During the Middle Ages, they were done in the form of 'tokusei (benevolent rule) of miyohajime' from the monarch to the people, and in the form of demonstrational actions from the people to the monarch such as the uprising of tokusei to demand the enforcement of tokusei.
中世においては、君主の側からは「御代始の徳政」の形で行われ、反対に民衆の側からは徳政一揆などの示威行動によって徳政の実施を求める動きが生じた。