Moat settlements that have a moat around the settlement and upland settlements that were located at top of the mountain more than 100m in height are said to be evidence of battles between settlements.
集落の周りに濠をめぐらせた環濠集落や、低地から100m以上の比高差を持つような山頂部に集落を構える高地性集落などは、集落間の争いがあったことの証拠とされた。