PROCEDURE

The case originated in an application (no. 9154/10) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Georgian national, Mr Swiadi Schatschaschwili (“the applicant”), on 12 February 2010.

The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr H. Meyer-Mews, a lawyer practising in Bremen. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs K. Behr, Regierungsdirektorin, of the Federal Ministry of Justice.

By a letter dated 29 December 2013 the applicant’s lawyer informed the Court that the applicant had changed his place of residence from Germany to Georgia where he was now living under a different name. The Court advised the parties on 14 January 2014 that it would continue processing the application under the name Schatschaschwili v. Germany, which was the applicant’s name as referred to in the domestic proceedings at issue as well as in his application lodged with the Court.

The applicant alleged, in particular, that neither he nor counsel had been granted an opportunity at any stage of the criminal proceedings instituted against him to examine the only direct witnesses and victims of the crime allegedly committed by him in Göttingen in February 2007 and on whose testimonies the applicant’s related conviction relied in breach of Article 6 § 3 (d) of the Convention.

On 15 January 2013 the application was communicated to the Government.

The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the admissibility and merits of the application. The Georgian Government, who had been informed of their right to intervene under Article 36 of the Convention, did not make use of this right.

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

The applicant was born in 1978. When lodging his application he was detained in Rosdorf prison, Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen).

By a judgment of 25 April 2008 (file no. 63 Js 1244/07) the Göttingen Regional Court convicted the applicant of two counts of aggravated robbery in conjunction with aggravated extortion by means of coercion, committed jointly with further perpetrators (gemeinschaftlicher schwerer Raub in Tateinheit mit schwerer räuberischer Erpressung), and imposed an accumulated prison sentence (Gesamtfreiheitsstrafe) of nine years and six months.

The crimes were committed in Kassel on 14 October 2006 and in Göttingen on 3 February 2007 respectively.

A. The facts established by the Göttingen Regional Court

1. The events in Kassel

The Regional Court found it established that in the evening of 14 October 2006 the applicant, acting jointly with an unidentified accomplice and according to a previously agreed plan, entered by force into an apartment in Kassel and robbed its occupants. The men were aware that the apartment was used for prostitution and expected its two female occupants to keep valuables and cash in there. They had passed by the apartment in the early evening in order to make sure that no clients were present. Shortly afterwards they rang at the door of the apartment which was attended by its tenant Ms L. After having overpowered L. by force the applicant threatened her with a gas pistol that resembled a real gun ordering her to keep silent. He then went to the kitchen where he found the further occupant of the apartment Ms I., a Lithuanian national who lived and worked there as a prostitute. Pointing his gas pistol at I. he forced her to hand over her mobile phone. While his accomplice was watching over the two women, the applicant searched the apartment for valuables and found five further mobile phones as well as 100 euros (EUR) in I.’s purse. The applicant then threatened to shoot the women should they not disclose where they were keeping any additional money. As a result of his threat L. handed over a further EUR 1,000 which she had kept in the pocket of her jacket. The men then left the apartment with their loot. Later that evening an acquaintance of L. whom she had told about the incident called the police which came to the apartment.

2. The events in Göttingen

As regards the events on 3 February 2007, the Regional Court established that the applicant, acting jointly with several accomplices, two of whom were the applicant’s co-accused in the proceedings before the court, robbed another apartment located in Göttingen. The men acted according to a plan previously set up among the gang. At the relevant time the apartment was occupied by Ms O. and Ms P., two Latvian nationals who were illegally staying in Germany and working in the apartment as prostitutes. O. and P. were friends of L., one of the victims of the crime committed in Kassel on 14 October 2006, and they had both worked for some time as prostitutes in the Kassel apartment rented by L. before moving to Göttingen.

In the evening of 2 February 2007, the day before the crime, one of the applicant’s co-accused together with accomplice R. passed by O. and P.’s apartment in Göttingen with a view to verifying whether the two women were its only occupants and whether it contained any valuables. R. was an acquaintance of O. and P. whom they got to know through their friend L. when they had stayed in her apartment in Kassel. Hence, the unsuspecting women did not object to the men entering the apartment. Following their visit the two men reported to the residual members of the criminal gang that they had spotted a safe in the apartment’s kitchen.

On 3 February 2007 at around 8 p.m. the applicant and a further accomplice, B., gained access to O. and P.’s apartment pretending to be potential clients while one of the co-accused was waiting in a car parked close to the apartment building and the other co-accused in front of the house. Once inside the apartment B. produced a knife that he had carried along in his jacket. P., trying to escape from the perpetrators, jumped from the apartment’s balcony located approximately two meters off the ground and ran away. The applicant jumped after her but abandoned the chase after some minutes when passers-by appeared nearby on the street. He then called the co-accused waiting in front of the women’s apartment on his mobile phone and gave him an account of the events. He agreed with the latter on a meeting point where the co-accused were supposed to pick him up with the car once accomplice B. would have left the crime scene and have joined them. In the meantime inside the apartment, B. after having overpowered O. threatened to kill her with his knife should she not disclose where the women kept their money or should she refuse to open the safe for him. Fearing for her life O. opened the safe from which B. removed EUR 300 and also handed over the contents of her wallet in the amount of EUR 250. B. left the apartment at around 8.30 p.m. taking the money and P.’s mobile phone as well as the apartments’ landline phone with him and joined the co‑accused. The co-accused and B. then picked up the applicant at the agreed meeting point with their car.

At approximately 9.30 p.m. P. rejoined O. at the apartment. The women called their friend L. in Kassel and gave her a brief account of the events. The next day they also told their neighbour E. about the crime. Later that day the women, afraid of remaining alone in the Göttingen apartment, drove to Kassel where they stayed a few days with their friend L. Following short subsequent stays in Frankfurt am Main and back in Göttingen they returned to Latvia in February 2007.

B. The Regional Court’s fact finding and assessment of evidence

1. The events in Kassel

The Regional Court based its finding of facts regarding the first crime committed in Kassel on 14 October 2006 on the statements made by the victims L. and I. on the occasion of their police interrogations as well as in the course of the subsequent trial. Both witnesses had identified the applicant without any hesitation as the perpetrator who had carried the gun when presented with his photo on the occasion of their police interviews and later when confronted with him personally at trial. The Regional Court found L. and I.’s testimonies to be consistent and credible and noted that they were supported by the statements of the police officers who had attended the crime scene and had interviewed L. and I. in the course of the preliminary investigations and who had all been heard as witnesses during the trial.

2. The events in Göttingen

As regards the establishment of facts in relation to the second crime committed in Göttingen the Regional Court relied in particular on pre-trial statements made by the victims O. and P. in the course of police interrogations in the period from 15 to 18 February 2007 and before an investigating judge on 19 February 2007.

By a decision of 21 February 2008 the Regional Court, dismissing a related objection by the defence, ordered that the records of O. and P.’s interrogations by the police and the investigating judge be read out at the trial and be admitted as evidence in the proceedings in accordance with Article 251 (1) and (2) of the German Code of Criminal Procedure (see Relevant domestic law below). The said article provides for such possibility in the event insurmountable impediments make it impossible to hear a witness in the foreseeable future. The Regional Court pointed out in this context that it had not been possible to hear the witnesses in the course of the trial since they had returned to their home country Latvia shortly after their interrogations at the investigative stage and all attempts to enable their examination at the main hearing had been to no avail.

The Regional Court specified that O. and P. had been summoned to appear before the Regional Court on 24 August 2007, the third day of the trial. However, they both had refused to attend the hearing relying on medical certificates dated 9 August 2007 that indicated their unstable post‑traumatic emotional and psychological condition. Consequently, on 29 August 2007 the court had sent letters to both witnesses asking under what conditions they would be ready to testify at trial. While an acknowledgement of receipt had been returned for both letters, no response had been obtained from P. O. for her part had informed the Regional Court in writing that due to the fact that she was still traumatised by the crime, she would neither accept to appear at the trial in person nor would she agree to be examined by means of an audio-visual transmission. O. had further mentioned that she had nothing to add to her statements made in the course of the interviews before the police and the investigating judge in February 2007.

The Regional Court nevertheless requested legal assistance from the Latvian authorities and asked for the witnesses to be heard by a court in Latvia and the hearing to be transmitted by voice and image (audiovisuelle Vernehmung). However, a witness hearing scheduled by the competent Latvian court for 13 February 2008 was cancelled shortly before by the presiding Latvian judge on the ground that the witnesses, again relying on medical certificates, had demonstrated that they were still suffering from post-traumatic disorders as a consequence of the crime and that a further confrontation with the events in Göttingen would risk aggravating their condition. The witnesses had further claimed that following threats by the accused they feared possible acts of revenge.

The Regional Court informed their Latvian counterpart by a letter dated 21 February 2008 that according to the standards of German law of criminal procedure the reasons advanced by the witnesses were not sufficiently substantiated to justify their refusal to testify. The court suggested to the competent Latvian judge to have the witnesses examined by a public medical officer (Amtsarzt) and, alternatively, to coerce them to attend the hearing.

As the letter remained unanswered, the Regional Court considered that it did not dispose of any further legal means to enforce a hearing of O. and P. Having further regard to the fact that the recently renewed medical certificates indicated that the witnesses’ state of health would not change any time soon, the Regional Court concluded that it was impossible to have the witnesses examined in the foreseeable future. Pointing out that courts were under an obligation to conduct proceedings involving the deprivation of liberty expeditiously and in view of the fact that the accused had already been held in custody for a considerable period of time, the court was of the opinion that it could not be justified to further delay the proceedings.

Consequently, a further objection against the introduction of the witnesses’ pre-trial statements by counsel of one of the co-accused was rejected by the Regional Court and the records of the witnesses’ police interrogations and interviews with the investigative judge were read out during a hearing on 26 February 2008.

In its judgment running to some 152 pages, the Regional Court pointed out that in assessing the available evidence it had been aware of the reduced evidentiary value of the records of O. and P.’s pre-trial testimonies. It had further taken into account that neither the applicant nor counsel for the defence had been provided with an opportunity to examine the only direct witnesses of the crime in Göttingen at any stage of the proceedings. At the time of the last pre-trial interrogation of O. and P. on 19 February 2007, the applicant had not been informed about the preliminary criminal proceedings initiated against him with a view to not putting the investigations at risk. No warrant for his arrest had yet been issued and he had not been represented by counsel. The investigating judge had excluded the applicant from the hearing in accordance with Article 168 (c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure since he had been concerned that the witnesses would be afraid of telling the truth in the presence of the accused. The Regional Court further emphasised that at the investigative stage there had been no indication that O. and P. who had testified on several occasions before the police and then before the investigating judge would refuse to repeat their statements at a subsequent trial.

The Regional Court held that notwithstanding the resulting restrictions for the defence, the trial as a whole had been fair and had complied with the requirements of Article 6 § 3 (d) of the Convention. The court was thus not prevented from admitting O. and P.’s pre-trial statements as evidence in the proceedings. It had made considerable efforts to enable a direct examination of O. and P. by the accused and counsel for the defence at trial. Moreover, once the witnesses had proved to be unavailable the Regional Court had ensured that a maximum of further witnesses who had been in contact with O. and P. in relation to the events at issue could be heard at trial. Finally, the court had taken several items of evidence as corroborating O. and P.’s pre-trial testimonies into account when assessing their evidentiary value.

In the Regional Court’s opinion the records of O. and P.’s interrogations at the investigative stage showed that they had given detailed and coherent descriptions of the circumstances of the crime. Minor contradictions in their statements could be explained by their concern not to disclose their illegal residence status and activities to the authorities and by the psychological strain they had been subject to during and following the incident. The witnesses had feared problems with the police and acts of revenge by the perpetrators. This explained why the witnesses had not pressed charges immediately after the events and why the police had only been informed of the crime on 12 February 2007 by their friend L. As regards O. and P.’s’ failure to identify the applicant when confronted with several photos of potential suspects during the police interrogations, the court observed that the witnesses’ attention during the incident had been focussed on the further perpetrator carrying the knife and that the applicant himself had only stayed a short period of time in the apartment. Their inability to identify the applicant also showed that the witnesses, as opposed to the defence’s allegations, had not testified with a view to incriminating him.

In the court’s opinion the fact that the detailed description of the events in the witnesses’ pre-trial statements were consistent with the account they had given the morning after the crime to their neighbour E., who had been heard as a witness during the trial, was a further strong indication for their credibility and the veracity of their statements. This witness had further testified that on the evening of 3 February 2007 at around 9.30 p.m. another neighbour, an elderly woman who got scared when she heard noise coming from O. and P.’s apartment, had called on her and asked her to accompany her to the women’s flat to investigate what had happened. O. and P. had, however, not answered the door when the neighbours were ringing the bell.

The Regional Court further observed that O. and P.’s description of the events also coincided with their friend L.’s recollection of her conversations with O. and P. following the crime as reproduced during L.’s witness hearing at trial. In addition, the police officers and the investigating judge who had examined O. and P. at the pre-trial stage had all testified at trial that they had found the witnesses to be credible.

The Regional Court noted that since neither the defence nor the court itself had had an opportunity to observe the main witnesses’ demeanour at trial or by means of an audio-visual examination, it had to exercise particular diligence in assessing the evaluation of the witnesses’ credibility by the police officers and the investigating judge. The court further emphasised that when taking into account the testimonies given by the witnesses’ neighbour E. and their friend L. it had paid special attention to the fact that their statements constituted hearsay evidence and had to be assessed particularly carefully.

In this context it had been of relevance that O. and P.’s testimonies as well as the statements of the further witnesses at trial had been supported by further significant and admissible evidence such as data obtained through tapping of the applicant’s and the co-accused’s mobile phones and by means of a satellite-based global positioning system (“GPS”). Such information had been gathered within the scope of police surveillance measures carried out at the relevant time in relation to preliminary criminal proceedings initiated against the accused on suspicion of racketeering and extortion (Schutzgelderpressung) in the Göttingen drug scene. The link between the evidence obtained in the course of such separate investigations and the crime at issue could only be made after O. and P. had reported the incident of 3 February 2007 to the police. It followed from the recordings of two mobile phone conversations between one of the co-accused and the applicant in the evening of 3 February 2007 at 8.29 p.m. and 8.31 p.m. that the latter had been present in the victims’ apartment accompanied by B. and that he had jumped from the balcony in order to chase one of the escaping victims whom he failed to capture, while B. had stayed in the apartment. Furthermore, an analysis of the GPS data showed that the car of one of the co-accused had been parked near the crime scene from 7.58 p.m. to 8.32 p.m. on the evening of 3 February 2007, a period that coincided with the time-frame in which the robbery in issue had occurred.

Finally, while the applicant and the co-accused had denied any participation in the robbery as such or any premeditated criminal activity in this respect, their own statements at trial had at least confirmed that one of the co-accused together with R. had visited the apartment at Göttingen on the evening before the crime and that the applicant and B. had been present in the apartment at the time of the incident the following day. The applicant had testified that he and B. had come to the apartment with a view to making use of the women’s services as prostitutes. He further had conceded that he had followed P. when she escaped over the balcony and explained that he had done so in order to prevent her from calling the neighbours or the police since he had been afraid of getting problems in view of his criminal record and the problems he had previously had with prostitutes on a similar occasion in Kassel.

In the court’s view the body of evidence taken together gave a coherent and complete overall picture of the events that supported the version provided by witnesses O. and P. and refuted the contradictory statements made by the applicant and the co-accused in the course of the trial.

C. The subsequent proceedings

Counsel for the applicant lodged an appeal on points of law against the judgment of the Göttingen Regional Court in which he complained that the applicant had not been able to examine the only direct witnesses of the crime committed in Göttingen at any stage of the proceedings in breach of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d) of the Convention. He argued that such inability had been imputable to the domestic authorities. According to the Federal Court of Justice’s case-law counsel had to be appointed for an unrepresented accused if the key witnesses for the prosecution were to testify before an investigating judge and the accused was excluded from this hearing. However, at the time of the witness hearing the applicant had not even been informed about the preliminary proceedings instituted against him and the public prosecution authorities had not requested that defence counsel be appointed for him. Consequently, O. and P.’s testimonies ought to have been excluded from the trial.

By written submissions dated 9 September 2008 the Federal Public Prosecutor General (Generalbundesanwalt) moved that the applicant’s appeal on points of law be dismissed by the Federal Court of Justice as manifestly ill-founded in written proceedings pursuant to Article 349 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (see Relevant domestic law below). The Prosecutor General argued that while it was true that the proceedings had been characterised by a “complete loss” of the applicant’s right to examine O. and P. (“Totalausfall des Fragerechts”), they had as a whole been fair and there had been no reason to exclude the witness statements of O. and P. as evidence. The Regional Court had assessed the contents of the records of the witnesses’ testimonies read out at trial particularly carefully and critically. Furthermore, it had not made their statements the sole or decisive basis of the applicant’s conviction but had taken further significant evidence into account. In view of the various layers of corroborating evidence the applicant had had ample opportunities to put into question the credibility of the two main witnesses and to effectively defend himself. The Federal Prosecutor, endorsing the Regional Court’s related arguments, further pointed out that there was nothing to demonstrate that the restrictions to the defence’s right to examine the witnesses had been imputable to the domestic authorities.

By written submissions of 28 September 2008 the applicant replied to the Federal Prosecutor’s observations and requested the Federal Court of Justice to hold a hearing in the appeal proceedings.

By a decision of 30 October 2008 the Federal Court of Justice, referring to 349 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, dismissed the applicant’s appeal on points of law as manifestly ill-founded.

By written submissions of 17 November 2008 the applicant complained of a violation of his right to be heard (Anhörungsrüge) on the ground that no hearing had been held in the appeal proceedings and that the Federal Court of Justice’s decision rejecting his appeal did not provide any reasons.

In its decision of 9 December 2008 rejecting the applicant’s complaint the Federal Court of Justice pointed out that any decision dismissing an appeal on the basis of Article 349 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure implied a reference to the respective reasoning provided by the Prosecutor General.

By a decision of 8 October 2009 the Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit the applicant’s constitutional complaint against the decisions of the Federal Court of Justice dated 30 October and 9 December 2008 for examination without providing reasons.

It follows from the applicant’s submissions that he has meanwhile left prison and returned to his native country Georgia.
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9154/10
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Federal Republic of Germany
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Georgian
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Mr Swiadi Schatschaschwili
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12 February 2010
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Mr H. Meyer-Mews
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Bremen
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German Government
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Government
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Mrs K. Behr
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Federal Ministry of Justice
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29 December 2013
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Germany
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Georgia
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14 January 2014
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DIRECT
Schatschaschwili v. Germany
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LOC
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Göttingen
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February 2007
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15 January 2013
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Government
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Government
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Georgian Government
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1978
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Rosdorf prison
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Lower Saxony
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Niedersachsen
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25 April 2008
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DIRECT
1244/07
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Göttingen Regional Court
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nine years and six months
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Kassel
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14 October 2006
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Göttingen
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3 February 2007
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Göttingen Regional Court
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Kassel
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Regional Court
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14 October 2006
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Kassel
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prostitution
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early evening
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Ms L.
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L.
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gas pistol
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Ms I.
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Lithuanian
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prostitute
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gas pistol
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I.
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100 euros
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I.
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L.
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EUR 1,000
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Later that evening
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L.
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Göttingen
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3 February 2007
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Regional Court
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Göttingen
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Ms O.
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NO_MASK
Ms P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e43
001-142423_a11_em62
DEM
QUASI
Latvian
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e11
001-142423_a11_em63
LOC
NO_MASK
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e44
001-142423_a11_em64
DEM
NO_MASK
prostitutes
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em65
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em66
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em67
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e26
001-142423_a11_em68
LOC
QUASI
Kassel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e27
001-142423_a11_em69
DATETIME
QUASI
14 October 2006
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e44
001-142423_a11_em70
DEM
NO_MASK
prostitutes
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e26
001-142423_a11_em71
LOC
QUASI
Kassel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em72
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em73
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e47
001-142423_a11_em74
DATETIME
QUASI
2 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e48
001-142423_a11_em75
PERSON
NO_MASK
R.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em76
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em77
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em78
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e48
001-142423_a11_em79
PERSON
NO_MASK
R.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em80
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em81
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em82
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e26
001-142423_a11_em83
LOC
QUASI
Kassel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e28
001-142423_a11_em84
DATETIME
QUASI
3 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e49
001-142423_a11_em85
DATETIME
NO_MASK
8 p.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em86
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em87
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em88
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em89
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em90
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e51
001-142423_a11_em91
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
approximately two meters
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e52
001-142423_a11_em92
DATETIME
NO_MASK
some minutes
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em93
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em94
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em95
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em96
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em97
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e53
001-142423_a11_em98
QUANTITY
QUASI
EUR 300
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e54
001-142423_a11_em99
QUANTITY
QUASI
EUR 250
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em100
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e55
001-142423_a11_em101
DATETIME
NO_MASK
around 8.30 p.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em102
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em103
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e56
001-142423_a11_em104
DATETIME
NO_MASK
approximately 9.30 p.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em105
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em106
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em107
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e26
001-142423_a11_em108
LOC
QUASI
Kassel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e57
001-142423_a11_em109
PERSON
NO_MASK
E.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e58
001-142423_a11_em110
DATETIME
NO_MASK
Later that day
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em111
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e26
001-142423_a11_em112
LOC
QUASI
Kassel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e59
001-142423_a11_em113
DATETIME
NO_MASK
few days
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em114
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e60
001-142423_a11_em115
LOC
QUASI
Frankfurt am Main
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em116
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e61
001-142423_a11_em117
LOC
QUASI
Latvia
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e16
001-142423_a11_em118
DATETIME
QUASI
February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em119
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e26
001-142423_a11_em120
LOC
QUASI
Kassel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em121
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e26
001-142423_a11_em122
LOC
QUASI
Kassel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e27
001-142423_a11_em123
DATETIME
QUASI
14 October 2006
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em124
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e37
001-142423_a11_em125
PERSON
NO_MASK
I.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em126
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em127
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e37
001-142423_a11_em128
PERSON
NO_MASK
I.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em129
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e37
001-142423_a11_em130
PERSON
NO_MASK
I.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em131
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em132
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em133
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em134
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em135
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e62
001-142423_a11_em136
DATETIME
QUASI
15 to 18 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e63
001-142423_a11_em137
DATETIME
QUASI
19 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e64
001-142423_a11_em138
DATETIME
QUASI
21 February 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em139
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em140
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em141
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em142
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e61
001-142423_a11_em143
LOC
QUASI
Latvia
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em144
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em145
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em146
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em147
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e65
001-142423_a11_em148
DATETIME
QUASI
24 August 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e66
001-142423_a11_em149
DATETIME
NO_MASK
third day
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e67
001-142423_a11_em150
DATETIME
QUASI
9 August 2007
HEALTH
insert
001-142423_a11_e68
001-142423_a11_em151
DEM
NO_MASK
post‑traumatic emotional and psychological condition
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e69
001-142423_a11_em152
DATETIME
QUASI
29 August 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em153
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em154
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em155
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em156
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e16
001-142423_a11_em157
DATETIME
QUASI
February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em158
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e43
001-142423_a11_em159
DEM
QUASI
Latvian
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e61
001-142423_a11_em160
LOC
QUASI
Latvia
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e43
001-142423_a11_em161
DEM
QUASI
Latvian
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e70
001-142423_a11_em162
DATETIME
QUASI
13 February 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e43
001-142423_a11_em163
DEM
QUASI
Latvian
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em164
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em165
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e43
001-142423_a11_em166
DEM
QUASI
Latvian
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e64
001-142423_a11_em167
DATETIME
QUASI
21 February 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e43
001-142423_a11_em168
DEM
QUASI
Latvian
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em169
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em170
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em171
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em172
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em173
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e71
001-142423_a11_em174
DATETIME
QUASI
26 February 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e72
001-142423_a11_em175
QUANTITY
QUASI
152 pages
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em176
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em177
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em178
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em179
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em180
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em181
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e63
001-142423_a11_em182
DATETIME
QUASI
19 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em183
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em184
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em185
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em186
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em187
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em188
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em189
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em190
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em191
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em192
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em193
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em194
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em195
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em196
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em197
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em198
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e73
001-142423_a11_em199
DATETIME
QUASI
12 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em200
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em201
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em202
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e57
001-142423_a11_em203
PERSON
NO_MASK
E.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e28
001-142423_a11_em204
DATETIME
QUASI
3 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e74
001-142423_a11_em205
DATETIME
NO_MASK
around 9.30 p.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em206
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em207
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em208
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em209
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em210
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em211
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em212
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em213
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em214
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em215
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em216
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em217
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em218
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em219
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-142423_a11_e57
001-142423_a11_em220
PERSON
NO_MASK
E.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e32
001-142423_a11_em221
PERSON
NO_MASK
L.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em222
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em223
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em224
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em225
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em226
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e28
001-142423_a11_em227
DATETIME
QUASI
3 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e28
001-142423_a11_em228
DATETIME
QUASI
3 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e75
001-142423_a11_em229
DATETIME
NO_MASK
8.29 p.m. and 8.31 p.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e76
001-142423_a11_em230
PERSON
NO_MASK
p.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em231
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em232
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e77
001-142423_a11_em233
DATETIME
NO_MASK
7.58 p.m. to 8.32 p.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e76
001-142423_a11_em234
PERSON
NO_MASK
p.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e28
001-142423_a11_em235
DATETIME
QUASI
3 February 2007
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e48
001-142423_a11_em236
PERSON
NO_MASK
R.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em237
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em238
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e50
001-142423_a11_em239
PERSON
NO_MASK
B.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e44
001-142423_a11_em240
DEM
NO_MASK
prostitutes
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em241
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e44
001-142423_a11_em242
DEM
NO_MASK
prostitutes
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e26
001-142423_a11_em243
LOC
QUASI
Kassel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em244
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em245
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em246
ORG
QUASI
Göttingen Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e15
001-142423_a11_em247
LOC
QUASI
Göttingen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e78
001-142423_a11_em248
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em249
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em250
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e79
001-142423_a11_em251
DATETIME
QUASI
9 September 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e80
001-142423_a11_em252
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Public Prosecutor General
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e81
001-142423_a11_em253
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court of Justice as
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e82
001-142423_a11_em254
ORG
NO_MASK
Prosecutor General
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em255
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em256
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e83
001-142423_a11_em257
MISC
NO_MASK
Totalausfall des Fragerechts
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e45
001-142423_a11_em258
PERSON
NO_MASK
O.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e46
001-142423_a11_em259
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em260
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e84
001-142423_a11_em261
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Prosecutor
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e24
001-142423_a11_em262
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e85
001-142423_a11_em263
DATETIME
QUASI
28 September 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-142423_a11_e84
001-142423_a11_em264
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Prosecutor
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e78
001-142423_a11_em265
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e86
001-142423_a11_em266
DATETIME
QUASI
30 October 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e78
001-142423_a11_em267
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e87
001-142423_a11_em268
DATETIME
QUASI
17 November 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e78
001-142423_a11_em269
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e88
001-142423_a11_em270
DATETIME
QUASI
9 December 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e78
001-142423_a11_em271
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e82
001-142423_a11_em272
ORG
NO_MASK
Prosecutor General
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e89
001-142423_a11_em273
DATETIME
QUASI
8 October 2009
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e90
001-142423_a11_em274
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Constitutional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e78
001-142423_a11_em275
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e91
001-142423_a11_em276
DATETIME
NO_MASK
30 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e88
001-142423_a11_em277
DATETIME
QUASI
9 December 2008
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-142423_a11_e12
001-142423_a11_em278
LOC
QUASI
Georgia
Swiadi Schatschaschwili
DEU
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Swiadi Schatschaschwili