Smoking was an independent predictor of the composite endpoint of death/MI/stroke ( hazard ratio [ HR ] : 1.8 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 1.3 to 2.5 ; p = 0.001 ) and MACCE ( HR : 1.4 ; 95 % CI : 1.1 to 1.7 ; p = 0.02 ) .