The emperors and royal families owned Miyake as their privately-owned domains and Nashiro and Koshiro as their privately-ruled people while gozoku families owned Tadokoro as their privately-owned domains and Kakibe as their privately-ruled people.
天皇・王族は、私的所有地である屯倉と私的支配民である名代・子代などを保有し、豪族らは、私的所有地である田荘と私的支配民である部曲などを保有していた。