During this period, there were objections towards Li and Qi dualism of Chu His, and the position of Qi was heightened and Li was considered the reason for the operation of Qi.
この時代、朱熹の理気二元論に対し異論が唱えられるようになり、気の位置づけが高められ、理を気の運行の条理とする主張がなされた。