At first, Europe and America were defined as "civilized nations," and Ottoman Turks, China, Japan and so on were defined as "Semi-civilized nation" ("barbaric nation") and African countries and so on were defined as "undeveloped nation."
まず欧米を「文明国」、オスマントルコや中国、日本等を「半文明国」（「野蛮国」）、アフリカ諸国等を「未開国」とした。