After World War II, there came numerous criticisms of the Tennosei from the perspective of communism and modern political science (from people such as Masao MARUYAMA who was mentioned above).
第二次世界大戦が終わると、共産主義や近代政治学（前記の丸山眞男ら）の立場などから天皇制批判が数多く提議された。