title: Deciphering XKCD colors

text:
# Question
Title: Deciphering XKCD colors
Randall Munroe (author of XKCD) held a survey to give names to colors. The main outcome is a list of names for the 954 most common RGB monitor colors.

For ease of programming, here is the list in plain text: http://xkcd.com/color/rgb.txt. Beware, the first line is not data, but contains the license.

Write a program or function that takes a valid color name from above list as input and outputs the associated RGB color code. Your program does not have to handle invalid inputs in any defined manner.

Standard loopholes apply. Additionally, your answer must not use pre-defined (built-in or external) color code \<-\> color name maps. (This includes the linked list.) Shortest code in bytes wins. If you read from a file, the file's byte count must be included.

Examples:

```
dark peach -> #de7e5d
robin's egg blue -> #98eff9
pink/purple -> #ef1de7

```

# Answer
> 21 votes
# Perl 5 - ~~4212~~ ~~3956~~ 3930

```
use IO::Uncompress::Gunzip qw(gunzip);
gunzip 'g'=>\$_;
while(/(\x00*)(.)(.)(.)(.)/gs){$c[$i+=ord($2)+255*length$1]=sprintf"#%02x%02x%02x\n",map{ord}$3,$4,$5}
@a[32,33,39,47,97..123]=(3,1812,3,17,82,4,1013,119,3,909,8,10,10,1827,1219,4,718,265,228,418,2347,10,3,31,3,1786,921,380,1223,1915,4);
$_=<>;
for$i(0..(($h=y///c-1)<=12?$h-1:12)){$h+=$a[(($i/2|0)==1)+ord((/./g)[$i])]if($i!=7&&$i!=10)}
print$c[$h];

```

407 bytes for the code and 3523 for the data file. Binary data is read from the file 'g', a hexdump of which can be found here.

This uses a perfect hash function generated using GNU gperf, which assigns each color name to a unique integer in the range 0 to 6304 that can be used to index a table. The gzipped data contains the color values in the format of 1 byte indicating the offset in the table from the previous color, then 3 bytes for the color itself (with two hex digits per byte). (A 0 byte for the offset means it's actually the next value + 255, since not every offset fit in one byte).

The code parses the data to create the table containing the color rgb string, then applies the hash function (translated to perl) to the input to select the matching output from the table.

Usage:

```
echo 'pale red' | perl get-color.pl
#d9544d

```

Edit: Further reduced the size by gzipping the data file

# Answer
> 16 votes
# EXCEL, 18 (+ 18269)

Just to set a baseline, I will show the simplest Excel solution that I could think of:

**Code**

The code in Excel is very simple:

```
=VLOOKUP("";A:B;2)

```

The input should be placed between the double quotes.

**Data**

The data should be stored in a .csv file, looking rougly like this:

> pinkish purple;#d648d7

When I click on the CSV it automatically opens excel, and places the data in columns A and B, you may need a different separator.

# Answer
> 13 votes
# Ruby, ~~5,379~~ 88 + 9 + 5,220 = 5,317 bytes

+9 bytes for `-rdigest` flag.

```
n=$*.pop
$><<?#+$<.read.unpack("h*")[0][/^.{11}*#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(n)[1,5]}\K.{6}/]

```

...plus a 5,220-byte dictionary as binary data read from STDIN (or filename argument). You'll find the dictionary in xxd format in the snippet below. The program takes a color name as an argument, so you invoke it like this:

```
$ cat dictionary | ruby -rdigest script.rb "purplish grey"
#7a687f

```

If anyone can figure out a shorter way how to both read a file *and* take a color name as an argument, please leave a comment. `$*` (ARGV) and `$<` (ARGF) interact in strange and occult ways, ergo `$*.pop`.

## Dictionary (xxd format)

```
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0000090: 230a 7173 a4ae 2bc0 5b77 9117 fd0f 8729  #.qs..+.[w.....)
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0000b90: 59cd 965f 39a6 2aa7 86f7 23f9 0324 6e10  Y.._9.*...#..$n.
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```

## Explanation

### Encoding the dictionary

The dictionary's construction is very simple. I take the hexadecimal MD5 hash of the color name and concatenate the second through sixth hex digits (which happen to be unique for each color) with the 6-digit color code. I join these into a single string of 10,439 hex digits. Then I convert this into the equivalent 5,219.5 bytes, padded with zeroes on the right for an even 5,220 bytes.

Funny thing: I tried Gzipping the dictionary and even `zopfli -i100` produced a file 40 bytes *larger*. Just for fun I calculated the entropy of the binary dictionary and it's 99.8% (versus, for example, `rgb.txt`'s 61.2%). Not bad!

Here's the code that generates the dictionary:

```
require "digest"

def hash_name(name)
  Digest::MD5.hexdigest(name)[1,5]
end

names_colors = ARGF.drop(1).map {|ln| ln.split(?#).map(&:strip) }
# => [ [ "cloudy blue", "acc2d9" ],
#      [ "dark pastel green", "56ae56" ],
#      ... ]

keys_colors = names_colors.map {|name,color| [ hash_name(name), color ] }
# => [["b9ca5", "acc2d9"], ["8ff06", "56ae57"], ...]

dict_hex = keys_colors.join
# => "b9ca5acc2d98ff0656ae57..."

STDERR.puts "dict_hex: #{dict_hex.size} bytes"

dict_bin = [dict_hex].pack("h*")
STDERR.puts "dict_bin: #{dict_bin.size} bytes"

print dict_bin

```

### Decoding and searching the dictionary

This is the exact opposite of the above. First I convert convert the binary data to its 10,439-digit hexadecimal representation. Then I take the input string (color name) and get the second through sixth hex digits of its MD5 hash and use a regular expression to find those digits in the 10,439-digit hex string at some index divisible by 11 and return the subsequent 6 digits, which are the corresponding color code. For example, for the hash `b9ca5` ("cloudy blue"), the following regular expression is constructed: `/^.{11}*b9ca5\K.{6}/`. The `\K` operator discards the match up until that point, so just the last six characters are returned.

# Answer
> 7 votes
## Perl, 7,375 bytes

Stores slightly compressed data (`grey` -\> `E`, etc) as compressed binary data, expands it into a hash and returns the matching key after replacing spaces in the input with `_`. I don't think it's that great, and am certain others will have much more intelligent methods for compressing the data, I might play with this more later on.

```
use IO::Uncompress::Gunzip qw(gunzip);gunzip\'<binary data>'=>\$_;for$v(qw{A/pale B/blue D/dark E/grey G/green I/bright L/light N/brown O/orange P/pink R/red U/purple Y/yellow}){eval"s/$v/g"}print"#".{m![/\w']+!g}->{<>=~s/ /_/gr}

```

A reversible hexdump is available here which was generated using this script.

### Usage

```
echo -n 'baby shit brown' | perl xkcd-colours.pl
#ad900d

```

# Answer
> 6 votes
# Ruby, ~~12131~~ 12030 + `-p` = 12033 bytes

Byte count is after replacing `<compressed text>` with the raw paste data in http://pastebin.com/xQM6EF9Q. (Make sure you get the raw data because of tabs within the file)

I really could shrink the text further but I've been at it for a few hours now and I need to sleep.

Input is a piped-in line from STDIN without a trailing newline. Adding in trailing newline requires +3 bytes by changing `($_+?\t)` to `(chomp+?\t)`.

```
i="<compressed text>"
%w"Bblu Ddeep_ R*ight_ N*own Yyellow Tdirt Kdark Ldull_ Sdu} Qdusk Ee]ctric_ Ffaded_ G|een Iish A|ey Hlight Oor{g Ppa]_ Upurpl Cred Vvery_ -pink %ros ~sea .pea @egg ^burnt_ &baby ,poo =tea !t{ Mmedium_ $pa}el_ ;mud `aqua ?s{d >neon_ <lavend :gold +lime |gr ]le [mon }st {an *br".map{|x|i.gsub!x[0],x[1,99]}
$_=i.tr(?_,' ').lines.find{|s|($_+?\t)[/^#{s[/[^#]+/]}/]}[/#.*/]

```

# Answer
> 5 votes
# BASH + bzip2, 8058 6809 6797 bytes

```
bunzip2 -c c|tr -d "\t"|grep -F "$1#"|cut -d "${1: -1}" -f2

```

Stored the original list to a file after compressing it, not sure if this is allowed.

Call with:

```
sh ./colors.sh "shit"

```

# Answer
> 5 votes
## Python, 9360 characters

Doesn't use any compression library. I'll leave it as a mystery for a little while how it works and then post a link to the technique. Of course it could be made shorter by storing the data in a binary format but that's an excercise for another time.

```
G=[int(x or 0) for x in "0 -949  -948 -945 3  3 -944 2 2  -936     3 -935 -929 -927 2 -923 -922    3  3  -920   2 -916 2   2  4 -915 -911 2 4 -910 -909  -906 -898 -897  -890  2 -888  -887 2 -886  -885 2 -882 -880 -878 -876 -860  4 -858 3 4 3 -857 -856 3 3 2 2 -853 3 -852 -851  -850  -849 -848 -846 2 -841 -839 -835 -834   -831   2 2  -829  -823  2 -822 2  -821 4 -819 4  2 2 -815 2 -811 -808  5  3  -807 2 -805 -802 -796 2 2 -794   2 2 -792 2   -790  -787 -784    -781 -779  -778 -777 -776 -775 3 2   -770  2 5  -768 -766   -765  -763  -762 -759 -756 5   3 -751 -748  6 3 5 -738 -737 3 2 2  -724 3 -722 5 -721  -720 4 2  -719  2 -715 -713 -704  -701  2 5 2 -697 2  4 -693  -691 -689 -687 3  -684 3  2    -683   -682 2 3 -681 2  -680 2  -675   2 -669  -665 -664 -661  4 -658 -656 4 -655  -647 3   -644  4 2  2 2   2   -642  -639 -638 2  4 5 -630 -628  2 2 -626 5 -624    -622 -618  -612  -609  2   -607 3 4 -606 8 -596 4  3  -594 2 2  2 2  -593  -590 -588 -587  -585 -583 3 -581   -580 -578 3 -577 -575 2 4  2 -574  -566 4  3 -565 -563 -558 6 -556 3 -553 -552   2 -551  -548 -545 -542 3 -541  -538 3 2  3 -537  -534    3 -525 -524 -522  2    -520 2  -518    -517   3 6   -516   3 -515 2 -511 4  -510  4  -502 -501 -500  -499  2 -498 3 3 -497 2 3  -494 -493 -487 -485 -484 -483   -480 -478 -477 -476 2 -475 -474 2 -473 2 -471  -469 -458   3 -456 -455 4 2  -451 -450 -448 3 -447 2  4 9 2   2 2 -443 5  6  -439 -438  -434 -429 2  3 3 -426  2 -425 -423 2 -419  3 -416  -402   2  3  -401  -389 -388    2 2 -387 -384 -381   -379 17 -374 -371   -365 -363  -362 2  2    -360  -358  -357     2  5 7  -351 -350 -349 -347 -340 -338  -336  -334  2 2   -332    4  -330 -328   3      4 10  3 -326  -324 2 -323 -321 5  -315  -314 -305 11 -303   -301 18 -292 2 -291  -288 5 6   -283  -281 -280 -278 -277   -275 12   3 -274 -273 6 5 -269  2 7 2 9 -261  -257 -256  -252 -248 4   -243 -240 -239 -238  -236 -232  5 -230 -228   -223 -222   -221 -219 5  2  6     -218 6  -217 -216 -206 8  2    2  -203  -201 18 -196  -195    7  -194  -192 6 4 8  -191 -189 3 -186 -185    7    2   -183  -180 2 -179  10 -176 3 -174 4 3  -172 -171  -170 8  2   7 -164   -158 -157  -155 -152 -146 5 10  5 -144  -141  9  -139 -134 5  -132  2 -130  9    -128 -127 3 -126  -125   4  3   -120 -116 -112 -105 6  10 4 2 -104   -103  7 4  -101 -100  8 8    -96    -95 -93  -92  28     -91  5  11 -90 2 -82   13   3 -76  7   6  -75 -72 -68  -67   -62 3 3 2 -61   -60 -59 -56  10  -55   -53 2   8  8       -51  -46   2  -45 6 -44 2 4   -43 -42 2  -40 9  -37 -36   10 2 4 6   -35 3 2  -31 5 14  11     -29 -24  3   -22 -19 -17 -10 -8       -6 -1".split(' ')]
V="748500 fdff52 3b638c 0b5509 71aa34 eecffe c8aca9 75bbfd b1916e fa4224 cd5909 b7e1a1 ba6873 922b05 32bf84 31668a 6b7c85 fdff38 b04e0f 875f42 699d4c 03012d 647d8e cb416b c9ae74 0bf9ea 63b365 4b006e 02590f 885f01 1fa774 a6fbb2 ff5b00 b790d4 8cff9e 6b4247 ff6f52 fce166 90fda9 c9d179 d6b4fc c94cbe 419c03 017374 ffff84 41fdfe d0fefe 889717 cb0162 a24857 0a437a a552e6 d3b683 53fca1 464196 0cb577 6832e3 ff000d 598556 6258c4 c0fb2d 1ef876 c9643b 35ad6b 1d5dec 947e94 015482 65ab7c b2713d 920a4e 59656d ffffc2 fcfc81 cba560 03719c 8b2e16 cc7a8b c5c9c7 bf9b0c 08787f 25ff29 7a6a4f 3c4142 653700 005f6a 7a5901 a90308 afa88b 06470c d1b26f 343837 c0fa8b ffffcb 9dc100 7a9703 0c1793 befdb7 4da409 f075e6 152eff c4fff7 9ffeb0 658d6d 978a84 fa2a55 070d0d b59410 8a6e45 a4be5c 4984b8 8f99fb 25a36f 3d0734 ff9a8a c6fcff ff6cb5 ae8b0c 01ff07 7e4071 fef69e 8e82fe 8d8468 fd411e c85a53 ffe36e 5539cc 76fda8 acfffc d5ffff ad0afd f9bc08 ffb19a bf9005 3d7afd ff073a fff9d0 526525 1e488f b9a281 c071fe c88d94 5729ce 5f9e8f b2996e a2bffe d0fe1d faee66 c875c4 4f9153 fddc5c d99b82 b79400 a55af4 e4cbff ec2d01 b36ff6 280137 7f5e00 8f7303 1805db a9561e f0833a 95a3a6 030764 50a747 fe7b7c fea993 d7fffe c6f808 efb435 9be5aa c1fd95 9e0168 276ab3 9900fa 0d75f8 4b5d16 fffd01 aeff6e 7bb274 c4a661 5a86ad b9cc81 0b8b87 20c073 3f012c f10c45 3c9992 ac9362 047495 042e60 a5a391 380282 0e87cc 3b5b92 94b21c c04e01 001146 638b27 7d7103 fcb001 4c9085 fc2647 667e2c fffe40 fe4b03 033500 ff474c caa0ff ff9408 ff964f 8cfd7e af884a 7f5112 4efd54 b8ffeb f6cefc 749551 23c48b 0652ff b6ffbb fed0fc b75203 96f97b 990147 5edc1f beae8a fffe7a 017a79 436bad bc13fe 985e2b 214761 004577 0ffef9 770001 475f94 b5c306 20f986 75fd63 48c072 1bfc06 bcf5a6 fb7d07 6c7a0e da467d 2a0134 8b88f8 2baf6a 516572 fe420f b1ff65 430541 26f7fd fdee73 d5174e 06b1c4 a484ac a0febf c0022f fe2c54 886806 ac1db8 ff63e9 983fb2 ff796c 90b134 10a674 26538d 856798 874c62 76cd26 ba9e88 fdff63 c8ffb0 1d0200 661aee fe019a 029386 fdb915 ef1de7 04d9ff 7ea07a fafe4b 411900 efc0fe ff028d f7879a 13eac9 a2653e bcecac 53fe5c a8415b fbdd7e 98568d 94a617 fbeeac ccad60 4e0550 0b4008 f43605 0cff0c c45508 c1f80a 9b8f55 33b864 bd6c48 ff69af b25f03 fb2943 acbb0d 85a3b2 734a65 99cc04 020035 c95efb 9f2305 21fc0d b0dd16 b0054b cbf85f 1fb57a 8fb67b 7b5804 bf77f6 0343df 044a05 bffe28 706c11 966ebd 6fc276 d0e429 2242c7 b7c9e2 ae7181 6488ea 341c02 2cfa1f 6d5acf 056eee 758da3 e50000 825f87 a6c875 a442a0 f0944d 876e4b f5054f c77986 9cbb04 6140ef 89fe05 4e7496 ccfd7f d9544d e78ea5 6e1005 40fd14 544e03 3778bf 12e193 acc2d9 be03fd 82cbb2 db5856 c7c10c 6ba353 f1da7a 4f738e fa5ff7 c7ac7d 607c8e 76ff7b 6a6e09 155084 137e6d ddd618 ffffd4 751973 789b73 db4bda fd8d49 658b38 cffdbc f97306 08ff08 bccb7a fffcc4 ef4026 703be7 01a049 8f1402 632de9 016795 6f7c00 cfaf7b 5a7d9a bff128 80013f a8ff04 c0737a ceaefa 9aae07 05696b ffc5cb 0cdc73 d767ad 3f829d acbf69 cf0234 9e003a cea2fd 34013f fffd37 a4bf20 9a6200 840000 ad8150 ff0490 b9ff66 fe02a2 ffe5ad 8ee53f bdf8a3 c1c6fc 089404 107ab0 696006 742802 c87606 e03fd8 c2b709 6a79f7 014d4e c14a09 9d5783 fb5ffc 750851 929591 42b395 7f4e1e 9dff00 21c36f 96b403 154406 ac7e04 580f41 29465b 78d1b6 735c12 d4ffff 698339 6c3461 952e8f 01889f 610023 010fcc f504c9 05472a 8f8ce7 feff7f aaa662 5ca904 c48efd 9d7651 b66325 6b8ba4 dfc5fe 11875d a66fb5 2fef10 054907 c9b003 000435 cf524e c8fd3d 02ab2e 3a18b1 fec615 ca0147 15b01a 35530a 021bf9 ff7fa7 b17261 448ee4 2000b1 719f91 cb9d06 2ee8bb ffd1df 887191 3eaf76 1b2431 002d04 86a17d aa2704 014182 c83cb9 7b002c fac205 5c8b15 d5ab09 fdde6c 5f34e7 017371 89a203 019529 7f5f00 3d1c02 fdb0c0 b26400 005249 5e9b8a ffffe4 a7ffb5 f1f33f a8b504 4b6113 ca6b02 ffff14 aaff32 1e9167 ed0dd9 b16002 040273 048243 ffa62b fc824a 363737 fb5581 2b5d34 2dfe54 fe828c 536267 916e99 ab7e4c c20078 aefd6c d46a7e 7f7053 7f2b0a bb3f3f f7022a fdaa48 cb7723 805b87 5b7c99 c2ff89 c69c04 9db92c 9a0200 0804f9 0add08 9d0759 0165fc a50055 a87900 758000 0203e2 8d5eb7 287c37 7efbb3 fdfdfe de9dac d6fffa 9c6d57 51b73b d1ffbd b66a50 8af1fe e17701 fff39a 54ac68 2976bb ad03de 673a3f de7e5d c7fdb5 5cb200 4e518b fe0002 fff4f2 ca6641 4b0101 cafffb cfff04 645403 a0025c 490648 3c73a8 60460f ff7855 ffb07c ac86a8 030aa7 960056 720058 01386a f29e8e 3f9b0b 7d7f7c 5cac2d f6688e 01f9c6 6f7632 dbb40c 7bf2da b00149 0aff02 a2cffe 8cffdb af6f09 98f6b0 b29705 c79fef 90e4c1 04f489 fdc1c5 be6400 cd7584 fffe71 61e160 fcf679 3a2efe 388004 c292a1 980002 eedc5b 0a5f38 95d0fc 9b7a01 8fae22 fd5956 f4320c 738595 769958 a2a415 677a04 c3909b ff0789 ac4f06 fedf08 6ecb3c fc86aa 63f7b4 ac7434 2bb179 045c5a ffff7e 6f6c0a 9f8303 f36196 ab1239 63a950 7bc8f6 d648d7 b1d1fc 069af3 ca9bf7 ceb301 86775f 9a0eea 533cc6 74a662 b1d27b 70b23f a87dc2 017b92 feb308 7f684e 80f9ad 548d44 9c6da5 964e02 894585 d2bd0a c3fbf4 7b0323 00555a fffd74 601ef9 a9be70 507b9c 5170d7 373e02 728639 13bbaf c69f59 58bc08 00fbb0 d3494e befd73 5684ae c44240 a88f59 8b3103 24bca8 88b378 fdb147 fe86a4 01c08d 4a0100 06b48b b5485d 9bb53c 937c00 a83c09 f2ab15 8eab12 e6daa6 a6814c ffda03 76424e cf6275 1f0954 b0ff9d 77ab56 fefcaf de0c62 cdc50a 5fa052 a0450e 990f4b 9d0216 8e7618 d725de 8c0034 d5869d c87f89 606602 ffff81 d6fffe 028f1e e6f2a2 4e5481 fd4659 730039 ffb7ce 87fd05 05480d 0504aa b5ce08 01b44c b96902 ff6163 02066f 75b84f 2138ab 0bf77d ff724c dd85d7 77a1b5 ffd8b1 56ae57 a5a502 0a481e ffffff b6c406 ffc512 c2be0e 6dedfd be013c e2ca76 06c2ac fffa86 edc8ff 7ebd01 00035b 40a368 02c14d 87a922 00022e 997570 ffab0f 748b97 fe46a5 ca7b80 000000 c760ff ab9004 866f85 f4d054 d0c101 9e43a2 c4fe82 7a687f 6241c7 f8481c be0119 947706 a8a495 820747 850e04 3c4d03 7bfdc7 fffd78 7f8f4e 000133 fe83cc c9ff27 c27e79 d1768f fc5a50 a5fbd5 82cafc fe2f4a 2afeb7 36013f 728f02 8ab8fe ce5dae 9cef43 014600 02d8e9 062e03 61de2a 39ad48 910951 84597e 3b719f 49759c ff81c0 8fff9f ffdf22 ffa756 7af9ab 680018 a9f971 5d1451 009337 ad900d 1f6357 b27a01 5d21d0 ffbacd 82a67d 96ae8d 657432 929901 3c0008 f7d560 ffad01 a0bf16 76a973 d8863b 8f9805 df4ec8 87ae73 fff917 a13905 65fe08 feb209 3e82fc 826d8c 0a888a 8ffe09 cb00f5 f5bf03 aa23ff 8756e4 6e750e 0339f8 3d9973 ffcfdc cdfd02 9af764 fd798f 410200 7ef4cc 35063e ffb16d 2c6fbb ffffb6 bfac05 a57e52 fd3c06 dc4d01 696112 01153e 1f3b4d 0c06f7 510ac9 89a0b0 7e1e9c 9dbcd4 9a3001 3ae57f 828344 b9484e b1fc99 d5b60a 380835 665fd1 2a7e19 836539 05ffa6 d94ff5 d58a94 ada587 247afd ffb2d0 bbf90f 5d06e9 ff08e8 69d84f 667c3e 0f9b8e 2e5a88 c74767 a88905 94568c 77926f 6f828a c65102 94ac02 98eff9 658cbb 4b57db 5e819d bdf6fe 040348 a75e09 650021 b7fffa 9b5fc0 cb6843 04d8b2 feffca fe01b1 00ffff af2f0d 84b701 d90166 18d17b 895b7b 02ccfe adf802 d8dcd6 a00498 a03623 fffeb6 8c000f 5a06ef 56fca2 0485d1 fcc006 9e3623 b2fba5".split()
h=lambda d,s:hash(s*d)
x=raw_input()
d=G[h(1,x)%949]
print '#'+(V[-d-1]if d<0 else V[h(d,x)%949])

```

Explanation:

Uses an adaptation of the code from http://stevehanov.ca/blog/index.php?id=119 to generate a minimal perfect hash lookup from color names to color codes.

# Answer
> 3 votes
# Python 3, 4927

182 code + 4745 data file

```
from hashlib import*
def f(s):
 k,b=md5((67*s).encode('ascii')).digest()[5:7],open('X','rb').read()
 for j in range(0,4746,5):
  if b[j:j+2]==k:print(('{:2x}'*3).format(*b[j+2:j+5]))

```

Theory of Operation:

`md5((67*s).encode('ascii')).digest()[5:7]` is a perfect hash from the color names to a 2-byte value. The binary data file is simply a list of 5-byte chunks--2 byte hash and 3 byte color. The code hashes the input color name and searches through the data to find a match.

The code to generate the binary file:

```
ba = bytearray()
with open('./rgb.txt','rt') as f:
    next(f)  # skip header line
    for name,code in (line.strip().split('\t#') for line in f):
        key = md5((67*name).encode('ascii')).digest()[5:7]
        ba.extend(key+bytes.fromhex(code))

with open('X', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(ba)

```

Here's the code I used to find a perfect hash. Nothing fancy, just three nested loops: number of time to repeat the name (e.g., 'blue', 'blueblue', ...); the available hash algorithms; and the offsets in the hashes. It prints out combinations for which there are no collisions.

```
for i in range(1,100):
    for hashname in hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed:
        hashes = [hashlib.new(hashname,(name*i).encode('ascii')).digest() for name in names]
        for j in range(h.digest_size - 2):
            if len(set(x[j:j+2] for x in hashes)) == 949:
                print(i, hashname, j)
                break
    print(i)

```

# Answer
> 3 votes
# Python 3, 296 + 3960 = 4256 bytes

I didn't use `gperf`, because it would be too boring to simply repeat that trick. Instead I did a brute force solution from scratch and therefore the size is not optimal (but not too bad, too).

However I found how to compress colors more efficiently — they are sorted and aligned to 4 bytes, LZMA happens to take advantage of it. (the colors are compressed to 2180 bytes)

To find the color by name, a 15-bit hash function is used. Theoretically it could be found with fewer bits (numbers 0..949 can be encoded with 10 bits), but my computer could not find anything better, it's too much work.

The code takes input from stdin and prints the answer.

The code:

```
import codecs,hashlib as L,lzma,sys
h=L.md5(b'\x05_h'+sys.stdin.read().encode()).digest();f=open('a','rb');H=int.from_bytes(f.read(1780),'big')
for o in range(0,949):
    if H>>(o*15)&32767==(h[0]<<8|h[1])&32767:c=948-o;print('#'+codecs.encode(lzma.decompress(f.read())[c*4+1:c*4+4],'hex').decode())

```

Data file (binary, should be named `a` and placed in the same folder):

```
0596 61b2 005c 634a f47d 2c12 d5d2 e156
435a 1931 17a2 5f7b 547c 5a5b 8c40 0acd
fe13 3da6 21b3 bafb b79b 71ea 4af2 70e2
6195 6838 516f c5b7 e08f 6087 4665 cea9
8901 f8a2 b408 d333 1d7a 17b1 b35f 0a22
2aed 9f71 1fdc ac65 8991 2c3b 3b50 2578
c194 7990 03e6 d333 a368 7445 4992 8e1d
1b0b 882c 9614 4ec1 d71f 3ba4 b483 ce06
d3e9 7c09 ed11 2205 2a58 0fd3 f5a8 a573
3c7d fc68 9025 b0da 656a c642 cd1e d964
5197 3488 6794 cc78 df40 2818 d921 267f
c056 c554 2c35 0514 e2b9 4c81 dd95 9cfa
f2d8 dd0e 840e 2731 5530 ef3e 0b89 8320
4f88 e851 e2eb 5917 cf22 ff13 432f 5fbc
7cf9 0154 b7d7 12af 7e91 d2ed 8fad 4381
21f0 2973 ca7a 60ee b6af b2a4 1817 7fe9
6f9e 1ba3 5330 15bd 858b 8491 3436 e90b
b469 b8c3 ed4c d840 1a04 73c8 3788 1ffc
4c2e 4e9f 6f53 7668 7b26 b323 80a5 0ae3
18e6 5106 bff6 6eb5 ddf7 480d 1b3e dad4
be9a e831 9507 4675 d18a 38ef b3a5 c504
fa83 53f4 0ed0 9112 4c7b 597a ac0f e174
8546 2bda 6344 e515 5aca cb14 eeba c12d
ea91 e55c b157 c60d 635c afc8 c35a 99a0
3c54 acdd 1edb 65e8 edbc 32f3 df1c 55f9
aad0 fe4b b941 1d5b 88ac 8144 a737 ad97
73c7 b5c8 02c1 3df4 6c39 e9c5 c53f c350
135c b013 18fd 51d2 9e2c bdca 19c5 a15e
bc53 c564 f4c6 c0b7 9bb3 da22 230b db66
f36d f675 9732 1b54 3905 65cf dca9 087b
4675 cfaf c0df af8a a30a f25a 336b 4c8c
1938 0f9b ad95 12a7 60fa a29a d7f9 8d4e
61fe 9193 58b7 1af1 d836 0709 ddf9 3e1d
c5e2 4f98 3c75 bdb5 fee6 0128 a2c4 8578
ff4d 50e7 b8b3 e51f 9794 5b40 5031 a73e
313d 75c2 70da a5d8 3240 e68f 1eb3 215f
2286 ba27 5bee a32a f005 441e 18b4 6258
91c8 4190 65b1 a286 a800 8607 0a94 4e37
0578 9ad4 6f86 3509 6f1a 1e10 35cc 1d41
dafa bd43 3f1e be88 246f d896 3267 28e8
4b6c 8f25 1aa8 cdbf bb34 c436 d926 6e75
54dc e196 f7f7 f169 29af 6d38 16fb 2fff
a49c fa41 26c7 8b63 1f20 ccd9 2d92 fe40
cd0e bc75 5267 1f49 9c38 54fe 628c b06b
52c4 7c6a 97fc c63e 8491 0cc2 d242 d5cf
2e65 e740 2fa1 784a 8bf8 c28e 1a4d 6b5b
002a 7307 f7af 5908 0e37 5088 6818 d09d
5547 0a9a df0e 1169 d278 25b2 dd48 55d0
3cc8 cbf5 4315 1a3f c614 dfca 1188 13a3
969f 032d 90d2 1ef1 fd6e bd66 cdbb 73f4
c29d 3ab8 a3b4 462d 137c 1911 d5ef 9a43
2324 381b 612f 9611 35fc 7b6b 7e54 d906
f6ce 24bf dcc4 5c5b 0ebe a8ac 29d4 7378
3bc3 15f5 0c9d 77ce 9678 2985 69d7 dfee
4029 71af 427f 0c83 a3c1 d7aa 4387 bba1
eb0c a267 6755 ae83 2441 01af 8925 ec00
dc5f f711 3188 c89c 7964 e8b0 f58b 2cd3
da35 880e ac12 1554 8470 b476 27e1 a24d
ddd8 778e ff7f cf57 f374 7206 01dd 9b42
85b3 5ab8 ad09 8683 d6c3 6be6 a686 80c8
cf6e 35a8 6d15 ab85 93c3 fdd4 d0c1 654c
18f8 55e1 0962 0e23 3fe6 8c92 a4a9 e5f4
4151 3ad6 2efc 580b 6e39 6126 6b5e 4866
a2dd 58b3 fd7a af63 f876 9c12 cb3b 1bfe
3820 21a5 e2f9 e030 1848 b562 9898 cc3a
c9d1 7e93 6609 f15d 9fb1 cd79 c860 e903
7f72 b050 8e75 e997 9ebb 6b8a b81e 6b97
4cdf ac10 abdf 409b 60d7 9056 475c c4ab
1046 eb22 2529 aa8b e6e1 7e47 4bc2 3477
05ae e5ea 8dc4 ee2e 2eb1 396e face 9d8d
7430 9901 3564 0725 81f4 7175 40e5 e342
50f1 2bd2 ec8e 02bf 3609 5444 4896 b0f8
1c60 d02d e271 13ce 6420 dfbe 616c 5483
ca6d 7194 4665 9e38 7bce 0a73 5bc8 78a5
e95d fb2e eb75 80ed a5d5 9c1b 46ec f863
d042 f98d 4fac 54a2 6e60 bdf3 6b25 5abb
e8c8 1ecf 09a4 4f8e b9ea 1377 c406 8376
a7c0 1c10 e1de 8a4b 3af2 74d7 00e2 dcc6
83c0 c09f 96a2 bb70 4ba6 8d2d 1a64 d860
c021 1d19 c8c5 6148 7968 59cb 45f3 42e7
2527 1b2d 702c 77da 7dda 11f0 1c3d 8cac
9894 d615 4907 682c cbbe 55ae d68e 1719
a6ab e257 d6f9 59d9 52b9 e174 38a4 1683
1de2 989e c7fd d39e 8e65 61c9 8831 1861
7acb 83bb b2e3 41f1 0ba6 ab70 dcb8 4624
a085 ac65 dd16 1e62 73e5 53f8 fc37 3a57
ead1 a4f1 0fd0 0ae7 34c6 7650 1eea ff24
f2b5 ef97 69a7 4939 b6b4 8588 2f4a ff84
1cf6 6f39 2b41 fa07 7f4b 14b0 b797 5ff0
ab83 2eae 23d7 f295 0644 951b 9b67 f55c
42bc d7f7 41ee 6b19 58d1 8028 557c 268f
ae8d bb40 4f81 e342 2e37 3dc2 7fb9 e89c
c7cd aad9 cacf 41bd 5883 8913 0e93 d4ed
ae42 51f4 b6f4 377a 8fbf 5e05 456a c102
e454 2a81 8c05 2595 6531 0b9b 7f3f 6b79
c341 789c 1021 0c14 1189 f5e9 0c29 ef0f
73e1 5573 ddb8 371e 1be4 e4c1 979c 7486
e7b7 e736 c175 dd5c e2d5 181a ac40 3ed6
03cb c6db fb02 34b3 b4cc 3df8 797a 9ac5
f686 b1ed 7820 6a2f 34cf cc00 704f 28b0
2f81 bb66 5838 b4b0 c9c2 f386 2176 2906
f783 1e2d 9475 f98b b038 e795 dcf0 5eaa
e9e4 fa53 f38a b4c8 556c 77e4 b3e8 690b
e9d6 a42d 9786 ca76 b721 168c 1775 172f
1d7f 007b 77ad 7ce2 92f8 ea2c 7af5 ab57
0db6 b365 d9b3 21e2 29c0 613e 60e6 7aa7
b8f3 dc7c a2de dc6d f193 d279 04b8 3c3b
11b1 df6f 14aa a2cf 9561 2c64 8941 065c
f053 f218 e8bf 37ad f147 273e 9977 d818
d2e7 d1b7 67e3 6fa2 5e44 51ec c802 2828
ecbb 9b46 bf77 9cad abe6 68de 448a 390e
6665 5aca 5d00 0000 04ff ffff ffff ffff
ff00 0069 7ea0 e4ca 10fd 878f 79c1 bd67
f49f f836 a77f 61f8 4e3a bfd0 309e 8414
c871 2596 aebc 89cc 7aca e279 1fe8 7e84
271f 29d5 01ca e2b4 70b2 af51 e7dd dab2
3b6e 4a5e b512 1e84 b958 f918 75aa 8880
50d1 37ca bcc7 7308 d9c6 87b3 8a50 4f9f
7e02 f65a 7486 85a2 d114 f736 68cc 16df
a508 2a36 9a4d c276 7836 0c0d dd95 2d5b
5728 2068 e911 1541 a2fd d39b e551 d3a9
3e47 96a1 d338 e7b1 7b25 3ba8 71aa a310
d0ef 2673 5a9c c9b4 d36e bd41 9bc7 eacd
b630 2535 e65c 339c d9bf afe2 8949 505e
2286 7a66 87c5 9fe7 4410 e9c2 c7fd 705a
b0e1 28e5 339e 4d92 2684 76a3 63f4 8967
ce46 014d 7c42 1c77 8ffa a36b b0a6 44f3
5962 b6fb 70e8 c7cf 53e8 a89b 7cd1 43e0
c7d2 61e3 7620 54d0 35bb eac5 160b 01fe
521a 1487 24fb b788 ba41 7e30 73b3 ac8d
a95a b9e4 bd10 bc9a b1bf aadb 5856 c729
dc16 c52a 53b1 6004 17b0 35ca 374f 8f1e
803c a176 1043 864d b329 3a4c 6e80 fd25
aad2 5ed1 76a7 2b81 e400 04a9 6a0b c55b
eb4c 6c8b c5c8 99b3 6d3c 0d92 f61b 58a4
66d8 cd73 2862 fc81 cdbe d47f 5b9e 5dee
7d93 7ec3 5245 7cb9 05f3 809e 7e41 f848
df58 d6ca 4248 0a4d c2ed 9181 d055 9732
c15c 1091 d3e1 b880 22c0 e7dd 67a3 f1e1
e469 deef 6aa6 e50a 7c89 6ee1 1eb7 c571
4c11 863d 512e 05a4 fc31 1a79 4ba6 4420
ef4a 0e77 a925 21e8 e4d5 81fe 527e ead9
da86 c76b a785 7a53 3a2d 409c 2041 236a
7fb8 3547 ccac e82e 9bc6 db79 670f 84c0
df27 d1c4 e26a 7b4a c951 d57e 4056 e0e3
1288 dc4d 63fa 6e62 489b 0eba 728d 2232
a9ca 123c 8b15 9bdc 6317 02c8 0a3f 07aa
03db 6a1b a906 d99d c007 bbf7 872a fc1f
4459 a7cc 29e5 3111 d4e4 c834 f9de 575a
9755 bd21 bd5f 7284 df3d a131 fd32 b8fa
6b64 3ac9 9a22 2459 8740 c50b 8634 627b
80d8 35e6 535e 4ee1 4641 1d18 55fa 8b51
a8d5 9a4f fd4e 856d d325 8bcd e336 f221
a987 48e1 0c7c 53e9 b022 6b28 6556 c4bc
7df7 2ac5 1f5f bb93 ef09 8a45 2439 dd91
fc30 d602 4648 e78e 24c4 abc3 a37f 5046
d3b7 7c1d 605f ca0c 27cb 7941 1256 d147
50b4 fe76 03e1 8617 c815 d9e8 a0b8 d05d
1b05 fcba 9902 4df1 8fb1 db82 eec0 9624
795b ab0d 8c01 7911 71a6 7484 cc1d 91d2
c56b 8ed2 9ca8 1cd3 24ff d705 d62d d826
44ef f7ab 4fb9 db61 7fb5 23c3 0b92 4737
03ba 01c7 5395 160d ed29 bef7 e5d6 19d7
a6af 4131 8f12 2bf0 46c3 d986 ccb5 a055
bc3b defc 545c 6632 c2a8 52c5 8a6a 9a9a
6ef4 dbdb d6f8 0d73 0c37 7128 7926 f11f
1d15 1edf d236 d74a 74e7 1692 d81d b000
1af1 cf7a 9fc2 be3a c831 34d8 edc8 a014
56cb ee36 3bdc 4e6d 529a 7b70 ecd9 0607
bbad 1f97 f0ff 0412 6c99 f7de e720 ecac
bf33 06f4 b3b4 d2c4 ad05 4be3 c378 dd1c
1cb9 71de df25 c3c6 6540 3beb e667 e274
75b0 fe5f f1ad 5793 97ae 939d 3a7f 0c1d
3d25 ed5c 46d6 eda2 983d ba0c 852b 6075
4530 cdee 10fa 60af c929 8f24 2aab 8920
940a f61f 982e 469b a31e d7ab 9d5d d9d8
85f5 772f 84c4 c1d9 ccd7 101a f4e7 8357
2e27 2c63 0f42 c782 4bca f10b 7b79 feae
3f42 f04f ea3e a681 5e66 25cd aa6a 63fc
5ec7 65ce 639c 861a 5541 b9a1 61e5 3d8d
70de 336c 7d44 4342 cd24 6496 099f 90f1
8b1c bdfc 24d9 0664 cdf5 157d 617f 92c3
53d6 a0f7 b9ae 6e4c 3055 86bc 7625 8652
f9bd 5669 7758 f9c8 90c6 18ad 49a5 1471
06c6 fcdf 76ba 6153 bb95 d896 0d81 f084
51ec f334 179e 345e 5442 23db ee18 dd21
dc8f 4851 b71d 850b b60e e7cb 759c 317d
ce3e 6516 0e99 50de cea2 71ce ce32 1a25
7ca8 0221 20f3 858d 0d84 b5d1 10f4 4780
28e4 9cf0 c3cd a486 7640 59ff 55bd c094
4bd4 06c8 bb63 d795 4fb3 5638 e927 96b4
0620 6625 b0f7 b16a 73ac 0e3c 9e3d b686
ea96 f404 b622 6952 9747 0bf7 f499 f822
19a5 b61c ce80 900d c04c 873b 6542 6410
6889 533b 4554 52e1 c159 a410 3ddb 3ed8
7435 b330 e9dc 449e 43d8 8c55 6f67 2fb7
539f 5072 d4e5 318b 0b8b 7738 00e4 be0b
7493 bf0d f104 046a 2191 9d01 ca30 df4b
20fa 0896 aa97 ce48 9679 9566 9e2b f3cb
da81 3d90 fe67 30db a340 a6a6 9080 5fa1
f35b 8d9a a754 2f49 2d0d 58e3 e4ea 2759
e7d9 d9d8 cede 1366 31ce 19a0 8363 0fb8
b85c 66d0 281b 8528 d745 e454 a1a7 6935
bfc3 1c7c cbca 66d9 69ae b06a b6be fd51
61fa 02cc e09d 7a20 2c3e f0f9 6237 5791
6217 6b0e 6a21 fb74 f59e 66ff a666 a373
1ad3 8b19 7c88 8b38 f2b9 db02 5b6c 33d4
4cfe 22da 6562 9017 44c4 35c8 658a f47e
bdfe a4d7 ddbf 430e a633 d5d6 a473 89af
411e 9448 5a54 c0b1 0256 666c 119c c662
aa1e a953 076b a9d3 a2f5 591d 1c7c 5102
7f37 8f43 ee2a 0626 8609 2fc1 1e21 ebcd
e9e5 c6fb f19d a942 ddf2 0c84 9fa6 77fe
00bb c088 4731 6640 cc51 0a4d 62bf fb67
2856 069b 4265 c567 f20f 236d 9d11 8c70
56fd 8e56 a812 7e82 4837 0b3b d440 b0d1
73ba 65bb aa5f 0f85 5776 f621 7106 de0d
86e6 6aee 3012 b950 a545 b68e 2f20 ff6f
bd07 a4eb d352 b407 3566 a875 2e42 2bfa
bfcc 7c78 aec4 9aea 4331 4d6d 7c3a f930
78d9 9c21 59cb c996 2eaf 23a4 11ba 1de0
d647 62d5 da40 bb61 493b 6c68 b2b6 473e
35c1 fd86 8034 b515 1649 90d8 86fc 1204
63f4 83dc 72b4 9a11 5950 5f40 c70d a290
9784 3637 f826 af67 5380 0736 2888 f0a9
f99b 8012 b67e 21e6 3c0c 068e 3cb9 5266
f171 780b ca10 1546 0a16 c502 0de0 0cf8
970c fc6c ebd1 0ce5 0b8b 64e8 bedd cf24
dae9 a605 45b6 d562 ef1e ed6a 6ccd 72f8
0467 e0c7 1123 274e 5ee2 564d 5100 be4a
76ca 51d8 1e0d 65ba 4d24 4c64 8c32 0f51
7124 66f8 6daa 3b6d 90f6 46a6 16fc 7703
233f fa4b e769 a68c ec70 a4e0 0de5 ab0c
e43f 6508 936f a197 2bdb 9a69 ef2f 817c
e617 03f7 5aa8 c38e 3b9f d1d7 552d 16b0
0f96 686c 28db 2389 0146 cec1 4e65 4afa
f1ee 8dbb 9868 a356 8fc3 f8d1 17fe 3f18
f649 9070 604a 1b1c e2d0 08eb 896e 2d39
d862 084f d371 3778 a0a6 2b42 f34d ab25
9350 41d1 7432 e20b abe0 ed70 376f c13f
c4a7 da36 dd8c 5746 9409 1552 2042 f13d
9416 4075 f2d2 7e90 9366 e7bc f7e5 3d01
1947 b6a8 5ed7 040f ca1a b066 53bd b91b
8935 db90 f398 58e1 4c1f 9942 d102 a337
7bd8 d3bb 5646 082b dbac e0be 2ad2 f4ff
7952 9b56 0096 3f42 febc 8b19 2b53 4aaf
1b56 103d 6236 fa07 7ccd b51b 7a48 f24b
5830 1fff ec22 4000

```

How to run:

```
$ echo -n 'very dark purple' | python3 code.py
#2a0134

```

# Answer
> 2 votes
# C, 19,566 bytes

A miserable 19,566 bytes.

```
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv){int m=0;char *t=argv[1];int c=0;while(c!=EOF){if(m==1){if(c==10||c==13){printf("\n");m=2;}else{if(c>32)putchar(c);}}if(m==0){if(c==*t){t++;if(*t==0){m=1;printf("%s -> ",argv[1]);}}else{t=argv[1];}}c=getchar();}}

```

Bog-standard C. The rgb.txt file is piped in through stdin. The colour to find is given as the first argument.

So:

`./xkcd "bright sea green" < colors.txt`

Gives:

`bright sea green -> #05ffa6`

# Answer
> 2 votes
# Java, ~~7,978~~ 7,435 bytes

Code is 293 bytes, data is 7,142 bytes

Golfed:

```
Object f(String k)throws Exception{Map c=new HashMap();ObjectInputStream i=new ObjectInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream("c")));for(int j=0;++j<950;){c.put(i.readInt(),i.readInt());}String s=Integer.toHexString((int)c.get(k.hashCode()));while(s.length()<6)s="0"+s;return"#"+s;}

```

Ungolfed:

```
public class DecipheringXkcdColors {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Map<String, String> testData = new HashMap<>();
    testData.put("light moss green", "#a6c875");
    testData.put("straw", "#fcf679");
    testData.put("dark fuchsia", "#9d0759");
    testData.put("custard", "#fffd78");
    testData.put("purple", "#7e1e9c");
    try {
      for (Map.Entry<String, String> data : testData.entrySet()) {
        System.out.println("Key -> " + data.getKey());
        System.out.println("Expected -> " + data.getValue());
        System.out.print("Actual   -> ");
        System.out.println(new DecipheringXkcdColors().f(data.getKey()));
        System.out.println();
      }
    }
    catch (Exception ex) {
      ex.printStackTrace();
    }
  }

  // Begin golf
  Object f(String k) throws Exception {
    Map c = new HashMap();
    ObjectInputStream i = new ObjectInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream("c")));
    for (int j = 0; ++j < 950;) {
      c.put(i.readInt(), i.readInt());
    }
    String s = Integer.toHexString((int) c.get(k.hashCode()));
    while (s.length() < 6)
      s = "0" + s;
    return "#" + s;
  }
  // End golf

}

```

The file named "c" in the program is the result of the inverse operation of this program: take the hash code of each key in the input file and store it with the integer representation of the color value. That goes into an object output stream, a GZip output stream, then a file output stream. This program reads it through the inverse input streams.

The default Java hash codes of all the colors are unique across this data set, so it makes a good 32 bit key in the hash map. The value is already an integer, so all that needs to be done is to format it correctly as a hex string, padded to six digits if necessary, with a hash mark in front.

# Answer
> 2 votes
## Java, 4649 bytes

Java code : 497 bytes, data file : 4152 bytes

The file can be found here

```
import java.io.*;import java.util.*;public class A{static void main(String[] a) throws Exception{byte[]d=new byte[4864];new FileInputStream("d").read(d);long h=a[0].hashCode(),k,l,r=0;h=(h&1023)+(h&14336)/2+(h&491520)/4;BitSet b=BitSet.valueOf(d);for(int i=0,j;i<33216;i+=35){for(l=0,j=16;j>=0;){l<<=1;if(b.get(i+j--))l|=1;}r+=b.get(i+33)?1:0;r+=b.get(i+34)?2:0;if(l==h){for(k=0,j=15;j>=0;){k<<=1;if(b.get(i+17+j--))k|=1;}System.out.println("#"+String.format("%06X",(k<<8)+r).toLowerCase());}}}}

```

ungolfed:

```
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class A{
    public static void main(String[] a) throws Exception{
        byte[]d=new byte[4864];
        new FileInputStream("d").read(d);
        // compute word hashcode
        long h=a[0].hashCode(),k,l,r=0;
        h=(h&1023)+(h&14336)/2+(h&491520)/4;
        BitSet b=BitSet.valueOf(d);
        // browse data file
        for(int i=0,j;i<33216;i+=35){
            for(l=0,j=16;j>=0;){
                l<<=1;
                if(b.get(i+j--))l|=1;
            }
            // compute color blue component
            r+=b.get(i+33)?1:0;
            r+=b.get(i+34)?2:0;
            // do hashcode match ?
            if(l==h){
                // compute color value
                for(k=0,j=15;j>=0;){
                    k<<=1;
                    if(b.get(i+17+j--))k|=1;
                }
                System.out.println("#"+String.format("%06X",(k<<8)+r).toLowerCase());
            }
        }
    }
}

```

The program uses an improved version of Java hashcode that uses only 17 bits:

```
    long hash = s.hashCode();
    long hash2 = hash & 0b1111111111;
    hash2 += (hash & 0b11100000000000) / 2;
    hash2 += (hash & 0b1111000000000000000) / 4;

```

Colors are sorted by blue component increasing. They are stored on 18 bits: 8 for red, 8 for green and 2 for delta blue.

Total file size: 949 colors * (18 + 17) = 33 215 = 4152 bytes

# Answer
> 1 votes
# JavaScript (Node.js), 10785 bytes

```
q=>`${require('zlib').inflateRawSync(new Buffer('<encoded data>','base64'))}`.split(';').map(x=>x.split(':')).find(([a])=>a===q)[1]

```

Usage:

```
const f = q=>`${require('zlib').inflateRawSync(new Buffer('<encoded data>','base64'))}`.split(';').map(x=>x.split(':')).find(([a])=>a===q)[1]
console.log(f('baby shit brown')) // #ad900d

```

Encoded data.

# Answer
> 1 votes
# MATLAB, 94 + 7.243 = 7.337 bytes

Generate the MAT-file "h.mat" with variable "c" containing a sorted list of the CRC32 checksums of the names ( c=java.util.zip.CRC32;c.update(uint8(x));c.getValue();) and the same sorted list of the converted hex codes of the colors ( sscanf(x(:,end),'%x') ) as "e". This should have (R2013b, v7 File format, a size of 7.243 bytes.

The function is as follows

```
function g(x);load h;c=java.util.zip.CRC32;c.update(int8(x));sprintf('#%x',e(h==c.getValue()))

```

It takes advantage of the builtin compression of the MAT-files and the support of java for the CRC32 function.

# Answer
> 1 votes
# Go, 6709 bytes

Code is 404 bytes, data is 6305 bytes

```
package main
import ("bytes"
"compress/flate"
"fmt"
"os")
func main(){t:=make([]byte,6643)
i:=os.Args[1]
copy(t,i)
s:=[]byte{byte(len(i))<<4|t[0]>>1&8|t[0]&7,t[1]&6<<5|t[2]&30|t[3]>>2&1,t[3]<<7|t[4]&1<<3|t[5]&20|t[6]&6<<4|t[7]&3,t[8]&3|t[9]&1<<3|t[10]&1<<4|t[11]&1<<5|t[12]&4}
f,_:=os.Open("f")
flate.NewReader(f).Read(t)
for i:=0;;i+=7{
if bytes.Equal(s,t[i:i+4]){fmt.Printf("#%X", t[i+4:i+7])
return}}}

```

The Data is encoded with `xxd -p`. Extract into a file simply named `f` with `xxd -r paste f`. The code can be ran as `go run file.go "tree green"`

# Answer
> 1 votes
## C#, 6422 bytes

Code is 575 bytes, data is 5847 bytes

The data exists in an adjacent GZipped file which contains a transformed representation of the original data. Color words which appear more than once are extracted and placed in a header table at the top of the file, prefixed by a one-byte length.

Data entries (after the header) consist of a set of:

1. Single byte entries representing a common word from the header table (value equals array offset + 16)
2. Inline string data prefixed by a single-byte length field (max length 15)

Each entry is terminated with either 0xFF, 0xFE, 0xFD which indicates that the next one, two, or three bytes following represent the color value offset, respectively.

The table is parsed in-order and color value is accumulated until a matching string to the input is found.

**Minified Decompression / Lookup Code:**

```
using System;using System.IO;using System.IO.Compression;namespace G{partial class P{static void Main(string[]a){var f=new GZipStream(File.OpenRead("m"),CompressionMode.Decompress);var b=new BinaryReader(f,S.Encoding.GetEncoding(1252));Func<int>r=()=>f.ReadByte();var d=new string[256];int t,v=0;while(""!=(d[v++]=new string(b.ReadChars(r()))));var k="";v=0;while(0<(t=r())){if(t<0xFD)k+=(t<16?new string(b.ReadChars(t)):d[t-16])+" ";else{v+=t==0xFF?r():t==0xFE?b.ReadUInt16():(r())+(b.ReadUInt16()<<8);if(k.Trim()==a[0]){Console.WriteLine($"#{v:x6}");return;}k="";}}}}}

```

**Data Compression Code**

```
public static void Compress(string path)
{
    var lines = File.ReadAllLines(path);

    var grams = new Dictionary<string, int>();

    var data = new Dictionary<string, string>();

    foreach (var line in lines)
    {
        var tokens = line.Split('\t');

        data[tokens[0]] = tokens[1];

        foreach (var gram in tokens[0].Split(' '))
        {
            int count;

            if (grams.TryGetValue(gram, out count))
            {
                grams[gram] = count + 1;
            }
            else
            {
                grams[gram] = 1;
            }
        }
    }

    var dict = new Dictionary<string, byte>();
    byte codeValue = 0;
    foreach (var result in grams.OrderBy(kvp => -kvp.Value))
    {
        if (result.Value == 1)
            break;

        dict[result.Key] = codeValue;
        codeValue++;
    }

    using (var outputData = new BinaryWriter(File.OpenWrite("m.dat"), Encoding.GetEncoding(1252)))
    {
        foreach(var dictValue in dict.OrderBy(kvp => kvp.Value))
        {
            outputData.Write((byte)dictValue.Key.Length);
            outputData.Write(dictValue.Key.ToCharArray());
        }

        outputData.Write('\0');

        int currentColor = 0;

        foreach (var entry in data.OrderBy(kvp => kvp.Value))
        {
            foreach (var gram in entry.Key.Split(' '))
            {
                if (dict.ContainsKey(gram))
                {
                    outputData.Write((byte)(dict[gram] + 16));
                }
                else
                {
                    outputData.Write((byte)gram.Length);
                    outputData.Write(gram.ToCharArray());
                }
            }

            var colorValueString = entry.Value.TrimStart('#');
            var colorValueInt = int.Parse(colorValueString, System.Globalization.NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier);

            var colorValueDiff = colorValueInt - currentColor;

            if(colorValueDiff <= byte.MaxValue)
            {
                outputData.Write((byte)0xFF);
                outputData.Write((byte)colorValueDiff);
            }
            else if(colorValueDiff <= ushort.MaxValue)
            {
                outputData.Write((byte)0xFE);
                outputData.Write((ushort)colorValueDiff);
            }
            else
            {
                outputData.Write((byte)0xFD);
                outputData.Write(colorValueDiff);
                outputData.BaseStream.Seek(-1, SeekOrigin.Current);
            }

            currentColor = colorValueInt;
        }
    }

    var d = File.ReadAllBytes("m.dat");
    var g = new GZipStream(File.OpenWrite("m"), CompressionLevel.Optimal);

    g.Write(d, 0, d.Length);
    g.Dispose();
}

```

# Answer
> 1 votes
# C# 7,209 bytes: 6,643 bytes data + 566 bytes code (878 bytes unminimized)

Github repo is here: https://github.com/nbcarey/color-map

Color names are compressed in the data file using the FNV-32-1a hash as this hash algorithm is conventiently collision-free for this set of color names. So each color name is stored as 4 bytes.

Each color is stored as 3 bytes (1 each for red, green and blue). No magic there.

Consequently, each mapping of color name to RGV value occupies 7 bytes in the compressed file.

This is a one-line version of the FNV-32-1a hash (assuming a string containing only simple ASCII characters:

```
uint hash = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("royal blue")
            .Aggregate(0x811c9dc5u, (h,b)=> h=(h^b)*0x01000193u )
            ;

```

This compressed data file is in the github repo at https://github.com/nbcarey/color-map/blob/master/color-map/hashed-color-map.dat

Here's the minimized code:

```
using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.IO;using System.Linq;using System.Text;namespace A{class B{static void Main(string[]C){var D = new Dictionary<uint,uint>();var E=File.ReadAllBytes("hashed-color-map.dat");for(int i=0;i<E.Length;i+=7){uint F=BitConverter.ToUInt32(E,i);uint G =(uint)(E[i+4]<<16|E[i+5]<<8|E[i+6]);D.Add(F,G);}foreach(var H in C){uint I;var J=D.TryGetValue(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(H).Aggregate(0x811c9dc5u,(h,b)=>h=(h^b)*0x01000193u),out I);var c=J?String.Format("#{0:X6}",I):"NOT FOUND";Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}",c,H);}}}}

```

And here's human-readable code:

```
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace color_map
{
  class Program
  {
    static void Main( string[] args )
    {
      var map = new Dictionary<uint,uint>();

      var data = File.ReadAllBytes("hashed-color-map.dat");
      for ( int i = 0 ; i < data.Length ; i += 7 )
      {
        uint hash = BitConverter.ToUInt32(data,i);
        uint rgb   = (uint)( data[i+4] << 16 | data[i+5] << 8 | data[i+6] << 0 );
        map.Add(hash,rgb);
      }

      foreach (var cn in args )
      {
        uint rgb;
        var hit = map.TryGetValue(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(cn).Aggregate(0x811c9dc5u, (h,b)=> h=(h^b)*0x01000193u ), out rgb);
        var c = hit ? String.Format("#{0:X6}",rgb) : "NOT FOUND";
        Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", c , cn);
      }

    }
  }
}

```

# Answer
> 1 votes
# PHP, 5014 bytes

Not the best there is but it's late and I need to get some sleep. :-)

The beauty of PHP is that you can inline payload data into your script and read the file itself, so the script is self-sufficient. Just download it, run it and it will prompt for the color name.

```
<?$f=fopen(__FILE__,r);fseek($f,269);$m=stream_get_contents($f);while($l<4745){$d.=str_pad(dechex(ord($m{$l++})),2,0);}$h=sha1(trim(fgets(STDIN)));$k=substr($h,0,3).$h{16};for($i=0;$i<9490;$i+=10){if($k==substr($d,$i,4)){echo'#'.substr($d,$i+4,6);}};__HALT_COMPILER();
$¥¬ÂÙóûV®W}a²™nÂÀ¨ÿÄ°iØOûO‰E…&@p²? xÔÿÿuAe«|Šü•.¤üüÁÿ¥£‘F²8€?šL…8^›Šlï´5m‘Ù›‚´
[...MORE BINARY DATA...]

```

The basic trick here is to hash the color names and generate minimally identifying substrings of that hash. I found that 4 chars of a SHA1 hash are enough, the first 3 and the 17th to uniquely identify all those colors. The key is in binary as well as the color code, which is conveniently one byte per color channel. So every entry takes up 5 bytes, which makes for 5 x 949 = 4745 bytes payload (the magic number you see in the code).

Compression didn't help very much, bzip2, LZMA all created bigger files so without any further tricks, this is as compressed as it goes for this approach.

# Answer
> 1 votes
# Bash + (coreutils,gzip,xxd,openssl,sed,grep), 4946 bytes

data: **4482** bytes, code: **464** bytes

```
s=$(echo $1|openssl dgst -md5 -binary|base64|cut -c3,10,19)
f=$(gzip -cd g)
a=''
function p {
q=$(grep -Eo "[$1]{[A-Za-z0-9/+]+}"<<<$f|sed -r "s/([$1]\{|\})//g")
for i in `seq 1 6 ${#q}`;do
n="$1$(cut -c$i-$((i+1))<<<$q)"
c="$(echo -n $(echo $q|cut -c$((i+2))-$((i+5)))|base64 -d|xxd -p)"
a="$n#$c,$a"
done
}
p $(echo $s|cut -c1)
s=$(sed -r 's~([+/])~[\1]~g'<<<$s)
r=$(echo $a|grep -Eo ",?$s#[a-z0-9]+")
if [ ${#r} -gt 0 ];then
echo -n '#'
echo $r|cut -d\# -f 2
fi

```

Data can be found in base64 here. I know that code may be more golfed. Too sleepy now :/ Any suggestions are welcome :-)

## Explanation

Here are the actions I made on the original file after removing the license comment.

1. Calculate the binary md5 of the color names and turned it in base64: `openssl dgst -md5 -binary|base64`
2. Found that the characters 3, 10 and 19 may be used to represent uniquely all the entries. `base64` uses a set of 64 characters to represent the data, `A-Za-z0-9+/`. So, I was hoping to find 2 bytes because all the entries were 494 and 64\*64=4096 but I couldn't find any. I also tried to find 2-char unique entries by using `sha512` in step one but without any luck. So, I stayed with these 3 bytes for the color names.
3. I represented in base64 the color names instead of hex: `(echo '0:';echo -n "$line"|cut -d '#' -f 2)|xxd -rp -l 16|base64`
4. I grouped the results by the first byte from step 2.
5. I used `zopfli -i1000` to compress the file.

So the result file before the compression would look like that:

```
+{wf/7FtHhPAAIgWXKwtrpFbAaS6/i9KYk7cj//bpvuy9zvOysmxxvz//6vBP+m2sZFuXG+EgcIhZY1tsTAYif5s1f//xCFS7/}/{61snE90JK69qWKBIJDy83YXXE4df1jNx+XMGQA/60B1Msf9lKaAAEzLs+1WB}0{uiBWlrhIdJVRGSMr+ERZ78D+m2Tv1USQpL5cS3wcb8Hmj/+fZMa6NTEUwrcJqRvv1z+k2VRNvy/7GavV/5qKCTlFaMk5/3lsisUWVy2lraWH3nuaKBdb/+Nu}...

```

I tried other compression utilities also but with worst results except from `zopfli -i0000 --zlib` with **4470** bytes and `zopfli -i10000 --defalte` with **4464** but I was not sure how to uncompress there formats.

In order to find the color code I do the reverse actions. I create the 3 character code from the given name and I reconstruct partially the original color codes. For example for `adobe` I create all that start with `X`:

```
Xqy#bd6c48
XL7#7ea07a
XI4#3a18b1
...

```

Then I grep the `Xqy` line and return the second part which is the color hex.

I really enjoyed this puzzle and there are many great answers here. Thanks and good job everyone!

# Answer
> 1 votes
# Groovy, ~~153 + 10,697 = 10,850~~ 253 + 9870 = 10,123 bytes

I decided I wanted a solution which involved only one file, so (at the obvious cost of space) I encoded a GZIPped CSV version of the data to Unicode characters 0x0020-0x007E (which I guess would be a base 95 encoding?). The code is 253 characters, the content of the String is 10123 characters.

```
import java.util.zip.*
t=0
'''^/3"O:<]NULAydP{|dgMn0T4;4&Y!~0=(BsILP$#KxAoQ<C6Z-.Psh/}k3&uOEa[S}R+u4=X*K`?X&zTKSQT>xdA-_XEy2/e{N$Ue:DSF- *Df1E3x)i=cq;FFq]|p,!sbQpE5F}$qr]zu'jK&A^\\Vd9"sKPgF_^uv>q)6#/"b1#gR"yvZ#<p9{T+__!fl\\\\=7P{zO0('G R+5QKuX}( ,r$V]" ;G)\\3Yooo}<)%HrxnFWLtG1Dwe!N Nz*u;Ti`TI}ly@T.zA!Lx{w#e0[:Y@feo,=^M|D7qwZLHz2Hss&:z!%W2s|1S%TK]MaH]$KzQGR=*uue5O{d~J{%hU+[0_2z&|iiw )\\aq?(5:~l_u%6U^,&V&N$1YoYUX]E%}T`MN=/#KA?@['=]c|l?=!S9v,S|1]2do8cx>Q`WA]+ nMK_YDa~TdM+Ot4v[Ty\\){}zl0FG2cF**j'tN<g@>^ s='jDcXj|j],2P:p>3_V4$ybMXP?|7D4+W{Mmtsbs#S\\eZH!BUj.1_{@k/YPKe"D2yJ7!~T8A*o3z`1e_hvsd[,^k8>~{>/EUQo#:v>=dO$mkyyl+E[*@C1Adym8-cMYRjY IVxTzu@@Z`^ V,&9zO_?P*j~F~t&XPj*pQyH4[b0ob1JB@?X&_vGPx$Y.\\h6.!d+`CY-=w~IJ*)8&Q;HW"cv#]@tw0A\\uX@+{a"?PjvOF.{l])Z5&pV&]r*4f|Fr &fcnW)6|==t7"TqXe`EK6vfyGU)$xqP6c#snqwBYt}0|ayy~o]CUd',>fva~1OC1p5@,k0aJy,!BkF1yGe@qVF-T12bdE~6m420Zc [v|:w~l_[ZPq<*G?DA}~H<lJ 7y"c@Yq8JtFz#uur*E]dxbt:%mXdc}>%Mvg^^qL603|~@DdqWp]e6R9J?\\4Il/"v|tZXo\\8EtW^t.+~TcSK9T{ymny=KOD[,coYoh5eg~Uge(_N08w5HxP-BV\\E%Rajr\\K3RE{eP^c#QYEU6%|].W&_-nX=d| _i:S,CAlaCquAjtKfCNV~$r7sU)4BN*@'3=MoM&kxWzQvOeW$\\gM(\\&d=1y(D'cF=;O!Q.noW'k1u(Kmalk:xNFl,H)o3rlcS\\VcYMIcB.08,*3kQi~g9Y!>'<#KtJp]c5J|~U8j!\\>!0L<=0W(Xg<QF\\EA[~N-t/k 07 ]YPyYT(u|tJ3(=Wle~o3i6Z{pg)qWiMh=K1Ny]IJN^%O -.%L?>:fkbo7bLj +Xr{L|B*hq\\,$3m(nz+:U:fq5BpQz9Qznlu2h6\\9#>00Z%gb?AmJ]9$XTSM|]ZeKRXIE$Xd2MGDqzZ M9m7K8*ZlX1W"A"H+H9h3 YZscB.<l-YNe;NbuvGlq3@:xrA#:o@.6IqM+#b.eg|k/CDiW[JPU~7E$o5O1Q.7F:8sF7!~:$Mh1:sm%_#Q@>86;*-kZs1PdL`b^,>zh\\[,>n7Ve;6+#yvTcJEm,RUnZ4pP7*PED\\AMX9$m}K>-x&faPz[=ho?|%rrF@>!RYH)F(#L"v$?g:[19\\"M[O8vGOXP>4k CLt^$2,rf<gd?dw~K6w;|+u'Z6W+<qfq%ShD?.Q(ya<wXc:PdrP4c7R%=%#7#s^v"Pe^:AVTg`t\\)O^J%ZWXGZcZ(5ay@\\SXFE.7a/p/?8^6Iu]{-=kTNQ[~uTru~}[]&hka2nt)~CwaCfhG~[:=>}OZ?TA)dP*CDC7C|VVUX@b5SW#7RNy~7i63>={*U3=@qz*+=R$4?[3yTTM0;i=u%#wSOZe87w*.{5m>q1ZmV1$DuBUJD_R7B>H)``*o2b(_|%JHT.+8d1fdc yG(BaG8!]*:7_@&u#goQ^K0P%Jp!hbFk}!jaYpa(:e%k[ r&sm~Dn-S@V[ZH9U=b#,Ur04-Da;9JnUslwvf3CqmD9O5LTd5q4,K8*CjzjA/|/D9L\\|#[\\Z)gUhi`](S=VaU*FBu4m{N\\'CcUw!Qf+#Y8^0v=gf2F1\\i2kb=kv{*'7Yf%\\Pi4)+;3v'^#F}S-Dr)x9?UB<m7KOn<rjU30")%4{p_<fCb!D=0# Q-rhI\\^~Rx+2`CUXB/:CpYWwwk}*u<J/h-\\V^!EgfjKt<z8Ra*3{Oe0;:-+'$Z0(_nP|8Z]Gm4zJO!bu9[znH_05V1*1\\7"Q#S.ZtV\\FCS|'OJ#qHRQP>P4$<(E6W%zE&+LCqFe8%p`By6+jrk<VfFVu5WZA}vK_{n>:f]Rg}@}yT89CS1J\\xgvl:+>mCac+V@fnTXY,6pg/Vk$N WXsq]U{Y:A01pTx6`$W8+fqn,XAS[i{F:7~uX5Z-\\C-u/zDa1,A-\\?#SQ@(I{po`NrX~/7Dm+Fp0A4uPS\\#+!ex+\\K0A/N*jAJJP~C_B(.+CIx=!'@'|n.w5T3KcD;(*O)#@YJA$<;K*G-k?PW?{tIF8GUJjWtF|GVAp/3V'k&ehk~ibSVg'SSB}eVxRbSS=3;'o/=1@OY<s"6Y;'&`6"J]`Dtq}UM_<xN1dD$k~),^~Wb003~QFep1L @_pL<vp6_pNIaHQ*PO&5!-E`EkFyt&;Hd"uBULxUY+xY:F}>zTH( YYzQh+Qi0x9~'.i,47@2Ar kVL{$[);#2+_9L[ooa=.QtBPO-T3H@M[\\k^E"qS0/~f2@q}B>.r|B{DnXkcj5Bl}'q4%w<J)q=-?g5N0 r(z8CWe:ssf}PO&gd4F$~w5'LbIiXH:f4}0/0+#n@js#0+qhApQ\\&{rK@F8=K6xqgETEL(G{Iu+?)`kWMWjSZp}pP6TnF$[&~0caL.HM5cm+mJ;"<ld<'m2@.~j_[pQ6PaVK^XZ/,|.z,XXBwt;\\Ug%bHv8K-5#)#?"4-u]58SBXM@j^wv- EH!bz8Xnq@3309@:5|jd6{jff$e$nM0JW%A~a+?`tMb~'a`\\5<V=f$l-6Rqa4.4LnK;sjQ"^w?}gWl%G$nir3S7YO ysDwTfOHOF`:_*A-gF4{)qL:hNUXW6Z<Ohxqf<)rJ|8X{#rCn:r8yN+xv5}<<[mM<<,N2+4~r,Y #s&o>`-*03z'`\\+:CA4%/HQVTH-!;e{UUMg`tm!)"si-)W2$~~S+*W0ws QP_5U<W{"IceL?FQn[b(FjkRD0EBc,y>$5(C.C`?xKX5Qdr"mwoH\\gTX[yuOk"M.b6<O|HO`ClKKOS *5jkJH&riC`IGRc=$NP}#4kUUs3<'x)D[.u-%{) Hx7Oj(c;qzosHGk,$n[pRw[<b8D>|50XT@}h^Bn 9SRR}GsL1@K=F!%H&f!ENNQ1)U;0j9iJoJ%n&Sb5w3@ehvdCpk([ yM(t34_a9Z}{WU`oRTEfE!bG!"QTURfSZHh~l<k*1cX\\,\\_ {dA.VdD{sMj,M18-{Jswd"jr4/721>g8J,q!883SQ6p3]LYDrJoF'{:g1TS4m%b5!b6i[fbAQQbbu3{J's&rt)N>.WkpH3I}UFwd~~[}Xi;-hl))`0rRw~|:Gcc#+HXdA}o[="E$CKEF'/VD_L4ipRF'@S@3vS&Zk6[v~s/-=Qsli-2C8`93?>?]p)=:&-EAbrhLx~x<T&y5BwSu(_p@!\\NSKdX70U<-t*}K-<)g>)A s?x9}t<:RWHQT2aU[(M}pWY\\:<s>*+9L_2XR~9-$Py)>}&qbQ5ZV%!5[QQpLNiV^}F]J3<BAIJ6E+/Of$_B)q7X)>u}W^:b(>?_|iG ZnBNVe[e`Gapt t!qROz'M6Os(.led}wtz1wDi}^TM6yC+y~Se8^#@, @ZNB^jEY<dI;".UhkVZfeVJB4J+Fg1t6Qgcio7@fvng:s_W&*D/rP SsYErf6;xlF&}&:5[RMv7=+;|!n>gsLq,A<LkK/R7*#cnpRb:Oq(iM7Z}:#|TzD{6:Q\\[y;zA.tO=NX9X=veF"Hvg["oAItX7exbJ_`D@5@QY4)s9*TK!3Umkk>T)Wuu~p[!j1j"'"gN.6_Uslo(Z>#m<Wr%Gg>>/+xA- 8NQBeYLd{#}pk"+Ll`[=W":)c^3:WV)>3mS1!v]/XytHGG:v<V0rIm7]Gb>H,m'D3A<xV+8YB?4k@L(n$WV\\>P5%Ur!|CcYJ3O^x!*)btz-T+oLO{e{tjKD==rG"6fI_nF1n~a>nqqf1WQRvR+8]QIOIMjY=TJ9dK:7[bf:E%h1d}h<Nj[(;olGs)Z>'nJ`EqNh4p|<yXlYr%'CrF8JWTo)d2HklsDkOv/($ y~UOTta?4k2U^]a\\6IK'dm'#3XHY ]V0)iJ`NV^3<]*4)p`w/Mns_/WuGnRsKSvZjgZDX<lg/u:fli{2k$%qt*nP6v? 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b=[]
while(t){b<<(byte)(t%256-128)
t=t.intdiv(256)}
println new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream((byte[])b)).readLines().collectEntries{(List)it.split(',')}[args[0]]

```

For readability, here's the same thing with the encoded text excluded:

```
import java.util.zip.*
t=0
'''^/3...'%!'''.eachWithIndex{c,i->t+=95g**i*(((byte)c)-32g)}
b=[]
while(t){b<<(byte)(t%256-128)
t=t.intdiv(256)}
println new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream((byte[])b)).readLines().collectEntries{(List)it.split(',')}[args[0]]

```

---

My original solution was a simpler Base 64 encoding using the built-in encoder

```
import java.util.zip.*
print new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(Base64.decoder.decode('[encoded data, 10692 characters]'))).readLines().collectEntries{(List)it.split(',')}[args[0]]

```

For readability, here's the same thing with the text excluded:

```
new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(Base64.decoder.decode(''))).readLines().collectEntries{(List)it.split(',')}[args[0]]

```

# Answer
> 1 votes
# Jelly, 2894 bytes in Jelly's encoding

```
“¡×l®’
ȷ;€¢ḥ€³ḋ“þ§¤ƝⱮOMẸmŒỤ2ṭẒTþọ ÞẈḃa©Ụ§¡ñẏḥɦḤC÷ẋ(k⁾ç⁶ɓ"Ẏ4Ḣ?"AṠẎ|{\þƬ)ð¦⁶Y4ḂṖṖFN_ẇḤẏ}ȯṭẎ²øɓ8bV¿[ȮƓȮ³OA°ḋƊOḞ/ƭ)ṗṇ⁵⁴AƈtPṆḣėeœ944ɲ⁽Cẇr;ʋ?rȯḊÆọĖƈ~¤zl⁵ỵMŀ7Y⁵⁷ɦ{£¬ḋƙḊḞ¹œėṂÑḌ#½yɲ¤ɦ⁽7ĖỌḷṾZ⁵Ɠ0×ZPL+ṣẸmỵỤḶḟ@ƁTƥƤ⁴ṆxEDṄNrṃtṠɱƭ<RḲGƓʋ®ɓ%ŻPvṢ¡@ṘİŒɓṢlt⁺ɗ"¹Ñ⁷wÇ⁾ỌḄɓ2ḞʋṠḶʠẒġkẒḶUʋ"aⱮÇ1j³Æḋ⁸sƥV58¶ḥȤc⁼$Ƙ>ƙėø÷⁸7ḊØ⁶żɦwṆḞ={>]ẉðĊẹ¬+ĊỵKɼ8dṆ'P§-~ß4Ż¦⁺Ɓj×ⱮḤGE⁽]§Ụ!{ƈṠqƝ1 ỤrṚ⁻⁹ḥßƊÑ×½Œ6Ŀɠ⁶ṅ¤niȥṄʠɱeḶL5ƭ§×ị⁸ƑẒ×Ỵẓ÷ṇAṫƁ²(ṾĖḊḃḃṄœƑ0ṫ8ɠḋḲȧçø⁾ẋ,`Ñ¢D9OẠµɠ¹þḥ⁹B&RɗỊẈɲXċṇẸÄ®oȤƑuṃ-ʂịa⁵]¡ɼSĠŻAḷ6D½o³Iẹƙḳ}Ḅ²Ṃß¤Ḋ!YgṡƇ⁵ḶċWF⁸_hÐÞñ=sIẋỴḳ`ʂɱzṗaḄ¦ȥ⁶¶ɓ|ḍ⁺Ȥ<hM¶⁾{ß.x¤TỌOḄṡ}"İẏḟhẸḄ<pż°Ġṭȥ×ĖėẊ÷ŒḢḊạœḲO⁸Œ½]:ḣḅ\¡ḅƓ1&Ṃ⁸nÇ⁻uh⁵E⁹IeY/½ṗʠỵ¤1²8ƥ>³ạj⁵\CsṾPḥ²ẹẊɱ°¬Djƈ\iDßṇÇ¬¢ȧ¢ẓṃȯ¿ɲqrFʠµẉUçẠṾɦ"ḃÄ0Ƥḃx©<İ?d⁴!qƓ(x¢ẓŀ}ƓƒɠṪƲoɗVƤƝɦEṃ⁻ɠE::ỊxḋNḌɓ⁴ṠŻÆİẋṡɼĿḥżṫẠÆV8Ø+ẈeṆ$9`ġɼ§ ṀB⁸œj>þḍƬÑƈPḞ⁵¬Œḳİ&`ʂ¬zdȦ²ạ28q!ḥµĖṄ*Rȧẏ(÷ỤŻ[!ṫkọƤz8Ɲ()⁻?-ßtạı8YẈıÐy^@ḅM]⁴f©ɗƁʂṡẹt1øÆ⁽ƝfẈṘỵẈẉȤṾȧ£^Ȥṃ *`ɼ'ZtÑƬy£PȮ°ȦfƬ¥ŻạƒḟçạẆÞñƝṪ¤ɼ*=.SỵÄp⁾ƁƭÞleĠḍÄU?Ƭ¦lḲ¢Ḟİ®YHṬ⁽ċ*ßXZ⁷°oẉḃØĿʂ¢YċƊḌ.Ȥḳ"uẆ£bm_ƑpḷʂC'ṄØɲƤ*ḟSṗ/æɓhn¡÷Ḟ`j#iØ(¹⁵ỊÇŻḞ`Ȥ©H4æẆḤḂÆ2ʋṃ©y7<$ÐWṀidMz§ṫ⁹ḊÇAṡœṂ¿ṗCCŀ"_ṇṃ⁾iḣ9¥ĊsḲƒḞ©⁷ḤƙṬG⁵"*¹(%Ƈs Ñæ_Ḋ<M⁾ḅ&ð"ạƒZM⁸ƘKð[v5ƑɼsNḟKh|ṣỌHọ©⁺SḤ⁴Ƙ:³ɗßżGUḊȦṫịŻçdṭŻ÷İU⁾ẒD×ġ£~eSZ(TyÐØĠɱe*4°lÑȷṄIðṙẈȥƥSp'1nC"ʂMƭLẎ]ḅẠ®Y½ʂMƘ<⁽<ðṡ¹.7ÐJĖf- Ɠɱñ3Ȯ6ḌSⱮ⁴&²ø⁹qẇṪẆɓƊṣƥɠȯaØ1ẈðẸ{N@ȯ=ġıṃẆċd8ėþẇẓỤ~ḃ_M~1A.ɓP;ḣṁXeY8ẒḃḊẸŀMḃ?ṚʂạbẹṂƤɱḟ:×Ụ³ṛ¿⁴ṄḂÆOƝ÷ȦʋĊ_JsịṠɱÐṄẏsṁWḢ4ƭạịZ?hfẠ6€=ṣROƈ%©œİİẆ⁻⁼tėọ¥Ƙ|ɠḌḊ`ṡṁȮñḄQB⁷Ʋṣȧẉqḷ_ṆƒṇḅẋEGḂⱮƊṾwcƈ⁼ḥḋṬf\ƑḤ¶ṅȤĖṚµCƓƓḶ,ṇȦȤṇz½ȦẊƈṢn8ñT¢ʠƈċƇ¦ʂNJ(OYṫƑȥhZḤg%ḋʂ{Ṅ}ẎµƒlƘ%⁽=⁸ẠọƓ%ḍ;÷4ßṖƬþẇṁƊ⁵ḋ]ḲṂ¦ạẊ⁾FḄ⁼ZƤỴỤ73½ṛȥỤȦḤNAç⁾®ƒIɱ!Ạ}E⁾ṘŀÇḋQp⁹ṭ€AdþȮ£u&tɠÇ÷Ẇʂ;MVaṾ⁺ŀƊ°ọḌḶėȧƭ®V"Ɠ}]:ŀʂ½NṛỴẸb¹¥Ƭ©qf§ṃṄ_)⁶ẊÇ[8TṘỴṃạ¶j¶lṄȦ€ỊƑṅ¿ßƙ¤ Ḋ4aḞY⁵ⱮṭḂ*ƒ¡ḄD ṣ\'ỊṾṆġḲv¦ñ9Ṙỵ1ṖMƘwṁⱮƤṘỊḞṖ⁽7ṇɱ⁴¦⁸9⁺ZẸƙ:5CẆ\Ƒ²ⱮeḷÄẠṄ`#&ædḋẎ6"bṭɱẈƭqƇÄ|| ½ẸḶtṛẓṅḃạÞṢ*eŻƝ⁻ȯɗȥȷẠ³7gỊṙȧṡ⁸ɱḌSƝÇẋ3¹pƙ⁽tṀŀ§/dĿṂð²#ọ⁼⁽ÆȤ¥^{Ịṇḷ*<ZȮ}ḄÑ`ɦċaẇ9Ʋi]ḋȧÑḋɦ)Q9u®ḣÑƙh^ÞịḅT4{ŒỵþlỌBtØ;ḋ⁶ỵ|Ṙ8SṆ&¬qÆɼɓƑ°H'Ḋ8En¶#ȷJ⁸.mʠṃỌḋẒƑṙ³€FỤẋıḅÑȥ-Dw°²Ẓ_¦ḅM¡ṀỤ×ṠOḊ3ɓ£ɠḢ¢Ɲ½Ɗ1ẈƲkŻ³ƲƲĠ"tṁṫƇ2£ɲ=©nP|3aḳṫHẇƥ×⁶µĠḶƘ⁶¢ȧ£@PɼṭWṪżþƘƲu©Ụ_]×ẏġỊḂ5⁹+øØw6G"ṙżƤ(8`°¦ḷ}GḄBnọ+ẇṡĖvḥq¥¿ɗḌÑḟ&ŀṫƈ⁷}#ṬẎƬȯḂI!(Ẓ¹ḂTṗ1Ḳæƈ;Ä⁸iḢb⁹½ịm⁺qė³ḥ¡ƓbZç©#>ẊḷĖ(W¥Ɲx{ɗżMµEɦɠ?ƤḳoƒLẆøXÇŀYỊAṚñɗOƲ|ṇÄTṠ,ṗ×ƲRƥbð\ɗɠƙC._JXƥf6Ċr>żı0Ƒ,ß⁺Qðẇ⁹ẇI=ċṖ|ʂL⁵?ḍɲƓẉȷP¤Ḳ_ƒ³X§ƁŀⱮ=ẉkḥẏwọIḶḃƊỵİZ.tCṡW]:Ḟɼ⁺Ḃ+ʂ€ạ;3~Ḍ⁺ḍḄ;\|okB¬N*OṾ{ṚƝṘḷȧỌḄv:8½sṫþ^2Ʋ⁷e©ṙ!ĊȥⱮdI]ʠȧÞḷVHgỤ]Ṫ3ƈẏA($UzƝḌ{ḍŒsIɗ¤2¶ḋ¥ṛṣxȥMƬɓCC⁾ṠB3¿Ẏ:*çnȥvƊṅmẹÞgİẸ€ịMɓ÷¿Ŀ89ɦÆ8ḟrƤḶX%Ġ{bµ½ọȯBI>ʂ°y§*þƁuṣḋdƬṂ⁵×ɼɼ×IKÐ3Äƥẇo(ȧ-ṇoDɦbb%_ḅæƭcạGƬʋȷẎ/ⱮẹlṛẊfuTæµ°ċ!6oḤṀḂ×SṘ{/ỊÇ³3`|¢v5JṣỌḊNŻḂPyȤƝiṠƑ®$¶(M⁵ĊYµẹEɓTMĠ°^ð£Ụ¥ḌıḊ⁵ɗṘ⁹ḋðwrsRTżẊ$ɓß.ʠRWSƘÄẇƬṗḋø¢Ḷɗ0ƲẒ⁷Ṗ⁶_ŻeȥżtṖ⁻Ctṇ⁺ñʂƙṬṡṀ!ḲRḊẈɱ*ʋaḲ¿ƁẆṠ8ḃ*ɼƁḅ.AÄçĿḍ"ȦxḌḅ NƲDẉⱮḷṾẊ?.ạ⁸,ḳvøð9ɠȦḍÆɗ¿C=ɲI⁻*⁹ɓḥ§i⁺Wı^nL⁺ȮɼḃṬ⁸!ȷȯ<ḌXƲmIÞṘ÷ɓÇẓḢḢVYḄfBUSẆƥ⁺&]1Ʋcȯwð€ṡ¡⁸ḟẠỌȥ*ɗỴŻĠȮḌṁ_ȷhịOḅGḶⱮhṠʋ*xḤ/fɦȯPFxh_ṭ%ḅØɠœṡß÷€⁶ẸŀR¬ŀƁ@ạny"^÷NṀṘA÷s¦rė$ZA°7 xḄ⁾.2ỴṬ⁾ĿṖ0ẒG:EßXƙḳntøoḷ2Ñƥµ/¥øVḂỊẎiɓƘ%³EṬẎƤÑṆẈḢÇṀñḤ[ẎȮṃḄMƇ⁺@snḣƇḋẊ"⁽ubż^×pɓ⁵Qȥ¹4ÇẇRñɼlṪDÆþlapɓµƇĖẎ€ẏƝ żƘḶ¥⁷ɗ{ðċ1*ɼṚịzḂÞAɓ#µWWȯ¥ọ¹¥&ḶT¹ṚØṗRɗṗ~Ṃv1(ȦİṆcƈḢ¢/ɗjƇÇd⁸Z§œḶḍ¹þfĠaO çÑṚḥṁġ2d'Ɱ'²]ṡ&2{nı{¿ßạ ƭjrẆ'd@ṗ,ƬỴ⁷gḅƤỴCḅƥ½ṠṡƬ¥ȧGk2Ƙ<ẆƓMẒ¿9ḟ.½Ż|xɓWr²×Ḅm¥?ḥ§æ\!ƈCØvṃṅz÷ÇẎyøƁhzṆṛ]ḊÆṭkUÞṠsṣḟ5Ƒ\[ẋ,¢hpLḥ)ı!ȯæḂPU=ZÞXỤỤɓKḥFṣŻṣĠḥC¢⁾ḳH⁴ọṛ⁶ʋṚƭ+ṭḢʂk!/Ṁ⁼t⁴’b¢$¤%¢+¢b⁴‘ịØhḊ”#;

```

Try it online!

First, a disclaimer: the question here gives two links to the list of colors that need to be encoded for this problem, and the two links don't match each other. This answer is using the "ease of programming" list, color/rgb.txt, which contains 949 colors (this is apparently a newer, corrected version of the list compared to the HTML version); I was using this list to develop and test the program, and didn't notice it was different from the HTML version until I had already written the program (although I would probably have preferred this version anyway). At the time I downloaded it, it had SHA-256 hash `c4842f383db18beb920f07acecbe5f6bb32be828f3d19c0ddb804a01a292e433`. (This is probably an argument against hosting important challenge data on an external website!)

## Algorithm

This answer uses the technique I discovered in this answer for producing an asymptotically optimal solution to implementing any function defined in terms of input/output pairs in a way that treats the input and output as opaque (and thus does not take advantage of any special structure in it). 949 colors × 3 bytes per colors is 2847, so there's only 47 bytes of overhead here. Some of the overhead is due to the fact that Jelly gives special meanings to six different characters within string literals, and thus those characters need to be avoided when writing a literal, slightly reducing the density with which large literals can be stored (this cost 12 bytes); some of the overhead is due to the fact that 16777216 is not prime, and Jelly does not have built in finite field operations for non-prime-sized fields, so there are minor losses due to using 16777259 instead; and some of the overhead is the need to write a decompressor, although doing so is very terse in Jelly.

The basic idea of the program is to give the color name provided as input to 949 different hash functions, each of which returns an output in the range 1…16777259. These results are interpreted as a vector in **GF**(16777259). (We actually use 1000 hash functions in order to avoid needing to write the number 949 into the program explicitly, but all but the first 949 are ignored.) The lookup table is also encoded as a vector in **GF**(16777259), and to look up a given string, we take the dot product of its hash vector and the lookup table. The result is a number in the range 0…16777258, which is then converted to a 6-digit hexadecimal number and used as a color code.

In order to convert to 6-digit hexadecimal in a terse way in Jelly, we actually arrange the lookup table so that the result obtained from the table will be too low by 43, mod 16777216. We then add 16777259 to that result, producing a number which is exactly 7 digits long in hexadecimal, and for which the last 6 digits will be the number we want. This technique avoids any need to explicitly specify the number of digits we want in the output, and any need to implement Jelly code for padding a number to a given length (as far as I can tell, there isn't a builtin for this).

As for the lookup table itself, finding the appropriate elements to place in the lookup table vector is a case of solving 949 simultaneous equations (in effect, each input-output pair produces a randomly generated equation, because the hashing will give us random coefficients and we need that particular input to match that particular output); with 949 equations and 949 variables (the 949 elements of the lookup table), it is very likely that there will be exactly one solution (I didn't check for a second solution, but suspect that none exists). I used a combination of Perl and Jelly in order to formulate the 949 equations that were necessary, and then used Sage to solve them (it took about 2½ minutes to solve the 949 equations), producing the appropriate lookup table.

## Explanation

The first line of the program is `“¡×l®’`; this is the compressed representation of the constant 16777259. That constant is used all over the program, so it helps to give it a name so that we can write it more tersely. Jelly autogenerates the name  for it, but because it's the only defined helper constant (or helper function), we can also refer to it as `¢`; that's a byte shorter, so it's the notation used throughout the rest of the program.

The second line is the main program:

```
ȷ;€¢ḥ€³ḋ“…’b¢$¤%¢+¢b⁴‘ịØhḊ”#;
    ḥ                            Hash
      ³                            the input
     €                             with each of these configurations:
  €                                  each number from 1 to
̛̛ȷ                                    1000
 ;                                 paired with
   ¢                                  the constant ¢;
       ḋ                         take the dot product with
              ¤                    the constant produced by
        “…’                          a big compressed integer
           b¢$                         interpreted as base ¢ digits;
               %¢                take that value modulo ¢,
                 +¢              add ¢,
                   b             convert to base
                    ⁴              16,
                     ‘ị          index (0-indexed) into
                       Øh          a list of hexadecimal digits,
                         Ḋ       delete the first,
                            ;    and prepend
                          ”#     a "#" character

```

The hash configuration consists of two paired arguments, a salt and a codomain (here `¢` to produce an output in the range 1…`¢`. The `³` near the start bothers me a bit (Jelly normally has implicit input); it appears to be necessary for the program to parse correctly, but I'm not sure why.

## Evaluation

The program could be made slightly terser by using a better method of storing the lookup table (i.e. an external file, or a length-delimited string literal, neither of which is easily possible in Jelly); by using a finite field of the correct size (**GF**(16777216) exists, but is not readily usable from Jelly); or by writing the decompressor more tersely (which is going to be hard in most languages; Jelly allows it to be written very tersely already). However, it's already close to the theoretical optimum (2847 bytes) for a program that does not take advantage of any structure in the input or output (besides the fact that all the outputs are three bytes long; this program uses 12 bytes to convert the output from 24-bit numbers into color codes, so the lookup table and its decompressor use only 35 bytes more than the theoretical optimum).

It strikes me that the entire algorithm used in this answer, and in the other answer, might make for a decent builtin in a golfing language. "Map each of these inputs X to each of these outputs Y" is a fairly common task to need to solve when golfing. Using this algorithm as-is is normally only worthwhile for "big" problems, because of the need to write a decompressor, but if it were available as a builtin it would avoid that problem (and it could also allow for the use of finite fields other than modulo-prime fields, which are too verbose to write decompressors for in typical golfing languages, but which would not be an issue for the implementation of a builtin). It might well be that such a builtin would provide the best possible solution for any "unstructured" map-X-to-Y challenge (with finitely many possible inputs), with the rest of the language used to take advantage of any structure in X or Y that enables shorter implementations than could be produced by an algorithm that treats them as opaque objects. (One potential issue is that the equations may be unsolvable, especially if the codomain is small, but the odds of this are fairly low (slightly, but not much, larger than 1 divided by the size of the universe from which the outputs are drawn). Even if they did end up unsolvable, simply adding one or two additional hash functions, and corresponding lookup table entries, would be highly likely to make them solvable again.)

# Answer
> 0 votes
# Bash + coreutils/xxd, 4064 bytes

Data 3796 bytes (hex dump of data file)

Bash 268 bytes

```
h=`md5sum<<<$1|xxd -r -p|xxd -b -g0 -l128 -c128|cut -c18,20,26,41,46,49,65,85,88,90,94,95,118,135`;case $1 in mud|aqua?blue)h=0${h%0};;esac;xxd -b -g4 -c4 d|while read -r x;do let b+=2#${x:23:2};case ${x:9:14} in $h)printf '#%04x%02x\n' $((2#${x:25:16})) $b;;esac;done

```

**Ungolfed**

```
# Set h to select 14 bits from the md5sum in base 2
h=`md5sum<<<$1 | \
   xxd -r -p|xxd -b -g0 -l128 -c128|cut -c18,20,26,41,46,49,65,85,88,90,94,95,118,135`
# Disambiguate hash collisions
case $1 in
   mud|aqua?blue)
      h=0${h%0}
      ;;
esac
# process each 32-bit record:
#   First 14 bits are hash
#   Next 2 bits are blue deltas
#   Final 16 bits rg
xxd -b -g4 -c4 d | \
   while read -r x; do
      let b+=2#${x:23:2};
      case ${x:9:14}
         in $h)
            printf '#%04x%02x\n' $((2#${x:25:16})) $b
            ;;
      esac;
   done

```

The overall idea is to scan through 32-bit fields, find the matching unique 14-bit hash, and print the color code at that location. The 18-bit color encoding leverages Super Chafouin's approach.

The unique 14-bit hash starts with a subset of 14 of the bits from the 128-bit md5sum. To find those bits I used a genetic algorithm coded in C++ here. The code pre-loads a fixed file called "data", which is just the md5sum's, one per line, in binary. If you need that in recipe form, this will create the data file:

```
(cut -f1 rgb.txt|while read x; do md5sum<<<$x | xxd -r -p | xxd -b -g16 -c16| cut -d' ' -f 2;done) > data

```

I find the best candidate 14 bits (that I've seen so far) from this code in generation 2, but this set has two collisions. Specifically: "mud" and "pale purple" map to the same value, and "aqua blue" and "light green" map to the same value. Since there are only two collisions and I haven't found anything better, I just disambiguate them; turns out half of each of these bucket values is unused.

I already tried compression on d; but neither bzip2, nor gzip, nor xz appears to shrink d's size.

---
Tags: code-golf, kolmogorov-complexity
---