In the ninth century, however, farmers began to flee from their villages and became vagrants in increasing numbers in order to escape government control and taxation, thereby necessitating a major change in the system of administration and taxation based on the ancient ritsuryo legal codes.
しかし、9世紀に入ると支配・収取から逃れるために百姓たちの逃亡・浮浪が顕著となっていき、律令制支配・収取は大きな転換が迫られていた。