Meanwhile, Gan Gen (Yen Yuan) criticized both Neo-Confucianism and Yomei-gaku, and created an original learning which preaching that the way to become a saint is not through reading or sitting on the floor calmly, but through shuko (repeated practices).
一方、顔元は朱子学・陽明学ともに批判し、聖人となる方法は読書でも静坐でもなく「習行」（繰り返しの実践）であるとする独自の学問を興した。