The ground of shrines or temples, on the approach to them or in temple towns during festivals, markets, and fairs' mentioned above are known as niwaba (literally meaning 'yard' and described 'niwaba' hereinafter).
上記の「祭礼（祭り）や市や縁日などが催される、境内、参道や門前町」を庭場という。（以下庭場と記述）