In the Ritsuryo system, kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) was given to each farmer, but in fact, there also existed lands which were not cultivated due to escape of farmers and so on, or on the contrary, on which chinso (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) was imposed despite there were no specific cultivators from the beginning.
律令制においては、農民に口分田が与えられていたが、実際には逃亡などで耕作されない土地や逆に定まった耕作者が元からおらず賃租が行われている土地も存在した。