Besides these three cities, the estimated population was 100,000 at the highest in Kanazawa and in Nagoya and more than 60,000 in Nagasaki City, Sakai City and Kagoshima City, respectively, while the population of any of other leading castle towns was approximately 50,000.
江戸時代を通じて三都以外では、金沢市と名古屋市が最盛期で10万人規模、長崎市や堺市、鹿児島市が6万人以上で、他の有力諸侯の城下町はいずれも5万人前後であった。