From the late Heian period (eleventh to twelfth century), Gunji (district magistrates), Goji (local government official) and local kannin (officers) developed abandoned fields and became development landholders who were recognized as having a certain income by the Kokuga.
平安時代後期（11世紀-12世紀）から、郡司・郷司・在庁官人の中に、荒地などを開発して国衙から一定の収取が認められた開発領主へ成長する者が多く現れた。