Joko (In), after establishing Insei, privately formed relationships between lord and vassals with many nobilities and reigned as "Chiten no Kimi" (actual ruler of the country), and since it was based on the parental authority as father and the position as the lord of nobilities, his position was more firm than that of Sekkanseiji, which was a conservator as maternal grandfather of the Emperor.
院政を布いた上皇（院）は、多くの貴族たちと私的に主従関係を結び、治天の君（事実上の国王）として君臨したが、それは父としての親権と貴族たちの主人としての立場に基づくもので、天皇の外祖父ゆえに後見人としてふるまった摂関政治よりもいっそう強固なものであった。