Especially, kokujin in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) had quite a strong inclination for independence, which was exemplified by the case that the shugo (the Hosokawa clan) failed to achieve the "Hikanization" of kokujin in Yamashiro Province, Tamba Province and other provinces despite having spent several decades.
特に畿内では国人の独立志向が非常に高く、山城や丹波などで、守護（細川氏）が数十年をかけても国人層の被官化を達成できない事例も見られた。