Owners of these developed rice fields were called kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) but their land ownership lacked legal basis and was so unstable that there was high possibility of the shuko by the kokuga.
このような開発田地の所有者を開発領主というが、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。