Due to the spread of Terakoya (Temple elementary schools during the Edo period) and Hanko (a domain school), reading, writing and arithmetic penetrated widely, and in addition to Confucianism recommended by the bakufu, natural science including herbalism developed.
寺子屋や藩校の普及により読み書き算盤が広く浸透し、幕府奨励の儒学のほかに本草学などの自然科学が育った。