According to "Gishi wajinden (Records of the Wa people, Chronicle of Wei)," Himiko confused her people using kido (the act of calling up the devil), although the details of the kido and how she confused her people are not known; however, this shows that in ancient times magic rituals were performed by women.
また、『魏志倭人伝』によると、卑弥呼は鬼道で衆を惑わしていたという（卑彌呼事鬼道能惑衆）記述があり、この鬼道や惑の正確な意味・内容については不明ではあるものの、古代に呪術的な儀式が女性の手によって行われた事が伺える。