On 17 August 1936, by order of the Soviet leadership, the official Russian names of various cities were changed to more closely match the local language. In addition, the Georgian-language form  was modernized on the basis of a proposal by Georgian linguists; the ancient Georgian component  (, 'warm') was replaced by the newer  (). This form was the basis for a new official Russian name ( ).  Most other languages have subsequently adopted the new name form, but some languages such as Turkish, Persian, Greek, Spanish and German have retained a variation of .