Performance on the final test showed that repeated quizzing led to significantly greater long-term retention relative to both repeated studying ( 55 % vs 46 % ; t [ 34 ] = 3.28 , SEM = 0.03 , p = 0.01 , d = 0.49 ) and no further exposure ( 55 % vs 44 % ; t [ 34 ] = 3.16 , SEM = 0.03 , p = 0.01 , d = 0.58 ) .