In 1802, when the fourth lord Nobutaka MATSUDAIRA died at an early age, Nobuyuki succeeded to the position of family head as an adopted son of Nobutaka to become the fifth lord, and was conferred to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), the Governor of Kii Province in December.
享和2年（1802年）、第4代藩主・松平信彰が若死にしたため、その養子として家督を継いで第5代藩主となり、12月に従五位下・紀伊守に叙任される。