PROCEDURE

The case originated in an application (no. 43748/98) against the Republic of Poland lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Polish national, Mr Rafał Wiensztal (“the applicant”), on 31 August 1995.

The applicant was represented by Mr Przemysław Rybiński, a lawyer practising in Gdańsk. The Polish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agents, Mr Krzysztof Drzewicki and, subsequently, by Mr Jakub Wołąsiewicz.

The applicant alleged, in particular, that his detention on remand had been unreasonably long.

The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11).

The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1

By a decision of 21 October 2004, the Court declared the application partly admissible.

On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Fourth Section (Rule 52 § 1).

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

The applicant was born in 1946 and lives in Radom.

The applicant was arrested on 24 August 1994 on suspicion of extorting protection money from an escort agency. By a decision of 26 August 1994 given by the Gdańsk Regional Prosecutor the applicant and other suspects were detained on remand. On 2 September 1994 the applicant’s lawyer appealed against the decision of 26 August 1994. His appeal was dismissed by a court on 8 September 1994.

On 24 October 1994 the Gdańsk Regional Prosecutor dismissed the applicant’s lawyer’s appeal of 19 October 1994 against the detention decision, considering that a number of witnesses had given evidence incriminating all the suspects. On 24 October 1994 the Gdańsk Regional Prosecutor ordered the applicant to undergo psychiatric observation.

On 10 November 1994 the Gdańsk Regional Court prolonged the applicant’s detention on remand until 21 January 1995, considering that the charges against the applicant were of a serious nature and that they had been supported by the evidence gathered in the proceedings. The court pointed out that the investigation had not yet been completed and that the group the applicant belonged to had brought improper pressure upon the witnesses to change their testimony.

On 21 November 1994 an expert opinion on the state of the applicant’s mental health was issued.

On 7 December 1994 the Gdańsk Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s lawyer’s appeal of 24 November 1994 against the decision of 10 November 1994 prolonging the applicant’s detention on remand. The court emphasised that there was a strong likelihood that the applicant might obstruct the proper course of the proceedings by inciting the witnesses to give false testimony. The court also stated that the applicant’s case did not disclose any of the grounds for release provided by Article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

On 17 January 1995 the Gdańsk Regional Court prolonged the applicant’s detention on remand until 31 March 1995. It found that in view of the seriousness of the offence he was charged with, the strong probability of his guilt and the danger that he (or another member of the group) would exert additional pressure on the witnesses, the applicant’s detention was warranted. The court also pointed to the necessity of taking further evidence.

On 10 February 1995 the Gdańsk Regional Prosecutor dismissed the applicant’s lawyer’s request that the preventive measure be replaced by a more lenient one, considering that the grounds on which the detention on remand had been ordered had not ceased to exist. On 9 March 1995 the Gdańsk Appellate Prosecutor dismissed the lawyer’s appeal against this decision, relying on the grounds previously invoked by the courts.

By a decision of 21 March 1995 the Gdańsk Regional Court prolonged the applicant’s detention on remand until 30 June 1995. The court was of the opinion that the applicant’s detention was justified by the strong probability of his guilt, the necessity to obtain further evidence and the risk of pressure being brought to bear on the witnesses. On 5 April 1995 the applicant’s lawyer appealed against this decision. On 12 April 1995 the Gdańsk Court of Appeal upheld it, referring to the seriousness of the offence in question and the complexity of the case. The court remarked that the negative effect of the continuing detention upon his family situation was not such as to call for his release.

On 27 June 1995 the bill of indictment was lodged with the Gdańsk Regional Court against the applicant and eleven co-accused.

The court held hearings on 9, 16 and 23 November 1995. It heard the co-accused and several witnesses.

The hearing fixed for 11 January 1996 was adjourned due to the absence of the lawyer representing one of the co-accused. On 17 January 1996 another hearing was held. The court heard four witnesses.

At the hearing of 25 January 1996 the applicant lodged an application for release. The court refused, considering that his detention was justified by the existence of strong evidence of his guilt, the nature of the charges against him and a risk of interference with witnesses in order to influence their testimony. Moreover, conditions for release referred to in Article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure were not satisfied. The hearing was then adjourned in view of the absence of the applicant’s lawyer.

On 5 March 1996 the applicant appointed a new lawyer to represent him.

On 6 March 1996 the court held a hearing and heard seven witnesses.

On 15 March 1996, in a separate set of criminal proceedings, the applicant was sentenced by the Elbląg Regional Court to two and a half years imprisonment and a fine. He served his sentence between 15 March 1996 and 11 September 1997.

The hearing scheduled for 20 March 1996 was adjourned following a request of one of the lawyers. On 22 May and on 3 June 1996 the court held hearings. At the hearing held on 18 June 1996 the court dismissed the applicant’s request for release, referring to the gravity of the charges against him and considering that his case did not disclose any of the grounds for release provided by Article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The hearing was adjourned due to the absence of one of the co-accused.

Hearings fixed for 7 and 21 August and 11 and 18 October 1996 were cancelled for various reasons, mostly because of the absence of defence lawyers. On 15 November 1996 the court held a hearing and heard four witnesses. The hearing scheduled for 22 November 1996 was adjourned because of the illness of one of the lawyers. The court dismissed the applicant’s request for release, considering that his continuing detention was necessary to ensure the proper conduct of the proceedings and that there were no grounds for releasing the applicant under Article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

On 30 December 1996 the Gdańsk Regional Court requested the Supreme Court to prolong the applicant’s detention until 30 June 1997, submitting that from 9 November 1995 until 22 November 1996 nineteen hearings had been fixed but only eight out of them had in fact been held. The adjournments had been ordered mainly due to the absence of defence counsel. The co-accused and 41 witnesses had been heard until then, nevertheless 65 witnesses remained to be examined. On 16 January 1997 the Supreme Court granted the Regional Court’s request, pointing to the complexity of the case and concluding that the delay in the proceedings could not be attributed to the Regional Court.

On 5 February 1997 the court held a hearing and heard 8 witnesses. The hearing scheduled for 5 March and 16 April 1997 were adjourned due to the absence of one of the co-accused and the illness of some lawyers. On 4 June 1997 the court held a hearing and heard seven witnesses. The court did not allow the applicant’s request for release. The hearing scheduled for 11 June 1997 was adjourned due to the absence of some of the lawyers.

On 26 June 1997 the Gdańsk Regional Court lodged a request with the Supreme Court to prolong the applicant’s detention until 31 December 1997. The court submitted that hearings had been held on 5 February 1997 and on 4 June 1997. The hearings scheduled on 19 February 1997, 5 March 1997, 16 April 1997 and 11 June 1997 had been adjourned or cancelled because of the illnesses of the accused and the defending counsel. The court had heard 15 witnesses, but 50 other witnesses were still to be examined and the continuing detention was necessary to ensure the proper conduct of the proceedings. On 13 August 1997 the Supreme Court, relying on the grounds given above, prolonged the applicant’s detention. However, the limit of the duration of the detention was set at 1 December 1997 and not at 31 December 1997 as the Regional Court had requested.

The hearing held on 11 September 1997 was adjourned due to the absence of one of the co-accused.

On 16 September 1997 the Gdańsk Regional Court refused to release the applicant, observing that he had failed to indicate any new relevant circumstances in the case.

The hearing scheduled for 25 September 1997 was adjourned as one of the co-accused was ill.

The hearing scheduled for 1 October 1997 was adjourned because of the illness of the judge rapporteur.

The hearing held on 13 October 1997 was adjourned as two of the co-accused failed to attend.

On 25 November 1997 the Gdańsk Regional Court again requested the Supreme Court to prolong the applicant’s detention on remand. On 19 December 1997 the Supreme Court granted this request and prolonged the applicant’s detention on remand until 30 April 1998. The Supreme Court observed that a number of hearings had not been held due to the absence of either the co-accused or their defence counsel. Moreover, the composition of the court had to be changed owing to the illness of the presiding judge. The case was complex and multi-layered and the charges of a serious nature. In addition, some of the accused had contributed to the overall length of the proceedings by lodging motions with the court. In these circumstances, even though the proceedings in the case had been lengthy, the Regional Court could not be held responsible for this delay.

On 30 December 1997 the court decided to issue an arrest warrant in respect of the co-accused who had kept failing to attend hearings.

The hearings fixed for 7 January and 11 February 1998 were adjourned due to the absence of one of the co-accused.

On 25 February 1998, as a result of the change in its composition, the court recommenced the examination of the case. The co-accused did not agree to continue the proceedings with new judges. The court decided to exclude two of the co-accused who would not appear at the hearings. The court adjourned the hearing due to the absence of some of the lawyers.

On 12 and 26 March the court held hearings. It heard the co-accused and 13 witnesses. On 8 April 1998 the court adjourned the hearing as the applicant’s lawyer and other co-accused did not appear.

On 30 April 1998 the applicant was released under police supervision.

On 22 October 2002 the court gave a judgment by which the applicant was convicted as charged and sentenced to three years’ imprisonment.
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e1
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CODE
DIRECT
43748/98
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correct
001-75535_a3_e2
001-75535_a3_em2
ORG
NO_MASK
Republic of Poland
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001-75535_a3_e3
001-75535_a3_em3
DEM
NO_MASK
Polish
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001-75535_a3_em4
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr Rafał Wiensztal
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DATETIME
QUASI
31 August 1995
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001-75535_a3_em6
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Przemysław Rybiński
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correct
001-75535_a3_e7
001-75535_a3_em7
LOC
QUASI
Gdańsk
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001-75535_a3_e3
001-75535_a3_em8
DEM
NO_MASK
Polish
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001-75535_a3_e8
001-75535_a3_em9
PERSON
QUASI
Mr Krzysztof Drzewicki
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PERSON
QUASI
Mr Jakub Wołąsiewicz
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001-75535_a3_e10
001-75535_a3_em11
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1 November 1998
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DATETIME
QUASI
21 October 2004
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001-75535_a3_e12
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DATETIME
NO_MASK
1 November 2004
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001-75535_a3_e13
001-75535_a3_em14
DATETIME
QUASI
1946
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001-75535_a3_em15
LOC
QUASI
Radom
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001-75535_a3_e15
001-75535_a3_em16
DATETIME
QUASI
24 August 1994
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DATETIME
QUASI
26 August 1994
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001-75535_a3_e17
001-75535_a3_em18
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Prosecutor
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001-75535_a3_em19
DATETIME
QUASI
2 September 1994
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001-75535_a3_em20
DATETIME
QUASI
26 August 1994
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DATETIME
QUASI
8 September 1994
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001-75535_a3_em22
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1994
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001-75535_a3_e17
001-75535_a3_em23
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Prosecutor
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001-75535_a3_e21
001-75535_a3_em24
DATETIME
QUASI
19 October 1994
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001-75535_a3_e20
001-75535_a3_em25
DATETIME
QUASI
24 October 1994
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001-75535_a3_e17
001-75535_a3_em26
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Prosecutor
HEALTH
insert
001-75535_a3_e22
001-75535_a3_em27
MISC
NO_MASK
undergo psychiatric observation
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001-75535_a3_e23
001-75535_a3_em28
DATETIME
QUASI
10 November 1994
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001-75535_a3_em29
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Court
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001-75535_a3_e25
001-75535_a3_em30
DATETIME
QUASI
21 January 1995
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001-75535_a3_em31
DATETIME
QUASI
21 November 1994
HEALTH
insert
001-75535_a3_e27
001-75535_a3_em32
MISC
NO_MASK
the state of the applicant’s mental health
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check
001-75535_a3_e28
001-75535_a3_em33
DATETIME
QUASI
7 December 1994
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001-75535_a3_e29
001-75535_a3_em34
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Court of Appeal
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correct
001-75535_a3_e30
001-75535_a3_em35
DATETIME
QUASI
24 November 1994
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001-75535_a3_e23
001-75535_a3_em36
DATETIME
QUASI
10 November 1994
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001-75535_a3_e31
001-75535_a3_em37
DATETIME
QUASI
17 January 1995
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001-75535_a3_em38
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Court
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001-75535_a3_e32
001-75535_a3_em39
DATETIME
QUASI
31 March 1995
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001-75535_a3_em40
DATETIME
QUASI
10 February 1995
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001-75535_a3_e17
001-75535_a3_em41
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Prosecutor
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001-75535_a3_e34
001-75535_a3_em42
DATETIME
QUASI
9 March 1995
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001-75535_a3_em43
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Appellate Prosecutor
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001-75535_a3_e36
001-75535_a3_em44
DATETIME
QUASI
21 March 1995
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001-75535_a3_e24
001-75535_a3_em45
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Court
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001-75535_a3_e37
001-75535_a3_em46
DATETIME
QUASI
30 June 1995
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001-75535_a3_em47
DATETIME
QUASI
5 April 1995
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001-75535_a3_e39
001-75535_a3_em48
DATETIME
QUASI
12 April 1995
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001-75535_a3_e29
001-75535_a3_em49
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Court of Appeal
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001-75535_a3_e40
001-75535_a3_em50
DATETIME
QUASI
27 June 1995
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001-75535_a3_e24
001-75535_a3_em51
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Court
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001-75535_a3_e41
001-75535_a3_em52
QUANTITY
QUASI
eleven co-accused
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001-75535_a3_e42
001-75535_a3_em53
DATETIME
QUASI
9, 16 and 23 November 1995
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001-75535_a3_e43
001-75535_a3_em54
DATETIME
QUASI
11 January 1996
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001-75535_a3_e44
001-75535_a3_em55
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
one of the co-accused
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001-75535_a3_e45
001-75535_a3_em56
DATETIME
QUASI
17 January 1996
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001-75535_a3_e46
001-75535_a3_em57
QUANTITY
QUASI
four
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001-75535_a3_e47
001-75535_a3_em58
DATETIME
QUASI
25 January 1996
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001-75535_a3_e48
001-75535_a3_em59
DATETIME
QUASI
5 March 1996
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001-75535_a3_e49
001-75535_a3_em60
DATETIME
QUASI
6 March 1996
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insert
001-75535_a3_e50
001-75535_a3_em61
QUANTITY
QUASI
seven
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check
001-75535_a3_e51
001-75535_a3_em62
DATETIME
QUASI
15 March 1996
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check
001-75535_a3_e52
001-75535_a3_em63
ORG
QUASI
Elbląg Regional Court
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001-75535_a3_e53
001-75535_a3_em64
DATETIME
QUASI
two and a half years
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001-75535_a3_e51
001-75535_a3_em65
DATETIME
QUASI
15 March 1996
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001-75535_a3_e54
001-75535_a3_em66
DATETIME
QUASI
11 September 1997
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001-75535_a3_em67
DATETIME
QUASI
20 March 1996
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001-75535_a3_e56
001-75535_a3_em68
DATETIME
QUASI
22 May
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001-75535_a3_em69
DATETIME
QUASI
3 June 1996
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001-75535_a3_e58
001-75535_a3_em70
DATETIME
QUASI
18 June 1996
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001-75535_a3_e44
001-75535_a3_em71
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
one of the co-accused
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001-75535_a3_e59
001-75535_a3_em72
DATETIME
QUASI
7 and 21 August
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001-75535_a3_e60
001-75535_a3_em73
DATETIME
QUASI
11 and 18 October 1996
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001-75535_a3_em74
DATETIME
QUASI
15 November 1996
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001-75535_a3_em75
QUANTITY
QUASI
four
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001-75535_a3_e62
001-75535_a3_em76
DATETIME
QUASI
22 November 1996
HEALTH
check
001-75535_a3_e63
001-75535_a3_em77
MISC
NO_MASK
illness
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check
001-75535_a3_e64
001-75535_a3_em78
DATETIME
QUASI
30 December 1996
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001-75535_a3_e24
001-75535_a3_em79
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Court
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001-75535_a3_e65
001-75535_a3_em80
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
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001-75535_a3_e66
001-75535_a3_em81
DATETIME
QUASI
30 June 1997
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001-75535_a3_em82
DATETIME
QUASI
9 November 1995
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001-75535_a3_e62
001-75535_a3_em83
DATETIME
QUASI
22 November 1996
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-75535_a3_e68
001-75535_a3_em84
QUANTITY
QUASI
nineteen hearings
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insert
001-75535_a3_e69
001-75535_a3_em85
QUANTITY
QUASI
eight
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001-75535_a3_e70
001-75535_a3_em86
QUANTITY
QUASI
41 witnesses
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001-75535_a3_e71
001-75535_a3_em87
QUANTITY
QUASI
65 witnesses
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001-75535_a3_e72
001-75535_a3_em88
DATETIME
QUASI
16 January 1997
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001-75535_a3_e65
001-75535_a3_em89
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
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001-75535_a3_e73
001-75535_a3_em90
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court’s
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ORG
QUASI
Regional Court
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001-75535_a3_em92
DATETIME
QUASI
5 February 1997
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001-75535_a3_e76
001-75535_a3_em93
QUANTITY
QUASI
8 witnesses
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001-75535_a3_e77
001-75535_a3_em94
DATETIME
QUASI
5 March
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DATETIME
QUASI
16 April 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e44
001-75535_a3_em96
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
one of the co-accused
HEALTH
correct
001-75535_a3_e63
001-75535_a3_em97
MISC
NO_MASK
illness
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e79
001-75535_a3_em98
DATETIME
QUASI
4 June 1997
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correct
001-75535_a3_e50
001-75535_a3_em99
QUANTITY
QUASI
seven
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check
001-75535_a3_e80
001-75535_a3_em100
DATETIME
QUASI
11 June 1997
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001-75535_a3_em101
DATETIME
QUASI
26 June 1997
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001-75535_a3_e24
001-75535_a3_em102
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Court
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001-75535_a3_e65
001-75535_a3_em103
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-75535_a3_e82
001-75535_a3_em104
DATETIME
QUASI
31 December 1997
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001-75535_a3_e75
001-75535_a3_em105
DATETIME
QUASI
5 February 1997
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001-75535_a3_e79
001-75535_a3_em106
DATETIME
QUASI
4 June 1997
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001-75535_a3_e83
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DATETIME
QUASI
19 February 1997
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DATETIME
QUASI
5 March 1997
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001-75535_a3_e78
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DATETIME
QUASI
16 April 1997
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001-75535_a3_em110
DATETIME
QUASI
11 June 1997
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insert
001-75535_a3_e85
001-75535_a3_em111
QUANTITY
QUASI
15 witnesses
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001-75535_a3_e86
001-75535_a3_em112
QUANTITY
QUASI
50
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001-75535_a3_e87
001-75535_a3_em113
DATETIME
QUASI
13 August 1997
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001-75535_a3_em114
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
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001-75535_a3_e88
001-75535_a3_em115
DATETIME
QUASI
1 December 1997
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insert
001-75535_a3_e82
001-75535_a3_em116
DATETIME
QUASI
31 December 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e54
001-75535_a3_em117
DATETIME
QUASI
11 September 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e44
001-75535_a3_em118
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
one of the co-accused
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e89
001-75535_a3_em119
DATETIME
QUASI
16 September 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e24
001-75535_a3_em120
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e90
001-75535_a3_em121
DATETIME
QUASI
25 September 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e44
001-75535_a3_em122
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
one of the co-accused
HEALTH
insert
001-75535_a3_e91
001-75535_a3_em123
MISC
NO_MASK
ill
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e92
001-75535_a3_em124
DATETIME
QUASI
1 October 1997
HEALTH
insert
001-75535_a3_e63
001-75535_a3_em125
MISC
NO_MASK
illness
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e93
001-75535_a3_em126
DATETIME
QUASI
13 October 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-75535_a3_e94
001-75535_a3_em127
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
two of the co-accused
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e95
001-75535_a3_em128
DATETIME
QUASI
25 November 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e24
001-75535_a3_em129
ORG
QUASI
Gdańsk Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e65
001-75535_a3_em130
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e96
001-75535_a3_em131
DATETIME
QUASI
19 December 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e65
001-75535_a3_em132
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e97
001-75535_a3_em133
DATETIME
QUASI
30 April 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e65
001-75535_a3_em134
ORG
NO_MASK
Supreme Court
HEALTH
check
001-75535_a3_e63
001-75535_a3_em135
MISC
NO_MASK
illness
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e74
001-75535_a3_em136
ORG
QUASI
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e98
001-75535_a3_em137
DATETIME
QUASI
30 December 1997
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e99
001-75535_a3_em138
DATETIME
QUASI
7 January
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e100
001-75535_a3_em139
DATETIME
QUASI
11 February 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-75535_a3_e44
001-75535_a3_em140
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
one of the co-accused
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e101
001-75535_a3_em141
DATETIME
QUASI
25 February 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-75535_a3_e94
001-75535_a3_em142
QUANTITY
QUASI
two of the co-accused
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e102
001-75535_a3_em143
DATETIME
QUASI
12 and 26 March
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-75535_a3_e103
001-75535_a3_em144
QUANTITY
QUASI
13 witnesses
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e104
001-75535_a3_em145
DATETIME
QUASI
8 April 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e97
001-75535_a3_em146
DATETIME
QUASI
30 April 1998
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e105
001-75535_a3_em147
DATETIME
QUASI
22 October 2002
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-75535_a3_e106
001-75535_a3_em148
DATETIME
NO_MASK
three years
Rafał Wiensztal
POL
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Rafał Wiensztal