The Theory of the Sky' by Liu Zongyuan and "The Opinion about the Sky" by Ryu Ushaku (Liu Yuxi) in the mid-Tang period were the pioneers, and in Baisong, it is seen in "Shin To-jo" (New Book of Tang) Gogyoshi by Oyo Shu (Ouyang Xiu, Ou-yang Hsiu), "Kohanden" by Anseki O (Wang Anshi), "Annotation of Spring and Autumn Annals" by Tei I (Cheng Yi), etc.
その先鞭をつけたのは中唐の柳宗元の「天説」・劉禹錫の『天論』であり、北宋においては欧陽脩の『新唐書』五行志・王安石の『洪範伝』・程頤の『春秋伝』などに見られる。