Nasal mucosal lining fluid was sampled in 488 neonates and assessed for interleukin ( IL ) -12 p70 , IP-10 , interferon-gamma ( IFN ) - , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF ) - , MIP-1 , MCP-1 , MCP-4 , IL-4 , IL-5 , IL-13 , eotaxin-1 , eotaxin-3 , TARC , MDC , IL-17 , IL-1 , IL-8 , transforming growth factor beta ( TGF ) -1 , IL-10 and IL-2 .