The Qing dynasty, however, preferred trade in the choko style (other nations' bringing tribute to China) and refused the trading as equal partners, saying "China has a big land and a lot of products."
しかし、清は中国を「地大物博」（土地が広く物産が豊かなこと）と述べ、恩恵を与える朝貢貿易ならまだしも対等貿易は不要であると突き返した。