Toa-dobunkai established Toa-Dobunshoin University in Shanghai and Tokyo Dobunshoin in Tokyo (the former educated Japanese students living in China while the latter was a higher education institution which accepted Chinese students living in Japan).
東亜同文会は上海市に東亜同文書院大学、東京に東京同文書院を設立した（前者は在華日本人留学生を教育し、後者は中国人留学生を受け入れる高等教育機関であった）。