The description of Sakutei-ki (the oldest book concerning gardens in Japan) also introduced the idea that a pond a spring, and the ishigumi, etc., that expresses a landscape were techniques that made a garden a metaphor of nature, such as the sea, and a landscape gardening technique that reduces the scale of natural scenery.
作庭記の記述も池泉やそれらを表現するための石組みなどでもうみなど、自然をメタファーとして表現し、見立てによって縮景を行う作庭手法を伝聞する。