At the end of the early modern times, a new movement of waka arose in Kyoto, and there appeared the Keien school of jigenin (a court official who has not obtained the imperial ordinance of promotion) derived from the NIJO school of dojo (a family who is allowed to be promoted to court noble).
近世後期になると京都から新しい和歌の動きが起こり、堂上の二条派から派生した地下人の桂園派が登場した。