In two multicentre , randomised , blinded , double-dummy , parallel-group , active-controlled trials , eligible patients ( current or former smokers aged 40 years or older with an established clinical history of COPD ) were randomly assigned in 1:1:1:1 ratio to UMEC 125 g plus VI 25 g , UMEC 625 g plus VI 25 g , TIO 18 g , and either VI 25 g ( study 1 ) or UMEC 125 g ( study 2 ) .