PROCEDURE

The case originated in eight applications (nos. 50124/07, 53082/07, 53865/07, 399/08, 776/08, 1931/08, 2213/08 and 2953/08) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by eight Turkish nationals, Mr Mehmet Halit Çölgeçen, Mr Mürsel Bek, Mr Übeyt Salim, Mr Yavuz Uçak, Mr Mustafa Çalışkan, Mr Münür Ay, Ms Ruken Buket Işık and Mr Ali Turğay (“the applicants”), on 7 November 2007 (the first applicant), 23 November 2007 (the second and third applicants), 25 December 2007 (the fourth, fifth, sixth and eighth applicants) and 26 December 2007 (the seventh applicant).

The applicants were represented by Mr Okan Yıldız and Mr Fırat Aydınkaya, lawyers practising in Istanbul, except for Mr Mürsel Bek, Mr Yavuz Uçak and Mr Mustafa Çalışkan, who were represented only by Mr Okan Yıldız. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent.

On 25 January 2011 the applications were communicated to the Government.

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

The applicants were born in 1977, 1978, 1977, 1981, 1981, 1980, 1982 and 1980 respectively. They lived in Hakkari (the first applicant), Bingöl (the second applicant), Istanbul (the third, fourth, fifth and eighth applicants), Diyarbakır (the sixth applicant) and Muş (the seventh applicant) at the time their applications were lodged with the Court.

The applicants, who are of Kurdish ethnic origin, were students at various faculties attached to Istanbul University (“the University”) at the time of the events. In November 2001 they petitioned the University Rector’s office requesting that Kurdish language classes be introduced as an optional module.

Around the same time similar petitions were submitted by students studying at various universities in Turkey.

Upon receipt of these petitions a disciplinary investigation was initiated by the University into the applicants’ actions.

On 14 February 2002, relying either on regulation 9(d) or on regulation 10(e) of the Disciplinary Regulations of Higher Education Institutions, the Administrative Board of Istanbul University, after having heard defence submissions from some of the applicants, either suspended them from the University for a period of two semesters (Mr Çölgeçen and Mr Salim) or expelled them from the University (Mr Bek, Mr Çalışkan, Ms Işık, Mr Ay, Mr Uçak and Mr Turğay).

The applicants claim that following this disciplinary sanction they were denied access to the University facilities, they were branded as terrorists by the University authorities, their names were put on notice boards and they were shunned by their friends and other students. Some of the applicants also alleged that they were subject to criminal investigations.

The applicants, upon notification of the disciplinary sanctions in question, lodged separate actions with the Istanbul Administrative Court, requesting a stay of execution of the disciplinary decisions, with a view to their subsequent annulment.

On 9 May 2002 and on 27 June 2002 (in respect of the fifth applicant) the Istanbul Administrative Court suspended the execution of the applicants’ disciplinary sanctions on the grounds that, inter alia, the sanctions in question were unlawful and that, therefore, their application would cause irreparable damage to the applicants. It appears that the objections of the University to some of these decisions were also dismissed by the court on 4 July 2002.

On 25 June 2002, following the notification of the aforementioned decisions to the University, the applicants, save for Mr Çalışkan, were all re-enrolled in their respective faculties. As a result they were allowed to take part in the repeat exams held on 1-12 July 2002. Mr Çalışkan was re‑enrolled on 23 July 2002 and he was allowed to sit his exams, upon his request, in the 2002-2003 spring midterm period.

On 12 and 19 December 2002 the Istanbul Administrative Court examined the merits of the cases and annulled the disciplinary sanctions against the applicants on the ground that they were unlawful. In its decisions, the court noted, inter alia, that there was nothing in the content of the petitions or in the manner in which they were submitted to warrant disciplinary sanctions.

The University unsuccessfully challenged these decisions before the Supreme Administrative Court.

In 2004 the applicants each lodged an action for compensation with the Istanbul Administrative Court pursuant to Article 13 of the Administrative Procedure Act (Law no. 2577). In their petitions they maintained that they had sustained psychological damage as a result of the disciplinary punishment imposed on them for having used their democratic right of petition, and requested non‑pecuniary damages.

Between September 2004 and January 2005 the Istanbul Administrative Court awarded compensation to the applicants on the grounds that they had been denied their right to education and that their honour and dignity had been adversely affected by the accusations against them.

Between March 2007 and March 2008 the Istanbul District Administrative Court quashed the judgments of the first-instance court and dismissed the actions. In its decisions the court held, inter alia, that following the stay of execution of the disciplinary sanctions the University administration had permitted the students to take repeat exams in July, compensating for the exams which they had been unable to sit in the spring semester and that therefore the conditions for awarding non-pecuniary damage had not been met.

By a letter dated 25 March 2011 the office of the Dean of the Faculty of Literature of Istanbul University submitted the following information to the Government for the purposes of the present proceedings: – Mr Mehmet Halit Çölgeçen, who was studying to become a librarian, graduated on 14 July 2006; – Mr Übeyt Salim, who was studying Russian language and literature, graduated on 11 October 2004; – Mr Mürsel Bek, who was studying to become a teacher of Turkish language, graduated on 13 June 2003; – Mr Yavuz Uçak, who was studying to become a primary school teacher, graduated on 4 June 2003; – Mr Mustafa Çalışkan, who was studying to become a primary school mathematics teacher, graduated on 11 July 2006; – Mr Münür Ay, who was studying geography, failed to finish his studies within the required time-limit and he was removed from the University register on 18 February 2008; – Ms Ruken Buket Işık, who was studying English language and literature, graduated on 9 February 2007; – Mr Ali Turğay, who was studying Turkish language and literature, graduated on 27 July 2006. According to the Dean of the Faculty of Literature of Istanbul University, Mr Bek and Mr Uçak graduated from the University within the minimum time allowed (4 years).

II. DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE

A. Constitution

Article 42 of the Turkish Constitution provides that no one shall be denied the right to education or to instruction. Its last paragraph reads: “No language other than Turkish shall be taught as a mother tongue to Turkish citizens at any institutions of training or education. Foreign languages to be taught in institutions of training and education and the rules to be followed by schools conducting training and education in a foreign language shall be determined by law. The provisions of international treaties are reserved”.

Article 74 of the Turkish Constitution reads, in so far as relevant, as follows: “Citizens and foreigners resident in Turkey, with the condition of observing the principle of reciprocity, have the right to apply in writing to the competent authorities and to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey with regard to requests and complaints concerning themselves or the public ...”

B. Disciplinary Regulations of Higher Education Institutions

At the material time, regulation 9(d) of the Disciplinary Regulations of Higher Education Institutions provided that a person who engaged in activities which gave rise to polarisation on the basis of language, race, religion or denomination was to be suspended from the institution in question for either half or a whole semester.

At the material time, regulation 10(e) provided that a person who was a member of an illegal organisation, who engaged in actions on behalf of or who helped such an organisation, would be expelled from the higher education institution.

C. Administrative Procedure Act

Persons who have sustained damage as a result of an administrative act may also lodge an application with the superior authority of the relevant administrative body and request the annulment, withdrawal or alteration of the impugned act (section 11 of the Administrative Procedure Act). The administrative authorities’ failure to reply within sixty days is considered to be a tacit refusal of that request (section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act). The persons concerned may then bring an action before the administrative courts requesting the annulment of the administrative act and compensation for the damage they have sustained (section 12 of the Administrative Procedure Act).

Under Section 13 of the Administrative Procedure Act (Law no. 2577 of 6 January 1982), those who have suffered damage on account of a wrongful act by the administration may bring compensation proceedings against the latter within a year from the date on which they learned of the impugned act and, in any event, within five years from the commission of that act. The proceedings before the administrative courts are in writing.

Article 27 § 2 of the Administrative Procedure Act stipulates that the Supreme Administrative Court or a lower administrative court may decide to stay the execution of an administrative act if its implementation would result in damage which would be difficult or impossible to compensate, and if this act is clearly unlawful.

D. Teaching of Kurdish language

At the time of the events in question domestic law did not provide for the teaching of the Kurdish language at any levels of education in public or private institutions. On 2 August 2002 the Law on Foreign Language Education and Teaching (Law no. 2923 of 14 October 1983) was amended by Law no. 4771 with a view to regulating the principles of education and training of citizens of Turkey in the different languages and dialects traditionally used in daily life. The title of the law in question was changed to “The Law on Foreign Language Education and Teaching and the Learning of Turkish Citizens’ Different Languages and Dialects”.

On 30 July 2003 an amendment was made to the second sentence of section 2 (a) of Law no. 2923 with a view to enabling the opening of private courses for the teaching of the different languages and dialects used by citizens of Turkey. This provision was further amended on 2 March 2014 by Law no. 6529 with a view to facilitating the opening of private schools to provide for education and training in a language or dialect traditionally used in daily life by citizens of Turkey.

By decisions dated 25 June 2012, 7 September 2012 and 23 January 2014, the Board of Education and Training of the Ministry of Education added “living languages and dialects (Kurdish language)” to the weekly timetable of primary and secondary schools as an elective course.

On 5 July 2014 the Regulation on Foreign Language Education and Training issued by the Ministry of Education was amended so as to provide for the possibility of education and training in a language or dialect that is traditionally used by citizens of Turkey in their daily lives in private schools.

According to the information provided by the Government, graduate and postgraduate education in the field of Kurdish language and literature is available at tertiary level in six Universities, namely Batman University, Bingol University, Mardin Artuklu University, Muş Alpaslan University, Siirt University and 100. Yıl University.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-179408_a3_e1
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CODE
DIRECT
50124/07
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001-179408_a3_e2
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QUASI
53082/07
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001-179408_a3_e3
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QUASI
53865/07
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correct
001-179408_a3_e4
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QUASI
399/08
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correct
001-179408_a3_e5
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776/08
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001-179408_a3_e6
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1931/08
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001-179408_a3_e7
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2213/08
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001-179408_a3_e8
001-179408_a3_em8
CODE
QUASI
2953/08
ETHNIC
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001-179408_a3_e9
001-179408_a3_em9
DEM
NO_MASK
Turkish
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001-179408_a3_e10
001-179408_a3_em10
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Mehmet Halit Çölgeçen
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QUASI
Mr Mürsel Bek
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Mr Übeyt Salim
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Mr Yavuz Uçak
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Mr Mustafa Çalışkan
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Mr Münür Ay
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Ms Ruken Buket Işık
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Mr Ali Turğay
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001-179408_a3_e18
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7 November 2007
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23 November 2007
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25 December 2007
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26 December 2007
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001-179408_a3_em22
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Mr Okan Yıldız
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Mr Fırat Aydınkaya
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001-179408_a3_em24
LOC
QUASI
Istanbul
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PERSON
QUASI
Mr Mürsel Bek
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001-179408_a3_em26
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Mr Yavuz Uçak
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001-179408_a3_em27
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Mr Mustafa Çalışkan
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001-179408_a3_em28
PERSON
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Mr Okan Yıldız
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ORG
NO_MASK
Turkish Government
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001-179408_a3_e26
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DATETIME
QUASI
25 January 2011
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001-179408_a3_e27
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1977
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001-179408_a3_e28
001-179408_a3_em32
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1978
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001-179408_a3_e27
001-179408_a3_em33
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1977
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001-179408_a3_e29
001-179408_a3_em34
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1981
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1981
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1980
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1982
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1980
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001-179408_a3_e32
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LOC
QUASI
Hakkari
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001-179408_a3_e33
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LOC
QUASI
Bingöl
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001-179408_a3_e24
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LOC
QUASI
Istanbul
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correct
001-179408_a3_e34
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LOC
QUASI
Diyarbakır
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correct
001-179408_a3_e35
001-179408_a3_em43
LOC
QUASI
Muş
ETHNIC
insert
001-179408_a3_e36
001-179408_a3_em44
DEM
QUASI
Kurdish ethnic
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001-179408_a3_e37
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ORG
QUASI
Istanbul University
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001-179408_a3_e38
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DATETIME
QUASI
November 2001
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001-179408_a3_e39
001-179408_a3_em47
ORG
NO_MASK
University Rector’s
ETHNIC
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001-179408_a3_e40
001-179408_a3_em48
DEM
NO_MASK
Kurdish language
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001-179408_a3_e41
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LOC
NO_MASK
Turkey
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001-179408_a3_e42
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DATETIME
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14 February 2002
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001-179408_a3_e43
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ORG
QUASI
Administrative Board of Istanbul University
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DIRECT
001-179408_a3_em10
Mr Çölgeçen
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001-179408_a3_em12
Mr Salim
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001-179408_a3_em11
Mr Bek
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001-179408_a3_em14
Mr Çalışkan
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001-179408_a3_em16
Ms Işık
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001-179408_a3_em15
Mr Ay
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001-179408_a3_em13
Mr Uçak
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001-179408_a3_em17
Mr Turğay
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001-179408_a3_e44
001-179408_a3_em60
MISC
QUASI
terrorists
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001-179408_a3_e45
001-179408_a3_em61
ORG
NO_MASK
University authorities
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001-179408_a3_e46
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ORG
QUASI
Istanbul Administrative Court
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001-179408_a3_e47
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DATETIME
QUASI
9 May 2002
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001-179408_a3_e48
001-179408_a3_em64
DATETIME
QUASI
27 June 2002
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001-179408_a3_e46
001-179408_a3_em65
ORG
QUASI
Istanbul Administrative Court
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001-179408_a3_e49
001-179408_a3_em66
DATETIME
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4 July 2002
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001-179408_a3_e50
001-179408_a3_em67
DATETIME
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25 June 2002
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001-179408_a3_e14
001-179408_a3_em68
PERSON
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Mr Çalışkan
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001-179408_a3_e51
001-179408_a3_em69
DATETIME
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1-12 July 2002
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001-179408_a3_em70
PERSON
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Mr Çalışkan
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DATETIME
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23 July 2002
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001-179408_a3_e53
001-179408_a3_em72
DATETIME
QUASI
2002-2003
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001-179408_a3_e54
001-179408_a3_em73
DATETIME
QUASI
12 and 19 December 2002
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001-179408_a3_e46
001-179408_a3_em74
ORG
QUASI
Istanbul Administrative Court
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001-179408_a3_e55
001-179408_a3_em75
DATETIME
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2004
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001-179408_a3_e46
001-179408_a3_em76
ORG
QUASI
Istanbul Administrative Court
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001-179408_a3_e56
001-179408_a3_em77
MISC
NO_MASK
Article 13 of the Administrative Procedure Act (Law no. 2577)
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001-179408_a3_e57
001-179408_a3_em78
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September 2004
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001-179408_a3_em79
DATETIME
QUASI
January 2005
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001-179408_a3_e46
001-179408_a3_em80
ORG
QUASI
Istanbul Administrative Court
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001-179408_a3_e59
001-179408_a3_em81
DATETIME
QUASI
March 2007
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001-179408_a3_e60
001-179408_a3_em82
DATETIME
QUASI
March 2008
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001-179408_a3_e61
001-179408_a3_em83
ORG
QUASI
Istanbul District Administrative Court
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001-179408_a3_e62
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DATETIME
QUASI
July
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001-179408_a3_e63
001-179408_a3_em85
DATETIME
QUASI
spring semester
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001-179408_a3_e64
001-179408_a3_em86
DATETIME
QUASI
25 March 2011
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001-179408_a3_e65
001-179408_a3_em87
ORG
NO_MASK
Dean
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001-179408_a3_e66
001-179408_a3_em88
ORG
QUASI
Faculty of Literature
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001-179408_a3_e37
001-179408_a3_em89
ORG
QUASI
Istanbul University
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001-179408_a3_e10
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PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Mehmet Halit Çölgeçen
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001-179408_a3_e67
001-179408_a3_em91
DATETIME
QUASI
14 July 2006
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001-179408_a3_e12
001-179408_a3_em92
PERSON
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Mr Übeyt Salim
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001-179408_a3_e68
001-179408_a3_em93
MISC
QUASI
Russian language and literature
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001-179408_a3_e69
001-179408_a3_em94
DATETIME
QUASI
11 October 2004
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PERSON
QUASI
Mr Mürsel Bek
ETHNIC
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001-179408_a3_e9
001-179408_a3_em96
DEM
NO_MASK
Turkish
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001-179408_a3_e70
001-179408_a3_em97
DATETIME
QUASI
13 June 2003
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Mr Yavuz Uçak
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001-179408_a3_e71
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DATETIME
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4 June 2003
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001-179408_a3_em100
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Mr Mustafa Çalışkan
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001-179408_a3_e72
001-179408_a3_em101
DATETIME
QUASI
11 July 2006
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Mr Münür Ay
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001-179408_a3_e73
001-179408_a3_em103
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QUASI
18 February 2008
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001-179408_a3_e16
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Ms Ruken Buket Işık
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001-179408_a3_e74
001-179408_a3_em105
DEM
QUASI
English
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001-179408_a3_e75
001-179408_a3_em106
DATETIME
QUASI
9 February 2007
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Mr Ali Turğay
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001-179408_a3_e9
001-179408_a3_em108
DEM
NO_MASK
Turkish
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001-179408_a3_e76
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QUASI
27 July 2006
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001-179408_a3_e65
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NO_MASK
Dean
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001-179408_a3_e66
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ORG
QUASI
Faculty of Literature
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001-179408_a3_e37
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ORG
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Istanbul University
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Mr Bek
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Mr Uçak
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001-179408_a3_e77
001-179408_a3_em115
DATETIME
NO_MASK
4 years
ETHNIC
check
001-179408_a3_e9
001-179408_a3_em116
DEM
NO_MASK
Turkish
ETHNIC
check
001-179408_a3_e9
001-179408_a3_em117
DEM
NO_MASK
Turkish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e41
001-179408_a3_em118
LOC
NO_MASK
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e78
001-179408_a3_em119
ORG
NO_MASK
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e79
001-179408_a3_em120
MISC
NO_MASK
(section 11 of the Administrative Procedure Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e80
001-179408_a3_em121
DATETIME
NO_MASK
sixty days
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e81
001-179408_a3_em122
MISC
NO_MASK
section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act)
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e82
001-179408_a3_em123
MISC
NO_MASK
section 12 of the Administrative Procedure Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e83
001-179408_a3_em124
MISC
NO_MASK
Administrative Procedure Act (Law no. 2577 of 6 January 1982)
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e84
001-179408_a3_em125
DATETIME
NO_MASK
year
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e85
001-179408_a3_em126
DATETIME
NO_MASK
five years
ETHNIC
insert
001-179408_a3_e40
001-179408_a3_em127
DEM
NO_MASK
Kurdish language
ETHNIC
check
001-179408_a3_e40
001-179408_a3_em128
DEM
NO_MASK
Kurdish language
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e86
001-179408_a3_em129
DATETIME
NO_MASK
2 August 2002
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e87
001-179408_a3_em130
MISC
NO_MASK
Law on Foreign Language Education and Teaching (Law no. 2923 of 14 October 1983)
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e88
001-179408_a3_em131
MISC
NO_MASK
Law no. 4771
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e41
001-179408_a3_em132
ORG
NO_MASK
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e89
001-179408_a3_em133
MISC
NO_MASK
The Law on Foreign Language Education and Teaching and the Learning of Turkish Citizens’ Different Languages and Dialects
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e90
001-179408_a3_em134
DATETIME
NO_MASK
30 July 2003
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e91
001-179408_a3_em135
MISC
NO_MASK
section 2 (a) of Law no. 2923
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e41
001-179408_a3_em136
ORG
NO_MASK
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e92
001-179408_a3_em137
DATETIME
NO_MASK
2 March 2014
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e41
001-179408_a3_em138
ORG
NO_MASK
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e93
001-179408_a3_em139
DATETIME
NO_MASK
25 June 2012
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-179408_a3_e94
001-179408_a3_em140
DATETIME
NO_MASK
7 September 2012
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e95
001-179408_a3_em141
DATETIME
NO_MASK
23 January 2014
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e96
001-179408_a3_em142
ORG
NO_MASK
Board of Education and Training of the Ministry of Education
ETHNIC
check
001-179408_a3_e40
001-179408_a3_em143
DEM
NO_MASK
Kurdish language
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e97
001-179408_a3_em144
DATETIME
NO_MASK
5 July 2014
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e98
001-179408_a3_em145
ORG
NO_MASK
Ministry of Education
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e41
001-179408_a3_em146
ORG
NO_MASK
Turkey
ETHNIC
check
001-179408_a3_e40
001-179408_a3_em147
DEM
NO_MASK
Kurdish language
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e99
001-179408_a3_em148
ORG
NO_MASK
Batman University
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e100
001-179408_a3_em149
ORG
NO_MASK
Bingol University
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e101
001-179408_a3_em150
ORG
NO_MASK
Mardin Artuklu University
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e102
001-179408_a3_em151
ORG
NO_MASK
Muş Alpaslan University
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-179408_a3_e103
001-179408_a3_em152
ORG
NO_MASK
Siirt University
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-179408_a3_e104
001-179408_a3_em153
ORG
NO_MASK
100. Yıl University
Mehmet Halit Çölgeçen
TUR
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Halit Çölgeçen