Around the end of the ninth century kokushi (provincial officials) (in the kokuga [provincial office structure]) who received 'tsuibu kanpu' (Warrants of Pursuit and Capture) from the Imperial Court were able to form, at their discretion, troops with gunji and the rich and powerful class.
9世紀末頃からは、「追捕官符」の発布を受けた国司（国衙機構）が自らの裁量で国内の郡司・富豪層を軍事編成するようになった。