Sakhalin, where the Japanese and the Russians lived under the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan signed between Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Russian government, was initially controlled by Hakodate District Court and Hakodate-fu after the Restoration of (Japanese) Imperial Rule, and later, by the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
樺太は江戸幕府がロシア政府と結んだ日露和親条約で日露混住の地とされ、王政復古(日本)の後は箱館裁判所と箱館府の支配を経て、開拓使の管轄となった。