Meanwhile, with the development of commerce and industry and the establishment of Gosonsei system (the self-governing system of coalitions of villages), a new style of culture developed among commercial and industrial workers in urban areas (Machishu) as well as peasants.
いっぽう、商工業の発展や郷村制の成立にともなって、都市の商工業者（町衆）や農民のあいだにも新しい文化がうまれていった。