There are also many who believe that it was the deed of Satsuma, aiming to overthrow the shogunate by force, which is the opposite to the peaceful approach taken by the Kaientai (an association of masterless samurai organized by Ryoma SAKAMOTO) and the Rikuentai (an association of masterless samurai organized by Shintaro NAKAOKA).
穏便に開国・倒幕を行いたかった海・陸援隊とは逆に、武力による倒幕を目指していた薩摩の仕業との声も根強い。