From Shirakawa onward, the jokos who conducted Insei reigned as if they were chiten-no-kimi, being virtual emperors, while the actual emperors were described as being 'as if they were the crown princes.'
白河以後、院政を布いた上皇は治天の君、すなわち事実上の国王として君臨し、天皇は「まるで東宮（皇太子）のようだ」と言われるようになった。