Another theory, by taking the influence of "Yakushikyo Sutra" into consideration, states that this refers to disasters by unrighteous divine spirits in a broad sense, as described in the Sutra: 'yaksha, rakshasa, bishaja, and other evil fierce gods.'
しかし、『薬師経』の影響を勘案して、『薬師経』にある「夜叉・羅刹・毘舎闍等、諸悪鬼神」を踏まえた広い意味での悪神による災害とする説もある