Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA, who was the seventh son of Tadayasu was a vanguard of sonno joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and he was made the head of the Tenchu-gumi (literally, Heavenly Avenging Force) but, later, he was assassinated by a member of the Choshu clan (the Tenchu-gumi incident).
忠能の七男、中山忠光は尊王攘夷の急先鋒で天誅組の首領とされたが、後に長州藩の刺客により暗殺された（天誅組の変）。