Dongyi zhuan (the record of encounters with the eastern barbarians) in Gokanjo (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty) describes Wakoku (Japan) was in a troubled state (Wakoku War) during the time of the Emperor Ling (Han dynasty) to the Emperor Huan (the Han dynasty).
また、後漢書東夷伝には、桓帝(漢)・霊帝(漢)の治世の間、倭国が多いに乱れたという記述がある（倭国大乱）。