Patients undergoing general anesthesia with intubation received 40 mg of 1 % lidocaine ( lidocaine group ; n = 28 ) , 0.25 g/kg of dexmedetomidine ( low-dose group ; n = 27 ) , 0.5 g/kg of dexmedetomidine ( subclinical dose group ; n = 28 ) , 1.0 g/kg of dexmedetomidine ( clinical dose group , n = 27 ) , or normal saline ( saline group ; n = 28 ) before anesthetic induction .