Additionally, Cho Shido opposed the theory of Ko Yui (Kang Youwei) and wrote "Kangakuhen," preaching to maintain the form of Ju-kyo as the system teaching and learning while adopting Western culture.
また張之洞は康有為の学説に反対して『勧学篇』を著し、西学を導入しつつ体制教学としての儒教の形を守ることを主張している。