PROCEDURE

The case was referred to the Court as two separate cases (Sheffield v. the United Kingdom and Horsham v. the United Kingdom) by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) on 4 March 1997, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 § 1 and Article 47 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”). The case of Sheffield v. the United Kingdom originated in an application (no. 22985/93) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Commission under Article 25 by Miss Kristina Sheffield, a British national, on 4 August 1993. The case of Horsham v. the United Kingdom originated in an application (no. 23390/94) lodged against the same Contracting State on the same date by Miss Rachel Horsham, also a British national. The Commission’s requests referred to Articles 44 and 48 and to the declaration whereby the United Kingdom recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46). The object of the requests was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the cases disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Articles 8, 12, 13 and 14 of the Convention.

In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 § 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicants stated that they wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent them (Rule 30).

On 19 March 1997 the then President of the Court, Mr R. Ryssdal, decided, under Rule 21 § 7 and in the interests of the proper administration of justice, that a single Chamber should be constituted to consider both cases simultaneously, without prejudice to the joinder of the cases at a later stage.

The Chamber to be constituted for that purpose (Rule 21 § 7) included ex officio Sir John Freeland, the elected judge of British nationality (Article 43 of the Convention), and Mr R. Bernhardt, the then Vice‑President of the Court (Rule 21 § 4 (b)). On 19 March 1997, in the presence of the Registrar, the President of the Court drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely, Mr J. De Meyer, Mr N. Valticos, Mrs E. Palm, Mr A.N. Loizou, Mr J. Makarczyk, Mr K. Jungwiert and Mr T. Pantiru (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 § 5).

As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 § 6), Mr Bernhardt, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the United Kingdom Government (“the Government”), the applicants’ lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 § 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the Government’s and the applicants’ memorials on 22 October and 24 October 1997 respectively.

On 28 May 1997 the President of the Chamber had granted Liberty, a non-governmental organisation based in London, leave to submit written observations on the case (Rule 37 § 2). These were received on 27 October 1997 and communicated to the applicants, the Agent of the Government and the Delegate of the Commission for comments. The applicants submitted their comments on Liberty’s observations by letter received at the registry on 30 January 1998.

In accordance with the President’s decision, the joint hearing of both cases took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 February 1998. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Ms S. McCrory, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr D. Pannick QC, Mr R. Singh, Barrister-at-Law, Counsel, Mr J. Talbot, Ms C. Lloyd, Ms R. Sandby-Thomas, Advisers; (b) for the Commission Mrs G.H. Thune, Delegate; (c) for the applicants Mr P. Duffy QC, Mr A. McFarlane, Barrister-at-Law, Mr T. Eicke, Barrister-at-Law, Counsel, Mr H. Brandman, Solicitor. The Court heard addresses by Mrs Thune, Mr Duffy, Mr McFarlane and Mr Pannick.

Following deliberations on 2 March 1998 the Chamber decided to relinquish jurisdiction forthwith in favour of a Grand Chamber (Rule 51 § 1).

The Grand Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court, together with the other members and the four substitutes of the original Chamber, the latter being Mr P. van Dijk, Mr V. Butkevych, Mr J. Casadevall and Mr A. Spielmann (Rule 51 § 2 (a) and (b)). On 2 March 1998 the Vice-President, in the presence of the Registrar, drew by lot the names of the eight additional judges needed to complete the Grand Chamber, namely Mr Thór Vilhjálmsson, Mr F. Matscher, Mr B. Walsh, Mr J.M. Morenilla, Mr L. Wildhaber, Mr P. Kūris, Mr E. Levits and Mr M. Voicu (Rule 51 § 2 (c)). Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha subsequently replaced Mr Walsh following the latter’s death (Rule 24 § 1 in conjunction with Rule 51 § 6). At a later stage, Mr Levits was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case and was not replaced.

Having taken note of the opinions of the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the applicants, the Grand Chamber decided on 25 April 1998 that it was not necessary to hold a further hearing following the relinquishment of jurisdiction by the original Chamber (Rule 40 in conjunction with Rule 51 § 6).

On 25 April 1998 the Grand Chamber ordered the joinder of the two cases (Rule 39 § 3 in fine).

AS TO THE FACTS

I. the circumstances of the case

A. The first applicant, Miss Sheffield

The first applicant, Miss Kristina Sheffield, is a British citizen born in 1946 and currently resident in London. At birth the applicant was registered as being of the male sex. Prior to her gender reassignment treatment (see paragraph 13 below) she was married. She has one daughter from that marriage, which is now dissolved.

In 1986 the first applicant began treatment at a gender identity clinic in London and, on a date unspecified, successfully underwent sex reassignment surgery and treatment. She changed her name by deed poll to her present name. The change of name was recorded on her passport and driving licence.

Miss Sheffield refers to the difficulties which she has encountered as a result of her decision to undergo gender reassignment surgery and her subsequent change of sex.

She states that she was informed by her consultant psychiatrist and her surgeon that she was required to obtain a divorce as a precondition to surgery being carried out. Following the divorce, the applicant’s former spouse applied to the court to have her contact with her daughter terminated. The applicant states that the judge granted the application on the basis that contact with a transsexual would not be in the child’s interests. The applicant has not seen her daughter since then, a period of some twelve years.

Although her new name has been entered on her passport and driving licence, her birth certificate and various records including social- security and police records continue to record her original name and gender. As to her passport, she maintains that if there is a need for further enquiries about the bearer, this will inevitably lead to her former name and gender being disclosed. She cites by way of example her experience when applying for a visa to the United States embassy in London.

On 7 and 16 April 1992 Miss Sheffield attended court to stand surety in the sum of 2,000 pounds for a friend. On both occasions she was required, to her great embarrassment, to disclose to the court her previous name. She has also been dissuaded from acting as an alibi witness for a friend who was tried on criminal charges in March 1994 for fear of adding an element of sensationalism to the proceedings through the disclosure to the court of her original gender as inscribed on her birth certificate.

In June 1992 Miss Sheffield was arrested for breach of firearms regulations. The charges were dropped when it was established that the pistol was a replica. Following comments of police officers indicating that they were aware that the applicant had undergone a sex-change operation, the applicant sought to discover whether these personal details were held on police computer files. She discovered that the official request for information made under the provisions of the Data Protection Act 1984 required her to state her sex and other names. She did not pursue the enquiry.

On 20 December 1992 the applicant entered into an insurance contract in respect of her car. The form which she was required to fill in as the basis of the contract required her to state her sex. Since she continues under United Kingdom law to be regarded as male she was obliged to give her sex as male. She also notes that she is obliged under the Perjury Act 1911 to disclose her former sexual identity in certain contexts under pain of criminal sanction.

The applicant maintains that her decision to undergo gender reassignment surgery has resulted in her being subjected to discrimination at work or in relation to obtaining work. She is a pilot by profession. She states that she was dismissed by her employers in 1986 as a direct consequence of her gender reassignment and has found it impossible to obtain employment in the respondent State in her chosen profession. She attributes this in large part to the legal position of transsexuals in that State.

B. The second applicant, Miss Horsham

The second applicant, Miss Rachel Horsham, is a British citizen born in 1946. She has been living in the Netherlands since 1974 and acquired Netherlands citizenship by naturalisation in September 1993. The second applicant was registered at birth as being of the male sex. She states that from an early age she began to experience difficulties in relating to herself as male and when she was twenty-one she fully understood that she was a transsexual. She left the United Kingdom in 1971 as she was concerned about the consequences of being identified as a transsexual. Thereafter she led her life abroad as a female.

From 1990, Miss Horsham received psychotherapy and hormonal treatment and finally underwent gender reassignment surgery on 21 May 1992 at the Free University Hospital, Amsterdam.

On 26 June1992, following earlier refusals, she applied to the British consulate in Amsterdam seeking a change of photograph and the inscription of her new name in her passport. She was informed that this could only be carried out in accordance with an order from the Netherlands courts. On 24 August 1992 Miss Horsham obtained an order from the Amsterdam Regional Court that she be issued a birth certificate by the Registrar of Births in The Hague recording her new name and the fact that she was of the female sex. The birth certificate was issued on 12 November 1992. In the meantime, on 11 September 1992 and on production of the court order, the British consulate issued a new passport to the applicant recording her new name and her sex as female.

On 15 November 1992 the second applicant requested that her original birth certificate in the United Kingdom be amended to record her sex as female. By letter dated 20 November 1992, the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) replied that there was no provision under United Kingdom law for any new information to be inscribed on her original birth certificate.

Miss Horsham states that she is forced to live in exile because of the legal situation in the United Kingdom. She has a male partner whom she plans to marry. She states that they would like to lead their married life in the United Kingdom but has been informed by the OPCS by letter dated 4 November 1993 that as a matter of English law, if she were to be held to be domiciled in the United Kingdom, she would be precluded from contracting a valid marriage whether that marriage “took place in the Netherlands or elsewhere”. ii. Relevant domestic law and practice

A. Names

Under English law, a person is entitled to adopt such first names or surname as he or she wishes. Such names are valid for purposes of identification and may be used in passports, driving licences, medical and insurance cards, etc. The new names are also entered on the electoral roll.

B. Marriage and definition of gender in domestic law

Under English law, marriage is defined as the voluntary union between a man and a woman. In the case of Corbett v. Corbett ([1971] Probate Reports 83), Mr Justice Ormrod ruled that sex for that purpose is to be determined by the application of chromosomal, gonadal and genital tests where these are congruent and without regard to any surgical intervention. This use of biological criteria to determine sex was approved by the Court of Appeal in R. v. Tan ([1983] Queen’s Bench Reports 1053) and given more general application, the court holding that a person born male had been correctly convicted under a statute penalising men who live on the earnings of prostitution, notwithstanding the fact that the accused had undergone gender reassignment therapy. Under section 11(b) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 any marriage where the parties are not respectively male and female is void. The test applied as to the sex of the partners to a marriage is that laid down in the above-mentioned case of Corbett v. Corbett. According to that same decision a marriage between a male-to-female transsexual and a man might also be avoided on the basis that the transsexual was incapable of consummating the marriage in the context of ordinary and complete sexual intercourse (obiter per Mr Justice Ormrod).

C. Birth certificates

Registration of births is governed by the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 (“the 1953 Act”). Section 1(1) of that Act requires that the birth of every child be registered by the Registrar of Births and Deaths for the area in which the child is born. An entry is regarded as a record of the facts at the time of birth. A birth certificate accordingly constitutes a document revealing not current identity but historical facts.

The sex of the child must be entered on the birth certificate. The criteria for determining the sex of a child at birth are not defined in the Act. The practice of the Registrar is to use exclusively the biological criteria (chromosomal, gonadal and genital) as laid down by Mr Justice Ormrod in the above-mentioned case of Corbett v. Corbett.

The 1953 Act provides for the correction by the Registrar of clerical errors or factual errors. The official position is that an amendment may only be made if the error occurred when the birth was registered. The fact that it may become evident later in a person’s life that his or her “psychological” sex is in conflict with the biological criteria is not considered to imply that the initial entry at birth was a factual error. Only in cases where the apparent and genital sex of a child was wrongly identified or where the biological criteria were not congruent can a change in the initial entry be made. It is necessary for that purpose to adduce medical evidence that the initial entry was incorrect. No error is accepted to exist in the birth entry of a person who undergoes medical and surgical treatment to enable that person to assume the role of the opposite sex.

The Government point out that the use of a birth certificate for identification purposes is discouraged by the Registrar General, and for a number of years birth certificates have contained a warning that they are not evidence of the identity of the person presenting it. However, it is a matter for individuals whether to follow this recommendation.

D. Social security, employment and pensions

A transsexual continues to be recorded for social security, national insurance and employment purposes as being of the sex recorded at birth. A male-to-female transsexual will accordingly only be entitled to a State pension at the State retirement age of 65 and not the age of 60 which is applicable to women.

E. Other relevant materials

In its judgment of 30 April 1996, in the case of P. v. S. and Cornwall County Council, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) held that discrimination arising from gender reassignment constituted discrimination on grounds of sex and accordingly Article 5 § 1 of Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion and working conditions precluded dismissal of a transsexual for a reason related to a gender reassignment. The ECJ held, rejecting the argument of the United Kingdom Government that the employer would also have dismissed P. if P. had previously been a woman and had undergone an operation to become a man, that “... Where a person is dismissed on the ground that he or she intends to undergo or has undergone gender reassignment, he or she is treated unfavourably by comparison with persons of the sex to which he or she was deemed to belong before undergoing gender reassignment. To tolerate such discrimination would be tantamount, as regards such a person, to a failure to respect the dignity and freedom to which he or she is entitled and which the Court has a duty to safeguard.” (paragraphs 21–22)

The ruling of the ECJ was applied by the Employment Appeal Tribunal in a decision handed down on 27 June 1997 (Chessington World of Adventures Ltd v. Reed [1997] 1 Industrial Law Reports).

F. Liberty’s observations

In their written observations on the legal recognition of transsexuals in comparative law (see paragraph 6 above), Liberty suggested that over the last decade there has been an unmistakably clear trend in the member States of the Council of Europe towards giving full legal recognition to gender reassignment. According to the study carried out by Liberty, the majority of member States now make provision for such recognition. For example, out of thirty-seven countries analysed, only four (including the United Kingdom) do not permit a change to be made to a person’s birth certificate in one form or another to reflect the re-assigned sex of that person. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION

Miss Sheffield applied to the Commission on 4 August 1993. She alleged that the refusal of the respondent State to give legal recognition to her status as a woman following gender reassignment surgery gave rise to violations of Articles 8, 12 and 14 of the Convention and that she had no effective remedy in respect of her complaints, in breach of Article 13. She also complained that she was coerced by underhand methods into divorcing and is prevented from having contact with her daughter. The Commission declared the application (no. 22985/93) admissible on 19 January 1996 with the exception of her complaint regarding her divorce and contact with her daughter which had been declared inadmissible on 4 September 1995 for failure to comply with the six-month time-limit under the Convention. In its report of 21 January 1997 (Article 31), it expressed the opinion that there had been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention (fifteen votes to one); that the applicant’s complaint under Article 12 of the Convention did not give rise to any separate issue (nine votes to seven); that the applicant’s complaint under Article 14 of the Convention did not give rise to any separate issue (unanimously); and that there had been no violation of Article 13 of the Convention (unanimously).

In her application to the Commission lodged on 4 August 1993, Miss Horsham alleged that the refusal of the respondent State to give legal recognition to her status as a woman following gender reassignment surgery gave rise to violations of Articles 3, 8, 12, 13 and 14 of the Convention as well as of Article 3 of Protocol No. 4 in relation to alleged constructive expulsion from the respondent State. The Commission declared the application (no. 23390/94) admissible on 19 January 1996 with the exception of her complaints under Article 3 of the Convention and Article 3 of Protocol No. 4 which had been declared inadmissible on 4 September 1995. In its report of 21 January 1997 (Article 31), it expressed the opinion that there had been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention (fifteen votes to one); that her complaint under Article 12 of the Convention did not give rise to any separate issue (ten votes to six); that the applicant’s complaint under Article 14 of the Convention did not give rise to any separate issue (unanimously); and that there had been no violation of Article 13 of the Convention (unanimously).

The full text of the Commission’s opinions in the two cases and of the dissenting opinions contained in the reports is reproduced as an annex to this judgment. FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT

The applicants in their joint memorial requested the Court to decide and declare that the facts of the case disclose a breach of their rights under Article 8 of the Convention and/or Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8, and to award them just satisfaction under Article 50. The Government requested the Court in their memorial to decide and declare that the facts disclose no breach of the applicants’ rights.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e1
001-58212_a8_em1
MISC
QUASI
Sheffield v. the United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e2
001-58212_a8_em2
MISC
QUASI
Horsham v. the United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e3
001-58212_a8_em3
DATETIME
QUASI
4 March 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e4
001-58212_a8_em4
DATETIME
NO_MASK
three-month
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e1
001-58212_a8_em5
MISC
QUASI
Sheffield v. the United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e5
001-58212_a8_em6
CODE
DIRECT
22985/93
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e6
001-58212_a8_em7
ORG
NO_MASK
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e7
001-58212_a8_em8
PERSON
DIRECT
Miss Kristina Sheffield
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e8
001-58212_a8_em9
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e9
001-58212_a8_em10
DATETIME
QUASI
4 August 1993
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e2
001-58212_a8_em11
MISC
QUASI
Horsham v. the United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e10
001-58212_a8_em12
CODE
QUASI
23390/94
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e11
001-58212_a8_em13
PERSON
QUASI
Miss Rachel Horsham
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e8
001-58212_a8_em14
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e12
001-58212_a8_em15
ORG
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e13
001-58212_a8_em16
DATETIME
QUASI
19 March 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e14
001-58212_a8_em17
PERSON
QUASI
Mr R. Ryssdal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e15
001-58212_a8_em18
PERSON
NO_MASK
Sir John Freeland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e8
001-58212_a8_em19
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e16
001-58212_a8_em20
PERSON
QUASI
Mr R. Bernhardt
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e13
001-58212_a8_em21
DATETIME
QUASI
19 March 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e17
001-58212_a8_em22
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J. De Meyer
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e18
001-58212_a8_em23
PERSON
QUASI
Mr N. Valticos
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e19
001-58212_a8_em24
PERSON
QUASI
Mrs E. Palm
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e20
001-58212_a8_em25
PERSON
QUASI
Mr A.N. Loizou
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e21
001-58212_a8_em26
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J. Makarczyk
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e22
001-58212_a8_em27
PERSON
QUASI
Mr K. Jungwiert
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e23
001-58212_a8_em28
PERSON
QUASI
Mr T. Pantiru
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e16
001-58212_a8_em29
PERSON
QUASI
001-58212_a8_em20
Mr Bernhardt
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e24
001-58212_a8_em30
ORG
NO_MASK
United Kingdom Government
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e25
001-58212_a8_em31
DATETIME
QUASI
22 October and 24 October 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e26
001-58212_a8_em32
DATETIME
QUASI
28 May 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e27
001-58212_a8_em33
ORG
NO_MASK
Liberty
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e28
001-58212_a8_em34
LOC
NO_MASK
London
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e29
001-58212_a8_em35
DATETIME
QUASI
27 October 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e27
001-58212_a8_em36
ORG
QUASI
Liberty
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e30
001-58212_a8_em37
DATETIME
QUASI
30 January 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e31
001-58212_a8_em38
ORG
NO_MASK
Human Rights Building, Strasbourg
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e32
001-58212_a8_em39
DATETIME
QUASI
24 February 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e33
001-58212_a8_em40
PERSON
QUASI
Ms S. McCrory
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e34
001-58212_a8_em41
ORG
NO_MASK
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e35
001-58212_a8_em42
PERSON
QUASI
Mr D. Pannick QC
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e36
001-58212_a8_em43
PERSON
QUASI
Mr R. Singh
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e37
001-58212_a8_em44
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J. Talbot
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e38
001-58212_a8_em45
PERSON
QUASI
Ms C. Lloyd
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e39
001-58212_a8_em46
PERSON
QUASI
Ms R. Sandby-Thomas
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e40
001-58212_a8_em47
PERSON
QUASI
Mrs G.H. Thune
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e41
001-58212_a8_em48
PERSON
QUASI
Mr P. Duffy QC
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e42
001-58212_a8_em49
PERSON
QUASI
Mr A. McFarlane
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e43
001-58212_a8_em50
PERSON
QUASI
Mr T. Eicke
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e44
001-58212_a8_em51
PERSON
QUASI
Mr H. Brandman
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e40
001-58212_a8_em52
PERSON
QUASI
001-58212_a8_em47
Mrs Thune
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e41
001-58212_a8_em53
PERSON
QUASI
001-58212_a8_em48
Mr Duffy
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e42
001-58212_a8_em54
PERSON
QUASI
001-58212_a8_em49
Mr McFarlane
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e35
001-58212_a8_em55
PERSON
QUASI
001-58212_a8_em42
Mr Pannick
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e45
001-58212_a8_em56
DATETIME
QUASI
2 March 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e16
001-58212_a8_em57
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Bernhardt
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e46
001-58212_a8_em58
PERSON
QUASI
Mr P. van Dijk
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e47
001-58212_a8_em59
PERSON
QUASI
Mr V. Butkevych
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e48
001-58212_a8_em60
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J. Casadevall
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e49
001-58212_a8_em61
PERSON
QUASI
Mr A. Spielmann
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e45
001-58212_a8_em62
DATETIME
QUASI
2 March 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e50
001-58212_a8_em63
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Thór Vilhjálmsson
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e51
001-58212_a8_em64
PERSON
QUASI
Mr F. Matscher
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e52
001-58212_a8_em65
PERSON
QUASI
Mr B. Walsh
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e53
001-58212_a8_em66
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J.M. Morenilla
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e54
001-58212_a8_em67
PERSON
QUASI
Mr L. Wildhaber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e55
001-58212_a8_em68
PERSON
QUASI
Mr P. Kūris
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e56
001-58212_a8_em69
PERSON
QUASI
Mr E. Levits
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e57
001-58212_a8_em70
PERSON
QUASI
Mr M. Voicu
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e58
001-58212_a8_em71
PERSON
QUASI
Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e52
001-58212_a8_em72
PERSON
QUASI
001-58212_a8_em65
Mr Walsh
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e56
001-58212_a8_em73
PERSON
QUASI
001-58212_a8_em69
Mr Levits
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e59
001-58212_a8_em74
DATETIME
QUASI
25 April 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e59
001-58212_a8_em75
DATETIME
QUASI
25 April 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e60
001-58212_a8_em76
PERSON
DIRECT
Miss Sheffield
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e7
001-58212_a8_em77
PERSON
DIRECT
Miss Kristina Sheffield
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e8
001-58212_a8_em78
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e61
001-58212_a8_em79
DATETIME
QUASI
1946
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e28
001-58212_a8_em80
LOC
NO_MASK
London
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e62
001-58212_a8_em81
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e63
001-58212_a8_em82
DATETIME
QUASI
1986
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e28
001-58212_a8_em83
LOC
NO_MASK
London
HEALTH
insert
001-58212_a8_e64
001-58212_a8_em84
DEM
QUASI
sex reassignment surgery
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e60
001-58212_a8_em85
PERSON
DIRECT
Miss Sheffield
HEALTH
insert
001-58212_a8_e65
001-58212_a8_em86
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment surgery
HEALTH
insert
001-58212_a8_e66
001-58212_a8_em87
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e67
001-58212_a8_em88
DATETIME
NO_MASK
twelve years
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e68
001-58212_a8_em89
LOC
NO_MASK
United States
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e28
001-58212_a8_em90
LOC
NO_MASK
London
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e69
001-58212_a8_em91
DATETIME
QUASI
7 and 16 April 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e60
001-58212_a8_em92
PERSON
DIRECT
Miss Sheffield
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e70
001-58212_a8_em93
QUANTITY
QUASI
2,000 pounds
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e71
001-58212_a8_em94
DATETIME
QUASI
March 1994
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e72
001-58212_a8_em95
DATETIME
QUASI
June 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e60
001-58212_a8_em96
PERSON
DIRECT
Miss Sheffield
HEALTH
insert
001-58212_a8_e73
001-58212_a8_em97
DEM
QUASI
sex-change operation
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e74
001-58212_a8_em98
DATETIME
QUASI
1984
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e75
001-58212_a8_em99
DATETIME
QUASI
20 December 1992
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e65
001-58212_a8_em100
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment surgery
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e63
001-58212_a8_em101
DATETIME
QUASI
1986
HEALTH
insert
001-58212_a8_e62
001-58212_a8_em102
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
HEALTH
insert
001-58212_a8_e76
001-58212_a8_em103
DEM
QUASI
transsexuals
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e77
001-58212_a8_em104
PERSON
QUASI
Miss Horsham
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e11
001-58212_a8_em105
PERSON
QUASI
Miss Rachel Horsham
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e8
001-58212_a8_em106
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e61
001-58212_a8_em107
DATETIME
QUASI
1946
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e78
001-58212_a8_em108
LOC
QUASI
Netherlands
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e79
001-58212_a8_em109
DATETIME
QUASI
1974
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e78
001-58212_a8_em110
LOC
QUASI
Netherlands
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e80
001-58212_a8_em111
DATETIME
QUASI
September 1993
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e81
001-58212_a8_em112
DEM
QUASI
twenty-one
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e66
001-58212_a8_em113
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e12
001-58212_a8_em114
LOC
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e82
001-58212_a8_em115
DATETIME
QUASI
1971
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e66
001-58212_a8_em116
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e83
001-58212_a8_em117
DATETIME
QUASI
1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e77
001-58212_a8_em118
PERSON
QUASI
Miss Horsham
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e65
001-58212_a8_em119
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment surgery
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e84
001-58212_a8_em120
DATETIME
QUASI
21 May 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e85
001-58212_a8_em121
ORG
QUASI
Free University Hospital
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e86
001-58212_a8_em122
LOC
QUASI
Amsterdam
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e87
001-58212_a8_em123
DATETIME
QUASI
26 June1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e8
001-58212_a8_em124
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e86
001-58212_a8_em125
LOC
QUASI
Amsterdam
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e78
001-58212_a8_em126
LOC
QUASI
Netherlands
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e88
001-58212_a8_em127
DATETIME
QUASI
24 August 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e77
001-58212_a8_em128
PERSON
QUASI
Miss Horsham
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e89
001-58212_a8_em129
ORG
QUASI
Amsterdam Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e90
001-58212_a8_em130
ORG
NO_MASK
Registrar of Births in The Hague
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e91
001-58212_a8_em131
DATETIME
QUASI
12 November 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e92
001-58212_a8_em132
DATETIME
QUASI
11 September 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e8
001-58212_a8_em133
DEM
NO_MASK
British
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e93
001-58212_a8_em134
DATETIME
QUASI
15 November 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e12
001-58212_a8_em135
LOC
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e94
001-58212_a8_em136
DATETIME
QUASI
20 November 1992
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e95
001-58212_a8_em137
ORG
NO_MASK
Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS)
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e77
001-58212_a8_em138
PERSON
QUASI
Miss Horsham
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e12
001-58212_a8_em139
LOC
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e12
001-58212_a8_em140
LOC
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e95
001-58212_a8_em141
ORG
NO_MASK
001-58212_a8_em137
OPCS
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e96
001-58212_a8_em142
DATETIME
QUASI
4 November 1993
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e12
001-58212_a8_em143
LOC
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e78
001-58212_a8_em144
LOC
QUASI
Netherlands
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e97
001-58212_a8_em145
MISC
NO_MASK
Corbett v. Corbett
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e82
001-58212_a8_em146
DATETIME
QUASI
1971
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e98
001-58212_a8_em147
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Justice Ormrod
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e99
001-58212_a8_em148
MISC
NO_MASK
R. v. Tan
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e100
001-58212_a8_em149
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1983
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e62
001-58212_a8_em150
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e97
001-58212_a8_em151
MISC
NO_MASK
Corbett v. Corbett
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e66
001-58212_a8_em152
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e66
001-58212_a8_em153
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e98
001-58212_a8_em154
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Justice Ormrod
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e101
001-58212_a8_em155
ORG
NO_MASK
Registrar of Births and Deaths
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e98
001-58212_a8_em156
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Justice Ormrod
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e97
001-58212_a8_em157
MISC
NO_MASK
Corbett v. Corbett
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e102
001-58212_a8_em158
ORG
NO_MASK
Registrar General
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e66
001-58212_a8_em159
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e103
001-58212_a8_em160
ORG
NO_MASK
social security
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e66
001-58212_a8_em161
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e104
001-58212_a8_em162
DEM
QUASI
age of 65
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e105
001-58212_a8_em163
DEM
QUASI
age of 60
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e106
001-58212_a8_em164
DATETIME
QUASI
30 April 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e107
001-58212_a8_em165
MISC
NO_MASK
P. v. S. and Cornwall County Council
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e108
001-58212_a8_em166
ORG
NO_MASK
European Court of Justice (ECJ)
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e62
001-58212_a8_em167
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e109
001-58212_a8_em168
DATETIME
QUASI
9 February 1976
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e66
001-58212_a8_em169
DEM
QUASI
transsexual
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e62
001-58212_a8_em170
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e108
001-58212_a8_em171
ORG
NO_MASK
001-58212_a8_em166
ECJ
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e24
001-58212_a8_em172
ORG
NO_MASK
United Kingdom Government
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e110
001-58212_a8_em173
PERSON
QUASI
P.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e110
001-58212_a8_em174
PERSON
QUASI
P.
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e62
001-58212_a8_em175
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e62
001-58212_a8_em176
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e108
001-58212_a8_em177
ORG
NO_MASK
ECJ
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e111
001-58212_a8_em178
ORG
NO_MASK
Employment Appeal Tribunal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e112
001-58212_a8_em179
DATETIME
NO_MASK
27 June 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-58212_a8_e113
001-58212_a8_em180
MISC
NO_MASK
Chessington World of Adventures Ltd v. Reed
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e114
001-58212_a8_em181
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1997
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e76
001-58212_a8_em182
DEM
QUASI
transsexuals
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e27
001-58212_a8_em183
ORG
QUASI
Liberty
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e115
001-58212_a8_em184
ORG
NO_MASK
Council of Europe
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e62
001-58212_a8_em185
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e27
001-58212_a8_em186
ORG
QUASI
Liberty
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e12
001-58212_a8_em187
LOC
NO_MASK
United Kingdom
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e60
001-58212_a8_em188
PERSON
DIRECT
Miss Sheffield
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e9
001-58212_a8_em189
DATETIME
QUASI
4 August 1993
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e65
001-58212_a8_em190
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment surgery
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e5
001-58212_a8_em191
CODE
DIRECT
22985/93
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e116
001-58212_a8_em192
DATETIME
QUASI
19 January 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e117
001-58212_a8_em193
DATETIME
QUASI
4 September 1995
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e118
001-58212_a8_em194
DATETIME
NO_MASK
six-month
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e119
001-58212_a8_em195
DATETIME
QUASI
21 January 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e9
001-58212_a8_em196
DATETIME
QUASI
4 August 1993
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e77
001-58212_a8_em197
PERSON
QUASI
Miss Horsham
HEALTH
check
001-58212_a8_e65
001-58212_a8_em198
DEM
QUASI
gender reassignment surgery
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e10
001-58212_a8_em199
CODE
QUASI
23390/94
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-58212_a8_e116
001-58212_a8_em200
DATETIME
QUASI
19 January 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e117
001-58212_a8_em201
DATETIME
QUASI
4 September 1995
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-58212_a8_e119
001-58212_a8_em202
DATETIME
QUASI
21 January 1997
Kristina Sheffield
GBR
GRANDCHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Kristina Sheffield