According to Takehiko YOSHIDA's theory on the Kyushu Dynasty, the forces that fought in the Battle of Hakusukinoe were not from the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) of the Yamato Kingdom (Japan), but instead belonged to the Kyushu Dynasty (Wa) stationed in the Dazaifu (the local government of Kyushu).
古田武彦らの九州王朝説の主張によれば、白村江で戦ったのは畿内ヤマト王権（日本）軍ではなく大宰府に都した九州王朝（倭）軍であるとする。