To prevent the upsurge of the donated shoens, the Manor Regulation Acts was promulgated each time the Emperor changed, but the office work for arranging shoens was done by kokushi and often became ineffective.
寄進荘園の乱立を防ぐため、天皇の代替わりごとにしばしば荘園整理令が発出されたが、荘園整理の事務は国司が行っており実効があがらない場合も少なくなかった。