At the end of the ninth century, manor houses are built by nobles so as to unlawfully seize and privatize the surrounding lands and 'shataku' (residence), which was followed by guji (shrine priests) who began to set up 'kanden' (imperial estates) and 'shoshiden' (tax-exempt lands that were provided to cover the labor cost of shoshi officials) in order to prepare 'horoku' (retainer's salary) to be paid to kanjin (government officials) and the other necessary expenses.
9世紀末期には貴族による荘家が設置されて周囲の土地や舎宅を自己のものとして押領し、続いて官司も官人の俸禄や経費調達のために官田や諸司田を設置するようになる。