PROCEDURE

The case originated in an application (no. 73604/01) against the Swiss Confederation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Swiss national, Mr Daniel Monnat (“the applicant”), on 13 June 2001.

The applicant was represented by Mr C. Poncet, a lawyer practising in Geneva. The Swiss Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr P. Boillat, former Deputy Director of the Federal Office of Justice in charge of the Human Rights and Council of Europe Section.

On 26 October 2004 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

The applicant was born in 1951 and lives in Geneva.

He is a journalist with the Swiss Radio and Television Company. At the material time he was responsible for the current affairs programme Temps présent (“Present tense”).

On 6 and 11 March 1997, as part of that programme, the Swiss Radio and Television Company broadcast on its channel for French-speaking Switzerland (TSR – Télévision suisse romande) a report by the applicant entitled “Switzerland’s lost honour”, concerning Switzerland’s position during the Second World War. The report began by discussing the history of Switzerland during the Second World War, as supposedly experienced by the people at the time and taught for many years in schools. Switzerland had been portrayed as a brave country which, despite its neutrality, had been on the side of democracy and thus of the Allies. After this recounting of the “myth”, the journalist stated: “There has been a somewhat rude awakening.” The programme continued with severe criticism of Switzerland’s position by prominent figures and with contrasting opinions of Swiss citizens who had lived through the war. The journalist said that historians had made efforts to uncover a significant part of the truth. The programme then described the attitude of Switzerland and its leaders, emphasising their alleged affinity with the far right and their inclination towards rapprochement with Germany. This was followed by an analysis of the question of anti-Semitism in Switzerland and of the country’s economic relations with Germany, focusing on the laundering of Nazi money by Switzerland and on the role of Swiss banks and insurance companies in the matter of unclaimed Jewish assets.

The programme provoked objections from groups of citizens, who filed complaints under section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act (see paragraph 19 below) with the Independent Complaints Authority for Radio and Television (“the Complaints Authority”).

In the course of its investigation into the complaints, the Complaints Authority interviewed two historians. It subsequently upheld the complaints on 24 October 1997 and asked the Swiss Radio and Television Company to inform it, within ninety days of being notified of its decision, of the measures taken to redress the breach it had found, in accordance with section 67(2) of the Federal Radio and Television Act (see paragraph 20 below).

The Swiss Radio and Television Company appealed against the decision.

On 1 December 1998 the Federal Court allowed the appeal, holding that there had been a breach of the right to a hearing, quashed the decision appealed against and referred the case back to the Complaints Authority for a fresh decision.

On 27 August 1999 the Complaints Authority, after holding a hearing with the parties in private, again upheld the citizens’ complaints. It observed that “where the events in issue are part of history, their presentation by journalists is bound to involve difficulties. Witnesses are increasingly rare. Certain aspects of the social context that might have explained the conduct of the time become blurred ...” The Complaints Authority held that the programme had breached the broadcasting regulations deriving from section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act, by which current affairs programmes were bound by a duty to report objectively in such a way as to reflect the plurality and diversity of opinion. It pointed out that the second subsection of section 4 also provided that personal views should be identifiable as such. The Complaints Authority accordingly found against the Swiss Radio and Television Company, requesting it to indicate the measures taken to redress the breach, in accordance with section 67 of the Federal Radio and Television Act.

On 10 January 2000 the Swiss Radio and Television Company, the applicant and a historian who had been involved in the report applied to the Federal Court to have the decision of 27 August 1999 set aside.

In a judgment of 21 November 2000 (served on 15 December), the Federal Court declared the application inadmissible in respect of the applicant on the ground that, although he had produced the report, he was not entitled to take part in the proceedings since he was not personally a victim of the decision of 27 August 1999.

In respect of the Swiss Radio and Television Company, the Federal Court considered the application on the merits. It held that, although politically committed journalism was not prohibited in itself, it should be identifiable as such. In the present case the journalist had conveyed his support for one particular viewpoint through harsh criticism. In short, the Federal Court did not object to the programme’s content but rather to the fact that the method used, namely politically committed journalism, had not been identified as such. It pointed out that journalism of that nature was subject to particularly stringent rules of diligence, which the programme had not observed. The journalist should have informed viewers that the report was not presenting an indisputable truth but rather one possible interpretation of relations between Switzerland and Germany. The Federal Court accordingly dismissed the Swiss Radio and Television Company’s application. The relevant parts of the judgment read as follows: “5. (b) ... The impugned programme concerns a historical subject – Switzerland’s position during the Second World War – which has returned to prominence on account of the issue of unclaimed assets. By broadcasting a programme on a matter of public debate, the Swiss Radio and Television Company was performing the role assigned to it, and it has rightly not been criticised on that account. Because of its historical aspect, the programme in issue was faced with a problem regarding sources: witnesses to the events recounted are becoming increasingly rare and certain elements that might have explained the conduct of the time are becoming blurred, as was noted in the decisions complained of. Accordingly, the explanation of historical facts relies on hypotheses that may serve as a basis for the construction of theories. In such circumstances, journalists must test their hypotheses and, where appropriate, adjust them, even if they are not expected to reveal an absolute truth. They must abide by the rules of journalistic diligence. Accordingly, in this context they must, in particular, indicate any persisting doubts, point out contradictions between witness accounts and mention the differing interpretations supported by some historians. On account of its topical nature, the programme in issue contributes to a debate and may be described as politically committed journalism in the sense referred to above. It has to satisfy particularly stringent requirements of journalistic diligence since it expresses criticism that may be especially painful. It is necessary to assess whether the rules of diligence applicable in the present case have been complied with, bearing in mind that such an assessment must take into account the situation obtaining at the time when the impugned programme was broadcast.

(a) The impugned programme, entitled ‘Switzerland’s lost honour’, begins by discussing the history of Switzerland during the Second World War, as supposedly experienced by the people at the time and taught for many years in schools. Switzerland had been depicted as a small, brave country which had resisted the demoniac forces of Nazism. Despite being neutral, in their hearts the Swiss had been on the side of democracy, in other words the Allies. They had deterred the Nazis from attacking them through their determination to resist, if necessary with the help of the Réduit, a kind of impregnable fortress in the Alps. They had displayed generosity by welcoming more than 230,000 people who had fled the extermination camps and by temporarily receiving child war victims. Switzerland had introduced banking secrecy so that Jews could store their savings safely in the country. After this recounting of the ‘myth’, the journalist states: ‘There has been a somewhat rude awakening.’ The programme continues with severe criticism of Switzerland’s position during the Second World War by prominent figures – most of them Jewish – and with contrasting opinions of Swiss citizens who lived through the period and young people who know about it only through the ‘myth’. The journalist then asserts that in the past twenty-five years, historians studying the period have uncovered a significant part of the truth. Next, the programme describes the attitude of Switzerland, and in particular its political and military leaders, during the Second World War, emphasising their alleged affinity with the far right and their inclination towards rapprochement with Germany. The question of Swiss anti-Semitism is then examined, along with the economic and financial relations between Switzerland and Germany. The programme alleges that the Réduit served Germany’s economic interests and focuses on the laundering of Nazi money by Switzerland and on the role of Swiss banks and insurance companies in the matter of unclaimed Jewish assets. The journalist concludes by saying: ‘The experts of the Volcker Commission and the historians of the Bergier Commission will no doubt confirm that the Swiss political and economic elite in this difficult period adapted to the circumstances rather too well. Their biggest mistake was probably their failure to acknowledge and come to terms with that attitude after the war; to acknowledge that the Swiss were not heroes but normal people caught up in events, who succeeded in taking advantage, for themselves and their descendants, of the most appalling global crisis of the twentieth century.’ (b) The Complaints Authority, which did not criticise the content of the programme in issue, found that the Swiss Radio and Television Company had breached section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act by using a method, described as politically committed journalism in the decisions under review, which had not allowed viewers to form their own opinion. The company had not observed the principles of journalistic diligence since it had never suggested that there were differing views among the historians who had distanced themselves from the ‘myth’ that had built up with regard to Switzerland’s position during the Second World War. (c) The Swiss Radio and Television Company disputes that the programme in issue can be regarded as politically committed journalism, which is subject to particularly stringent rules of diligence. It argues that, in any event, the programme complied with such rules. The company also complains of a misuse of discretionary power. It accuses the relevant authority of having reaffirmed the conclusions of its decisions of 24 October 1997 despite the fact that the additional investigation had virtually demolished the reasoning on which they were based, and of having acted arbitrarily by assuming the role of the ultimate authority on historical science.

(a) As the Complaints Authority noted, the programme in issue sets the ‘myth’ against the ‘truth’ which historians have brought to light, without indicating the disagreements existing between them. In various spheres, such as the basis of Switzerland’s economic relations with Nazi Germany, the purpose of the Réduit or the explanation of Switzerland’s independence, it makes no reference to differing views, despite the fact that opinion on these matters is far from unanimous, as the Complaints Authority showed. Similarly, the decisions under review observe that the programme in issue merely provides one explanation for the conduct of a prominent figure such as General Guisan, without mentioning that there are other explanations that are just as valid, if not more so. While accusing the Swiss authorities, at least implicitly, of having deceived the population for some fifty years with a ‘myth’, the impugned programme, without admitting as much, also gives its own interpretation which is no less categorical. This impression is, moreover, reinforced by interviews, in which ordinary men and women who lived through the events under discussion defend the ‘myth’, expressing their emotions with varying degrees of articulacy, while historians, who are expected to have a rigorous grasp of their subject, provide the ‘truth’. As the Complaints Authority rightly pointed out, the programme in issue ridicules the wartime generation by showing recollections that are incorrect or exaggerated or convey a misplaced sense of self-satisfaction, contrasting with the cold logic of the historians. This leaves the impression that the interpretation put forward in the programme is corroborated by all specialists and thus reflects the sole historical truth. There is therefore a risk that one myth might be replaced by another, and only the observance of strict rules of journalistic diligence can prevent such a lapse. Furthermore, the programme does not always place the events it describes in their historical context as precisely as is desirable. It takes insufficient account of certain important aspects (for example, the threats Switzerland faced as a result of being surrounded by the Axis powers, and the position of other neutral or even Allied powers) for viewers to be able to form an opinion, or plays down their significance. Lastly, it does not always enable facts to be distinguished from comment (see the speech given on 7 May 1995 by Kaspar Villiger). (b) The Swiss Radio and Television Company wrongly asserts that the Complaints Authority should have had regard to its programmes as a whole in assessing whether the diversity of opinions among historians had been reflected. It refers in that connection to the special programme of 19 February 1997 on General Guisan, ‘Switzerland in torment’, and the debate broadcast on 21 May 1997, ‘Switzerland – neutral or cowardly’; in addition, it announces that the programme in issue will be followed up in the light of the findings of the commissions set up by the Federal Council. It must be noted, however, that the impugned programme appears to be self-contained. It does not refer to the previous programme of 19 February 1997 or to the subsequent one of 21 May 1997. Furthermore, these three programmes were not advertised by the Swiss Radio and Television Company as forming a coherent whole, and viewers of the programme in issue could not have suspected that it was part of a series, if indeed it was. (c) The impugned programme adopts an extremely critical approach towards Switzerland’s position during the Second World War, as is legitimate. However, it neglects to mention that it is not revealing ‘the truth’ but one of several different interpretations of relations between Switzerland and Germany during that period. Accordingly, viewers are not provided with all the material enabling them to form their own opinion. Furthermore, the programme in issue lacks objectivity and transparency in that it never mentions either the existence or the essence of other interpretations of Switzerland’s position during the Second World War, whereas the version it presents is not unanimously supported by historians. The Complaints Authority emphasised the cultural role assigned to the Swiss Radio and Television Company, the autonomy it enjoys and the conflicts that may arise between these two aspects. On that basis, it reached the conclusion that the programme in issue had not breached section 3(d) of the Federal Radio and Television Act. The Complaints Authority then referred to the principles applicable to the provision of information, laying particular emphasis on the principle of journalistic diligence. It pointed out the difficulties inherent in programmes dealing with historical subjects. It also gave a precise definition of its power of review. Having thus delimited the scope of its intervention, the Complaints Authority undertook an analysis of the impugned programme. It examined the programme’s structure and the method used to present the subject. In addition, it conducted research into whether the diversity of views had been reflected with sufficient accuracy. Following a thorough examination, the Complaints Authority found that the programme in issue had breached section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act. The Complaints Authority did not exceed or misuse its discretionary power. Indeed, it remained within the scope of the powers conferred on it, being precluded, as it emphasised itself, from stating a position on historical events and their interpretation or on the validity of the views expressed by the historians appearing on the programme in question. Its criticisms of the Swiss Radio and Television Company, moreover, do not concern the content of the programme but solely the manner in which it presented Switzerland’s position during the Second World War to viewers. In the final analysis, the Complaints Authority cannot be criticised for finding, in accordance with federal law, that the programme in issue breached section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act, by which Article 55 bis, paragraph 2, of the former Constitution is given statutory expression. Moreover, it is not surprising that the Complaints Authority should have reached the same conclusions as in its previous decisions of 24 October 1997. The additional investigations made it possible to clarify some points regarding the content of the impugned programme, without having any bearing on its form or style. (d) The Swiss Radio and Television Company is also wrong to complain that its independence has been undermined (freedom of opinion, of the media and of science). It overlooks the fact that the freedom it enjoys is not absolute but is limited by section 4 of the Federal Radio and Television Act, which the Complaints Authority is required to apply. The Complaints Authority’s review of compliance with that provision cannot therefore in itself undermine the company’s independence.

(a) The Swiss Radio and Television Company alleges that the decisions complained of infringe Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This provision guarantees freedom of expression, which includes freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas (Article 10 § 1 ECHR). This freedom is not absolute (Article 10 § 2 ECHR). (b) According to the case-law, restrictions on the freedom of expression enshrined in this provision are acceptable if they are prescribed by law, based on a legitimate aim under Article 10 § 2 ECHR and necessary in a democratic society to achieve that aim (see the unreported judgment of 12 January 1996 in the case of B. v. Direction générale de l’Entreprise des PTT suisses, point 3 (b)). Furthermore, with regard to freedom of expression, Article 10 ECHR does not guarantee any greater protection than unwritten constitutional law (ATF [Judgments of the Swiss Federal Court] 119 Ia 71, point 3a, p. 73, 505, point 3a, p. 506; 117 Ia 472, point 3b, p. 477). The Federal Court has also pointed out that Article 10 ECHR does not afford more extensive protection than section 5 of the Federal Radio and Television Act to broadcasters – in so far as they are entitled to rely on it. The freedom it affords to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority includes the freedom of radio and television broadcasting, but this freedom is not unlimited (ATF 122 II 471, point 4b, p. 479). (c) The Swiss Radio and Television Company’s complaint must be dismissed. The Complaints Authority’s criticisms of the company pursue a legitimate aim under Article 10 § 2 ECHR, since they seek to protect the right of viewers to receive objective and transparent information.

In the light of the foregoing, the applications must be refused in so far as they are admissible.”

In a letter of 26 February 2001, the Swiss Radio and Television Company informed the Complaints Authority of the measures taken in accordance with section 67(2) of the Federal Radio and Television Act as a result of the Complaints Authority’s decision of 27 August 1999, upheld by the Federal Court in its judgment of 21 November 2000. “... Further to this procedure, two preliminary remarks must be made. As a result of the procedure conducted in 1999 by the Complaints Authority following the Federal Court’s judgment of 1 December 1998, the Swiss Radio and Television Company had the opportunity to put forward its point of view and no factual errors could be identified in the programme in question (see also the Federal Court’s judgment of 21 November 2000, p. 15), since the criticisms no longer related to the content of the programme ... In addition ... the Complaints Authority emphasised the critical function that broadcasters, by their very nature, are also required to perform (as the Federal Court also confirmed in its judgment of 21 November 2000, p. 14) and the difficulty inherent in the genre of programmes on historical subjects ... Further to the decisions by your authority, as upheld by the Federal Court, we hereby give you formal notice of the following measures taken in accordance with section 67, subsection (2), of the Federal Radio and Television Act, as instructed in your decisions ...:

The decisions have been communicated to the News Editors’ Conference, which has taken note of them.

The Conference has drawn attention to the manner in which sensitive subjects of a highly emotive nature are to be dealt with and to the need to take into account the public impact, using as an example the procedure and decisions in question here. ...

It has also been specifically agreed that in the coverage of sensitive subjects, as in the programme in question, where there are ‘differing views’ among historians or other participants (see the Federal Court’s judgment of 21 November 2000, pp. 12-13, and the Authority’s decisions, paragraphs 8.5 and 8.11), such differences are to be appropriately indicated, although, as the Authority itself states in its decisions (paragraph 8.4), this does not require the ‘tiniest nuances ... to be taken into account’.

Lastly, the decisions have been incorporated into all the Swiss Radio and Television Company’s training courses ...”

In its reply of 26 March 2001, the Complaints Authority stated that it found the measures taken to be adequate and would no longer propose taking the measures referred to in section 67(3) of the Federal Radio and Television Act. It thereby declared the procedure closed.

On 10 May 2001 the competent bailiff of the city of Geneva drew up an official report attesting that the broadcast had been “placed under a legal embargo and that as a result it [was] not possible to obtain a copy of it from the TSR sales department or from any European or foreign television channel”.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-76947_a11_e1
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CODE
DIRECT
73604/01
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em2
ORG
NO_MASK
Swiss Confederation
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001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em3
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
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001-76947_a11_e4
001-76947_a11_em4
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Daniel Monnat
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001-76947_a11_e5
001-76947_a11_em5
DATETIME
QUASI
13 June 2001
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001-76947_a11_em6
PERSON
QUASI
Mr C. Poncet
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-76947_a11_e7
001-76947_a11_em7
LOC
NO_MASK
Geneva
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em8
ORG
NO_MASK
001-76947_a11_em2
Swiss Government
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001-76947_a11_e8
001-76947_a11_em9
PERSON
QUASI
Mr P. Boillat
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001-76947_a11_e9
001-76947_a11_em10
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Office of Justice
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001-76947_a11_e10
001-76947_a11_em11
ORG
NO_MASK
Human Rights and Council of Europe Section
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001-76947_a11_e11
001-76947_a11_em12
DATETIME
QUASI
26 October 2004
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001-76947_a11_em13
DATETIME
QUASI
1951
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001-76947_a11_e7
001-76947_a11_em14
LOC
NO_MASK
Geneva
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insert
001-76947_a11_e13
001-76947_a11_em15
DEM
QUASI
journalist
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001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em16
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e15
001-76947_a11_em17
MISC
QUASI
Temps présent
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e15
001-76947_a11_em18
MISC
QUASI
001-76947_a11_em17
Present tense
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001-76947_a11_em19
DATETIME
QUASI
6 and 11 March 1997
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001-76947_a11_em20
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
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001-76947_a11_em21
DEM
QUASI
French
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ORG
QUASI
001-76947_a11_em2
Switzerland
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001-76947_a11_em23
ORG
QUASI
TSR
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insert
001-76947_a11_e18
001-76947_a11_em24
ORG
QUASI
001-76947_a11_em23
Télévision suisse romande
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001-76947_a11_em25
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
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001-76947_a11_em26
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
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001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em27
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
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001-76947_a11_em28
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
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001-76947_a11_em29
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
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001-76947_a11_em30
DATETIME
NO_MASK
many years
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001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em31
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
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001-76947_a11_e13
001-76947_a11_em32
DEM
QUASI
journalist
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001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em33
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
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001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em34
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
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001-76947_a11_e13
001-76947_a11_em35
DEM
QUASI
journalist
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em36
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
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001-76947_a11_e21
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ORG
QUASI
Germany
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001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em38
LOC
NO_MASK
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-76947_a11_e21
001-76947_a11_em39
ORG
QUASI
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-76947_a11_e22
001-76947_a11_em40
MISC
QUASI
laundering of Nazi money
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-76947_a11_e2
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ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
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001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em42
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
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001-76947_a11_e23
001-76947_a11_em43
DEM
QUASI
Jewish
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001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em44
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
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ORG
QUASI
Independent Complaints Authority for Radio and Television
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ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
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ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
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001-76947_a11_em48
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1997
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001-76947_a11_em49
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
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001-76947_a11_e28
001-76947_a11_em50
DATETIME
NO_MASK
ninety days
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correct
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em51
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
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001-76947_a11_em52
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
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DATETIME
QUASI
1 December 1998
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001-76947_a11_em54
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
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ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
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001-76947_a11_em56
DATETIME
QUASI
27 August 1999
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001-76947_a11_em57
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
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001-76947_a11_em58
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
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001-76947_a11_em59
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
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001-76947_a11_em60
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
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001-76947_a11_em61
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
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MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
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DATETIME
QUASI
10 January 2000
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001-76947_a11_em64
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
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001-76947_a11_em65
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
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DATETIME
QUASI
27 August 1999
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001-76947_a11_em67
DATETIME
QUASI
21 November 2000
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001-76947_a11_e34
001-76947_a11_em68
DATETIME
NO_MASK
15 December
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001-76947_a11_em69
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
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DATETIME
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27 August 1999
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check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em71
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em72
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e13
001-76947_a11_em73
DEM
QUASI
journalist
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em74
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e13
001-76947_a11_em75
DEM
QUASI
journalist
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em76
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e21
001-76947_a11_em77
ORG
QUASI
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em78
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em79
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em80
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em81
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em82
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em83
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em84
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em85
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e20
001-76947_a11_em86
DATETIME
NO_MASK
many years
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em87
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e35
001-76947_a11_em88
MISC
QUASI
demoniac forces of Nazism
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em89
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-76947_a11_e36
001-76947_a11_em90
MISC
QUASI
Nazis
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-76947_a11_e37
001-76947_a11_em91
MISC
NO_MASK
Réduit
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e38
001-76947_a11_em92
LOC
NO_MASK
Alps
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e39
001-76947_a11_em93
QUANTITY
QUASI
230,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em94
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e40
001-76947_a11_em95
DEM
QUASI
Jews
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e13
001-76947_a11_em96
DEM
QUASI
journalist
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em97
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em98
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e23
001-76947_a11_em99
DEM
QUASI
Jewish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em100
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e13
001-76947_a11_em101
DEM
QUASI
journalist
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e41
001-76947_a11_em102
DATETIME
NO_MASK
past twenty-five years
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em103
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em104
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e21
001-76947_a11_em105
ORG
QUASI
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em106
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em107
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e21
001-76947_a11_em108
ORG
QUASI
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e37
001-76947_a11_em109
MISC
NO_MASK
Réduit
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e21
001-76947_a11_em110
ORG
QUASI
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e22
001-76947_a11_em111
MISC
QUASI
laundering of Nazi money
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em112
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em113
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e23
001-76947_a11_em114
DEM
QUASI
Jewish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e13
001-76947_a11_em115
DEM
QUASI
journalist
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e42
001-76947_a11_em116
ORG
QUASI
Volcker Commission
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e43
001-76947_a11_em117
ORG
QUASI
Bergier Commission
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em118
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em119
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e44
001-76947_a11_em120
DATETIME
NO_MASK
twentieth century
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em121
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em122
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em123
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em124
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em125
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em126
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e27
001-76947_a11_em127
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em128
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em129
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e45
001-76947_a11_em130
ORG
QUASI
Nazi Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e37
001-76947_a11_em131
MISC
NO_MASK
Réduit
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em132
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em133
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e46
001-76947_a11_em134
PERSON
QUASI
Guisan
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e3
001-76947_a11_em135
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e47
001-76947_a11_em136
DATETIME
NO_MASK
some fifty years
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em137
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em138
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e48
001-76947_a11_em139
ORG
QUASI
Axis
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e49
001-76947_a11_em140
ORG
QUASI
Allied
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e50
001-76947_a11_em141
DATETIME
QUASI
7 May 1995
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e51
001-76947_a11_em142
PERSON
QUASI
Kaspar Villiger
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em143
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em144
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e52
001-76947_a11_em145
DATETIME
QUASI
19 February 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e46
001-76947_a11_em146
PERSON
QUASI
Guisan
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em147
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e53
001-76947_a11_em148
DATETIME
QUASI
21 May 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em149
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e54
001-76947_a11_em150
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Council
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e52
001-76947_a11_em151
DATETIME
QUASI
19 February 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e53
001-76947_a11_em152
DATETIME
QUASI
21 May 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em153
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em154
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em155
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em156
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e21
001-76947_a11_em157
ORG
QUASI
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em158
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em159
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em160
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em161
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em162
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em163
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em164
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em165
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em166
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em167
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em168
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e2
001-76947_a11_em169
ORG
QUASI
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e19
001-76947_a11_em170
MISC
QUASI
Second World War
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em171
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em172
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em173
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e27
001-76947_a11_em174
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em175
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em176
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em177
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em178
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em179
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e55
001-76947_a11_em180
MISC
NO_MASK
European Convention on Human Rights
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e56
001-76947_a11_em181
MISC
NO_MASK
ECHR
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e56
001-76947_a11_em182
MISC
NO_MASK
ECHR
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e56
001-76947_a11_em183
MISC
NO_MASK
ECHR
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e56
001-76947_a11_em184
MISC
NO_MASK
ECHR
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e57
001-76947_a11_em185
DATETIME
QUASI
12 January 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e58
001-76947_a11_em186
MISC
NO_MASK
B. v. Direction générale de l’Entreprise des PTT suisses
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e56
001-76947_a11_em187
MISC
NO_MASK
ECHR
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e59
001-76947_a11_em188
ORG
NO_MASK
Swiss Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em189
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e56
001-76947_a11_em190
MISC
NO_MASK
ECHR
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em191
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em192
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em193
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e56
001-76947_a11_em194
MISC
NO_MASK
ECHR
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e60
001-76947_a11_em195
DATETIME
QUASI
26 February 2001
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em196
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em197
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em198
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em199
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e31
001-76947_a11_em200
DATETIME
QUASI
27 August 1999
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em201
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e33
001-76947_a11_em202
DATETIME
QUASI
21 November 2000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e61
001-76947_a11_em203
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1999
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em204
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em205
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e29
001-76947_a11_em206
DATETIME
QUASI
1 December 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em207
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em208
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e33
001-76947_a11_em209
DATETIME
QUASI
21 November 2000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em210
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em211
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e33
001-76947_a11_em212
DATETIME
QUASI
21 November 2000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em213
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em214
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e62
001-76947_a11_em215
ORG
NO_MASK
News Editors’ Conference
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e62
001-76947_a11_em216
ORG
NO_MASK
001-76947_a11_em215
Conference
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e30
001-76947_a11_em217
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e33
001-76947_a11_em218
DATETIME
QUASI
21 November 2000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e63
001-76947_a11_em219
ORG
NO_MASK
Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e63
001-76947_a11_em220
ORG
NO_MASK
Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e14
001-76947_a11_em221
ORG
QUASI
Swiss Radio and Television Company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e64
001-76947_a11_em222
DATETIME
QUASI
26 March 2001
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e26
001-76947_a11_em223
ORG
NO_MASK
Complaints Authority
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e24
001-76947_a11_em224
MISC
QUASI
Federal Radio and Television Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e65
001-76947_a11_em225
DATETIME
QUASI
10 May 2001
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-76947_a11_e7
001-76947_a11_em226
LOC
NO_MASK
Geneva
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-76947_a11_e66
001-76947_a11_em227
ORG
QUASI
TSR sales department
Daniel Monnat
CHE
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Daniel Monnat