The HR for QVA149 versus placebo showed no significant increase in the overall risk for death ( HR [ 95 % confidence interval ] : 0.93 [ 0.34-2 .54 ] ) ; CCV events ( 0.60 [ 0.29-1 .24 ] ) ; MACE ( 1.04 [ 0.45-2 .42 ] ) ; pneumonia ( 1.10 [ 0.54-2 .25 ] ) ; COPD exacerbations ( 0.60 [ 0.40-0 .91 ] ) ; and AF/F ( 1.03 [ 0.49-2 .18 ] ) .