O Fushi, who lived from the end of the Ming era to the beginning of the Quin era, criticized Neo-Confucianism which highly regarded "Daigaku" by arguing that "平天下" (to put "Tenka" in order) described in "Daigaku" was no more than the philosophy of ruling a nation (namely, "治国") and that it could not be applied to the level of Tenka.
明末清初の王夫之は『大学』のあげる「平天下」はつまるところ国を治めるための思想（すなわち「治国」）を述べるに過ぎず、天下の次元には通用しないものであると述べて、これを尊重する朱子学を批判した。