In the 12th century, as shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) was coming to be established, court nobles, temples and shrines, that were also lord of the manor, began to apply for the exemption of imposition to their manor such as Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen (manor) and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province) with the Imperial Court, and began to take in the peasantry that had belonged to both manor and koryo as their own shomin (people of the manor).
12世紀に入り、荘園公領制が確立されていくとともに荘園においても荘園領主である公家や寺社が朝廷に対して一国平均役などの自己荘園の賦課免除の申請と荘園と公領に両属していた農民層を自己の荘民として取り込んでいった。