The prosperity of 'yogaku-juku' (literally school of foreign languages) established at various parts of Japan from the end of the Tokugawa period to years around the Meiji Restoration culminated by the establishment of the Tokyo School of Foreign Language (under old education system) in 1873 and seven national schools of foreign languages in Aichi, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Niigata, Miyagi and Osaka (two in Nagasaki).
幕末以降、明治維新期に至るまで国内各地での洋学塾の盛行は、1873年の東京外国語学校(旧制)設立、翌1874年の愛知・広島・長崎・新潟・宮城・大阪の官立外国語学校7校の設立（うち長崎は2校）に結実した。