At this time, the Edo bakufu force was supported by the French Second Empire, while the force overthrowing the Edo bakufu was supported by the British Empire, and both deployed firearms and warships.
この際、幕府側は主にフランス第二帝政の支援を、倒幕側は主にイギリス帝国の支援を受け、火器や軍艦が導入された。