Introduction
============

In recent years, the concept of minimally invasive odontology suggests the repair of restorations instead of their replacement when clinically indicated.[@b1-ccide-9-061] Restorations with minor damage---small fractures, signs of absence of marginal infiltration, and secondary caries---may be repaired. Studies reveal that the repair of composite resin restorations is viable in the long term[@b2-ccide-9-061] and is a safe and effective treatment.[@b1-ccide-9-061]

When repairing aesthetic restorations, the identification of the composite resin is a known clinical problem. Different commercial brands have different compositions, and the type of resin seems to be the main factor influencing the bond strength of the repair.[@b3-ccide-9-061] However, it is noted that the practice of associating composite resins of different compositions is common during the restoration procedure.[@b4-ccide-9-061] Beyond the vast variety of resins already existing in the market, in recent years, resin composites called "bulk-fill" (BF) that can be inserted into a cavity with larger increments have come to light. Some BF resin composites have a higher fluidity and penetration in hard access cavities, helping eliminate factors associated with polymerization stress, such as marginal fractures.[@b5-ccide-9-061] Nevertheless, little is yet known about the behavior of these resins in composite resin restoration repair.

Besides the composition of these restoring materials, the treatment of the restoration surface to be repaired must also be observed. Treatment success is achieved through the adequate union of the remaining restoration and the restoring material,[@b6-ccide-9-061] taking into consideration that this repair may include mechanical and/or chemical treatment.[@b7-ccide-9-061],[@b8-ccide-9-061] Several methods, such as abrasion with diamond burs,[@b7-ccide-9-061],[@b9-ccide-9-061] acid conditioning with hydrofluoric acid or phosphoric acid,[@b6-ccide-9-061],[@b7-ccide-9-061] abrasion with squirts of aluminum oxide particles with or without silane coupling agents, and adhesive systems in the resin, were proposed to improve bond strength between the remaining substrate and the new resin material.[@b10-ccide-9-061]

Although there are comparative studies on surface treatment in literature, none of the treatments can be recommended as a universally applicable repair technique. Furthermore, the professional does not always dispose of all materials at the clinic, often simplifying the technique with diamond tips and phosphoric acid. Moreover, in order to choose the most adequate repair technique to obtain bond strength between the composite resins, the interaction between these different resinous materials must be known. There are few clinical and laboratory results that indicate significant advantages for the use of BF composite resins and encourage clinical implementation of the material.[@b11-ccide-9-061]

Thus, this study aims to evaluate the bond strength of repairs made with BF resin as well as conventional nanoparticle and microhybrid resins, through two surface treatment techniques, by using the microshear test. The tested hypotheses are as follows: 1) there is no difference in bond strength between the composite resins tested and 2) the different surface treatment techniques do not influence the bond strength of the repair in composite resins.

Materials and methods
=====================

Seventy-two specimens were confectioned using the nanoparticle resin Filtek Z350 (3M ESPE, São Paulo, Brazil). Specimens were prepared employing Teflon matrices (diameter 4 mm, thickness 2 mm) where the composite resin Z350 (3M ESPE, São Paulo, Brazil) was inserted and photopolymerized with the aid of the Optilux 501 (Demetron®, 3M, Danbury, CT, USA) for 40 s. The specimens were then positioned in PVC tubes and embedded in acrylic resin (Classic Jet, São Paulo, Brazil), in a way that allowed the correct positioning of the specimens. Posteriorly, they were submerged in artificial saliva and stored in a bacteriological incubator (37±1°C) for 24 h. The composite resin surface was then cleaned with pumice stone and water was applied with a Robinson brush.

Afterwards, the specimens were allocated randomly to three groups (n=24) for the execution of the repair using the following resins: G350 - resin Filtek Z350 (3M ESPE), G60 - resin P60 (3M ESPE), and GBF - bulk-fill Surefil SDR Flow resin (Dentsply) ([Table 1](#t1-ccide-9-061){ref-type="table"}).

Prior to surface treatment, each group was subdivided into subgroups A and B, with 12 specimens in each. Subgroup A was conditioned with phosphoric acid at 37% (Ultra-etch -- ULTRADENT, SP, Brazil) for 30 s and washed with abundant water for the same duration. Subgroup B was submitted to surface abrasion with a diamond-rounded tip (3146 KG Sorensen, Cotia, SP, Brazil) for 3 s and then acid conditioned in a similar manner as subgroup A. In every group, the adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 (3M, Sumaré, SP, Brazil) was applied in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, and in compliance with the previously established subgroup division. After surface treatment and adhesive system application, the specimens were repaired in conformity with specifications of the groups G350, G60, and GBF.

Three tubes (Tygon® 54-HL Medical Tubing, Saint Gobain, Akron, OH, USA) with an approximate internal diameter of 0.7 mm and measuring 0.4 mm in height were applied to the resin surface of each specimen. The composite resins (color A3) were positioned in the interior of the tubes, filling the internal volume of the tube, and photopolymerized for 40 s. All of the photoactivation procedures were realized with the polymerization lamp for 40 s under a light intensity of 600 mW/cm^2^.

Posteriorly, they were submerged into distilled water and then stored in an incubator (37±1ºC) for 24 h. Thereafter, the tubes were carefully removed with the aid of a scalpel blade to expose the composite resin cylinders.

The specimens were attached to a bench vice, immobilizing them parallel to the microshear. For the microshear test, a stainless steel wire (0.2 with 0.2 mm diameter; Morelli Ortodontia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) was inserted around the resin cylinder and aligned to the adhesive union interface, allowing the force vector to be parallel to the specimen surface. The test was carried out in the universal testing machine, at a speed of 0.5 mm/min to the point of fracture. The arithmetic mean of the fracture in the three composite resin cylinders was used as the final value of bond strength in each specimen.

After the microshear tests, the surfaces of the specimens were examined to determine the kind of adhesive imperfections that were evident. The specimens were analyzed through a stereomicroscope under 40× magnification to verify the type of fracture that occurred. The surfaces of specimens were analyzed on the basis of the scores proposed by Diniz et al[@b12-ccide-9-061]: 1) adhesive fracture -- interface resin/adhesive, 2) cohesive fracture -- composite resin substrate, 3) cohesive fracture -- composite resin repair, and 4) mixed fractures -- composite resin/adhesive.

Statistical analysis
====================

The data were organized and submitted to statistical tests. The Kolmogorov--Smirnov test showed that adhesive resistances in the distinct groups did not present a normal distribution (*p*\<0.05). Next, the Kruskal--Wallis and Mann--Whitney tests were applied to compare the adhesive resistance values and the type of fracture. The value α equal to 0.05 with Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons resulting in an α for each of the six comparisons of 0.008. The software used were PASW Statistic (v.17; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism (v. 5-2007, San Diego, CA, USA; release 17.0.2.2009).

Results
=======

The arithmetic mean, average deviation, and average true range of values of resistance to shearing in the studied groups are presented on [Table 2](#t2-ccide-9-061){ref-type="table"}.

The Kruskal-Wallis test (*p*\<0.05) and the Mann-Whitney test evidenced significant statistical difference between the groups ([Table 2](#t2-ccide-9-061){ref-type="table"}). Groups G350_B, G60-A, and G60-B manifested the highest bond strength compared to groups GBF-B and G350-A; the remaining groups did not differ from each other.

After the microshear test, analysis of the type of fracture ([Table 3](#t3-ccide-9-061){ref-type="table"}), showed that the greatest number of failures found were adhesive.

Discussion
==========

It is increasingly evident that there is a need for conservative techniques that make the conservation and maintenance of composite resin restorations viable. The tested hypotheses which suggest that there is no difference between restorative repairs executed with different types of composite resins and that the differences in surface treatment techniques do not influence the bond strength of repairs in composite resin were not accepted.

The microshear test is considered an adequate method for verifying the bond strength of materials.[@b13-ccide-9-061] Advantages of the microshear bond test include less demanding specimen collection and easier control of the bond test area by means of microbore (Tygon) tubes.[@b14-ccide-9-061] According to Thanaratikul, Santiwong, and Harnirattisai,[@b15-ccide-9-061] tests of shear bond strength, especially traction and shear tests, are applied for evaluating restoration materials. Furthermore, the shear test is a better representation of the forces clinically experienced by a restoration.

The results of this study made it possible to verify a lower bond strength for the resins GBF (nanoparticles) and Z350 (nanoparticles) compared to resin P60 (microhybrid) when they were utilized as a repair over a remaining restoration. The BF resin is composed of ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) with a 44% volume in its inorganic part. On the other hand, the resin Z350 is composed of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA), urethane dimethacrylate, and Bisphenol A polyethylene glycol diether dimethacrylate (Bis-EMA) with a volume of 55.6%. By contrast, the resin P60 is composed of Bis-GMA, Bis-EMA, and TEGDMA with a volume of 61%. The higher bond strength for resin P60 may be related to the higher quantity of inorganic particle (61%) in it compared to Z350 (55.6%) and GBF (44%). Therefore, it is possible that resins with a higher inorganic particle quantity are more resistant when put through the microshear test, corroborating reports in the literature that indicate a higher resistance to shearing in resins with a higher inorganic particle rate.[@b4-ccide-9-061]

Moreover, particle sizes may influence bond strength. Evaluating the mechanical and structural characteristics of materials,[@b16-ccide-9-061] flexural strength,[@b17-ccide-9-061] and color stability[@b18-ccide-9-061] has been recently tested nanofilled materials, but there is a lack of studies evaluating adhesive resistance after repair. Rodrigues et al[@b8-ccide-9-061] observed that the microstructure of composite resins influences average bond strength values, wherein a microhybrid resin displays a higher strength compared to a nanoparticle resin, corroborating results found in our study. Spyrou et al[@b3-ccide-9-061], on the other hand, observed repairs between different resin compositions and particle size and concluded that there are differences between them.

When evaluating the bond strength of restorations using BF, flow, and nanoparticle resins, the BF resin manifested lower values in class V cavities.[@b19-ccide-9-061] However, another study, which investigated the shear bond strength of hybrid/hybrid resins and hybrid/nanoparticle resins, did not reveal a statistical difference between hybrid and nanoparticle resins when associated.[@b4-ccide-9-061]

The results found in this study for different surface treatments display statistical difference, because the groups in which the specimen surface was abraded with a diamond bur followed by phosphoric acid conditioning -- G350 and G60 -- displayed better results than the GBF group. When the treatment was carried out only with phosphoric acid, the G60 group displayed better results, followed by the BF and G350 groups, respectively.

Differences in union resistance depend on the surface treatment.[@b20-ccide-9-061] Surface treatments permit mechanical retention and linkage between substrates with the same kind of material. According to Rodrigues et al,[@b8-ccide-9-061] repairs occur through three mechanisms: 1) micromechanical union through surface irregularities, 2) chemical linking between two resin matrices, and 3) chemical linking in the filling.

Among the various kinds of surface treatments available, the one with most technical simplicity, availability, and clinical praxis is the use of phosphoric acid and/or diamond tips. Abrasion with diamond tips is an important method for promoting microretention in the substrate. However, variations in diamond granules do not affect repair endurance[@b21-ccide-9-061]; microretention promoted by the bur is probably a frequent cause of bonding to the substrate or exposed particles.[@b22-ccide-9-061]

The effectiveness of acid conditioning depends on the organic and inorganic composition of the composite resin,[@b7-ccide-9-061] and this effect is generally associated with the removal of occasional surface impurities.[@b23-ccide-9-061] Furthermore, another study has shown that the removal of contaminants like saliva and residual material has proved to be more important than mechanical surface abrasions.[@b24-ccide-9-061] In addition to the chemical composition of the organic part, the inorganic portion must be observed. All of the studied resins have silica in their structure; however, the BF resin does not have zirconia in its matrix. This must be taken into consideration, as zirconia is mechanically more resistant than aluminum oxides.[@b25-ccide-9-061]

The microretentions promoted by abrasion with a diamond bur could justify a higher retention of microhybrid resins, because these microporosities promote higher retention than nanoparticle resins do.[@b8-ccide-9-061] Although BF resin presents a low viscosity and elevated fluidity with internal adaptation in dentine,[@b26-ccide-9-061] these characteristics, by themselves, are not sufficient to promote a higher bond strength in repairs done with composite resins. Fluid resins have reduced mechanical and physical features compared to traditional hybrid resins[@b27-ccide-9-061]; this may represent a concern when the repair is in a high-tension area,[@b28-ccide-9-061] suggesting indications for cracking.[@b29-ccide-9-061]

The validity of the shear bond test was confirmed by the low variability in the results related to imperfection type, whereas, in the present study, more imperfections of the adhesive type were observed, corroborating other studies.[@b4-ccide-9-061],[@b30-ccide-9-061]

Conclusion
==========

Despite the limitations of this study, BF resin presented inferior results compared to conventional nanoparticle and microhybrid resins in the bond strength of repairs that included surface abrasion with a diamond bur followed by acid conditioning in vitro. The type of surface treatment showed greater influence on the conventional nanoparticulate resin (z350), because the abrasion with diamond tip indicated better results for the restorative repair. When repairs with composite resins are made, the kind of material used must be taken into account, as surface detrition may favor the adhesion of certain materials over others. Future studies are needed in order to confirm the results of the present report.

The authors are grateful to the assistance granted by the Assistance Foundation of Research of Maranhão (FAPEMA) and the Institutional Scholarship Program for Scientific Initiation (PIBIC)-CEUMA.

**Disclosure**

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

######

Characteristics of the materials

  Composite resin        Brand (manufacturer)               Composition (resin matrix)     Composition (filler type)                                                                                Filler loading/weight, volume %
  ---------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
  **Filtek ™ Z350**      3M/ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA          BISGMA, UDMA, TEGDMA, BISEMA   Nanoparticles (silica: 20 nm, zirconia: 4--11 nm, agglomerate of 0.6--1 µm)                                                72.5/55.6
  **Filtek ™ P60**       3M/ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA          BISGMA, UDMA, BISEMA           Microhybrid (zirconia/silica, agglomerate of 0.01--3.5 µm)                                                                 83/61
  **SureFil SDR flow**   Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE, USA   EBPADMA/TEGDMA                 Nanoparticles (Barium-alumino-fluoro-borosilicate glass, strontium alumino-fluoro-silicate glass, agglomerate of 0.8 µm)   68/44

**Abbreviations:** BISGMA, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate; BISEMA, bisphenol A polyethylene glycol diether dimethacrylate, UDMA, diurethane dimethacrylate; TEGDMA, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate; EBPADMA, ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate.

######

Mean (standard deviation) values of bond strength (MPa) and Mann--Whitney test

  Groups       N    Mean (SD)          Median   95% CI
  -------- --- ---- ------------------ -------- --------------
  G350     A   12   27.0 (3.2)^b^      28.0     24.94--29.06
           B   12   32.42 (3.2)^a^     32.0     30.35--34.49
  G60      A   12   30.75 (3.5)^a^     31.0     28.47--33.03
           B   12   31.42 (2.8)^a^     30.0     29.61--33.22
  GBF      A   12   30.33 (3.9)^a,b^   29,0     27.82--32.85
           B   12   28.92 (2.5)^b^     27,5     30.35--34.49

**Notes:** Mann--Whitney test; different letters (^a^ and ^b^) after the median value stand for significant differences with treatment (*p*\<0.008). Subgroup A: conditioned with phosphoric acid at 37%. Subgroup B: submitted to surface abrasion with a diamond rounded tip + conditioned with phosphoric acid at 37%.

######

Distribution of absolute and relative frequency (type of fracture for groups)

  Groups     Type of fracture
  ---------- ------------------ ---- ----------- --------- --------- ----------
  **G350**   A                  12   11 (91.6)   0 (0)     0 (0)     1 (8.3)
             B                  12   11 (91.6)   1 (8.3)   0 (0)     0 (0)
  **G60**    A                  12   9 (75)      0 (0)     0 (0)     3 (25)
             B                  12   8 (66.6)    1 (8.3)   1 (8.3)   2 (16.6)
  **GBF**    A                  12   10 (83.3)   1 (8.3)   1 (8.3)   0 (0)
             B                  12   10 (83.3)   1 (8.3)   1 (8.3)   0 (0)

**Notes:** 1-adhesive fracture -- interface resin/adhesive, 2-cohesive fracture -- composite resin substrate, 3-cohesive fracture -- composite resin repair, 4-mixed fractures -- composite resin/adhesive.


Q:

PHP - Adding echo statement into a link array

I'm trying to modify a link array in php to add a variable at the end of a link. I thought this was a very easy thing to do, but I keep erroring out when I do it. I'm not sure if I am missing syntax or if it is not possible to do it the way I am doing it.
Here is the array without any modifications and it works fine
$links[]=array(
"url"=>'?p=worksheet', // this is one way I tried, I also added ''
'name'=>'Worksheet',   // This is where the name I want displayed goes
'order'=>999999,
);
}

The variable I am trying to add is $cust_id
This is how I am trying to add it:
$links[]=array(
"url"=>'?p=worksheet'<?php echo $cust_id ;?>, // this is one way I tried, I also added ''
'name'=>'Worksheet',
'order'=>999999,
);
}

A:

echo does output at the moment you call it. You're trying to concatenate two strings. And you also cannot embed PHP code within PHP code. Try
'url' => '?p=worksheet' . $cust_id,
                       ^^^^^^^^^^^

instead.


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" It must be me." " Must be." " Do you think I'm too old for you?" " No, I collect antiques." "Or I aspire to." "We appreciate it." "I would love to go, but I'm a disaster." "I think with a little plaster and a little paint, you're as good as new." "Do you wanna see the dress?" "There's a dress?" "If you need me for anything, I'll be in the back." "I'm curious." "What made you choose my restaurant for your party?" "I had to pick a place for my party." "I read that article about you." " The magazine!" " The magazine." " It's so embarrassing." " No." "I liked it." "You don't dance." "You float." "That's from my dad." "I used to stand on his feet." "I was floating!" "My mom was a great dancer too." "But, you knew that." "Maybe." "We danced a couple of times." "Now you're dancing with me." "How weird is that?" "She was very special." "I had great parents." "I was lucky." "Shall we do this?" "Here you go!" " Do you want something to drink?" " Yes, champagne please." "I'll get you one." "Sit at the table and I'll be over in a second." "I had to come." "I work at the museum." "What's your excuse?" " A date... sort of." " With Will Keane, right?" " Yeah, do you know him?" " Only by reputation." " I'm Lisa Biloy." " I'm Charlotte." " Nice to meet you." " Nice to meet you too." "What's he like?" "Damn it, I see a huge donor disappearing." "I gotta go." " Enjoy yourself." " Yes, you too." " Here you go." " Thank you." " Who was that?" " Lisa somebody." " Here's to..." " Us!" "Some people star to fall into recognizable patterns." "The next step is that... immediately..." "you know people... on sight." "And if it's a woman..." "it's a romance, forget it." "It's just... this majorly chilling effect 'cause you know exactly in the beginning... what's going to happen in the end." "What I like about you is I find you..." "completely unprecedented... and therefore, utterly unpredictable." "God!" "That must be a relief." "What?" "To finally deliver that speech to a woman and have it apply to there." "Because, coincidentally, I am all those things you just said." " Yes." " And so much more." "My yoga teacher calls me a "unique"." " Come again?" " A unique." "A unique." "He's a very wise man." "Are you sure he's not hitting on you?" "It's a woman!" "You are what she would call a "typical"." " Really?" " Yes!" "Really." "I can prove it too." "You want me to?" " Okay, try." " Alright..." "Come here." "I'm serious." "Closer." "Close enough?" "Yes." "I was hoping gravity would do the rest." "Maybe I am "typical"." "We should go." "I can smell the rain." "When did I learn how to do that?" "What should we do, Will... with this moment that we're in?" "Boy, do you look guilty." "I'm thinking." " You hungry?" " Yep." "Didn't anyone ever tell you it was bad manners... to stare at a girl while she's eating like a pig?" "This isn't right." "You... you are..." "Young." "Yes, and I am..." "Old." " Older." " Much older." "Alright, much older." "The point is..." "Look, I could put this off, but I genuinely like you." "I want to be clear from the start, so there's no confusion later on, okay?" "What I want to say to you is that... all I'm able to offer you... is this... what we have right now." "Nothing more." "Until it ends." "What I mean is.." "we have no future." "I know." "I'm sick." "What do you mean?" "It's my heart." "Nobody even thought I'd last this long." "I could've put off telling you but..." "I genuinely like you." "I wanted to be clear right from the start... so there was no chance for any confusion later." "She's the perfect woman." "Young, beautiful and on her way out." " Not funny, John." " I know it's not." "It's sad." " She's so young." " No, I mean you're sad." "Even this, as far as it's gone." "You shouldn't be doing this." " Why not?" " 'Cause it's out of whack." "It doesn't feel totally out of whack." "It doesn't feel totally out of whack to you because you're looking at her." "I'm looking at you and it's fucked." "There ain't a right angle in it." "Alright..." "I end it." "I don't know." "Make up your mind!" "What do you want me to do?" "I don't know." "Maybe it's a good thing." "Maybe it makes a sad girl happy and a desperate guy think." "Anyway you look at it, one thing... treat her nice." "What do you mean, "desperate"?" "Treat her nice." " Well, well..." " Well, well..." "She'll be right down." "She's upstairs, gilding the lily, so to speak." " He's here!" " I'm coming!" "Now, come on." "Do come in." "These are for you, Dolly." "Thank you very much." "They are "Loverly"." "Aren't they..." "lovely?" "Care for a "cock-i-tail"?" " Yeah, sure." " Scotch?" " Neat, please." " My kind of guy." "Sorry about the mess." "My maid died 14 years ago... and I have found it absolutely impossible to replace her." "What can I say, Will?" "Time is a thief." "One day, you're rich as an Arab." "Next day, you're lucky if you can afford pistachio nuts." "It's funny." "Most of us are young for what?" "About a minute and a half?" "Not Katie." "Katie will be young forever." "So will the guy she married." "I console myself with that idea sometimes." "Who'd have thought what time had in store for her." "I'm sorry." "I should have called after the accident." "Then, on the other hand... time is in love with some people." "Like you, for instance." "You look exactly the same!" " Please..." " Handsome as ever." "And up to your old tricks..." "looks like to me." " Look, Dolly..." " Leave her alone!" "She's sick." "Will, she's really sick." " What are you guys talking about?" " Nothing." "Just how much you look like your mom, is all." "Yes..." "Yes, you do." "Are you ready?" "Yes." "Bye Dolly." "Don't listen to her." "Have fun!" "You gotta look on the bright side." "If I wasn't sick... this would not work." "There is no way that we would be sitting here." "We're totally wrong for each other." "We're totally wrong for each other." "I know." "I could be your father." "I prefer, Uncle." "Do you think we should break this off?" "Afraid you might feel something?" "Well, look at it this way." "We can have it real, which we both know is way better." "And, you wouldn't have to pay full price... because, in a year or so..." "I'd be just this sob story you could use to bag more chicks." "That is a pathetic characterization." "I don't know." "I don't accept that." "The stench of truth." ""O world, I cannot hold thee close enough!" "Thy winds, they wide grey skies!" "Thy mists, that roll and rise!"" "It does feel like rain." "You wanna get a cup of coffee, and go to the West side?" "No, no." "You'd abandon the universe... and me for a cafe late?" "No, let's not do it." "Let's not do no thoughtless thing." "We can't talk about he fact that you're sick?" "I'm right here, right now." "Let's talk about you." " Come on, 49 years..." " 48!" "All right, 48 years." "Come on, tell me about it." "Give it." "Share it." "You look at me in a way that I haven't quite earned." "Then earn it." "Earn it, please." "What do you want me to do?" "I'm yours." "What is it?" "What are you doing?" "I'm keeping it." " This is my watch." " Yep." " When do I get it back?" " When you forget that I have it." "Mix this up a little bit..." "Sorry..." "What?" "Your mother used to do that." " Really?" " Yep." "That's how we met." "I was a waiter... at the Beach Club." "Whenever I'd pass with a tray, she's steal the garnish." "What else did she do?" "What do you mean?" "I don't know." "Little things." "She'd eat her ice cream with a fork." " Really?" " Really." "Yeah." "She wrote great letters..." "But she couldn't spell." "She was a McGovern Democrat but incredibly snobbish." "She hummed all the time." "And Stephen Stills was her favorite singer." "Who?" "Never mind." "What else?" "Considering the time..." "she was actually... pretty straight." "I think she only tried drugs once." "There was a lifeguard who gave her a hash brownie." "She threw it up all over him." "She laughed just like that." "Words and poetry is what she loved." "She was a "unique"." "Okay, you guys." "How about a toast?" "Welcome to Charlotte." "Welcome." "Cheers!" "Thanks, you guys." "You know, call me crazy... but I could swear your friends like me more... than they like you." " That's altogether possible." " My friends definitely like me more." " What's your point?" "That I'm way out front in the love race." " Love?" "Love is not a race." " Our love is." " Our love?" " Yes, we're going for it, aren't we?" "Why not?" " Alright, I have to tell you something." " What?" "I never had a date for the benefit." " Really?" " Yeah." "I was kind of wondering about that." " I made that hat for myself?" " Yes." " You bought that dress for me?" " Yeah." "You did all that so you could get a hold of me and muss me up?" "Yes." "First of all, you have great taste because that dress was amazing." " Thank you." " And second, you didn't have to lie." "If you wanted to seduce me, all you had to do was ask." "That's not seducing, that is asking." "Besides" " I don't know why - but women seem to love it when you lie to them." "There isn't a lie in the world I'd rather hear than the truth." "There she goes again, stepping out on me and breaking my heart." "Even he likes me more." "You're fired." " Come on, it's just..." " No!" "Ouch!" "Ouch!" "I can't believe this!" "Breathe, breathe." "Breathe... are you alright?" "That's not accurate." "Neuroblastoma is a soft-tissue malignancy, but not a cancer." "Most common in children." "Very rare in young adults." "In Charlotte's case..." "the tumor is in her chest cavity." "It's growing rapidly, it's proved resistant to both the radiation... and the chemotherapy." " What about alternative therapies?" "Eastern medicine...?" "You don't hum this away." "Charlotte is the expert in that area." "Eventually, she'll be treated for pain." "I suppose, as a final effort..." "surgery could become on option." "But it's risky." "So risky that Charlotte has... signed a directive forbidding it, or any other form... of heroic intervention." "All right." "Do you have any idea..." "about time?" "A year." "Maybe a year, at best." "Real charmer, isn't she?" "How are you on Cambodian money units?" " Are you okay there?" " Yes, thank you." "That's incredible." "Doesn't it look exactly like something she would have worn?" "Who?" ""Hope is a thing with feathers That perches in the soul."" "Woody Allen?" "Emily Dickinson!" "Only the greatest poet ever!" "Uncultured swine." "We all have our areas." "I'm a food guy." "Why don't you ask me about food." "Why are you the food guy?" "What is it about the food?" "Food... food is the only... beautiful thing that truly nourishes." "Is that a quote?" "That's me." " Excuse me?" "Excuse me?" " Yes." "The woman who just passed by here and went in the door...?" " Yes?" " It's not Lisa, is it?" " Yes." " Lisa Tyler?" "Yes." "Could you...?" "No." "Thanks." " Hello." "Come in." " Oh, you look so great." " Where are the girls?" " They're upstairs." "I'm going to run up and say hi." "You're a dog." "Oh, man!" "There's stuff... in the kitchen." "You want to give the candy to the trick-or-treaters... when they come?" "One, two, three, go!" "Go!" "Ricky, don't laugh, or you're going to get snot in the water." " Snot?" "Where is this snot in the water?" " Can I get you a bone or something?" "Don't bite anything that's not an apple." "Guess who?" " It's Wonder Woman." " No." " Get your hands out of there." " I got it!" " We got the champ!" " Let me give you a hint." "I was the best thing that ever happened to you." " It couldn't be Lynn McHale." " God!" "You are really bad!" "Lynn!" "I can't believe it!" " Where are the kids?" " Upstairs in their room." "Keep bobbing for apples in there." " Just one more." " Please...?" "But then you're going to have to promise you're going to get in your jammies." " Yes." " You promise?" "Which one?" "I know, "Butterflies"." ""Two butterflies... went out at noon..."" ""And waltzed above a stream..."" ""Then stepped straight through the firmament... and rested on a beam."" ""And then together bore away..." "upon a shining...sea."" ""Though never yet, in any port... their coming mentioned me..."" "In my day, you bobbed for the apple..." "may there's a nickel in it but... you eat the apple!" "Your little animals, grab the coin and run for the door." " They're off to by crack." " Definitely." " Where's my little puppy dog?" " I think he's upstairs." " There you are." " Hi." "We were just up on the roof checking out..." " The kids are sleeping." " John's got this amazing set-up there." "Lynn, I want you to meet Charlotte." " Nice to meet you." " Nice to meet you." "Something tells me you're upset with me." "What is it?" "I was just wondering if... if you had sex with that woman?" "With Lynn?" "Ever?" " The answer to that is kind of obvious." " She's an old girlfriend." " You knew that." " I meant... tonight." " On the roof." " You're not serious?" "You are serious. no!" "No, of course not." "First off, it's... it's not exactly my style." "Second..." "You have a girlfriend." "Isn't that for me to say?" "As far as Lynn goes, why would I do that?" "It doesn't make any sense." "I know." "I mean, that's what I was thinking... we're... so happy..." "What would be his reason?" "I thought, God, if he did do it, then you'd at least look... guilty." "And you don't." "You look totally relaxed." "You look more relaxed..." "than before the party started." "Well... there you go." "But, you're a womanizer." "You were a womanizer." " What is that exactly?" " Here we go." "That's a guy who has sex with a lot of women and is good at lying about it." "Yes." "But in this case I don't have anything to lie about." "Nothing happened!" "There's something about being sick..." "in my heart." "It's like I can feel every beat." "I'll know if you're lying." "Oh, God!" "Oh, my God!" " Can you pull over, please?" " Don't do this." " Charlotte!" "Charlotte!" " Why?" "Look, I never pretended to be..." "what I'm not." " Why?" "!" " Why?" "!" "All right, fine, why?" "Why?" "Because I felt like it." "Because nothing stopped me!" "What about love?" "Why do you have to be so juvenile?" "!" "It was nothing." "It was nothing!" "It meant nothing!" "If I could be different..." "I would." "What about love?" "You know what?" "This was all wrong." "This was a mistake, right from the beginning." "You're a kid..." "I'm a creep." "You've got better things to do with your last... with your time... than spend it with a man like me." "Look who's here." "The Belle of Amherst." "I've seen that face before." " You have?" " On several occasions." "All for the same reason." "You said Mom and Will were just friends." "They were friends." "But she was just nuts about him." "She never slept with him." "Maybe because she was an old-fashioned girl." "But she was smart." "Until she made the big mistake." "She told him how she really felt." "It was up in Newport at the club." "Labor Day weekend." "Big clam bake." "Well, what happened?" "Next thing you knew, he was knocking up Millie What's-her-name in a cabana." " Millie?" " Your mother's doubles partner." "Why didn't you tell me any of this?" " You know, you could have warned me." " I could have." "But I didn't." "You never talk to me." "You never tell me what to do." "Charlotte, take a good look at me." "You want me to tell you what to do?" "Yes!" "You're my family!" "You're my family." "You're supposed to take care of me." " Where you been?" " Home." " I called you ten times." " I had the ringer off." " I don't get it." " What's to get?" "I was hanging out." " Something happen at my party?" " You were there." "We had a good time." " Come on!" "What's going on?" " Nothing!" "What is it, something with Charlotte?" " We called it quits." " You're shittin' me!" "It's not exactly we called it quits, it was a more of, she called it quits." " What did you do?" " What do you mean...?" " What did you do?" " What did I...?" "Don't bullshit me." "What did you do?" "I had sex with Lynn McHale up on your roof." "You're kidding me." "No, I'm not kidding you." "Now she's gone." "Totally." "I'm really sorry you did that." "I blew it." "Can you get her back?" " I blew it." " So?" "So, I just go back to the way I was." "And how are you going to do that?" "It was just going to get worse." "The more attachment on both sides, leading to what?" "It's now or later, right?" "I leave her a few months from now, she..." "No, this is better." "This is much better." "I wish the fuck I'd never met her." "I hate to tell you, but there's only two kinds of love stories." "Boy loses girl." "Girl loses boy." "That's it." "Somebody always gets left behind." "Try and avoid that, you'll end up an old man toasting yourself at Christmas." " Listen to me..." " I don't care!" " you're going to die in your own arms!" " I don't care!" "I want it over with now!" " Mr. Keane." " Good night, Michael." "You've got a visitor." "She's been waiting almost an hour." "Lisa!" " Sorry to disappoint you." " No... you surprised me, that's all." "Did you get my letter?" "What did you do with it, burn it?" "I read it." " Do you want to come upstairs?" " No, thank you." "I'm sorry." "I didn't plan this." "I didn't plan to come." "Peter, my husband thought it was pointless." "But, as it turns out, I'm pregnant... just a few months." " Lisa!" "Congratulations!" "That's great." " Thank you." "Anyway, that made me want to meet you." "I've been a little sentimental about parenthood lately." " Do you consider me your parent?" " In a lousy absentee sort of way, yeah." " So, how... how is Millie?" "Your mother?" " She's great." "She's good." "Well, she's a nut." "She went to Costa Rica last summer with some guy." "He owns a charter airline and wears sunglasses indoors." "I think he's a gun runner, but..." " Do you really care?" " No." "No." "I guess not." "What about you?" "How long have you lived in the city?" "Just a few months." "We moved from Austin." "If you hadn't been on that magazine..." "I might not have recognized you." "I only have one photograph and it's ancient." "I have one picture of you, too." "Just one." "Your mother sent me one..." "a long time ago." "You must have been about twelve." "You had a horse." "Summer camp." "My teeth are bigger than the horse's." " I hated that picture." "I hate it." " I don't." "You were very beautiful." "And you haven't changed a bit." " I should go." " Why?" "I really just wanted to meet you." "And maybe..." " I don't know." " What?" "Tell me." "It's not big deal." "I've always had a fantasy that you were looking for me." "And all you really wanted was to say that you were sorry." "Lisa, I am." "Hey, can l..." "Can I call you?" "How did you get in here?" "Dolly." "Would you mind leaving now, please?" "I need to talk to you." "I think you've wasted enough of my time." "What I did was... very wrong." "And stupid." "I have no excuses..." "I did what I did because..." " I was scared." " You were a coward!" "Can you forgive me?" "You betrayed me!" "For what?" "Because you got the shakes?" " I was scared." " You don't think I'm scared?" "!" "You don't think I'm hanging onto my courage by my fingernails!" "Don't touch me!" "Get away from me!" "Get out of here!" "Just go!" "You're not good enough." "I know..." "I know I'm not." "I just..." "Can you let me love you?" "Please." "Please." "Please..." "Please let me try again." "I'm so tired." ""The stars are as soft as flowers and as near."" ""The hills are webs of shadow..."" ""...slowly spun."" ""No separate leaf or single blade." "All blend to one."" "I love you." "We did it... that was great." " Bye!" " Bye!" "Are you jealous?" " You think...?" "I am not jealous!" " Yes you are!" "Do I look jealous?" "I am not jealous." "I'm a little jealous." " Wait, check me out." " Excellent!" "Go!" "Go!" "Go!" "Judges give it a ten!" "A perfect ten!" "Charlotte!" "Doctor!" " Mr. Keane..." " Tell me." "The repeat MRI and CAT scan show interval progression." " The tumor's grown." " Yes." "Considerably." "It's begun to obstruct the outflow from her heart." "I'm sorry, I wish there was..." "There's very little we can do." "We may be talking about weeks." " Weeks?" " I'm sorry." " You said she had a year!" " No, I said a year at best." "That's not good enough!" "You said a year!" " I want to have a year!" " This is inappropriate." "Alright, sorry, sorry." "You said there would be a point when surgery..." " might be an option." " lf Charlotte agrees to it." "Let's assume that she did." "When would this operation take place?" "When it's clear we're losing her." " Would you perform it?" " I am not a surgeon." "The point is not finding someone who's qualified." "It's finding someone who's qualified who is willing to do the operation." " Hey!" " Hey." " How are you?" "You okay?" " Yes." " How do you feel?" " Stoned." "You're killing my hand." "Charlotte, there's something I would like to talk to you about." "Don't." "Heavy." "No heavy." "Sibley and I have been talking..." "about surgery." "About the paper you signed." "No violins." "Come on." "I'm fine." "Woody, you're the head of surgery... if you can't help me, who can?" "Are you trying to tell me that in all of Mt." "Sinai, there is not one single..." "Yeah, Sibley told me that." "The 30th." "Yeah, fine... blank." "Ok, when will the doctor be out of surgery?" "This is urgent." "I have a friend who says she's one of the few doc..." "I'm sorry." "Thank you." "Please, I don't... speak German." "Please, I'd like to speak to a doctor." "Where's the doctor?" "He can't be in surgery for a week and a half." "No!" "You do not hang up!" "..." "She doesn't have long." " Weeks." "Maybe less." " And they can't do anything for her?" "No, her doctor says when it's hopeless at the end surgery could be an option." "Heroic surgery, she calls it." "That's why I'm out looking for someone to make sure that when the times... comes, it's a hero that performs it." "I haven't found anybody yet though." "I can't find anybody who's even willing to attempt it." "I will!" "I'm going to find someone because I can't lose her." "It won't happen." "She's too young." "I'm sorry." "I'm here, but I have no right to be here." "There's no excuse for what I did to you, Lisa." "You're my child." "You needed me." "I'm so sorry." "I want to help you... find a surgeon." "I'm a researcher." "I can find anyone." "Even you." "What do you want for Christmas?" "You can be really selfish about this... anything you want." "Or we can go somewhere... anywhere." "I'll take you to Bali..." "Timbuktu..." "Buffalo." "Don't you have a restaurant to run?" "What's more important, is what do you want for Christmas?" "No, you already gave me my present." "I forgot." "Did you like it?" "What was it again?" "Misery, heartbreak, pain happiness, love..." " life." " I remember now." "What can I give you?" "More of this." " Yeah?" " I've got him." "Oh Lisa, hold on, hold on." " Yeah, go ahead." " His name is Tom Grandy." "Harvard undergrad." "He's at the Cleveland Heart Institute." " Ohio?" "!" " It's one of the best in the world." "He did his residency at Brigham, cardiac surgery training at Cleveland." "He takes the cases no one else will touch." "They say he's a miracle worker." "He spends a lot of time traveling, a lot of time lecturing." "I got you an appointment today at 12:30." "Do not be late." "He only has 15 minutes." "The surgeon that recommended him said if you can get him to take the case you know Charlotte's got a chance." "He hates the fail." " Mr. Keane?" " Yeah, hi." "Thanks for a seeing me." "I've got everything that you asked for." "Just once I'd like to get sent something simple." "That never happens anymore." "The downside of being good at my job." "Good?" "My daughter was told you were the best." "Like most people, I do the best can." "Last time she passed out she regained consciousness almost immediately." "Next time, or the time after, she won't." "When that happens, call me." "Room 17 is ready, Dr. Grandy." "They'll reach me wherever I am." "I'll coordinate with Sibley." " I can't thank you enough." "Thank you." " I haven't done anything yet." "I'm home." "Hello." "There you are." " Where were you today?" " What do you mean?" "When you called, I thought you were at work... then when I called you back, John said you hadn't been in all day." "I was in Montclair, New Jersey." " Why?" " An opportunity." "Do you mean sexual or professional?" "Sexual." "I mean, professional!" "You get it in there without breaking it, I'll give you another 5 bucks." "Six dollars... six of you." "It's way too crowded." "I'm way too claustrophobic." " I'll take the next one." " You sure?" "Okay... bye." "Help." " You're going away for the holidays?" " I doubt it." " Did Mr. Keane enjoy his trip?" " What trip?" " Just yesterday." " I wouldn't call that a trip." "I've never been to Ohio." "It's amazing how little I've seen of this country." "Cool..." "I'm gonna get me some hot chocolate..." " Is it straight?" " Not straight." "What were you doing in Ohio?" "I had a meeting with heart specialist." "He's willing to operate." "That's exactly what I didn't want you to do." "You went behind my back." "You lied to me." " This what we talked about..." " Cut it out!" "Stop!" "No, we talked about that!" "You do not want to die!" "You want to live!" "You think I haven't been through this?" "So many times!" "I don't want to give people hope when there isn't any." "Why not?" "Maybe, we need hope." "Maybe, I need to know that I've done everything that I could do." "If I'm gonna..." "What would I do, Will if you weren't here?" "Where would I be?" "Seriously?" "You'll never have to worry about that." "I'll do whatever I have to do." "I'll tear up the papers." "I'll tell the doctors." "Whatever you want." "Cause I really want..." "I don't want to leave you." "You know?" "No." "No, no, no." " This is really good." " What?" " This is much better than mine." " No, you didn't!" " Yeah, I did." " Oh, God!" " Forgeries!" " Yeah, a lot of them." "Mine...yours..." "Will?" "Will?" " What are you doing in there?" " Nothing." "Hey, no, no!" "Go back!" "Give me another minute, alright?" " No, you're going to tire yourself out." " This I've got to see!" " Go back!" "Back!" " I can't believe it." "Oh, my God!" "Alright." "Almost." "Hold on, hold on." "Finishing up." "Hold on now." "Just a second." "Here we are." "Okay!" "Alright." "Surprise!" "It's New York." "This is Grandy." " You won't have long." " All right." ""Time cannot break..." "the bird's wing from the bird."" ""The bird and wing together..." "go down, one feather."" ""No thing that ever flew..."" ""...not the lark, not you..."" ""Can die as others do."" "What have I done to you?" "You ruined me for other women." "I saved you for them." "Is she type 'n' cross 6 for units?" "What're we waiting for?" " Just you, Doctor." " Let's move!" " I don't believe it." " What?" "I'm here with my father and my son."


Let F be a family of graphs. In the F-Completion problem, we are given an n-vertex graph
G and an integer k as input, and asked whether at most k edges can be added to G so that the
resulting graph does not contain a ...

In this note, we give a proof that several vertex ordering problems can be solved in O ∗(2 n ) time and O ∗(2 n ) space, or in O ∗(4 n ) time and polynomial space. The algorithms generalize algorithms for the Travelling ...


Sergio Agüero contó que a Pep Guardiola , su entrenador en Manchester City de Inglaterra, le hubiera encantado dirigir a la selección argentina pero no lo "llamaron".

"Me dijo 'ustedes no me llamaron, porque, si me llamaran, me encantaría dirigir a la selección argentina '", confió Agüero que le contó Guardiola, y enseguida repitió sonriendo: "Pero no me llamaron".

El catalán había sonado como posible alternativa después del Mundial de 2010, antes de que Alejandro Sabella se hiciera cargo del equipo.

Luego de remarcar que "es un tipo ganador", Agüero contó en una entrevista con TyC Sports que Guardiola lo tranquilizó en medio de las críticas que recibió por las finales perdidas con el seleccionado.

Otros temas del Kun Agüero:

Sergio Agüero, a corazón abierto AFA

Las críticas. “Siempre nos van a criticar. La gente se queda con lo que pasó en el Mundial y las Copas América. Si hubiera sido distinto, esto no pasaría. Vamos a estar marcados todo el tiempo. No sabemos qué tenemos que hacer. No nos queda otra que venir y demostrar lo que somos. Afuera dejamos la bandera argentina de la mejor manera. Venimos acá y a veces se puede y otras no. No se entiende qué más podemos hacer. Respeto la visión de cada uno, después está en los hinchas si quieren creer, o no, en nosotros”.

El día que hasta unos nenes le dijeron amargo. “Me dicen cosas. Salgo a algún lado y me dicen amargo, pero no me puedo pelear ni enfrentarme. No soy de discutir. Hasta los nenes me dicen amargo. El otro día estaba jugando al tenis con mi viejo y había un montón de nenes de 7, 8 años y me gritaban amargo. Les dije que no les estaba haciendo nada y que por qué me criticaban. Yo los escucho, les firmo autógrafos. Y me pidieron perdón. Los nenes repiten y con eso no se puede hacer nada”.

Cuando escucha que juega por ser amigo de Messi. “Lo que más me dolió es que dijeran que los amigos de Leo no tienen que venir más. Obviamente me están apuntando a mí. O que digan que juego porque soy amigo de Messi. Que opinen que juego mal, que fallé, pero que digan que por ser amigo… Si no desde los 18 años jugaría de titular. Sólo nos queda tratar de no escuchar todo eso y venir acá. El problema es que la gente después se lo cree”.


The EES VaR for today is $15.6 million, up from $14.0 million yesterday, due
to the additional short positions added at NP and SP in the Power West
portfolio.  The VaR should decrease once the short positions associated with
the University of California facilities are removed.


Mequon Town Center

Mequon Town Center is a mixed use project featuring luxury apartments and commercial/retail space. Precast was used for the underground parking, the first level of commercial/retail space and separation for the upper levels of residential.


Richard K. Wilson

Richard K. Wilson (born March 23, 1959) is a leading American molecular geneticist.  He is the founding Executive Director of the Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Professor of Pediatrics at the Ohio State University College of Medicine. He received his A.B. degree (Microbiology) from Miami University in Ohio in 1981, his Ph.D. (Chemistry) from the University of Oklahoma in 1986, and was a Research Fellow in the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology (1986-1990). In 1990, Dr. Wilson joined the faculty of Washington University School of Medicine where he co-founded the Genome Sequencing Center/McDonnell Genome Institute. At Washington University, Dr. Wilson was the Alan A. and Edith L. Wolff Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Professor of Genetics, Professor of Molecular Microbiology, and a member of the Senior Leadership Committee of the Siteman Cancer Center.

Dr. Wilson’s laboratories have been among the world’s leaders in genome analysis. His teams have sequenced and analyzed billions of bases of DNA from the genomes of bacteria, yeast, plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, primates and humans. Dr. Wilson and his colleagues at Washington University sequenced the first animal genome – that of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans – and contributed substantially to the sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Following the Human Genome Project, they also sequenced the genomes of the mouse, chimpanzee, orangutan, gorilla, rhesus macaque, platypus, the plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays (corn), as well as various invertebrates, insect vectors and microorganisms. His team was the first to sequence the genome of a cancer patient and discover genetic signatures relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease. Building upon these achievements, Dr. Wilson and his colleagues helped initiate and participated in several landmark genomics projects including The Cancer Genome Atlas, the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, the Genome Reference Consortium, the Human Microbiome Project, and the Centers for Common Disease Genomics.

In 2008, Dr. Wilson was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2008). In 2011, he received the Distinguished Achievement Award from Miami University and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Oklahoma College of Arts and Sciences.

In 2016, Dr. Wilson and several colleagues moved to Nationwide Children’s Hospital and launched the Institute for Genomic Medicine. Their mission is to utilize cutting-edge genome sequencing and analysis technology to discover clues that will lead to more effective diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other human diseases in children and adults.

References

External links
 PubMed Citations
 The Cancer Genome Atlas Large-Scale Sequencing Research Network

Category:Living people
Category:1959 births
Category:Human Genome Project scientists
Category:Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Category:University of Oklahoma alumni


OREGON - In honor of National Immunization Awareness Month (NIAM) and back-to-school season, Every Child By Two and the Oregon Immunization Program have issued an open letter in support of immunizations. So far, over 140 Oregon health care providers, hospitals, clinics, public health departments and companies have signed the letter, which serves as a reminder to Oregonians of the importance of vaccinating themselves and their children against potentially life-threatening diseases.

"Most Oregonians get themselves and their children immunized," says Amy Pisani, executive director of Every Child By Two, "but in 2009, there were 284 cases of whooping cough reported in Oregon. This letter has the power to save lives by spreading the word about the life-saving power of timely vaccines."

While most Oregonians vaccinate, the state has a rising rate of kindergarteners who have exemptions for some or all of their vaccines. When children don't receive their vaccinations on time, they risk passing infectious diseases to others, including immune-challenged children and infants who have yet to complete their first series of immunizations.

"Serious vaccine-preventable diseases are still out there, and immunization is a safe and effective way to prevent them," says Paul Cieslak, MD, epidemiologist for Oregon Public Health. "We think that parents who bring their children in for their shots are doing the right thing for their children and for their communities."

If you are interested in endorsing the open letter, please email Susan Wickstrom at susan.d.wickstrom@state.or.us. If you require further information, please contact Amy Pisani from Every Child By Two at amyp@ecbt.org.

###

Every Child By Two, Carter/Bumpers Champions for Immunization, works to ensure that all children receive timely immunizations and continues to seek methods to institutionalize vaccine delivery and ensure access to vaccines for all children.


Neural basis of thinking: laboratory problems versus real-world problems.
Cognitive psychologists have long argued about the reality and significance of the distinction between well-structured and ill-structured problems. Laboratory problems are usually well-structured, whereas real-world problems have both well-structured and ill-structured components. This article shows how the neuropsychological data reinforce this distinction and suggests how this distinction may help to explain a puzzle about discontinuous performance of some neurological patients in laboratory and real-world problem situations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.


Rudolph Emmerich

Dr. Rudolph (Rudolf) Emmerich (29 September 1856– 15 November 1914) was a German bacteriologist noted for his advances against cholera and his co-invention of the first antibiotic drug Pyocyanase with Oscar Löw in 1890s.

Emmerich made experiments on himself by injections of cholera strains and proved that cholera is less virulent when contracted from human to human as opposed to from the ground.
Emmerich was professor Hygiene and Bacteriology at the University of Munich.

References

Category:1852 births
Category:1914 deaths
Category:German bacteriologists