In the 'Hongyan Nagan' story of "Lushi Chunqiu" (The Annals of Lu Buwei), the bravery and loyalty of the retainer Hongyan who ended his life by cutting his own abdomen, removing his internal organs and inserting the liver of his master who had been brutally murdered is praised by many.
例えば『呂氏春秋』仲冬紀に載せる「弘演納肝」の故事では、忠臣であった弘演は、自分の腹を切って内臓を出し、自分の体内に惨殺された自分の主君の肝臓を入れて絶命し、人々からその忠勇をたたえられた。