The Qing dynasty built relationships based on treaties between European countries and American; on the other hand, the Qing dynasty maintained relationships based on Kaichitsujo with Asian countries around China such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu and tried to keep the relations on a permanent basis.
欧米諸国とは条約を基礎とした関係（外交を担う役所総理衙門の設置や公使の相互派遣）を結ぶ一方で、清朝は朝鮮やベトナム、琉球といった周辺のアジア諸国とは旧来の華夷秩序を温存し、それを恒久的に維持しようとした。