In the ninth and the tenth centuries, however, the citizen management system (including the ancient family registration system, the creation of the yearly tax registers, and the implementation of the law of periodic reallocations of rice fields) which supported the ritsuryo system began to collapse, so that the governance on a single-person basis became difficult to maintain.
しかし、9世紀・10世紀ごろになると、律令制を支えていた人民把握システム（古代の戸籍制度・計帳の作成や班田収授法の実施など）が次第に弛緩していき、人別的な人民支配が存続できなくなっていた。