In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。