Multivariable logistic/linear regression was used to quantify the longitudinal association between change in HbA1c from 1 to 5 years and ADDQoL and health status at 5 years , adjusting for age , sex , education and trial group ; alcohol consumption , smoking , physical activity , plasma vitamin C , HbA1c , ADDQoL or health status at 1 year , and glucose-lowering medication at 5 years .