While peasants in poverty evaded tax by false registration or escape, wealthy peasants acquired additional farmland through reclamation, which they were allowed to own privately, and made poor peasants, especially those who escaped or were debt-burned due to private suiko, their subordinate people.
貧困層は偽籍・逃亡によって租税負担から逃れ、富豪層は墾田活動を通じて得分収取しうる田地を獲得し、逃亡したり私出挙によって負債を負わせた貧困百姓らを保護民、隷属民として囲い込んでいった。