On the primary outcome , patients receiving IV valproate improved by a mean of 2.8 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 2.3 , 3.3 ) on the 0 to 10 scale ; those receiving IV metoclopramide improved by 4.7 ( 95 % CI : 4.2 , 5.2 ) ; and those receiving IV ketorolac improved by 3.9 ( 95 % CI : 3.3 , 4.5 ) .