The nature of our business is change, and in our opinion we're on the cusp of another major change.

Update: Part of the team behind the WordPress REST API released a White Paper outlining much of what is said below.

The technology landscape is in constant motion, none more so than web technology: what is favored today can quickly become yesterday's legacy. In our capacity as developers, strategists and Virtual CTOs we keep vigilant for emerging technologies. We watch with intense interest for events which herald future technology directions, not only for services we initiate today, but for the environments in which they may have to operate years from now.

In our opinion, the average web technology project should achieve a minimum of 2 years viability, with an ideal lifespan of 3-5 years. With this in mind, you don't want to be the last company investing in a project built on yesterday's technology.

In their latest release, WordPress has initiated an approach that might signal a huge shift in the technology that powers much of the Internet.

Bellwether events in technology

Something we have found important to look for are those bellwether events when technologies combine and find mainstream adoption. These are easy to recognize in hindsight, yet not always so contemporaneously. They are often a collection of small incremental changes leading to a more significant event when they finally tie together.

For example, the emergence of JavaScript/Ajax as a platform for building browser based applications did not occur until Google released Maps and Gmail. This was a major event in web technology, it led to client-side JavaScript being taken seriously, which begat the JavaScript client-side libraries (JQuery, Prototype, etc.) which in turn brought about the modern web.

The release of Calypso by Automattic (the company behind WordPress) has the potential to be another one of these events. There are reasons this event in particular stands out: The technologies chosen for implementation, the technological history of the company that chose them and the means of release.

So we asked ourselves a big question. What would we build if we were starting from scratch today, knowing all we've learned over the past 13 years of building WordPress? At the beginning of last year, we decided to start experimenting and see.
- Matt Mullenweg / CEO Automattic

PHP & WordPress, the core of the modern web

The PHP language was instrumental in creating the web as we know it today. Before PHP, CGI scripts and languages such as Perl were used to dynamically generate most of the web. Yet now usage of Perl as the server scripting language of choice has fallen below 1%.

Things that started with PHP and started small, like Facebook and WordPress, are giants today. They are still using this technology to power their infrastructure and there is a sense that the traditional use of PHP is holding them back. Facebook has PHP so entrenched that it is redeveloping elements of the PHP toolchain just to keep their massive infrastructure running. It is easier (but still hard) to improve the fundamental tools of PHP than try a wholesale replacement.

Difficult to verify statistics claim PHP powers a large portion of the web today and without a doubt much of that is is via WordPress. WordPress is believed to power something north of 25% of all websites. Much of the rebuttal to any negative outlook for PHP's future uses some version of this statistic. If you are looking at future trends in PHP you must also look at future trends with WordPress.

Facebook has an advantage that their infrastructure is private, how they upgrade it can be run by their own experts in-house. The problems for WordPress are trickier in that they have a large distributed installed userbase of varying technical know-how. Any updates they make must remain somewhat backward compatible for those users. Their challenge is significantly more difficult and how they navigate the necessary changes will be illuminating. What is their plan and how does it reflect on future web technology?

WordPress REST API, accessing the core through other languages

The JSONREST API used in WordPress, currently as a plugin, is being integrated into WordPress core. This will open up a more of less standard interface to WordPress to be utilized by other languages and environments and provide for a more open access standard to core WordPress functionality. This is a vital element in the future direction of WordPress as it allows other systems to be integrated independent of implementation platform. No longer will PHP be an absolute requirement in solutions built around WordPress.

We are very close to the 2.0 release of the plugin (currently in beta). This will be the inclusion of the JSON REST API into WordPress core, slated to happen any day now. Soon PHP will no longer be a required language in order to influence core WordPress operations. This opens up the WordPress developer base to other implementation languages/environments and inversely brings other developers into the ecosystem.

JavaScript has also begun to dominate the area of web tooling: the environments developers use to automate the creation and deployment of websites/applications. In short, JavaScript is starting to appear everywhere and be used for everything.

It is worth noting that the J in JSON specifically refers to JavaScript, and as such it is a naturally better choice to work with something like the WordPress JSON REST API. While usable with almost any programming language environment, JavaScript has taken the lead in interfacing with REST services.

The REST API release is an event leading to the ability to build applications against WordPress without PHP. The opportunity for more modern interfaces is here and already underway. The first major one is released and was developed by Automattic/WordPress themselves: Calypso.

JavaScript + REST API = Calypso, the next Bellwether

The REST API has allowed old to meet new in the just-released administrative application for WordPress: Calypso. As explained in the earlier quote, Calypso is an ultra-modern interface for WordPress administration from the ground up.

It is notable as a major release of a JavaScript application using a forward-facing technology solution stack. These technologies include Node, Express, Babel and React. The JavaScript stack has resulted in a number of improvements to the WordPress administrative interface especially in areas of performance.

Calypso may be the first in a series of incremental upgrades to WordPress which allow for a modern (JavaScript) stack experience.

This is a major leap forward for WordPress. It demonstrates the capabilities of the new REST API to allow for new integrations in different (modern) environments. It likewise may represent a changing of the guard from PHP to a JavaScript stack and encourage other organizations to do the same. JavaScript adoption has been increasing year-over-year, and now WordPress developers previously locked into PHP have a demonstrated path towards JavaScript.

What makes this distinct from other JavaScript/Node based projects is that:

We can see it and how it works. It is open source, most other Node adoptions are made known via description only or as short glimpses of systems built and operating privately in corporate environments. Successful open source projects encourage other projects in the same technologies. There is a lack of examples of large multi-contributor open source Node applications. As one, the Calypso architecture may become a blueprint for other similar solutions.

It is an alternative technology release from a company that is synonymous with and found great success in PHP. This will encourage other companies who may be entrenched with an older technology to also try an migration path with similar technologies.

This is an Automattic team throwing off some of its older paradigms and seeing what they can do with a more modern web development stack. The results are promising thus far.

The Technology Stack of the Future

Calypso is the first of the major WordPress elements to utilize the REST API to migrate away from PHP as the platform language. It is a vote of confidence for the JavaScript solution stack from a company best known for the previous generation of technologies. This is a good indicator that Automattic now has a clear technological upgrade path for WordPress without abandoning the core platform for the sake of backward compatibility.

In our opinion, this move by WordPress could signal a bellwether event for the adoption of JavaScript for applications and a clear indicator that PHP is becoming a legacy platform. We have performed work in a multitude of technologies including PHP and JavaScript for the last 20+ years and are watching closely as the preferred technology stack is shifting to the latter. Strategically if you are thinking about moving into the PHP ecosystem (or are currently entrenched there) it may be time to look at a platform neutral REST API + JavaScript for the future.

Capitalizing on this technology shift

If you are a general WordPress end user, it is a little early to start using these new technologies, they are still being fleshed out and you may expect some growing pains till they are stable. However, if you are a WordPress developer, or your WordPress infrastructure depends on a great degree of customization, you should be starting to look seriously at the REST API as an alternative means to achieve your goals.

This shift towards server-side Javascript could have a cascading effect for your hiring and training strategies; if you don't have high JavaScript competency, indications are that you may need to prioritize it in the near future. If you are planning out a next phase of an implementation against WordPress, using the Calypso model may give you a advantage against the competition if you can harness the advantages of a modern JavaScript stack against the REST API.


'Miracle on the Hudson' passenger speaks at Red Cross fundraiser

Tom Hanks stars as Chesley Sullenberger, the pilot who safely landed his plane in the Hudson River, saving the lives of 155 crew and passengers.

In this Jan. 15, 2009, file photo, airline passengers wait to be rescued on the wings of a US Airways Airbus 320 jetliner that safely ditched in the frigid waters of the Hudson River in New York, after a flock of birds knocked out both its engines.(Photo: Steven Day, AP)

Every day there are unsung heroes who impact the community by giving of themselves, while others are known for courage shown in split-second decisions. Both those types of people were spotlighted Wednesday at the annual Heart of Red Cross Heroes Breakfast held in The Grove at Williamson Place

Former state Rep. John Hood was honored for his many years of community service and Dave Sanderson, a passenger on the plane crash known as “Miracle on the Hudson,” served as keynote speaker.

Buy Photo

Dave Sanderson served as guest speaker Wednesday morning at the Heart of Tennessee Red Cross Heroes Breakfast. Sanderson was key in making sure all passengers exited safely on Flight 1549, the 'Miracle on the Hudson.'(Photo: Jim Davis/For the DNJ)

“It’s my privilege to live and work in this community all my life,” Hood told the crowd of about 300. “I just tried to put back, hopefully, to make this a better place in which to live and work.”

Following Hood’s acceptance speech, Sanderson shared his harrowing story as it unfolded on Jan. 15, 2009, when U.S. Airways Flight 1549 narrowly landed on the Hudson River between New York City and New Jersey. The plane was en route from LaGuardia Airport in New York City to Charlotte, N.C., where Sanderson lived.

“Another tragedy could have happened up in New York City. Instead, a miracle occurred there. There were 155 passengers on U.S. Airways Flight 1549. I was one of those,” Sanderson said, explaining that faith and the impact of the American Red Cross were two key themes from the life-altering moments after the plane crash.

Just a minute into the flight, Sanderson said he heard a loud explosion and looked out the window to see fire coming out of the left wing. On the other side, the same thing had happened.

“It was so quiet, you could hear a pin drop,” Sanderson recalled.

Both engines were gone, forcing pilot Capt. Chesley “Sully” Sullenberger and his copilot, Jeffrey Skiles, to land the plane in the narrow channel of the Hudson River.

As the plane started to bank, Sanderson assumed they would head back to the airport. But the pilots knew they wouldn’t make it and the river was the best option for gliding the plane into the river.

“The only words (Sully) said the entire time on the plane were, ‘This is your captain, brace for impact,’" Sanderson recalled. If you ever hear that on a plane, something’s going down and it’s going down fast.”

Sanderson said the plane hit the water at a speed between 100 mph and120 mph.

“That was the moment that everything I’d ever learned and everything I’d ever trained for came into play,” said Sanderson, the former head of security for internationally known motivational speaker Tony Robbins. “So the next time you face what I call your own personal plane crash … survive and thrive from it instead of going into a depressed state.”

Preparation is key to having the confidence to execute in life-altering situations, he said.

Dave Sanderson of Charlotte, N.C., lies in a hospital bed of Palisades Medical Center after surviving the crash of US Airways Flight 1549 into the Hudson River Jan. 15, 2009 in North Bergen, New Jersey. The Airbus 320 craft crashed shortly after takeoff from LaGuardia Airport on its way to Charlotte, North Carolina.(Photo: Getty Images)

Once they cleared the Washington Bridge, Sanderson said he prayed, “Whoever that captain is, man, just get me down in one piece.” He made sure his wife knew she loved him. And he prayed to God to forgive his sins.

“We were going down and I wanted to go up,” he joked.

The plane landed and began to quickly fill up with water. Sanderson said his late mother’s wisdom rang in his ears: “If you do the right thing, God will take care of you.”

“The right thing for me was to take care of other people first,” Sanderson said.

While many passengers were making their way to the wings of the floating plane, he headed back to make sure others were safe.

Once he made it to the wing, there was no room for him on the wing or the rescue boats, but something caught his eye that made him know he was in the right place.

"It was a lady and she was holding onto a baby. I found out later she had two kids on that plane. She had a 3-year-old on that life boat, a 3-month-old she was holding onto, and she wasn't moving,” Sanderson said. “I yelled, ‘Throw the baby, throw the baby!’ She short of looked at me like, ‘What?’”

He knew if she tried to exit the plane, she might slip and the fast-moving current could mean the end for the baby. Another woman turned around and took the baby to safety and the mother was able to get into a life boat.

Later, the mother sent him a package with a thank-you note and a photograph of Sully and the infant.

Sanderson said he learned a lot from those moments on the Hudson, including how valuable some of life’s smallest lessons can be.

“Just think … if my parents hadn’t gotten me swimming lessons from the Red Cross when I was a child,” Sanderson said. “All these things we learned 40, 50, 60 years ago, one day you may have to use that one thing to say yourself or somebody else.”

When Sanderson finally made it to shore, he was greeted by two EMTs and a member from the New Jersey Red Cross. As he arrived off the plane to his awaiting family back home, the CEO of the Red Cross in Charlotte, N.C., was standing with his family to greet him.

Since that day, Sanderson has been a big proponent of the Red Cross. And he encouraged the crowd that morning to pledge support, too.

“There are a lot of groups that touched a lot of people that day. But there were only two groups that touched everyone — the ferries and the Red Cross,” Sanderson said.


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Use of peritoneal dialysis, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration, and continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration for removal of ammonium chloride and glutamine in rabbits.
We compared the ability of peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, and continuous hemodiafiltration to remove infused ammonium chloride. Anesthetized adult rabbits received an intravenous infusion of ammonium chloride. Two methods of removal of ammonium chloride were performed in each animal and compared. In group 1 (n = 6), peritoneal dialysis (dialysate = 75 ml.kg-1) and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) with a polysulfone 800 cm2 hemofilter (Minifilter Plus; Amicon Division, W. R. Grace & Co., Danvers, Mass.) were simultaneously performed for 40 minutes. In group 2 (n = 6), peritoneal dialysis and continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration (CAVHD) (dialysate flow = 1000 ml.hr-1) were simultaneous performed for 40 minutes. In group 3 (n = 6), CAVH and CAVHD were performed successively in random order for 30 minutes each. Animals had high and stable ammonium chloride and glutamine plasma levels during the experimental procedure. No significant difference in ammonium chloride clearance was observed between PD and CAVH (group 1). In comparison with PD or CAVH, CAVHD resulted in significantly higher clearances of ammonium chloride (40% +/- 10% vs 96% +/- 34%, respectively) and of glutamine (195% +/- 17% vs 77% +/- 25%, respectively). The overall results indicate that CAVHD should be considered for hyperammonemia when peritoneal dialysis is indicated but unfeasible or inefficient.


1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of data processing systems. More particularly, the invention relates to a system and method for maintaining consistent behavior when in different table modes.
2. Description of the Related Art
Multi-Tiered Enterprise Computing Systems
Traditional client-server systems employed a two-tiered architecture such as that illustrated in FIG. 1a. Applications 102 executed on the client side 100 of the two-tiered architecture are comprised of a monolithic set of program code including a graphical user interface component, presentation logic, business logic and a network interface that enables the client 100 to communicate over a network 103 with one or more servers 101. A database 104 maintained on the server 101 provides non-volatile or “persistent” storage for the data accessed and/or processed by the application 102.
The “business logic” component of the application represents the core program code of the application, i.e., the rules governing the underlying business process (or other functionality) provided by the application. The “presentation logic” describes the specific manner in which the results of the business logic are formatted for display on the user interface. The “database” 104 includes data access logic used by the business logic to store and retrieve data.
The limitations of the two-tiered architecture illustrated in FIG. 1a become apparent when employed within a large enterprise. For example, installing and maintaining up-to-date client-side applications on a large number of different clients is a difficult task, even with the aid of automated administration tools. Moreover, a tight coupling of business logic, presentation logic and the user interface logic makes the client-side code very brittle. Changing the client-side user interface of such applications is extremely hard without breaking the business logic, and vice versa. This problem is aggravated by the fact that, in a dynamic enterprise environment, the business logic may be changed frequently in response to changing business rules. Accordingly, the two-tiered architecture is an inefficient solution for enterprise systems.
In response to limitations associated with the two-tiered client-server architecture, a multi-tiered architecture has been developed, as illustrated in FIG. 1b. In the multi-tiered system, the presentation logic 121, business logic 122 and database 123 are logically separated from the user interface 120 of the application. These layers are moved off of the client 125 to one or more dedicated servers on the network 103. For example, the presentation logic 121, the business logic 122, and the database 123 may each be maintained on separate servers, 126, 127 and 128, respectively.
This separation of logical components and the user interface provides a more flexible and scalable architecture compared to that provided by the two-tier model. For example, the separation ensures that all clients 125 share a single implementation of business logic 122. If business rules change, changing the current implementation of business logic 122 to a new version may not require updating any client-side program code. In addition, presentation logic 121 may be provided which generates code for a variety of different user interfaces 120, which may be standard browsers such as Internet Explorer® or Netscape Navigator®.
The multi-tiered architecture illustrated in FIG. 1b may be implemented using a variety of different application technologies at each of the layers of the multi-tier architecture, including those based on the Java 2 Enterprise Edition™ (“J2EE”) standard, the Microsoft .NET standard and/or the Advanced Business Application Programming (“ABAP”) standard developed by SAP AG. For example, as described below, in a J2EE environment, the business layer 122, which handles the core business logic of the application, is comprised of Enterprise Java Bean (“EJB”) components with support for EJB containers. Within a J2EE environment, the presentation layer 121 is responsible for generating servlets and Java Server Pages (“JSP”) interpretable by different types of browsers at the user interface layer 120.
J2EE Application Server Architecture
FIG. 1c illustrates a typical J2EE application server 200 in which the presentation layer is implemented by a “Web container” 211 and the business layer is implemented by an Enterprise Java Bean (“EJB”) container 201. Containers are runtime environments which provide standard common services 219, 209 to runtime components. For example, the Java Naming and Directory Interface (“JNDI”) is a service that provides application components with methods for performing standard naming and directory services. Containers also provide unified access to enterprise information systems 217 such as relational databases through the Java Database Connectivity (“JDBC”) service, and legacy computer systems through the J2EE Connector Architecture (“JCA”) service. In addition, containers provide a declarative mechanism for configuring application components at deployment time through the use of deployment descriptors.
As illustrated in FIG. 1c, each layer of the J2EE architecture includes multiple containers. The Web container 211, for example, is itself comprised of a servlet container 215 for processing servlets and a Java Server Pages (“JSP”) container 216 for processing Java server pages. The EJB container 201 includes three different containers for supporting three different types of enterprise Java beans: a session bean container 205 for session beans, a entity bean container 206 for entity beans, and a message driven bean container 207 for message driven beans. A more detailed description of J2EE containers and J2EE services can be found in RAGAE GHALY AND KRISHNA KOTHAPALLI, SAMS TEACH YOURSELF EJB IN 21 DAYS (2003) (see, e.g., pages 353-376).


Eagles Notes: Vick setting an example for Eagles, Reid says

By Jonathan Tamari, Inquirer Staff Writer

Posted: June 14, 2012

As the Eagles began their final days of spring practices Tuesday, coach Andy Reid said the energy his team has shown has stemmed from their biggest name, quarterback Michael Vick.

"Michael knows what he needs to do and he's worked like crazy. One of the reasons that we've had the attendance here that we've had and one of the reasons that we've had energy is Michael Vick," Reid said.

The quarterback, facing a critical year for himself and the team, hasn't missed a workout, Reid said.

"He's the one who's out here motivating that energy and making the players around him be here," Reid said.

Over the last three weeks of voluntary, full-team practices, Reid has spoken often about the positive energy the Eagles have carried from a four-game winning streak that added late gloss to a disappointing 8-8 season.

"We just feel like we should have accomplished a lot last year," Vick said.

Three days of mandatory practices for veterans and rookies began Tuesday. They will be the last formal team activity until training camp opens July 22.

Cornerback Nnamdi Asomugha said these offseason practices are a far better way to begin than the hurried start that greeted players after last year's NFL lockout.

"It's very calm, it's different from how it was when we started off last year. I think we know each other ... that's big for a team like ours and we're building," Asomugha said. "We did a lot of the right things last offseason, so now we're just putting it together with more time."

Vandervelde snaps

One roster question facing the team is who will back up center Jason Kelce now that veteran Jamaal Jackson has been released.

One option is second-year lineman Julian Vandervelde, who took some reps at center Tuesday. Vandervelde was drafted in the fifth round in 2011 but played in just one game. He fits the mold preferred by offensive line coach Howard Mudd and might get a shot as a reserve.

Cox excused

Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox was the only member of the 87-man roster who missed practice Tuesday. He was excused after a cousin died in a car accident.

Asomugha, wide receiver DeSean Jackson, running back LeSean McCoy, and cornerback Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie were all back at practice Tuesday. Each missed some or all of last week's voluntary practices because of personal reasons.

Defensive end Vinny Curry (ankle) was not at practice but was at the team's facility.

Tryouts added

The Eagles brought three players to the minicamp as tryouts: linebacker Ryan Rau, defensive end Frank Trotter (no relation to former linebacker Jeremiah Trotter), and wide receiver Raymond Webber. They do not count against the 90-man roster limit.


Pre-season playoff picks – How did I do?

I went back to my 2014 NFL season preview to check out my playoff predictions. I did very well in the AFC getting 5 out of the 6 playoff teams correct (I missed the Colts). Along with this, I got the 1 and 2 seeds exactly correct. In the NFC, I only got 3 out of the 6 playoff teams (Green Bay, Seattle, and Detroit). I had picked San Francisco, New Orleans, and Philadelphia to make the playoffs, but they all missed. Further, I had picked San Francisco and New Orleans to be my top 2 seeds. In the NFC, the only seed I correctly identified was the Lions at the 6 seed.

So overall, I got 8 out of the 12 playoff teams correct. Not bad. imho.

Below are my playoff predictions along with the actual results in parenthesis.


[Effect of iodine and thyroid hormones in the induction and therapy of Hashimoto's thyroiditis].
The effect of an iodine prophylaxis on the induction of Hashimoto's thyroiditis as well as the influence of various therapeutic approaches on the course of antithyroglobulin (TgAb) and antiperoxidase (TPOAb) antibodies in manifest diseases are evaluated. A collective of 375 euthyroid subjects without relevant goiter received daily doses of 200 micrograms iodide, weekly doses of 1.53 milligrams iodide, or no medication. A second group of 377 patients suffering from Hashimoto's thyroiditis was treated with a non-suppressive hormone medication, a suppressive hormone administration, a combination of a non-suppressive hormone therapy with low dose iodide (50-150 micrograms/day), mere iodide in doses of 200 micrograms/day, or received no therapy. The mean observation period in these two groups was 860 and 848 days, respectively. There was no significant increase of the antibody levels in the subgroup with 200 micrograms iodide/day and in the non-treated subjects of the first collective. However, the group that received 1.53 milligrams iodide/week presented a distinct increase of the TgAb as well as the TPOAb, and the incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis was 4-fold higher than in the two other subgroups. The patients of the second collective revealed a significant decrease of the TgAb in the subgroups treated with up to 200 micrograms iodide/day, while the reduction of the TPOAb depended on the thyrotropin level and was most significant in the suppressed group (p < 0.0001). To lower the incidence of autoimmune thyroid diseases in predisposed subjects, a daily iodine supplementation seems to be superior to high-dose weekly administrations. A hormone therapy combined with a daily, low-dose iodine medication is able to reduce the TgAb and the TPOAb levels even in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.


Orignal release FC2 rpms can be obtained from:

http://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/core/2/i386/os/Fedora/RPMS/

Update FC2 rpms can be obtained from:

http://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/core/updates/2/i386


.25in 8.5in =cmbx10 =cmr10 =cmti10

=cmssbx10 scaled 2 to

[THE HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC RAYS AND NEW PARTICLE PHYSICS]{}\
0.7cm [G. Burdman and F. Halzen]{}\
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA\
[R. Gandhi]{}\
[Mehta Research Institute, 10 Kasturba Gandhi Marg, Allahabad 211002, India]{}

ABSTRACT

[It has been argued that the observations of cosmic particles with energies in excess of $10^8$ TeV represent a puzzle. Its solution requires new astrophysics or new particle physics. We show that the latter is unlikely given that the scale associated with a new particle physics threshold must be of order 1 GeV, not TeV and above, in order to resolve the problem. In most cases such new physics should have been revealed by accelerator experiments. We examine the possibility that the highest energy cosmic rays are initiated by non-standard interactions of neutrinos in the atmosphere. We show that proposals in this direction either violate s-wave unitarity or fall short of producing a sizeable effect by several orders of magnitude. ]{}

Introduction
============

Cosmic rays reveal Nature’s particle accelerators. Ever since the pioneering Haverah Park experiment [@Watson] discovered that cosmic particles are accelerated up to $10^{8}$ TeV energy, the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays has been hotly debated. Several recent observations of isolated events with even higher energy is nothing less than paradoxical; they seem to imply aspects of particle physics or astrophysics not revealed in previous experiments. We will outline the puzzle further on.

The energies of such particles exceed by a factor of a hundred million those achieved with man-made accelerators. When colliding with atmospheric nuclei, the center of mass energy is approximately 500 TeV, more than one order of magnitude larger than that of the future Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It may therefore seem reasonable to speculate that cosmic particles, accelerated to such energy, may exhibit new particle physics. In a recurrent scenario they are assumed to be neutrinos which become strongly interacting [@domokos; @chan] at these extremely high energies. The physics behind such interactions, being at scales of several tens or even hundreds of TeV, might be intimately connected to the problem of flavor and fermion masses.

The main point of our paper is to demonstrate that new GeV, not TeV-scale, physics is required to have any impact on the problem at hand. This will follow from the fact that cross sections of several tens of millibarn or larger must be associated with the new physics. It is extremely difficult for such new thresholds to be turned on up to millibarn cross sections at $10^8$ TeV energies without violating s-wave unitarity. Needless to say that new GeV-scale physics is unlikely to have escaped the scrutiny of accelerator experiments.

The paper consists of two parts. We first discuss the puzzling features of the highest energy cosmic rays. Subsequently, we study the possibility that non-standard neutrino interactions at these very high energies give an explanation of these events. Our focus on neutrinos is motivated by the fact that - unlike protons - they are largely unaffected by attenuation, as will be discussed in the next section. We show that, even in the presence of new interactions at high energies, they cannot provide a realizable explanation. This will substantiate our assertion that any new particle physics relevant to these issues should have been or can be revealed in existing experiments. We conclude with some comments.

The Highest Energy Cosmic Rays: A Paradox
=========================================

In October 1991, the Fly’s Eye cosmic ray detector recorded an event of energy $3.0\pm^{0.36}_{0.54}\times 10^{8}$ TeV [@flyes]. This event, together with an event recorded by the Yakutsk air shower array in May 1989 [@yakutsk], of estimated energy $\sim2\times 10^{8}$ TeV, are the two highest energy cosmic rays ever seen. More recent papers [@akeno] report that the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array, an instrument of over 100 scintillation detectors spread over a $100$ km$^2$ area, recorded 2 events in the same energy range.

How Nature accelerates microscopic particles to macroscopic energy is still a matter of speculation. In order to accelerate a particle to energy $E$ in a magnetic field $B$, its gyroradius must be contained within the accelerator. In other words, the accelerator’s dimension $R$ has to exceed the particle’s gyroradius $E/B$. This leads to the relation $$E \leq BR,$$ where the equality can be satisfied for a totally efficient accelerator. It is generally accepted, that supernovae in our own galaxy accelerate the bulk of the cosmic rays, perhaps via shocks driven into the interstellar medium by the supernova explosions. Although the blueprint of this accelerator is complex, with a typical size of tens of parsecs and a magnetic field of several microgauss, its maximum energy reach is easily obtained by dimensional analysis: $$E_{\rm max} = \left[10^{5}\,{\rm
TeV}\right]\left[B\over3\times10^{-6}\rm\,G\right]
\left[R\over50\,{\rm pc}\right] \,.$$ Our own galaxy is too small and its fields too weak to accelerate particles to energies exceeding $10^{8}$ TeV. This implies that they must be produced outside our galaxy, possibly near supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei where magnetic fields of hundreds of microgauss extend over kiloparsec distances. The highest energy cosmic rays should point at their sources, even if they are charged. The gyroradius of a $10^{7}$ TeV proton in the $3\times10^{-6}$ gauss galactic field is roughly 10 kpc, comparable to the size of our galaxy. So, $10^{8}$ TeV particles should travel in straight paths from their sources through the galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields.

What completes the puzzle is that, at this point, one can reasonably argue that the highest energy cosmic rays are not nuclei or protons, nor gamma rays or neutrinos, as long as these particles have standard interactions. We present these arguments sequentially:

0.4cm $\bullet$ The mean free path of a $3\times 10^{8}$ TeV proton in the cosmic photon background is only 8.8 Mpc. Protons of this energy, traveling through the omnipresent 2.7K photon background, will photoproduce pions, and will thus be demoted in energy over a distance of less than 10 Mpc, i.e. much less than the 100 Mpc plus distance from the posited sources. Alternatively, the probability for a proton of this energy to traverse 100 Mpc without an interaction is $1.16\times 10^{-5}$. A cosmic ray proton needs an energy of $3\times 10^{10}$ TeV to reach Earth from a 100 Mpc source with the observed energy. Needless to say, achieving energies of this order becomes a challenge, even if the parameters for the standard acceleration mechanisms are stretched [@Sigl]. From the previous discussion it is clear that the identification of the highest energy cosmic rays with protons is problematic. The above arguments apply, [*mutatis mutandis*]{}, to nuclei.

0.4cm $\bullet$ The measured shower profile of the Fly’s Eye event is sufficient to conclude that the event has not been initiated by a photon. Photons with these energies interact in the geomagnetic field, thus starting a cascade well before entering the atmosphere [@McBreen; @Aharonian; @Vankov]. A Monte Carlo simulation of the atmospheric shower profile of the Fly’s Eye event has been performed [@vazquez]. The simulation includes interactions with both the Earth’s magnetic field and nuclei in the atmosphere. They show that a $10^{8}$ TeV photon encountering the ever increasing geomagnetic field will interact somewhere between 500 and 10000 km above the Earth’s surface. The most probable height is 3000 km. The dipole magnetic field at this distance is roughly 0.1 Gauss. Notice that the shower direction in this event is almost perpendicular to the field lines. In the primary interaction the photon is transformed into a pair of electrons which, subsequently, suffer an energy loss as a result of magnetic bremsstrahlung which is peaked forward at $h\nu/E$ $\sim0.1 $ for $E=10^{8}$ TeV and $H=0.1$ Gauss. The resulting electromagnetic shower consists, on average, of 6 $\gamma$–rays carrying 65% of the primary energy. These $\gamma$–rays of energy $10^{7}$ TeV will initiate the development of the atmospheric cascade. After further cascading the overall photon energy distribution peaks at $10^{5}$ TeV. One must take into account that at these energies the electromagnetic cascade is elongated by the LPM effect [@Vankov].

The bottom line is that a shower initiated by a $3\times 10^{8}$ TeV gamma ray reaches shower maximum high in the atmosphere at $x_{\rm max}= 1075$ gr cm$^{-2}$, inconsistent with the observed value of $815 \pm ^{45}_{35}$ gr cm$^{-2}$. As a result of the large number of secondary photons that contribute to the composite air shower, the fluctuations are very small. We conclude that the hypothesis of the event being initiated by a $\gamma$–ray is not consistent with the experimental observations. The same conclusion is reinforced by the Yakutsk event which is recorded by a giant array of 18 km$^2$. The detector consists of scintillators, Čerenkov detectors, muon detectors and antennas for radio frequency detection. The shower is rich in muons and therefore not initiated by a $\gamma$–ray.

0.4cm $\bullet$ Neutrino origin is also inconsistent with the observed shower profiles. At these energies the atmosphere is transparent to neutrinos. The ratio of the neutrino-air and proton-air cross sections is, in the absence of new physics, approximately $10^6$ at this energy. The particle physics is sufficiently precise to bracket its value in the range $10^5 -10^7$. This is so even when the energies are so high as to probe very small values of $x$. The average $x$ is given by: $$<x> = \frac {1}{\sigma} \int^1_0 dx \; x \; \frac{d \sigma}{dx}~.$$ It is essential not to neglect the $x$-dependence of the $W$ propagator in the expression for $d\sigma/dx$ which gives the main contribution to average $x$: $$\frac{d \sigma}{dx \; dy} = \frac{G_F^2 s}{\pi}
\left( \frac{M_W^2}{M_W^2+s \; x \; y} \right)^2 x q(x) ~,$$ where $s$ is the square of the center of mass energy. If we assume that the quark distribution function is given by $q(x) \sim 1/x^{1+\epsilon} $, with $\epsilon \sim 1/2$ from perturbative QCD, we obtain $$<x> \approx {\cal O}(1)\times
\frac{1}{\sigma}\frac{G_F^2\;M_W^2}{16\pi}\sqrt(M_W^2/s) ~,
\label{avgx}$$ with average $Q^2$ of the order $M_W^2$. Thus, for $E_\nu\approx (2-3)\times 10^8$ TeV one expects $<x> \approx (10^{-7}-10^{-8})$. However, the fact that this values of $x$ are well below the currently measured range, does not represent an obstacle to bound the neutrino cross section. For instance, in Reference [@quigg] various methods of extrapolation at low $x$ are used in order to establish a range for the neutrino cross section. At these energies the charged current cross section varies from approximately $ 2\times 10^{-5}$ to $3 \times
10^{-4}$ mb for different structure functions. These are still very small values.

With a cross section reduced by at least a factor $10^5$ compared to protons, neutrinos should interact in the earth, not the atmosphere, with relatively flat distributions. Although nothing can be made of an odd single event interacting in the atmosphere, the neutrino scenario is inconsistent with 5 events, or more depending on how one counts, all interacting at the top of the atmosphere.

We conclude that the highest energy cosmic rays are neither protons or photons, nor neutrinos. While the data itself rules out photons, both protons and neutrinos are disfavored by a problematic factor of $10^5$ which represents the probability that a proton reaches us without attenuation from 100 Mpc source, and the ratio of the neutrino to proton interaction cross sections in the case of neutrinos. This is the paradox. Its resolution may involve new astrophysics, or new particle physics at energies which exceed those of existing accelerators by two orders of magnitude. In what follows we will argue that the second possibility is unlikely if we restrict the primary to be a known particle experiencing non-standard interactions. As mentioned earlier, neutrinos are the most promising candidates within this option due to the absence of attenuation effects.

Is New Particle Physics the Solution?
=====================================

Going the particle physics road is attractive. What if, for instance, neutrinos became strongly interacting so as to initiate air showers? Transforming the energy of $10^8$ TeV to the center of mass, yields approximately 450 TeV. At such energies physics associated with scales as large as $10-100~$TeV may be relevant and even dominant. As mentioned above, this energy scales might be associated with new particle physics, the generation of flavor and fermion masses, dynamical supersymmetry breaking, etc. The possibility that these new interactions might cause neutrinos to become strongly interacting at these energies has been raised in several opportunities. For instance, it is the underlying physics behind the neutrino compositeness proposal of Reference [@domokos]. More recently, a model of spontaneously broken family symmetry [@chan], with a typical scale of hundreds of TeV and designed to generate flavor, was suggested as a possible origin of a very large neutrino coupling at high energies, thus offering a potential explanation for the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) events. We will now show that these proposals fail, dramatically. In order to resolve the puzzle of the highest energy cosmic rays the new physics scale cannot exceed several GeV. On the one hand, s-channel unitarity prevents us from turning on suddenly, at $10^8$ TeV, a threshold associated with a cross section characterized by a a typical scale of about $1$ GeV. More sophisticated proposals might get around the unitarity bound at the cost of giving a very small effect. We will study below various specific examples covering these possibilities.

The proton-proton cross section at $10^8$ TeV energy is roughly 100 mb [@bloch]. The interaction length of a proton in the atmosphere corresponding to this interaction cross section is $40 {\rm ~g\,cm}^{-2}$, i.e. the full atmosphere represents 20 interaction lengths. As the interaction length is inversely proportional to the cross section, the atmosphere is only 2 interaction lengths for a particle with a cross section of 10 mb. So, in order for five cosmic rays to initiate showers near the top of the atmosphere, their interaction cross section must be several times 10 mb, or not much smaller than the 100 mb value for protons.

The new particle physics scenarios we consider here are chosen partly because of the attention each of them has attracted in relation to the UHECR question. They also span a wide range of models making our conclusions quite general. Our aim is to show that, with very few and constrained exceptions, extensions of the standard model of electroweak interactions at scales above a few TeV cannot be the physics behind UHECR and that the energy scale necessary to explain the highest energy cosmic rays is not far above $1~$GeV in most cases. To illustrate this point we will study three different classes of models: s-channel resonances, composite neutrinos and the t-channel exchange of a gauge boson strongly coupled at high energies.

We first study the effects of an s-channel $\nu q$ scalar resonance $S$ in the $\nu N$ cross section. This is very similar to the study of the effects of leptoquarks in UHECR in Reference [@robinett]. The production cross section, in the narrow width approximation, is given by $$\sigma(\nu N\to S X)=\frac{\lambda^2\pi}{4M_S^2}
\; x\;q(x=\frac{M_S^2}{s}, Q^2=M_S^2)~,
\label{scalar}$$ where $\lambda$ is the coupling of $S$ to quarks and leptons. In Figure 1 we plot this cross section as a function of the neutrino energy, for various values of $M_S$ and for $\lambda=1$ [^1]. For reference, we plot the SM $\nu N$ charged current cross section, computed using the CTEQ4D set of parton distribution functions [@cteq]. These are extrapolated down to vales of $x$ as low as $10^{-8}$ by using the double logarithmic approximation [@lowx]. The uncertainties associated with the use of this procedure are irrelevant for the purpose of the calculation of the neutrino cross sections due to new physics effects, since we are interested in enhancements of several orders of magnitude. Also plotted in Figure 1 is the $pp$ cross section, which sets the scale a model must match in order for the neutrinos to interact in the atmosphere. We observe that in order to obtain a neutrino cross section of this size at the highest energies the mass scale of the exchanged particle has to be ${\cal O}(1)~$GeV. Of course, such a mass is in flagrant conflict with all low energy data. The idea behind this simple exercise is to show the difficulty of generating a $\simeq 100~$mb cross section at $E_{\nu}\simeq 10^{12}~$GeV. New particle physics scenarios which extrapolate from and extend on established particle physics, cannot generate neutrino cross sections far above their SM values. In what follows, we will arrive at the same conclusion in two completely different and seemingly promising type of models.

We next consider the possibility that neutrinos are composite with a scale $\Lambda_c$ somewhere between $10$ TeV and several hundred TeV. If the neutrino constituents are colored, they will experience strong interactions with quarks and gluons above the scale $\Lambda_c$. This is essentially the scenario proposed in [@domokos], where it was suggested that the cross section is determined by the scale of the strong interactions, $\Lambda_{\rm QCD}$, as opposed to the scale of compositeness. This would lead to a large cross section of the order of several millibarns, and perhaps to an explanation of the UHECR events. We will show that this is not the case. We first notice that the size of the neutrino must be determined by $\Lambda_c$ and that no color can leak out of a $\sim 1/\Lambda_c$ radius. In order to resolve the constituents, the wavelength of an exchanged particle must be sufficiently small. In $\nu q$ scattering, this implies that the exchanged gluon can only interact with the neutrino constituents if its momentum transfer is of the order of $\Lambda_c$, or larger. To estimate the neutrino cross section we assume that the preons inside the neutrino have ${\cal O}(1)$ momentum fractions. Thus the $\nu N$ cross section is approximately given by $$\frac{d\sigma}{dx\,dy} \simeq  2\pi\alpha_s \; \frac{s}{Q^4}
\; \left[1+(1+y)^2\right]xq(x)~~,
\label{nucom}$$ for momentum transfers satisfying $Q^2>\Lambda_c^2$. In Figure 2 we plot the neutrino cross section for several values of $\Lambda_c$. For any reasonable values of $\Lambda_c$ the cross section is nowhere near the $\simeq 100$ mb landmark it should reach at $E_{\nu}\simeq 10^{12}$ GeV. The plot of the cross section for $\Lambda_c=1$ GeV illustrates the fact that this is the relevant energy scale to enter the millibarn regime, as one would expect. Of course, the neutrino compositeness scale is bound by experiments to be at least a few TeV [@nucomposite]. The failure of the argument in [@domokos] can be traced back to the fact that color is confined in $r_{\nu}\simeq 1/\Lambda_c$, and therefore the factor of $Q^4$ in the denominator in (\[nucom\]) represents an unsurmountable suppression. This feature of s-wave unitarity prevents the sudden appearance of a very large effect. The statement that the interaction scale should be of about $1$ GeV is very general and can be applied to models where exotic particles are chosen to be the primary sources of UHECR. These must carry color in order to hadronize and thus have a large cross section in the atmosphere, regardless of their mass or other quantum numbers.

Finally, we consider the very intriguing scenario of Reference [@chan], where fermions transform under a spontaneously broken generation symmetry taken to be $SU(3)$. The generation group is assumed to be dual to $SU(3)$ color. The massive gauge bosons in this model couple to generation number with a coupling $\tilde g$, satisfying the duality condition $$\tilde g g =4\pi~~.
\label{dual}$$ These gauge bosons, dubbed “dual gluons”, induce flavor changing neutral currents (FCNC) at tree level. Experimental bounds on FCNC processes force their mass scale to be at or above the $100~$TeV range. It was pointed out in [@chan] that neutrino interactions could become strong at very high energies via the exchange of dual gluons, which become strongly coupled due to the condition (\[dual\]). This fact explains why there would be no large effects induced at low energies. The $\nu N$ cross section induced by the exchange of a dual-gluon is given by $$\frac{d\sigma}{dx\, dy}= \frac{\pi \;F}{2\alpha_s(Q^2)}
\; \frac{s}{(Q^2+M_{D}^2)^2} \; xq(x)\left\{ 1+(1+y)^2\right\}~,
\label{csdg}$$ where $M_D$ is the mass of the dual gluon and $F$ is a factor of order one coming from the group structure of the generation symmetry. For instance, for $SU(3)$, we have $F=2$ as long as we consider only first generation fermions in the initial state. The $\nu N$ cross section mediated by dual gluon exchange is plotted in Figure 3 for several values of the dual gluon mass. It is apparent that for the desired mass range of $100~$TeV the effect on the cross section is negligible, even when compared to the SM $\nu$ cross sections. This is the case despite the very large enhancement coming from the running of $\alpha_s$ in the denominator, a consequence of (\[dual\]). The main reason for the relative suppression is the value of $M_W/M_D$. This is somewhat upset by the fact that the dual-gluon cross section rises linearly with $E_\nu$ up to very large energies before saturating. Even with this feature, the cross section at $E_\nu\approx 10^{12}$ GeV is about one hundred times smaller that the SM one. We see that a dual gluon mass of $50$ GeV, in obvious conflict with experimental bounds on FCNC, is required in order to yield a sufficiently large cross section at the highest neutrino energies. This mechanism avoids the need for a ${\cal O}(1)~$GeV scale, given the extreme strength of $\tilde \alpha(Q^2)$ at very high energies. Even with this coupling the model produces an insignificant enhancement of the SM neutrino cross section because of the scale of $100~$TeV. On the other hand, one could in principle imagine a completely unrelated model where the dual gluon has no FCNC interactions and then is allowed to be lighter. However, the induced contact interactions, even when flavor diagonal, are constrained to be governed by a scale above a few TeV [@nucomposite]. Although at these mass scales the effect of dual-gluon exchange is large compared to the SM $\nu$ cross sections, it is still several orders of magnitude smaller than needed to explain the UHECR excess.

We conclude that it is highly unlikely that neutrino initiated air showers involving new neutrino interactions are responsible for the apparent excess of events in UHECR. We have shown that the needed scale is, in most cases, of ${\cal O}(1)$ GeV which is not an allowed energy scale for new neutrino interactions. One type of models that gets around this general constraint, does so by having an increasingly strong coupling at high energies. Even in these cases, the scales that are still allowed by low energy constraints (e.g. a few TeV in Fig. 2) are already too high to provide a large enough effect.

Some Final Remarks
==================

We have studied the possibility that the UHECR excess is initiated by known particles with non-standard interactions at very high energy. We concentrated on neutrinos as they do not suffer from the attenuation that forces protons,for instance , to come from local sources. We found that, even in the presence of important new physics effects at the high energies at hand, neutrino initiated air showers are not viable. We have also shown that the energy scale associated with the interactions responsible for the UHECR should be, in most cases, in the vicinity of $1$ GeV. Thus, models postulating exotic primaries must arrange for them to form hadrons, which in turn can interact with the desired cross sections in the atmosphere. An exception to this is the model of Reference [@domokos], where the energy scale needed is of the order of $100$ GeV due to the large enhancement given by the strength of the coupling at high energies. However, in this as well as in all other cases, the necessary energy scales are well below the limits allowed by observation. We conclude with a few comments about possible alternative explanations.

As it can be read from Figure 1, leptoquarks [@robinett] as well as typical supersymmetric models, which are associated with TeV-scale physics, are irrelevant to cosmic ray issues. At $10^8$ TeV supersymmetric particles interact with universal electroweak cross section, i.e. cross sections similar to those of Standard Model neutrinos  [@drees].

The scenario where the highest energy cosmic rays are light gluinos does not violate our no-go argument [@farrar]. Their mass is indeed in the GeV-range. But most importantly, they form various supersymmetric hadrons which interact with the atmosphere with cross sections governed by the $1$ GeV scale. This scenario can be tested by existing accelerator experiments [@lgexp].

Topological defects [@topdef] are an example of new particle physics not covered by our exclusion argument because they are, essentially, a new astrophysical source and do not represent new particle dynamics.

Scenarios involving exotic primaries, possibly avoiding our arguments, require yet additional assumptions in order to be relevant. While large cross sections with hadrons are required, those with photons must be suppressed in order to avoid significant attenuation in the cosmic microwave background. If not, the new particle has properties similar to protons and can only come from local sources. Heavy stable colored particles fall in this category [@mohapatra]. On the other hand, heavy [*quasi*]{}-stable particles [@berezinsky] decaying locally, for instance in the halo, are not affected by attenuation.

In sum, a particle physics explanation of the UHECR is not viable unless new interactions [*and*]{} new matter with the right properties are invoked. On the other hand, it is possible that the cosmic ray paradox may have an alternative solution which can hardly be raised to the level of new astrophysics. There may be mechanisms by which $10^8$ TeV energy is reached locally, not in sources beyond 100 Mpc. Such speculations have been disfavored. We mention them for completeness: galactic winds exceeding the size of our galaxy [@jokipii] possibly reaching out into the local cluster, and pinball enhancement of the particle energy between several galactic supernovae [@axford].

Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============

The authors thank Chris Quigg for useful comments and discussions. This research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-76ER00881 and in part by the University of Wisconsin Research Committee with funds granted by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

[99]{} M. A. Lawrence, R. J. O. Reid, and A. A. Watson, [*Journ. Phys. G*]{} [**17**]{} (1991) 733. G. Domokos and S. Nussinov, [*Phys. Lett. *]{}[**B187**]{} (1987) 372; G. Domokos and S. Kovesi-Domokos, [*Phys. Rev. *]{}[**D38**]{} (1988) 2833. J. Bordes, Chan Hong-Mo, J. Faridani, J. Pfaudler and Tsou Sheung Tsun, hep-ph/9705453. D. J. Bird [*et al.*]{}, [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**71**]{} (1993) 3401. N. N. Efimov [*et al.*]{}, [*ICRR Symposium on Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays*]{}, ed. by M. Nagano, F. Takahara, World Scientific (1991). N. Hayashida et al., [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**73**]{} (1994) 3491. G. Sigl, D. N. Schramm and P. Bhattacharjee, [*Astropart. Phys.*]{} [**2**]{} (1994) 401. B. McBreen and C. J. Lambert, [*Proc. 17th Int. Conf. on Cosmic Rays*]{}, Paris, 1981, ed. by Ch. Ryter, V.6, p.70. F. A. Aharonian, B. L. Kanewski and V. A. Sahakian, [*Journ. Phys. G: Gen. Phys.*]{}, [**17**]{} (1991) 1989. H. P. Vankov and P. V. Stavrev, [*Phys.Lett.*]{} [**B226**]{} (1991) 178. F. Halzen, R. Vazquez, T. Stanev and H.P. Vankov, [*Astropart. Phys.*]{} [**3**]{} (1995) 151. R. Gandhi, C. Quigg, M. H. Reno and I. Sarcevic, [*Astropart. Phys. *]{} [**5**]{} (1996) 81. For an update see C. Quigg, FERMILAB-CONF-97/158-T. M. M. Block, F. Halzen and B. Margolis, [*Phys. Rev. *]{} [**D45**]{} (1992) 839. R. W. Robinett. [*Phys. Rev. *]{}[**D37**]{} (1988) 84; M. A. Doncheski and R. W. Robinett, PSU-TH-184, hep-ph/9707328. H. L. Lai [*et al.*]{}, [*Phys. Rev. *]{} [**D55**]{} (1997) 1280. L. V. Gribov, E. M. Levin and M. G. Ryskin, [*Phys. Rep. *]{}[**100**]{} (1983) 1; D. W. McKay and J. P. Ralston, [*Phys. Lett. *]{} [**B167**]{} (1986) 103. The use of more singular structure functions at low $x$ give a somewhat higher cross section. For a complete discussion see Reference [@quigg]. F. Abe [*et al.*]{} (CDF Collaboration), FERMILAB-PUB-97-171-E; K. Ackerstaff [*et al.*]{} (OPAL Collaboration), CERN-PPE-97-101. M. Drees, private communication. D. J. H. Chung, G. R. Farrar and E. W. Kolb, FERMILAB-PUB-97-187-A, astro-ph/9707036. I. F. Albuquerque [*et al.*]{} (E761 Collaboration), [*Phys. Rev. Lett. *]{} [**78**]{} (1997) 3252; J. Adams [*et al.*]{} (KTeV Collaboration), RUTGERS-97-26. P. Bhattacharjee, C. T. Hill and D. N. Schramm, [*Phys. Rev. Lett. *]{}[**69**]{} (1992) 567. For a discussion on monopole initiated air showers see: T. W. Kephart and T. K. Weiler, [*Astropart. Phys. * ]{}[**4**]{} (1996) 217; C. O. Escobar and R. A. Vázquez, IFT-P.050/97, astro-ph/9709148; as well as Reference [@mohapatra]. R. N. Mohapatra and S. Nussinov, hep-ph/9708497. V. Berezinsky, M. Kachelrieß and A. Vilenkin, astro-ph/9708217; P. H. Frampton, B. Keszthelyi and Y. J. Ng, astro-ph/9709080. J. R. Jokipii, [*Astro. Journal*]{} [**313**]{} (1990) 301. W. I. Axford, in [*Proceedings of the 1990 Kofu Symposium on “Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays”*]{}, eds. M. Nagano and F. Takahara, World Scientific, p. 406 (1991).

**Figure Captions**

[**Figure 1:**]{} Neutrino cross section as a function of the neutrino energy, for the case of scalar s-channel exchange. For comparison the standard model charged current neutrino-nucleon cross section, as well as the total pp cross section, are shown in dashed lines. 0.5cm

[**Figure 2:**]{} Neutrino cross section as a function of the neutrino energy, for the case of neutrino compositeness. 0.5cm

[**Figure 3:**]{} Neutrino cross section as a function of the neutrino energy, in the dual gluon model of Reference [@chan].

   Figure 1

   Figure 2

   Figure 3

[^1]: Normally, leptoquark scenarios have $\lambda\ll 1$


Horrific Tornado Kills 24 in Oklahoma

Rescue teams and emergency crews are desperately searching for survivors in Moore, OK, after a massive tornado demolished homes, businesses, a hospital and two elementary schools Monday afternoon. The deadly disaster came less than a week after powerful tornadoes killed six and flattened neighborhoods in North Texas. Although initial figures claimed 51 people had lost their lives, Oklahoma officials revised the death toll this morning to 24. More than 240 people have been injured, including 60 children, according to reports.

With winds approaching 200 mph, the National Weather Service ranked the tornado in the second most powerful category, EF4. The twister reportedly spent 40 minutes tearing through the town, directly hitting Plaza Towers Elementary School, leaving at least seven children dead and numerous survivors trapped in the schools wreckage.

You have your own kids, and you want to find other peoples kids and for it all to be OK, said firefighter Russ Locke, who searched through the elementary schools rubble. Governor Mary Fallin acknowledged the devastation in the community, stating, "We do know there are fatalities...We know there are a lot of injuries. We know we've lost a tremendous amount of structures throughout this community and throughout the state." She reassured parents whose children were still missing that rescuers would search under every single piece of debris to find their children. President Obama sent aid to Moore and said the extent of the damage remains unknown. However, Chuck Watson, director of research and development at Kinetic Analysis, a hazard assessment company, suspects the tornado damage could cost as much as $2 billion.

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Crime Report: January 16, 2014

Rutherford County Sheriff's Department was dispatched to 154 calls on Thursday; Forest City police had 89 calls; Rutherfordton police was dispatched to 17 calls; Spindale had 21 calls; Lake Lure had 5 calls; Rutherford County EMS responded to 58 calls and Rescue had 14 calls.

Fire Calls

Ellenboro Fire Department was dispatched to a house fire; Forest City firefighters responded to a fire alarm and a gas leak; Spindale Fire Department was called to a motor vehicle accident.

Arrests

Jennifer Jo Arrowood, 41, Harrill Road in Forest City, was charged with failure to appear on operating a vehicle with no insurance, failure to appear on driving left of center, failure to appear on driving while impaired, failure to appear on failure to stop at a red light, failure to appear on allowing unlicensed to drive and failure to appear on misdemeanor charges; $4,500 bond.
David Arnold Blanton, 41, Arabian Drive in Ellenboro, was charged with manufacturing marijuana; $10,000 unsecured bond.
Sherry Hatley Fox, 32, Heritage Avenue in Forest City, was charged with larceny and three counts obtaining property by false pretense; $11,000 unsecured bond.
Brian Wayne Hendrix, 39, Mac Road in Mooresboro, was charged with failure to comply with child support; $435 bond.
Timothy Lamont Herron, 38, Duke Street in Forest City, was charged with failure to appear on expired/no inspection, failure to appear on no operator's license, failure to appear on operating a vehicle with no insurance, driving/allowing a motor vehicle with no registration and resisting a public officer; $4,000 bond.
Shelina Queen Humphries, 40, South Pea Ridge Road in Mooresboro, was charged with surrender by surety on false report to a police station; $5,000 bond.
Jonathan Nelson Lowery, 42, Ellenboro Henrietta Road in Ellenboro, was charged with driving while impaired and reckless driving to endanger; $2,500 bond.
David Jeffery Luckadoo, 34, Heritage Avenue in Forest City, was charged with larceny and three counts obtaining property by false pretense; $11,000 unsecured bond.
Chasity Dill McDowell, 37, Jack McKinney Road in Rutherfordton, was charged with shoplifting/concealment of goods; written promise to appear.
Heather Danielle Prado, 31, New Hampshire Road in Gaffney, S.C., was charged with felony probation violation; $25,000 unsecured bond.
Daniel Alejandro Reyes, 24, Southridge Drive in Rutherfordton, was charged with false report to a police station and discharging a firearm in city limits; $1,000 bond.
Crystal Ford Wilson, 33, Southers Road in Rutherfordton, was charged with three counts obtaining property by false pretense, two counts attempting to obtain property by false pretense and financial card theft; $6,000 bond.
Thomas Douglas Wilson, 61, Southers Road in Rutherfordton, was charged with three counts obtaining property by false pretense, two counts attempting to obtain property by false pretense and financial card theft; $6,000 bond.

Incidents

Rodney Lattimore reported an incident of larceny.
Shirley Bradley reported an incident of breaking and entering and larceny.
Zachary Kuhl reported an incident of simple assault.
Paula McCurry reported an incident of breaking and entering and larceny.
Thomas Ruppe reported an incident of larceny and three counts of fraud.
Jenny Spillman reported an incident of breaking and entering and larceny.
Harold Farrar reported an incident of damage to property.
Joseph Brown reported an incident of breaking and entering and larceny.
Holly Beane reported an incident of obtaining property by false pretense and attempting to obtain property by false pretense.
An employee from Roses reported an incident of larceny.
An employee from the Town of Forest City reported an incident of interfering with a utility meter and damage to property.
An officer from the Forest City Police Department reported an incident of diesel fuel spill.


Q:

Can I protect against keylogging by using the mouse?

Can I protect against keylogging by using the mouse? For example, to enter the password hunter2, I might do the following:

type ttter2
select the first tt and press ← Backspace
type hun

To a keylogger, it would like like I typed tt← Backspaceter2hun, or ttterhun. Would this provide adequate protection, or are keyloggers able to follow mouse gestures, clicking, selecting etc., so they would catch password still?

A:

A lot of keyloggers are smart enough to catch this. Not only do they log the keys being physically pressed, but they also log the contents of password boxes whenever window messages are processed, or when browser forms are posted. They also often capture small blocks of the screen around the mouse cursor, to catch cases like this.

A:

It really just depends on how advanced the said keylogger is. Some keyloggers collect data from password boxes when the form is submitted, and some monitor when the keys are pressed. Some keyloggers can be really advanced and even record mouse movements, and your screen. If you do have an unwanted keylogger, I'd take time to try and eradicate it, instead of try to trick it. You don't want to take chances with malware.


Pages

Tuesday, July 7, 2009

Well I finally did it!!! Did what you ask??? Well make my own Homemade Laundry Detergent. I know this is not food related in any way, but it definitely is a frugal idea. So I really wanted to make sure to post it.

I've seen this recipe floating around the Internet and a lot of different frugal blogger's have been making their own laundry soap for years. I guess curiosity finally got to me. I really wanted to know if it cleaned as well as the leading brands on the market.If you ask me some brands which I wont mention are ridiculously overpriced. Plus I have noticed the price has been increasing and the product size has been decreasing. I don't know why I didn't get around to doing this lot sooner.

I think it was because I thought it would be impossible to find all the products needed to make the detergent. I mean I had never seen the Fels Naptha Soap, well that's only because I haven't been looking for it. It has been right there all along it is just something I don't normally shop for.

A lot of the people have stated that it would be really hard to find all three products needed at one store, so I was prepared to make trips to two different stores. Well surprisingly I found all three products at my local grocery store. Walmart carries the Zote Soap which can be used in place of Fels Naptha.

You will need the following items to make you own laundry detergent. Mule Team Borax, Arm & Hammer Washing Soda & Fels Naptha or Zote Bar Soap. I recommend buying 4 bars of the Fels Naptha Soap, that way you can pretty much use all of the products without having anything left over.

The Borax cleans, disinfects and softenes the water. Arm & Hammer Washing Soda works on grease and neutralizes odors. The Fels Naptha Soap is a heavy duty laundry soap bar & stain remover. If you follow the recipe below you will have enough laundry soap to wash160 loads of laundry. Total price to purchase all the items to make my own detergent came to $11.24.

I thought this was a great deal. When buying and making your own laundry soap there a few things to keep in mind. Do not buy Arm & Hammer Baking Soda in place of Washing soda. They are two different products that are not interchangeable and results will vary if substituting one for the other. Also, grate the soap first this is so it dissolves better in the wash. The finer it is, the quicker it dissolves. Keep in mind this is the most time consuming part of the whole thing after that its a breeze.Homemade detergents are low sudsing, you won’t see many suds in the wash. No worries, this is normal and your clothes will still come out clean. You only need 2 Tablespoons of laundry soap per load. This roughly comes out to about 1/8 cup. I just store a measuring cup inside with the soap container.

One thing I have noticed is that sometime when using commerical laundry detergents they will leave a residue on my clothes when they come out of the washer. I line dry a few items and that is where I notice this problem. Well, since I started using the homemade detergent I have yet to see any residue.The washing soda and the borax are usually the easiest to find at your local grocery store you can locate them in the laundry isle. You might have a bit of a problem finding the Fels Naptha Bar Soap. Fels Naptha is a Dial product, so I have included a link to the dial store locator listed at their website, Store Locator for Fels Naptha Soap.

This should help you find a store in your area that sells the soap. If you still cannot locate the soap you can substitute by using Zote, Sunlight or Ivory Bar Soap. I have seen the Zote Soap at Walmart.Making you own laundry soap is really a personal preference, some might think its just really going to far or a big hassle to make it yourself. I don't think so, a lot of the commercial laundry soaps have so many harsh chemicals, dies and perfumes that is is really sensitive for some people. This is just your basic plain Jane laundry soap. I do hope you give it a try, I am loving this stuff. And even loving it more that it cost me only 7 cents per load. Lets get started........ To begin the soap will need to be grated.you can use a cheese grater or a food processor. (If using a food processor make sure to wash the blades really well after) I am using a old grater that will only be used for soap. Add washing soda then borax stir well.Place in sealed container or tub and measure out two tablespoons (or 1/8 cup) for each load. I just leave my measuring cup inside the tub so it is always handy.

Store in a air tight container with a good sealing lid. I have also started to line dry my clothes to help cut the cost of our electric bill. We have a electric dryer so with 5 people it really runs through the week. If I don't do laundry at least every other day it will pile up. I have noticed that with the homemade laundry soap my clothes are not stiff at all. Plus here in Texas they take no time to dry. I haven't took the plunge into homemade laundry softener but you never know that might be next. Here is a break down of the total cost of the products.

55 comments:

I made laundry detergent 2 weeks ago to try to save money and add to my blog, but my results weren't as good as yours. I added baking soda and soda wash...may have messed something up. It takes 2 huge cups of soap for a medium load. I made liquid soap instead of dry, I still have all of the indredients so I may try your recipe this time. The liquid soap is also easy to make.

I havent attempted the liquid soap yet. I thought I would go the powder route. Ya know I really like the powder and it dissolves in the wash super well. I might stick to this only because I know it works. But who knows I might venture out and try the liquid recipe as well. I think this is just the coolest idea I am loving the idea of line drying as well. I did not think I would like it but, I have gone without turning the dryer on and I love that.

Whats next, this is the information I found on tipnut.com. Can You Safely Use Homemade Laundry Detergents With A High Efficiency Washer (HE Machine)?

I have no experience with this but there are lots of comments that say it’s fine to use. Be aware that using anything other than what your machine manufacturer recommends may void your warranty. Homemade detergent is low sudsing which is important for HE machines.

Can You Use Homemade Detergent In a Front Loading Machine?

I have no experience with this but there are lots of comments that say it’s fine to use. Be aware that using anything other than what your machine manufacturer recommends may void your warranty.

Jess now that I know the dog wont chew at the hanging laundry its a go for us Yeah!!!!!

Judy I am so glad that you are learning new things. Looks like I am learning new things myself. I am so loving it.

I've been using this same recipe for about 6-8 months in my HE front-loader washer, and it's working great. I could never find Fels Naptha soap, so I use Ivory, and it works just fine (plus, Ivory is quite cheap- about .25c/bar). I just use about 1 rounded Tbsp in my washer, as it uses less water and therefore needs less soap. As far as fabric softener goes, plain white vinegar is a natural fabric softener, and removes smells and residue from your clothing. I put a few Tbsp in the liquid fabric softener slot, and it rinses clean and never leaves any vinegar-y scent.

I have front loaders and I use the homemade liquid soap with the Fels Naptha. My hard ingredient to find was the washing soda(found it at Cub Foods). The Fels Naptha was actually in my grocery store's HBA department(at Cash Wise foods), so maybe look there if anyone is having trouble finding it.

I made a half batch of the liquid soap as posted on www.duggarfamily.com and find it works pretty well. The liquid is more economical also, I think (but who cares when its so cheap!) For how much the Fels Naptha made my eyes water from the soapy smell when I grated it, you really can't smell the detergent on the clothes after they are washed. I did not add any essential oils.

I've been using the liquid version for about 6 months now and have noticed very minor fading on brown screen printing and green dye. Not enough for me to stop using it, though. Even if you just use it for whites and towels, etc, its worth it to try. You may even be able to get someone to share some of their borax or washing soda thru freecycle.org or craigslist.

On a side note, I have also tried home made dishwasher detergent (1 T. borax with 1 T. baking soda - I used my old fridge pack stuff for this)... didn't work very well getting the peanut butter off knives and more stuck-on food...

Hi, the FelsNaptha while a bar soap is not a body soap. It has been around for years and is a stain remover. It works very well and is safe for most fabric and clothes (read clothing labels carefully)! ~ingrid

Thanks for posting your experience with this. Just yesterday I was looking for the ingredients to make the powder recipe, but couldn't find anything, the borax was out of stock and couldn't find the washing soda or soap. I'll keep trying and having the picture of what the fels naptha soap looks like is a huge help!

I make the liquid version of this and since I started making it a few months back I've never gone back... also to save money on fabric softener I bottle of good fabric softener empty it into a bucket, fill that bottle up twice with water to dilute it then I use sponges and keep them down in the softener and when I put my clothes in the dryer I squeeze a sponge out and throw it in with the wet clothes to dry.. works great!

Everytime I read one of your posts, I get more and more excited. I had decided that I wanted to start making my own cleaners, including washing powders and here you are with the recipe!! So timely!! Thanks for expanding your site to include other items for the household. Can't wait to try this.

Your welcome, I have really been trying to do a lot more frugal things. I also want to expand and work on some household cleaners as well. I need to get some spray bottles and start getting some recipes togehter. I will post them as i find them.

A few other things that I've tried in my quest to be cheap...er...frugal:

Dishwasher soap- Mix 1cup borax + 1 cup washing soda. Add 1Tbsp to each load. Occasionally (about a few times a month), I add a few Tbsp white vinegar to the jet dry compartment and it shines up the glasses really well. I use this solely as my dishwasher soap.

Dryer sheets- I tried the above-mentioned substitute of using diluted liquid fabric softener on a sponge then tossing in the dryer, but I bought the blue-colored fabric softener and found that it was leaving blue spots on my clothes (spots that would NOT come out, as they had been dried in). Now I just buy regular dryer sheets and cut them all in half. Half a sheet works just as well as a whole. Next box, I'm going to try to go down the 1/3 sheet. :-)

My next quest is to find an all-purpose cleaner substitute to replace my Formula 409...

I make the liquid laundry soap and love it!! In these times we need all the frugal information we can get!! I for one like the old ways and saving money where I can.. Looking forward to more "frugal" info on your site.

I'm hunting down the ingredients for the detergent today. Also, i have been using the vinager for softner in my front load washer. I love it, and my front loader doesnt smell like mold anymore. thanks for all your info.

I make my own soap with the same ingredients - except only one bar of Fels Naptha. Is there a reason for using 4 bars? I make my own softener but it usually isn't needed because the Borax and Washing Soda get the clothes soft enough.

I tried the homemade detergent and LOVE it! I was using Tide and Melaluca. There is a nice fresh scent on my clothes, my lint catcher in the dryer barely needs cleaned,it helped with some lint on my clothes and I found no use for fabric softner when I used a little more than the 2 tbsp of detergent. The clothes were incredibly soft:) My clothes rinsed clean without all the residue. Thanks Angela

I am very interested in trying this receipe out. I am allergic to all commercial soaps that I have tried besides Dreft for babies. Do you think this detergent would work for me? I’m tempted to try it anyways just to find out. Dreft is sooo expensive it could be worth the gamble??

I have not tried the powder version of this. I made the liquid version and I like it. But I like the idea of having a smaller container and using less of the product when using the powder. I may try that the next time. Thanks for sharing!

First let me say I love your blog, check it almost daily. I found a recipe for stain remover about 7 years from an Amish cookbook. Use equal parts Ammonia, Wisk laundry detergent and water in a spray bottle. Spray directly on the stain and let it sit for awhile before washing. This is strong because of the ammonia but it works on almost everything. We have 3 kids, 2 of them boys and we havent found much that it doesnt get out.

We've been using homemade laundry detergent for 1 1/2 yrs. We've been able to find the Fels at our local Ace Hardware Store if our local grocery store is out. There are a few things that help our detergent work more for us.

1. After mixing the 3 ingredients together, it helps to put it in a food processor or blender to make it more of a fine powder. I use my food processor to grate and mix this.

2. I use an old plastic gallon ice cream container to store my detergent in. I like to mix up a large batch (about a gallon dry)) and I mark on the outside of the container when I make each batch. This helps me keep track of when I make it and how often. I only make detergent 4 times per year. I also use Ivory for dedicates, making up a separate batch and store in a smaller container.

3. If you want a scent, try adding some essential oils (a drop or two), we've used lavender

In the end, I usually only have to use 1/8 c. of detergent per load and love the results and savings. I don't have room to store a 5 gallon container for the liquid, that's why we do the dry stuff.

I was wondering if you were still using your powdered detergent recipe? We're going into 2011 and my hopes for this New Year are to find little ways to save big! I'm going to try your detergent recipe and hope that it's a keeper for me. Btw, I'm a transplanted Texan living in the UK and almost everyone here line dries! I find it sort of odd cause we don't have the sun and heat of Texas but it's how they do things here. Thanks for such a homey, practical website and I can't wait to try your edible recipes too (I've got my eye on that chicken fried chicken recipe). My love to the Lone Star State! -Nora

I'm going to try this! I'm an unemployed single mom (and full-time student). My income is limited and it's difficult affording some of the more basic needs for my household. I really like this idea. Thank you for sharing this!

I also use vinegar instead of liquid fabric softener. I learned on a blog, to help with static elasticity, use safety pins. I place a few safety pins on an old sock & toss it in the dryer with the wet clothes.

I got this recipe from my best friend. Her family has been using this for year. Our husband were both working construction before the economy went down and their clothes STUNK, after her husbands were washed they looked good as new, and my poor husband looked grungy. So I made her soap, I bought a blender just for it and chop the naptha up as small as possible then put in blender with the other ingredients to mix it up. Now we use this for all our laundry needs, baby clothes, diapers, our clothes. Nothing gets the smell out like this stuff. It even gets our dog blankets to not stink. We also use scented vinegar in a downy ball so that helps as well. For the things we dry we use dryer balls and drying time is less. It is good stuff and good on the environment.

My friends and I got together and made a double batch of liquid laundry soap, by the time it was done we had 4 1/2 - 5 gallon buckets of soap. My daughter works at a fast food restaurant and her clothes are covered in grease when she gets home, she absolutely loves this soap because it gets the grease out. Other name brand soaps haven't worked that well. Not to mention it is cost effective.

I found a recipe for laminate/pergo floor cleaner (strangely on food. com site): 1/3 cup water, 1/3 cup white vinegar, 1/3 cup alcohol, 3 drops liquid dishwashing soap and 4-10 drops of lemon essential oil (optional). Combine all ingredients in a clean spray bottle, spray sparingly on laminate floors and mop up. The rubbing alcohol helps speed up the drying process. One user commented that she doubled the amount of water and it was still effective and another said she accidentally sprayed it on her windows, mistaking it for window cleaner and it worked great. Thanks for this 'recipe' for laundry detergent - washing my first load right now!

I add a container of Purex Crystals to mine and my clothes come out smelling wonderful! As a single college student, I made my first batch in September of 2012 and I am just now getting to the half way mark of that same batch! All my friends give me weird faces when I say I make my own laundry detergent, but when I tell them how much I have saved, they look impressed! YAY FOR HOMEMADE CLEANERS!

I have been using the dry version of this laundry soap for over a month now and have been amazed out how it handles the odors. I have several dogs in my home and they pretty much run the home and the sofa is their sleeping grounds. I cover it with a blanket and the blanket does absorb the odors from the dogs. This detergent surprisingly does a great job. I use the ZOTE flakes which comes in a box and is equal to 2 bars. It has a lemony smell but doesn't linger on the clothes after washing. I am a single mom and have to cut corners whenever I can and the fact this works is helping. I got all my ingredients at WalMart.

I have made and used this recipe for dishwasher detergent and it works really well and it's CHEAP!!! Dishwashing Detergent -> Simple HomebrewInstead of using liquid or powder dishwashing detergent (and paying a stiff premium for it), just take an old milk jug, put two teaspoons of liquid dish detergent and four teaspoons of baking powder in it, then slowly fill the jug with warm water, sloshing it while you do it (even better, just slowly add the soap as you’re adding the water). Then put that jug under the sink. Each time you do a load, fill up the cup with the homebrew. It works like a charm. The jug will provide enough for eight to ten loads of dishes for about a penny each, compared to about thirteen cents per load for ordinary detergent.

I have made several different types of liquid & powder laundry soaps. I've have friends & acquaintances be my test subjects. ALL of them have loved everything I've made with the exception of 1 out of 35.

I think I can still find the basic guidelines for liquid & powder laundry soaps for both regular & HE washers-IF I can would you like for me to post it ?

And for those couple people that posted their clothes were dingy...that is often (not always) one of the signs that you've been using too much laundry soap or way too much fabric softener.

The way to find out if you are using too much laundry soap-run a load without anything but items & 2 cups of white vinegar-to see some suds in the drain water is fine--but if you're seeing bubbles it means thats extra soap that's been building up in your clothes.

I have one friend who I had her bring over one load-there were so many bubbles we ended up washing them 4 times with 2 cup vinegar each time, the 4th time we saw nothing but water. She thought the dirtier your clothes the more soap you needed ! She also could hardly believe how bright & vibrant her clothes had become-like new from the store I think were her words.

I wish I could give credit to the person/book/people that came up with this...BUT all I can tell you is its a book that came from Amazon & is readable on KINDLE E-READERS & KINDLE FIRES & ZTE ANDROID PHONES - I have some 6000 books on my e-reader & about 10,000-12,000 books in the cloud....so trying to remember which book exactly I read that in 3 years ago would be a bit difficult-I read 3-7 books (full novels) a day everyday and rarely bother to learn the titles. I know I didn't give much information about where I got my information but its all I can remember & I'm not trying claim the information I read in a book. Hope this helps again its guidelines-adjust to your own recipes.

Amazing recipe! Thank you for explaining everything so simple. Photos were very useful. It was my first time making home detergent. It was not scary at all . Thank you for sharing your tip. Best regards!


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