Incidents such as the War of Tengyo by TAIRA no Masakado, an episode in "Konjaku Monogatari Shu" (The Tale of Times Now Past) Volume 25 Section 9 'a story of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu no Asomi attacking TAIRA no Tadatsune,' and TAIRA no Tadatsune War, which exhausted the Kanto region for years, all represented conflicts between kokushi and the indigenous people, indicating that 'peasants' were not just mere farmers.
平将門の天慶の乱、『今昔物語集』巻第二五第九「源頼信の朝臣、平忠恒を責めたる話」、そしてその後長く関東を疲弊させた平忠常の乱も国司と国人の抗争であり「百姓」がただの農民ではないことが見て取れる。