Primary outcomes were as follows : 1 ) maternal iron deficiency ( ID ) defined in 2 ways as serum ferritin ( SF ) < 15 g/L and body iron ( BI ) < 0 mg/kg ; 2 ) maternal ID anemia [ ID + anemia ( IDA ) ; hemoglobin < 110 g/L ] ; and 3 ) neonatal ID ( cord blood ferritin < 75 g/L or zinc protoporphyrin/heme > 118 mol/mol ) .