Primary inclusion criteria of study were ( a ) a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes ( glycated hemoglobin level > 7.0 % ) , ( b ) measured BMI of at least 30 kg/m ( 2 ) and not yet 35 kg/m ( 2 ) , and ( c ) age between 25 and 60 years old , and ( d ) patients were excluded if they had previously undergone complex abdominal surgery or bariatric surgery .