We are not certain whether Jien's view was shared among people in ancient times and during the middle ages, but according to what he wrote, people then definitely thought that when someone died an unnatural death or died with a grudge, they became onryo.
慈円の認識が古代から中世の一般的な認識であったのかはわからないが、この叙述によれば、やはり怨霊というものは非業の死、恨みによって生まれるものと考えられていたということになる。