Between 1908 and 1912, a new concept of individualism was represented by such poets as the poet who gained popularity through "Myojo," Hakushu KITAHARA with his pursuit for beauty, the naturalist, Bokusui WAKAYAMA, and Takuboku ISHIKAWA, who had a tendency of showing flavors of socialism.
明治40年代には『明星』から出た耽美派の北原白秋、自然主義的な若山牧水、社会主義的傾向を示した石川啄木らの個性が開花した。