Although privatization of rice fields was approved by kokuga (provincial government office compounds), the definition of rights was unclear; therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu donated their reclaimed lands as shoen (private estates) to Juryoso (career provincial official class) as shoen (manors).
彼らは国衙から田地の私有が認められたものの、その権利は危ういものであったため、開発した土地を荘園として受領層に寄進した。