His disciple, O Ki, evolved this to preach shimu-setsu (four containing no-evil theory), which viewed the mind, wish, wisdom, and things as all being no good, no evil, but his colleague, Sen Tokuko, opposed this, advocating shiyu-setsu (four containing evil theory), which viewed that wish, wisdom, and things required self-training to 'be good and fight off evil.'
弟子の王畿はこれを発展させて心・意・知・物すべて無善無悪だとする四無説を主張したが、同門の銭徳洪は意・知・物については「善を為し悪を去る」自己修養が必要とした四有説を主張してこれに反対している。