The national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE insisted that the emperor separated private and public matters and fairly ruled the country according to the mythology of Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) (Shirasu in Japanese), and the emperor's sovereignty was completely different from private controls by local clans and people (Ushihaku in Japanese) (according to Inoue's writing 'Kogen').
井上毅らの国体論は古事記神話に基づいて公私を峻別し、天皇は公的な統治を行う（シラス）ものであって、他の土豪や人民が行う私的な所有権の行使（ウシハク）とは異なるとする（井上「古言」）。