Trade had been realized with the merchants from the Northern Sung dynasty, the Goryeo dynasty and the Liao dynasty as well, however, private trade developed by influential temples including Shofukuji Temple (in Fukuoka City), Jotenji Temple, Hakozakigu Shrine and Sumiyoshijinja Shrine (in Fukuoka City), and powerful nobles was prosperous in the 11th century.
やがて時代が下って北宋・高麗・遼の商人とも交易を行ったが、11世紀には、聖福寺(福岡市)・承天寺・筥崎宮・住吉神社(福岡市)ら有力寺社や有力貴族による私貿易が盛んになった。