PROCEDURE

The case originated in an application (no. 34720/97) against the Republic of Ireland lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Irish nationals, Mr Anthony Heaney and Mr William McGuinness (“the applicants”), on 17 January 1997.

The applicants, who had been granted legal aid, were represented by Mr D. Robinson, a lawyer practising in Dublin. The Irish Government (“the Government”) were represented successively by their Agents, Ms E. Kilcullen, Mr R. Siev and Mr A. Connolly, all of the Department of Foreign Affairs.

The applicants alleged that section 52 of the Offences against the State Act 1939 constituted a violation of the rights guaranteed by Articles 6, 8 and 10 of the Convention.

On 1 July 1998 the Commission decided to communicate to the Government the applicants' complaints under Articles 6 and 10 of the Convention. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11).

5. The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court

(Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. Mr J. Hedigan, the judge elected in respect of Ireland, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Ms N. Vajić, the judge elected in respect of Croatia, to sit in his place (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). 6. By a decision of 21 September 1999, the Court declared the application admissible [Note by the Registry. The Court's decision is obtainable from the Registry.]. 7. The applicants and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). The Court decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 § 2 in fine) and the parties replied in writing to each other's observations on the merits.

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

At approximately 4.10 a.m. on 23 October 1990 a large explosion occurred at a British Army/Royal Ulster Constabulary checkpoint in County Derry. Five British soldiers and one civilian were killed and a number of other British army personnel were seriously injured.

Approximately an hour and a half later, Irish police officers on surveillance duty noted a light in a house approximately four miles from the scene of the explosion. At approximately 6.05 a.m. on 24 October 1990 a warrant was obtained to search the house. At or around 7 a.m. that morning the police entered the house and found an assortment of gloves (rubber and knitted), balaclavas, caps and other clothing. The seven men in the house, including the owner and the applicants, were arrested and detained by the police under section 30 of the Offences against the State Act 1939 (“the 1939 Act”). As later noted by the High Court (see paragraph 15 below), it was suspected that the bombing had been carried out by the Irish Republican Army (an unlawful paramilitary organisation known as the IRA) and the applicants were, in turn, suspected by the police of membership of that organisation and of involvement in the bombing.

Both applicants were cautioned by police officers in the usual terms, namely that they were not required to say anything unless they wished to do so and they were also informed that anything they did say would be taken down in writing and might be given in evidence against them. Mr Heaney was then questioned about the bombing and about his presence in the house where he was arrested. He refused to answer the questions put to him. Police officers then read section 52 of the 1939 Act to him and he was requested pursuant to that section to give a full account of his movements and actions between 6 p.m. on 23 October and 6.55 a.m. on 24 October 1990. He refused to answer any questions. Mr McGuinness was also questioned about the explosion and about his presence in the house where he was arrested. He refused to answer those questions. He was then requested to account for his movements between 1 a.m. and 7.15 a.m. on 24 October 1990. He refused to answer. Police officers then read section 52 of the 1939 Act to him and he was handed a copy of the section and asked to read it. He continued not to answer questions put to him.

On 25 October 1990 both applicants were brought to the Special Criminal Court in Dublin and charged with the offence of membership of an unlawful organisation (contrary to section 21 of the 1939 Act) and of failing to account for their movements (contrary to section 52 of the 1939 Act).

On 19 April 1991 the applicants' trial in the Special Criminal Court took place. On 26 June 1991 the applicants were acquitted of the charge of membership of an unlawful organisation but each was convicted of failing to provide an account of their movements during a specified period contrary to section 52 of the 1939 Act. The court rejected their arguments that section 52 must be read as including a right to refuse to provide such information on reasonable grounds and about the confusion caused by police officers giving the usual caution about the right to remain silent and then making a request for information under section 52 of the 1939 Act. Both applicants were sentenced to six months' imprisonment. Their sentences commenced on 26 June 1991. They were released on 10 November 1991.

The applicants then appealed against their conviction and sentence under section 52 to the Court of Criminal Appeal. As regards their conviction, they submitted that the Special Criminal Court had erred in finding that the applicants were not confused as a result of the caution about their right to remain silent and the conflicting request for information under section 52 by the same officers. They argued that section 52 should have been read as including the possibility of a refusal to give information based on reasonable excuse. As to their sentence, they argued that the confusion caused by the caution and request for information should have been a mitigating factor; that there was no evidence that they warranted the maximum sentence; and that the court failed to take into account the time the applicants had spent in custody prior to their trial.

On 3 May 1992 the applicants took proceedings in the High Court challenging the constitutionality of section 52 of the 1939 Act. The proceedings pending before the Court of Criminal Appeal were consequently adjourned.

By a judgment dated 24 June 1994, the High Court rejected their application. It based the applicants' right not to answer questions as regards their movements on Article 38 of the Constitution rather than on Article 40, noting that their case related to suspects in custody and not to accused persons on trial. However, it was considered that section 52 constituted a proportionate interference with the applicants' right to silence, the objective being to assist police investigations into serious crimes of a subversive nature involving the security of the State. In addition, the restrictions were not considered arbitrary or irrational. The High Court also considered that the restriction did not excessively impair the right to silence given the objective pursued by section 52 and the other legal protections applicable to persons in custody under section 30 of the 1939 Act, which protections were afforded to minimise the risk of an accused wrongfully confessing to a crime and to safeguard against the possible abuse of the powers provided by section 52 of the 1939 Act. Those protections were listed by the High Court: the requirement that a police officer must have a bona fide suspicion prior to arrest; the obligation to inform the suspect of the offences under the 1939 Act and/or of the scheduled offences of which he is suspected; the right to legal assistance when reasonably requested; the right to medical assistance; the right of access to a court; the right to remain silent and to be told of that right; the obligations to provide appropriate cautions to detainees and to abstain from cross-examining a person in detention under section 30 of the 1939 Act and from unfair and oppressive questioning of such detainees; and the conditions attaching to any extension of the length of detention under section 30 of the 1939 Act.

By a judgment dated 23 July 1996 the Supreme Court rejected the applicants' appeal, finding that section 52 of the 1939 Act was not inconsistent with the Constitution. It was noted that section 52 of the 1939 Act was silent on the use which could be made of statements provided pursuant to requests made under section 52. While the Court of Criminal Appeal had suggested in a previous case (The People (Director of Public Prosecutions) v. McGowan [1979] Irish Reports 45) that information lawfully obtained under section 52 might be later used in evidence, the Supreme Court expressly reserved its position as to whether that view was correct or not. The Supreme Court considered that the right to silence was a corollary to freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 40 of the Constitution and that the relevant assessment was to consider the proportionality of the restriction on the right to silence in view of the public order exception to Article 40 of the Constitution. It noted that the 1939 Act was aimed at actions and conduct calculated to undermine public order and the authority of the State and that the proclamation made pursuant to section 35 of the 1939 Act remained in force. As to whether section 52 restricted the right to silence more than was necessary in light of the disorder against which the State was attempting to protect the public, the court noted that an innocent person had nothing to fear from giving an account of his or her movements even though such a person may wish, nevertheless, to take a stand on grounds of principle and to assert his or her constitutional rights. However, it considered that the entitlement of citizens to take such a stand must yield to the right of the State to protect itself. The entitlement of those with something relevant to disclose concerning the commission of a crime to remain silent must be regarded as of an even lesser order. The Supreme Court concluded that the restriction in section 52 was proportionate to the State's entitlement to protect itself.

The applicants' appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal in relation to their conviction under section 52 of the 1939 Act has been adjourned generally pending the outcome of the present application.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e1
001-59097_a11_em1
CODE
DIRECT
34720/97
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-59097_a11_e2
001-59097_a11_em2
ORG
NO_MASK
Republic of Ireland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e3
001-59097_a11_em3
DEM
NO_MASK
Irish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e4
001-59097_a11_em4
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Anthony Heaney
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001-59097_a11_e5
001-59097_a11_em5
PERSON
QUASI
Mr William McGuinness
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check
001-59097_a11_e6
001-59097_a11_em6
DATETIME
QUASI
17 January 1997
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001-59097_a11_e7
001-59097_a11_em7
PERSON
QUASI
Mr D. Robinson
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001-59097_a11_e8
001-59097_a11_em8
LOC
NO_MASK
Dublin
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001-59097_a11_e9
001-59097_a11_em9
ORG
NO_MASK
Irish Government
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e10
001-59097_a11_em10
PERSON
QUASI
Ms E. Kilcullen
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check
001-59097_a11_e11
001-59097_a11_em11
PERSON
QUASI
Mr R. Siev
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check
001-59097_a11_e12
001-59097_a11_em12
PERSON
QUASI
Mr A. Connolly
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check
001-59097_a11_e13
001-59097_a11_em13
ORG
NO_MASK
Department of Foreign Affairs
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001-59097_a11_e14
001-59097_a11_em14
DATETIME
QUASI
1 July 1998
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check
001-59097_a11_e15
001-59097_a11_em15
DATETIME
QUASI
1 November 1998
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001-59097_a11_e16
001-59097_a11_em16
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J. Hedigan
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e2
001-59097_a11_em17
ORG
NO_MASK
001-59097_a11_em2
Ireland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e17
001-59097_a11_em18
PERSON
QUASI
Ms N. Vajić
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e18
001-59097_a11_em19
ORG
NO_MASK
Croatia
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e19
001-59097_a11_em20
DATETIME
QUASI
21 September 1999
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e20
001-59097_a11_em21
DATETIME
NO_MASK
approximately 4.10 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e21
001-59097_a11_em22
DATETIME
QUASI
23 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e22
001-59097_a11_em23
ORG
QUASI
British Army
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e23
001-59097_a11_em24
ORG
NO_MASK
Royal Ulster Constabulary
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e24
001-59097_a11_em25
LOC
QUASI
County Derry
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a11_e25
001-59097_a11_em26
MISC
NO_MASK
Five British soldiers and one civilian were killed
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e26
001-59097_a11_em27
DATETIME
NO_MASK
Approximately an hour and a half later
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e3
001-59097_a11_em28
DEM
NO_MASK
Irish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e27
001-59097_a11_em29
QUANTITY
QUASI
approximately four miles
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e28
001-59097_a11_em30
DATETIME
NO_MASK
approximately 6.05 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e29
001-59097_a11_em31
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e30
001-59097_a11_em32
DATETIME
NO_MASK
around 7 a.m. that morning
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e31
001-59097_a11_em33
MISC
NO_MASK
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e32
001-59097_a11_em34
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e33
001-59097_a11_em35
ORG
QUASI
Irish Republican Army
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a11_e33
001-59097_a11_em36
ORG
QUASI
001-59097_a11_em35
IRA
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e4
001-59097_a11_em37
PERSON
DIRECT
001-59097_a11_em4
Mr Heaney
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check
001-59097_a11_e34
001-59097_a11_em38
DATETIME
NO_MASK
6 p.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e35
001-59097_a11_em39
DATETIME
NO_MASK
23 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-59097_a11_e36
001-59097_a11_em40
DATETIME
NO_MASK
6.55 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-59097_a11_e29
001-59097_a11_em41
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1990
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001-59097_a11_e5
001-59097_a11_em42
PERSON
QUASI
001-59097_a11_em5
Mr McGuinness
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e37
001-59097_a11_em43
DATETIME
NO_MASK
between 1 a.m. and 7.15 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e29
001-59097_a11_em44
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1990
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001-59097_a11_e38
001-59097_a11_em45
DATETIME
QUASI
25 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e39
001-59097_a11_em46
ORG
NO_MASK
Special Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e8
001-59097_a11_em47
LOC
NO_MASK
Dublin
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e40
001-59097_a11_em48
DATETIME
QUASI
19 April 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e39
001-59097_a11_em49
ORG
NO_MASK
Special Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e41
001-59097_a11_em50
DATETIME
QUASI
26 June 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e42
001-59097_a11_em51
DATETIME
NO_MASK
six months'
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insert
001-59097_a11_e41
001-59097_a11_em52
DATETIME
QUASI
26 June 1991
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check
001-59097_a11_e43
001-59097_a11_em53
DATETIME
QUASI
10 November 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e39
001-59097_a11_em54
ORG
NO_MASK
Special Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e44
001-59097_a11_em55
DATETIME
QUASI
3 May 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e32
001-59097_a11_em56
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e45
001-59097_a11_em57
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e46
001-59097_a11_em58
DATETIME
QUASI
24 June 1994
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e32
001-59097_a11_em59
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e32
001-59097_a11_em60
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e32
001-59097_a11_em61
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e47
001-59097_a11_em62
DATETIME
QUASI
23 July 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e48
001-59097_a11_em63
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e49
001-59097_a11_em64
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1939
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e45
001-59097_a11_em65
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e50
001-59097_a11_em66
PERSON
NO_MASK
McGowan
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e51
001-59097_a11_em67
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1979
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e3
001-59097_a11_em68
DEM
NO_MASK
Irish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e48
001-59097_a11_em69
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e48
001-59097_a11_em70
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e48
001-59097_a11_em71
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a11_e45
001-59097_a11_em72
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e1
001-59097_a2_em1
CODE
QUASI
34720/97
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-59097_a2_e2
001-59097_a2_em2
ORG
NO_MASK
Republic of Ireland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e3
001-59097_a2_em3
DEM
QUASI
Irish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e4
001-59097_a2_em4
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Anthony Heaney
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check
001-59097_a2_e5
001-59097_a2_em5
PERSON
QUASI
Mr William McGuinness
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check
001-59097_a2_e6
001-59097_a2_em6
DATETIME
QUASI
17 January 1997
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001-59097_a2_e7
001-59097_a2_em7
PERSON
QUASI
Mr D. Robinson
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001-59097_a2_e8
001-59097_a2_em8
LOC
QUASI
Dublin
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e9
001-59097_a2_em9
ORG
NO_MASK
Irish Government
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e10
001-59097_a2_em10
PERSON
QUASI
Ms E. Kilcullen
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check
001-59097_a2_e11
001-59097_a2_em11
PERSON
QUASI
Mr R. Siev
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001-59097_a2_e12
001-59097_a2_em12
PERSON
QUASI
Mr A. Connolly
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e13
001-59097_a2_em13
ORG
NO_MASK
Department of Foreign Affairs
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e14
001-59097_a2_em14
MISC
QUASI
State Act 1939
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e15
001-59097_a2_em15
DATETIME
QUASI
1 July 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e16
001-59097_a2_em16
DATETIME
QUASI
1 November 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e17
001-59097_a2_em17
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J. Hedigan
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-59097_a2_e18
001-59097_a2_em18
ORG
QUASI
Ireland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-59097_a2_e19
001-59097_a2_em19
PERSON
QUASI
Ms N. Vajić
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-59097_a2_e20
001-59097_a2_em20
ORG
QUASI
Croatia
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e21
001-59097_a2_em21
DATETIME
QUASI
21 September 1999
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e22
001-59097_a2_em22
DATETIME
QUASI
approximately 4.10 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e23
001-59097_a2_em23
DATETIME
QUASI
23 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e24
001-59097_a2_em24
ORG
NO_MASK
British Army
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e25
001-59097_a2_em25
ORG
QUASI
Royal Ulster Constabulary
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e26
001-59097_a2_em26
LOC
QUASI
County Derry
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e27
001-59097_a2_em27
QUANTITY
QUASI
Five British soldiers
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e28
001-59097_a2_em28
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e29
001-59097_a2_em29
QUANTITY
QUASI
one civilian
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e28
001-59097_a2_em30
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e30
001-59097_a2_em31
DATETIME
QUASI
Approximately an hour and a half later
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-59097_a2_e3
001-59097_a2_em32
DEM
QUASI
Irish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e31
001-59097_a2_em33
QUANTITY
QUASI
approximately four miles
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-59097_a2_e32
001-59097_a2_em34
DATETIME
QUASI
approximately 6.05 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-59097_a2_e33
001-59097_a2_em35
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e34
001-59097_a2_em36
DATETIME
QUASI
around 7 a.m. that morning
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001-59097_a2_e35
001-59097_a2_em37
QUANTITY
QUASI
seven men
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e14
001-59097_a2_em38
MISC
QUASI
State Act 1939
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em39
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e37
001-59097_a2_em40
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e38
001-59097_a2_em41
ORG
QUASI
001-59097_a2_em43
Irish Republican Army
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e38
001-59097_a2_em42
ORG
QUASI
001-59097_a2_em43
Irish Republican Army (an unlawful paramilitary organisation known as the IRA)
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e38
001-59097_a2_em43
ORG
QUASI
001-59097_a2_em42
IRA
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e4
001-59097_a2_em44
PERSON
DIRECT
001-59097_a2_em4
Mr Heaney
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em45
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e39
001-59097_a2_em46
DATETIME
QUASI
6 p.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e40
001-59097_a2_em47
DATETIME
QUASI
23 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e41
001-59097_a2_em48
DATETIME
QUASI
6.55 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e33
001-59097_a2_em49
DATETIME
DIRECT
24 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e42
001-59097_a2_em50
PERSON
QUASI
Mr McGuinness
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e43
001-59097_a2_em51
DATETIME
QUASI
between 1 a.m. and 7.15 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e33
001-59097_a2_em52
DATETIME
DIRECT
24 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em53
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e44
001-59097_a2_em54
DATETIME
QUASI
25 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e45
001-59097_a2_em55
ORG
NO_MASK
Special Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e8
001-59097_a2_em56
LOC
QUASI
Dublin
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em57
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em58
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e46
001-59097_a2_em59
DATETIME
QUASI
19 April 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e45
001-59097_a2_em60
ORG
NO_MASK
Special Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e47
001-59097_a2_em61
DATETIME
QUASI
26 June 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em62
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em63
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e48
001-59097_a2_em64
DATETIME
QUASI
six months'
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e47
001-59097_a2_em65
DATETIME
QUASI
26 June 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e49
001-59097_a2_em66
DATETIME
QUASI
10 November 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e45
001-59097_a2_em67
ORG
NO_MASK
Special Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e50
001-59097_a2_em68
DATETIME
QUASI
3 May 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e37
001-59097_a2_em69
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em70
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e51
001-59097_a2_em71
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e52
001-59097_a2_em72
DATETIME
QUASI
24 June 1994
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e37
001-59097_a2_em73
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e37
001-59097_a2_em74
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em75
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em76
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e37
001-59097_a2_em77
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em78
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em79
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em80
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e53
001-59097_a2_em81
DATETIME
QUASI
23 July 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e54
001-59097_a2_em82
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em83
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em84
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e51
001-59097_a2_em85
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a2_e55
001-59097_a2_em86
MISC
NO_MASK
(The People (Director of Public Prosecutions) v. McGowan [1979] Irish Reports 45)
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e54
001-59097_a2_em87
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e54
001-59097_a2_em88
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em89
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em90
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e54
001-59097_a2_em91
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e51
001-59097_a2_em92
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a2_e36
001-59097_a2_em93
MISC
QUASI
1939 Act
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e1
001-59097_a8_em1
CODE
DIRECT
34720/97
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-59097_a8_e2
001-59097_a8_em2
ORG
NO_MASK
Republic of Ireland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e3
001-59097_a8_em3
DEM
NO_MASK
Irish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e4
001-59097_a8_em4
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Anthony Heaney
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e5
001-59097_a8_em5
PERSON
QUASI
Mr William McGuinness
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e6
001-59097_a8_em6
DATETIME
QUASI
17 January 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e7
001-59097_a8_em7
PERSON
QUASI
Mr D. Robinson
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e8
001-59097_a8_em8
LOC
NO_MASK
Dublin
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e9
001-59097_a8_em9
ORG
NO_MASK
Irish Government
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e10
001-59097_a8_em10
PERSON
QUASI
Ms E. Kilcullen
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e11
001-59097_a8_em11
PERSON
QUASI
Mr R. Siev
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e12
001-59097_a8_em12
PERSON
QUASI
Mr A. Connolly
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e13
001-59097_a8_em13
ORG
NO_MASK
Department of Foreign Affairs
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e14
001-59097_a8_em14
DATETIME
QUASI
1 July 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e15
001-59097_a8_em15
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1 November 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e16
001-59097_a8_em16
PERSON
NO_MASK
Mr J. Hedigan
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-59097_a8_e17
001-59097_a8_em17
LOC
NO_MASK
Ireland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e18
001-59097_a8_em18
PERSON
QUASI
Ms N. Vajić
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-59097_a8_e19
001-59097_a8_em19
LOC
QUASI
Croatia
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e20
001-59097_a8_em20
DATETIME
QUASI
21 September 1999
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e21
001-59097_a8_em21
DATETIME
QUASI
4.10 a.m. on 23 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e22
001-59097_a8_em22
LOC
QUASI
British Army/Royal Ulster Constabulary checkpoint in County Derry.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e23
001-59097_a8_em23
DEM
QUASI
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e23
001-59097_a8_em24
DEM
QUASI
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e3
001-59097_a8_em25
DEM
NO_MASK
Irish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e24
001-59097_a8_em26
DATETIME
QUASI
6.05 a.m. on 24 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e25
001-59097_a8_em27
DATETIME
QUASI
7 a.m.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e26
001-59097_a8_em28
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
POLITICS
check
001-59097_a8_e27
001-59097_a8_em29
ORG
QUASI
001-59097_a8_em30
Irish Republican Army
POLITICS
insert
001-59097_a8_e27
001-59097_a8_em30
ORG
QUASI
IRA
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e4
001-59097_a8_em31
PERSON
DIRECT
001-59097_a8_em4
Mr Heaney
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e28
001-59097_a8_em32
DATETIME
QUASI
6 p.m. on 23 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e29
001-59097_a8_em33
DATETIME
QUASI
6.55 a.m. on 24 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e5
001-59097_a8_em34
PERSON
QUASI
001-59097_a8_em5
Mr McGuinness
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e30
001-59097_a8_em35
DATETIME
QUASI
1 a.m. and 7.15 a.m. on 24 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e31
001-59097_a8_em36
DATETIME
QUASI
25 October 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e32
001-59097_a8_em37
ORG
NO_MASK
001-59097_a8_em39
Special Criminal Court in Dublin
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e33
001-59097_a8_em38
DATETIME
QUASI
19 April 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e32
001-59097_a8_em39
ORG
NO_MASK
Special Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e34
001-59097_a8_em40
DATETIME
QUASI
26 June 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e35
001-59097_a8_em41
DATETIME
QUASI
six months
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e34
001-59097_a8_em42
DATETIME
QUASI
26 June 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e36
001-59097_a8_em43
DATETIME
QUASI
10 November 1991
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e32
001-59097_a8_em44
ORG
NO_MASK
Special Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e37
001-59097_a8_em45
DATETIME
QUASI
3 May 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e26
001-59097_a8_em46
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e38
001-59097_a8_em47
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e39
001-59097_a8_em48
DATETIME
QUASI
24 June 1994
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e26
001-59097_a8_em49
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e26
001-59097_a8_em50
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e26
001-59097_a8_em51
ORG
NO_MASK
High Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e40
001-59097_a8_em52
DATETIME
QUASI
23 July 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e41
001-59097_a8_em53
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e38
001-59097_a8_em54
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-59097_a8_e42
001-59097_a8_em55
MISC
NO_MASK
The People (Director of Public Prosecutions) v. McGowan [1979] Irish Reports 45
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e41
001-59097_a8_em56
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e41
001-59097_a8_em57
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e41
001-59097_a8_em58
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-59097_a8_e38
001-59097_a8_em59
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Criminal Appeal
Anthony Heaney
IRL
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Anthony Heaney