An estimation based on the figure 69,055, the reported number of the townspeople's household in 1864, concludes that Kyoto had 350,000 people in the last years of the Edo period and this might have exceeded that of Osaka, however, the study on the Shumon-ninbetsu-aratame-cho (religion-based population census records) estimates that the population in Kyoto was around 280,000.
元治元年(1864年)の6万9055戸と伝えられる町方戸数から、幕末の京都の人口を大坂以上の35万人とする試算もあるが、宗門人別改帳‎の研究からは28万人程度と推計されている。