The negotiations with the allied western powers were carried out by Aisin-Gioro Yìkuāng and Li Hongzhang, who came back to power as Governor General of Zhili and superintendent of trade for the northern ports, but being the losing nation he was obliged to the allied western powers, and met demands with very strict conditions.
列強との交渉は愛新覚羅奕キョウ及び直隷総督兼北洋大臣に返り咲いた李鴻章が担ったが、敗戦国という立場上列強の言いなりとならざるを得ず、非常に厳しい条件が付せられた。