The former argued that while the Boxers were resisting Christian groups (missionaries and Chinese Christians) they saw their various privileges (administration or justice) firsthand, became aware that they were derived from the empire doctrine, and started the opposition movement.
帝国主義に関する点で、義和団はキリスト教集団（宣教師や中国人クリスチャン）との対立の中で彼等の持つ様々な特権（行政上あるいは司法上）に直面して、それらが帝国主義に由来することに自覚的となり反対運動を行ったと前者は論じる。