According to "Shomonki," TAIRA no Masakado received an oracle from Hachiman Daibosatsu (Great Bodhisattva Hachiman) in 939 at the kokucho (office of local government) and called himself "Shinno" (new emperor).
平将門は『将門記』では939年に上野国の国庁で八幡大菩薩よりの神託をうけて「新皇」を自称した。