Changes in fasting plasma glucose ( -9.7 10.1 vs. +1.8 8.1 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , serum insulin concentration ( -2.1 6.5 vs. +5.7 10.7 IU/mL , P = 0.001 ) , homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance ( -0.5 1.3 vs. +1.4 2.3 , P < 0.001 ) , homeostasis model of assessment-estimated - cell function ( -4.0 28.7 vs. +22.0 43.8 , P = 0.006 ) , and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( +0.004 0.021 vs. -0.012 0.015 , P = 0.005 ) in supplemented women were significantly different from those in women in the placebo group .