Some samurai such as Takamasa OKUNI of Tsuwano Domain supported the principle of Daijoiron, which was the concept that, to resist pressure from the allied western powers, it would be best to temporarily open the country to the world and give priority to uniting the whole country and fukoku kyohei (strengthening the military).
また、津和野藩の大国隆正らによって、欧米列強の圧力を排するためには一時的に外国と開国してでも国内統一や富国強兵を優先すべきだとする大攘夷論が唱えられた。