PROCEDURE

The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) on 12 April 1989 and by the Government of the Swiss Confederation (“the Government“) on 3 July 1989, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 § 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 11034/84) against Switzerland lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a national of that State, Mr Franz Weber, on 15 May 1984. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) of the Convention and to the declaration whereby Switzerland recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government’s application referred to Articles 45, 47 and 48 (art. 45, art. 47, art. 48). The object of the request and of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 § 1 and Article 10 (art. 6-1, art. 10).

In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 § 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rule 30).

The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mrs D. Bindschedler-Robert, the elected judge of Swiss nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 § 3 (b)). On 29 April 1989, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other five members, namely Mr B. Walsh, Mr R. Macdonald, Mr C. Russo, Mr J. De Meyer and Mr I. Foighel (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 § 4) (art. 43).

Mr Ryssdal assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 § 5) and, through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the lawyer for the applicant on the need for a written procedure (Rule 37 § 1). In accordance with the order made in consequence on 6 July 1989, the registry received the Government’s memorial, on 13 October, and the applicant’s memorial, on the 16th. In a letter he received on 13 December 1989 the Registrar was informed by the Secretary to the Commission that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearing.

Having consulted, through the Registrar, those who would be appearing before the Court, the President directed on 6 July 1989 that the oral proceedings should open on 23 January 1990 (Rule 38).

The hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on the appointed day. The Court had held a preparatory meeting immediately beforehand. There appeared before the Court:

for the Government Mr P. Boillat, Head of the European Law and International Affairs Section, Federal Office of Justice, Agent, Mr C. Vautier, former Vaud cantonal judge, Mr J.P. Kureth, Deputy Head of the European Law and International Affairs Section, Federal Office of Justice, Counsel;

for the Commission Mr S. Trechsel, Delegate;

for the applicant Mr R. Schaller, avocat, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Boillat and Mr Vautier for the Government, by Mr Trechsel for the Commission and by Mr Schaller for the applicant, as well as their replies to its questions.

AS TO THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

Mr Franz Weber, a Swiss journalist, lives at Clarens, in the Canton of Vaud.

On 2 April 1980 the applicant and one of the associations he runs, Helvetia Nostra, lodged a complaint alleging defamation against R.M., who had written a letter published in the letters column of the newspaper L’Est vaudois under the headline “Franz Weber is fooling you“. The letter contained the following passages: “Like all your readers, no doubt, I recently found in my letter-box another of the begging letters sent out by unscrupulous people when they want to cadge money. Everyone is getting really sick of it and I think Franz Weber would do better to go and knock down the factory chimneys which crowd the skyline of Basle and protect his beloved captive seals in the zoo than to pester us with his initiatives, which he lives on at our expense - in case you didn’t know. If Mr Weber had the courage to show us his tax returns, you would be amazed. But the list of municipal taxpayers is not published and it is easy to hide behind that sort of censorship and live by devious means, sponging off decent people who still believe that these drop-outs have their uses and in so doing demonstrate their distrust of the whole country’s democratically - and how democratically! - elected authorities. May everyone have the courage to tell Helvetia Nostra (there’s a fine name to fleece you with!) that we have had enough of playing into the hands of people who sponge off us and whose behaviour borders on the criminal. ...“

Interviewed by the investigating judge (juge informateur) of the Vevey-Lavaux district, R.M. acknowledged the virulence of these accusations and attributed it to a nervous breakdown he had suffered at the time. Mr Weber refused all conciliation. In order to establish the truth of his allegations, R.M. then requested Mr Weber to produce a number of documents relating to his and his associations’ financial position.

On 4 November 1980 the investigating judge ordered disclosure of the Helvetia Nostra association’s and the Franz Weber Foundation’s articles and their accounts for the previous two financial years. On 22 January 1981, having still not received them, he ordered their sequestration, but on 13 April 1981 he had to renew the order, as the applicant had not complied. In May 1981 Mr Weber forwarded Helvetia Nostra’s accounts in a sealed envelope but not those of the Foundation. Two subsequent sequestration orders were not executed.

The applicant was dissatisfied with the way in which the investigating judge was proceeding and on 1 March 1982 he lodged a criminal complaint alleging misuse of official authority and coercion, but the investigating judge of the Canton of Vaud refused to take any action, whereupon Mr Weber challenged the Cantonal Court en bloc.

R.M. was charged with defamation (Article 173 of the Criminal Code) and on 1 March 1982 was committed for trial at the Vevey district police court. He appealed against the order committing him for trial, but the Indictment Division (tribunal d’accusation) dismissed the appeal on 25 May 1982.

On 2 March 1982 at a press conference in Lausanne the applicant informed the public that defamation proceedings had been taken against R.M., that orders had been made for the production and then for the sequestration of the associations’ accounts and that these had been handed over under seal. He also stated that he had lodged a challenge and a complaint against the investigating judge. Mr Weber had already divulged the first three items of information at a press conference in Berne on 11 May 1981, during which he denounced “the plot hatched against him by the Vaud authorities in order to intimidate him“.

A. The proceedings before the President of the Criminal Cassation Division of the Vaud Cantonal Court

On 3 March 1982 the daily newspapers Gazette de Lausanne, 24 heures and Tribune/Le Matin reported what the applicant had said.

Under Article 185 § 3 of the Vaud Code of Criminal Procedure, the President of the Criminal Cassation Division of the Vaud Cantonal Court commenced of his own motion a summary investigation for breach of the confidentiality of a judicial investigation. In a letter of 10 March 1982 he ordered Mr Weber to provide information within ten days about what exactly he said on 2 March 1982. The applicant replied on 22 March 1982. He denied having given any “information about the investigation proceedings“ and relied on Articles 6 and 10 (art. 6, art. 10) of the Convention.

On 27 April 1982 the President of the Cassation Division imposed a fine of 300 Swiss francs on him, together with a probationary period of a year for the purposes of deletion of the fine from the cantonal register. He based his decision on the following grounds: “II. 1. Mr Weber relied on Article 6 (art. 6) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and impugned the procedure provided for in Article 185 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP), which is the same as the one provided for in Articles 384 § 2, 386 § 2 and 336 CCP. This complaint is irrelevant, as Article 6 (art. 6) ECHR does not apply to the summary investigation proceedings provided for in respect of these breaches of procedure under cantonal law, reserved by Article 335 § 1, second sub-paragraph, of the Criminal Code (CC), because it is not a question of a ‘criminal charge’. ... Mr Weber also submitted that he did not disclose any confidential matters on 2 March 1982, since the matters in question had already become public knowledge as a result of his press conference of 11 May 1981. Since no judicial investigation was commenced following the press conference of 11 May 1981 and as Mr Weber did not have any occasion to avail himself of his right to a hearing, there is no need to deal with it in the present proceedings. Furthermore, criminal proceedings will shortly be time-barred (s. 12 of the Vaud Criminal Justice Act, s. 4 of the Minor Offences Act, s. 109 CC). It is true that as a result of the press conference of 11 May 1981 the matters dealt with at the press conference of 2 March 1982 were public knowledge, but that is of no importance as breaching the confidentiality of an investigation means ‘disclosing’ a matter which ought to be kept confidential. It is therefore of little importance that the matter which was to be kept confidential was known to a limited or indefinite number of people because confidentiality had already been breached by a third party or by the same person. The actus reus of the offence punishable under Article 185 CC is therefore made out. This offence is punishable even if it has been committed inadvertently (s. 4 of the Vaud Criminal Justice Act, s. 6 of the Minor Offences Act). In the instant case it is plain that Mr Weber acted deliberately.

By disclosing that he had challenged the investigating judge, Mr Weber revealed that there was an investigation, but it may be doubted whether that was ‘information about the investigation’.

Disclosing that a criminal complaint has been lodged - which may amount to a different offence - is not caught by Article 185 CC, more particularly where it has been decided to take no action on the complaint.

Mr Weber himself admits that the breach of the confidentiality of the investigation was intentional. His submission based on a kind of necessity is devoid of merit since it was open to him to appeal to the Indictment Division against the orders for the sequestration of the Franz Weber Foundation’s and the Helvetia Nostra association’s accounts, as he in fact did two days later. ...“

B. The proceedings in the Criminal Cassation Division of the Vaud Cantonal Court

On 15 October 1982 an appeal that Mr Weber brought against this decision was unanimously dismissed by the Criminal Cassation Division sitting in private (under Article 431 §§ 2 and 3 of the Vaud Code of Criminal Procedure), on the following grounds: “... In the instant case the disclosure that criminal complaints had been lodged - on 2 April 1980 against [R.M.] and on 1 March 1982 against the investigating judge - is not information about an investigation except in so far as it implies - and discloses - that an investigation has been commenced ..., but it may indeed amount to an offence (defamation, calumny, on the part of the complainant). Article 185 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) is therefore not applicable to the disclosure that the first complaint had been lodged, because this was punishable as defamation, or to the disclosure that the second complaint had been lodged, because no investigation was commenced. The decision is therefore well-founded on that point. The disclosure of the challenge is not information about an investigation. The challenge is not the purpose of the investigation, and the disclosure that such a challenge has been made says nothing about the purpose of the investigation, its content or its results. It remains true, on the other hand, that the existence of such an investigation is disclosed; but such a disclosure is not punishable under Article 185 CCP, since it was punishable as defamation. The disclosure of the orders for production and sequestration of the accounts in the file does amount to information about an investigation. It remains to be considered whether one can talk of disclosure, given that the matters had already been made public at an earlier press conference. ... Article 185 CCP, which is designed also - and even primarily - to protect the public interest in ensuring that investigations take place in the best possible conditions, prohibits parties from communicating information from the file; it is therefore sufficient that the matters should be confidential in nature, without necessarily still being confidential; communication of matters of a confidential nature to someone who knows them already as a result of an earlier indiscretion is therefore a punishable offence. Furthermore, the applicant cannot rely on common knowledge when that knowledge is due to an earlier disclosure that he himself has made. The appellant was therefore rightly convicted. ...“ Finally, the Criminal Cassation Division set aside of its own motion the entry of the fine in the cantonal register. It noted that under Vaud law and notwithstanding that they were convertible into days of imprisonment (arrêts), the fines for “procedural offences“, such as breaching the confidentiality of a judicial investigation, were disciplinary in nature, since they were designed to ensure that the investigation proceeded normally. On this point cantonal law differed from federal law.

C. The proceedings in the Federal Court

Mr Weber lodged a public-law appeal with the Federal Court. He relied on Articles 10 and 6 (art. 10, art. 6) of the Convention. In his view, Article 6 (art. 6) applied because of the criminal nature of the fine, which under Article 18a of an Order of 23 January 1982 was convertible into a custodial sentence.

On 16 November 1983 the Federal Court dismissed the appeal. It noted in particular: “...

The applicant ... maintained that Article 185 of the Vaud Code of Criminal Procedure (Vaud CCP) violates in the abstract, and in the alternative in the specific case, freedom of expression as secured in federal constitutional law and in Article 10 (art. 10) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In so doing, he overlooked that it may be legitimate in the public interest to impose certain restrictions on the exercise of that fundamental right ... Article 10 § 2 (art. 10-2) in fine ECHR, moreover, provides expressly that such restrictions are permissible where they are necessary in a democratic society, in particular for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The rule enacted in Article 185 Vaud CCP clearly conforms to these principles. A weighing of the competing interests at stake leads to the same conclusions. While it may indeed be readily appreciated that the applicant had grounds for rebelling against the sometimes unorthodox course taken by the proceedings against him, it must not be forgotten that the usual remedies were open to him; and, indeed, on a number of occasions he successfully availed himself of them. His interest in expressing his views on this matter in public and the public’s interest in being informed by this means cannot outweigh the interest in ensuring that the judicial system can function as smoothly and impartially as possible. The prohibition against communicating information about an investigation until its completion and the penalties attaching to the offence are undoubtedly consistent with the proportionality principle. Consideration of whether the impugned interference was founded on sufficient reasons which rendered it necessary in a democratic society, having regard to all the public-interest aspects of the case (European Court of Human Rights, Sunday Times case, Series A no. 30, paragraphs 65-67) leads inevitably to the conclusion - particularly if the interests at stake in the Sunday Times case previously cited and in the applicant’s case are compared - that there was no violation of freedom of expression. ... In the instant case the appellant was liable to a fine not exceeding 500 francs (Article 185 § 1 Vaud CCP) and was fined 300 francs. Under Vaud law, such a penalty typically comes within the sphere of rules of conduct to be observed during proceedings. That is not decisive, however, according to the European institutions. Such rules are generally directed primarily at barristers, and in that instance their disciplinary nature is not in doubt; the parties to criminal proceedings, however, may also be subject to certain disciplinary rules. Admittedly, it has to be recognised that the measure taken against the appellant could have been based on a combination of Article 184 Vaud CCP, which lays down that judicial investigations shall be confidential, and Article 293 of the Criminal Code (CC), which provides that anyone who makes public any proceedings in a judicial investigation or deliberations by an authority which are secret by law shall be punishable with imprisonment or a fine. In that event the application of the Criminal Code would have justified an application of Article 6 § 1 (art. 6-1) ECHR. This was not the case, however, and it was on the basis of a cantonal rule of procedure that the appellant suffered a penalty whose disciplinary or criminal nature can be determined only by assessing the degree of its severity. The appellant showed, aptly enough, that such a fine was convertible into ten days’ imprisonment under Article 12 of the Vaud Order on the recovery of fines and their conversion into imprisonment. That procedure indeed leaves the authorities only a very limited discretion and at all events does not enable them to comply retrospectively with the requirements of Article 6 (art. 6) ECHR. The appellant overlooks, however, that Article 49 § 3, second sub-paragraph, of the Swiss Criminal Code (SCC) enables the judge to rule out conversion where the person convicted has proved that, through no fault of his own, he is unable to pay the fine. In view of the foregoing, the possibility of a custodial sentence could not make the penalty imposed in the instant case a criminal one. Ultimately, while the fine imposed in the instant case was not a negligible one, it nonetheless came into the category of penalties which by their nature, duration or manner of execution are deemed not to be appreciably detrimental. The possibility of conversion into a custodial sentence makes no difference, since conversion is possible only in the event of the appellant’s refusing to pay the fine out of sheer unwillingness. The safeguards provided for in Article 6 § 1 (art. 6-1) ECHR were therefore not applicable in the instant case.“ The applicant paid the fine in January 1985.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e1
001-57629_a11_em1
DATETIME
QUASI
12 April 1989
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e2
001-57629_a11_em2
ORG
NO_MASK
Government of the Swiss Confederation
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e3
001-57629_a11_em3
DATETIME
QUASI
3 July 1989
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e4
001-57629_a11_em4
DATETIME
NO_MASK
three-month
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e5
001-57629_a11_em5
CODE
DIRECT
11034/84
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e2
001-57629_a11_em6
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57629_a11_em2
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em7
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Franz Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e7
001-57629_a11_em8
DATETIME
QUASI
15 May 1984
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e2
001-57629_a11_em9
ORG
NO_MASK
Switzerland
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e8
001-57629_a11_em10
PERSON
QUASI
Mrs D. Bindschedler-Robert
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e9
001-57629_a11_em11
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e10
001-57629_a11_em12
PERSON
NO_MASK
Mr R. Ryssdal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e11
001-57629_a11_em13
DATETIME
QUASI
29 April 1989
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e12
001-57629_a11_em14
PERSON
NO_MASK
Mr B. Walsh
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e13
001-57629_a11_em15
PERSON
NO_MASK
Mr R. Macdonald
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e14
001-57629_a11_em16
PERSON
NO_MASK
Mr C. Russo
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e15
001-57629_a11_em17
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J. De Meyer
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e16
001-57629_a11_em18
PERSON
QUASI
Mr I. Foighel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e10
001-57629_a11_em19
PERSON
NO_MASK
001-57629_a11_em12
Mr Ryssdal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e17
001-57629_a11_em20
DATETIME
QUASI
6 July 1989
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e18
001-57629_a11_em21
DATETIME
NO_MASK
13 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e19
001-57629_a11_em22
DATETIME
NO_MASK
16th
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e20
001-57629_a11_em23
DATETIME
QUASI
13 December 1989
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e17
001-57629_a11_em24
DATETIME
QUASI
6 July 1989
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e21
001-57629_a11_em25
DATETIME
QUASI
23 January 1990
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e22
001-57629_a11_em26
LOC
NO_MASK
Human Rights Building, Strasbourg
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e23
001-57629_a11_em27
PERSON
QUASI
Mr P. Boillat
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e24
001-57629_a11_em28
ORG
NO_MASK
European Law and International Affairs Section
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e25
001-57629_a11_em29
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Office of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e26
001-57629_a11_em30
PERSON
QUASI
Mr C. Vautier
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em31
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e28
001-57629_a11_em32
PERSON
QUASI
Mr J.P. Kureth
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e24
001-57629_a11_em33
ORG
NO_MASK
European Law and International Affairs Section
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e25
001-57629_a11_em34
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Office of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e29
001-57629_a11_em35
PERSON
QUASI
Mr S. Trechsel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e30
001-57629_a11_em36
PERSON
QUASI
Mr R. Schaller
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e23
001-57629_a11_em37
PERSON
QUASI
001-57629_a11_em27
Mr Boillat
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e26
001-57629_a11_em38
PERSON
QUASI
001-57629_a11_em30
Mr Vautier
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e29
001-57629_a11_em39
PERSON
QUASI
001-57629_a11_em35
Mr Trechsel
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e30
001-57629_a11_em40
PERSON
QUASI
001-57629_a11_em36
Mr Schaller
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em41
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Franz Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e9
001-57629_a11_em42
DEM
NO_MASK
Swiss
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e31
001-57629_a11_em43
DEM
QUASI
journalist
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e32
001-57629_a11_em44
LOC
QUASI
Clarens
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e33
001-57629_a11_em45
LOC
QUASI
Canton of Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em46
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e34
001-57629_a11_em47
DATETIME
QUASI
2 April 1980
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e35
001-57629_a11_em48
ORG
QUASI
Helvetia Nostra
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57629_a11_e36
001-57629_a11_em49
PERSON
QUASI
R.M.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e37
001-57629_a11_em50
ORG
QUASI
L’Est vaudois
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e38
001-57629_a11_em51
MISC
QUASI
Franz Weber is fooling you
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em52
PERSON
DIRECT
001-57629_a11_em7
Franz Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e39
001-57629_a11_em53
LOC
QUASI
Basle
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em54
PERSON
DIRECT
001-57629_a11_em7
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e35
001-57629_a11_em55
ORG
QUASI
Helvetia Nostra
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e40
001-57629_a11_em56
LOC
QUASI
Vevey-Lavaux
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57629_a11_e36
001-57629_a11_em57
PERSON
NO_MASK
R.M.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em58
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e36
001-57629_a11_em59
PERSON
NO_MASK
R.M.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em60
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e41
001-57629_a11_em61
DATETIME
QUASI
4 November 1980
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e42
001-57629_a11_em62
ORG
QUASI
Helvetia Nostra association
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e43
001-57629_a11_em63
ORG
QUASI
Franz Weber Foundation
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e44
001-57629_a11_em64
DATETIME
NO_MASK
two financial years
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e45
001-57629_a11_em65
DATETIME
QUASI
22 January 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e46
001-57629_a11_em66
DATETIME
QUASI
13 April 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e47
001-57629_a11_em67
DATETIME
QUASI
May 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em68
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e35
001-57629_a11_em69
ORG
QUASI
Helvetia Nostra
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e43
001-57629_a11_em70
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57629_a11_em63
Foundation
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e48
001-57629_a11_em71
DATETIME
QUASI
1 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e33
001-57629_a11_em72
LOC
QUASI
Canton of Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em73
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em74
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e49
001-57629_a11_em75
ORG
NO_MASK
Cantonal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e36
001-57629_a11_em76
PERSON
NO_MASK
R.M.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e48
001-57629_a11_em77
DATETIME
QUASI
1 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e50
001-57629_a11_em78
ORG
NO_MASK
Indictment Division
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e50
001-57629_a11_em79
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57629_a11_em78
tribunal d’accusation
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e51
001-57629_a11_em80
DATETIME
QUASI
25 May 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e52
001-57629_a11_em81
DATETIME
QUASI
2 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e53
001-57629_a11_em82
LOC
QUASI
Lausanne
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e36
001-57629_a11_em83
PERSON
NO_MASK
R.M.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em84
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e54
001-57629_a11_em85
LOC
QUASI
Berne
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e55
001-57629_a11_em86
DATETIME
QUASI
11 May 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em87
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e56
001-57629_a11_em88
ORG
NO_MASK
Criminal Cassation Division
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e57
001-57629_a11_em89
ORG
QUASI
Vaud Cantonal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e58
001-57629_a11_em90
DATETIME
QUASI
3 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57629_a11_e59
001-57629_a11_em91
ORG
QUASI
Gazette de Lausanne
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e60
001-57629_a11_em92
ORG
QUASI
24 heures
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e61
001-57629_a11_em93
ORG
QUASI
Tribune/Le Matin
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em94
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e56
001-57629_a11_em95
ORG
NO_MASK
Criminal Cassation Division
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e57
001-57629_a11_em96
ORG
QUASI
Vaud Cantonal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e62
001-57629_a11_em97
DATETIME
QUASI
10 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em98
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e63
001-57629_a11_em99
DATETIME
NO_MASK
ten days
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e52
001-57629_a11_em100
DATETIME
QUASI
2 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e64
001-57629_a11_em101
DATETIME
QUASI
22 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e65
001-57629_a11_em102
DATETIME
QUASI
27 April 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e66
001-57629_a11_em103
ORG
NO_MASK
Cassation Division
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e67
001-57629_a11_em104
QUANTITY
QUASI
300 Swiss francs
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em105
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em106
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e52
001-57629_a11_em107
DATETIME
QUASI
2 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e55
001-57629_a11_em108
DATETIME
QUASI
11 May 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e55
001-57629_a11_em109
DATETIME
QUASI
11 May 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em110
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em111
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e55
001-57629_a11_em112
DATETIME
QUASI
11 May 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e52
001-57629_a11_em113
DATETIME
QUASI
2 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em114
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em115
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em116
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em117
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e50
001-57629_a11_em118
ORG
NO_MASK
Indictment Division
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e43
001-57629_a11_em119
ORG
QUASI
Franz Weber Foundation
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e35
001-57629_a11_em120
ORG
QUASI
Helvetia Nostra
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e68
001-57629_a11_em121
DATETIME
NO_MASK
two days later
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e56
001-57629_a11_em122
ORG
NO_MASK
Criminal Cassation Division
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e57
001-57629_a11_em123
ORG
QUASI
Vaud Cantonal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e69
001-57629_a11_em124
DATETIME
QUASI
15 October 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em125
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e56
001-57629_a11_em126
ORG
NO_MASK
Criminal Cassation Division
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em127
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e34
001-57629_a11_em128
DATETIME
QUASI
2 April 1980
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57629_a11_e36
001-57629_a11_em129
PERSON
NO_MASK
R.M.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e48
001-57629_a11_em130
DATETIME
QUASI
1 March 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e56
001-57629_a11_em131
ORG
NO_MASK
Criminal Cassation Division
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em132
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e70
001-57629_a11_em133
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e6
001-57629_a11_em134
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Weber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e70
001-57629_a11_em135
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e71
001-57629_a11_em136
DATETIME
QUASI
23 January 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e72
001-57629_a11_em137
DATETIME
QUASI
16 November 1983
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e70
001-57629_a11_em138
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em139
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em140
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e73
001-57629_a11_em141
DEM
NO_MASK
democratic
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em142
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e73
001-57629_a11_em143
DEM
NO_MASK
democratic
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e74
001-57629_a11_em144
MISC
NO_MASK
Sunday Times case
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e74
001-57629_a11_em145
MISC
NO_MASK
Sunday Times case
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e75
001-57629_a11_em146
QUANTITY
QUASI
500 francs
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em147
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e76
001-57629_a11_em148
QUANTITY
QUASI
300 francs
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em149
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em150
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57629_a11_e63
001-57629_a11_em151
DATETIME
NO_MASK
ten days
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e27
001-57629_a11_em152
LOC
QUASI
Vaud
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57629_a11_e77
001-57629_a11_em153
DATETIME
QUASI
January 1985
Franz Weber
CHE
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Franz Weber