Furthermore, he preached that this Qi does not only apply to cosmology, but also has a moral 'nature,' and that nature in a 'taikyo' state was called 'nature of heaven and earth' and considered original and superior, while nature in a 'banbutsu' state was called 'nature of disposition' and was considered deteriorated.
またこの気には単なる宇宙論にとどまらず道徳的な「性」が備わっており、「太虚」の状態の性を「天地の性」として本来的な優れたものとし、「万物」の状態の性を「気質の性」として劣化したものとした。