The country is subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as ''zud.'' Zud, a natural disaster unique to Mongolia, results in large proportions of the country's livestock dying from starvation or freezing temperatures or both, resulting in economic upheaval for the largely pastoral population. The annual average temperature in Ulaanbaatar is , making it the world's coldest capital city. Mongolia is high, cold and windy. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls. The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure. Precipitation is highest in the north (average of  per year) and lowest in the south, which receives  annually. The highest annual precipitation of  occurred in the forests of Bulgan Province near the border with Russia and the lowest of  occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961–1990). The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages  in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than Beijing () or Berlin ().