In responce to the situation the government issued Manen oval gold coins, but the low quality of the coins led to steep inflation, triggering severe criticism of the unequal treaty and opening of the country and a growing anti-foreigner movement, provoking the rampant killing of Westerners in many places in the country.
その対策として発行された万延小判の品位の低さなどにより諸物価が高騰、開国策・不平等条約への批判が噴出し、外国人排斥の攘夷思想が次第に隆盛し、各地で異人斬りが横行する。