The army of The Edo Bakufu had been stated as a rebel army in history books for long time, and especially, the leading party of the Bakufu army, the Aizu Domain and the Ouetsu-reppan alliance were treated as the evil personified.
歴史書では長年にわたって薩長に逆らった江戸幕府軍は賊軍扱いされ、幕府軍の主力を占めた会津藩、奥羽越列藩同盟は賊軍として悪の権化のように扱われた。