During the Kamakura period, some landlords of Zoyakumen became jito (manager and lord of shoen), and they imposed zatsukuji, which corresponded to kuji other than buyaku (compulsory labor service), and zaikeeki, which corresponded to zatsueki, for their own interest while calling farmers zaike.
更に鎌倉時代になると、雑役免の領主が地頭化して耕作民を在家と呼んで、夫役以外の公事に相当する雑公事や雑役に相当する在家役を賦課して自己のものにする例が見られた。