However, every domain's financial difficulty got worse and worse and some domains started to repudiate their debt by dismissing their kuramoto or kakeya or abandoning their bonds, which made merchants bankrupt.
だが、どの藩も財政難は深刻化する一方であり、藩側による蔵元・掛屋の解任や証文の破棄などによる一方的な債務破棄（踏み倒し）やこれに伴う商人の破産が起きた。