The Edo shogunate and the southwest strong domains translated the English and the French military drill handbooks independently and published them as "Eikoku hohei renpo" (英国歩兵練法) (English-style training method for infantry) or "Furansu hohei sorensho" (French-style infantry training text), which responded to the progress of small arms and military strategy.
さらに江戸幕府及び西南雄藩では独自にイギリス、フランスの教練書を翻訳し、銃器や戦術の進歩に対応した『英国歩兵練法』『佛蘭西歩兵操練書』等の教練書を作成した。