Besides normal schools and higher normal schools, government-established old-system vocational schools and private vocational schools provided various courses in training teachers for art, music, physical education and martial arts.
師範学校、高等師範学校などの他に、官立の旧制専門学校、私立の専門学校・各種学校において図画、音楽、体育・武道、教員の養成課程があった。