PROCEDURE

The present case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany (“the Government“). The case originated in an application (no. 8398/78) against that State lodged with the Commission on 5 October 1978 under Article 25 (art. 25) of the Convention by a Turkish national, Mr. Lütfü Pakelli.

The Commission’s request and the Government’s application were lodged with the registry of the Court within the period of three months laid down by Articles 32 para. 1 and 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) - the former on 14 May and the latter on 24 May 1982. The request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby the Federal Republic of Germany recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); its purpose was to obtain a decision as to whether or not there had been a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c). The application invited the Court to hold that there had been no such breach.

The Chamber of seven judges to be constituted included, as ex officio members, Mr. R. Bernhardt, the elected judge of German nationality (Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention), and Mr. G. Wiarda, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b) of the Rules of Court). On 28 May 1982, the President drew by lot, in the presence of the Registrar, the names of the five other members, namely Mr. R. Ryssdal, Mr. M. Zekia, Mr. L. Liesch, Mr. E. García de Enterría and Mr. B. Walsh (Article 43 (art. 43) in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4). Subsequently, Mr. L.-E. Pettiti and Mr. J. Gersing, substitute judges, took the place of Mr. Zekia and Mr. García de Enterría, who were prevented from taking part in the consideration of the case (Rules 22 para. 1 and 24 para. 1).

Mr. Wiarda, who had assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), ascertained, through the Registrar, the views of the Agent of the Government and the Delegate of the Commission regarding the procedure to be followed. On 9 June 1982, having particular regard to their concurring statements, he concluded that there was no need for memorials to be filed. After consulting, through the Deputy Registrar, the Agent of the Government and the Delegate of the Commission, the President directed on 4 October that the oral proceedings should open on 25 November 1982. On 2 November, the Registrar, on the President’s instructions, requested the Commission and the Government to produce several documents; these were received on 5, 22 and 23 November.

The hearings were held in public at the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 25 November. Immediately before they opened, the Chamber had held a preparatory meeting; it had authorised the Agent and the advocates of the Government and the person assisting the Delegate of the Commission to use the German language (Rule 27 paras. 2 and 3). There appeared before the Court:

for the Government: Mrs. I. MAIER, Ministerialdirigentin at the Federal Ministry of Justice, Agent, Mr. P. RIESS, Ministerialrat at the Federal Ministry of Justice, Mr. W. STILLER, Regierungsdirektor at the Federal Ministry of Justice, Advisers;

for the Commission: Mr. J.A. FROWEIN, Delegate, Mr. N. WINGERTER, the applicant’s lawyer before the Commission, assisting the Delegate (Rule 29 para. 1, second sentence, of the Rules of Court). The Court heard addresses by Mrs. Maier and Mr. Riess for the Government and by Mr. Frowein and Mr. Wingerter for the Commission, as well as their replies to its questions. On 26 November, in response to a request which he had made on the instructions of the President, the Registrar received certain documents from the Commission.

On 20 December, the Commission transmitted to the Court the applicant’s claims under Article 50 (art. 50) of the Convention. In accordance with the Orders and directions of the President, the registry received the following documents on this issue:

on 20 January 1983, the comments of the Government;

on 9 and 10 February 1983, the observations of the Delegate of the Commission and, through him, the observations of the applicant.

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

Mr. Pakelli, a Turkish national born in 1937, is currently living in Turkey; he was resident in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1964 to 1976.

The applicant arrived in the Federal Republic in February 1964 and was engaged by the firm of Audi-NSU at Neckarsulm. He stayed there for two and a half years. Subsequently, he had a succession of different occupations: mechanic in another firm at Neckarsulm, manager of a restaurant, independent insurance and building-loans broker. The last-mentioned activity, which consisted of negotiating and concluding, for example, life-insurance and savings contracts with Turkish workers, provided him, as he himself stated, with a very good monthly income.

On 31 May 1972, the Heilbronn District Court (Amtsgericht) imposed on him a suspended sentence of ten months’ imprisonment for an offence against the Narcotics Act (Betaeubungsmittelgesetz). The Heilbronn Regional Court (Landgericht) dismissed the applicant’s appeal on 12 March 1973. These proceedings are not here in issue.

The criminal proceedings to which the present case relates began in 1974. Mr. Pakelli was arrested on 7 May on suspicion of having committed a further offence against the Narcotics Act; on 4 September, he was granted the assistance of an officially appointed lawyer, namely Mr. Wingerter, of Heilbronn.

The trial opened before the Heilbronn Regional Court on 7 April 1976 and continued on 8, 14, 23 and 3O April. The applicant was defended by Mr. Wingerter and, at certain moments, by Mr. Rauschenbusch, a member of the same firm. On 3O April, the court sentenced Mr. Pakelli to two years’ and three months’ imprisonment for an offence against the Narcotics Act and for tax evasion (Steuerhinterziehung): it was found to be proved that in the spring of 1972 the accused had illegally imported into Germany sixteen kilograms of cannabis resin of Turkish origin, hidden in his car.

On 3 May 1976, Mr. Wingerter filed an appeal on points of law (Revision). In his memorial of 5 August, setting out the grounds of appeal, he relied, inter alia, on Article 146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides that several accused persons may not be defended by one and the same lawyer (see paragraph 26 below). Mr. Wingerter explained that he had previously represented another person who on the occasion in question had, according to the Regional Court’s findings, been Mr. Pakelli’s accomplice. Mr. Pakelli was released on 10 August 1976 and returned to Turkey. On 22 October, the Federal public prosecutor (Generalbundesanwalt) moved that the appeal be held inadmissible on the ground that it had been filed by a defence counsel who, on his own admission, was not entitled to represent the applicant. On 19 November, Mr. Rauschenbusch applied for leave to proceed out of time (Wiedereinsetzung in den vorigen Stand) in order to lodge a fresh appeal, which appeal he in fact filed at the same moment. On 21 December 1976, the Federal Court (Bundesgerichtshof) allowed the application; it had first sought the opinion of the public prosecutor who, without giving reasons, had indicated that he was in favour of such a course. On 13 January 1977, the Regional Court granted Mr. Rauschenbusch’s request of 19 November 1976 to be appointed official defence counsel to file the memorial setting out the grounds of appeal; two weeks later it relieved Mr. Wingerter of his duties.

In his memorial of 26 January 1977, which was thirty-four pages in length, Mr. Rauschenbusch complained solely of procedural errors (Verfahrensrugen). He listed nineteen, most of which concerned decisions of the Heilbronn Regional Court refusing to appoint an expert or to summon, question or have questions put to witnesses. The last of the alleged errors related to Article 146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure: recalling that Mr. Wingerter had previously defended another person whom the Regional Court had convicted, on 21 June 1974, as an accomplice of Mr. Pakelli, Mr. Rauschenbusch maintained that this recourse to a common defence counsel had been contrary to the interests of both accused (see paragraph 26 below).

In its observations in reply (Gegenerklärung) of 14 March 1977, the public prosecutor’s office attached to the Regional Court submitted that the appeal was inadmissible. It considered that Article 146 prevented Mr. Rauschenbusch, just as it did Mr. Wingerter, from acting in the case as officially appointed lawyer. Mr. Rauschenbusch replied on 23 March. He pointed out, amongst other things, that since he had never defended Mr. Pakelli’s accomplice, Article 146 did not apply to him. On 20 April, the Federal public prosecutor invited the above-mentioned office to comment on the complaints that had been made; in his view, it was at least doubtful whether the appeal was inadmissible de plano. On 12 August, the Heilbronn public prosecutor’s office filed its supplementary observations (weitere Gegenerklaerung), dated 1 August; it sent a copy to Mr. Rauschenbusch. In accordance with the practice in such matters (Instruction no. 162 of the Instructions on Criminal Procedure and Administrative Fines Procedure - Richtlinien für das Strafverfahren und das Bussgeldverfahren), the observations reproduced for each complaint the relevant documents in the case-file, in particular the requests made by the applicant’s lawyer during the trial and the decisions taken by the Regional Court thereon. As regards Article 146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the public prosecutor’s office referred to its earlier observations, including those of 14 March.

On application by the Federal public prosecutor’s office, the Federal Court decided on 13 October 1977 to hold a hearing (Hauptverhandlung) on 29 November. Mr. Rauschenbusch and his client, who had returned to Turkey, were notified of this on 17 October.

On 24 October, Mr. Rauschenbusch applied to be officially appointed as the applicant’s lawyer for the hearing of 29 November. The President of the 1st Criminal Chamber (Strafsenat) of the Federal Court refused the application on the following day. In his view, an accused (Angeklagter) who was at liberty was not entitled to such an appointment for hearings in an appeal on a point of law; there was no legal requirement at that stage for him either to appear in person or to be represented by a lawyer (Article 350 paras. 2 and 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; see paragraph 22 below). As regards compliance with procedural rules (verfahrensrechtlich), an appeal court (Revisionsgericht) would examine the impugned decision on the basis of the written grounds of appeal; as regards any substantive complaints (bei sachlichrechtlicher Beanstandung), it would affect of its own motion a review that was not subject to any limitations. Furthermore, on this occasion neither the facts of the case nor the legal issues it raised justified the appointment requested. In the objections (Gegenvorstellungen) he raised on 7 November 1977, Mr. Rauschenbusch cited a judgment of 19 October 1977 of the Federal Constitutional Court (see paragraph 22 below), holding that, in addition to the cases provided for by law, legal aid had to be granted for hearings in appeals on a point of law in “serious“ (“schwerwiegend“) cases if the person concerned was unable to pay a lawyer of his own choosing. And, he submitted, Mr. Pakelli was in such a situation, for a final conviction would lead to his expulsion. Mr. Rauschenbusch asked the Federal Court to indicate whether he should supply particulars of the applicant’s assets in order to substantiate (glaubhaft machen) the latter’s lack of means. According to Mr. Rauschenbusch, Mr. Pakelli was obviously (offensichtlich) not in a position to pay a lawyer. He had come to the Federal Republic as a migrant worker and had returned to Turkey after spending a long (laengeren) period in Heilbronn prison. It was evident that he had no savings. Mr. Rauschenbusch requested that, if need be, the matter be referred to the Chamber for decision. On 10 November, the President of the 1st Criminal Chamber of the Federal Court confirmed his decision of 25 October refusing the application; he took the view that the above-mentioned judgment of 19 October 1977 did not concern a case that was comparable to the applicant’s.

The hearing was held on 29 November 1977, in the absence of the applicant and of Mr. Rauschenbusch. According to the minutes, the Federal Court heard the judge acting as rapporteur and then the submissions (Ausfuhrungen) of an official of the Federal public prosecutor’s office (Bundesanwaltschaft) in favour of rejecting the appeal. After deliberating in private, the court gave on the same day judgment dismissing the appeal. The judgment held firstly that the appeal was admissible: Article 146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure did not prevent Mr. Rauschenbusch from representing Mr. Pakelli before the Federal Court. On the other hand, that Article had not been complied with at first instance since Mr. Wingerter had previously defended the applicant’s accomplice. However, the Federal Court, referring to a judgment of its 3rd Criminal Chamber (see paragraph 26 below), added that an appeal on a point of law based on that Article could succeed only if the representation of several accused by one and the same lawyer proved to be really incompatible, in the circumstances of the case, with the duties of the defence. And on this occasion it had not been established that there was any conflict of interests. The Federal Court then rejected the remainder of the complaints: some were examined in detail and held to be without foundation and the others were considered more briefly and held to be manifestly ill-founded. The judgment, which was ten pages in length, was served on Mr. Rauschenbusch on 21 December 1977.

In January 1978, Mr. Wingerter lodged an appeal with the Federal Constitutional Court. Alleging a violation of Articles 1, 2, 3, 6, 20 and 103 para. 1 of the Basic Law, he repeated the submissions made by his colleague Mr. Rauschenbusch before the Federal Court on 7 November 1977 (see paragraph 16 above). He argued that it was only through a defence counsel that Mr. Pakelli could have availed himself of his right to be heard: he lived in Turkey, lacked financial resources and had an insufficient command of German. In addition, the legal issues involved were particularly complex, as was shown by the length of the memorial setting out the grounds of appeal (see paragraph 13 above) and the Federal Court’s decision to hold a hearing. Mr. Pakelli should therefore have been given the opportunity of stating his views on the submissions of the Federal public prosecutor’s office. Again, the consequences of an unfavourable judgment would have been such as to make the official appointment of a lawyer essential: for the applicant, dismissal of the appeal meant his undoing in Germany and the breakdown of his marriage and family life. Mr. Wingerter, who requested that legal aid be granted to the applicant, asked the Constitutional Court to indicate whether he should supply particulars of his client’s assets in order to substantiate (glaubhaft machen) the latter’s lack of means. In a ruling given on 10 May 1978 by a panel of three judges, the Constitutional Court decided not to hear the appeal on the ground that it did not offer sufficient prospects of success. The Constitutional Court found nothing arbitrary in the decision of the President of the 1st Criminal Chamber of the Federal Court. Moreover, the case was not “serious“, within the meaning of the above-mentioned judgment of 19 October 1977 (see paragraphs 16 above and 22 below). Finally, Mr. Pakelli could have remained in the Federal Republic of Germany and attended the hearing before the Federal Court, if need be with the assistance of an interpreter.

After his arrest on 7 May 1974, Mr. Pakelli had remained in custody until 10 August 1976, partly in detention on remand and partly to serve sentences that had been imposed on him.

II. RELEVANT LEGISLATION

1. Officially appointed lawyers

If the accused has not chosen a defence counsel, the trial court will appoint one in the following cases (listed in Article 140 para. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure):

the trial at first instance is before the Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) or the Regional Court;

the accused is charged with an indictable offence (Verbrechen);

the proceedings may result in the accused’s being prohibited from exercising a profession;

the accused is deaf or dumb;

the accused has been interned for at least three months by order or with the approval of a court and has not been released at least two weeks before the opening of the trial;

the question arises whether the accused should be detained for mental examination;

the case concerns preventive detention proceedings (Sicherungsverfahren);

a decision has been taken prohibiting the previous defence counsel from taking part in the proceedings. An appointment will also be made in other cases, either by the court of its own motion or at the accused’s request, if such a step appears necessary on account of the seriousness of the act in question, the factual or legal complexity of the case, or if it is obvious that the accused cannot conduct his own defence (Article 140 para. 2).

The official appointment of a lawyer by the trial court covers not only the proceedings before that court but also the written stage of any appeal on a point of law. If necessary, the trial court will make a special appointment for the latter stage.

An accused (Angeklagter) who is in custody does not have an enforceable right to attend hearings in an appeal on a point of law - whether before the appeal court or the Federal Court (Articles 121 and 135 of the Judicial Code - Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz) -, but he may be represented thereat by a lawyer (Article 350 para. 2). If he has not chosen a lawyer and is not brought to the hearing, the President of the court having jurisdiction will appoint one for him if he so requests (Article 350 para. 3). An accused who is at liberty may appear in person or be represented by a lawyer at the appeal hearing (Article 350 para. 2). According to the case-law of the Federal Court, defence counsel can be assigned to him only under Article 140 para. 2 (see paragraph 20 above), since Article 140 para. 1 does not apply to hearings in an appeal on a point of law (Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Strafsachen, vol. 19, pp. 258-263). Furthermore, the Federal Constitutional Court has held that defence counsel is to be appointed by the court of its own motion and at the expense of the State in serious cases (schwerwiegende Fälle) if the accused cannot pay for a lawyer of his own choosing (Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts, vol. 46, pp. 202-213).

2. Hearings in appeals on points of law

The court concerned may dispose of an appeal on a point of law without hearings in the following cases only:

where it finds the appeal inadmissible (Article 349 para. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure);

where, on a reasoned application by the public prosecutor’s office, the court considers unanimously that the appeal is manifestly ill-founded (Article 349 para. 2); and

where the court finds unanimously that an appeal filed in the interests of the accused is well-founded (Article 349 para. 4). In all other cases the court has to hold a hearing before taking its decision (Article 349 para. 5); before the Federal Court, there are hearings in only ten per cent of the appeals on points of law lodged in criminal cases. When the public prosecutor’s office applies for an appeal to be rejected as manifestly ill-founded, it has to communicate its submissions and the reasons to the appellant; the latter may file a reply within two weeks (Article 349 para. 3).

Article 350 para. 1 requires that the accused and his lawyer be informed of the date and place of the hearing; if it is not possible to contact the former, notification to the latter is sufficient.

Appeal hearings open with the rapporteur’s address; this is followed by the statements and submissions of the public prosecutor’s office, the accused and his defence counsel. The appellant is heard first and the last address to the court is always made by the accused (Article 351).

3. “Common defence counsel“ (gemeinschaftliche Verteidigung)

According to the former version of Article 146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which was in force until 31 December 1974, several accused could be represented by a single counsel if this was not contrary to the interests of the defence. As it was often difficult for courts to detect or establish such conflicts of interests, Article 146 was modified in 1974: the new text, which has been applicable since 1 January 1975, does not allow several accused to be defended by a common defence counsel. However, the Federal Court (3rd Criminal Chamber) held on 27 February and 13 October 1976 that an appeal on a point of law based on a violation of Article 146 could succeed only if recourse to a common defence counsel was in fact contrary to the interests of the defence (Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Strafsachen, vol. 26, pp. 291-298; vol. 27, pp. 22-24). The 1st Criminal Chamber followed these precedents in its judgment of 29 November 1977 in the present case (see paragraph 17 above). The Government stated that this interpretation has since been accepted by all the Criminal Chambers of the Federal Court. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION

In his application lodged with the Commission on 5 October 1978 (no. 8398/78), Mr. Pakelli claimed to be the victim of a violation of Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (c) (art. 6-1, 6-3-c) of the Convention. He alleged that he had lacked the means to pay for defence counsel of his own choosing and that the interests of justice required that a lawyer should have been appointed to represent him at the hearing before the Federal Court. He also asserted that he had not been able to return to the Federal Republic of Germany to present his own case, since he had neither a residence permit nor the necessary money to pay an interpreter. On 16 May 1980, the Commission granted Mr. Pakelli free legal aid on the basis of a declaration of means dated 9 September 1979 and confirmed by certificates from the competent authorities. On 7 May 1981, the Commission declared the application admissible in so far as it related to the rejection of the applicant’s request that a lawyer be officially appointed for the hearing before the Federal Court; it declared the other complaints inadmissible on the ground of non-exhaustion of domestic remedies (Articles 26 and 27 para. 3 (art. 26, art. 27-3) of the Convention). In its report of 12 December 1981 (Article 31), the Commission expressed the unanimous opinion that the applicant had been the victim of a violation of Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c) and, by eleven votes to one, that it was not required to determine whether there had also been breach of the right to a fair trial, within the meaning of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1). FINAL SUBMISSIONS MADE TO THE COURT BY THE GOVERNMENT

At the close of the hearings of 25 November 1982, the Government invited the Court “to hold that there has not been a violation of Article 6 paras. 3 (c) and 1 (art. 6-3-c, art. 6-1) of the Convention in the applicant’s case“.
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8398/78
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5 October 1978
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Turkish
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Mr. Lütfü Pakelli
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24 May 1982
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Mr. R. Bernhardt
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Mr. G. Wiarda
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28 May 1982
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Mr. R. Ryssdal
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Mr. L. Liesch
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Mr. E. García de Enterría
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Mr. B. Walsh
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Mr. L.-E. Pettiti
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Mr. J. Gersing
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Human Rights Building, Strasbourg
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Mr. P. RIESS
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Mr. N. WINGERTER
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NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e36
001-57554_a11_em57
DATETIME
QUASI
9 and 10 February 1983
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em58
PERSON
DIRECT
001-57554_a11_em7
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e4
001-57554_a11_em59
DEM
QUASI
Turkish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e37
001-57554_a11_em60
DATETIME
QUASI
1937
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e38
001-57554_a11_em61
LOC
QUASI
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e1
001-57554_a11_em62
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Republic of Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e39
001-57554_a11_em63
DATETIME
QUASI
1964 to 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e1
001-57554_a11_em64
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57554_a11_em2
Federal Republic
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e40
001-57554_a11_em65
DATETIME
QUASI
February 1964
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e41
001-57554_a11_em66
ORG
QUASI
Audi-NSU
ETHNIC
check
001-57554_a11_e42
001-57554_a11_em67
LOC
QUASI
Neckarsulm
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e43
001-57554_a11_em68
DATETIME
NO_MASK
two and a half years
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e44
001-57554_a11_em69
DEM
QUASI
mechanic
ETHNIC
check
001-57554_a11_e42
001-57554_a11_em70
LOC
QUASI
Neckarsulm
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e45
001-57554_a11_em71
DEM
QUASI
manager of a restaurant
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e46
001-57554_a11_em72
DEM
QUASI
independent insurance and building-loans broker
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e4
001-57554_a11_em73
DEM
QUASI
Turkish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e47
001-57554_a11_em74
DATETIME
QUASI
31 May 1972
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e48
001-57554_a11_em75
ORG
QUASI
Heilbronn District Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57554_a11_e49
001-57554_a11_em76
ORG
NO_MASK
Amtsgericht
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e50
001-57554_a11_em77
DATETIME
NO_MASK
ten months
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e51
001-57554_a11_em78
ORG
QUASI
Heilbronn Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e52
001-57554_a11_em79
ORG
NO_MASK
Landgericht
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e53
001-57554_a11_em80
DATETIME
QUASI
12 March 1973
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e54
001-57554_a11_em81
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1974
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em82
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e55
001-57554_a11_em83
DATETIME
NO_MASK
7 May
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e56
001-57554_a11_em84
DATETIME
NO_MASK
4 September
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em85
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e57
001-57554_a11_em86
LOC
QUASI
Heilbronn
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e51
001-57554_a11_em87
ORG
QUASI
Heilbronn Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e58
001-57554_a11_em88
DATETIME
QUASI
7 April 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e59
001-57554_a11_em89
DATETIME
NO_MASK
8, 14, 23 and 3O April
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em90
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em91
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e61
001-57554_a11_em92
DATETIME
NO_MASK
3O April
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em93
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e62
001-57554_a11_em94
DATETIME
NO_MASK
two years’ and three months
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57554_a11_e6
001-57554_a11_em95
DATETIME
NO_MASK
three months
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e63
001-57554_a11_em96
DATETIME
NO_MASK
spring of 1972
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e64
001-57554_a11_em97
ORG
QUASI
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e65
001-57554_a11_em98
QUANTITY
QUASI
sixteen kilograms
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e4
001-57554_a11_em99
DEM
QUASI
Turkish
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e66
001-57554_a11_em100
DATETIME
QUASI
3 May 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em101
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e67
001-57554_a11_em102
DATETIME
NO_MASK
5 August
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em103
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e68
001-57554_a11_em104
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em105
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em106
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e69
001-57554_a11_em107
DATETIME
QUASI
10 August 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57554_a11_e38
001-57554_a11_em108
LOC
QUASI
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e70
001-57554_a11_em109
DATETIME
NO_MASK
22 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e71
001-57554_a11_em110
DATETIME
NO_MASK
19 November
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em111
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e72
001-57554_a11_em112
DATETIME
QUASI
21 December 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em113
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57554_a11_em114
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em114
ORG
NO_MASK
Bundesgerichtshof
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e74
001-57554_a11_em115
DATETIME
QUASI
13 January 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e68
001-57554_a11_em116
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em117
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e75
001-57554_a11_em118
DATETIME
QUASI
19 November 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e76
001-57554_a11_em119
DATETIME
NO_MASK
two weeks later
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em120
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e77
001-57554_a11_em121
DATETIME
QUASI
26 January 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e78
001-57554_a11_em122
QUANTITY
NO_MASK
thirty-four pages
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em123
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e51
001-57554_a11_em124
ORG
QUASI
Heilbronn Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em125
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e68
001-57554_a11_em126
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e79
001-57554_a11_em127
DATETIME
QUASI
21 June 1974
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em128
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em129
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e80
001-57554_a11_em130
DATETIME
QUASI
14 March 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e68
001-57554_a11_em131
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em132
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em133
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em134
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e81
001-57554_a11_em135
DATETIME
NO_MASK
23 March
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em136
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e82
001-57554_a11_em137
DATETIME
NO_MASK
20 April
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e83
001-57554_a11_em138
DATETIME
NO_MASK
12 August
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e57
001-57554_a11_em139
LOC
QUASI
Heilbronn
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e84
001-57554_a11_em140
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1 August
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em141
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e85
001-57554_a11_em142
CODE
NO_MASK
162
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e68
001-57554_a11_em143
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e86
001-57554_a11_em144
DATETIME
NO_MASK
14 March
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em145
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e87
001-57554_a11_em146
DATETIME
QUASI
13 October 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e88
001-57554_a11_em147
DATETIME
NO_MASK
29 November
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em148
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e38
001-57554_a11_em149
LOC
QUASI
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e89
001-57554_a11_em150
DATETIME
NO_MASK
17 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e90
001-57554_a11_em151
DATETIME
NO_MASK
24 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em152
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e88
001-57554_a11_em153
DATETIME
NO_MASK
29 November
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e91
001-57554_a11_em154
ORG
NO_MASK
1st Criminal Chamber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e92
001-57554_a11_em155
ORG
NO_MASK
Strafsenat
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em156
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e93
001-57554_a11_em157
DATETIME
NO_MASK
following day
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e94
001-57554_a11_em158
DATETIME
QUASI
7 November 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em159
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e95
001-57554_a11_em160
DATETIME
QUASI
19 October 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e96
001-57554_a11_em161
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Constitutional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em162
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em163
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em164
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em165
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em166
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e1
001-57554_a11_em167
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Republic
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e97
001-57554_a11_em168
DEM
QUASI
migrant worker
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e38
001-57554_a11_em169
LOC
QUASI
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e57
001-57554_a11_em170
LOC
QUASI
Heilbronn
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em171
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e98
001-57554_a11_em172
DATETIME
NO_MASK
10 November
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e99
001-57554_a11_em173
ORG
NO_MASK
1st Criminal Chamber of the Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e100
001-57554_a11_em174
DATETIME
NO_MASK
25 October
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e95
001-57554_a11_em175
DATETIME
QUASI
19 October 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e101
001-57554_a11_em176
DATETIME
QUASI
29 November 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em177
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e102
001-57554_a11_em178
DATETIME
NO_MASK
minutes
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em179
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e103
001-57554_a11_em180
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal public prosecutor’s office
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e103
001-57554_a11_em181
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57554_a11_em180
Bundesanwaltschaft
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em182
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em183
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em184
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em185
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em186
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e104
001-57554_a11_em187
ORG
NO_MASK
3rd Criminal Chamber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em188
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em189
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e105
001-57554_a11_em190
DATETIME
QUASI
21 December 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e106
001-57554_a11_em191
DATETIME
QUASI
January 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em192
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e96
001-57554_a11_em193
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Constitutional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e60
001-57554_a11_em194
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Rauschenbusch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em195
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e94
001-57554_a11_em196
DATETIME
QUASI
7 November 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em197
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e38
001-57554_a11_em198
LOC
QUASI
Turkey
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e10
001-57554_a11_em199
DEM
NO_MASK
German
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em200
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em201
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e64
001-57554_a11_em202
LOC
NO_MASK
Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e32
001-57554_a11_em203
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Wingerter
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e107
001-57554_a11_em204
ORG
NO_MASK
Constitutional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e108
001-57554_a11_em205
DATETIME
QUASI
10 May 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e107
001-57554_a11_em206
ORG
NO_MASK
Constitutional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e107
001-57554_a11_em207
ORG
NO_MASK
Constitutional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e99
001-57554_a11_em208
ORG
NO_MASK
1st Criminal Chamber of the Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e95
001-57554_a11_em209
DATETIME
QUASI
19 October 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em210
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e1
001-57554_a11_em211
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Republic of Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em212
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e109
001-57554_a11_em213
DATETIME
QUASI
7 May 1974
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em214
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e69
001-57554_a11_em215
DATETIME
QUASI
10 August 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e68
001-57554_a11_em216
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e110
001-57554_a11_em217
DATETIME
NO_MASK
at least three months
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e111
001-57554_a11_em218
DATETIME
NO_MASK
at least two weeks
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em219
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em220
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e96
001-57554_a11_em221
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Constitutional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em222
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e112
001-57554_a11_em223
DATETIME
NO_MASK
two weeks
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e113
001-57554_a11_em224
DATETIME
QUASI
31 December 1974
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e54
001-57554_a11_em225
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1974
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e114
001-57554_a11_em226
DATETIME
QUASI
1 January 1975
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em227
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e104
001-57554_a11_em228
ORG
NO_MASK
3rd Criminal Chamber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e115
001-57554_a11_em229
DATETIME
NO_MASK
27 February
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e116
001-57554_a11_em230
DATETIME
QUASI
13 October 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e91
001-57554_a11_em231
ORG
NO_MASK
1st Criminal Chamber
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e101
001-57554_a11_em232
DATETIME
QUASI
29 November 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e1
001-57554_a11_em233
ORG
NO_MASK
Government
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em234
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e3
001-57554_a11_em235
DATETIME
QUASI
5 October 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e2
001-57554_a11_em236
CODE
DIRECT
8398/78
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em237
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em238
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e1
001-57554_a11_em239
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Republic of Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e117
001-57554_a11_em240
DATETIME
QUASI
16 May 1980
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e5
001-57554_a11_em241
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Pakelli
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e118
001-57554_a11_em242
DATETIME
QUASI
9 September 1979
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e119
001-57554_a11_em243
DATETIME
QUASI
7 May 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e73
001-57554_a11_em244
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e120
001-57554_a11_em245
DATETIME
QUASI
12 December 1981
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e121
001-57554_a11_em246
ORG
NO_MASK
GOVERNMENT
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e22
001-57554_a11_em247
DATETIME
QUASI
25 November 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57554_a11_e1
001-57554_a11_em248
ORG
NO_MASK
Government
Lütfü Pakelli
DEU
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Lütfü Pakelli