Due to domestic social contradictions and pressure from the inside and outside of Japan (for example, ships of Russia, of England, and of US came near to Japan), the bakufu-domain system had reached its limit by around the middle of the 19th century.
19世紀中ごろまでに、国内の社会矛盾と国外からの圧力（ロシア、イギリス、アメリカ船の接近）により、幕藩体制は限界を迎えていた。