Rong Liang in "Xie Cheng Hou Han Shu" and An Jinzang in the 137th volume of "Jiu Tang Shu" both cut open their abdomen or chest with a sword and removed their internal organs for all to see in order to prove their devotion (An Jinzan survived due to surgery and his loyalty and bravery were highly praised by Wu Zetian).
『謝承後漢書』の戎良や、『旧唐書』列伝第137の安金蔵は、自分の誠意を証明するため自分の腹や胸を刀で引き裂き、内臓を取り出して見せた(安金蔵は外科手術によって命を取り留め、武則天からその忠勇を激賞された)。