* Johnson, Ian, "What Holds China Together?", ''The New York Review of Books'', vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 14, 16, 18. "The Manchus... had in 1644 conquered the last ethnic Chinese empire, the Ming and established Imperial China's last dynasty, the Qing... The Manchus expanded the empire's borders northward to include all of Mongolia, and westward to Tibet and Xinjiang." p. 16. "China's rulers have no faith that anything but force can keep this sprawling country intact." p. 18.