Furthermore, since the mid-Ming Dynasty, building of edified mutual aid organizations among villagers through Kyoyaku (agreements and an organization for them in a village) and Hoko (the smallest administrative organ) became popular, and O Shujin and Torin-gakuha jinshi (a person of high social standing and culture) worked on promoting them.
また明代中期以後、郷約・保甲による郷民同士の教化互助組織作りが盛んになり、王守仁や東林学派の人士もその普及に尽力している。