PROCEDURE

The case originated in two applications (nos. 19955/05 and 15085/06) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two British nationals, Mark William Grayson and John Barnham, on 20 May 2005 and 10 April 2006 respectively

The first applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr Q. Whitaker, a lawyer practising in London and the second applicant was represented by Levys Solicitors of Manchester. The United Kingdom Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms K. McCleery, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Each applicant alleged that, in confiscation proceedings following his conviction for drugs offences, the fact that the legal burden of proof was on him to show that he did not have realisable assets equivalent to the benefit figure offended the basic principles of a fair procedure, in breach of Article 6 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.

Each applicant and the Government filed written observations.

Under Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, the Chamber decided to examine the merits of each application at the same time as its admissibility. It also decided to join the applications (Rule 42 § 1).

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

A. The first applicant (Mr Grayson)

On 23 January 2002 the applicant and a co-defendant were convicted with intent to supply over 28 kilograms of pure heroin, which was seized by the police at the time of arrest. The heroin was assessed to have a wholesale value in excess of GBP 1.2 million and a street value in excess of GBP 4 million. The following day the applicant was sentenced to 22 years’ imprisonment.

On 1 July 2002, after considering written and oral submissions from the applicant and the prosecution, the judge made a confiscation order under the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (“the 1994 Act”: see paragraphs 20-22 below). He held that the applicant had benefited from drug trafficking. In assessing the amount of the benefit the judge took into account, inter alia, the following sums: GBP 18,000 cash found on the applicant at the time of his arrest; GBP 13,000 that the applicant had paid to his brother when a business partnership between them came to an end; GBP 21,000 that he had spent, in cash, on buying two cars; a further GBP 8,000 which he had spent on another two cars; and GBP 620,445 which was the judge’s assessment of the cost to the applicant of purchasing the heroin which had led to the conviction. As regards this last sum, the judge, having heard all the evidence at trial, was satisfied that the applicant had been the principal participant in the offence and must have contributed to a large extent to the purchase of the drugs. However, to be fair to the applicant he took as his share one half of the wholesale value. The judge was further satisfied that so large a consignment would not have represented the applicant’s first venture into drug trafficking and that he had financed the purchase with the proceeds of previous drug dealing. The applicant failed to rebut this assumption. The final item of expenditure taken into account by the judge was GBP 70,000 which an associate of the applicant, who claimed to have an income of approximately GBP 40,000 a year, had paid in respect of the applicant’s legal fees. The judge found that it was the applicant’s money; that it was the proceeds of drug trafficking; and that it demonstrated that the applicant had money elsewhere he was not prepared to reveal.

Next, the judge examined property received by the applicant during the six-year statutory period. The largest element emerged from an analysis of 17 bank accounts which the applicant had held at one time or another. The banking records demonstrated unexplained credits to the applicant’s account in the two trading years ending April 1998 and April 2000 which exceeded the turnover of his business as recorded in the accounts by approximately GBP 153,000. During the intervening year, ending April 1999, the bank statements showed deposits at GBP 83,000 below the business trading turnover. The judge therefore considered whether it was appropriate to take the three years together but decided that this would not be correct. If the applicant had delayed banking some of his 1999 profits until the following year, one would have expected to have seen a pattern of very heavy deposits in the first part of 2000, but this was not the case. He concluded that the applicant had benefited to the amount of GBP 1,230,748.69.

Under the statutory scheme, once the judge had assessed the amount of benefit which the applicant had received from drug trafficking, the burden passed to the applicant to show on the balance of probabilities that his realisable assets were less than the amount of his benefit (see paragraph 23 below). The police, having investigated the applicant’s background, had found realisable assets of GBP 236,000, including the cash found on the applicant at the time of his arrest, a car and some business stock. The judge observed: “The fact that the police have traced a certain amount of property is not of itself a reason to find it is the only property available to the [applicant]. Also credibility is a real issue. I have given myself a Lucas direction [that before reliance can be placed on the fact of a person’s lying, it must be shown to be deliberate; it must relate to a material issue; the motive must be a realisation of guilt and a wish to conceal the truth rather than some other reason: R v Lucas [1981] QB 720]. This Defendant is cunning, devious and intelligent. He was increasingly unbelievable and offensive to common sense. Giving evidence he sought to mislead at every turn, wary that the truth would reveal assets he didn’t want to and that he had hidden assets prior to conviction. He has lied persistently and blatantly and his credibility is nil. He has only himself to blame if I do not accept his evidence. I am convinced that he has tried to mislead me. I do not accept that there were no other assets, so I have reached the conclusion that the appropriate order be the wholesale value of the drugs, that being £1,236,748. He has not satisfied me that his assets are less than his benefit ...” He set an additional ten years’ imprisonment to be served by the applicant if he had not paid within twelve months.

The applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal on the grounds, inter alia, that the trial judge should have adjourned to allow him to submit additional accountancy evidence and that it had been contrary to Article 6 of the Convention for the judge to hold that it was for the applicant to establish, on the balance of probabilities, that his realisable property was less than his benefit. Although he had been represented throughout the trial and confiscation proceedings, he was unrepresented for the appeal and put his arguments before the court in a series of letters written from prison.

On 18 May 2005 the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, although it reduced the default sentence of imprisonment from ten years, the statutory maximum, to eight years. The court held that the additional accountancy evidence which the applicant sought to have admitted did not rebut the prosecution case but in fact, to a large extent, supported it. The Court added that although the accountancy report raised a suggestion of possible double-counting by the prosecution when it came to an analysis of realisable property, that was “irrelevant, since the judge’s order did not depend upon any calculation of realisable property. It depended upon his finding that the applicant had utterly failed to demonstrate that he had not got assets equivalent to his benefit.” The Court of Appeal referred to Phillips v. the United Kingdom, no. 41087/98, ECHR 2001-VII, and observed that: “In that case the court held that the reverse onus of proof in relation to the statutory assumption at the calculation of the benefit stage is fully Convention compliant. If reverse onus is Convention compliant at the stage at which primary liability is calculated, it is plain that it is equally compliant to require of the defendant evidence to demonstrate that the order for confiscation should be less than the amount of benefit, on the grounds that he does not have enough realisable property to meet it. The level of assets available to a defendant is normally peculiarly a matter within his own knowledge. In those circumstances, this was, we are satisfied, a large confiscation order. It was, however, one which it was plainly proper for the judge to make. The judge followed the scheme of the Act in arriving at his conclusions, and in the context of a man who was caught when engaged in importing heroin which had cost well over £1 million with the prospect of a profit of approximately three times that amount, the conclusion that there were large items of unexplained expenditure and hidden assets is, in the circumstances, hardly surprising.”

B. The second applicant (Mr Barnham)

On 16 July 2001 the second applicant was convicted of two conspiracy charges involving plans to import large consignments of cannabis into the United Kingdom. Neither importation had been successful and the whereabouts of the drugs were unknown. In the course of the trial the jury heard evidence from an undercover police officer, “Murray”, who, posing as a money launderer, had made contact with the applicant. Murray’s evidence was that the applicant had told him that his organisation was expected to receive payment of GBP 12 million, of which his personal share would be GBP 2 million, which he asked Murray to help him “launder”.

The applicant was sentenced to eleven years’ imprisonment, the judge describing him as the lead organiser in a sophisticated, established and internationally based drug trafficking business.

The confiscation proceedings commenced in January 2002, when the first hearing took place to determine the statutory benefit to the applicant from his drug trafficking operations. The applicant was legally represented. He did not give evidence but conceded through his counsel that he had benefited from drug trafficking within the meaning of the 1994 Act. On 8 February 2002, the trial judge ruled that the total benefit to the applicant was GBP 1,525,615. This sum included GBP 27,000 that the applicant had given to Murray to establish his trust; various amounts totalling GBP 59,000 which the applicant had mentioned to Murray during their conversations; a car worth GBP 11,615; GBP 65,000 which the applicant had spent on renovating his house; GBP 23,000 which the applicant had told Murray he had invested in cannabis importation; GBP 500,000 with which the applicant had purchased the consignment of cannabis which formed the basis of the first count of which he had been convicted; GBP 600,000 with which the applicant had purchased another consignment of cannabis which he had mentioned to Murray; a further GBP 240,000 which related to the cost of purchasing yet another consignment of cannabis which the applicant had discussed with Murray. The applicant did not appeal against that ruling.

In April 2002, the judge resumed the proceedings to assess the applicant’s realisable assets. The applicant and his wife gave evidence, to the effect that their only asset was their house in Spain, which they owned jointly. The applicant claimed to have been entirely unsuccessful in his attempts at drug dealing and to have earned a living by singing in bars. Since his conviction his wife was living with their son in England and supporting herself with a cleaning job. The defence submitted that there was no evidence capable of supporting a finding of assumed “hidden” assets and such would lead to a risk of injustice. Of the total benefit figure, it was submitted that 94.4% was expenditure and the remaining 5.6% received had been dissipated over the years of the applicant’s imprisonment in Spain and Portugal and in the United Kingdom. His car, worth GBP 11,615, had also been confiscated by the Portuguese authorities.

On 12 April 2002, the judge made his ruling. He explained that: “In reaching my determination I have to apply the scheme laid down by the 1994 Act, subject to ensuring from the evidence before me that in applying any reverse burden of proof there is no ascertained real or serious risk of injustice resulting from this. Essentially I have to weigh whether the evidence relied on by the defendant is both clear and cogent. In my judgment, it is not, because it fails to explain truthfully what the applicant did in relation to his drug trafficking activities.” The judge found that the applicant and his wife had lied about their activities and their sources of income. The applicant had not explained what had happened to the various consignments of cannabis he had had under his control. The judge continued: “In any event, as I do not find Mr and Mrs Barnham are truthful witnesses on material facts I am unable to accept their evidence that no cash assets exist from Mr Barnham’s substantial international drug trafficking. He has failed to explain truthfully what he did and what he did with what he earned from what he did. That has been his choice and if it leaves as it does, this Court with no clear and cogent evidence to persuade it that the benefit is not fully realisable, the responsibility for that is Mr Barnham’s and Mr Barnham’s alone. It was his choice whether he told the truth in his evidence and no-one else’s. [Counsel for the defence] relies on the lack of assets discovered by the West Yorkshire police ... It is, in my view, not surprising, particularly operating in foreign jurisdictions, that investigators find difficulty in tracing cash assets derived from drug trafficking. It is because of this, indeed, that the scheme of the 1994 Act is what it is. Whilst I accept [defence counsel’s] other submission, that the vast majority of the benefit I assessed, it was on the basis of expenditure on the drugs, that does not explain what happened in the end to those drugs upon which that sum was expended. Unless, which I do not, I was to find that Mr Barnham lived as he did in Spain for all those years, never ever successfully importing cannabis from Morocco to anywhere at all.” He made a confiscation order equal to the amount which he had assessed as the benefit, namely GBP 1,525,615, with five years, three months’ imprisonment if the applicant had not paid within 18 months.

The applicant appealed against the judge’s ruling regarding his realisable assets, asserting that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention applied also when the judge came to assess realisable property, and that it required the prosecution at least to make out a prima facie case of realisable assets before the burden of proof shifted to the defendant. It was asserted by the applicant’s counsel that there was a difference between cases where the prosecution had proved benefit at the first stage by evidence and cases where the benefit had been calculated through the use of assumptions. In the second type of case, the assumptions continued to have effect when calculating realisable assets.

In its judgment of 28 April 2005, the Court of Appeal rejected this argument, holding as follows: “In our judgment the correct approach for the court to take when dealing with confiscation proceedings at the second stage is the same whether the benefit has been proved by evidence in addition to the statutory assumptions. Once the prosecution has established the benefit there is no requirement on it to provide a prima facie case. At the second stage the burden of proof shifts to a defendant to establish, if he can, his realisable assets to the satisfaction of the court. By the second stage a defendant will know exactly how the court has determined benefit attributable to him and must prove by evidence what his realisable assets are. It is for him to show why the confiscation order should not be ‘the value of (his) proceeds of drug trafficking’. If he proves that he has no, or appreciably less, realisable assets than the amount of the benefit determined by the court the order will be made in a lesser sum. Provided the judge keeps well in mind the principle that the risk of serious injustice to the defendant must be avoided and does not just pay lip service to that principle the order will be in the amount assessed as either the amount of benefit or such other sum as the defendant shows represents his realisable assets. To hold that the prosecution must, in some way, show a prima facie case that the defendant has hidden assets in our judgment would defeat the object of the legislation. It is designed to enable the court to confiscate a criminal’s ill-gotten gains. The expression ‘hidden assets’ is indicative of the fact that the prosecution can have no means of knowing how and where a defendant may have dealt with or disposed of the proceeds of his criminal activities.” The Court of Appeal found, however, that the judge had made an error of calculation and reduced the order to GBP 1,460,615.

On 6 October 2005, the Court of Appeal refused to certify a point of law of general public importance for appeal to the House of Lords concerning Article 6 of the Convention.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e1
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CODE
DIRECT
19955/05
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001-88541_a8_e2
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15085/06
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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NO_MASK
British
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PERSON
DIRECT
Mark William Grayson
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001-88541_a8_em57
John Barnham
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20 May 2005
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QUASI
10 April 2006
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QUASI
Mr Q. Whitaker
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LOC
NO_MASK
London
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ORG
QUASI
Levys Solicitors
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LOC
QUASI
Manchester
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ORG
NO_MASK
United Kingdom Government
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PERSON
QUASI
Ms K. McCleery
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ORG
NO_MASK
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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001-88541_a8_e5
001-88541_a8_em16
PERSON
DIRECT
001-88541_a8_em5
Mr Grayson
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DATETIME
QUASI
23 January 2002
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QUANTITY
QUASI
28 kilograms
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001-88541_a8_e18
001-88541_a8_em19
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 1.2 million
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001-88541_a8_e19
001-88541_a8_em20
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 4 million
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001-88541_a8_e20
001-88541_a8_em21
DATETIME
QUASI
22 years
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001-88541_a8_e21
001-88541_a8_em22
DATETIME
QUASI
1 July 2002
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001-88541_a8_e22
001-88541_a8_em23
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 18,000
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001-88541_a8_e23
001-88541_a8_em24
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 13,000
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001-88541_a8_e24
001-88541_a8_em25
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 21,000
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insert
001-88541_a8_e25
001-88541_a8_em26
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 8,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e26
001-88541_a8_em27
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 620,445
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e27
001-88541_a8_em28
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 70,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e28
001-88541_a8_em29
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 40,000
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001-88541_a8_e29
001-88541_a8_em30
DATETIME
NO_MASK
six-year
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001-88541_a8_e30
001-88541_a8_em31
QUANTITY
QUASI
17 bank accounts
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insert
001-88541_a8_e31
001-88541_a8_em32
DATETIME
QUASI
April 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e32
001-88541_a8_em33
DATETIME
QUASI
April 2000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e33
001-88541_a8_em34
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 153,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e34
001-88541_a8_em35
DATETIME
QUASI
April 1999
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e35
001-88541_a8_em36
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 83,000
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001-88541_a8_e36
001-88541_a8_em37
DATETIME
NO_MASK
three years
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001-88541_a8_e37
001-88541_a8_em38
DATETIME
QUASI
1999
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001-88541_a8_e38
001-88541_a8_em39
DATETIME
QUASI
2000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e39
001-88541_a8_em40
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 1,230,748.69
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e40
001-88541_a8_em41
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 236,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e41
001-88541_a8_em42
PERSON
NO_MASK
Lucas
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001-88541_a8_e42
001-88541_a8_em43
MISC
NO_MASK
R v Lucas
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insert
001-88541_a8_e43
001-88541_a8_em44
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1981
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001-88541_a8_e44
001-88541_a8_em45
QUANTITY
QUASI
£1,236,748
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001-88541_a8_e45
001-88541_a8_em46
DATETIME
QUASI
ten years
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001-88541_a8_em47
DATETIME
QUASI
twelve months
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001-88541_a8_e47
001-88541_a8_em48
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Appeal
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001-88541_a8_e48
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DATETIME
QUASI
18 May 2005
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001-88541_a8_e47
001-88541_a8_em50
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Appeal
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001-88541_a8_e45
001-88541_a8_em51
DATETIME
QUASI
ten years
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001-88541_a8_e49
001-88541_a8_em52
DATETIME
QUASI
eight years
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001-88541_a8_e47
001-88541_a8_em53
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e50
001-88541_a8_em54
MISC
NO_MASK
Phillips v. the United Kingdom
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001-88541_a8_e51
001-88541_a8_em55
CODE
NO_MASK
41087/98
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001-88541_a8_e52
001-88541_a8_em56
QUANTITY
QUASI
£1 million
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001-88541_a8_e6
001-88541_a8_em57
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Barnham
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001-88541_a8_em58
DATETIME
QUASI
16 July 2001
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001-88541_a8_e54
001-88541_a8_em59
ORG
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
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001-88541_a8_e55
001-88541_a8_em60
PERSON
QUASI
Murray
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001-88541_a8_e55
001-88541_a8_em61
PERSON
NO_MASK
Murray
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e56
001-88541_a8_em62
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 12 million
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e57
001-88541_a8_em63
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 2 million
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e55
001-88541_a8_em64
PERSON
NO_MASK
Murray
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001-88541_a8_e58
001-88541_a8_em65
DATETIME
QUASI
eleven years
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001-88541_a8_e59
001-88541_a8_em66
DATETIME
QUASI
January 2002
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001-88541_a8_em67
DATETIME
QUASI
8 February 2002
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001-88541_a8_e61
001-88541_a8_em68
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 1,525,615
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e55
001-88541_a8_em69
PERSON
NO_MASK
Murray
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001-88541_a8_e62
001-88541_a8_em70
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 59,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-88541_a8_e55
001-88541_a8_em71
PERSON
NO_MASK
Murray
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e63
001-88541_a8_em72
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 11,615
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e64
001-88541_a8_em73
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 65,000
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001-88541_a8_e65
001-88541_a8_em74
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 23,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e55
001-88541_a8_em75
PERSON
NO_MASK
Murray
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001-88541_a8_e66
001-88541_a8_em76
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 500,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e67
001-88541_a8_em77
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 600,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e55
001-88541_a8_em78
PERSON
NO_MASK
Murray
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001-88541_a8_e68
001-88541_a8_em79
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 240,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e55
001-88541_a8_em80
PERSON
NO_MASK
Murray
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001-88541_a8_e69
001-88541_a8_em81
DATETIME
QUASI
April 2002
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001-88541_a8_e70
001-88541_a8_em82
LOC
QUASI
Spain
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LOC
NO_MASK
England
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001-88541_a8_e72
001-88541_a8_em84
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
94.4%
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001-88541_a8_e73
001-88541_a8_em85
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
5.6%
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001-88541_a8_e70
001-88541_a8_em86
LOC
QUASI
Spain
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-88541_a8_e74
001-88541_a8_em87
LOC
QUASI
Portugal
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001-88541_a8_e54
001-88541_a8_em88
LOC
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
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001-88541_a8_e63
001-88541_a8_em89
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 11,615
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001-88541_a8_e75
001-88541_a8_em90
DEM
NO_MASK
Portuguese
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001-88541_a8_e76
001-88541_a8_em91
DATETIME
QUASI
12 April 2002
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001-88541_a8_em92
PERSON
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Mrs Barnham
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PERSON
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Mr Barnham
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PERSON
QUASI
Mr Barnham
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e6
001-88541_a8_em95
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Barnham
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e78
001-88541_a8_em96
ORG
QUASI
West Yorkshire police
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e6
001-88541_a8_em97
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Barnham
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e70
001-88541_a8_em98
LOC
QUASI
Spain
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e79
001-88541_a8_em99
LOC
QUASI
Morocco
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e61
001-88541_a8_em100
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 1,525,615
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e80
001-88541_a8_em101
DATETIME
QUASI
five years
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e81
001-88541_a8_em102
DATETIME
QUASI
three months
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e82
001-88541_a8_em103
DATETIME
QUASI
18 months
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e83
001-88541_a8_em104
DATETIME
QUASI
28 April 2005
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e47
001-88541_a8_em105
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e47
001-88541_a8_em106
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e84
001-88541_a8_em107
QUANTITY
QUASI
GBP 1,460,615
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-88541_a8_e85
001-88541_a8_em108
DATETIME
QUASI
6 October 2005
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e47
001-88541_a8_em109
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-88541_a8_e86
001-88541_a8_em110
ORG
NO_MASK
House of Lords
Mark William Grayson
GBR
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mark William Grayson