Pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) , input ( Zi , ZiF ) and characteristic ( Zc , ZcF ) impedances , arterial stiffness ( Ep and - index ) , total arterial compliance ( TAC ) , mean ( Wm ) and total ( Wt ) hydraulic power , efficiency , power cost per unit of forward flow ( Wt/CI ) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) were measured .