At the same time, more and more people were interested in the books with topics related Western countries (Seigakusho 西学書, books on western studies) and an open and liberal group called the Kaehwadang (Progressive Party) was formed.
同時に『万国公法』を含む西欧について書かれた著作（西学書）への関心が徐々に高まっていき、開化派と呼ばれる開明的な一派も形成されていった。