Looking at the samurai class, musoku (without land) gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who lost their territory due to single succession, etc. remained in their old territory, and were called akuto when they disturbed the governance of the new jito.
武士階層に目を向けても、単独相続などにより所領を失った無足御家人が旧領に残留し、新地頭の支配を妨害して悪党と呼ばれる事例が発生していた。