In the system of the dynasty state, lower-ranking nobles who were officials for practical works appointed to the zuryo and who were promoted up to shii (Fourth Rank) or goi (Fifth Rank) were called shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) and the technical officers and kenin (retainers) who were promoted up to rokui (Sixth Rank) and served upper-ranking nobles or shodaibu were called samurai (warrior) and they were in charge of administrative affairs.
王朝国家体制では四位、五位どまりの受領に任命されるクラスの実務官人である下級貴族を諸大夫（しょだいぶ）と、上級貴族や諸大夫に仕える六位どまりの技能官人や家人を侍（さむらい）と呼び、彼らが行政実務を担っていた。