Because of these troubles, the bureaucracy of China had to be cautious about negotiation with powerful countries which always tried to make profits shielding themselves behind international law and treaties.
こうしたトラブルでは、常に国際法や条約を楯に有利に事を運ぼうとする列強との交渉に、中国官僚は神経を尖らせる必要があった。