Before the Treaty of Ganghwa (Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity) and the system of the post-1868 embassy from Korea, even Gyu-su PARK who was one of the most civilized at that time around up until 1872 and the common view of the Korean government including his was 'Europeans and Americans are animals without humanity who are only after profit from trade and Japanese are the same (Wayo Ittai ron theory to consider Japan, European countries and the USA as one).'
このように日朝修好条規、朝鮮修信使の制度ができるまでは、明治初期の1872年頃までの当時の開化派とされた朴珪寿でさえ、彼を含めた朝鮮政府の共通認識は「欧米人は通商によって利益を追求する人倫を欠いた禽獣であり、日本人もまた同様である（倭洋一体）」のようなものだったのである。