The seat of the prefectural capital was in Nemuroumegae-cho (renamed Nemuro-cho in 1900 after abolishment of Nemuro Prefecture), former Nemuro County, Nemuro Province.
県庁所在地は旧根室国根室郡の根室梅ヶ枝町（根室県廃止後の1900年に根室町と改称）。