After the Muromachi period, there appeared some cases in which shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) issued written appointments to hikan (a low-level bureaucrat) and gave them zuryomei (an official title of kokushi, provincial governor), which were unjustified titlles the Imperial Court had nothing to do with.
室町時代以降、守護大名が被官に対して官途状を発給し受領名（国司の官名）を授与するケースが表れたが、これは朝廷の関知しない僭称であった。