Meanwhile, hakucho was not included in the family register and exempt from paying a tax or gunpu (a tax to be paid instead of conscription) since they were social outcasts who were not put under national control.
一方、国の管理に属さない化外の民であったため、戸籍を持たず税金や軍布（徴兵の変わりに収める布税）なども免除されていた。