The emergence of modern genetics is generally attributed to Gregor Mendel, the Austrian monk who used peas to explain the principles of inheritance. His work laid the foundation for genetics and defined the basic ideas of genes as the functional unit of inheritance where different alleles of a gene control an observable phenotype ([@ref1]). After the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA in 1953, this led to the central dogma of genetics where information encoded in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein, which ultimately results in a phenotype.

However, the field of genetic epidemiology is much younger, and was first described by Neel and Schull in 1954 as "epidemiologic genetics" where the focus was on trying to understand the role of genetics in determining risk to chronic diseases, where known nongenetic factors also influence risk ([@ref2], [@ref3]). The mixing of distinct disciplines (genetics and epidemiology) required individuals to think about how genes and nongenetic factors might control familial aggregation of a phenotype (a disease or a quantitative trait) where multiple risk factors are in play. In 1967, Morton, Chung, and Mi coined the term "genetic epidemiology" and defined it as "a science that deals with etiology, distribution, and control of disease in groups of relatives and with inherited causes of disease in populations" (3, p. 1). From this definition, the new field of genetic epidemiology evolved, drawing methods and tools from epidemiology, biostatistics, and genetics to analyze the rapidly expanding forms of genetic data from families and population-based samples to address essential questions of genetic aggregation and susceptibility and to identify causal genomic variants ([Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}).

![Timeline of the development of genetic epidemiology. BRCA1, Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; CIDR, Center for Inherited Disease Research; JHU, Johns Hopkins University; NIH, National Institutes of Health; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.](kwz193f1){#f1}

As we celebrate the centennial of the Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins University, we also celebrate 40 years of research and teaching in genetic epidemiology. At Johns Hopkins University there is a rich history of both medical genetics, started by the pioneering work of Victor McKusick and Barton Childs in the 1950s, and epidemiology, led by Wade Hampton Frost in the 1920s. Thus, it is not surprising that in 1979, Bernice Cohen, a human geneticist, and Abraham Lilienfeld, a physician and Chair of Epidemiology, partnered with McKusick to establish the first graduate training program in genetic epidemiology in the world. They were active in integrating these two scientific disciplines and introducing students in both the School of Medicine and School of Public Health to research methods suitable for defining the role genetics could play in health and disease. In 1978, P. C. Huang, Bernice Cohen, and Abraham Lilienfeld edited the first textbook focused on genetics from a public health perspective ([@ref4]). This was followed by the textbook by Khoury, Cohen, and Beaty (1993), *Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology*, which laid out the principles of the emerging scientific discipline ([@ref5]).

Forty years ago, we were just beginning to consider how to integrate and effectively use the tools of two distinct scientific disciplines to answer fundamental questions about how genes influence risk of major chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and common cancers. At the time, there was no reference human genome sequenced, and there were no public repositories of common haplotypes or single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, and there were no genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, we highlight the role of genetic epidemiology within the broader realm of epidemiology, and we discuss the strides made in our understanding the genetic control of complex disease that arose through critical advances in technology during this time frame. We then briefly discuss directions and challenges to be pursued in the future.

THE EARLY YEARS {#sec1}
===============

Statistical, computational, and technological innovations in genetic epidemiology have set standards for reporting results and synthesizing knowledge not only for the field of epidemiology but also for other scientific fields. As genetic epidemiologists, we develop and apply statistically sound methods to identify genetic factors associated with disease, gather knowledge about underlying causal mechanisms using several different kinds of genetic data, and use this knowledge for improving public health, whether through prevention or intervention in controlling human diseases. Genetic epidemiology is still epidemiology---the study designs must still protect from recognized confounders or biases such as sampling, information, and ascertainment biases; population stratification (i.e., confounding by ancestry); and sample or specimen errors, and there must be transparent reporting of methods and analysis, as well as replication/validation to confirm findings ([@ref6]).

The field of genetic epidemiology works with traditional population-based study designs as well as family-based designs to ask a wide range of scientific questions. It applies a broad range of methodological designs, from the purely descriptive to the highly analytical ([@ref7]). Early genetic epidemiologic studies were focused on trying to assess the role of family history on the risk of disease and to quantify familial aggregation, whether it results from genetic or environmental causes ([@ref8]). Sometimes evidence for familial aggregation can be based solely on population prevalence rates (*K*~pop~) and the observed risk among relatives of cases (stratified by the degree of relationship). The ratio of these prevalence rates (λ = *K*~rel~/*K*~pop~) is a direct measure of familial aggregation and determines statistical power under specialized study designs such as affected sib-pair studies that are used to test for consequences of genetic linkage. Other measures of familial aggregation include assessing risk of disease if there is any family history of the disease, including family members in the study, and through adoption and migration studies. Beyond these simple risk ratios, the most common summary statistic to measure any potential degree of genetic control is "heritability." Heritability dates back to R. A. Fisher (1918), who developed the theory underlying "polygenic" models, where an unspecified number of unobserved, independent, autosomal genes control a quantitative phenotype ([@ref9]), and extends to our current definition of "narrow sense heritability" attributed to J. L. Lush ([@ref10], [@ref11]). This linear model predicts an observed phenotype as the simple sum of effects due to genetic and nongenetic factors, and it allows partitioning the observed total phenotypic variance (σ^2^) into corresponding genetic and nongenetic components of variance.

The early years of genetic epidemiology were about characterizing disease aggregation in families and in the population and then estimating an overall heritability. The aim was to consider the contribution of genes to disease risk using what was observed (vs. unobserved genetics), and these methods continue to be used today to summarize the importance of genes. However, after the discovery of DNA, the attention of the field rapidly turned towards mapping genes associated with disease phenotypes (See [Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}).

![Overview of genetic epidemiology contributions to public health.](kwz193f2){#f2}

DISCOVERY OF DNA {#sec2}
================

Rapid development of cost-effective technologies and large-scale, global, collaborative scientific efforts have led to an explosion of gene discovery over the past few decades. These technical advances, coupled with large-scale, global efforts to map risk genes, have resulted in empirical identification of many risk variants but still build upon many concepts and theories about the genetic contribution to disease developed early in the 20th century.

In 1909, Wilhelm Johannsen first introduced the term "gene" to define the functional unit of heredity. In the following decades, there was considerable debate over and searches for the molecular basis of inheritance. During this time, genetic studies relied on the use of protein biomarkers (e.g., blood types and serum proteins) to map causal genes and test for cosegregation with disease in families. It was not until 1953 that DNA was understood by Watson and Crick (with unacknowledged contributions from Rosalind Franklin) as having all the properties necessary to act as the mechanism for genetic inheritance ([@ref12]). In the 1960s, certain genetic conditions, such as phenylketonuria (PKU), were screened for among babies, with subsequent management providing direct impact (via dietary changes) on a genetic disease. In the late 1970s, the Sanger sequencing method was developed and created the ability to "read" DNA nucleotides sequentially ([@ref13]). Over the next decade, rapid advances in laboratory techniques and automated processing (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, yeast and bacterial artificial chromosomes) laid the groundwork needed to discover the first disease-causing genes through genetic mapping and then to sequence the entire human genome. Development of these techniques in the 1980s led to the identification of the first causal genes for Mendelian diseases (i.e., those conforming to autosomal or X-linked recessive or dominant modes of inheritance). For example, mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (*CFTR*) result in cystic fibrosis among individuals who are homozygotes ([@ref14]). This discovery was the first Mendelian disease mapped in humans, and it resulted in effective screening and treatment in a public health context. The growing availability, during the 1980s and 1990s, of restriction fragment length polymorphism and SNP panels led to the discovery of several other disease genes (e.g., breast cancer type 1 (*BCRA1*), *Dystrophin*).

USING GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY TO MAP GENES {#sec3}
=======================================

In the early days of gene mapping, multiplex families (i.e., those with 2 or more affected relatives) were the main focus of research because they provided a way to follow or track mutations within a family. While there were gene mapping successes using laboratory methods developed in the 1970s to 1980s, there was consensus among the scientific community that more detailed gene maps were needed. In 1990, the Human Genome Project was launched with the goal of providing a physical map for all 3.2 billion nucleotides in the human genome ([@ref17], [@ref18]). A working draft human genome was completed in 2001, followed by the completed version in 2003 ([@ref19]). The Human Genome Project provided the blueprint for future research to identify specific genes controlling risk to human diseases.

At the turn of the 21st century, the cost to sequence 1 genome was tens of millions of dollars, and thus, measuring the DNA sequence for many individuals to use in genetic epidemiology was not feasible. At about the same time, single base extension chemistry and DNA microarrays were developed, which enabled researchers to measure a large number of positions in the genome in a cost-effective way. In 2002, the International HapMap Project was initiated to define patterns of common genetic variants and haplotype structure in humans; it included 270 individuals from Africa, Asia, and Europe ([@ref22]). The development of "next generation" or "massively parallel" sequencing methods, in the mid 2000s, led to a substantial drop in genome sequencing costs and helped launch the 1000 Genomes Project in 2008, which sought to discover all variants with a minor allele frequency of \>1%, in an expanded set of 2,504 individuals from diverse populations ([@ref23]). These laboratory advances and foundational concepts enabled countless descriptive studies of the genetic variation in different populations and the history of human migration over time. The results of these projects have also enabled genome-wide mapping studies for complex diseases using both common and rare variants.

Genetic epidemiology needed to adapt methods to accommodate these new types of genetic data. Similarly, ideas and hypotheses generated long before DNA markers were available could now be tested with empirical data. Family-based methods such as linkage analysis, transmission disequilibrium tests, and family-based association tests successfully mapped genes for a number of human diseases ([@ref27]). In addition, utilization of existing case-control and cohort studies led to the identification of thousands of genomic risk factors across a wide range of complex common diseases using both candidate gene and GWAS designs ([@ref30], [@ref31]).

The identification of these genes associated with many complex diseases has not always yielded obvious causal variants in part because most SNPs are in noncoding regions and are merely in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with some unobserved causal variant. Furthermore, these genome-wide significant SNPs combined did not account for the estimated heritability of most common diseases and quantitative phenotypes ([@ref32]), creating the so-called "missing heritability" issue. Yet the collective implications of GWAS findings (cataloged in <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/>) clearly emphasize 2 broad points: 1) most complex phenotypes are influenced by multiple genes, and 2) many genes influence multiple phenotypes. Neither of these broad conclusions is surprising given the biological complexity underlying the pathogenesis of most common, complex diseases. Although the scientific insights provided by large-scale GWAS are indisputable ([@ref33], [@ref34]), it remains difficult to translate these genetic risk factors to the level of the individual. Implications for medicine and public health are varied and eventually will include improving diagnostics, screening, and risk prediction, as well as identification of multiple genetic risk factors and biomarkers useful in better understanding the underlying biology and possible improvement of treatment and intervention. However, identifying causal alleles remains a major goal of genetic research, and this will require different biological, laboratory, and statistical approaches.

Availability of cost-efficient measurement tools and confirmation of the theory that numerous common variants with small effect sizes contribute to common complex disease risk ([@ref35]) led to relying on ever-larger sample sizes, facilitated by large scientific consortiums. The success of these disease-focused consortia efforts resulted in the emergence of megacohorts, consortiums, and biobanks (UK Biobank, All of Us Cohort, TOPMed Consortium). This has led to more "team science" with large-scale international collaboration of epidemiologists, geneticists, biostatisticians, and clinicians all coming together to share data, results, and standardized tools to identify genes and genetic variants associated with diseases ([@ref39]).

OTHER -OMICS {#sec4}
============

The rapid technological advances extend beyond the DNA sequence to other -omics, including epigenomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and the microbiome ([@ref40]). Advances in computational speed have aided our ability to look across the genome to integrate the different ‑omics. They also create the opportunity to test hypotheses about genomics at the tissue and even single-cell level, which moves from the biology of populations to the tissue and even the cellular level while building medical inferences, which must in turn be applied back to individuals and populations.

One of the major challenges since sequencing of the genome has been trying to understand how genes function. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Consortium was designed to enable understanding of the way the genome functions and identified biologically active regions of the genome outside of canonical coding regions ([@ref41]). Measuring which genes are turned on or off has moved from in situ hybridization to reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction to microarray to RNA-sequencing measurement methods. Our ability to measure gene expression levels across the genome has led to identifying molecular profiles unique to tumor cells, which are now routinely used for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of some cancers. Other commonly measured genome-wide epigenetic marks include DNA methylation, chromatin structure, and histone tail modifications. The RoadMap Epigenomics Project and International Human Epigenome Consortium are currently working towards developing a reference map of the epigenome across a large number of cell types ([@ref42]) to determine interindividual epigenetic variation possibly related to disease. Epigenetic alterations have already been linked to a diverse set of diseases, including cancer and autoimmune, psychiatric, and metabolic diseases. DNA methylation measures at hundreds of loci were found to be related to the biological aging process and led to the development of "epigenetic clock" tools for studying aging and health in populations ([@ref43], [@ref44]). These clocks have been shown to be associated with adverse health outcomes, including all-cause mortality, cancer, infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1, menopause, and cardiovascular disease ([@ref45]).

The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project is a public reference data set to study tissue-specific expression patterns across 53 tissues ([@ref50]). Integrating multiple variant annotations or other -omics data and use of pathway-based enrichment ([@ref51]) and functional SNP prioritization tools ([@ref54]) might help to find causal genetic variants and elucidate underlying biological mechanisms ([@ref57]). Different statistical approaches to integrate these ‑omics are now used ([@ref60]). For instance, PrediXcan application to a GWAS involves estimating the transcriptome using weights derived from reference transcriptome data sets (such as GTEx) and then implementing a combined gene-based test of association for estimated gene expression with any disease outcome ([@ref61]). Other approaches use statistical methods, -omics databases, and data from functional laboratory experiments to prioritize and/or predict biological consequences of genetic variants identified via GWAS ([@ref64]). For example, a combination of genetic sequence data, chromatin state enrichment, and DNA methylation maps helped to pinpoint likely causal genetic variants and provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes ([@ref74], [@ref75]). These integrated methods will be critical to the future of epidemiology, as we more completely understand mechanism and causality and can eventually translate that to public health action.

FUTURE EPIDEMIOLOGIC DIRECTIONS {#sec5}
===============================

Two areas that will continue to have a large influence on the broader field of epidemiology are the environment and causal inference. We anticipate that these areas and the still-evolving novel methods necessary to address them will continue to grow and begin to define a new era in genetic epidemiology.

Environmental accommodation {#sec6}
---------------------------

The study of gene-environment interactions (i.e., genotype-specific phenotypic responses to different environmental risk factors) remains an active area of research that started with candidate gene studies and evolved to genome-wide and gene-environment-wide interaction studies ([@ref7], [@ref76], [@ref77]). These interaction analyses are challenging because of the large number of variables available for investigation---tens of millions of genetic variants and potentially thousands of environmental risk factors. Therefore, statistical methods with improved statistical power have been developed and continue to emerge ([@ref77]). Alternative strategies to address the large number of SNPs available for testing include some methods for prioritizing genomic variants to be tested for potential gene × environment interaction based on a priori biological knowledge ([@ref78]). Studies to examine genomic risk burden and environmental factor interactions using polygenic risk scores are emerging ([@ref81], [@ref82]). The issue of breadth of studies (sample size) versus depth (repeated, longitudinal measurements) are both important, and we hope that with continued technologic advances the ability to measure the environment (e.g., physical environment, nature, or other nongenetic factors) continues to expand with reduced costs. Large sample sizes with unified genetic and environmental data will be needed to understand risk and how disease processes can be modified ([@ref77]).

Using genetics as an instrumental variable in epidemiology {#sec7}
----------------------------------------------------------

Genetic epidemiology has also been useful for traditional epidemiologic studies through Mendelian randomization analysis, where causal effects of one trait on another (even in the presence of unmeasured confounding) are estimated using genetic markers as instruments in an instrumental variable framework. With some assumptions, the instrumental variable approach mimics the random assignment of treatments in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in public health. Genetic epidemiology provides easily measured instrumental variables: genetic markers, where risk alleles are randomly assigned at conception if the null hypothesis of independence is actually true. Mendelian randomization studies, thought of as intermediate between observational studies and RCTs, have the ability to inform RCTs in the absence of reliable evidence to prioritize drug targets ([@ref83]). For instance, Mendelian randomization studies have consistently demonstrated C-reactive protein to be a simple marker rather than a causal risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases ([@ref83]), thus potentially saving time and money by avoiding an RCT destined to fail ([@ref84]). Consistent with RCT results on the drug ezetimibe ([@ref84]), Mendelian randomization study ([@ref85]) implicated lowering of LDL cholesterol via inhibition of the Niemann-Pick C1-like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 gene (*NPC1L1*) as causing reduced risk of coronary heart disease ([@ref84]). Future studies that seek to accumulate evidence to support exposure effects on health outcomes will likely continue to use genetic markers as instrumental variables, particularly as megacohorts with genome-wide marker panels continue to emerge.

CHALLENGES {#sec8}
==========

Despite the advances we have made in genetics over the past four decades, there are important challenges we face in genetic epidemiology that we must address going forward. These include diversity of research populations, privacy, and communication.

Diversity of research populations {#sec9}
---------------------------------

Epidemiology understands the need for heterogeneous study groups, so data can be evaluated across different populations that vary in exposures, risks, and environments. For genetic studies especially, ancestry represents the history of populations, and this is reflected in differences in allele frequencies and underlying haplotype block structures. However, the GWAS Catalog (<https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/>) shows nearly 80% of all current participants as being of European ancestry even though they only represent 16% of the global population ([@ref86]). Furthermore, the fraction of non-European GWAS has not improved since 2014 ([@ref86]). It is especially important to draw subjects from non-European populations into new genetic studies. As we consider methods for risk prediction, therapeutic development, and diagnostic scores based on genetic studies, this work will yield limited or no benefits for non-European populations if study populations are constructed only from European-ancestry populations. This is not only about inclusion in research; for genetics it will also determine the downstream clinical and public health benefits. We need to take an active role as epidemiologists to augment diversity in research study populations.

Privacy {#sec10}
-------

Deidentified genetic research data are now shared through several national and international databases (Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes, European Genome-Phenome Archive), making these data available to a broad range of researchers. There are concerns about sharing genomic data with additional metadata because this can lead to direct or indirect identification of individuals despite being "deidentified" ([@ref87]). This is not unique to genetics; the combination of birthdate, sex, and 5-digit zip code can uniquely identify 87% of all US residents ([@ref88]). However, with the increased use of direct-to-consumer testing, new concerns are raised about access to genetic information by law enforcement, recently underscored by identification of a cold-case serial killer using a relative match in a public genealogy database ([@ref89]). These databases have also uncovered nonpaternity, marital affairs, and biological parents of closed adoptions, situations that have created social and familial unrest for people who thought that information would never be unveiled. A study using a genealogy database company, MyHeritage, including 1.28 million people genotyped using direct-to-consumer testing, predicted the identification of a third cousin or closer relation for 60% of individuals of European ancestry ([@ref90]). And as the database size grows to 3 million US individuals of European descent, the prediction would match 99% of people to a third cousin or closer relation. This study also showed that the inclusion of geography, age, and sex would narrow the identification of an individual after finding a relative that matched. The balance of what we can learn about individuals and the common good of broadly sharing genetic data must be considered carefully. Although these data were in the public domain, the same concerns exist in the research domain. Understanding the necessary protections for research participants is critical and will remain important for all epidemiologic studies that include genetic data from an individual or their family members. Epidemiologists, unlike other data end-users, are often responsible for consent and enrollment; thus, a full understanding of all current and future risks is important for researchers and for those outside of scientific research.

Communication {#sec11}
-------------

Communication between scientists and the broader community is also critical in all parts of epidemiology. Explaining concepts of risk, prediction, and confounding can be a challenge. For genetic epidemiology, where genetic risk might be altered by penetrance of specific alleles or gene expression, or modified by environmental exposure, it becomes especially complicated. Historically, genetic medicine has had the benefit of genetic counselors who can explain these concepts to families or individuals carrying risk alleles for Mendelian disorders. However, the increased availability of genetic information and the direct marketing of sequencing information to consumers has not been accompanied by an increase in available trained individuals to explain the allelic and genetic heterogeneity controlling risk to complex diseases. Additionally, clinicians are not being prepared in their medical curricula to address individual genetic risks summarized as either polygenic risk scores or sequencing studies. Translating causal findings from genetic studies also remains a challenge. We must find opportunities and mechanisms for continued education, so individuals (personalized medicine) and populations (personalized public health) are given the knowledge---not only the data---for informed health decisions.

CONCLUSIONS {#sec12}
===========

For a relatively young field, genetic epidemiology has made rapid progress over the past 40 years. Much of this progress has been led by advances in laboratory and computational technologies. Methods enabling high throughput and cost-effective ways to measure genetic variants in populations, rapid generation and public dissemination of genetic resources, and large-scale team-based science have expanded tools for research, and this information will need to be incorporated into public health. In less than 20 years, this field has seen costs drop from \$2.7 billion per genome sequence to \$1,000 per genome sequence and has made substantial contributions to biomedical and population sciences. As sequencing costs continue to drop and new technologies (e.g., nanopores) emerge, we advocate for a larger number, and more diverse, set of individuals to be sequenced and for this data to be merged with a unified collection of multi-omic and environmental exposure data. Additionally, new laboratory methods such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 ([@ref91], [@ref92]), which can alter genomic sequence at the single base-pair level, hold considerable promise for correcting mutations in the DNA sequences that produce disease, but these also create ethical concerns that must be considered carefully. In the decades to come, it will remain a challenge to decipher the large amount of data produced to understand how the molecular pieces fit together and, in the context of external environment risk factors, to influence health outcomes and work out how to best communicate and use that information to improve public health in an ethically responsible way. Forty years ago at Johns Hopkins, we began to incorporate genetic ideas and family history information into epidemiologic studies, and since then we have mapped genetic variants, predicted risk based on genetic profiles, and tested for potential interactions between environment and genes for a multitude of complex diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, autism, birth defects, infection with human immunodeficiency virus, other viral infections, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, schizophrenia, inflammatory bowel disease, enteric infections, and more. We look forward to this next era, when some of these genetic discoveries will transition from "findings" to results with real impact on public health and policy.

In recognition of the Johns Hopkins Department of Epidemiology Centennial, the Genetic Epidemiology program would like to recognize the professorial faculty who participated in this program from its inception to present day (1979--2019): Dr. Bernice Cohen (Program Director, deceased), Dr. Terri H. Beaty (Program Director), Dr. Muin Khoury, Dr. Emily Harris, Dr. Gloria Petersen, Dr. W.H. Linda Kao (deceased), Dr. M. Daniele Fallin (Program Director), Dr. Yin Yao, Dr. Priya Duggal (Program Director), Dr. Christine Ladd-Acosta, Dr. Robert Wojiechowski, Dr. Debashree Ray, and Dr. Genevieve Wojcik. With heartfelt thanks to the numerous genetic epidemiology students and trainees who have enriched this academic program.

Coflict of interest: none declared.

GWAS

:   genome-wide association study

RCT

:   randomized controlled trial

SNP

:   single nucleotide polymorphism


Q:

R LpSolve How to optimize picks with Budget Restriction

I have a question about LpSolve in R. I have a panel with the following data: Football player ID (around 500 player), how many games each of them has already played, number of goals scored and cost of the player. I want to create a matrix from this data, but I do not know how this works with such a large amount of data (I have about 500 football  players an therefore 500 rows).
The goal is to select the optimal number of players for a budget of 1,000,000. Each player can only be selected once, optimized by the number of scored goals.
In the end I want to have the optimal selection of players which scored the most goals, and the budget has to be (almost) used up.
Since I am relatively new with R I do not know how to solve this problem with LpSolve yet and I fail at the matrix production and the constraints.
I´m very grateful for your help !
My panel looks like this (example):
footballplayerID | gamesplayed | avggoals | costsperplayer

233276       |      120     |    80     |    50.000
474823       |      200     |    140    |    34.000
192834       |      150     |    90     |    14.000
192833       |      30      |    50     |    90.000
129834       |      204     |    129    |    70.000
347594       |      123     |    19     |    10.000
203845       |      129     |    57     |    43.000
128747       |      98      |    124    |    140.000

.
.

123749      |      128     |    182    |   100.000

A:

First I create a df like this:
    df <- read.table(text =
    "footballplayerID | gamesplayed | avggoals | costsperplayer
    233276 | 120 | 80 | 50000
    474823 | 200 | 140 | 34000
    192834 | 150 | 90 | 14000
    192833 | 30 | 50 | 90000
    129834 | 204 | 129 | 70000
    347594 | 123 | 19 | 10000
    203845 | 129 | 57 | 43000
    128747 | 98 | 124 | 1400001",
    header = TRUE,
    stringsAsFactors = FALSE,
    sep = "|"
    )
library(lpSolve)

The coefficients for objective function is avggoals:
obj_fun <- df$avggoals

The constraints is the sum of costperplayer that needs to be less than or equal to 100.000.000
constraints <- matrix(df$costsperplayer, nrow = 1)
c_dir <- "<="
c_rhs <- 1000000

You can then solve that lp problem with lp(). the argument all.bin = TRUE makes sure you choose a player once or not at all.
lp <- lp("max",
         obj_fun,
         constraints,
         c_dir,
         c_rhs,
         all.bin = TRUE)

You can than have a look at the selected players:
df[lp$solution == 1, ]


This is a great hot fudge sauce to use for almost any chocolate dessert. My mom gave me this recipe with a note that said, 'Use this sauce over brownies and vanilla ice cream to make 'Eskimo Pie Delight'. It was a favorite of...

The vanilla bean was first cultivated and processed by the Aztecs, who used it to flavor a drink that would later be known as chocolate. Of the worlds vanilla beans, 75 percent come from Madagascar, with Tahitian and Mexican...

This homemade hotsauce makes good use of the bountiful tomatoes, onions and peppers in your garden or farmers' market. Adjust the heat to your preference: in our tests, two habaneros yielded a pleasantly spicy sauce without...


Tolerance and cross-tolerance to the discriminative stimulus properties of fentanyl and morphine.
The investigation tested the hypothesis that tolerance would develop to the discriminative stimulus properties of fentanyl upon discontinuation of discrimination training and injection of fentanyl in doses larger than the training dose. Rats were trained to discriminate an injection of fentanyl, 0.04 mg/kg, from saline using a two-lever choice procedure with food as a reinforcer. Given acutely, morphine substituted for fentanyl and was 100-times less potent. Subsequently, training was stopped, and fentanyl, 0.08 mg/kg, was injected every 12 hr for 1 week. This procedure did not produce tolerance nor did tolerance occur when fentanyl, 0.16 mg/kg every 24 hr, was continued for an additional week. In contrast, a dose of morphine (8.0 mg/kg) that was equated for efficacy to the 0.08-mg/kg dose of fentanyl produced both tolerance to the morphine stimulus and cross-tolerance to the fentanyl stimulus after 3 to 4 days of administration. In an additional experiment, the time course for detection of fentanyl was found to be significantly shorter than the time course for the detection of morphine. These results suggest that the present, as well as a previous, report of failure to find tolerance to the stimulus properties of fentanyl is perhaps attributable to fentanyl's brief duration of action. To test this hypothesis, 16 rats were trained to discriminate fentanyl, 0.04 mg/kg, and dose-effect data were obtained for the generalization of fentanyl and the substitution of morphine for this discriminative stimulus. Subsequently, training was stopped and fentanyl was injected for 4 days in a design that called for injection of 0.12 mg/kg every 6 hr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Local Partners

When an animal dies that has been especially close to someone here, that pet goes to Rainbow Bridge.
There are meadows and hills for all of our special friends so they can run and play together.
There is plenty of food, water and sunshine, and our friends are warm and comfortable.

All the animals who had been ill and old are restored to health and vigor;
those who were hurt or maimed are made whole and strong again,
just as we remember them in our dreams of days and times gone by.
The animals are happy and content, except for one small thing;
they each miss someone very special to them, who had to be left behind.

They all run and play together, but the day comes when one suddenly stops and looks into the distance.
His bright eyes are intent; His eager body quivers. Suddenly he begins to run from the group,
flying over the green grass, his legs carrying him faster and faster.

You have been spotted, and when you and your special friend finally meet,
you cling together in joyous reunion, never to be parted again. The happy kisses rain upon your face;
your hands again caress the beloved head, and you look once more into the trusting eyes of your pet,
so long gone from your life but never absent from your heart.

Then you cross Rainbow Bridge together....

~Author unknown

There is an error in the database query. Site admin can turn site debug to on to view and fix the query.

The Loss of a Beloved Pet

The loss of a pet, just like the loss of any member of your family, can be a very painful experience. We find some solace from other pet parents who have been through the experience before. Although our friends and families try to acknowledge the pain, the importance of the loss may not be fully realized by others. The bond we share with our pets is special and unique for each person. Remember that you do not need anyone else's approval to mourn the loss of your pet, and do not feel as if you have to justify your feelings to others. Take time for yourself, or surround yourself by others who can understand your pain.

Here at Delightfully Dog we firmly believe that each and every pet is to be honored and remembered for the special place they hold in your heart. New pets will not fill your lost pets paws, but rather make their own. Our Rainbow Bridge page is dedicated to each and every pet that has passed on, giving you the option to create a Pet Memorial Profile for your lost pet and share some of your special memories with others who have felt the same pain and grew to cherish the memories.


/******************************************************************************
 *  Copyright (c) 2008 - 2010 IBM Corporation and others.
 *  All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
 *  are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
 *  which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
 *  http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
 *
 *  Contributors:
 *    David Ungar, IBM Research - Initial Implementation
 *    Sam Adams, IBM Research - Initial Implementation
 *    Stefan Marr, Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Port to x86 Multi-Core Systems
 ******************************************************************************/

struct Message_Or_Ack_Request {
  static inline Message_Or_Ack_Request** first_TL() { return &first_msg_or_req[rank_on_threads_or_zero_on_processes()]; }
  static Message_Or_Ack_Request* first_msg_or_req[Memory_Semantics::max_num_threads_on_threads_or_1_on_processes];

  Message_Or_Ack_Request* next;
  Message_Statics::messages msg_type;
  bool is_fulfilled;
  const abstractMessage_class* buf_or_nil_for_ack;

  Message_Or_Ack_Request(Message_Statics::messages mt, const abstractMessage_class* b)
  : msg_type(mt), is_fulfilled(false), buf_or_nil_for_ack(b) {

    next = *first_TL();
    *first_TL() = this;

    assert_eq(Message_Statics::is_encoded_for_ack(mt), buf_or_nil_for_ack == NULL, "buf should be nil iff ack");
  }

  ~Message_Or_Ack_Request() { *first_TL() = next; }

  static Message_Or_Ack_Request* find(Message_Statics::messages t) {
    for (Message_Or_Ack_Request* mr = *first_TL();  mr != NULL;  mr = mr->next)
      if (!mr->is_fulfilled  &&  t == mr->msg_type)
        return mr;

    return NULL;
  }
};


Q:

How to get all errors of data annotation validation and override its JSON representation in ASP.NET Core?

I would like to get all errors of the Data Annotations after the request comes in . E.g. [Required].
I localized the strings yet. But now I want to change the JSON representation of the errors which looks in default like this:
"errors": {
    "FirstName": [
      "Please provide a valid First Name."
    ]
  }

I need to remove FirstName. But generally the whole JSON structure.
Where can I override that representation? Is it even possible?
I tried it with an ActionFilter yet but that is too late. The response is given before the methods of the ActionFilter are executed.
UPDATE
Further problem specification:
It is a web api. The error is returned before any code in my controller is executed. I need to get all errors which the Data Annotations like [Required] produce and format them. At the moment it seems that the errors are returned directly when any Data Annotation constraint fails.

A:

You can try to get all errors from ModelState and fill into collection :
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
    var errors = new List<string>();
    foreach (var state in ModelState)
    {
        foreach (var error in state.Value.Errors)
        {
            errors.Add(error.ErrorMessage);
        }
    }

    var response = new { errors = errors };
}

And then return to client side using JsonResult :
return new JsonResult(response) { StatusCode = (int)HttpStatusCode.BadRequest };

Update
When [ApiController] attribute is applied ,ASP.NET Core automatically handles model validation errors by returning a 400 Bad Request with ModelState as the response body :
Automatic HTTP 400 responses
To disable the automatic 400 behavior, set the SuppressModelStateInvalidFilter property to true :
services.AddControllers()
    .ConfigureApiBehaviorOptions(options =>
    {
        options.SuppressModelStateInvalidFilter = true;
    });


Q:

What does 10 mean in libgmp10 library?

My system has libgmp.so.10.2.0 while official source says current version is 6.1.2.
Is this specific to GMP? Would having libgmp.so.42.0.0 be OK?
Debian adds another number "2" to the mix (ignoring patches).
libgmp10:amd64  2:6.0.0+dfsg-6

A:

You're referring to the libtool version, which is usually unrelated to the library's release version.
A quick look at the sources would show you that the versions are set in Makefile.am, with a comment-block preceding the values giving a summary of the history.
Here's a chunk where you'll see the numbers of the Debian package (version info for libmp is in the last column):
#       release   libgmp  libgmpxx libmp
...
#        5.0.1   10:1:0    6:1:2   4:21:1
#        5.0.2   10:2:0    6:2:2   4:22:1
#        5.0.3   10:3:0    6:3:2   4:23:1
#        5.0.4   10:4:0    6:4:2   4:24:1
#        5.0.5   10:5:0    6:5:2   4:25:1
#        5.1.0   11:0:1    7:0:3     -

and (current)
#        6.1.2   13:2:3    9:2:5     -

and
# We interpret "implementation changed" in item "1." above as meaning any
# release, ie. the REVISION is incremented every time (if nothing else).
# Even if we thought the code generated will be identical on all systems,
# it's still good to get the shared library filename (like
# libgmpxx.so.3.0.4) incrementing, to make it clear which GMP it's from.

LIBGMP_LT_CURRENT    = 13
LIBGMP_LT_REVISION   = 2
LIBGMP_LT_AGE        = 3

LIBGMPXX_LT_CURRENT  = 9
LIBGMPXX_LT_REVISION = 2
LIBGMPXX_LT_AGE      = 5


Q:

Setting a background color with alpha in Navigation bar

I'd like the background of a navigation bar to be a color with 0.5 alpha to be able to partially see the contents of the view below. I've tried to do like this:
override func viewWillAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
    super.viewWillAppear(animated)

    self.navigationController?.navigationBar.barTintColor = UIColor.blue
    self.navigationController?.navigationBar.isTranslucent = true
}

If I set isTranslucent to true, then the navigationBar color is clear. If I set isTranslucent to false, the color is opaque even if I set UIColor.blue.alpha(0.5)
How could I do this?

A:

If you just want the NavigationBar (excluding status bar) background with alpha.. Try this
override func viewWillAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
    super.viewWillAppear(animated)
    self.navigationController?.navigationBar.setBackgroundImage(UIImage(), for: .default)
    self.navigationController?.navigationBar.isTranslucent = true
    self.navigationController?.navigationBar.backgroundColor = UIColor.blue.withAlphaComponent(0.5)
}

If you want background color with alpha including status bar, Im afraid you have to use an image with alpha value. see this


Iltovirus

Iltovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. Birds, galliform birds, psittacine birds, chickens, turkeys, and quail serve as natural hosts. There are currently only two species in this genus including the type species Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1. Diseases associated with this genus include: acute respiratory diseases: gaHV-1: infectious laryngotracheitis; psHV-1: Pacheco's disease.

Species
The genus consists of the following two species:

 Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1
 Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1

Structure
Viruses in Iltovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical to pleomorphic, and  Round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 120-200 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 150kb in length.

Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral gB, gC, gD and gH proteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and  budding. Birds, galliform birds, psittacine birds, chickens, turkeys, and quail serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are contact, contamination, and air borne particles.

References

External links

 Viralzone: Iltovirus
 ICTV

Category:Herpesviridae
Category:Alphaherpesvirinae


"©" "©" "© P@rM!" "NdeR" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™ Mobile - +919815899536" "Man over radio: 5 Lincoln 9 eastbound on 6th heading towards front in pursuit of white oldsmobile cutlass." "Roger, 5 Lincoln." "Charles Edward 12 is three minutes e.T.A." "Box in the suspect and hold the perimeter." "Man:" "Copy, Charles Edward 12." "Listen, you heard what he said." "And I'm not buying it." "It's a retaliation shooting." "Then let it happen." "Let 'em kill each other." "Bang bang bang, and we come in and clean up." " End of story." " That's exactly what they expect you to do." "I can't believe you're listening to his shit." "He's a c.I." "What difference does it make?" "He's a paid criminal informant." "He'll say anything to cover his own ass." "Fuck you, man." "His handler was shot dead tonight." "How do we know he didn't set up the hit?" " That's bullshit, man." " You saw the sheet." "This kid Michael pips had priors." "He found out Jacobs was undercover, picked up a 9mm and took matters into his own hands." "You're wrong!" "You're wrong!" "He didn't set up shit, man." "There was somebody else in that park." "Somebody planned it on the other side-- one of your boys, man." "You witness this?" "How am I gonna know your boy was an undercover?" "When he found out, he freaked." "He wasn't about to kill no cop." "Couple minutes later, somebody come in, cut Jacobs down." "Now he's trying to pin it on a rival gang." "Who was the shooter?" "I'm not saying another word till I speak to his d.A." "He doesn't know shit." "Look, our job is to stop this from escalating." "He killed a cop!" "He's got a target painted on him from every officer in the field right now." "Man over radio:" "Charles Edward 12, be advised:" "Suspect vehicle is pinned, but there is movement within the perimeter." " (Gunfire popping)" " Shots firing!" "Shots firing!" "(Tires squeal)" "Officers need backup!" "38th cross street..." " Put your head down!" " (Firing)" "Put your head down!" "Down down-- get down!" "Keep your head down!" "Come on." "Come on!" "Quick with your leg!" "Come on, man." "Come on." "Hey hey." "Hey!" "Freeze!" "Tino, hey!" "Come on, breathe!" " (Gunfire stops)" " Suspect down!" "Suspect is down!" "Breathe!" "Cover me!" "Cover me!" "Shepherd:" "Breathe!" "Come on!" "Fuck." "We're clear!" "Need an e.M.T.!" "Shepherd!" " Where's our paramedics?" " Shepherd!" " Rescue 1-6, we have two-- repeat two g.S.W.S." " Shepherd?" " What is your e.T.A.?" " Was he hit?" "Is it pips?" "No." "What's his status, detective?" "He's gone." "S.W.A.T.'S on their way." "What's their e.T.A.?" "They're still 10 minutes out." "You tell them there's plainclothes within the perimeter." " Whoa." "What are you thinking?" " I'm going in." "Hey, wait for s.W.A.T., man." "We don't know how many shooters are in the vicinity." "This kid doesn't have 10 minutes, all right?" "Shepherd, I can't let you do this, man." "Hey, you want to stay, Briggs, you stay." "Hold on!" "You're not seriously going in there, are you?" "He's my partner." "Listen, you're our eyes and ears." "You maintain radio silence unless you see movement on our position." " You got it?" " Yep." " They know we're here." "Be smart." " All right." "(Leaves rustling)" "Man:" "Movement, tree line!" "We're sitting ducks out here, man!" " Cover me." " No!" "They're trying to pin us down, trying to beat us to Michael." "We need to make a move to the warehouse." "What?" "Hey, listen to me." "Point every light you've got on that tree line." "Every light you've got on that tree line right now." " Man: 10-4." " Good." "Don't stop." "Keep those lights moving." "You hear me?" "Keep those lights moving." "(Gunshots continue)" "You ready?" " Let's go!" " Fuckin' crazy." " Clear left!" " Clear right!" "Moving center." " (Firing)" " Down down down down!" "Police officers!" "Drop the gun!" " (Radio static)" " Man, I didn't do this!" "I didn't kill that fuckin' cop!" "Drop the fucking gun, Michael." "We have you surrounded." "Michael, I'm coming out." "Michael!" "Michael, hey." "Hey, I'm unarmed." "I just want to talk." "I didn't kill that fuckin' cop." "Man, I didn't do this." "We're here to help you." "Put the weapon down, Michael, now!" "Hey hey, eyes on me, Michael." "Eyes on me!" "Okay?" "Tell your boy to put his gun down." "That's not gonna happen, Michael." "Everybody, calm down!" "Just lower your weapon, Briggs." " No way." " Do it, motherfucker!" " No way." " Michael, we're not here to hurt you." "I promise." "I give you my word:" "We're not here to hurt you." "Let's just talk." "He's one of them, isn't he?" "Just you and me." "No, he's not." "He's fuckin' one of them, isn't he?" "No, he's not." "He's been with me all night." "We're here to get you out." "You understand me?" "I just need you to tell me what you saw tonight." "Cops!" "I saw fuckin' cops!" "You saw cops on 6th street?" "That's what I said." "Okay." "All right." "Back it down, detective." "How many cops did you see, Michael?" "I saw three of 'em!" "All right." "You saw three cops." "Can you identify them?" "Stand down, detective!" "Lower your weapon!" "Look at him, Michael." "He's lowering his gun." "All right?" "He's lowering his weapon." "Lower your weapon, Briggs." "Now I need you to tell me you can identify these cops." "Yeah." "I seen 'em before." "Okay." "All right." "That's good." "Who else knows about this, Michael?" "Man, you tell me." "Hey!" "Hey, listen to me." "If there's somebody out there that can back up your story, we need to get them into protective custody." "Look, we've got a car standing by." "All right?" "We're not gonna bring you in here." "We're gonna take you to the feds-- the f.B.I., Michael." "They're gonna take you into protective custody." "No one's gonna get near you." "You're gonna be safe." "I need to know who else do we need to protect?" "No." "I'm the only one left." "(Radio static)" "Suspect in custody." "(Siren wailing)" " Michael!" " Drop the gun!" " Michael, don't!" "Michael, no!" " Get down!" " Drop the fuckin' gun!" " No, wait a minute!" " Wait a minute!" "Wait wait!" " (All shouting)" "Man:" "Suspect down." "(Door opens)" "What you got?" "We've got five dead bodies in the last 24 hours." "This could be the worst case of retaliation violence this city's ever seen." " Has that gotten out?" " Not yet." "But we've only got a few hours till the press gets wind of it." "All right." "So what are you thinking, counsel?" "There's no way to justify their actions in the field tonight." "Someone has to take the fall for this." "Is that the official position of the district attorney?" "Just to be clear, nothing leaves this room until it's been blessed by our office." "What's your take on Shepherd?" "He's been on the job for 30 hours straight with no sleep." "He'll be easy to break." "Okay, detective." "Are you ready to begin?" " You know the drill, detective." " (Hits button)" "Tell us what happened out there tonight." "What difference does it make?" "Hmm?" "The difference between losing your badge and going to prison for criminal misconduct." "No matter what I say, you're gonna spin it exactly the way that you want, exactly the way it's been done here 100 times before." "What was that?" "I know what you do with the facts when they don't match the story you want to tell, right?" "You change them or you ignore them." "Keep it up, detective." "You're just hanging yourself." "Am I?" "Tell us what you know." "During the course of the initial investigation into the shooting deaths of officer Chris Jacobs, we interviewed his partner, detective Evans." "He gave us the name of a paid criminal informant who eventually led us to the suspect." "You placed an a.P.B." "At approximately 2200 hours." "Yes, sir, when some of our patrol officers reporting spotting the suspect and engaged in pursuit." "They were able to box him in at front street." "Based on preliminary reports submitted by patrol officers lerner and cominsky, they were attacked by an assailant." "Did you witness this, detective?" "A firefight did ensue." "The criminal informant was shot and killed in the crossfire." "Detective Shepherd and I then pursued the suspect into the warehouse area." "We cornered him." "We attempted to talk him into surrendering even after he had fired upon us." "At which time uniformed officers fired upon the suspect, fatally injuring him only after all attempts to disarm him had been exhausted." "What are we missing, detective?" "Sir?" "We wish it was that simple." "It wasn't that clean, was it, detective?" "You either play ball or I'm taking you down myself." "You understand me?" "You want to put me on the stand?" "Go ahead." "'Cause I'll tell 'em everything." "But you don't want that, do you?" "Right?" "You can't control it." "It's not the image that the department wants to present to the public." "You're burnt out, Shepherd." "We can all see that." "Is that why you did what you did?" "I have no idea what you're talking about." "You have no idea what we're talking about?" "Well, we've got a sworn statement from your partner here..." "And it says different." "There's no way." "Go ahead, read it." "His debrief ended hours ago." "Why do you think that is?" "Let me help you out, detective." "Why don't you start by telling us how detective Evans wound up with two bullet holes in his head-- one self-inflicted and one not?" "You were the first guy at the scene." "Sir, I can only comment that during the course of our investigation, we encountered what could only be described as a theory of potential conspiracy involving individuals from within our own department." "No way." "This is a setup and you know it." "You're out of line." "Every one of those men is dead tonight because of us." "And for what?" "The reason we're here is to find the truth." " The truth, captain?" " Yeah." "Those suspects had a target painted on their back from every officer in the field." "We caused this!" "We caused this." "Detective, sit down." "We caused this." "Detective." "This is our fault." "Lieutenant Michaels:" "Start from the beginning." "Don't leave out a single detail." "This is your only shot." "Your partner's going down." "There's nothing we can do to stop that now." "Are you?" "You don't have to join him." "There's only one way out that door." "It's time to come clean." "My partner detective Shepherd and I received the first call at 1800 hours." "There'd been an apparent shooting down at the 6th street park-- that's deep within gangland." "Whose gangland?" "The vice lords." "They run all the streets in between 16th and Fairfax." "Nobody goes in and nobody comes out without being affiliated with that crew." "Preliminary reports indicated that it was indeed a gangland homicide." "The wealthy street boys-- they'd been seen in the area and there'd been a series of shootings in the past couple of weeks." "Our initial instincts told us that it was a retaliation shooting that resulted from a prior incident." "We got a break in the rain." "Yeah, give it 10 minutes." "Johnson, what do you have?" "Victim's a white male, late 20s, early 30s." "Took multiple g.S.W.S to the head and chest." "Chalk that up." "How many does it make?" " Three in three weeks." " First on scene?" " I was, sir." " Did you I.D. The victim?" "Not yet." "No wallet, no cash-- stripped clean." "Detectives, we've got over two dozen spent shell casings." "They're all 9mm." "We've also got tread marks from what could have been the shooter's vehicle heading out of the park." "How long before you get the results on the treads?" "I'll be uploading the photos within the next 24 hours, but it'll still take a couple of days to get a positive match." "All right." "Show me this kid." "Maybe we can shop a photo around." "Watch your step." "Took hits from all sides." "Not very pretty what's left of him." "Pull it back." "Cover it up." "Hey, what's up?" "Do you know this guy?" "He's one of ours, shep." "Lock it down now!" "(Muted talking)" "Detective?" "I've seen things no one should ever see." "I've dealt with it like we all have." "Your training tells you to separate your emotions from the job at hand, to build up a tolerance to it." "But when it's someone you know..." "Turn it off." "I wanted revenge." "You saw what they did to him." "His face was barely recognizable." "Those fucking animals did that to him, and for what?" "A piece of gangland?" "They want to kill each other over that, lieutenant, let 'em fuckin' have it." "Michaels:" "You ready to continue?" "(Indistinct police radio)" "Talk to me, detectives." "What are we looking at?" "We got a positive I.D. On our victim." " He's one of ours." " Jesus Christ!" " Who is it?" " Detective Chris Jacobs." "He was an undercover working vice." "What was he doing down here?" "We don't know yet." "We set up a four-block perimeter." "No one's getting in and out of this place until we know what happened." "We've also got what appears to be a blood trail that leads from here to just outside the warehouse." "We think Jacobs got off a few rounds with a backup piece before he went down, 'cause whoever our suspect is, he's hurt and he's bleeding." "Yeah, we notified local hospitals, clinics." "Guy goes for help, we've got him." "Listen to me:" "Somebody shot one of ours." "Now it's your responsibility to bring them in to justice at all costs." "Do you understand me?" "All right then." "Let's get these guys." "Hey, lieutenant, Jacobs had a wife." "I'll take care of it." "With all due respect, sir, I know her." "I'd like to be the one." "All right, detective." "You all right?" "Yeah." "It's all part of the job, you know?" "Yeah." "This is the hard part of what we do." "How do I tell her that?" "You want me to go in with you?" "No." "Thanks, man." "I know her." "She sees us both go, she'll know." "Yeah." "Give me a minute, all right?" "(Laughing)" "Oh my God." "Briggs!" "What are you doing here?" "It's been forever." "Come in, come in." "Chris isn't back yet but I'm expecting him any minute." "He's gonna be so excited to see you." "How are you?" "You want to stay for dinner?" "No, I can't." "Um..." " Tracy, listen." " What?" "Is something wrong?" "Did something happen to Chris?" "You ought to sit down." "Don't tell me this." "Tell me he's okay." "He's okay." "Briggs, where is he?" "Sorry." "Oh my God!" "Oh my God!" "Oh my God!" "Oh my God!" "Oh, God damn it!" "Listen to me." "Listen to me." "I promise you that I will find whoever did this." "You find them and you kill them!" "You fucking kill them!" "Shh." "Come here, come on." "Come here." "Shh shh shh." "I'm so sorry." "I worked with Jacobs for over six years." "He was like a brother to me..." "And a damn good cop." "But when he got transferred to vice, he got partnered with Evans." "Jesus Christ." "Stick to the facts, detective." "We're not looking for any color commentary." "Everyone on the force knows he's a fucking joke-- a burned-out drunk raging alcoholic just pissing time away until he got his pension." "And you fucking guys stick Jacobs with him." "Are you finished?" "Then let's continue." "Michaels:" "Your assignment was to pursue the suspect, track him down and bring him into custody." "That's exactly what we attempted to do." "Okay?" "You tell me why an undercover would go into gangland with no backup." "We're investigating his actions." "His actions didn't make any sense, captain." "Before we could do anything else, we needed to find out what was going on." "There's a cop bar on division and 8th called Eddie's." "Detective Evans was known to frequent the place." "(Bluegrass music playing)" "Man:" "Cocktails!" "Come on, keep up." "God." "Cocktails!" "Come on, sugar tits, keep up with me here." "God damn it." "Let's go, Sarah." "Keep up." "That's it." "You know, I am gonna take you home and do dirty things to you tonight." "I'd love to, but I have a feeling you might have a problem getting your little whiskey dick up." "Aww." "Crown rocks." "One for my friend too." "Aw, come on, Sarah." "What're you doin' to me, girl?" "Oh!" "What is this?" "I got a hole in my glass?" "Better than a hole in your head." "What'd you say?" "Do I know you?" "No, but we know you, detective Evans." "Who are you guys?" "Oh!" "You guys are I.A.D." "Well, this is a cop bar and I am off duty." "You want to talk to me, you do it when I'm on the clock with my union rep present." "Other than that, you can kiss my ass." "You got it wrong, Jack." "We're not I.A.D., we're homicide." "Ahh." "Oh, well, what can I do for you, detectives?" "We're investigating the shooting death of Chris Jacobs." "Your partner." " Is this a fucking joke?" " Briggs:" "No joke." "Your partner was found shot to death at the park down on 6th street." "What the fuck?" "!" "What was he doing there, detective?" "This isn't right." "This wasn't supposed to go down." "The meet was scheduled for Friday." " What meet?" " This is not right." "Hey, Evans, focus." "What meet?" "What were you working on?" "We were assigned to a joint task force investigating some small-time drug traffickers-- this nothing bust." "All right?" "Now we had a paid criminal informant set up a meet and greet with the players for Friday night." "Why was the meet moved up?" "No way he'd have gone in without backup." "Not much backup if your partner's facedown in a bar." " What?" " His partner's a drunk." "He kept fucking things up, so better go in alone than chancing having the bust get tossed because you're a deadbeat." "Fuck you, asshole!" "I done my time in this shithole." "No, fuck you, asshole!" "You want to drink yourself into oblivion?" "Let's go!" "Better to be partnered with a c.I." "Than let him hang for your bullshit!" "I didn't know!" "(Gagging)" "Now who was the informant?" "Give me a name!" " What's his name?" " Tino." "His name's tino." "Where do I find him?" "I don't know." "He's Jacobs's guy." " Bullshit, you cocksucker!" " Ahh!" " Bullshit!" " Get off him!" " Where is he?" " Shepherd:" "God damn it!" "You're out of control, Briggs!" " Get the fuck back." " Ahh." "Your partner's way out of control-- way out of line." " Give yourself up." " Wait a minute." " Oh, God." " Hey, you listen to me, you son of a bitch." "Jacobs is dead because of you." "The only thing standing between you and that maniac out there is me!" "Now you tell me every goddamn thing you know, or I swear to God, there's nothing I can do to prevent him from coming back and finishing you." "(Indistinct speaking on telephone)" "(Starts engine)" "It's 423 rosewood." "You don't think you went a little bit over the line there?" "It was the only way, lieutenant." "Come on, you know when a cop screws up, they shut down, go into automatic cover-up mode 'cause they need to justify their actions or they're finished." "We needed that information." "Who was the c.I.?" "Tino." "His name was tino." "Been playin' on the streets his whole life." "He was taking money from both sides of the fence." "We hit his house." "He wasn't there." "So the waiting game began." "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "Yeah, like I thought." "There's no record of your request and a warrant to enter his premises." "He was a paid criminal informant." "We weren't there to arrest him, captain." "And what if you had stumbled upon evidence?" "It would have been completely inadmissible in a court of law." "He was our only chance of finding the suspect." "So you trumped your entire investigation?" "No, it was a judgment call." "You guys are cops." "You remember how to make those?" "Put yourselves in the same place at the same time." "You wouldn't have done anything different." "This guy was our only chance at finding the shooter." "©" "©" "© P@rM!" "NdeR" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ" "What time do you have?" "12:30." "Man, it's been two hours." "How long do you want to wait for this guy?" "Last call's not till 1:45." "That's if he's at a bar." "What?" "I didn't need you to pull me out tonight." "I had Evans by myself." "Yes, you did." "You were completely out of control." "What's your problem?" "My problem is that I can't have you go off half-cocked" " until we find this guy." " He killed a cop." "We've got half the department looking for him right now." "And that pretty much frees us up, doesn't it?" "God damn it, Briggs!" "(Sighs)" "You know, just listen to me for a minute, okay?" "What?" "My first year on the job, working the b team on the West Side of town, ran into a gang-related homicide just like this one." "And I'm the rookie, so I just follow the team lead." "But we knew who the shooter was." "Instead of bringing him in, we decided to let things escalate-- street justice." "Let the animals kill each other, then we come in with the body bags." "Make life easy, right?" "Yeah, it's about right." "Yeah, well, it didn't take long." "Rival gang gunned him down right away." "Street justice." "We let the streets clean themselves up, right?" "You're wrong." "You know what we didn't count on?" "All the people that were goin' down right after-- a dozen." "Four of 'em dead, including a six-year-old girl." "Caught a ricochet to the back of the head." "She was playing in her backyard." "For what?" "Some bullshit that we allowed to happen." "Your point, detective?" "My point is that you and I don't have to let this happen again." "He was my partner, Shepherd!" "So if you're not up for the task, you better think about calling it a night." "You need to cool off, Briggs." "You need to cowboy up." "(Car door closes)" "We got action." "You ready?" " Easy. - (Keys fumbling)" "Here he comes." "(Gun cocking)" " Drop the gun, tino!" " Fuck, man." " Drop the gun!" " Police officers, tino." "What the fuck you doin' in my house?" "You know what?" "You're right." "Let's take a walk." "That's not cool." "That's not cool, man." "That's not cool, man." "What the fuck-- what the fuck is all this about?" "This ain't how it's supposed to be played." "Your hand dealer's dead, tino." " What?" " Detective Jacobs was found shot and killed at the park down on 6th street." "Whoa whoa whoa." "I don't know nothing about this shit." "Listen here, you motherfucker." "You got 10 seconds to tell me what you know, or we're gonna take you out that door and parade you around gangland in the most obvious unmarked police car this city's ever seen." "I'm talking lights, sirens, the whole shebang, so everybody-- every fucking gangbanger in this city knows where you get your cash!" "Hold on, hold on." "I can help you, man." "We're listening, tino." "I can help you." "Just give me a few days, man." "I'll get word from the street, circle around a little bit." "You're not listening to me, tino." "A suspect is out there that shot and killed a cop, and you're the only one that knows why he was in the park." "Now your 10 seconds is almost up." "I don't know." "Wrong answer." "Let's go!" "He was looking for a dirty cop." "What'd you say?" "He was looking for a dirty cop, man." "Jacobs told me not to talk to nobody." "And since I don't know neither of you, I ain't sayin' shit." "All right." " I've got a better idea." " Let's go!" " (Siren walls)" " What do we have here, detective?" "(Honking)" "(Men chattering)" "These guys, tino?" "Really?" "You sure?" "Them?" "That's them right there?" "Fuck y'all, man." " This is bullshit, man." " Fellas!" "Guys, recognize tino?" "Come around!" "Take a look!" "Say hi, tino." "He wants to say hi." "Come on, give 'em a smile, man." "Yeah, that's him." "This is bullshit, man." "Get me the fuck out of here." "Looks like your cover's blown, tino." "Now you're thinkin', tino." "Now you're thinkin'." "This is fucked up, man." " Man, what the fu" " Briggs:" "Let's go." " What the fuck is-- - let's go." " Briggs, take him." " Come on, man." "Get over there." "Shepherd:" "Take it easy, man." "Take it easy on him." "What the fuck is the matter with him?" "Let's have it." "Jacobs told me not to talk to nobody from local p.D., man." "He said the sheriff and the feds only, man." "Why would he say that?" "He didn't know who he could trust within the department." "You guys got some dirty shit goin' down, man." "He didn't know how high up it went." "What the hell was he doi" at 6th street?" "There was this kid he heard about from his partner-- this young fighter golden gloves, man." "Real tough-- sharp with his hands." "Yeah, what about this kid?" "What makes him important?" "That's what I'm trying to tell you." "This kid's a stone-cold brawler, man." "So a group of these cops, they go to a couple of his fights, man." "They pick him up on a couple bullshit assault charges." "The flip him, man." "They make him an offer." "This kid knows people from both gangs, man." "Nobody was gonna fuck with him." "And they figured he was money." "They could get on, they could ride him." "Skip to the point, tino." "So get this, man." "These cops, they know every drug house in town." "They know where the money's stashed." "They know where the product's coming in and going out." "The problem is they don't have any evidence to present to the judge to get warrants." "And when they do get the warrants, it's too late-- the shit is gone." "So they decide to take matters into their own hands." "They hire this young fighter as an enforcer." "Picture this, man:" "Young fighter running down division, hooking and jiving." "He ducks behind a house, pulls down his mask, pistol on his hip, kicks in this door, beats the shit out of everybody." "Get the fuck down on the floor!" "Get the fuck on the floor!" "Tino:" "It's motherfuckin' brutal, man." "I know it sound like some bullshit, but it's real, man." "A few minutes later..." "Where's the fuckin' shit?" "...got the shit, man." "Couple seconds after that, he back out on the streets sprinting', man." "The drugs, the money-- you name it, man." "And up the block, cop car-- side window down." "He runs, tosses it into the back." "Bam!" "Right back on division, hooking and jivin', man-- going for a little morning cardio, running right down on riverside." "It was seamless, man." "You know nobody gonna report that kind of money missing." "You seriously expect us to believe this bullshit?" "It's the truth, man." "This kid took down 20 or 30 scores." "If everything you're telling us is the truth, why would they want him killed?" "The boys got greedy, man." "Shit was going smooth." "They wanted more." "They gave him more work than Michael could handle by himself." "He had to get his own crew." "(Whispering) Come on, come on." "What were their names?" "Cruz, Hicks and Thompson." "Do those names sound familiar to you, lieutenant?" "Three weeks ago, we fish Andre Cruz out of the water." "He's weighted down;" "Bullet hole to the forehead." "Probably been there for days." "Takes us a week to get a positive I.D." "Right?" "Chalk it up." "He's our first." "Second body" " Carl Hicks." "Lowlife from the West Side, found shot to death along the riverside." "Ballistics on both-- 9mms." "Now I bet you that when we pull the slugs from Jacobs tonight, that we have a match with these other two crime scenes." "And that's a series." "Okay?" "One, two and three." "What about the fourth man?" "Jack junior Thompson." "He was shot to death tonight by the same cops that killed Michael pips." "So there's a four-man crew running around out there." "But you still haven't told us why they got burned." "You're not listening, man." "This guy's a boxer." "He was just using the money to supplement his income." "About three months ago, he had a fight club international-- these big-time managers in the crowd watching." "He promises them a show." "This kid starts getting all this attention." "He got money falling out of his pockets, man." "It's like he hit the lotto." "So he stops taking the work from the cops." "Problem is his crew gets hungry." "And they start taking side work, all that's unauthorized by the man." "They call him in." "They tell him if he don't take care of his crew, they all goin' down." "This is bullshit, man." "Y'all eating'." " (Gun cocking)" " What's going on?" "They're gonna kill him and his crew?" "Nuh-huh." "They gonna leak it to the street that it was him and his crew that took all their scores." "Man, everybody be gunnin' for his shit." "It look like one gang-related shooting after another." "Jacobs, he just stumbled into some shit he wasn't ready for." "Whoever pulled the trigger set this thing in motion." "Yeah, well, that's what it looks like." "You still haven't told us what the fighter's name is, tino." "Michael" " Michael pips." "Detective Jacobs said his partner knew about this?" "I guess so." "Hey, detective Evans-- yes or no?" "Yes, man." "He knew." " And you believed him?" " No." "All right." "What the fuck is the matter with this nigga, man?" "I thought it was street bullshit-- the stuff that gangbangers and hoodrats tell each other to justify their pathetic little lives." "Detective." "I been on this job long enough to read between the lines, fellas." "The only thing tino gave us was the name of the shooter-- this kid Michael pips." "That's our guy." "End of story." "Tino wants to start spinning some fiction about dirty cops." "I've heard it 1,000 times." "So you gave no weight to his intel?" "That's not what I said." "Look at what he actually gave us." "This kid Michael pips, not only is he our shooter, but I guarantee you we can tie both him and his crew to over a dozen unsolved home invasions and burglaries within the past 12 months." "That's what he gave us." "I repeat:" "Suspect in 6th street homicide has been identified as one Michael Alexander pips" "Paul Ida Paul Sam." "Known residence: 1402 Franklin." "I want an a.P.B. On the suspect's vehicle-- an oldsmobile cutlass 1988, license plate David Charles Nora 2-3-9." " Man:" "Copy that..." " What the fuck did he just do?" "He just called it in." "You just painted a target on that kid's head." "Listen, if what you said is even partially true, we need to get to Michael before anyone else does." "Man, this is bullshit." "Hey, you know those guys Hicks and Cruz?" "Yeah, I know 'em." "I just don't know where they at." " And we do." " They're dead, tino." "This thing started three weeks ago." "Man, you gotta get me out of here." "You gotta get me out of this city now." "Calm down, tino, all right?" "Long as you're with us, nothing's gonna happen to you." " I promise." " Where you takin' me?" "We need to verify your information." "Where you takin' me?" "Taking you to detective Evans." "And if he's one of them, I'm dead meat, right?" "I need to talk to the d.A." "I need to talk to the feds." "Hey, shut up!" "Dino, as long as you're in our custody, nothing is going to happen to you." "You understand me?" "Nothing." "So it was your decision to go to Evans." "Yes." "You knew who the shooter was." "You had a criminal informer in your custody who happened to be the only person that could connect that shooter with the murder of an undercover police officer." "Why wouldn't you just bring him in?" "It wasn't as simple as that." "It wasn't as simple as that?" "He asked for protective custody." "You violated set protocols." "Now he's laying on the slab in the morgue next to two dead officers and a 19-year-old suspect." "Enlighten us." "Look, if what he was saying was even remotely true, then the safest place for him was with us." "That was a hell of a risk to take." "Well, we didn't know what we were up against." "Easy easy." "He's dead." "Hey hey hey hey!" "What the fuck is going on?" "Son of a bitch." "He was burning case files." "Where are they from?" "They're all over the place, man." "Got a-- got a be, home invasion and a robbery case." "All right, what are you thinking?" "I think that this means he knew what was going down." "Aw, so you're actually believing this bullshit." "Listen, they had to destroy every piece of evidence that could be tied back to them." "What the fuck are you talking about?" "Check out the gun." "Look at this." "Yeah, what am I looking at?" " Old school .45 caliber, right?" " So what?" " What do we carry?" ".40s, huh?" " Standard issue." "Exactly." "Now how many self-inflicted gunshot wounds have you investigated, huh?" "Why would he use this?" "What the fuck are you doing, man?" "!" "You just contaminated a crime scene." "This is bullshit." "We don't have time to wait for ballistics." "No fuckin' way, Shepherd." "No way my ass is going out on the line for you." "Not like this!" "Look at the body, huh?" "Why would Evans shoot himself with a .45-caliber pistol and have the gun fall perfectly beneath his chair?" "Use your head." "Don't fucking do this, man." "(Fires)" "Look at that." "Someone's trying to clean up." "What the hell do you think you were doing?" "!" "There wasn't any time!" "You compromised everything, do you know that?" "I'm not gonna cover up for your actions tonight, detective!" "No possible way!" "You're not listening to me!" "Evans couldn't have possibly killed himself!" "Thanks to your actions, we can't prove it!" "How could you let that happen?" "I tried to stop him." "That's not good enough!" "The entire scene is contaminated." "I understand that, sir." "There's no way to justify his actions." "But they did yield results that were necessary for our ongoing investigation." "Jesus Christ!" "Are you kidding me?" "It did have the appearance of someone trying to clean up after themselves." "So now you're buying into the conspiracy." "Mmm?" "What happened to all the "hoodrat" and "street bullshit," detective?" "I said it had the appearance, captain." " (Radio static)" " Man:" "Charles Edward 12, do you copy?" "Over." "Charles Edward 12?" "Copy." "Go for 12." "Report a possible sighting of the suspect vehicle." "Officers en route." "Briggs:" "Charles Edward 12, this is 5 Lincoln 9." "What is your position?" "5 Lincoln 9 eastbound on fox." "Heading towards... (Continues, indistinct)" "Charles Edward 12 en route." "Hold that position." "What the fuck is going on?" "Evans is dead." " What?" " He was burning case files." "This ain't how it's supposed to go down, man." "Left left left!" "Take the bridge!" "I need to know:" "Was Evans dirty?" " Was he on the take?" " I don't know." "I told you this was bullshit!" "5 Lincoln 9, Charles Edward 12." "Be advised:" "We're coming in from the northwest side." "Wilcox in front." "What is your position?" "5 Lincoln 9, now code 3, in pursuit of suspect's vehicle eastbound on front-- repeat:" "East on front-- nearing dead end." "Request immediate backup." "Roger 5 Lincoln 9." "Charles Edward 12 is three minutes e.T.A. Box in the suspect and hold the perimeter." "All right." "Let's walk through it, detective." "It's like a blur." "It happens so fast when you're actually in it." "But from my perspective..." "I see muzzle flashes coming from the suspect's vehicle." "The patrol officers are already pinned down." "They're calling for backup." "Bullets crashed into our car." "And I hear the engine rev just as we're spinning in behind the barricade." "I duck below the dash." "We evacuate the vehicle." "Detective Shepherd makes a move for tino." "I take up a position, draw my weapon, follow the other officers' line of sight, lean over the hood of the car." "I have a visual on the suspect." "I fire." " Michaels:" "How many shots?" " Four." "No, five..." "Right at the center of mass." "You definitely had a visual on the suspect?" "Yes, sir." "Just so we're clear..." "Did you see the weapon in the suspect's hand before you fired?" "Yes." "I only fired after he engaged us first." "How many suspects did you see when you entered the scene?" "Just the one." "And the suspect's vehicle, right?" "That's correct." "The first responders reported multiple suspects in the area." "Why would you go in there without backup?" "Look, if Michael was in that warehouse, then we needed to get to him before anyone else." "Even if you put yourself and your partner in harm's way?" "When we arrived, Jack Thompson was firing on us." "Why?" "(Firing)" "The officers had him pinned down." "He was trapped." "There was no way out for him." "Why would he fire on us?" "Like you just said, he was trapped." "They'd killed a cop earlier in the night." "They were a four-man crew." "There was Cruz, Hicks, Thompson and Michael pips." "Cruz and Hicks were dead already." "Who was in that tree line?" "Excuse me?" "Who pinned us down on the tree line?" "Man:" "Movement, tree line!" "(Firing)" "Emmett:" "You said they were bangers-- wealthy street boys, vice lords." "If it wasn't one, it was the other." "No, we thought they were bangers because of what tino told us." "What did we really see?" "(Gunfire popping)" "We're fucking sitting ducks out here!" "Michael said he saw three officers at the 6th street park shooting." "He said that-- he said "three."" "Michaels:" "Let's get back on track." "Right there." ""Lerner, cominsky and Johnson."" "(Indistinct police radio)" "Those are the same three officers that shot down Michael pips tonight." "Where was the third officer when we arrived?" "I don't like what you're insinuating." "Where was Johnson?" "Johnson arrived after you went to the warehouse." "It's right here." "There's no way you could have seen that from your perspective, detective." "Well, who confirmed his arrival?" "Lerner and cominsky, right?" "Yo, let's get the fuck out of here, man." "Did the suspect say he saw three uniformed officers at 6th street earlier in the day?" "Yeah, he said three." "But taken out of context, it could mean anything." "So what do you think he meant, detective?" "It's gangland." "Are you kidding me?" "We've had a series of shootings in the last couple of weeks." "You tell me, captain, have we stepped up patrols?" "Exactly." "What do you think happened out there?" "I think it was a righteous shoot." "(Muted) Hey, eyes on me, buddy!" "I think the suspect was agitated beyond the point of no return." "And had detective Shepherd not got between us," "I wouldn't hesitate to put the suspect down." "Had you tried to talk him down?" "He had already fired on us both, lieutenant." "So, yes, if I had the chance to do it again, I'd kill his ass." "Listen, we can circle around this again and again and look at it from every different angle, but this is gonna come down to one important fact:" "He fired on us and continued to fire on us knowing we were police officers." "Were those other officers justified in killing this kid?" "I ask myself..." "Had they not, would me and my partner be sitting here right now?" "But wait a minute!" "You're not listening to me!" "Because it's bullshit!" "It's bullshit!" "Why?" "Because it doesn't fit in a tiny little box for you?" "I'm done with this." "You know where I stand." "I'm prepared to file an unlisted report." "We expect your full cooperation." "I can't commit to anything, not till I speak to the administration." " Sorry." " So what are you saying?" "You're not even gonna look into this?" "We're moving on, detective." "What if tino is right?" "What if what he's saying is true?" "We don't owe it to the public to make sure that our house is clean?" "There's no evidence that would warrant that investigation." "You've made sure of that." "Who could have set this whole thing in motion?" "It had to be-- it had to be somebody with complete tactical control over all units involved." "Somebody shot one of ours." "Now it's your responsibility to bring him in to justice at all costs." "Do you understand me?" "Who could have set this whole thing in motion?" "Are you listening to me, detective?" "It's you." "You sent us on a one-way mission to retaliate against a cop killer." "This blood's on your hands." "Don't worry." "I have too much respect for the department to make this a public matter." "I'll clean up these reports to avoid a criminal prosecution." "There's no way I'm gonna save your job." "You're done." "I don't know how I didn't see this before." "Search without a warrant;" "Tampering with evidence;" "the death of a criminal informant while he's in your custody." "That's just the beginning." "It would have to be somebody that had complete access to all the criminal case files." "Yeah." "Michaels:" "Get the badge, change out the shells, clean this place up." "You got it." "Check over there." "Man:" "Come on, guys, hurry up." "Grab his badge." "Come on." " Let's get out of here, boys." " Man:" "Hurry up!" "Someone-- someone who could control all of the crime scenes." "Someone who could control the timing of all of the patrolled zones so there could be no witnesses." " Go!" " Lie down!" "Give me the gun!" "Give me the gun!" "That's you." "That's you, lieutenant." "I'm gonna have your badges." "I want your names." "I want your names." "I want your names." "(Bullet fires)" "Someone who could control every aspect of what was reported." "I got a sworn statement from an officer in good standing." "She says the only thing that happened that night was street justice-- a retaliation shooting from a rival gang." "It's that easy." "And this is the only thing the public's gonna hear." "Anything else is considered fiction." "I'll need your badge and your gun." "Hey." "Briggs, you saw what happened tonight." "It's over, Shepherd." "There's only one move to make." "I expect nothing less than your full cooperation." "And you'll have it." "You write up the report." "He'll sign his name." "I guarantee it." "Why?" "Why'd you do it?" "Get him out of here!" "Huh?" "He was innocent." "You put that in your report, you piece of shit!" "Don't do this!" " Now!" " Don't do this here." " He was innocent!" " That's enough!" "Put that in your report, you son of a bitch!" "I'm not taking the fall for you." "And you-- you saw what happened tonight." " I won't let them bury it." " All right." "I won't let them bury it." "All right, all right." "Come on." "(Door beeping)" "(Train whistle blows)" "We're right here moving towards the alcove." "We turn the corner." "Shots fire." "We duck behind the wall." "(Shots firing)" "Briggs:" "Police officers!" "Drop the gun!" "And we're here." "Who did you see?" "Man, I didn't do this!" "I didn't kill that fuckin' cop!" "Drop the fucking gun, Michael." "We have you surrounded." "Who did you see?" "Just stay there and let me get a shot off." "Let me get a shot off, Shepherd." "It's clear." "Let me take this guy out." "Just stay there." "(Static)" "Who did you see?" "Who did you see?" "Who were you looking at?" "Who did you want to hear?" "What was going on?" "The tree line." "(Gunfire popping)" "There's no light." "Nobody would have seen you back here." "(Gunfire)" "Where were the shots?" "Right there." "Right there." "(Gunfire continues)" "This is where you fired, you sons of bitches." "Right over here." "Right here." "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ ™" "C.S.I. Misses a couple every time." ".40 sw." "What did he say?" ".45 caliber, old school." "Right?" " So what?" " What do we carry?" ".40s." " Huh?" " Standard issue." "(Distant siren wails)" "What did you say?" "What did you tell them?" "Ballistics on both-- 9mms." "Now I bet you that when we pull the slugs from Jacobs tonight, that we have a match with these other two crime scenes." "And that's a series." "Okay?" "One, two and three." "9mm." "You saw three cops." "Can you identify them?" "Lower your weapon." "Look at him, Michael." "He's lowering his gun." "You blocked my shot, you son of a bitch." "You wanted to make sure your boys were safe." "Detective Stephen Briggs, Metro p.D." "I need the chief homicide detective." "Connect me now!" "(Starts car, siren wailing)" "©" "©" "© P@rM!" "NdeR" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ" "Yeah, it's me." "Meet me outside in five minutes." "Okay." "Hey, you should put that away." "People get hurt all the time with those things." "You brought everything, right?" "Yes, I did." "You think you went a little overboard in there?" "We got away with it, didn't we?" "Crime scenes are all bunk." "The lieutenant's running around trying to cover his ass." "We're free and clear, my friend." "Besides, you think they're really gonna believe a word I said?" "Streets are open." "Time to roll." "Yeah, I got it." "Let's go." "Yeah." "Ready?" "So when do I get my cut?" "Listen, you get me across the Canadian border first and then we'll talk next steps." "That's bullshit." "I'm the one that took all the risks last night." "Let me tell you something:" "If it wasn't for me, my partner would have shot all your guys in the tree line." "We'd be in the fucking shit right now." "Do you understand?" "That's not to mention that your staging of a suicide-- it leaves a lot to be desired, okay?" "I've been cleaning up your mistakes all night." " Mistakes?" " Yeah." "Your mistake is you should have never let more than Michael pips in this thing." "He couldn't have taken all those houses down alone." "Well, his crew, they could have exposed all of us." "They didn't." "Listen, captain, this thing is over." "Okay?" "And there's nothing that can tie us back to any of it." "So don't go playing Monday-morning quarterback now." "I get your ass over that border, you are gone forever." "You understand me?" "Yeah, I wouldn't be complaining that much if I was you." "I am about to make you a very rich man." "I'm about to be." "Need to clear traffic ahead." "We are moving to point." "(Sirens wailing)" " Shit." " Move it, all." "Let's go." " Man:" "Back me up!" " Man #2:" "Let's go!" " Shit." " Move!" " Go go go!" " (Tires squealing)" " Come on!" " (Firing)" "Cover me!" "Go go, let's go!" "Let's go!" "Let's go behind the warehouse!" " Move back!" " Come on!" "Go go!" "Come on, let's go!" "Move back!" " Man:" "Ahh!" " Move move move!" "Drop it!" "Ahhh!" "I go!" "I go, I go!" "Reload!" " Ready?" " Let's go!" "Cover me!" "I'm going for an opening here!" "(Gunfire)" "He's in the warehouse." "Help's coming." "Stay down." "Shepherd!" "Ahhh!" "You hurt yourself, Shepherd!" "You said too much!" "You didn't think I was gonna check your story?" "Tell you the truth, I didn't think you gave a fuck, Briggs!" ""Let the animals kill each other," right?" "Yeah." "Didn't count on you knowing Jacobs." "You killed detective Jacobs!" "You killed Hicks and Cruz!" "And you set up Evans to take the fall!" "You were cleaning up tonight!" "That's right, pal." "You walked me right through it!" "You even did the report for me." "What are you gonna do now, detective?" "You got no play, Shepherd!" "The building's surrounded!" "This goes up a lot higher than you know." "Trust me, Briggs, there's still time for you to get in, pal." "You're not gonna make it out!" "Give it up!" "Your boys shot everyone that can connect me to this crime." "The fucked-up thing is I wanted to include you in this, Briggs." "I did!" "Everyone else said you were too much of a loose Cannon." "What do you say?" "I'll make you a rich man." "There's still plenty of money to go around." "Huh?" "What do you say?" "What do you say, Briggs?" "No, you're trapped, Shepherd!" " There's no way out for you!" " (Firing)" "You don't know how high up this thing goes!" "(Gun clicking)" "Easy." "Whoa." "Well, thank you, detective." "You can take it from here, lieutenant." "(Snorts)" "You don't sound convinced." "Everything fits too perfectly in this case." "What do you want me to do?" "Show me his statements." "I can't do that." "I just want to know what he's saying." "These reports are for our eyes only." "Just keep him here for awhile." "Just keep him talking." "What do you expect to find?" "I don't know." "But if there was somebody else involved, it's somebody that knows our system inside and out." "(Siren approaches)" "No no." "No!" "God!" "(Gun fires)" "What if you're right, detective?" "Then we've found our cop killer." "©" "©" "© P@rM!" "NdeR" "© P@rM!" "NdeR M@nkÖÖ"


Hillsborough County is all about innovation, jobs and keeping the economy in perpetual forward motion — unless you’re a startup business with a newfangled idea that threatens the status quo.

Say, like Uber and Lyft. They are ride-share companies popular with younger people, and they recently set up shop here. They’re a niche product, and no real threat to traditional cab companies.

The county has made it clear they aren’t welcome.

Public Transportation Commission taxi cops have been handing out $800 fines to drivers they catch from these services, and doesn’t that send a dandy message about our attitude toward anything new and different?

It’s frustrating.

“The PTC needs to go away or adapt to the times,” Tampa Mayor Bob Buckhorn said. “They have a horse-and-buggy mentality in an iPhone era.”

Alas, beyond lending his voice to this debate, Buckhorn is essentially powerless to get the PTC to back off. This is the county’s crackdown, and the timing couldn’t be more interesting.

Just a couple of weeks ago, the county commission was a no-show in the craft beer debate in Tallahassee because, in the words of Commissioner Sandy Murman, “It’s not our fight.”

I mean, why would it suit commissioners to support innovative local brewers trying to grow their businesses right here when big breweries and distributors have so much more political muscle?

It just shows that while their mouths say they love small business and innovation, the county commission’s actions frequently say something else. Whether commissioners (Mark Sharpe excepted) want to accept that or not, this just looks like the old guard protecting the other old guard.

I think I know the problem here.

Rather than set up shop and offer a service that could challenge the traditional cab companies, Uber and Lyft should have gone to the commission and asked for public subsidies in the name of creating jobs. It worked for Bass Pro Shops and Amazon.

They even could have shot for the moon and asked voters for a Community Ride Tax to subsidize their business. It worked for the Bucs.

They could have gone to Tallahassee and asked the Legislature to give them tax breaks to build their businesses.

But no, Uber, Lyft and the craft brewers are trying to build businesses the old-fashioned way, by meeting the needs of a new-fashioned audience. That’s an audience the commission apparently doesn’t understand.

So, we get what we get — the long arm of the PTC, enforcing rules designed to stifle competition and preserve the taxi monopoly. After all, the newcomers haven’t gone through the licensing and other regulatory requirements the cab companies helped create.

So, um ... just tossing out an idea here: How about changing the rules?

These new services say they take a more social approach geared toward younger people (the kind the city and county are desperate to attract). It’s called developing a business model that fits the new economy.

The commission should, to paraphrase Ms. Murman, make this its fight. Every business changes, you know. Just ask traditional retailers, cable TV, restaurants and, yes, newspapers. We all have to adapt. Schools change, churches change.

Shouldn’t the act of hailing a ride change, too?

“They can’t even get their foot in the door,” Buckhorn said. “If competition comes in the door, it will drive prices down.”


The cavity dispersion noncoaxiality effects on broadband few-cycle pulse generation in Ti:sapphire laser.
The cavity dispersion noncoaxiality (CDN) effects on broadband few-cycle pulse generation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser is investigated theoretically and experimentally. It is found that the influence of CDN is comparable with that of self-focusing and self-phase-modulation in the frequency-dependent mode size (FDMS) effects. Spectra extending from 680 nm to 1020 nm with pulse duration shorter than three optical cycles are favorably generated under the minimum CDN in the vicinity of the coaxial point of the sub-cavity.