt by factors including a
deal that will add more Iraqi crude to already oversupplied
markets.
"This market (is) looking for a balance still. Last week's
activity with the thin liquidity brought about by the U.S.
holiday really caught the market a little bit flat-footed," said
Brad Schruder, director of foreign exchange sales at BMO Capital
Markets in Toronto.
"The loonie lost 2 cents in about 48 hours. Yesterday it
recouped about half of that, and now we're almost right back to
where we were mid-afternoon on Friday."
The Canadian dollar finished at C$1.1394 to the
greenback, or 87.77 U.S. cents, weaker than Monday's close of
C$1.1328, or 88.28 U.S. cents.
Analysts said investors were likely positioning themselves
ahead of the Bank of Canada policy statement and interest rate
decision on Wednesday.
"The emerging view is that you've had strong data growth and
inflation numbers, but the plunge in oil prices kind of gives a
bit of an out, if you will, for the (Bank of Canada) governor to
signal some cautiousness," said Mazen Issa, senior Canada macro
strategist at TD Securities, adding that TD believes the central
bank could end up offering a more balanced view than has been
anticipated.
"If they are a little bit more balanced tomorrow than people
may be expecting, then you could see a little bit more of a
stronger CAD against the U.S. dollar."
Canadian government bond prices were mixed across the
maturity curve, with T-bills higher and longer-dated maturities
slipping.
The two-year bond was down 4 Canadian cents, with
a yield of 1.010 percent and the benchmark 10-year bond
was down 51 Canadian cents, yielding 1.955 percent.
(Additional reporting by Leah Schnurr; Editing by Peter
Galloway)