In the Northern Dynasty, Kobun learning of later Han was practiced, and "Zhouyi," "Shujing," "Mao shi," and 'Sanrai' honored annotations by Jo Gen, "Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan," the annotation by Fukken of later Han, and "Shunju Kuyo-den," the annotation by Ka Kyu of later Han.
北朝では後漢の古文学が行われ、『周易』・『書経』・『毛詩』「三礼」は鄭玄注、『春秋左氏伝』は後漢の服虔（ふっけん）の注、『春秋公羊伝』は後漢の何休の注が尊ばれた。