However, since in many cases resumed ruined lands would end up being confiscated by kokuga, in the mid-Heian period, a load-style development method of widely taking up and carving out undeveloped wilderness outside of cultivated areas became the mainstream.
しかし荒廃田を再開しても国衙に収公されてしまう場合が多く、平安時代中期には条里外の未開原野を広く占めて開田する領主的開発が主流となった。