In the Edo period when the superior-inferior relationships were established, jikisan was permitted to have an audience with the shogun, but baishin was not permitted to have an audience with the shogun even if such baishin was Karo (chief retainer) whose clan had a daimyo-level yield of not less than 10,000 koku.
上下関係の確立した江戸時代に於いては、直参は将軍への拝謁が許されていたのに対し、陪臣はたとえ藩で1万石以上と大名並みの石高を有する家老でも拝謁は許されなかった。