During the Ming Dynasty, Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) became the national education and learning was practiced for worldly profit to pass the Kakyo, and was used by the establishment to create community morals in autonomous villages, causing the learning of the saints, which valued moral practice, to deteriorate.
明代、国家教学となった朱子学は、科挙合格という世俗的な利益のためにおこなわれ、また体制側でも郷村での共同体倫理確立に朱子学を用い、道徳的実践を重んじた聖人の学としての本質を損なうようになった。