Apart from those soldiers, the people including 'lower-ranking nobles' (shodaibu), 'lower-ranking government officials' (samurai), 'lower-ranking government officials of influential families' (samurai), who were officially approved to arm themselves in the kokuga forces system by the Imperial Court or kokuga (provincial government office compounds), became warriors, organizing an armed group with 'the new-type military art' which was established in the 10th century.
また、これとは別に国衙軍制で武装を朝廷や国衙から公認された「下級貴族（諸大夫）」、「下級官人（侍）」、「有力者の家人（侍）」からなる人々が武士となり、10世紀に成立した「新式の武芸」を家芸とし、武装集団を組織した。