PROCEDURE

The case originated in an application (no. 35968/97) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a German national, Ms Carola van Kück, on 6 May 1997.

The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr K. Stoltenberg, Ministerialdirigent, Federal Ministry of Justice.

The applicant alleged that German court decisions refusing her claims for reimbursement of gender reassignment measures and also the related proceedings were in breach of her right to a fair trial and of her right to respect for her private life and that they amounted to discrimination on the ground of her particular psychological situation. She relied on Articles 6 § 1, 8, 13 and 14 of the Convention.

The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11).

The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.

By a decision of 18 October 2001, the Chamber declared the application admissible.

On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section.

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

The applicant was born in 1948 and lives in Berlin. At birth, she was registered as male, with the forenames Bernhard Friedrich.

A. The proceedings for the change of the applicant’s forenames

In 1990 the applicant instituted proceedings before the Schöneberg District Court, asking it to change her forenames to Carola Brenda.

On 20 December 1991 the District Court granted the applicant’s request. The court found that the conditions under section 1 of the Transsexuals Act (Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen) were met in the applicant’s case.

The District Court, having heard the applicant and having regard to the written opinions of the psychiatric experts Prof. R. and Dr O. of 28 August 1991, and of the psychological expert Prof. D. of 1 September 1991, considered that the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual. It noted that, although Prof. R. and Dr O. had indicated that the applicant was not a typical transsexual, the Transsexuals Act required only that the condition of transsexuality be met, irrespective of the particular form it took. Moreover, the court found that the experts had convincingly shown that the applicant had been for at least the last three years under the constraint of living according to these tendencies and that there was a high probability that the she would not change these tendencies in the future.

B. The civil proceedings against the health insurance company

In 1992 the applicant, represented by counsel, brought an action with the Berlin Regional Court against a German health insurance company. Having been affiliated to this company since 1975, she claimed reimbursement of pharmaceutical expenses for hormone treatment. She further requested a declaratory judgment to the effect that the defendant company was liable to reimburse 50% of the expenses for gender reassignment operations and further hormone treatment. As an employee of the Berlin Land, she was entitled to allowances covering half of her medical expenses; the private health insurance was to cover the other half.

On 20 October 1992 the Berlin Regional Court decided to take expert evidence on the questions of whether or not the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual; whether or not her kind of transsexuality was a disease; whether or not the gender reassignment operation was the necessary medical treatment for the transsexuality; and whether or not this treatment was generally recognised by medical science.

The psychiatrist Dr H., having examined the applicant in January 1993, delivered his opinion in February 1993. In his conclusions, he confirmed that the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual and that her transsexuality had to be regarded as a disease. He further indicated that gender reassignment surgery was not the only possible medical treatment in cases of transsexuality. In the applicant’s case, he recommended such an operation from a psychiatric-psychotherapeutic point of view, as it would improve her social situation. He noted that gender reassignment surgery was not generally recognised by medical science and that there were several comments in the specialised literature questioning whether the operation was effective; however, it could be assumed that the fact that transsexuals accepted themselves and their bodies contributed to their stabilisation. According to him, many transsexuals reached such stability only after an operation. In his view, this was the case for the applicant and an operation should therefore be approved. The expert concluded that the gender reassignment operation formed part of the curative treatment of a mental disease.

On 3 August 1993 the Regional Court, following an oral hearing, dismissed the applicant’s claims. The court considered that under the relevant provisions of the General Insurance Conditions (Allgemeine Versicherungsbedingungen) governing the contractual relations between the applicant and her private health insurance company, the applicant was not entitled to reimbursement of medical treatment regarding her transsexuality.

In its reasoning, the court, having regard to the opinion prepared by Dr H. and to the expert opinions prepared in the proceedings before the Schöneberg District Court, considered that the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual and that her condition had to be regarded as a disease. The question whether the treatment in question was recognised by medical science was irrelevant. In the court’s view, hormone treatment and gender reassignment surgery could not reasonably be considered as necessary medical treatments. Having regard to the relevant case-law of the Federal Social Court, the court found that the applicant ought first to have had recourse to less radical means, namely an extensive course of 50 to 100 psychotherapy sessions, as proposed by the psychiatric expert Prof. D. and terminated by the applicant after two sessions (according to the Government, the original manuscript decision referred to twenty-four sessions). The court was not convinced that, on account of the applicant’s resistance to therapy, the intended operation was the only possible treatment.

Moreover, the Regional Court found that the evidence did not show conclusively that the gender reassignment measures would relieve the applicant’s physical and mental difficulties, a further criterion for assuming their medical necessity. The expert Dr H. had merely recommended the operation from a psychiatric-psychotherapeutic point of view, as it would improve the applicant’s social situation. His submissions, according to which the effect of gender reassignment surgery was often overrated, did not show that the gender reassignment measures were necessary for medical reasons. The court had not, therefore, been required, of its own motion, to summon the expert to explain his opinion orally.

On 11 October 1993 the applicant lodged an appeal with the Berlin Court of Appeal. In the written appeal submissions, the applicant objected to the findings of the Regional Court in so far as they denied the necessity of gender reassignment measures. The applicant also submitted that she had unsuccessfully attended between twenty-four and thirty-five psychotherapy sessions. In this connection, she referred to the written expert opinions and also mentioned the possibility of taking evidence from these experts.

In November 1994 the applicant underwent gender reassignment surgery. According to her, having been unfit for work since February 1994, she had agreed with the physician treating her that her suffering would not permit her to await the outcome of the appeal proceedings.

On 27 January 1995 the Court of Appeal, following an oral hearing, dismissed the applicant’s appeal. The Court of Appeal valued the claims at stake at 28,455.92 German marks.

The Court of Appeal noted that the applicant was a male-to-female transsexual and that, according to the opinion of the expert Dr H., her transsexuality constituted a disease, a matter not in dispute between the parties to the proceedings.

Referring to clause 1 of the General Insurance Conditions, the Court of Appeal upheld the Regional Court’s conclusions that the expert Dr H. had not confirmed the necessity of gender reassignment measures. The Court of Appeal had regard to various passages of the expert opinion. Thus, it noted that the expert had considered gender reassignment surgery as one possible medical treatment; however, the question of necessity could not be clearly affirmed given the diverging scientific opinions and results. In his view, consensus existed on the improved psycho-social situation following the change of the sexual role, although the effect of the operation as such was often overrated. In the applicant’s case, the advantages of an operation would, in the expert’s view, prevail, while psychotherapy could not cure the transsexuality on account of the applicant’s chronic narcissistic character structure; even extended psychotherapy was not likely to result in any changes. Turning to the expert’s statement that gender reassignment was not the only possible curative treatment, but recommendable from a psychiatric-psychotherapheutic point of view in order to improve the applicant’s social situation, the Court of Appeal found that, with this cautious formulation, the expert had not clearly affirmed the necessity of an operation. The applicant had therefore failed to prove that the conditions for reimbursement of medical treatment were met in her case. The Court of Appeal added that, while the expert had mentioned that the gender reassignment operation “formed part of the curative treatment of a mental disease”, taking his other statements into account, he had regarded success as rather uncertain. Such a vague hope could not justify the necessity of medical treatment, bearing the aim of health insurance in mind. Thus, the health insurance had to bear only costs of treatment suitable to cure a disease. In the applicant’s case, the expert had explained that gender reassignment measures could not be expected to cure the applicant’s transsexuality, but at best to improve her psycho-social situation. This result was insufficient, as such an improvement did not affect the applicant’s transsexuality as such. With regard to these remaining doubts, the Court of Appeal concluded that the applicant had failed to prove the necessity of her treatment.

The Court of Appeal further considered that, in any event, the applicant was not entitled to reimbursement under clause 5.1(b) of the General Insurance Conditions on the ground that she had herself deliberately caused the disease, as argued by the defendant in earlier submissions.

Referring to the details of her case history as contained in the expert opinion of Dr O. of August 1991, the Court of Appeal found in particular that the applicant was born as a male child and did not claim that she was a female on account of chromosomal factors. Initially, she had not adopted female behaviour. On account of her male orientation, she had been able to resist feelings that she would have preferred to be a girl and that this would have been more appropriate, and had controlled her emotional life at an early stage.

The Court of Appeal considered that the applicant had continued to live as a man. In its view, the applicant’s “fear of bigger boys” at school was not gender-specific. Furthermore, applying to join the armed forces did not indicate female feelings, and she had left the armed forces not because of the feeling that she was a “woman” but because she had experienced degrading treatment. The applicant had married in November 1972, likewise a sign of her male orientation at that time. As from 1981, the spouses had wished to have a child.

According to the Court of Appeal, the “turning-point”, as stated by the applicant, had been the moment when, after an unsuccessful operation in 1986, she had realised that she was infertile. The Court of Appeal quoted the following passage from the expert opinion of 1991: “The recognition that he was infertile is a decisive factor confirming the subsequent transsexual development.”

It continued in the following terms: “Fully aware of this position, the plaintiff concluded for herself: ‘If you cannot have children, you are not a man’, and as a consequence she went one step further and wanted to be a woman from then on. She had never otherwise felt that she was, or that she had to become, a woman, but was merely making a statement that she could do without a penis and still have satisfying relations with his [sic] wife ... Doing without the one is not the same as an irresistible desire for the other. In furtherance of the self-imposed goal of wishing to be a woman, from December 1986 – without medical advice, assistance or instruction – she took female hormones ... That was deliberate. Having recognised – no doubt painfully – that she could not have children, she decided to distance herself from her past as a man ... It was this deliberate act of self-medication that led the plaintiff ever more to her decision that she wanted to be a woman and to look like one, although it was biologically impossible. This was based on her limited preparedness or ability to reflect critically ... but was wrongfully deliberate because the plaintiff was at all events at that stage in a position to see what the consequences of her ‘self-medication’ would be, and to act accordingly. ...”

On 25 October 1996 the Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit the applicant’s constitutional complaint.

II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE AND OTHER MATERIAL

A. The status of transsexuals

The German Transsexuals Act (Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen) of 10 September 1980 (Federal Gazette I, p. 1654) was adopted following the decision of 11 October 1978 of the Federal Constitutional Court according to which the refusal to change the sex of a post-operative transsexual in the register of births was an unjustified interference with human dignity and everyone’s fundamental right to develop his personality freely (Reports of the Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court, BVerfGE 49, pp. 286 et seq.).

Sections 1 to 7 of the Transsexuals Act govern the conditions, procedures and legal consequences of a change of a transsexual’s forenames without gender reassignment surgery. Under section 1, persons may request that their forenames be changed if, on account of their transsexual orientation, they no longer feel they belong to the sex recorded in the register of births, they have been for at least three years under the constraint of living according to these tendencies, and if there is a high probability that they will not change this orientation in the future. The competent civil courts have to obtain two medical expert opinions in order to establish whether the medical conditions are met (section 4).

Following gender reassignment surgery, section 8 provides for a change of the sex entered in the register of births, if, in addition to the conditions laid down in section 1, the persons concerned are not married and are not able to procreate. The forenames will be changed, if proceedings under section 1 have not yet taken place.

B. Gender reassignment surgery

1. The general health insurance system

Since 1989 the German health insurance system, which previously formed part of the Reich Insurance Code (Reichsversicherungsordnung) of 1911 has been governed by the Social Security Act, Book V, Health Insurance (Sozialgesetzbuch, Fünftes Buch, Gesetzliche Kranken-versicherung), on the basis of the Health (Reform) Act (Gesetz zur Strukturreform im Gesundheitswesen) of 20 December 1988. Subsequently, further reform legislation was enacted. Under the relevant provisions, persons insured under the health system are entitled to medical treatment which is necessary in order to diagnose or to cure a disease, in order to prevent its aggravation or to offer relief for its symptoms.

The Federal Social Court, in a decision of 6 August 1987 (Reports of Decisions, BSGE 62, pp. 83 et seq.), confirmed the lower social courts’ decisions that the cost of gender reassignment surgery had to be reimbursed if, in the circumstances of the individual case, the psychophysical state of the transsexual amounted to a disease and if gender reassignment was the sole means of finding relief, psychiatric and psychotherapeutic treatment having remained unsuccessful.

2. Private health insurance

The basic rules for private health insurance, as for any other private insurance, are laid down in the Insurance Contract Act (Gesetz über den Versicherungsvertrag) of 1908, as amended. According to section 178.b, private health insurance covers expenses for curative treatment which is medically necessary on account of a disease or injuries suffered as a result of an accident or for other medical services for illness, as far as stipulated in the contract. The insurer is exempted from liability if the insured person has deliberately caused his or her own disease or accident (section 178.l). The contractual relations are standardised in general insurance conditions.

The Federal Court of Justice, in a decision of 11 April 1994 (Versicherungsrecht 1995, pp. 447 et seq.), endorsed the lower court’s finding that gender reassignment surgery had to be considered as necessary medical treatment of a disease if the insured person’s change of gender had been recognised under sections 8 et seq. of the Transsexuals Act.

C. Other relevant material

In its judgment of 30 April 1996 in P. v. S. and Cornwall County Council (C-13/94, Rec. 1996, p. I-2143), the European Court of Justice (ECJ) found that discrimination arising from gender reassignment constituted discrimination on grounds of sex and, accordingly, Article 5 § 1 of Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976, on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion and working conditions, precluded dismissal of a transsexual for a reason related to a gender reassignment. It held, rejecting the argument of the United Kingdom Government that the employer would also have dismissed P. if P. had previously been a woman and had undergone an operation to become a man, that “... [w]here a person is dismissed on the ground that he or she intends to undergo or has undergone gender reassignment, he or she is treated unfavourably by comparison with persons of the sex to which he or she was deemed to belong before undergoing gender reassignment. To tolerate such discrimination would be tantamount, as regards such a person, to a failure to respect the dignity and freedom to which he or she is entitled and which the Court has a duty to safeguard.” (paragraphs 21-22)

In its judgment of 17 February 1998, in Lisa Jacqueline Grant v. South-West Trains Ltd (C-249/96, Rec. 1998, p. I-621), the ECJ clarified the resulting position as follows “... That reasoning, which leads to the conclusion that such discrimination is to be prohibited just as is discrimination based on the fact that a person belongs to a particular sex, is limited to the case of a worker’s gender reassignment and does not therefore apply to differences of treatment based on a person’s sexual orientation. ... ... Community law as it stands at present does not cover discrimination based on sexual orientation, such as that in issue in the main proceedings. It should be observed, however, that the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, signed on 2 October 1997, provides for the insertion in the EC Treaty of an Article 6a which, once the Treaty of Amsterdam has entered into force, will allow the Council under certain conditions (a unanimous vote on a proposal from the Commission after consulting the European Parliament) to take appropriate action to eliminate various forms of discrimination, including discrimination based on sexual orientation.” The ECJ concluded that the refusal by an employer to allow travel concessions to the person of the same sex with whom a worker has a stable relationship, where such concessions are allowed to a worker’s spouse or to the person of the opposite sex with whom a worker has a stable relationship outside marriage, does not constitute discrimination prohibited by Article 119 of the Treaty or Directive 75/117.
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001-61142_a11_em83
ORG
QUASI
Schöneberg District Court
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e15
001-61142_a11_em84
DEM
QUASI
male
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e36
001-61142_a11_em85
DEM
QUASI
male-to-female
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e26
001-61142_a11_em86
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
HEALTH
check
001-61142_a11_e32
001-61142_a11_em87
DEM
QUASI
hormone treatment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em88
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e46
001-61142_a11_em89
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Social Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e47
001-61142_a11_em90
QUANTITY
QUASI
50 to 100 psychotherapy sessions
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e23
001-61142_a11_em91
PERSON
NO_MASK
Prof. D.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e2
001-61142_a11_em92
ORG
NO_MASK
Government
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e48
001-61142_a11_em93
QUANTITY
QUASI
twenty-four sessions
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e30
001-61142_a11_em94
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em95
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e37
001-61142_a11_em96
PERSON
NO_MASK
Dr H.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e49
001-61142_a11_em97
DEM
QUASI
His
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em98
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em99
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e39
001-61142_a11_em100
DEM
QUASI
his
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e50
001-61142_a11_em101
DATETIME
QUASI
11 October 1993
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e51
001-61142_a11_em102
ORG
NO_MASK
Berlin Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e30
001-61142_a11_em103
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em104
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e52
001-61142_a11_em105
QUANTITY
QUASI
twenty-four
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e53
001-61142_a11_em106
QUANTITY
QUASI
thirty-five psychotherapy sessions
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e54
001-61142_a11_em107
DATETIME
QUASI
November 1994
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em108
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e55
001-61142_a11_em109
DATETIME
QUASI
February 1994
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e56
001-61142_a11_em110
DATETIME
QUASI
27 January 1995
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e57
001-61142_a11_em111
QUANTITY
QUASI
28,455.92 German marks
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e15
001-61142_a11_em112
DEM
QUASI
male
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e36
001-61142_a11_em113
DEM
QUASI
male-to-female
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e26
001-61142_a11_em114
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
SEX
correct
001-61142_a11_e37
001-61142_a11_em115
PERSON
NO_MASK
Dr H.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e27
001-61142_a11_em116
DEM
QUASI
transsexuality
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e45
001-61142_a11_em117
ORG
NO_MASK
General Insurance Conditions
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e30
001-61142_a11_em118
ORG
NO_MASK
001-61142_a11_em42
Regional Court
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e37
001-61142_a11_em119
PERSON
NO_MASK
Dr H.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em120
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em121
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e39
001-61142_a11_em122
DEM
QUASI
his
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e58
001-61142_a11_em123
MISC
QUASI
change of the sexual role
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e27
001-61142_a11_em124
DEM
QUASI
transsexuality
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em125
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em126
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e39
001-61142_a11_em127
DEM
QUASI
his
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e41
001-61142_a11_em128
DEM
QUASI
he
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em129
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e27
001-61142_a11_em130
DEM
QUASI
transsexuality
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e27
001-61142_a11_em131
DEM
QUASI
transsexuality
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e45
001-61142_a11_em132
ORG
NO_MASK
General Insurance Conditions
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e21
001-61142_a11_em133
PERSON
NO_MASK
Dr O.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e59
001-61142_a11_em134
DATETIME
QUASI
August 1991
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e15
001-61142_a11_em135
DEM
QUASI
male
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e60
001-61142_a11_em136
DEM
QUASI
female
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e60
001-61142_a11_em137
DEM
QUASI
female
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e15
001-61142_a11_em138
DEM
QUASI
male
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e61
001-61142_a11_em139
MISC
QUASI
preferred to be a girl
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e62
001-61142_a11_em140
DEM
QUASI
man
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e60
001-61142_a11_em141
DEM
QUASI
female
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e63
001-61142_a11_em142
DEM
QUASI
woman
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e64
001-61142_a11_em143
DATETIME
QUASI
November 1972
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e15
001-61142_a11_em144
DEM
QUASI
male
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e65
001-61142_a11_em145
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1981
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e66
001-61142_a11_em146
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1986
HEALTH
insert
001-61142_a11_e67
001-61142_a11_em147
DEM
QUASI
infertile
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e68
001-61142_a11_em148
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1991
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e41
001-61142_a11_em149
DEM
QUASI
he
HEALTH
check
001-61142_a11_e67
001-61142_a11_em150
DEM
QUASI
infertile
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e26
001-61142_a11_em151
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
HEALTH
insert
001-61142_a11_e69
001-61142_a11_em152
DEM
QUASI
have children
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e62
001-61142_a11_em153
DEM
QUASI
man
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e63
001-61142_a11_em154
DEM
QUASI
woman
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e63
001-61142_a11_em155
DEM
QUASI
woman
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e70
001-61142_a11_em156
DEM
QUASI
penis
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e39
001-61142_a11_em157
DEM
QUASI
his
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e63
001-61142_a11_em158
DEM
QUASI
woman
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e71
001-61142_a11_em159
DATETIME
QUASI
December 1986
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e60
001-61142_a11_em160
DEM
QUASI
female
HEALTH
check
001-61142_a11_e69
001-61142_a11_em161
DEM
QUASI
have children
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e62
001-61142_a11_em162
DEM
QUASI
man
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e63
001-61142_a11_em163
DEM
QUASI
woman
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e72
001-61142_a11_em164
DATETIME
QUASI
25 October 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e73
001-61142_a11_em165
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Constitutional Court
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e43
001-61142_a11_em166
DEM
QUASI
transsexuals
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e3
001-61142_a11_em167
DEM
NO_MASK
German
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e19
001-61142_a11_em168
MISC
QUASI
Transsexuals Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e19
001-61142_a11_em169
MISC
QUASI
Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e74
001-61142_a11_em170
DATETIME
QUASI
10 September 1980
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-61142_a11_e75
001-61142_a11_em171
MISC
QUASI
Federal Gazette I
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e76
001-61142_a11_em172
PERSON
NO_MASK
p.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e77
001-61142_a11_em173
DATETIME
QUASI
11 October 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e73
001-61142_a11_em174
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Constitutional Court
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e78
001-61142_a11_em175
MISC
QUASI
sex
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e26
001-61142_a11_em176
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e39
001-61142_a11_em177
DEM
QUASI
his
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e19
001-61142_a11_em178
MISC
QUASI
Transsexuals Act
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e26
001-61142_a11_em179
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em180
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e26
001-61142_a11_em181
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e79
001-61142_a11_em182
MISC
QUASI
belong to the sex
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e80
001-61142_a11_em183
DATETIME
QUASI
at least three years
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em184
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e78
001-61142_a11_em185
MISC
QUASI
sex
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e81
001-61142_a11_em186
DEM
QUASI
Gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e82
001-61142_a11_em187
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1989
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e3
001-61142_a11_em188
DEM
NO_MASK
German
SEX
correct
001-61142_a11_e83
001-61142_a11_em189
MISC
NO_MASK
Reich Insurance Code
SEX
correct
001-61142_a11_e83
001-61142_a11_em190
MISC
NO_MASK
001-61142_a11_em189
Reichsversicherungsordnung
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e84
001-61142_a11_em191
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1911
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e85
001-61142_a11_em192
DATETIME
QUASI
20 December 1988
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e46
001-61142_a11_em193
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Social Court
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e86
001-61142_a11_em194
DATETIME
QUASI
6 August 1987
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e87
001-61142_a11_em195
MISC
QUASI
BSGE 62
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em196
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e26
001-61142_a11_em197
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em198
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e88
001-61142_a11_em199
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1908
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e39
001-61142_a11_em200
DEM
QUASI
his
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e89
001-61142_a11_em201
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court of Justice
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e90
001-61142_a11_em202
DATETIME
QUASI
11 April 1994
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e91
001-61142_a11_em203
MISC
QUASI
Versicherungsrecht 1995
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em204
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e19
001-61142_a11_em205
MISC
QUASI
Transsexuals Act
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e92
001-61142_a11_em206
DATETIME
QUASI
30 April 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-61142_a11_e93
001-61142_a11_em207
MISC
QUASI
P. v. S.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e94
001-61142_a11_em208
ORG
QUASI
Cornwall County Council
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e95
001-61142_a11_em209
MISC
QUASI
C-13/94, Rec.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e96
001-61142_a11_em210
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1996
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e76
001-61142_a11_em211
PERSON
NO_MASK
p.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e97
001-61142_a11_em212
ORG
NO_MASK
European Court of Justice
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em213
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e78
001-61142_a11_em214
MISC
QUASI
sex
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e98
001-61142_a11_em215
DATETIME
QUASI
9 February 1976
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e26
001-61142_a11_em216
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em217
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e99
001-61142_a11_em218
ORG
NO_MASK
United Kingdom Government
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e100
001-61142_a11_em219
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e100
001-61142_a11_em220
PERSON
NO_MASK
P.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e63
001-61142_a11_em221
DEM
QUASI
woman
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e101
001-61142_a11_em222
MISC
QUASI
undergone an operation
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e62
001-61142_a11_em223
DEM
QUASI
man
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e41
001-61142_a11_em224
DEM
QUASI
he
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em225
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e41
001-61142_a11_em226
DEM
QUASI
he
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e78
001-61142_a11_em227
MISC
QUASI
sex
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e41
001-61142_a11_em228
DEM
QUASI
he
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em229
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e41
001-61142_a11_em230
DEM
QUASI
he
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e102
001-61142_a11_em231
DATETIME
QUASI
17 February 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-61142_a11_e103
001-61142_a11_em232
MISC
QUASI
Lisa Jacqueline Grant v. South-West Trains Ltd
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-61142_a11_e104
001-61142_a11_em233
MISC
QUASI
C-249/96, Rec.
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e105
001-61142_a11_em234
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1998
SEX
correct
001-61142_a11_e76
001-61142_a11_em235
PERSON
NO_MASK
p.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e97
001-61142_a11_em236
ORG
NO_MASK
001-61142_a11_em212
ECJ
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e78
001-61142_a11_em237
MISC
QUASI
sex
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e8
001-61142_a11_em238
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
SEX
insert
001-61142_a11_e106
001-61142_a11_em239
DEM
QUASI
sexual orientation
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e106
001-61142_a11_em240
DEM
QUASI
sexual orientation
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e107
001-61142_a11_em241
ORG
NO_MASK
European Communities
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e108
001-61142_a11_em242
DATETIME
QUASI
2 October 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e109
001-61142_a11_em243
LOC
NO_MASK
Amsterdam
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e110
001-61142_a11_em244
ORG
NO_MASK
Council
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e111
001-61142_a11_em245
ORG
NO_MASK
European Parliament
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e106
001-61142_a11_em246
DEM
QUASI
sexual orientation
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-61142_a11_e97
001-61142_a11_em247
ORG
NO_MASK
ECJ
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e78
001-61142_a11_em248
MISC
QUASI
sex
SEX
check
001-61142_a11_e78
001-61142_a11_em249
MISC
QUASI
sex
Carola van Kück
DEU
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Carola van Kück