In addition to akuto who invaded manor governance from the outside, ezo (northerners) and kaimin (people who lived and worked on the seas) who committed piracy were also called akuto, which based on the concept of seeing outsiders of the system as akuto.
外部から荘園支配に侵入する悪党のほか、蝦夷や海賊的活動を行う海民なども悪党と呼ばれたが、これは支配体系外部の人々を悪党とみなす観念に基づいている。