Namely the world situation, in which strong countries annexed small countries (age of imperialism) was considered natural providence and resulted in believe that principles of "Bankoku Koho," such as '万国並立' or '万国対峙' (equality of countries) were mere slogans.
すなわち強国が弱小国を併呑していく当時の世界情勢（帝国主義時代）は、自然の摂理であると受け取られ、『万国公法』の説く「万国並立」「万国対峙」という理念は建前に過ぎないといったシニカルな受容をもたらした。