Multivariable analysis revealed no evidence of between-group differences for the development of any pain ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 1.03 ; 95 % CI , 0.67-1 .57 ; P = .905 ) , whereas preoperative pain was an independent risk factor ( OR , 2.52 ; 95 % CI , 1.12-5 .68 ; P = .025 ) .