PROCEDURE

The present case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission“) and by the Government of the Republic of Austria (“the Government“) on 16 July and 21 August 1984, respectively, within the period of three months laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. The case originated in an application (no. 8658/79) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Commission on 18 June 1979 by Mr. Helmut Bönisch, a German national, under Article 25 (art. 25) of the Convention. The Commission’s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Austria recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government’s application referred to Article 48 (art. 48). Their object was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d) (art. 6-1, art. 6-3-d) of the Convention.

In response to the inquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (b) of the Rules of Court, the Agent of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany advised the Registrar, on 30 July 1984, that her Government did not intend to participate in the proceedings. The applicant, on the other hand, stated that he wished to participate in the proceedings pending before the Court and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rules 30 and 33 para. 3 (d)).

The Chamber of seven judges to be constituted included, as ex officio members, Mr. F. Matscher, the elected judge of Austrian nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr. G. Wiarda, President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 2 August 1984, the President drew by lot, in the presence of the Registrar, the names of the five other members of the Chamber, namely Mrs. D. Bindschedler-Robert, Mr. D. Evrigenis, Mr. F. Gölcüklü, Mr. E. García de Enterría and Mr. B. Walsh (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). Subsequently, Mr. Evrigenis and Mr. García de Enterría, who were prevented from taking part in the consideration of the case, were replaced by Mr. J. Cremona and Mr. R. Bernhardt, substitute judges (Rule 24 para. 1).

Having assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr. Wiarda consulted, through the Deputy Registrar, the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the lawyer for Mr. Bönisch regarding the need for a written procedure (Rule 37 para. 1). On 17 September 1984, he directed that the Agent and the lawyer should each have until 15 December 1984 to file a memorial and that the Delegate should be entitled to reply in writing within two months from the date of the transmission to him by the Registrar of whichever of the aforesaid pleadings should last be filed. The Registrar received the applicant’s memorial on 17 December and the Government’s memorial on 28 December 1984. On 3 January 1985, the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearings. On the same date, after consulting, through the Registrar, the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the lawyer for the applicant, the President directed that the oral proceedings should open on 21 January (Rule 38). He had previously granted the applicant leave to use the German language at the hearings (Rule 27 para. 3). On 17 January, the Commission transmitted to the Registrar a number of documents whose production the Registrar had requested on the instructions of the President.

Meanwhile, on 26 November 1984, the applicant had sent the Registrar a letter requesting that the President recommend the Government to suspend, until delivery of the Court’s judgment in the instant case, execution of fines imposed on him in Austria (Rule 36 and paragraph 19 below). The President thereupon contacted the Government, who replied on 17 December that they had no comments to make. On 19 December, although he took the view that recovery of the fines in question did not constitute a serious and irreparable measure, Mr. Wiarda, acting through the Registrar and without prejudice to the Court’s ultimate decision on the merits of the case, expressed the wish that the Austrian authorities should consider the possibility of suspending execution. The Permanent Representative of Austria to the Council of Europe notified the Registrar on 11 January 1985 that this wish had been brought to the attention of the responsible authorities.

The hearings were held in public at the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on the appointed day. Immediately before they opened, the Court had held a preparatory meeting. There appeared before the Court:

for the Government Mr. H. Türk, Legal Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agent, Mrs. G. Kabelka, Staatsanwältin, Federal Ministry of Justice, Mr. G. Lindner, Ministerialrat, Federal Ministry of Health and Protection of the Environment, Advisers;

for the Commission Mr. H. Schermers, Delegate;

for the applicant Mr. D. Roessler, Rechtsanwalt, Mrs. B. Thaler, Rechtsanwältin, Counsel. The Court heard addresses and replies to its questions from Mr. Türk, Mrs. Kabelka and Mr. Lindner for the Government, Mr. Schermers for the Commission and Mr. Roessler for the applicant. The various speakers also produced to the Court several documents. The applicant lodged three further documents on 19 February.

AS TO THE FACTS

I. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

The applicant, who is a citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany born in 1936, lives in Vienna. He runs a firm that specialises in meat smoking. He bought the production plant from the firm Krizmanich GmbH, which was thereafter called Bönisch GmbH, following the death of Mr. Krizmanich in 1975.

A. Background

Mr. Krizmanich had been reported under the then applicable legislation to the prosecuting authorities by the Federal Food Control Institute (Bundesanstalt für Lebensmitteluntersuchung - “the Institute“) for suspected offences resulting from the technique he used for smoking meat. In 1973, during the course of these proceedings, the Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna had been asked to draw up an expert report (Fakultätsgutachten). In this report, the maximum quantity permissible in smoked meats of a carcinogenic substance called benzopyrene 3.4 was stated to be one part per (American) billion (“ppb“).

After Mr. Bönisch had bought the firm, similar complaints were lodged with the prosecuting authorities. These led to the prosecution of the applicant before the District Criminal Court of Vienna (22 May 1975 and 27 January 1977) and before the Regional Court of Vienna (28 October 1976). Basing themselves mainly on the expert opinions of the Director of the Institute (see paragraph 20 below), these courts came to the conclusion that the products prepared with the impugned smoking technique were dangerous to health because they contained an excessive quantity - more than one ppb - of benzopyrene 3.4 and that their distribution consequently constituted an infringement of section 56(2) of the Food Act 1975 (“the 1975 Act“). It was further found that the products were adulterated (verfälscht) by reason of an excessive water content not apparent to the consumer, whereby they also contravened section 63 (1), no. 1, of the 1975 Act. Mr. Bönisch was accordingly convicted. His appeals against these decisions, which are not in issue in the present case, were unsuccessful.

B. Proceedings prompting the present case

1. The first proceedings

In October 1976, the Market Office of the City of Vienna drew two samples of smoked meat from the production of the Bönisch company, leaving two counter-samples from the same pieces to the applicant (see paragraph 20 below). The Institute was entrusted with carrying out the analysis of these samples. In its analysis, which was carried out on 19 October 1976, the Institute found a benzopyrene concentration of 2.7 and 3.0 ppb respectively and an excessive water content. The samples were therefore described as being dangerous to health and adulterated. This opinion by the Institute, which had been drafted on 28 November 1976 by the Director of the Institute, amounted to the lodging of a complaint (Anzeigegutachten); it was transmitted by the Market Office to the prosecuting authorities with a view to the institution of criminal proceedings.

The case came before the same judge of the Regional Court who in 1976 had dealt with an earlier case against the applicant (see paragraph 9 above). Pursuant to section 48 of the 1975 Act, he again appointed the Director of the Institute as expert in order to hear him in connection with the opinion submitted. On 17 April 1978, Mr. Bönisch challenged both the judge and the expert; in his contention, the conduct of the proceedings had shown that both were biased against him and resolved to disregard his rights of defence, in particular the right - guaranteed by Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention - to the attendance and examination of witnesses and experts for the defence under the same conditions as those for the prosecution. In addition, the applicant asked for the hearing of several experts. On 26 April 1978, the President of the Regional Court rejected the challenge concerning the investigating judge on the ground that it was unfounded. However, he did not formally examine the challenge concerning the expert, who in fact took part in the proceedings.

On 29 June 1978, at the request of Mr. Bönisch, the Regional Court heard as witness Mr. Prändl, the Director of the Institute for Meat Hygiene and Technology of the Veterinary University of Vienna. According to written evidence submitted by this Institute after analysis of the two counter-samples, the concentration of benzopyrene was only 0.75 ppb and 0.12 ppb respectively, and there was accordingly no reason for any objections. In reply to questioning by both the judge and the expert, the witness explained in detail the method of analysis applied by his Institute, which was very similar to that used by the German Federal Institute for Meat Research. The expert thereafter developed his personal opinion. As regards the benzopyrene concentration, he pointed out that the method employed by the Federal Food Control Institute was subject to criteria which were especially stringent and rigorously controlled; its degree of accuracy was maximised and the margin of error did not exceed 20 per cent. On the other hand, he criticised the method used by the witness; in his view, the margin of error had to be considerable as the results obtained from each of the two counter-samples differed greatly, whereas the Institute’s analysis showed analogous results in both instances. He emphasised that the products made by Mr. Bönisch’s firm showed a water content of 3.6 per cent, whereas, according to the Food Code (Codex Alimentarius Austriacus), it should not have exceeded 1.8 per cent. On his side, Mr. Bönisch, who was not represented by a lawyer, stated that a water content below 1.8 per cent was technically unattainable and requested the hearing of a meat and sausage expert on this point. The Regional Court however refused this, on the ground that black smoking was forbidden if the water content could not be limited to the required level.

In a judgment delivered the same day (29 June 1978), the Regional Court found the applicant guilty of offences under section 56(1), nos. 1 and 2, and section 63(1), no. 2, of the 1975 Act and accordingly sentenced him to two months’ imprisonment. It particularly stressed that, at the time of the takeover of the firm, the Institute had informed Mr. Bönisch of the requirements of the Food Code, that the applicant was aware of the criminal proceedings instituted against his predecessor and that, moreover, he too had been the subject of criminal proceedings for the same reasons but had nonetheless continued his production without changing method. The Regional Court considered that the expert opinion of the Director of the Institute was conclusive and that there were no doubts as to the reliability of his findings. It shared his view that the different results at which the Institute for Meat Hygiene and Technology of the Veterinary University had arrived were erroneous. Even allowing for a margin of error of 20 per cent in the Institute’s findings, it held that the concentration of benzopyrene in the applicant’s products was by far in excess of the permissible level (1 ppb). The carcinogenic effects of this substance were found to have been established by the Medical Faculty (see paragraph 8 above); the evidence to the contrary adduced by the applicant - in particular letters from two German experts and a publication written by three other experts - did not seem convincing to it.

Mr. Bönisch appealed. In essence, he took issue with the Director of the Institute for not having adhered to the opinion of his colleagues, which - in Mr. Bönisch’s view - nevertheless reflected the prevailing view, and submitted that the Director was biased. He also raised objections of principle against the appointment as court expert of the very person who had reported the case to the prosecuting authorities, and complained that this person had been heard as a court expert whereas Mr. Prändl had appeared as a mere defence witness; this seemed to him contrary to the requirements of Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention. In addition, he requested the hearing of several experts. The Vienna Court of Appeal rejected the appeal on 19 December 1978. As to the carcinogenic effects of benzopyrene, it noted that the Regional Court had based its decision on the opinion of the Medical Faculty, which, according to settled case-law, could not be contested. Apart from that, the Regional Court had extensively dealt with all relevant aspects of the case before holding that the products made by the applicant were adulterated and dangerous to health. The findings of the Regional Court were not open to doubt as they were based on the detailed explanations of the expert. As the latter had already refuted Mr. Bönisch’s arguments, it was not necessary to take any additional evidence on the adulterated and dangerous character of the said products. In particular, the Court of Appeal ruled out the hearing of a counter-expert since the expert opinion obtained in the first-instance proceedings was not tainted with any defects (Articles 125 and 126 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). Finally, it rejected the challenge of the Director of the Institute as expert (Article 120 of the same Code).

2. The second proceedings

Following analysis of samples taken in October 1977 and May 1978 from products made by the applicant’s firm, the Institute once more found an excessive concentration of benzopyrene (6.1 ppb) and an undeclared high water-content. Criminal proceedings were accordingly instituted against the applicant before the Vienna Regional Court. The case came before the same judge as before, who again appointed the Director of the Institute as expert pursuant to section 48 of the 1975 Act.

Hearings were held on 20 September 1979. Invoking Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention, Mr. Bönisch unsuccessfully challenged the expert. The Regional Court pointed out that the 1975 Act required the appointment of an expert from the staff of the Institute; it added that even though the Director had previously given opinions unfavourable to applicant, this did not substantiate the challenge. The expert then presented his report. When the Regional Court examined him on recent research said to support the views of the applicant, he acknowledged that this research had arrived at less emphatic results on the carcinogenic effects of benzopyrene; but, according to him, this did not cause the opinion of the Medical Faculty to lose any of its validity in the particular circumstances. In reply to defence counsel’s questions, he explained the method for analysing foodstuffs used by the Institute, which made it possible to detect 80 per cent of benzopyrene; he conceded that this method differed from the one used by the German Institute, but declared himself not to be bound by the findings of a foreign authority. The defence asked for the hearing of witnesses on the subject; the Regional Court did not accede to this request, considering itself sufficiently informed through the opinions of the Medical Faculty and the expert from the Institute.

On the same day (20 September 1979), the Regional Court found the applicant guilty of offences against sections 56 and 63 of the 1975 Act. For reasons almost identical to those stated in the judgment of 29 June 1978 (see paragraph 13 above), it sentenced him to one month’s imprisonment.

Mr. Bönisch appealed from this decision on grounds similar to those pleaded in the first proceedings (see paragraph 14 above). The Vienna Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal on 20 May 1980. In its view, the appointment of a particular person as expert was not prohibited unless the person lacked competence to give evidence as a witness (Article 152(1), no. 1, of the Code of Criminal Procedure); apart from this, the applicant had failed to adduce any reasons casting doubt on the impartiality and professional qualifications of the Director of the Institute. Whilst the Director had admittedly already formulated opinions unfavourable to the applicant on several occasions, this did not warrant his being challenged, as the Regional Court had rightly noted. As regards the alleged violation of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention, the Court of Appeal emphasised that section 48 of the 1975 Act required that the official of the Institute who had analysed the samples taken or drawn up the report should be appointed as expert. Rejecting the request for counter-expertise made by Mr. Bönisch, the Court of Appeal reiterated, as far as the remaining issues were concerned, the reasoning contained in its judgment of 19 December 1978 (see paragraph 14 above).

On 28 February 1984, the Federal President, exercising his power to grant a pardon, commuted the two prison sentences imposed on the applicant to fines of 30,000 and 15,000 Schillings (see paragraphs 13 and 17 above).

II. THE RELEVANT AUSTRIAN LEGISLATION AND CASE-LAW

A. The 1975 Act

Under the terms of the 1975 Act, the Market Office of a city shall periodically draw samples of foodstuffs and send them for analysis to the Institute (section 43), making available a sealed counter-sample to be used by any private expert that the firm subjected to control might wish to consult. This expert must possess special professional qualifications and have a special authorisation from the Federal Ministry of Health (sections 47 and 50). Several members of the Institute’s staff are involved in the examination of the samples, for which purpose standard scientific techniques are employed. The various results are submitted to the Director of the Institute, who draws up a report. If the Institute has cause to suspect the commission of an offence, it must state so in its report and notify the responsible authorities (section 44). In practice, the report (Anzeigegutachten) is sent to the Market Office, which in such cases transmits it to the public prosecutor’s department. The prosecuting authorities have to decide whether or not criminal proceedings should be brought, but they usually adhere to the Institute’s opinion.

Whilst the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure are applicable in such cases, section 48 of the 1975 Act involves a derogation from them in so far as expert evidence is concerned: “If the court has doubts concerning the findings or the opinion of a Federal Food Control Institute or if it considers that such findings or opinion need to be amplified or if justifiable objections have been raised in respect thereof, it shall hear as expert the official of the said Institute who carried out the analysis or drew up the report for the purpose of explaining and supplementing the findings or the report ... In all other respects, expert evidence shall be governed by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure ...“ Under Article 120 of the said Code, the prosecuting authorities and the accused are to be informed of the names of the experts appointed by the court; should they raise valid objections, other experts are to be consulted. Thus, the court is bound to appoint one of the Institute’s officials who carried out the analysis or formulated the opinion. This official may be the person who drew up the report which served as the complaint prompting the criminal proceedings; such a circumstance is not capable of giving cause for a challenge. Should there be other grounds, such as a personal bias against the accused, the expert may be replaced by another official of the Institute who took part in the analysis and in the drafting of the opinion. If any doubts persist or if the findings of these experts “are unclear, vague, contradictory“, etc. (Articles 125 and 126 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), the court may call another expert. Under the terms of Article 149 of the same Code, only the prosecutor and the defence counsel or the accused are entitled to put questions to witnesses and experts. Nevertheless, the court may authorise experts to examine witnesses and the accused. Witnesses, on the contrary, do not have this possibility.

B. Public discussion on the 1975 Act and the practice followed

The provisions of the 1975 Act, as well as certain practices followed by the courts and the Institutes, have been the subject of controversy in academic writings and on the occasion of an enquiry organised in 1977 by the Federal Ministry of Justice. The matter was debated in Parliament prior to the passing of the Act and subsequently in 1978 when a proposed amendment to section 48 was examined (see paragraph 21 above). This amendment, which was not in fact adopted, provided that both the Institute’s expert and any private expert called by the accused were to be heard only as witnesses and that, in case of doubt, an independent expert should be appointed. The receipt by Institute officials of certain bonus payments also gave rise to some discussion which subsequently provoked their discontinuance (see paragraphs 64-66, 74, 81-83 and 122-125 of the Commission’s report, paragraph 7 of the applicant’s memorial and point C of the Government’s memorial). PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION

Mr. Bönisch had lodged a first application (no. 8141/78) relating to the facts mentioned in paragraph 9 above. The Commission declared this application inadmissible on 4 December 1978.

In his second application of 18 June 1979 (no. 8658/79), Mr. Bönisch reiterated some of the complaints made in his previous application. He alleged, inter alia, that the proceedings taken against him had violated two provisions of Article 6: paragraph 1, in that they had not provided a fair trial, and paragraph 3 (d) (art. 6-1, art. 6-3-d), by reason of the inequality of treatment between the Institute’s expert and the defence’s expert, who had been heard only as a witness.

The Commission declared the application admissible on 14 July 1982. In its report of 12 March 1984 (Article 31) (art. 31), the Commission expressed the unanimous opinion that there had been a breach of Article 6 para. 3 (d) (art. 6-3-d) in the two proceedings complained of and of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) in the first proceedings. The full text of the Commission’s opinion is reproduced as an annex to the present judgment.
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Government of the Republic of Austria
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16 July
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21 August 1984
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three months
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CODE
DIRECT
8658/79
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Republic of Austria
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18 June 1979
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Mr. Helmut Bönisch
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German
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Austria
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Agent of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany
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30 July 1984
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Mr. F. Matscher
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Mr. G. Wiarda
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2 August 1984
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Mrs. D. Bindschedler-Robert
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Mr. D. Evrigenis
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Mr. E. García de Enterría
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Mr. B. Walsh
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Mr. Evrigenis
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Mr. García de Enterría
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Mr. J. Cremona
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Mr. R. Bernhardt
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Mr. Wiarda
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Mr. Bönisch
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17 September 1984
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15 December 1984
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two months
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17 December
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28 December 1984
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3 January 1985
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same date
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Agent of the Government
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Delegate of the Commission
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21 January
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17 January
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26 November 1984
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Austria
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17 December
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Mr. Wiarda
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Austria
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Council of Europe
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11 January 1985
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Human Rights Building, Strasbourg
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Mr. H. Türk
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Mrs. G. Kabelka
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Federal Ministry of Justice
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Mr. G. Lindner
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Ministerialrat, Federal Ministry of Health and Protection of the Environment
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Mr. H. Schermers
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Mr. D. Roessler
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Mr. Lindner
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Mr. Schermers
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check
001-57443_a11_e46
001-57443_a11_em62
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Roessler
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e47
001-57443_a11_em63
DATETIME
NO_MASK
19 February
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57443_a11_e48
001-57443_a11_em64
ORG
QUASI
Federal Republic of Germany
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e49
001-57443_a11_em65
DATETIME
QUASI
1936
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e50
001-57443_a11_em66
LOC
QUASI
Vienna
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e51
001-57443_a11_em67
MISC
QUASI
firm that specialises in meat smoking
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e52
001-57443_a11_em68
ORG
QUASI
Krizmanich GmbH
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e53
001-57443_a11_em69
ORG
QUASI
Bönisch GmbH
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e54
001-57443_a11_em70
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Krizmanich
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e55
001-57443_a11_em71
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1975
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e54
001-57443_a11_em72
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Krizmanich
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em73
ORG
QUASI
Federal Food Control Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em74
ORG
QUASI
001-57443_a11_em73
Bundesanstalt für Lebensmitteluntersuchung
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em75
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57443_a11_em73
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e57
001-57443_a11_em76
MISC
QUASI
smoking meat
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e58
001-57443_a11_em77
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1973
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e59
001-57443_a11_em78
ORG
QUASI
Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e60
001-57443_a11_em79
MISC
QUASI
smoked meats
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e61
001-57443_a11_em80
MISC
QUASI
carcinogenic substance
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em81
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e63
001-57443_a11_em82
DEM
QUASI
American
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e64
001-57443_a11_em83
MISC
QUASI
ppb
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em84
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e65
001-57443_a11_em85
ORG
NO_MASK
District Criminal Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e50
001-57443_a11_em86
LOC
QUASI
Vienna
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e66
001-57443_a11_em87
DATETIME
QUASI
22 May 1975
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e67
001-57443_a11_em88
DATETIME
QUASI
27 January 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e68
001-57443_a11_em89
ORG
QUASI
Regional Court of Vienna
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e69
001-57443_a11_em90
DATETIME
QUASI
28 October 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em91
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e70
001-57443_a11_em92
MISC
QUASI
smoking
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e64
001-57443_a11_em93
MISC
QUASI
ppb
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em94
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e71
001-57443_a11_em95
MISC
QUASI
water
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e55
001-57443_a11_em96
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1975
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em97
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e72
001-57443_a11_em98
DATETIME
QUASI
October 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e73
001-57443_a11_em99
ORG
QUASI
Market Office of the City of Vienna
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e74
001-57443_a11_em100
MISC
QUASI
smoked meat
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e75
001-57443_a11_em101
ORG
QUASI
Bönisch company
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em102
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e76
001-57443_a11_em103
DATETIME
QUASI
19 October 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em104
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em105
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e64
001-57443_a11_em106
MISC
QUASI
ppb
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e71
001-57443_a11_em107
MISC
QUASI
water
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em108
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e77
001-57443_a11_em109
DATETIME
QUASI
28 November 1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em110
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e73
001-57443_a11_em111
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57443_a11_em99
Market Office
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em112
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e79
001-57443_a11_em113
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1976
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em114
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e80
001-57443_a11_em115
DATETIME
QUASI
17 April 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em116
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e81
001-57443_a11_em117
DATETIME
QUASI
26 April 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em118
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e82
001-57443_a11_em119
DATETIME
QUASI
29 June 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em120
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em121
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e83
001-57443_a11_em122
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Prändl
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e84
001-57443_a11_em123
ORG
QUASI
Institute for Meat Hygiene and Technology of the Veterinary University of Vienna
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em124
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em125
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e64
001-57443_a11_em126
MISC
QUASI
ppb
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e64
001-57443_a11_em127
MISC
QUASI
ppb
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em128
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e85
001-57443_a11_em129
ORG
QUASI
German Federal Institute for Meat Research
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em130
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em131
ORG
QUASI
Federal Food Control Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em132
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em133
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e71
001-57443_a11_em134
MISC
QUASI
water
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em135
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57443_a11_e71
001-57443_a11_em136
MISC
QUASI
water
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e86
001-57443_a11_em137
MISC
QUASI
meat and sausage
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em138
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e70
001-57443_a11_em139
MISC
QUASI
smoking
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e71
001-57443_a11_em140
MISC
QUASI
water
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e82
001-57443_a11_em141
DATETIME
QUASI
29 June 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em142
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e24
001-57443_a11_em143
DATETIME
NO_MASK
two months
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em144
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em145
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em146
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em147
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e87
001-57443_a11_em148
ORG
QUASI
Institute for Meat Hygiene and Technology of the Veterinary University
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em149
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em150
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e64
001-57443_a11_em151
MISC
QUASI
ppb
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e59
001-57443_a11_em152
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57443_a11_em78
Medical Faculty
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e8
001-57443_a11_em153
DEM
QUASI
German
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em154
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em155
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em156
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e83
001-57443_a11_em157
PERSON
QUASI
Mr. Prändl
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e88
001-57443_a11_em158
ORG
NO_MASK
Vienna Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e89
001-57443_a11_em159
DATETIME
QUASI
19 December 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em160
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em161
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e59
001-57443_a11_em162
ORG
NO_MASK
Medical Faculty
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em163
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em164
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em165
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e88
001-57443_a11_em166
ORG
NO_MASK
001-57443_a11_em158
Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em167
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e90
001-57443_a11_em168
DATETIME
NO_MASK
October 1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e91
001-57443_a11_em169
DATETIME
NO_MASK
May 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em170
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em171
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e64
001-57443_a11_em172
MISC
QUASI
ppb
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e71
001-57443_a11_em173
MISC
QUASI
water
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e92
001-57443_a11_em174
ORG
NO_MASK
Vienna Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em175
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e55
001-57443_a11_em176
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1975
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e93
001-57443_a11_em177
DATETIME
QUASI
20 September 1979
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em178
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em179
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em180
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em181
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em182
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e59
001-57443_a11_em183
ORG
NO_MASK
Medical Faculty
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em184
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57443_a11_e62
001-57443_a11_em185
MISC
QUASI
benzopyrene
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e94
001-57443_a11_em186
ORG
QUASI
German Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em187
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e59
001-57443_a11_em188
ORG
NO_MASK
Medical Faculty
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em189
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e93
001-57443_a11_em190
DATETIME
QUASI
20 September 1979
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em191
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e55
001-57443_a11_em192
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1975
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e95
001-57443_a11_em193
DATETIME
NO_MASK
one month’s
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em194
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e88
001-57443_a11_em195
ORG
NO_MASK
Vienna Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e96
001-57443_a11_em196
DATETIME
QUASI
20 May 1980
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em197
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e78
001-57443_a11_em198
ORG
NO_MASK
Regional Court
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e88
001-57443_a11_em199
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em200
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em201
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e88
001-57443_a11_em202
ORG
NO_MASK
Court of Appeal
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e89
001-57443_a11_em203
DATETIME
QUASI
19 December 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e97
001-57443_a11_em204
DATETIME
QUASI
28 February 1984
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
correct
001-57443_a11_e98
001-57443_a11_em205
QUANTITY
QUASI
30,000
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
insert
001-57443_a11_e99
001-57443_a11_em206
QUANTITY
QUASI
15,000 Schillings
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e55
001-57443_a11_em207
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1975
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e73
001-57443_a11_em208
ORG
NO_MASK
Market Office
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em209
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e100
001-57443_a11_em210
ORG
QUASI
Federal Ministry of Health
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em211
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em212
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em213
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e73
001-57443_a11_em214
ORG
NO_MASK
Market Office
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em215
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em216
ORG
QUASI
Federal Food Control Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em217
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em218
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em219
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e101
001-57443_a11_em220
ORG
QUASI
Institutes
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e102
001-57443_a11_em221
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1977
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e40
001-57443_a11_em222
ORG
NO_MASK
Federal Ministry of Justice
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e103
001-57443_a11_em223
ORG
NO_MASK
Parliament
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e104
001-57443_a11_em224
DATETIME
NO_MASK
1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em225
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em226
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em227
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e105
001-57443_a11_em228
CODE
DIRECT
8141/78
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e106
001-57443_a11_em229
DATETIME
QUASI
4 December 1978
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e6
001-57443_a11_em230
DATETIME
QUASI
18 June 1979
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e5
001-57443_a11_em231
CODE
DIRECT
8658/79
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e7
001-57443_a11_em232
PERSON
DIRECT
Mr. Bönisch
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
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001-57443_a11_e56
001-57443_a11_em233
ORG
NO_MASK
Institute
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e107
001-57443_a11_em234
DATETIME
QUASI
14 July 1982
NOT_CONFIDENTIAL
check
001-57443_a11_e108
001-57443_a11_em235
DATETIME
QUASI
12 March 1984
Helmut Bönisch
AUT
CHAMBER
Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Helmut Bönisch