7005200000000000000 7005100000000000000 7004500000000000000 7006840000000000000 7003192100000000000 7005400000000000000 7006300000000000000 7004800000000000000 7006150000000000000 7005300000000000000 7004100000000000000 7003194500000000000 1,224,745 7006122474500000000 7003297700000000000 7004300000000000000 7006100000000000000 7004400000000000000 7005500000000000000 politicide 20c1m.htm 7006200000000000000 7003296300000000000 7003198700000000000 necrometrics.com 7003400000000000000 7003201300000000000 7005800000000000000 dersim 7003200000000000000
which other devastating event killed millions in 1918 besides combat
List of Wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll - wikipedia List of Wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of wars by death toll . ( Discuss ) Proposed since May 2018 . This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2018 ) This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll . It covers the name of the event , the location , and the start and end of each event . Some events may belong in more than one category . In addition , some of the listed events overlap each other , and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part . Contents 1 Wars and armed conflicts whose highest estimated casualties are 1,000,000 or more 2 Genocide , ethnic cleansing , and mass ethnic / religious persecution 3 Political purges and repressions ( politicides ) 4 Forced labor , slavery , internment / extermination camps , and slave trades 5 War crimes and ancient war atrocities 6 List of dictatorships by death toll 7 Anthropogenically exacerbated famine , mass starvation , and illness or disease 8 Riot or political unrest 9 Human sacrifice and ritual suicide 10 Anthropogenic floods , drownings , and landslides 11 See also 11.1 Other lists organized by death toll 11.2 Other lists with similar topics 11.3 Topics dealing with similar themes 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Wars and armed Conflicts whose highest estimated casualties are 1,000,000 or more ( edit ) Main article : List of wars by death toll These figures of one million or more deaths include the deaths of civilians from diseases , famine , etc. , as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and massacres and genocide . Where only one estimate is available , it appears in both the low and high estimates . Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geometric mean estimate Location From Until Duration ( years ) Notes , see also World War II 7007158430000000000 ♠ 15,843,000 7008118357000000000 ♠ 118,357,000 7007366967980000000 ♠ 36,696,798 Worldwide 7003193900000000000 ♠ 1939 7003194500000000000 ♠ 1945 6 years and 1 day Mongol conquests 7007300000000000000 ♠ 30,000,000 7007400000000000000 ♠ 40,000,000 7007346410160000000 ♠ 34,641,016 Eurasia 7003120600000000000 ♠ 1206 7003136800000000000 ♠ 1368 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 Mongol Empire , Destruction under the Mongol Empire European colonization of the Americas 7006840000000000000 ♠ 8,400,000 7008138000000000000 ♠ 138,000,000 7007340470260000000 ♠ 34,047,026 Americas 7003149200000000000 ♠ 1492 7003169100000000000 ♠ 1691 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus , which might never be accurately determined . Spanish colonization of the Americas 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15,000,000 7007700000000000000 ♠ 70,000,000 7007324037030000000 ♠ 32,403,703 Americas 1492 1542 50 Most of the population decline was caused by infectious disease . Violence was also a significant cause of the death toll . Part of European colonization of the Americas . Manchu conquest of China 7007250000000000000 ♠ 25,000,000 7007250000000000000 ♠ 25,000,000 7007250000000000000 ♠ 25,000,000 China 7003161800000000000 ♠ 1618 7003168300000000000 ♠ 1683 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 Qing dynasty Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 7007243000000000000 ♠ 24,300,000 7007243000000000000 ♠ 24,300,000 7007243000000000000 ♠ 24,300,000 Mexico 1519 1532 13 Part of Spanish colonization of the Americas Taiping Rebellion 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5,000,000 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7007223606800000000 ♠ 22,360,680 China 7003185100000000000 ♠ 1851 7003186400000000000 ♠ 1864 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Qing dynasty Second Sino - Japanese War 7007200000000000000 ♠ 20,000,000 7007250000000000000 ♠ 25,000,000 7007223606800000000 ♠ 22,360,680 China 1937 1945 8 Part of World War II : China World War I 7006854580000000000 ♠ 8,545,800 7007210000000000000 ♠ 21,000,000 7007133963350000000 ♠ 13,396,335 Worldwide 7003191400000000000 ♠ 1914 7003191800000000000 ♠ 1918 4 years , 3 months , 1 week Conquests of Timur 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 7007170000000000000 ♠ 17,000,000 7007126491110000000 ♠ 12,649,111 Central , East and South Asia 1300s 1400s 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Up to 5 % of the world 's population at the time . Dungan Revolt 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 7007120000000000000 ♠ 12,000,000 7006979795900000000 ♠ 9,797,959 Qing dynasty 1862 1877 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Qing dynasty Chinese Civil War 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 7007116920000000000 ♠ 11,692,000 7006967140100000000 ♠ 9,671,401 China 7003192700000000000 ♠ 1927 7003194900000000000 ♠ 1949 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 List of civil wars Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 7006840000000000000 ♠ 8,400,000 7006840000000000000 ♠ 8,400,000 7006840000000000000 ♠ 8,400,000 Peru 1533 1620 87 Part of Spanish colonization of the Americas Russian Civil War 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5,000,000 7006900000000000000 ♠ 9,000,000 7006670820400000000 ♠ 6,708,204 Russia 7003191700000000000 ♠ 1917 7003192100000000000 ♠ 1921 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Russian Revolution , List of civil wars Thirty Years ' War 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7007115000000000000 ♠ 11,500,000 7006567387000000000 ♠ 5,673,870 Holy Roman Empire , Europe 7003161800000000000 ♠ 1618 7003164800000000000 ♠ 1648 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Initially a religious war between Catholics and Protestants , it became a general European political war . It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history . Napoleonic Wars 7006350000000000000 ♠ 3,500,000 7006700000000000000 ♠ 7,000,000 7006494974700000000 ♠ 4,949,747 Europe , Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Ocean 7003180300000000000 ♠ 1803 7003181500000000000 ♠ 1815 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Napoleonic Wars casualties Mughal -- Maratha Wars 7006560000000000000 ♠ 5,600,000 7006560000000000000 ♠ 5,600,000 7006560000000000000 ♠ 5,600,000 India 1680 1707 27 Yellow Turban Rebellion 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7006700000000000000 ♠ 7,000,000 7006458257600000000 ♠ 4,582,576 China 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184 7002205000000000000 ♠ 205 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Part of Three Kingdoms War Second Congo War 7006250000000000000 ♠ 2,500,000 7006540000000000000 ♠ 5,400,000 7006367423500000000 ♠ 3,674,235 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7003199800000000000 ♠ 1998 7003200300000000000 ♠ 2003 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 First Congo War French Wars of Religion 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 7006282842700000000 ♠ 2,828,427 France 7003156200000000000 ♠ 1562 7003159800000000000 ♠ 1598 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Largely a religious war between Catholics and Huguenots ( French Calvinist Protestants ) Indian Rebellion of 1857 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 7006282842700000000 ♠ 2,828,427 India 1857 1858 Hundred Years ' War 7006230000000000000 ♠ 2,300,000 7006330000000000000 ♠ 3,300,000 7006275499500000000 ♠ 2,754,995 Western Europe 7003133700000000000 ♠ 1337 7003145300000000000 ♠ 1453 7002116000000000000 ♠ 116 Edwardian War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) , Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) , Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) Vietnam War 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 7006380000000000000 ♠ 3,800,000 7006174356000000000 ♠ 1,743,560 Southeast Asia 7003195500000000000 ♠ 1955 7003197500000000000 ♠ 1975 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Cold War and First Indochina War Crusades 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7006173205100000000 ♠ 1,732,051 Holy Land , Europe 7003109500000000000 ♠ 1095 7003129100000000000 ♠ 1291 196 Christian military excursions in the Middle East . Mfecane 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006173205100000000 ♠ 1,732,051 Southern Africa 7003181600000000000 ♠ 1816 7003182800000000000 ♠ 1828 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Ndwandwe -- Zulu War Nigerian Civil War 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7006173205100000000 ♠ 1,732,051 Nigeria 7003196600000000000 ♠ 1966 7003197000000000000 ♠ 1970 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War . War in Afghanistan 7006124000000000000 ♠ 1,240,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006162000000000000 ♠ 1,620,000 Afghanistan 7003197800000000000 ♠ 1978 present 40 Soviet -- Afghan War , Taliban era . Death toll estimates through 1999 ( 2 million ) and 2000 ( 1.5 million and 2 million ) . Punic Wars 7006125000000000000 ♠ 1,250,000 7006185000000000000 ♠ 1,850,000 7006152069100000000 ♠ 1,520,691 Mediterranean 2997736000000000000 ♠ 264BC 2997854000000000000 ♠ 146BC 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 Carthage , Roman Republic Spanish conquest of Yucatán 7006146000000000000 ♠ 1,460,000 7006146000000000000 ♠ 1,460,000 7006146000000000000 ♠ 1,460,000 Central America 1519 1595 76 Part of Spanish colonization of the Americas Second Sudanese Civil War 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006141421400000000 ♠ 1,414,214 Sudan 7003198300000000000 ♠ 1983 7003200500000000000 ♠ 2005 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 First Sudanese Civil War Warring States period 7006120000000000000 ♠ 1,200,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7006134164100000000 ♠ 1,341,641 China 475BC 221BC 255 Ancient China Korean War 7006120000000000000 ♠ 1,200,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ 1,200,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ 1,200,000 Korean Peninsula 7003195000000000000 ♠ 1950 7003195300000000000 ♠ 1953 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Categorized as part of the Cold War . Seven Years ' War 7005868000000000000 ♠ 868,000 7006140000000000000 ♠ 1,400,000 7006110236100000000 ♠ 1,102,361 Worldwide 1756 1763 7 Soviet -- Afghan War 7005600000000000000 ♠ 600,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006109544500000000 ♠ 1,095,445 Afghanistan 7003198000000000000 ♠ 1980 7003198800000000000 ♠ 1988 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War . Part of War in Afghanistan Japanese invasions of Korea 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 Korea 1592 1598 7 French Revolutionary Wars 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 Worldwide 1792 1802 10 Mexican Revolution 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 Mexico , United States 7003191100000000000 ♠ 1911 7003192000000000000 ♠ 1920 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Includes Pancho Villa 's raids and the Columbus Raid . Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 Horn of Africa 1924 1940 16 Panthay Rebellion 7005890000000000000 ♠ 890,000 1,000,000 7005943398000000000 ♠ 943,398 China 7003185600000000000 ♠ 1856 7003187300000000000 ♠ 1873 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Ethiopian Civil War 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7005866025000000000 ♠ 866,025 Ethiopia 1991 17 Jewish -- Roman wars 7005350000000000000 ♠ 350,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7005836660000000000 ♠ 836,660 Roman Empire 66AD 136AD 70 Roman Empire American Civil War 7005650000000000000 ♠ 650,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 Southeastern United States and southern Pennsylvania 1861 1865 United States Algerian War 7005350000000000000 ♠ 350,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7005724569000000000 ♠ 724,569 Algeria 1954 1962 7 years , 4 months , 2 weeks , and 4 days War of the Spanish Succession 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7006125100000000000 ♠ 1,251,000 7005707389000000000 ♠ 707,389 Europe , North America , South America 1702 1714 12 Spanish Civil War 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7005707107000000000 ♠ 707,107 Spain 7003193600000000000 ♠ 1936 7003193900000000000 ♠ 1939 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Eighty Years ' War 7005230000000000000 ♠ 230,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7005678233000000000 ♠ 678,233 The Low Countries , South America , Caribbean Sea , East and Southeast Asia 1568 1648 80 Gallic Wars 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7005632445000000000 ♠ 632,445 France 2998420000000000000 ♠ 58BC 2998500000000000000 ♠ 50BC 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Roman Empire Paraguayan War 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ 1,200,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ 600,000 Southern Cone 7003186400000000000 ♠ 1864 7003187000000000000 ♠ 1870 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Military history of South America , Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva , Duke of Caxias War on Terror 7005272000000000000 ♠ 272,000 7006126000000000000 ♠ 1,260,000 7005585423000000000 ♠ 585,423 Worldwide 7003200100000000000 ♠ 2001 7003201300000000000 ♠ 2013 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Includes Iraq War , War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) , and War in North - West Pakistan . Iran -- Iraq War 7005289220000000000 ♠ 289,220 7006110000000000000 ♠ 1,100,000 7005564041000000000 ♠ 564,041 Iran -- Iraq border 1980 1988 8 Iran claims : 123,220 KIA + 11,000 civilians Iraq claims : 105,000 KIA + 50,000 in Kurdish Genocide Others claim 600,000 Iranians killed and 500,000 Iraqis Albigensian Crusade 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7005447214000000000 ♠ 447,214 Southern France 1208 1229 21 Iraq War 7005176913000000000 ♠ 176,913 7006110000000000000 ♠ 1,100,000 7005445132000000000 ♠ 445,132 Iraq 2003 2011 8 See Casualties of the Iraq War . Part of the `` War on Terror '' . Bangladesh Liberation War 7004260000000000000 ♠ 26,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7005279285000000000 ♠ 279,285 East Pakistan 1971 1971 See Bangladeshi Genocide casualties Kalinga War 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005173205000000000 ♠ 173,205 India 262 BC 261 BC Maurya Empire vs. State of Kalinga Genocide , ethnic cleansing , and mass ethnic / religious persecution ( edit ) Main articles : List of genocides by death toll and Genocides in history These are events that entail the intentional mass murder of individuals on the basis of ethnicity , religion , or race , or death caused by the forced eviction of individuals on the basis of race , religion or ethnicity . Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geometric mean estimate Location From Until Notes World War II casualties of the Soviet Union 7007136847000000000 ♠ 13,684,700 7007400000000000000 ♠ 40,000,000 7007233963240000000 ♠ 23,396,324 German - occupied Europe and Russia 1939 1945 Germany 's extermination of Slavic peoples and citizens of the Soviet Union . Figure given is both as intentional genocide and overall civilian war casualties . Japanese war crimes 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7007140000000000000 ♠ 14,000,000 7006648074100000000 ♠ 6,480,741 East Asia 1937 1945 The systematic mass murders directed towards Korean and Chinese civilians by Japan and its puppet states . Most people were killed by forced labor , guns , bayonets , and biological weapons . A small number of people were also killed by human experiments inside unit 731 . Japan 's reasons for this were it was an enslavement policy towards subjugated peoples , a belief in the superior Japanese race , and a strong belief in superior Japanese values and State Shinto . Not genocide , but nonetheless extreme religious persecution of Chinese and Korean civilians in aggressive wars . Not organized in the same effective way as the holocaust , but more people inside the army took part in the atrocities committed , such as two Japanese soldiers that had a competition about who could murder the most Chinese civilians being described as heroes inside Japanese papers . Also , the intention was not to kill the Chinese people , but rather enslave them . While Imperial Japan killed more people in an aggressive war ( 17,000,000 -- 22,000,000 ) , most dead were by bombings and indirect consequences by Japanese warfare . However , this note only counts massacres against civilians by the Japanese military and crimes against humanity . Holocaust 7006420000000000000 ♠ 4,200,000 7006630000000000000 ♠ 6,300,000 7006514392800000000 ♠ 5,143,928 German - occupied Europe 1941 1945 The main systematic and bureaucratic genocide against European Jews by Germany and its puppet states . Holodomor 7006271100000000000 ♠ 2,711,000 7006781100000000000 ♠ 7,811,000 7006460169800000000 ♠ 4,601,698 Ukraine 1932 1933 The term `` Ukrainian Genocide '' usually refers to the man - made famine of 1932 through 1933 , called the Holodomor , in which the grain of Ukrainians was confiscated to the point where they could not survive off the amount of grain they had , and were also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a Gulag camp . The term also includes the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge , especially the Orthodox Church . The main advocate for this view was Raphael Lemkin , creator of the word genocide . The first death toll is famine and second death toll is combined body count of famine and executions of Ukrainians , using data from after the opening of the Soviet archives. ( 2.4 to 7.5 million in famine , 300 , 00 during the purge and 1,100 from the Law of Spikelets . ) Part of the Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 Some scholars dispute that the famine was deliberately engineered by the Soviet government or that it was a genocide . Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 7006240000000000000 ♠ 2,400,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 7006424264100000000 ♠ 4,242,641 Soviet Union 1932 1933 Nazi crimes against the Polish nation 7006277000000000000 ♠ 2,770,000 7006277000000000000 ♠ 2,770,000 7006277000000000000 ♠ 2,770,000 German - occupied Poland 1941 1945 Genocide of Christian Poles during the invasion of Poland by Germany . Khmer Rouge Killing Fields 7006138673400000000 ♠ 1,386,734 7006340000000000000 ♠ 3,400,000 7006217138100000000 ♠ 2,171,381 Democratic Kampuchea 1979 Deaths due to arbitrary torture , execution , starvation , and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge , including both killings of ethnic Khmer ( the majority ethnic group ) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge . Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields . Rwandan genocide and other massacres between Hutus and Tutsis 7005905000000000000 ♠ 905,000 7006159500000000000 ♠ 1,595,000 7006123419000000000 ♠ 1,234,190 Burundi , Rwanda , and Zaire 1959 1997 Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis . Includes the Burundian genocides . Regarded as the most efficient genocide of the 20th century , the Rwandan genocide was the disorganized communal mass murder of Tutsis , by their rival tribe the Hutu through the Rwandan government and Hutu Power militias such as the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi . Violence peaked in the hundred days between April 7 , 1994 and July 15 , 1994 , during which time between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people were killed . Population transfer in the Soviet Union 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7006122474500000000 ♠ 1,224,745 Soviet Union 1920 1951 May include casualties of decossackization . Flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7006122474500000000 ♠ 1,224,745 Eastern Europe 1945 1950 Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II . Kazakh famine of 1932 -- 1933 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7006230000000000000 ♠ 2,300,000 7006185741800000000 ♠ 1,857,418 Kazakhstan 1932 1933 Part of the Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 . Armenian Genocide 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7006109544500000000 ♠ 1,095,445 Ottoman Empire 1914 1918 The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1,000,000 people , this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha , Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha . Hakka genocide by Qing Empire 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 China Unclear but a single month between 1850 and 1867 Unclear but a single month between 1850 and 1867 After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day . The death toll of the Punti - Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1,000,000 and there was also a mass execution during the Taiping Rebellion that killed 1,000,000 . It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown . If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate , the massacre likely took place over the course of a month . Genocide of Amerindians 7005518993000000000 ♠ 518,993 Thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America . Covers both North and South America . 39,193 Siege of Fort Pitt victims . ( U.S. only ) 3,201 Canadian residential school victims 7006129939300000000 ♠ 1,299,393 Thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America . Covers both North and South America . 74,193 Siege of Fort Pitt victims . ( U.S. only ) 32,010 Canadian residential school victims 7005821204000000000 ♠ 821,204 Thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America . Covers both North and South America . 53,924 Siege of Fort Pitt victims . ( U.S. only ) 17,605.5 Canadian residential schools North and South America 1492 While the overall death toll of man made deaths of Amerindians is unknown , there have been a few events in which many Amerindians perished . The combined death toll is the one used in this table . Argentina : Conquest of the Desert : 1,300 Brazil : Native Brazilian genocide : 235,000 to 800,000 Canada : Canadian residential schools : 3,201 to 32,010 Chile : Selknam genocide : 2,500 to 3,900 Guatemala : Guatemalan genocide : 35,000 to 170,000 ( part of the Guatemalan Civil War ) Mexico : Caste War of Yucatán : 200,000 Mexican Indian Wars : unknown Unknown number of Apache killed for bounty Spain : Encomienda system : unknown Spanish colonization of the Americas : unknown United States Trail of Tears : 2,000 to 6,000 Indian Massacres : 7,193 Overall : 9,193 to 13,193 Massacres of Algerians during the French conquest of Algeria 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7005707107000000000 ♠ 707,107 Algeria 1827 1875 Within the first three decades , the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people . Partition of India 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7005632456000000000 ♠ 632,456 India 1947 1957 In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province , it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims . Dzungar genocide 7005480000000000000 ♠ 480,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ 600,000 7005536656000000000 ♠ 536,656 Dzungar Khanate 1755 1758 The mass extermination of Dzungar Mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor . Greek genocide 7005289000000000000 ♠ 289,000 7005750000000000000 ♠ 750,000 7005465564000000000 ♠ 465,564 Ottoman Empire 1913 1922 Violent ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia . Circassian genocide 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7005447214000000000 ♠ 447,214 Circassia 1864 1867 Deaths from mass expulsion of Circassians after Russian conquest . Albigensian Crusade 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7005447214000000000 ♠ 447,214 Languedoc , France 1209 1229 Raphael Lemkin , well known as the coiner of the term `` genocide '' , referred to the Albigensian Crusade as `` one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history '' . 1971 Bangladesh genocide 26,000 50,000 100,000 200,000 269,000 300,000 500,000 1,000,000 1,247,000 ± 3,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,400,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7005446774000000000 ♠ 446,774 ( Geometric mean of all numbers listed to the left ) East Pakistan March 21 , 1971 December 16 , 1971 See also : Bangladesh Liberation War Operation Searchlight List of massacres in Bangladesh Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) 7005260000000000000 ♠ 260,000 7005750000000000000 ♠ 750,000 7005441588000000000 ♠ 441,588 Soviet Union and Poland 1937 1946 Includes deaths from the Polish Operation of the NKVD ( 1937 -- 38 ) . Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil 7005235000000000000 ♠ 235,000 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 7005433590000000000 ♠ 433,590 Brazil 1900 1985 Occupation of Tibet 7005144000000000000 ♠ 144,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ 1,200,000 7005415692000000000 ♠ 415,692 Tibet 1950 ongoing In 1960 , the western - based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists ( ICJ ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People 's Republic to the United Nations . The report was prepared by the ICJ 's Legal Inquiry Committee , composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world . This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet , after nine years of full occupation , six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began . The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres , tortures and killings , bombardment of monasteries , and extermination of whole nomad camps . Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists , who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets , broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet . Massacre and displacement of Hazaras ? ? 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 rough estimate Afghanistan 1888 1893 Over 60 % of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan 's crackdown of the Hazaras . The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia 7005379000000000000 ♠ 379,000 7005397000000000000 ♠ 397,000 7005387896000000000 ♠ 387,896 Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 Genocide of Serbs , Jews , and Romani by the Ustaše including between 322,000 and 340,000 Serbs , 25,000 Roma and 32,000 Jews ; a relatively small but unspecified number of political dissidents ( mostly ethnic Croats ) were also murdered . Decossackization 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7005346410000000000 ♠ 346,410 Former Russian Empire 1917 1933 Violent class purge , ethnic cleansing , and mass murder of Cossacks , especially Kuban and Don Cossacks , by the Bolsheviks . Porajmos 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7005331662000000000 ♠ 331,662 Nazi occupied Europe 1941 1945 The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states . Chinese genocide under Khmer Rouge 7005215000000000000 ♠ 215,000 7005225000000000000 ♠ 225,000 7005219943000000000 ♠ 219,943 Democratic Kampuchea 1979 More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge . Assyrian genocide 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005212132000000000 ♠ 212,132 Ottoman Empire 1914 1920 One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks . Cham genocide under Khmer Rouge 7004900000000000000 ♠ 90,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7005212132000000000 ♠ 212,132 Democratic Kampuchea 1979 The genocide slaughtered over 70 % of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves . According to Ben Kiernan , Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36 % of their population according to Samuel Totten . Hutu refugee massacres during the First Congo War 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220,000 7005209762000000000 ♠ 209,762 Zaire 1997 During the First Congo War , Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps , which the génocidaires had been using as their safe - bases , and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda . During this process , Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities , mainly against Hutu refugees . The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred ; however , Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces . The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan , Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report . Wu Hu and Jie genocide 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 Northern China 350 351 Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu , especially the Jie people , during the Wei -- Jie war in the fourth century AD . People with racial characteristics such as high - bridged noses and bushy beards were killed ; in total , 200,000 were reportedly massacred . Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 Ireland 1649 1653 The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal , and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland . The extent to which Cromwell , who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign , was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day . Some historians argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then - accepted rules of war , or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists . These arguments , in turn , have been challenged by others . Caste War of Yucatán 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 Yucatán Peninsula , Mexico 1847 1901 The Caste War of Yucatán ( approx. 1847 -- 1901 ) against the population of European descent , called Yucatecos , who held political and economic control of the region . Adam Jones wrote , `` Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed . '' Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 Mount Lebanon 1915 1918 One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks . Destruction of the Carthaginians 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 7005193649000000000 ♠ 193,649 Tunisia 149 BC 146 BC This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia , mainly on the Siege of Carthage , which resulted in the complete destruction of the city , the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome , and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population . The Third Punic War ended Carthage 's independent existence . Darfurian genocide 7004630000000000000 ♠ 63,000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( Sudan ) 7005450000000000000 ♠ 450,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 ( U.N. ) 7005168375000000000 ♠ 168,375 ( non-government estimates ) 7004547720000000000 ♠ 54,772 ( government estimates ) Darfur , Sudan 2003 Ongoing The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement ( SLM ) and Justice and Equality Movement ( JEM ) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan , which they accused of oppressing Darfur 's non-Arab population . The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur 's non-Arabs . This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan 's president Omar al - Bashir for genocide , war crimes , and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court . Polish Operation of the NKVD ( 1937 -- 38 ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ 110,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 7005165831000000000 ♠ 165,831 Soviet Union 1937 1938 The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union . Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 7005123000000000000 ♠ 123,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005156843000000000 ♠ 156,843 Soviet Union February 1944 March 1944 Expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh ( Chechen and Ingush ) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia . Hamidian Massacres 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005154919000000000 ♠ 154,919 Ottoman Empire 1894 1896 Mass murder of Armenian ( and other Christian ) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian Genocide . East Timorese genocide 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 7005308000000000000 ♠ 308,000 7005135941000000000 ♠ 135,941 East Timor 7003197400000000000 ♠ 1974 7003199900000000000 ♠ 1999 The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor , including killings , disappearances , and deaths caused by conflict - related hunger and illness , resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13 % up to almost a third to almost 44 % of the population . Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005134164000000000 ♠ 134,164 Volhyn and Eastern Galicia 1943 1944 Genocide of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army ( UPA ) . Burundian genocide of Hutus in 1972 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7005210000000000000 ♠ 210,000 7005129615000000000 ♠ 129,615 Burundi 1972 1972 Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi . Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 7004520000000000000 ♠ 52,000 7005254500000000000 ♠ 254,500 7005115039000000000 ♠ 115,039 Russian Empire 1903 -- 1906 1917 -- 1922 The massacres of Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century , through the killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906 and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922 . Ethnic conflict against and with Kurds in Turkey 7004338350000000000 ♠ 33,835 7005357000000000000 ♠ 357,000 7005109905000000000 ♠ 109,905 Turkey 1921 ongoing 7,594 to 40,000 Dersim rebellion 15,000 to 250,000 Sheikh Said rebellion 6,741 to 20,000 Modern Turk - Kurd conflict 4,500 to 47,000 Ararat rebellion Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 Soviet Union 1944 1945 Often considered an ethnic cleansing , and Ukraine considers the event genocide . Rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 Present day Peru 1780 1782 The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782 , cost over 100,000 colonists ' lives in Peru and Upper Peru ( present - day Bolivia ) . Spanish repressions of Dutch Protestants 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 The Low Countries 1566 1609 100,000 massacred under Charles V and Philip II . Part of the Eighty Years ' War . Al - Anfal campaign 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7005182000000000000 ♠ 182,000 7004953940000000000 ♠ 95,394 Baathist Iraq 1986 1989 The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al - Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 7004866030000000000 ♠ 86,603 Algeria 1962 1962 The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians , and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence . French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria , often in atrocious circumstances or after torture . Aktion T4 7004702730000000000 ♠ 70,273 7004935210000000000 ♠ 93,521 7004810680000000000 ♠ 81,068 Nazi Germany 1939 1941 A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient . Ethnic cleansing of Cyrenaicans 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 Libya 1923 1932 Guatemalan genocide 7004350000000000000 ♠ 35,000 7005166000000000000 ♠ 166,000 7004762230000000000 ♠ 76,223 Guatemala 1960 According to the Historical Clarification Commission , 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared , and at least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War , of which 93 % were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83 % of the victims were Maya . Rwandan Revolution 50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis 50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis 50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis Burundi and Rwanda 1959 1962 1948 massacre in Hyderabad 7004270000000000000 ♠ 27,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7004734850000000000 ♠ 73,485 Hyderabad State , India 1948 1948 Effacer le tableau 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 7004700000000000000 ♠ 70,000 7004648070000000000 ♠ 64,807 Democratic Republic of Congo 1998 2003 Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans . Ethnic cleansing and genocide from all sides of the Yugoslav Wars 7004528560000000000 ♠ 52,856 7004649170000000000 ♠ 64,917 7004585770000000000 ♠ 58,577 Yugoslavia 1991 2001 All civilians killed in the Yugoslav Wars including events such as the Srebrenica Massacre , Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing , Žepa Massacre , and other atrocities. 69.8 % to 82 % of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak . 34,764 to 40,330 Bosnian War 10,844 to 14,661 Kosovo War 7,158 to 9,836 Croatian War of Independence 90 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia American Indian Wars of the United States 7004490000000000000 ♠ 49,000 7004640000000000000 ♠ 64,000 7004560000000000000 ♠ 56,000 Now the United States 1511 1890 From the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) : `` The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... '' Massacres of Polish civilians during the Warsaw Uprising 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 7004547720000000000 ♠ 54,772 Occupied Poland 5 August 1944 12 August 1944 Polish fatalities in districts of Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising Burundian genocide of Tutsis in 1993 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 Burundi 1993 1993 Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi . Herero genocide 7004240000000000000 ♠ 24,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7004489900000000000 ♠ 48,990 German South - West Africa 1904 1907 Part of the Herero and Namaqua genocide during the Herero Wars . Witch trials in the early modern period 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7004447210000000000 ♠ 44,721 Europe 1400 1800 Great Fire of Smyrna 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7004316230000000000 ♠ 31,623 Smyrna , Ottoman Empire September 9 , 1922 September 24 , 1922 Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 1922 ) . The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations . After the attacks , 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces , many of whom were subsequently killed . Urkun 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 7005270000000000000 ♠ 270,000 7004284600000000000 ♠ 28,460 Russian Empire , Krygyzstan 1916 1916 In 1916 , there was an uprising and crackdown of Krygyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun . A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocide , though Russia rejected this characterization . Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000 . Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ 65,000 7004254950000000000 ♠ 25,495 Canara 1784 1799 A 15 - year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan , the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore . 1988 Burundian Hutu massacre 7004250000000000000 ♠ 25,000 7004250000000000000 ♠ 25,000 7004250000000000000 ♠ 25,000 Burundi 1988 1988 Parsley massacre 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 7004350000000000000 ♠ 35,000 7004243930000000000 ♠ 24,393 Dominican Republic October 2 , 1937 October 8 , 1937 Genocidal massacre of people who say perejil ( Spanish : `` parsley '' ) in a French accent in order to determine if they are Afro - Haitian or Afro - Dominican . Australian frontier wars 7004220000000000000 ♠ 22,000 7004225000000000000 ♠ 22,500 ; see List of massacres of Indigenous Australians 7004222490000000000 ♠ 22,249 Australia 1788 1934 Wars between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which about 20,000 aboriginal were massacred , along with two to 2,500 settlers dying in combat . Ethnic cleansing of Georgians 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 7004280000000000000 ♠ 28,000 7004218170000000000 ♠ 21,817 Abkhazia and Georgia 1992 1993 The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia , also known as the `` massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia '' , and `` genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia '' -- refers to ethnic cleansing , massacres and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians . Dersim Massacre 7003759400000000000 ♠ 7,594 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004174290000000000 ♠ 17,429 Dersim , Turkey 1937 1937 The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people ( Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza ) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey , which includes parts of Tunceli Province , Elazığ Province , and Bingöl Province . The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government . As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion , thousands of Alevi Zazas died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict . 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7004173210000000000 ♠ 17,321 Nigeria May 29 , 1966 October 1966 Indian massacres 7004163490000000000 ♠ 16,349 7004163490000000000 ♠ 16,349 + 7004163490000000000 ♠ 16,349 Now the United States 1511 1890 It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres . However , one book , The Wild Frontier : Atrocities during the American - Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee , presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States , from first contact ( 1511 ) to the closing of the frontier ( 1890 ) . The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder , torture , or mutilation of civilians , the wounded , and prisoners . The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent , and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans . Massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 7004122470000000000 ♠ 12,247 Bangladesh 1971 1971 Most extreme episode of the persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh Gukurahundi 7003375000000000000 ♠ 3,750 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7004106070000000000 ♠ 10,607 Zimbabwe Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe 's Fifth Brigade . Vietnamese genocide by Khmer Rouge 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 Democratic Kampuchea 1979 100 % of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide , according to Samuel Totten . Namaqua genocide 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 German South - West Africa 1904 1907 Part of the Herero and Namaqua genocide during the Herero Wars . Thai Genocide by Khmer Rouge 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 Democratic Kampuchea 1979 40 % of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian Genocide according to Samuel Totten . 1946 Bihar riots 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7003774600000000000 ♠ 7,746 Bihar , British India October 30 , 1946 November 7 , 1946 Noakhali riots 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7003707100000000000 ♠ 7,071 Noakhali Region , Bengal , British India October 1946 November 1946 A series of massacres and forced conversions of Hindus , and looting and arson of Hindu properties , perpetrated by the Muslim community in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of Bengal in October -- November 1946 , a year before India 's independence from British rule . Algerian massacres by the French 7003102000000000000 ♠ 1,020 7004450000000000000 ♠ 45,000 7003677500000000000 ♠ 6,775 Algeria 1945 1945 Canadian residential schools 7003320100000000000 ♠ 3,201 7004320100000000000 ♠ 32,010 7004176055000000000 ♠ 17,605.5 Canada 1876 Tasmanian extinction / Black War 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 878 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 878 7003670800000000000 ♠ 6,708 878 Australia 1803 Mid 1820s 1905 1832 After the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith there were no non-mixed raced Tasmanians left in the world . Zanzibar Revolution 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 7003632500000000000 ♠ 6,325 Zanzibar 1964 1964 Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution 1964 East Pakistan riots 7003559000000000000 ♠ 5,590 7003569000000000000 ♠ 5,690 + 7003564000000000000 ♠ 5,640 East Pakistan January 1964 January 1964 Khulna 200 -- 300 Dhaka 1,000 Narayanganj 3,500 Bhulta 267 Golkandli 623 Simele massacre 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6,000 7003547700000000000 ♠ 5,477 Simele , Kingdom of Iraq August 7 , 1933 August 11 , 1933 The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide . 1950 Barisal Riots 7003480300000000000 ♠ 4,803 + 3 ? 7003483300000000000 ♠ 4,833 + 3 ? 7003481800000000000 ♠ 4,818 + 3 ? East Bengal February 1950 March 1950 70 -- 100 Nachole 215 Dhaka 2,500 Barisal 17 Rajshahi 2,000 Mymensingh 1 Jessore 1984 Sikh Massacre 7003280000000000000 ♠ 2,800 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 7003473300000000000 ♠ 4,733 India October 31 , 1984 November 3 , 1984 A series of pogroms against Sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister . Nellie massacre 7003219100000000000 ♠ 2,191 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7003468100000000000 ♠ 4,681 Assam , India Six hours on February 18 , 1983 Six hours on February 18 , 1983 Laotian genocide by Khmer Rouge 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 Democratic Kampuchea 1979 40 % of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten . Direct Action Day 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 India August 16 , 1946 August 18 , 1946 Also known as the Great Calcutta Killings , a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta ( now known as Kolkata ) in the Bengal province of British India . 1804 Haiti massacre 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 7003387300000000000 ♠ 3,873 Haiti Early February 1804 April 22 , 1804 Genocide of French people in Haiti . Trail of Tears 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6,000 7003346400000000000 ♠ 3,464 United States 1830 1850 The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson . Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 + 7003316200000000000 ♠ 3,162 Sinjar , Iraq and Syria 2014 ongoing Ethnic cleansing , execution , forced conversion , rape , and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL Selknam genocide 7003250000000000000 ♠ 2,500 7003390000000000000 ♠ 3,900 7003312200000000000 ♠ 3,122 Tierra del Fuego , Chile Late 1800s Early 1900s Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe . 2002 Gujarat riots 7003104400000000000 ♠ 1,044 7003297700000000000 ♠ 2,977 7003176300000000000 ♠ 1,763 Gujarat , India February 2002 March 2002 Minimum death toll includes 790 Muslim death toll . Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths . Maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead , and a higher 2,500 Muslim death toll . Genocide of Shias by ISIL 7003156600000000000 ♠ 1,566 7003156600000000000 ♠ 1,566 + 7003156600000000000 ♠ 1,566 Iraq , Syria 2014 ongoing Ethnic cleansing , execution , forced conversion , rape , and enslavement of Shiass by ISIL Conquest of the Desert 7003130000000000000 ♠ 1,300 7003130000000000000 ♠ 1,300 7003130000000000000 ♠ 1,300 Argentina Mid 1870s 1884 Military campaign , directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca , which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia , then inhabited by indigenous peoples . Genocide of Christians by ISIL 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 + 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 Iraq , Syria , and Libya 2014 Ongoing Ethnic cleansing , execution , forced conversion , rape , and enslavement of Christians by ISIL Biological warfare at the siege of Fort Pitt ? ? ? Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 1763 1763 The death toll resulting from the event is unknown but here are some statistics that may allow for some extrapolations : The Fort Pit outbreak hit the Lenni Lenape and Shawnee . The population of these two groups in 2008 were 16,000 and 14,000 respectively . The US 's population in 2008 was likely about 305 million as it was 281,421,906 in 2000 and grew by 1.9 million each year afterwards , meaning the two tribes were likely about one ten thousandth of the population . The population of the aforementioned tribes is unknown but the non-native population of the United States in 1760 was 1,593,625 and in 1770 was 2,148,076 , . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 , but in 2010 Native Americans made up about 0.7 % of the U.S. population . The native populations grow at slower rates then non-native and sometimes even decreased . The mortality rates of disease on indigenous people can be as high as 90 % . Political purges and repressions ( Politicides ) ( edit ) This section includes events that entail the mass killings of political opposition ( such as those of certain ideology , class or just someone protesting the government ) in what are sometimes called `` Red '' or `` White '' Terrors depending on who is committing them and the type of opposition they target ( Red = Communist , White = Anti-Communist / Nationalist ) . Another term used to refer to these types of killing is politicide . This list is incomplete ; please help by adding to it . See also Red Terror ( disambiguation ) , White Terror , and Politicide . Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geometric mean estimate Location From Until Notes Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 7007280000000000000 ♠ 28,000,000 7006473286400000000 ♠ 4,732,864 People 's Republic of China 1947 1951 Millions of landlords were killed during land reforms before the formation of the People 's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies . See : Struggle session The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 People 's Republic of China 1966 1976 The Cultural Revolution , formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution , was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People 's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976 . Set into motion by Mao Zedong , then Chairman of the Communist Party of China , its stated goal was to preserve ' true ' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society . See : Struggle session Cambodian Autogenocide 7006132500000000000 ♠ 1,325,000 7006132500000000000 ♠ 1,325,000 Democratic Kampuchea 1979 Some have referred to the mass killing of ethnic Khmer people under the Khmer Rouge as a genocide despite the fact the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer and the Khmer were killed less in proportion to their population , according to Samuel Totten , then other victims of the Khmer Rouge making it more of a politicide . These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide . The death toll used here is the combined death of rural and urban Khmer according to Samuel Totten . Note this is not the total number of people killed in the Cambodian genocide just the number of ethnic Khmers killed . Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in China 7005712000000000000 ♠ 712,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006119331500000000 ♠ 1,193,315 People 's Republic of China 1950 1951 The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries ( Chinese : 镇压 反革命 ; pinyin : zhènyā fǎn gémìng ; literally : `` suppressing counterrevolutionaries '' or abbreviated as Chinese : 鎮反 ; pinyin : zhènfǎn ) was the first political campaign launched by the People 's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements , especially former Kuomintang ( KMT ) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government . Great Purge in the Soviet Union 7005681692000000000 ♠ 681,692 7006170423000000000 ♠ 1,704,230 7006107785000000000 ♠ 1,077,850 Soviet Union 1936 1938 The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution ( especially through open air shootings ) and forced labor through the Gulag system . Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 66 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7006122474500000000 ♠ 1,224,745 Indonesia 1965 1966 Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party ( PKI ) were carried out in 1965 - 66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States . Death tolls are difficult to estimate , but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed . White Terror ( Russia ) 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 Former Russian Empire 1917 1923 White movement equivalent to the Red Terror . White Terror ( Spain ) 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7005244949000000000 ♠ 244,949 Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War 1936 1945 In Spain , the White Terror ( also known as `` la Represión Franquista '' or the `` Francoist Repression '' ) was the series of acts of politically motivated violence , rape , and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War ( 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939 ) and during Francisco Franco 's dictatorship ( 1 October 1936 -- 20 November 1975 ) Qey Shibir 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7005750000000000000 ♠ 750,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1977 1978 Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia . Death Toll Sources : Bodo League Massacre 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005141421000000000 ♠ 141,421 Korea Summer 1950 Summer 1950 Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the Korean War . Holocaust of the Freemasons 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005126491000000000 ♠ 126,491 Nazi occupied territory 1933 1945 The Nazis targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy . See Suppression of Freemasonry . Red Terror during the Russian Civil War 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7005122474000000000 ♠ 122,474 Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War 1918 1922 Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War . 1991 uprising in Iraq 7004250000000000000 ♠ 25,000 7005180000000000000 ♠ 180,000 7004670820000000000 ♠ 67,082 Iraq March the 1st , 1991 April the 5th , 1991 The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein 's government during 1991 was high throughout the country . The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers . In response , thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks , artillery and helicopters , and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein . Saddam 's security forces entered the cities , often using women and children as human shields , where they detained and summarily executed or `` disappeared '' thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility . Many suspects were tortured , raped , or burned alive . Operation Condor 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7004632460000000000 ♠ 63,246 South America A campaign of political repression by right - wing dictatorships in South America , sponsored by the United States . Red Terror ( Spain ) 7004380000000000000 ♠ 38,000 7004723440000000000 ♠ 72,344 7004524320000000000 ♠ 52,432 Spain during the Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 The Red Terror in Spain ( Spanish : Terror Rojo ) is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War `` by sections of nearly all the leftist groups '' . North Vietnamese Land Reform 7004135000000000000 ♠ 13,500 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7004519620000000000 ♠ 51,962 North Vietnam 1954 1956 The Reign of Terror 7004160000000000000 ♠ 16,000 7004420000000000000 ♠ 42,000 7004259230000000000 ♠ 25,923 France during the French Revolution 1793 1794 The Reign of Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution , incited by conflict between two rival political factions , the Girondins and The Jacobins , and marked by mass executions of `` enemies of the revolution '' . 1982 Hama Massacre 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 Hama , Syria February 2 , 1982 February 28 , 1982 The Hama massacre ( Arabic : مجزرة حماة ) occurred in February 1982 , when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies , under the orders of the country 's president Hafez al - Assad , besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al - Assad 's government . 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 El Salvador January 22 , 1932 July 11 , 1932 Many of the victims were indigenous people . February 28 Incident 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7004173200000000000 ♠ 17,320 Taiwan 1947 1947 Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror ( Taiwan ) era . Dirty War 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7004164320000000000 ♠ 16,432 Argentina 1976 At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983 , carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta ( part of Operation Condor ) . Red and White Terrors of the Finnish Civil War 7004116500000000000 ♠ 11,650 7004116500000000000 ♠ 11,650 7004116500000000000 ♠ 11,650 Finland 1918 1918 Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror . 1988 Iranian P.O.C. Massacre 7003448200000000000 ♠ 4,482 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7004115960000000000 ♠ 11,596 Iran 1988 1988 ( 5 months after starting of executions . ) Massacre of political prisoners in Iran . White Terror ( Taiwan ) 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 7003346400000000000 ♠ 3,464 Taiwan 1949 An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 where imprisoned , and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang . Massacre of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 7002241000000000000 ♠ 241 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 Tiananmen Square , People 's Republic of China 1989 1989 Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People 's Republic of China . Chilean Politicide 7003120000000000000 ♠ 1,200 7003320000000000000 ♠ 3,200 7003196000000000000 ♠ 1,960 Chile 1990 1,200 to 3,200 alleged communists were executed , 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet . Forced labor , slavery , internment / extermination camps , and slave trades ( edit ) This table includes deaths caused by the poor labor conditions of the systems , executions for not performing the labor satisfactorily , and killing from trying to accumulate the work force . Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geometric mean estimate Location From Until Notes Laogai `` reform through labor '' system 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15,000,000 7007270000000000000 ♠ 27,000,000 7007201246100000000 ♠ 20,124,610 People 's Republic of China 1945 1976 Laogai ( 勞改 / 劳改 ) , the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào ( 勞動 改造 / 劳动 改造 ) , which means `` reform through labor '' , is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , which once took up more than half of the world 's slaves . Laogai is different from laojiao , or re-education through labor , which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses , and was intended to reform offenders into law - abiding citizens . Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai . Both systems , however , involved penal labor . Atlantic Slave Trade 7007114000000000000 ♠ 11,400,000 7007116000000000000 ♠ 11,600,000 7007114995650000000 ♠ 11,499,565 Africa , the Americas , and the Atlantic 1500s 1700s European enslavement under the Ottoman Turks 7007105000000000000 ♠ 10,500,000 7007112500000000000 ♠ 11,250,000 7007108685330000000 ♠ 10,868,533 Southern Europe , Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , Grand Duchy of Moscow 1450 1800 Slave raids carried out by Muslims from Ottoman Empire on European nations . There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade . The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves . White estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted . Includes Barbary Slave Trade . Congo Horrors 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7007130000000000000 ♠ 13,000,000 7006624499800000000 ♠ 6,244,998 Congo Free State 7003188500000000000 ♠ 1885 7003190800000000000 ♠ 1908 Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders , mutilations , and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials , principally rubber . Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation , caused by population displacement and poor treatment . Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924 , but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50 % decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924 . Muslim slave trade of Africans 7006430000000000000 ♠ 4,300,000 7006460000000000000 ♠ 4,600,000 7006444747100000000 ♠ 4,447,471 Middle East , North Africa , and the Horn of Africa 1500s 1700s Gulag labor system 7006105382900000000 ♠ 1,053,829 7006600000000000000 ♠ 6,000,000 7006251455200000000 ♠ 2,514,552 Soviet Union 1930s 1950s Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves . The system was used to punish criminals , political dissidents , and prisoners of war . There is a growing consensus among scholars that , based on archival data , the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million . Forced labor in North Korea 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7005774597000000000 ♠ 774,597 North Korea 1972 ongoing Auschwitz - Birkenau 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7006109544500000000 ♠ 1,095,445 Oświęcim , Poland 1940 1945 Treblinka 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7005836660000000000 ♠ 836,660 Treblinka , Poland 1942 1943 Peonage and chattel slavery In Mexico 7005173000000000000 ♠ 173,000 7006201500000000000 ♠ 2,015,000 7005590419000000000 ♠ 590,419 Mexico 1900 1920 R.J. Rummel , coiner of the word `` Democide , '' estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage , a form of debt labor , by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag , and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time , coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000 . Bełżec 7005480000000000000 ♠ 480,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ 600,000 7005536656000000000 ♠ 536,656 Bełżec , Poland 1942 1943 Forced labor of Koreans by Imperial Japan 7005270000000000000 ♠ 270,000 7005810000000000000 ♠ 810,000 7005467654000000000 ♠ 467,654 Korea and Manchuria 1939 1945 Slavery in French colonial Africa 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7007130000000000000 ♠ 13,000,000 7006161245200000000 ♠ 1,612,452 African section of French colonial empire 1900 1940 Portuguese Forced Labor 7005325000000000000 ♠ 325,000 7005325000000000000 ♠ 325,000 7005325000000000000 ♠ 325,000 Portuguese Empire 1900 1925 Barbary slave trade 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245,000 7005380000000000000 ♠ 380,000 7005305123000000000 ♠ 305,123 Italy , Spain , and Portugal 1500s 1600s Jasenovac 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 7005264575000000000 ♠ 264,575 Croatia 1941 1945 Kolyma Gulag 7005130000000000000 ♠ 130,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7005254951000000000 ♠ 254,951 Kolyma , Soviet Union 1932 1954 Amazonian Rubber Slavery 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 + 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 + Amazon , Brazil 1900 1912 Construction of Burma Railway 7005102621000000000 ♠ 102,621 7005102621000000000 ♠ 102,621 Burma 1943 1947 Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway . More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers ( Romusha ) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war ( POWs ) worked on the railway . Of these , estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses , but probably about 90,000 died . 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction . The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel , 2,802 Australians , 2,782 Dutch , and 133 Americans . Stutthof 7004850000000000000 ♠ 85,000 7004850000000000000 ♠ 85,000 7004850000000000000 ♠ 85,000 Stutthof , Third Reich 1939 1945 Second World War Construction of the Suez Canal 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7005120000000000000 ♠ 120,000 7004670820000000000 ♠ 67,082 Egypt , and Sudan 1859 1868 French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan in 1854 -- 56 to build the Suez Canal . Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000 , but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition , fatigue , and disease , especially cholera . Forced labor of Allied POWs 7004350000000000000 ♠ 35,000 7004350000000000000 ♠ 35,000 In and around the Pacific 1939 1945 According to the Japanese military 's own record , nearly 25 % of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps , where they were forced to work ( U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27 % ) . Boer concentration camps during the Second Boer War 7004260000000000000 ♠ 26,000 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004322490000000000 ♠ 32,249 Transvaal 1900 1902 Lord Kitchener led the British army against the Boer Republics in the Second Boer War in Southern Africa . In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas , he targeted their families , and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British , Within 2 years , 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to deliberate neglect by the British . 115,000 black people were separately jailed , of whom 15,000 died in prison camps . Stara Gradiška 7004127900000000000 ♠ 12,790 7004750000000000000 ♠ 75,000 7004309720000000000 ♠ 30,972 Croatia 1941 1945 Primarily for women and children . Tuol Sleng 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 Phnom Penh , Cambodia 1979 Camp Sumter 7004131710000000000 ♠ 13,171 7004131710000000000 ♠ 13,171 Andersonville , Georgia , U.S. 1864 1865 Crveni Krst 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 Niš , Serbia 1941 1941 Tammisaari Prison Camp 7003296300000000000 ♠ 2,963 7003296300000000000 ♠ 2,963 Tammisaari , Finland 1918 1918 Elmira Prison 7003296300000000000 ♠ 2,963 7003296300000000000 ♠ 2,963 Elmira , New York , U.S. 1864 1865 Shark Island Concentration Camp 7003103200000000000 ♠ 1,032 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 7003203200000000000 ♠ 2,032 Luderitz , German South - West Africa 1905 1907 The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people , and the maximum total includes those who died in the Luderitz area . World Cup migrant labor deaths 7003120000000000000 ♠ 1,200 7003180000000000000 ♠ 1,800 7003134200000000000 ♠ 1,342 Qatar 2013 ongoing Out of 100,000 laborers . War crimes and ancient War atrocities ( edit ) Massacres and unnatural deaths that occurred during wars and were committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces ( including terrorism , insurgent forces , and inter-communal violence ) . They may not particularly target ethnic , religious , or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives , or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty . Please try to only include events in which the majority of victims were civilians or which are often referred to as atrocities by significant mainstream scholarship . Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geometric mean estimate Location From Until Notes All atrocities against civilians during World War II ( Holocaust , Japanese war crimes , Soviet Oppression such as Gulags and Population transfer in the Soviet Union , and Terror bombing ) 7007290000000000000 ♠ 29,000,000 7007305000000000000 ♠ 30,500,000 7007290740540000000 ♠ 29,074,054 Worldwide 1939 1945 See World War II casualties . Japanese war crimes 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7007140000000000000 ♠ 14,000,000 7006648074100000000 ♠ 6,480,741 In and around East and South East Asia , Oceania and the Pacific 1937 1945 Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism , primarily during the Second Sino - Japanese War and World War II . These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust and Japanese war atrocities . Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century , although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era , the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito , until the surrender of the Empire of Japan , in 1945 . Three Alls Policy 7006270000000000000 ♠ 2,700,000 7006270000000000000 ♠ 2,700,000 7006270000000000000 ♠ 2,700,000 China during World War II 1940 1942 In a study published in 1996 , historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy , a scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China , sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself , was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of `` more than 2.7 million '' Chinese civilians . Chinese Civil War atrocities against civilians from forced conscription and massacres 7006180000000000000 ♠ 1,800,000 7006350000000000000 ♠ 3,500,000 7006250998000000000 ♠ 2,509,980 China 1927 -- 1936 1946 -- 1950 During the war , both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities , with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides . First and Second Sudanese War atrocities against civilians . 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 Sudan 1956 -- 1972 1983 -- 2005 Afghan Politicide 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 Afghanistan 1979 1989 Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet Invasion as a genocide , however those killed were on the basis of political alignment making it a politicide . Yellow Tiger Massacre 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 Sichuan , China 1644 1646 Bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan 's population . Warlord Era China 7005910000000000000 ♠ 910,000 7005910000000000000 ♠ 910,000 China 1900 1927 Second Italo - Ethiopian War Atrocities against civilians 7004620000000000000 ♠ 62,000 7005485000000000000 ♠ 485,000 7005173407000000000 ♠ 173,407 Ethiopia 1935 1941 Angelo Del Boca , The Ethiopian War 1935 -- 1941 ( 1965 ) , cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers , which tallies 760,300 natives dead ; of them : battle deaths : 275,000 , hunger among refugees : 300,000 , patriots killed during occupation : 78,500 , concentration camps : 35,000 , Feb. 1937 massacre : 30,000 , executions : 24,000 , civilians killed by air force : 17,800 . Mongol Destruction of Baghdad 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7005632456000000000 ♠ 632,456 Baghdad January 29 , 1258 February 10 , 1258 Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad . Considered to be the end of the `` Islamic Golden Age . '' Angolan Civil War Atrocities against civilians 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 Angola 2002 The 27 - year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting -- 1975 - 91 , 1992 -- 94 , and 1998 to 2002 -- broken up by fragile periods of peace . By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002 , more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced . The war devastated Angola 's infrastructure , and severely damaged the nation 's public administration , economic enterprises , and religious institutions . Biological Warfare and Human Experimentation by the Imperial Japanese Army 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7005580000000000000 ♠ 580,000 7005481664000000000 ♠ 481,664 Parts of Russia and China especially Manchuria 1931 1945 See Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust . Maratha invasions of Bengal 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 Bengal and Bihar regions of Indian subcontinent 1741 1751 Maratha Empire invaded Bengal Subah , occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions , and perpetrated atrocities against the local population . La Violencia 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005244949000000000 ♠ 244,949 Colombia 1948 1958 La Violencia was a ten - year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948 -- 58 , between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party , fought mainly in the rural countryside . Death toll may include non-civilian victims . Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7005109000000000000 ♠ 109,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005147648000000000 ♠ 147,648 Japan during World War II 1945 1945 Philippine - American War atrocities against civilians 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 7005223607000000000 ♠ 223,607 Philippines 1899 1902 ( 1913 Moro Rebellion ) Manila Massacre 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7005223607000000000 ♠ 223,607 Manila , Philippines 7003194500000000000 ♠ 1945 7003194500000000000 ♠ 1945 Iran -- Iraq War atrocities against civilians . 7004610000000000000 ♠ 61,000 7005282000000000000 ♠ 282,000 7005131156000000000 ♠ 131,156 Iran and Iraq 1980 1988 11,000 to100 , 000 civilians killed on both sides , plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide . Colombian conflict atrocities against civilians 7005177307000000000 ♠ 177,307 7005177307000000000 ♠ 177,307 Colombia 1964 ongoing Iraq War atrocities against civilians 7005155923000000000 ♠ 155,923 7005186355000000000 ♠ 186,355 7005170461000000000 ♠ 170,461 Iraq 2003 2011 Numbers come from Iraq Body Count Project War in the Vendée 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 7005158114000000000 ♠ 158,114 France during the French Revolution 7003179300000000000 ♠ 1793 7003179600000000000 ♠ 1796 Described as genocide by some historians , but this claim has been widely discounted . See also : French Revolution . Viet Cong atrocities 7004367250000000000 ♠ 36,725 7005227000000000000 ♠ 227,000 7005131863000000000 ♠ 131,863 Vietnam 1955 Islamic terrorism since 11 September 2001 7005125000000000000 ♠ 125,000 7005203865000000000 ♠ 203,865 + 7005164433000000000 ♠ 164,433 worldwide 2001 ongoing Death toll depends on how terrorist attack is defined . First and Second Chechen Wars Atrocities against civilians 7004550000000000000 ♠ 55,000 7005330000000000000 ♠ 330,000 7005134722000000000 ♠ 134,722 Chechnya 1994 -- 1996 1999 -- 2009 Atrocities caused by South Vietnam during Diem era and Vietnam War 7004570000000000000 ♠ 57,000 7005284000000000000 ♠ 284,000 7005127232000000000 ♠ 127,232 Vietnam 1954 Second Italo - Senussi War Atrocities against civilians 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7005125000000000000 ♠ 125,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 + Libya 1923 1932 Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians , killing unarmed children , women , and the elderly ; rape and disembowelment of women ; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death , running over others with tanks , regular daily executions of civilians in some areas , and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs , beginning in 1930 . Crimes of the Lord 's Resistance Army 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 Uganda , Central African Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Congo 1986 2009 The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony 's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children . Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves . Crimes of the National Islamic Front 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 Sudan 1964 1999 Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes , ethnic cleansing , a revival of slavery , torture of opponents , and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda , Kenya , Eritrea , Egypt , Europe and North America . West Papua atrocities 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 + 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 + 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 + West Papua 1963 Ongoing Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963 , the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths . The administration of West Papua has been called a police state . Ongoing Syrian Civil War atrocities against civilians 7005106390000000000 ♠ 106,390 over 110,218 + 7005108287000000000 ♠ 108,287 Syria 2011 ongoing See List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War Kashmir Conflict 7004470000000000000 ♠ 47,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 + 7004685560000000000 ♠ 68,556 + Jammu and Kashmir , India 1947 ongoing See Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir , Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir , List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir Death toll may include non-civilian victims The Rape of Nanking 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( all victims ) 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 ( Civilian massacre victims ) 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 ( all victims ) 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 ( Civilian massacre victims ) 7004721110000000000 ♠ 72,111 ( all victims ) 7004223610000000000 ♠ 22,361 ( Civilian massacre victims ) Nanking , China 7003193700000000000 ♠ 1937 7003193800000000000 ♠ 1938 The Nanking Massacre , commonly known as the Rape of Nanking , was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing , then capital of the Republic of China , after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937 . See : Death toll of the Nanking Massacre . 7003193700000000000 ♠ 1937 The Rapes of Nanjing Nanking , China 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 ( All victims ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 ( Civilians massacre victims ) 7003193800000000000 ♠ 1938 The Nanking Massacre , commonly known as the Rape of Nanking , was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing , then capital of the Republic of China , after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937 . See : Death toll of the Nanking Massacre . Peruvian war against terrorism 7004610070000000000 ♠ 61,007 7004775520000000000 ♠ 77,552 7004687840000000000 ♠ 68,784 Peru 7003198000000000000 ♠ 1980 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2000 In the late 20th century , the Peruvian government ( armed forces and civil rondas ) fought against communist terrorists in Peru . The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or `` Shining Path '' and the government of Peru ; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved and other paramilitary entities . Terrorists deliberately targeted and killed civilians , kidnap and torture civil people and even force indigenous people to live in slavery , on the other side , some military forces , due to bad strategies , attacked civilian people in the highlands making the conflict more bloody than any other war in Peruvian history since the European colonization of the country . Death toll may include non-civilian victims . Sheikh Said rebellion 15,000 to 20,000 40,000 to 250,000 24,495 to 70,711 Turkey 1925 1925 The Sheikh Said Rebellion was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System , and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting . It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers , known as Hamidiye soldiers . The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups , the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish : it `` was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji - dominated regions '' . Atrocities against civilians during the War in Afghanistan 7004262700000000000 ♠ 26,270 7004262700000000000 ♠ 26,270 7004262700000000000 ♠ 26,270 Afghanistan 2001 2014 Crimes of ISIL 7004188000000000000 ♠ 18,800 7004188000000000000 ♠ 18,800 + 7004188000000000000 ♠ 18,800 Iraq , Syria , sporadic terrorism worldwide 2011 ongoing The death toll may be higher , considering that these figures are only taken over the course of two years and only account occurrences in Iraq . War Crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7,000 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004167330000000000 ♠ 16,733 Sri Lanka 2009 2009 There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( Tamil Tigers ) during the Sri Lankan Civil War , particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009 . The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides ; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides ; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them ; acute shortages of food , medicine , and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone ; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers . See Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War First Sack of Thessalonica 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 Byzantine Empire 7002904000000000000 ♠ 904 7002904000000000000 ♠ 904 The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli . In addition to the thousands killed , the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves . Use of child soldiers in Iran 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6,000 7004180000000000000 ♠ 18,000 7004103920000000000 ♠ 10,392 Iran 1980 1988 3 % of two to six hundred thousand casualties . Algerian Civil War Massacres 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 Algeria 1991 2002 Balochistan conflict atrocities against civilians 7003762800000000000 ♠ 7,628 7003762800000000000 ♠ 7,628 + 7003762800000000000 ♠ 7,628 Balochistan , Pakistan 1937 -- 1977 , 2004 -- 2009 ongoing Civilians killed in American - led intervention in Iraq ( since 2014 ) and in the Syrian Civil War 7003657500000000000 ♠ 6,575 7003657500000000000 ♠ 6,575 + 7003657500000000000 ♠ 6,575 Syria and Iraq September 2014 ongoing See American - led intervention in the Syrian Civil War and American - led intervention in Iraq ( 2014 -- present ) . Civilians killed by South Korea in the Vietnam War 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7,000 Vietnam 1964 1973 Civilians killed by U.S. soldiers in the Vietnam War 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6,000 7003547700000000000 ♠ 5,477 Vietnam 1955 Civilians killed in Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War 7003501300000000000 ♠ 5,013 7003501300000000000 ♠ 5,013 + 7003501300000000000 ♠ 5,013 Syria September 2015 ongoing See Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War . 9 / 11 terrorist attacks 7003297700000000000 ♠ 2,977 7003297700000000000 ♠ 2,977 7003297700000000000 ♠ 2,977 United States 11 September 2001 11 September 2001 Civilians killed in the War in Donbass 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 Donbass , Ukraine 2014 ongoing Sabra and Shatila massacre 7002460000000000000 ♠ 460 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3,500 7003126900000000000 ♠ 1,269 West Beirut , Lebanon September 16 , 1982 September 18 , 1982 Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians . Civilian casualties from U.S. drone strikes 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 7002965000000000000 ♠ 965 + / - hundreds more 7002365000000000000 ♠ 365 + Afghanistan , Pakistan , Yemen 2006 ongoing Fort Pillow massacre 7002235000000000000 ♠ 235 7002235000000000000 ♠ 235 7002235000000000000 ♠ 235 Lauderdale County , Tennessee April 12 , 1864 April 12 , 1864 Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead . U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards . Lawrence massacre 7002204000000000000 ♠ 204 7002204000000000000 ♠ 204 7002204000000000000 ♠ 204 Douglas County , Kansas August 21 , 1863 August 21 , 1863 Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead . Deadliest terrorist attack in U.S. history until the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995 . List of dictatorships by death toll ( edit ) This chart includes regimes , empires , etc . Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geom . mean estimate Location From Until Notes Mao Zedong catastrophes 7007169970000000000 ♠ 16,997,000 7007700000000000000 ♠ 70,000,000 7007344933330000000 ♠ 34,493,333 People 's Republic of China 1946 1976 Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao 's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward , slave labor through the Laogai , violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries , and class extermination through land reform . The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead ( 15 million ) , land reform dead ( 800,000 ) , Counterrevolutionaries dead ( 712,000 ) , and Cultural Revolution dead ( 400,000 ) plus the minimum killed in the 1959 Tibetan uprising ( 85,000 to 87,000 ) . German Holocaust 7006600000000000000 ♠ 6,000,000 7007170000000000000 ♠ 17,000,000 7007115000000000000 ♠ 11,500,000 German - occupied Europe 1939 1945 German Holocaust against Jews , Poles , Gypsies , Serbs , East Slavs , the disabled , homosexuals , Freemasons , POWs , and Jehovah 's Witnesses , plus Soviet Famine . Stalinist crimes against humanity and genocides 7006877352100000000 ♠ 8,773,521 7007221922300000000 ♠ 22,192,230 7007139536370000000 ♠ 13,953,637 Soviet Union 1922 1953 The millions murdered by the regime of Joseph Stalin by famine , purges , labor camps , population transfer , deportations , and NKVD massacres . The minimum death toll ( to the left ) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten million , plus the minimum of those killed in famine which range from 6 to 8 million . Robert Conquest , writer of the book The Great Terror , first stated an estimate of 30 million , then a few years later lowering it to 20 million , and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished . Estimates before the release of the archives put those killed by Stalin as low as three million and as high as 60 million . The low end is the sum of the low end of the following figures excluding the second post war famine as it 's debated as to if the War or the Soviet government was more to blame , while the high end includes the high end of said famine along with the high end of the other events . Famine : 1.8 to 4.8 million Ukraine 0.6 to 2.3 million Kazakhstan 2 million North Caucasus and elsewhere 1 to 1.5 million Soviet famine of 1946 - 47 Gulags : 1,053,829 to 6,000,000 Great Purge : 681,692 to 1,704,230 Population transfers : 1 to 1.5 million War crimes : Occupation of Poland : 150,000 to 500,000 German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union : 600,000 to 1 million Rape during the occupation of Germany : 240,000 Siege of Budapest : 38,000 Forced labor of Hungarians in the Soviet Union : 200,000 Battle of Berlin : 125,000 NKVD prisoner massacres : 100,000 Shooting of deserters : 185,000 Mass killings under the Chinese Nationalist government 7006596500000000000 ♠ 5,965,000 7007185220000000000 ♠ 18,522,000 7007105111240000000 ♠ 10,511,124 Republic of China 1928 1946 Primarily from conscription campaigns but also grain confiscations and other atrocities . Japanese War Crimes 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7007140000000000000 ♠ 14,000,000 7006648074100000000 ♠ 6,480,741 In and around East and South East Asia , Oceania and the Pacific 1895 1945 Congo Free State Horrors 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7007130000000000000 ♠ 13,000,000 7006624499800000000 ♠ 6,244,998 Congo Free State 7003188500000000000 ♠ 1885 7003190800000000000 ♠ 1908 Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders , mutilations , and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials , principally rubber . Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation , caused by population displacement and poor treatment . Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924 , but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50 % decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924 . Atrocities under Ranavalona I of Madagascar 7006250000000000000 ♠ 2,500,000 7006250000000000000 ♠ 2,500,000 7006250000000000000 ♠ 2,500,000 Madagascar 1829 1842 Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships , Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self - reliance , made possible through frequent use of the long - standing tradition of fanompoana -- forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods . Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor , Radama I , in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island , and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will . Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns , high death rates among fanompoana workers , and harsh traditions of justice under her rule , the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833 -- 39 , and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829 - 42 in Imerina . These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona 's rule in historical accounts . Cambodian genocide 7006138673400000000 ♠ 1,386,734 7006340000000000000 ♠ 3,400,000 7006217138100000000 ♠ 2,171,381 Cambodia 1979 Deaths due to arbitrary torture , execution , starvation , and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge , including both killings of ethnic Khmer ( the majority ethnic group ) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge . Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields . Young Turks Holocaust 7006143900000000000 ♠ 1,439,000 7006275000000000000 ♠ 2,750,000 7006198928400000000 ♠ 1,989,284 Ottoman Empire 1913 1922 A collective term to refer to the various genocides and Ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks . The death toll is derived from the sum of the death tolls of the Armenian Genocide ( 800,000 to 1,500,000 ) , Assyrian Genocide ( 150,000 to 300,000 ) , Greek Genocide ( 289,000 to 750,000 ) , and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon ( 200,000 ) . Atrocities under Omar al - Bashir 7006106300000000000 ♠ 1,063,000 7006245000000000000 ♠ 2,450,000 7006161380000000000 ♠ 1,613,800 Sudan 1989 Ongoing 1 to 2 million Second Sudanese Civil War 63,000 to 450,000 Darfur genocide North Korean Crimes against humanity 7005710000000000000 ♠ 710,000 7006350000000000000 ♠ 3,500,000 7006157638800000000 ♠ 1,576,388 North Korea 1948 ongoing North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world . Over two - hundred thousand people are interned in concentrations camps for being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents . They are subject to slavery , torture , starvation , shootings , gassing , and human experimentation . Crimes against humanity and genocide under Suharto in Indonesia 7005240500000000000 ♠ 240,500 7006341800000000000 ♠ 3,418,000 + 7005906658000000000 ♠ 906,658 + Indonesia 1965 1998 65 / 66 Politicide : 78,500 to 3,000,000 communists East Timor Atrocities : 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese West Papua Atrocities : 100,000 papuans Petrus Killings : 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals Crimes against humanity of Mengistu Haile Mariam 7005430000000000000 ♠ 430,000 7006175000000000000 ♠ 1,750,000 7005867468000000000 ♠ 867,468 Ethiopia 1977 Manmade Famine : 400,000 to 1,000,000 Politicide : 30,000 to 750,000 Crimes of the FRELIMO 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 Communist Mozambique 1999 See also Mozambican Civil War Crimes of Croatia in World War II 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 Croatia 1941 1945 Crimes of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong 7005145225000000000 ♠ 145,225 7006108200000000000 ♠ 1,082,000 7005396401000000000 ♠ 396,401 Vietnam 1954 2000 95,000 reeducation camps 13,500 -- 200,000 land reform 36,725 to 227,000 war crimes 200,000 to 560 , 00 boat people The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes , reeducation camps , and land reform . The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform , war crimes , reeducation camps and boat people , which may or may not be attributable to the regime . Saddam Hussein 's Crimes against humanity and genocides 154,600 854,400 363,442 Baathist Iraq 1979 2003 1991 Repression Massacre : 25,000 to 180,000 Al - Anfal Genocide of Kurds : 50,000 to 182,000 Iran -- Iraq War Atrocities : 11,000 to 100 , 00 civilians The post-1991 Uprising Refugee crisis of March and early April killed 36,000 people . According to some reports , up to hundreds of refugees died each day along the way to Iran as well during the same time frame . Assuming hundreds the death toll of these refugees could be anywhere from 3,600 to 32,400 . It is estimated that around 25,000 Feyli Kurds died due to captivity and torture during the Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein In addition , 4,000 prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison were reportedly executed in a particularly large 1984 purge . Only 20,000 Marsh Arabs were left in the region after the draining , though it is unknown whether this was caused by famine or migration . The minimum estimate is the minimum estimate of civilians killed by Saddam during Iran - Iraq War , uprising and genocide of Kurds combined . The maximum estimate is the maximum total of the aforementioned , combined with the maximum demographic decline of Mesopotamian Marshes . Francoist Spain 7005195000000000000 ♠ 195,000 7005265000000000000 ♠ 265,000 7005227321000000000 ♠ 227,321 Spain , Austria , and Russia 1939 Diseases and starvation 130,000 ( 1939 -- 1943 ) Repression 30,000 -- 100,000 ( 1939 -- 1948 ) Prison camps 20,000 ( 1939 -- 1943 ) Spanish Maquis 5,548 ( 1939 -- 1965 ) World War II 5,000 died at Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria Blue Division . Casualties in the Russo - German conflict totaled 22,700 . In action against the Blue Division , the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties . Bashar al - Assad 's repression in the Syrian Civil War 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 Syria 2011 Ongoing Personal dictatorship of Idi Amin 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 7005223607000000000 ♠ 223,607 Uganda 1971 1979 Idi Amin 's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition , earning him the nickname `` The Butcher of Uganda . '' Communist Repression in Romania 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 7005435000000000000 ♠ 435,000 7005161555000000000 ♠ 161,555 Romania 1945 1964 Total does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu 's policies . Tsardom of Ivan the Terrible 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005109545000000000 ♠ 109,545 Russian Empire 1533 1584 Siad Barre ( Isaaq genocide ) 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 Somalia 1988 1991 Communist repression in Bulgaria 7004310000000000000 ♠ 31,000 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220,000 7004812400000000000 ♠ 81,240 Bulgaria 1944 1989 Collecitization and political repression in Bulgaria . Communist repression in Czechoslovakia 7004650000000000000 ♠ 65,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ 65,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ 65,000 Czechoslovakia 1948 1968 -- Personal dictatorship of Francisco Macías Nguema 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7004632460000000000 ♠ 63,246 Equatorial Guinea 1968 1979 Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic , corrupt , and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history . Sources vary , but he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time . Dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 Dominican Republic 1930 1938 Dictatorship of François Duvalier 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 7004424260000000000 ♠ 42,426 Haiti 1957 1971 Duvalier 's rule based on a purged military , a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute , and the use of cult of personality , resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians , and the exile of many more . Personal Dictatorship of Hissène Habré 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 Chad 1982 1990 In May 2016 , Hissène Habré was found guilty of human - rights abuses , including rape , sexual slavery , and ordering the killing of 40,000 people . He was sentenced to life in prison . He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation . Communist Repression in Cuba 7003924000000000000 ♠ 9,240 7004924000000000000 ♠ 92,400 7004292190000000000 ♠ 29,219 Cuba 1976 ongoing Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch , which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses . This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment , unfair trials , and extrajudicial execution . Islamist Dictatorship of Iran 7004104820000000000 ♠ 10,482 7004480000000000000 ♠ 48,000 7004224310000000000 ♠ 22,431 Iran 1979 ongoing 4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre 6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed ( refer to earlier tables on page ) Communist Repression in Poland 7004220000000000000 ♠ 22,000 7004220000000000000 ♠ 22,000 7004220000000000000 ♠ 22,000 Communist Poland 1945 1989 Communist Repression in Hungary 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7,000 7004270000000000000 ♠ 27,000 7004137480000000000 ♠ 13,748 Hungary 1948 1956 Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps , and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed , noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies . Repression under Enver Hoxha 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 7004280000000000000 ♠ 28,000 7004118320000000000 ♠ 11,832 Albania 1941 1985 Regime of Ferdinand Marcos 7003325700000000000 ♠ 3,257 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 7004416290000000000 ♠ 41,629 Philippines 1965 1986 The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985 , while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976 . Also Includes those from the Moro conflict . South African Apartheid 7004189970000000000 ♠ 18,997 7004210000000000000 ♠ 21,000 7004199985000000000 ♠ 19,998.5 South Africa and Namibia 1948 1994 Maximum death toll does not include deaths from the South African Border War . Imperial Rule of Tiberius 7003950000000000000 ♠ 9,500 7003950000000000000 ♠ 9,500 7003950000000000000 ♠ 9,500 Ancient Rome 14 37 Imperial Rule of Caligula 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 Ancient Rome 37 41 Personal dictatorship of Johnny Paul Koroma 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6,000 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6,000 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6,000 Sierra Leone 1997 1998 Imperial Rule of Nero 7003575000000000000 ♠ 5,750 7003575000000000000 ♠ 5,750 7003575000000000000 ♠ 5,750 Ancient Rome 54 68 Personal dictatorship of Jean - Bedel Bokassa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 7004900000000000000 ♠ 90,000 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 Central African Republic 1966 1976 It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children . Imperial Rule of Claudius 7003293500000000000 ♠ 2,935 7003293500000000000 ♠ 2,935 7003293500000000000 ♠ 2,935 Ancient Rome 41 54 East German killings of Berlin Wall climbers 7002327000000000000 ♠ 327 7003150000000000000 ♠ 1,500 7002928500000000000 ♠ 928.5 East Germany 1949 1989 Anthropogenically exacerbated famine , mass starvation , and illness or disease ( edit ) Main articles : Famine and List of famines Note : Some of these famines diseases were partially caused by nature . This section includes famines , and disease that were caused or exacerbated by human action . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geom . mean estimate Location From Until Notes Disease caused by smoking 7007710000000000000 ♠ 71,000,000 7007900000000000000 ♠ 90,000,000 7007799374760000000 ♠ 79,937,476 worldwide 1930 1999 Communist famines 7007208000000000000 ♠ 20,800,000 7007268000000000000 ♠ 26,800,000 7007696000000000000 ♠ 69,600,000 7007811000000000000 ♠ 81,100,000 7007380483900000000 ♠ 38,048,390 7007466205960000000 ♠ 46,620,596 worldwide 1921 1998 Combined death toll of famines caused by Communist states as listed below : Great Chinese Famine Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 North Korean famine Cambodian Holocaust Famine 1983 -- 85 famine in Ethiopia The Russian Famine of 1921 as well as the Soviet famine of 1946 -- 47 may have been exacerbated by War Communism policies , but it is debatable to which extent . Great Chinese Famine 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15,000,000 7007550000000000000 ♠ 55,000,000 7007287228100000000 ♠ 28,722,810 People 's Republic of China 1958 1962 During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death . State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll , and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies . Famine and disease during World War II 7007190000000000000 ♠ 19,000,000 7007280000000000000 ♠ 28,000,000 7007230651300000000 ♠ 23,065,130 Worldwide 1939 1945 See World War II casualties Famine in India under British Raj 12,000,000 29,000,000 20,500,000 India 1757 1947 Between 12 and 29 million Indians died of starvation while India under the British Raj . Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged . Famine and disease under Japanese imperialism 7006813600000000000 ♠ 8,136,000 7007149360000000000 ♠ 14,936,000 7007110235790000000 ♠ 11,023,579 Japanese Empire 1937 1945 See World War II casualties . Combined death tolls from famine and disease from China , Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Philippines . Northern Chinese Famine of 1876 -- 79 7006900000000000000 ♠ 9,000,000 7007130000000000000 ♠ 13,000,000 7007108166500000000 ♠ 10,816,650 China 1876 1879 ENSO famine . See also : Late Victorian Holocausts Great Bengal famine of 1770 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 British Bengal 1769 1773 The famine killed a third of the Bengali population at the time . It is attributed to the policies of the ruling British East India Company . Russian famine of 1921 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 7006707107200000000 ♠ 7,071,072 Soviet Russia 1921 1922 See also : Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union , and Russian Civil War , with its policy of War communism , especially prodrazvyorstka . Famine and Disease in China during Japanese Invasion 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 7006707106800000000 ♠ 7,071,068 China 1937 1945 See World War I casualties . Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 7006440000000000000 ♠ 4,400,000 7006910000000000000 ♠ 9,100,000 7006632771700000000 ♠ 6,327,717 Soviet Union 1932 1933 The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian . Many nations , including Ukraine , regard the famine 's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine , known as the Holodomor . 1.8 - 4.8 million Ukraine 600,000 - 2.3 million Kazakhstan 2 million Elsewhere Famine and disease during World War I 7006541100000000000 ♠ 5,411,000 7006610000000000000 ♠ 6,100,000 7006574518100000000 ♠ 5,745,181 Worldwide 1914 1918 See World War I casualties . Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 7006610000000000000 ♠ 6,100,000 7007103200000000000 ♠ 10,320,000 7006830000000000000 ♠ 8,300,000 British India 1876 1878 ENSO famine . See also : Late Victorian Holocausts . African World War Famine 7006380000000000000 ♠ 3,800,000 7006540000000000000 ♠ 5,400,000 7006452990100000000 ♠ 4,529,901 Africa 1998 Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease . Decommunization 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7006600000000000000 ♠ 6,000,000 7006424264100000000 ♠ 4,242,641 Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Block 1991 2000 Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union . Bengal famine of 1943 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 7006346410000000000 ♠ 3,464,100 British India 1943 1943 The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India 's main supply of rice imports , however , war - related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll . Indian famine of 1896 -- 97 , Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 7006840000000000000 ♠ 8,400,000 7007190000000000000 ♠ 19,000,000 7007137000000000000 ♠ 13,700,000 British India 1896 1900 ENSO famines . See also : Late Victorian Holocausts . Biafran Blockade during Nigeria 's Civil War 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ 3,000,000 7006244949000000000 ♠ 2,449,490 Nigeria 1967 1970 More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war . Lack of medicine also contributed . Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed . Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 7006240000000000000 ♠ 2,400,000 7006240000000000000 ♠ 2,400,000 7006240000000000000 ♠ 2,400,000 Indonesia 1944 1945 An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia . The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944 -- 45 rice crop , but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population . Post-WWII Soviet Famine 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7006122474500000000 ♠ 1,224,745 Soviet Union 1946 1946 Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy . Great Irish Famine 7005750000000000000 ♠ 750,000 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 7006106066000000000 ♠ 1,060,660 Ireland 1846 1849 Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s , the impact and human cost in Ireland , where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food , was exacerbated by a host of political , social and economic factors , which continue to remain the subject of historical debate . Vietnamese Famine of 1945 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 7005894427000000000 ♠ 894,427 Vietnam 1944 1945 The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam . Cambodian Holocaust Famine 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 7005950000000000000 ♠ 950,000 7005871780000000000 ♠ 871,780 Cambodia 1979 An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder , forced labor , and famine , perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge , nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation . Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979 . 1983 -- 85 famine in Ethiopia 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 7005632456000000000 ♠ 632,456 Ethiopia 1985 The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985 , especially the one of 1983 -- 1985 , were in large part created by government policies . Famine and disease under Japanese occupation of the Philippines 7005336000000000000 ♠ 336,000 7005336000000000000 ♠ 336,000 7005336000000000000 ♠ 336,000 Philippines 1942 1945 See World War I casualties . North Korean famine 7005240000000000000 ♠ 240,000 7005420000000000000 ♠ 420,000 7005330000000000000 ♠ 330,000 North Korea 1994 1998 The famine stemmed from a variety of factors . Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly . A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis , but were not its direct cause . The North Korean government and its centrally - planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster . Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000 . Cuban War of Independence Famine 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 Cuba 1895 1898 Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease . Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 Mount Lebanon , Ottoman Empire 1915 1918 Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000 . The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets , and people were reported to be eating street animals , while some resorted to cannibalism . Sudanese famine 7004700000000000000 ♠ 70,000 7004700000000000000 ♠ 70,000 7004700000000000000 ♠ 70,000 Sudan 1998 1998 The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan . Famine in Yemen 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 children 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 children 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 children Yemen 2016 present The famine was triggered by Saudi Arabia 's intervention into the Yemeni Civil War , which is backed by Western powers including the United States . Around 13 million people , or roughly half of the country 's population , is facing starvation in what the UN calls `` the worst famine in the world in 100 years '' . Starvation caused by the UN 's sanctions against Ba'athist - era Iraq 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7005576000000000000 ♠ 576,000 7005288000000000000 ♠ 288,000 Iraq 7003199000000000000 ♠ 1990 7003199800000000000 ♠ 1998 Saddam Hussein 's Ba'athist regime claimed that the UN 's sanctions , imposed by the United Nations Security Council , led to the deaths of young children . 2018 Canadian heatwave 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Canada 2018 2018 Starvation from the draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes 0 ? 7005275000000000000 ♠ 275,000 ? n / a Mesopotamian Marshes , Iraq and Iran 1950s 1990s Only 20,000 Marsh Arabs were left in the region after the draining , though it is unknown whether this was caused by famine or migration . Riot or political unrest ( edit ) Only riots and incidents where at least four people died are listed here . Event Victims Country Locale ( s ) Date Partition of India and Pakistan 200,000 -- 2,000,000 British India Punjab and Bengal 7003194700000000000 ♠ 1947 La Violencia 200,000 -- 300,000 Colombia Country - wide 7003194800000000000 ♠ 1948 -- 1960 1959 Tibetan uprising 85,000 -- 87,000 Tibet , China Lhasa 7003195900000000000 ♠ 1959 Nika riots 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 Byzantium Constantinople 532 La semaine sanglante 6,667 -- 20,000 France Paris 7003187100000000000 ♠ 1871 February 28 Incident 10,000 -- 30,000 Taiwan ( Republic of China ) 7003194700000000000 ♠ 1947 Jeju Uprising 14,000 -- 30,000 Southern Korea , present - day South Korea Jeju island 7003194800000000000 ♠ 1948 August Uprising 13,000 -- 15,500 Georgia 7003192400000000000 ♠ 1924 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising 10,000 -- 40,000 El Salvador 7003193200000000000 ♠ 1932 Romanian Peasants ' Revolt 10,000 -- 20,000 Romania 7003190700000000000 ♠ 1907 Kronstadt rebellion 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 Russia Kronstadt 7003192100000000000 ♠ 1921 1984 anti-Sikh riots 2,800 -- 8,000 India New Delhi 7003198400000000000 ♠ 1984 March 1st Movement 7003750000000000000 ♠ 7,500 Japanese Korea , present - day South Korea Seoul 7003191900000000000 ♠ 1919 Second Intifada 4,179 -- 4,354 Israel / Palestinian territories 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2000 -- 2005 Pitchfork Uprising 7003380000000000000 ♠ 3,800 Russia 7003192000000000000 ♠ 1920 Iranian Revolution 7003278100000000000 ♠ 2,781 Iran 7003197900000000000 ♠ 1979 8888 Uprising 3,000 -- 10,000 Burma / Myanmar 7003198700000000000 ♠ 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 7003220400000000000 ♠ 2,204 Israel / Palestinian territories 7003198700000000000 ♠ 1987 Banana Massacre 47 -- 2,000 Colombia Ciénaga 7003192800000000000 ♠ 1928 Santa María School massacre 7003230000000000000 ♠ 2,300 Chile Iquique 7003190700000000000 ♠ 1907 1994 South African transitional violence 7003165200000000000 ♠ 1,652 South Africa 7003199400000000000 ♠ 1994 Romanian Revolution of 1989 7003110400000000000 ♠ 1,104 Romania Bucharest and major cities 7003198900000000000 ♠ 1989 May 1998 riots of Indonesia 1,000 -- 1,200 Indonesia Jakarta , Medan , Surakarta 7003199800000000000 ♠ 1998 2008 Kenyan election protests 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 Kenya 7003200800000000000 ♠ 2008 2005 Togolese democracy protests 500 -- 1,000 Togo 7003200500000000000 ♠ 2005 1905 Bloody Sunday 132 -- 4,000 Russia Saint Petersburg 7003190500000000000 ♠ 1905 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 7002893000000000000 ♠ 893 Kyrgyzstan 7003201000000000000 ♠ 2010 Assam Movement 7002855000000000000 ♠ 855 + India 7003197900000000000 ♠ 1979 -- 1985 Iranian pilgrim riot 7002400000000000000 ♠ 400 Saudi Arabia Mecca 7003198700000000000 ♠ 1987 Jallianwala Bagh ( Amritsar ) massacre 379 -- 1,526 British India Amritsar 7003191900000000000 ♠ 1919 Telangana movement ( Hyderabad ) 7002360000000000000 ♠ 360 + India Hyderabad 7003196900000000000 ♠ 1969 Tunisian Revolution 7002338000000000000 ♠ 338 Tunisia 7003201000000000000 ♠ 2010 -- 2011 Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 300 -- 10,454 China Beijing 7003198900000000000 ♠ 1989 Kengir uprising 7002700000000000000 ♠ 700 Soviet Union Kazakhstan 7003195400000000000 ♠ 1954 2018 Nicaraguan protests 7002317000000000000 ♠ 317 Nicaragua Country - wide 7003201800000000000 ♠ 2018 Gordon Riots 7002285000000000000 ♠ 285 Great Britain 7003178000000000000 ♠ 1780 1929 Palestine riots 7002249000000000000 ♠ 249 British Mandate for Palestine 7003192900000000000 ♠ 1929 Military Police of Espírito Santo strike 7002215000000000000 ♠ 215 Brazil Espírito Santo 7003201700000000000 ♠ 2017 13 May incident 7002196000000000000 ♠ 196 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 7003196900000000000 ♠ 1969 Andijan massacre 187 -- 1,500 Uzbekistan Andijan 7003200500000000000 ♠ 2005 2017 Venezuelan protests 7002165000000000000 ♠ 165 Venezuela Nationwide 7003201700000000000 ♠ 2017 Gwangju Uprising 144 -- 2,000 South Korea Gwangju 7003198000000000000 ♠ 1980 Durban riots 7002142000000000000 ♠ 142 South Africa Durban 7003194900000000000 ♠ 1949 2017 Brazil prison riots 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 + Brazil 7003201700000000000 ♠ 2017 Muhammad cartoon riots 7002139000000000000 ♠ 139 Nigeria , Libya , Pakistan , and Afghanistan 7003200600000000000 ♠ 2006 Euromaidan 121 -- 797 Ukraine Kiev 7003201400000000000 ♠ 2014 Carandiru massacre 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 Brazil São Paulo 7003199200000000000 ♠ 1992 New York City draft riots 119 -- 120 United States New York City 7003186300000000000 ♠ 1863 Napoleon 's `` whiff of grapeshot '' 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 France Paris 7003179500000000000 ♠ 1795 Jaffa riots 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 British Mandate for Palestine Jaffa 7003192100000000000 ♠ 1921 1947 Jerusalem riots 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 British Mandate for Palestine Jerusalem 7003194700000000000 ♠ 1947 July Revolt of 1927 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 Austria Vienna 7003192700000000000 ♠ 1927 Bahraini uprising of 2011 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Bahrain 7003201100000000000 ♠ 2011 2012 Rakhine State riots 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Myanmar 7003201200000000000 ♠ 2012 Riot and crushing during mass arrests 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Thailand Narathiwat Province 7003200400000000000 ♠ 2004 Port Said Stadium riot 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Egypt Port Said 7003201200000000000 ♠ 2012 Sharpeville massacre 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 South Africa Sharpeville 7003196000000000000 ♠ 1960 Vorkuta uprising 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Soviet Union Russia 7003195300000000000 ♠ 1953 March 2008 South African anti-immigrant violence 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 South Africa Atteridgeville 7003200800000000000 ♠ 2008 May 2008 South African anti-immigrant pogroms 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 South Africa Gauteng , Durban , Mpumalanga , Southern Cape , the North West , and Free State 7003200800000000000 ♠ 2008 1992 Los Angeles riots 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 United States Los Angeles 7003199200000000000 ♠ 1992 2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Myanmar 7003201300000000000 ♠ 2013 Champ de Mars Massacre 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 France Paris 7003179100000000000 ♠ 1791 Marikana killings 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 South Africa Rustenburg 7003201200000000000 ♠ 2012 Boipatong massacre 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 South Africa Boipatong 7003199200000000000 ♠ 1992 Polish 1970 protests 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Poland Gdynia , Szczecin , Gdańsk , and Elbląg 7003197000000000000 ♠ 1970 Attica Prison riot 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 United States Attica , New York 7003197100000000000 ♠ 1971 1967 Detroit riot 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 United States Detroit 7003196700000000000 ♠ 1967 2014 Venezuelan protests 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Venezuela Nationwide 7003201400000000000 ♠ 2014 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Afghanistan 7003201200000000000 ♠ 2012 Paris massacre of 1961 40 -- 200 France Paris 7003196100000000000 ♠ 1961 Midland Revolt 40 -- 50 England Newton , Northamptonshire 7003160700000000000 ♠ 1607 Tulsa riot 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 + United States Tulsa , Oklahoma 7003192100000000000 ♠ 1921 1964 race riots in Singapore 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Singapore 7003196400000000000 ♠ 1964 Watts Riots 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 United States Los Angeles 7003196500000000000 ♠ 1965 Tlatelolco massacre 30 -- 300 Mexico Mexico City 7003196800000000000 ♠ 1968 August 2006 South African anti-Somali violence 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 South Africa Western Cape 7003200600000000000 ♠ 2006 Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Brazil Roraima 7003201600000000000 ♠ 2016 Palingoproer 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Netherlands Amsterdam 7003188600000000000 ♠ 1886 Corpus Christi massacre 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Mexico Mexico City 7003197100000000000 ♠ 1971 Soweto uprising 23 -- 600 South Africa Soweto 7003197600000000000 ♠ 1976 Eureka Rebellion 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Australia Ballarat 7003185400000000000 ♠ 1854 July 2006 South African anti-Somali violence 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 South Africa Western Cape 7003200600000000000 ♠ 2006 Ludlow Massacre 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 United States Ludlow , Colorado 7003191400000000000 ♠ 1914 Maria Hertogh riots 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Singapore 7003195000000000000 ♠ 1950 6 February 1934 crisis 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 France Paris 7003193400000000000 ♠ 1934 Cadereyta state prison riot 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Mexico Cadereyta 7003201700000000000 ♠ 2017 1921 Bloody Sunday 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 ( + 11 more killed or fatally wounded over the following week ) United Kingdom Belfast , Northern Ireland 7003192100000000000 ♠ 1921 1972 Bloody Sunday 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 United Kingdom Derry , Northern Ireland 7003197200000000000 ♠ 1972 Socialist riot of 1932 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Switzerland Geneva 7003193200000000000 ♠ 1932 Chinese middle schools riots 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Singapore 7003195600000000000 ♠ 1956 Mendiola Street massacre 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Philippines 7003198700000000000 ♠ 1987 2011 Nakba Day 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Israel / Palestinian territories 7003201100000000000 ♠ 2011 2013 Venezuelan presidential election protests 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Venezuela Nationwide 7003201300000000000 ♠ 2013 Peterloo Massacre 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 United Kingdom Manchester 7003181900000000000 ♠ 1819 Colonia Agroindustrial prison riot 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Brazil Goiania 7003201800000000000 ♠ 2018 1920 Nebi Musa riots 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 British Mandate for Palestine Jerusalem 7003192000000000000 ♠ 1920 Fusillade de Fourmies 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 France Fourmies 7003189100000000000 ♠ 1891 2000 South African anti-immigrant violence 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 South Africa Cape Flats 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2000 2015 South African anti-immigrant violence 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 South Africa Durban and Johannesburg 7003201500000000000 ♠ 2015 Ådalen shootings 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Sweden Ådalen 7003193100000000000 ♠ 1931 2011 England riots 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 United Kingdom England 7003201100000000000 ♠ 2011 Boston Massacre 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 British America Boston 7003177000000000000 ♠ 1770 Greensboro massacre 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 United States Greensboro , North Carolina 7003197900000000000 ♠ 1979 Tshwane riots 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 South Africa Tshwane 7003201600000000000 ♠ 2016 Battle of Ventersdorp 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 South Africa Ventersdorp 7003199100000000000 ♠ 1991 2013 protests in Brazil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + Brazil 7003201300000000000 ♠ 2013 2005 -- 2006 South African anti-immigrant violence 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 South Africa Olievenhoutbosch 7003200500000000000 ♠ 2005 -- 2006 Kent State shootings 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 United States Kent , Ohio 7003197000000000000 ♠ 1970 Hock Lee bus riots 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Singapore 7003195500000000000 ♠ 1955 Human sacrifice and ritual suicide ( edit ) This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide . For notable individual episodes , see Human sacrifice and mass suicide . Event Lowest estimate Highest estimate Geom . mean estimate By Location From Until Notes Human sacrifice in Aztec culture 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5,000,000 7005316228000000000 ♠ 316,228 Aztecs Mexico 14th century 7003152100000000000 ♠ 1521 Skull racks : 60,000 to 136,000 Human sacrifice 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 Shang dynasty China 2996870000000000000 ♠ 1300 BC 2996895000000000000 ♠ 1050 BC Last 250 years of rule Suicide bombings during the Iraq War 7004122840000000000 ♠ 12,284 7004122840000000000 ♠ 12,284 7004122840000000000 ♠ 12,284 Iraqi insurgency ( 2003 -- 11 ) Iraq 7003200300000000000 ♠ 2003 7003201100000000000 ♠ 2011 Ritual suicides 7003794100000000000 ♠ 7,941 7003794100000000000 ♠ 7,941 7003794100000000000 ♠ 7,941 Sati India 7003181500000000000 ♠ 1815 7003182800000000000 ♠ 1828 Kamikaze suicide pilots , see note 7003391200000000000 ♠ 3,912 7003391200000000000 ♠ 3,912 7003391200000000000 ♠ 3,912 Imperial Japan 's navy and army Pacific theatre 7003194400000000000 ♠ 1944 7003194500000000000 ♠ 1945 Mass suicide motivated religious and political . 7002967000000000000 ♠ 967 7002967000000000000 ♠ 967 7002967000000000000 ♠ 967 Judean rebels Masada Spring 73 CE Palestinian suicide attacks 7002804000000000000 ♠ 804 7002804000000000000 ♠ 804 7002804000000000000 ♠ 804 Palestinian militants Israel and Palestine July 6 , 1989 April 18 , 2016 May only include victims Anthropogenic floods , drownings , and landslides ( edit ) Main articles : Flood , List of floods , List of deadliest floods , List of natural disasters by death toll § Floods and landslides , Landslide , and List of landslides These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans , for example by failure of dams , levees , seawalls or retaining walls . Event Death toll Location Date 1931 China floods 2,500,000 -- 3,700,000 China 7003193100000000000 ♠ 1931 1887 Yellow River ( Huang He ) flood 900,000 -- 2,000,000 China 7003188700000000000 ♠ 1887 1938 Yellow River ( Huang He ) flood 500,000 -- 700,000 China 7003193800000000000 ♠ 1938 Flight of the Boat People 200,000 -- 560,000 Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean 1978 -- 79 The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture , Henan , the largest of which was Banqiao Dam , caused by Typhoon Nina . 26,000 - 230,000 China August 1975 1935 Yangtze river flood 145,000 China 7003193500000000000 ♠ 1935 St. Felix 's Flood , storm surge more than 100,000 Netherlands 7003153000000000000 ♠ 1530 Hanoi and Red River Delta flood 100,000 North Vietnam 7003197100000000000 ♠ 1971 1911 Yangtze river flood 100,000 China 7003191100000000000 ♠ 1911 St. Lucia 's flood , storm surge 50,000 -- 80,000 Netherlands , England 7003128700000000000 ♠ 1287 Vargas Tragedy , landslide 10,000 -- 50,000 Venezuela 7003199900000000000 ♠ 1999 North Sea flood , storm surge 2,400 Netherlands , Scotland , England , Belgium 31 January 1953 Johnstown Flood 2,209 Pennsylvania 31 May 1889 Sinking of MV Sewol 304 South Korea 16 April 2014 See also ( edit ) Other lists organized by death toll ( edit ) List of accidents and disasters by death toll List of battles and other violent events by death toll List of events named massacres List of genocides by death toll List of murderers by number of victims List of natural disasters by death toll List of ongoing conflicts List of disasters in Antarctica by death toll List of disasters in Australia by death toll List of disasters in Canada by death toll List of disasters in Croatia by death toll List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll List of disasters in Poland by death toll List of disasters in the United States by death toll List of wars by death toll Other lists with similar topics ( edit ) List of unusual deaths List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft List of battles Lists of disasters Lists of earthquakes List of famines List of historic fires List of invasions List of massacres List of notable tropical cyclones List of riots List of terrorist incidents List of wars Lists of rail accidents Topics dealing with similar themes ( edit ) Anti-communist mass killings Casualties of the Iraq War Decommunization Democide Famine Genocide Genocide in history Infectious disease Mass killings under Communist regimes Mass murder Most lethal battles in world history United States casualties of war Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spanish Empire , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , Native American disease and epidemics . These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus , which some say might never be accurately determined . Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates , but there is still variance based on calculation methods used . Even using conservative populations estimates , however , `` one dreadful conclusion is inescapable : the 150 years after Columbus 's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world 's losses during World War II ... Against the alien agents of disease , the indigenous people never had a chance . Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles , malaria and yellow fever . The epidemics that resulted have been well documented . '' A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492 , and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans . They have stated that their findings in no way diminish the `` dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World . But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden . '' For example , they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile , they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures , including tuberculosis . The researchers stress , however , that `` their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies . '' Jump up ^ The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated , although he notes that it is `` almost certainly an underestimate '' . Jump up ^ While there are many estimates for civilian deaths , with some even going well over a million for the war , modern historians generally place the death toll between 200,000 and 250,000 ; see `` Casualties '' . Jump up ^ The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated , although he notes that it is `` almost certainly an underestimate '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pinto , Carla M.A. ; Lopes , A. Mendes ; Machado , J.A. Tenreiro ( 2014 ) , Ferreira , Nuno Miguel Fonseca ; Machado , José António Tenreiro , eds. , `` Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards '' , Mathematical Methods in Engineering , Springer Netherlands : 173 -- 180 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7183 - 3_16 , ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 7182 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 1976 ) . Darkest Hours . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 775 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59077 - 526 - 4 . Jump up ^ Fink , George ( 2010 ) . Stress of War , Conflict and Disaster . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 381382 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of China : Alien regimes and border states , 907 -- 1368 , 1994 , pg. 622 , cited by White Jump up ^ `` Pre-Columbian Population '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ American Philosophy : From Wounded Knee to the Present ; Erin McKenna , Scott L. Pratt ; Bloomsbury ; 2015 , pg. 375 ; `` It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery , both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years . Indigenous people north and south were displaced , died of disease , and were killed by Europeans through slavery , rape and war . In 1491 , about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere . By 1691 , the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90 -- 95 percent . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Do n't Blame Columbus for All the Indians ' Ills '' . The New York Times . October 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose : The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere , Cambridge University Press ; 1st edition ; pg. 79 ; ISBN 9780521617444 Jump up ^ Barrett , David . World Christian Trends . Jump up ^ Naimark , Norman ( 2016 ) . Genocide : A World History . Jump up ^ Alan Macfarlane ( 1997 - 05 - 28 ) . The Savage Wars of Peace : England , Japan and the Malthusian Trap . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 18117 - 0 . Jump up ^ Werner , Gruhl ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War Two : 1931 -- 1945 . Transaction Publishers . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Taiping Rebellion 1850 -- 1871 Tai Ping Tian Guo '' . Taipingrebellion.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Livre noir du Communisme : crimes , terreur , répression , page 468 . Jump up ^ William J. Gingles , By Train to Shanghai : A Journey on the Trans - Siberian Railway , pg. 259 Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Timur Lenk ( 1369 -- 1405 ) '' . Necrometrics . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Miscellaneous Oriental Atrocities '' . Necrometrics . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Rehabilitation Of Tamerlane '' . Chicago Tribune . 17 January 1999 . Jump up ^ J.J. Saunders ( 1971 ) . The History of the Mongol Conquests . Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1766 - 7 . Jump up ^ Michael Lynch ( 2010 ) . The Chinese Civil War 1945 -- 49 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 671 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Bloody Century '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Civil War '' . Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Thirty Years War Produced Astonishing Casualties '' . Civilian Military Intelligence Group . August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Thirty Years War ( 1618 -- 48 ) '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles Esdaile , Napoleon 's Wars : An International History . ^ Jump up to : `` Mankind 's Worst Wars and Armed Conflicts '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch , `` Monitoring Trends in Global Combat : A New Dataset of Battle Deaths , '' European Journal of Population ( 2005 ) 21 : 145 -- 66 . Jump up ^ `` Congo war - driven crisis kills 45,000 a month - study '' -- Reuters , 22 Jan 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Huguenot Religious Wars , Catholic vs. Huguenot ( 1562 -- 1598 ) '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Philip Pregill . Landscapes in History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29328 - 6 . Jump up ^ Frederic Baumgartner . France in the Sixteenth Century . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 15856 - 9 . Jump up ^ Charles Hirschman et al. , `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate , '' Population and Development Review , December 1995 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( 23 April 1995 ) . `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ John Shertzer Hittell , `` A Brief History of Culture '' ( 1874 ) p. 137 : `` In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain ... '' cited by White Jump up ^ Robertson , John M. , `` A Short History of Christianity '' ( 1902 ) pg. 278 . Cited by White Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference horriblethings was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Shaka : Zulu Chieftain '' . Historynet.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century '' . Necrometrics.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nigel Bagnall. , `` The Punic Wars '' , June 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world 's longest running civil war '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 10 . , U.S. Committee for Refugees , 2001 . Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive ; accessed 10 April 2007 Jump up ^ Derk Bodde , China 's First Unifier : A Study in the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu , 280 ? -- 208 BC , Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press , 1967 , pp. 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230 -- 221 BC , Warlords of China , 700 BC to AD 1662 , London : Arms and Armour , 1998 , pg. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Lacina , Bethany ; Gleditsch , Nils Petter ( 2005 ) . `` Monitoring Trends in Global Combat : A New Dataset of Battle Deaths '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Population. 21 : 154 . Jump up ^ Jones , Geo H. , Vol. 23 No. 5 , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Buchenau , Jürgen ( 2005 ) . Mexico Otherwise : Modern Mexico in the Eyes of Foreign Observers . UNM Press . p. 285 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2313 - 8 . Jump up ^ Horne , Alistair . A Savage War of Peace . p. 538 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 61964 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jurg Meister , Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher ? , Osnabrück : Biblio Verlag , 1987 . 345 , 355 , 454 -- 55 Jump up ^ Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437 , the population fell to 221,709 ( 28,746 men , 106,254 women , 86,079 children ) by the end of the war ( War and the Breed , David Starr Jordan , pg. 164 . Boston , 1915 ; Applied Genetics , Paul Popenoe , The Macmillan Company , New York , 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Human costs of war : Direct war death in Afghanistan , Iraq and Pakistan October 2001 -- February 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Costs of War . February 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Update on Iraqi Casualty Data '' Archived 2008 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . by Opinion Research Business ( January 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Revised Casualty Analysis . New Analysis ' Confirms ' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... January 28 , 2008 . Opinion Research Business . Word Viewer for. doc files . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates , Calculations , And Sources R.J. Rummel '' STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Charlottesville , Virginia : Center for National Security Law , School of Law , University of Virginia , 1997 retrieved 2018 Jump up ^ Lockwood , Jeffrey A. `` Six - legged soldiers '' , The Scientist , October 24 , 2008 , accessed December 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp/user/tsuchiya/gyoseki/presentation/IAB8.html osaka-cu.ac.jp Jump up ^ Takashi Yoshida . The making of the `` Rape of Nanking '' . 2006 , page 64 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Michael `` Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference '' , Vol. 2 , pp. 956 . Includes civilians who died due to famine and other environmental disasters caused by the war . Only includes the ' regular ' Chinese army ; does NOT include guerrillas and does not include Chinese casualties in Manchuria or Burma . Jump up ^ Reitlinger , Gerald . The Final Solution . The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe , 1939 -- 1945 , New York : Beechhurst Press . Review by Friedman , Philip ( 1954 ) . `` Review of The Final Solution '' . Jewish Social Studies 16 ( 2 ) : 186 -- 89 . JSTOR 4465231 . See also a review by Hyamson , Albert M. ( 1953 ) . `` Review of The Final Solution '' . International Affairs 29 ( 4 ) : 494 -- 95 . JSTOR 2606046 Jump up ^ `` How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust ? '' . Yad Vashem . ( FAQs about the Holocaust ) . Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust : Tracing Lost Family Members '' . JVL . Retrieved November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven million died in the ' forgotten ' holocaust -- Eric Margolis '' . www.ukemonde.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Stanislav Kulchytsky , `` How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933 '' , Zerkalo Nedeli , 23 -- 29 November 2002 . Available online in Russian at the Wayback Machine ( archived 21 July 2006 ) and in Ukrainian at the Wayback Machine ( archived 5 May 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Stalislav Kulchytsky , `` Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived 21 July 2006 ) , Zerkalo Nedeli , 2 -- 8 October 2004 ( in Russian ) , and ( in Ukrainian ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 13 March 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Ellman , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931 -- 1934 '' . Europe - Asia Studies ( pdf ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 57 ( 6 ) : 823 -- 41 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668130500199392 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Ellman Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932 -- 33 Revisited '' ' Europe - Asia Studies , Routledge . Vol. 59 , No. 4 , June 2007 , pp. 663 -- 693 . PDF file . ^ Jump up to : Snyder 2010 , p. 53 . `` One demographic retrojection suggests a figure of 2.5 million famine deaths for Soviet Ukraine . This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths , which is about 2.4 million . The latter figure must be substantially low , since many deaths were not recorded . Another demographic calculation , carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine , provides the figure of 3.9 million dead . The truth is probably in between these numbers , where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found . It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger - related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 -- 1933 '' . ^ Jump up to : David R. Marples . Heroes and Villains : Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine . p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Alexander J. Motyl . `` Deleting the Holodomor : Ukraine Unmakes Itself '' . World Affairs . Jump up ^ Davies , Robert ; Wheatcroft , Stephen ( 2009 ) . The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5 : The Years of Hunger : Soviet Agriculture 1931 -- 1933 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . p. 441 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 27397 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tauger , Mark B. ( 2001 ) . `` Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931 -- 1933 '' . The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies ( 1506 ) : 1 -- 65 . doi : 10.5195 / CBP. 2001.89 . ISSN 2163 - 839X . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghodsee , Kristen R. ( 2014 ) . `` A Tale of `` Two Totalitarianisms '' : The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism '' ( PDF ) . History of the Present. 4 ( 2 ) : 124 . doi : 10.5406 / historypresent. 4.2. 0115 . JSTOR 10.5406 / historypresent. 4.2. 0115 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Bruce ( April 1 , 2005 ) . `` Counting Hell : The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia '' . Retrieved July 5 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia '' . In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds . Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Jump up ^ Purcell , Victor . China . London : Ernest Benn , 1962 . pg. 167 Jump up ^ Quoted in ibid. , pg. 239 . Jump up ^ Chesneaux , Jean . Peasant Revolts in China , 1840 -- 1949 . Translated by C.A. Curwen . New York : W.W. Norton , 1973 . pg. 40 ^ Jump up to : Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada ( 2015 ) . `` Honouring the Truth , Reconciling for the Future : Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada '' ( PDF ) . p. 1 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . The establishment and operation of residential schools were a central element of this policy , which can best be described as ' cultural genocide ' . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada 's Dark Secret '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . 6,000 children died in these schools . Some evidence puts the casualties at three times that number . ^ Jump up to : CBC News : The National ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Death toll in Residential Schools '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Miller , J.R. `` Residential Schools '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 341 students died at Northern residential schools - CBC News '' . CBC . Sinclair said the total number of recorded residential school deaths in Canada -- 3,201 -- could be an underestimate given poor record keeping , and the real number of deaths could have been five to 10 times higher . ^ Jump up to : `` Residential school students had same odds of dying as soldiers in WW II - CBC News '' . ^ Jump up to : Montreal , Mali Ilse Paquin in ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Canada confronts its dark history of abuse in residential schools '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Tasker , John Paul ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Residential schools findings point to ' cultural genocide ' , commission chair says '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joanna ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Truth and Reconciliation Commission 's report details deaths of 3,201 children in residential schools '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Canadian Genocide : Tens of Thousands of CHILDREN Killed by the CHURCH '' . humansarefree.com . ^ Jump up to : Carlos A. Floria and César A. García Belsunce , 1971 . Historia de los Argentinos I and II ; ISBN 84 - 599 - 5081 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : White , Matthew . `` Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century -- Brazil '' . Necrometrics . ^ Jump up to : Luxen , Micah ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Survivors of Canada 's ' cultural genocide ' still healing '' . BBC . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela Palmater ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Canada 150 is a celebration of Indigenous genocide '' . Now . Celebrating genocide is not what most would consider a modern Canadian value . While use of the term `` genocide '' to describe Canada 's treatment of Indigenous peoples has created a great deal of debate , there has always been a recognition that , at minimum , Canada was guilty of `` cultural genocide , '' even if individuals could n't bring themselves to accept more sinister intentions . Former prime minister Paul Martin told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( TRC ) that it was time to call the residential schools policy what it was : `` cultural genocide . '' Supreme Court of Canada Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin weighed in on Canada 's dismal human rights record , saying that residential schools were attempts to commit `` cultural genocide '' against Indigenous peoples . ^ Jump up to : Chapman 2010 , p. 544 . ^ Jump up to : Gardini , Walter ( 1984 ) . `` Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe - Rescate de una tribu '' . Anthropos . Bd. 79 , H. 4. / 6. : 645 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Namely the 83 % of the `` fully identified '' 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War . See CEH 1999 , p. 17 , and `` Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission '' . United Nations website . 1 March 1999 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total number of persons killed or who had disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war ( at least 200.000 ) . See CEH 1999 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Robins & Jones 2009 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Jalata , Asafa ( 2016 ) . Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization : From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden . Palgrave Macmillan US . pp. 92 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 55234 - 1 . Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia , Routledge . pg. 53 ; ISBN 9780415565660 Jump up ^ Sikand , Yoginder ( 2004 ) . Muslims in India Since 1947 : Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations , Routledge . pg. 5 ; ISBN 9781134378258 Jump up ^ Butalia , Urvashi ( 2000 ) . The Other Side of Silence : Voices From the Partition of India , Duke University Press . ^ Jump up to : White , Matthew . `` Albigensian Crusade '' . necrometrics . Jump up ^ Raphael Lemkin ( 2012 ) . Steven Leonard Jacobs , ed . Lemkin on Genocide . Lexington Books . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 4526 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army ( paragraph 33 ) '' . Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report . 23 October 1974 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jack , Ian ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` It 's not the arithmetic of genocide that 's important . It 's that we pay attention '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Bass , Gary ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Looking Away from Genocide '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ The British Medical Journal in 2008 , conducted a study by Ziad Obermeyer , Christopher J.L. Murray , and Emmanuela Gakidou estimated that up to 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict . ^ Jump up to : `` Bangladesh war : The article that changed history '' . BBC . 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh D. Smith says 500,000 S&S : 500,000 ( Civil War , Mar. - Dec. 1971 ) Jump up ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh 1984 World Almanac : up to 1,000,000 civilians were killed . Hartman : 1,000,000 Bengalis B&J : 1,000,000 Bengalis Porter : 1M - 2M Jump up ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh Harff & Gurr : 1,250,000 to 3,000,000 Kuper cites a study by Chaudhuri which counted 1,247,000 dead , and mentions the possibility that it may be as many as 3,000,000 . Jump up ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh Eckhardt : 1,000,000 civ . + 500,000 mil . = 1,500,000 ( Bangladesh ) Rummel : 1,500,000 . Jump up ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh Porter : 1M - 2M Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Genocide Archive '' . Bangladesh Genocide Archive . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh Harff & Gurr : 1,250,000 to 3,000,000 The official estimate in Bangladesh is 3 million dead . ( AP 30 December 2000 ; Agence France Presse , 3 October 2000 Rounaq Johan : 3,000,000 ( in Century of Genocide : Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views , Samuel Totten , ed. ( 1997 ) ) Compton 's Encyclopedia , `` Genocide '' : 3,000,000 Encyclopedia Americana ( 2003 ) , `` Bangladesh '' : 3,000,000 Jump up ^ Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski ( 2009 ) , Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami , Warsaw : Institute of National Remembrance ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 ( Excerpt reproduced in digital form ) . Jump up ^ Smith 1997 , pp. 600 -- 01 n . 8 Jump up ^ `` Tibet : Proving Truth from Facts '' . Archived 2007 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , The Department of Information and International Relations : Central Tibetan Administration , 1996 . pg. 53 Jump up ^ Kuzmin , S.L. Hidden Tibet : History of Independence and Occupation . Dharamsala , LTWA , 2011 . Jump up ^ 897,000 Circassians were deported and killed in an event similar in time period and method to this one and of those about 45 % died . ( `` Caucasus Report : July 15 , 2005 '' . Radio Free Europe. ) If this is applied to the median of the following rough estimates and then rounded up ( since this a very rough estimate anyway ) we end up with a very rough estimate of 390,000 killed . Following estimates : Low estimate : In 1893 , the Hazaras of Afghanistan were massacred and displaced to a point in which they lost over 60 % of their population . The number of living Hazaras at the time is unknown but their population in 2014 was 2,864,056 . 2,864,056 population out of a 2014 world population of 7,200,000,000 making Hazaras in Afghanistan approximately 0.04 % of the world 's population . دلجو , عباس ( 2014 ) . تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها . کابل : انتشارات امیری . ISBN 9936801504 . `` Afghanistan : 31,822,848 ( July 2014 est . ) @ 9 % ( 2014 ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . High estimate : In 1893 the Hazaras of Afghanistan were massacred to a point in which they lost over 60 % of their population . The number of living Hazaras at the time is unknown but their population in 2014 was 2,864,056 , out of a 2014 world population of 7,200,000,000 , making Hazara 's in Afghanistan approximately 0.04 % of the world 's population . دلجو , عباس ( 2014 ) . تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها . کابل : انتشارات امیری . ISBN 9936801504 . `` Afghanistan : 31,822,848 ( July 2014 est . ) @ 9 % ( 2014 ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jasenovac '' . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Jump up to : White , Matthew . `` 20th Century death tolls larger than one million but fewer than 5 million people - Cambodia '' . necrometrics . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel ; William S. Parsons ; Israel W. Charny ( 2004 ) . Century of Genocide : Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts . Routledge . p. 345 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94430 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hannum , Hurst ( 1989 ) . `` International Law and Cambodian Genocide : The Sounds of Silence '' , Human Rights Quarterly ( Johns Hopkins University Press ) 11 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 138 . doi : 10.2307 / 761936 . JSTOR 761936 . Jump up ^ CDI : The Center for Defense Information , The Defense Monitor , `` The World At War : January 1 , 1998 '' . Jump up ^ Reyntjens , Filip . The Great African War : Congo and Regional Geopolitics , 1996 -- 2006 . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 2009 . pg. 100 Jump up ^ `` Democratic Republic of Congo . An long - standing crisis spinning out of control '' . Archived 2013 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Amnesty International , September 3 , 1998 , pg. 9 . AI Index : AFR 62 / 33 / 98 . Jump up ^ 《 晉書 卷 一 百 七 》 Jin Shu Original text 閔 躬 率 趙 人 誅 諸 胡 羯 , 無 貴賤 男女 少 長 皆 斬 之 , 死者 二 十 余 萬 , 屍 諸城 外 , 悉 為 野犬 豺狼 所 食. 屯 據 四方 者 , 所在 承 閔 書 誅 之 , 于 時 高鼻 多 須 至 有 濫 死者 半 . Jump up ^ John Morley , Biography of Oliver Cromwell , p. 298 . published 1900 and 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4212 - 6707 - 4 `` Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland . Of course , his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 25 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) British National Archives web site ; accessed March 2007 ; `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 17 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War . `` ... making Cromwell 's name into one of the most hated in Irish history '' ; accessed March 2007 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2004 . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 17 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Philip McKeiver in his 2007 work , A New History of Cromwell 's Irish Campaign ISBN 978 - 0 - 9554663 - 0 - 4 and Tom Reilly , 1999 , Cromwell : An Honourable Enemy ; ISBN 0 - 86322 - 250 - 1 Jump up ^ Coyle , Eugene ( Winter 1999 ) . `` Cromwell : An Honourable Enemy , Tom Reilly ( review of ) '' . Book Reviews . History Ireland . 7 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Donald G. ( 2007 ) . The Psychology of Genocide , Massacres , and Extreme Violence : Why `` normal '' People Come to Commit Atrocities . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 14 . ISBN 9780275990008 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Mark ( 2013 ) . Genocide ( Hot Topics ) . Raintree . p. 58 . ISBN 9781406235081 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word -- Letters9 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan president charged with genocide in Darfur '' , Associated Press . Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dr. Eric Reeves , Quantifying Genocide in Darfur , April 28 , 2006 Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` U.N. : 100,000 more dead in Darfur than reported '' . CNN . 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Sudan 's Darfur conflict '' . BBC News . 8 February 2010 . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Darfur conflict '' . Alertnet.org . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir '' . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pohl , J. Otto ( 1999 ) . Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR , 1937 -- 1949 . Greenwood Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780313309212 . LCCN 98046822 . Jump up ^ Bancheli , Tozun ; Bartmann , Barry ; Srebrnik , Henry ( 2004 ) . De Facto States : The Quest for Sovereignty . Routledge . p. 229 . ISBN 9781135771201 . Jump up ^ http://works.bepress.com/robert_cribb/2/ How many deaths ? Problems in the statistics of massacre in Indonesia ( 1965 -- 66 ) and East Timor ( 1975 -- 1980 ) ^ Jump up to : Defert , Gabriel , Timor Est le Genocide Oublié , L'Hartman , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Conflict - related deaths in Timor - Leste 1974 -- 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Commission for Reception , Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Asia Watch , Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor , Human Rights Watch , New York , 1989 , p. 253 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ The Reconstruction of Nations , 2004 Jump up ^ W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach , 2009 , page 13 Jump up ^ Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji `` Wisła '' , 2011 , pp. 447 -- 448 Jump up ^ Terles in Ethnic Cleansing , p. 61 Czesław Partacz , Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych . Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo - Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939 -- 1946 Lucyna Kulińska `` Dzieci Kresów III '' , Kraków 2009 , p. 467 Józef Turowski , Władysław Siemaszko : Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939 -- 1945 . Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce -- Instytut Pamięci Narodowej , Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie , 1990 Hochspringen ↑ Władysław Siemaszko , Ewa Siemaszko ( 2000 ) : Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939 -- 1945 . Borowiecky , Warszawa 2000 ; ISBN 83 - 87689 - 34 - 3 , S. 1056 . Jump up ^ `` Uchwala Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 lipca 2009 r . w sprawie tragicznego losu Polakow na Kresach Wschodnich '' . Biuro Prasowe Kancelarii Sejmu . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości , że zbrodnie , których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej , noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa . -- Piotr Zając , Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939 -- 1945 -- ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie , ( in : ) Zbrodnie przeszłości . Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN , t . 2 : Ludobójstwo , red . Radosław Ignatiew , Antoni Kura , Warszawa 2008 , pp. 34 - 49 Jump up ^ Timothy Snyder `` A fascist hero in democratic Kiev '' , New York Review of Books , February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keith Darden , Resisting Occupation : Lessons from a Natural Experiment in Carpathian Ukraine , pg. 5 , Yale University , October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ J.P. Himka , `` Interventions : Challenging the Myths of Twentieth - Century Ukrainian history '' , University of Alberta , March 28 , 2011 , pg. 4 Jump up ^ Grzegorz Motyka , `` Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji `` Wisła '' , . Konflikt polsko - ukraiński 1943 -- 1947 , Kraków ( 2011 ) , pg. 447 Jump up ^ Timothy Snyder , The Reconstruction of Nations . Poland , Ukraine , Lithuania , Belarus , 1569 -- 1999 , Yale University Press . 2003 . pp. 170 , 176 Jump up ^ Weinberg , Robert . The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa : Blood on the Steps. 1993 , pg. 164 . Jump up ^ `` Pogroms '' . jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lundgren , Asa ( 2007 ) . The unwelcome neighbour : Turkey 's Kurdish policy . London : Tauris & Co. , pg. 44 . Jump up ^ McDowall , David ( 2007 ) . A Modern History of the Kurds . London : Tauris & Co. pp. 207 -- 08 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Eccarius - Kelly , The Militant Kurds : A Dual Strategy for Freedom , pg. 86 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Koivunen , Kristiina . `` The Invisible War in North Kurdistan '' ( PDF ) . ethesis.helsinki.fi ( in Finnish ) . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Şafak , Yeni . `` Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years '' . yenisafak.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Visweswaran , edited by Kamala ( 2013 ) . Everyday Occupations : Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East ( 1st ed . ) . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0812207831 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Romano , David ( 2005 ) . The Kurdish Nationalist Movement : Opportunity , Mobilization and Identity . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0521684269 . Jump up ^ Yusuf Mazhar , Cumhuriyet , 16 Temmuz 1930 , ... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır . Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur ... Jump up ^ Ahmet Kahraman , ibid , pg. 211 , Karaköse , 14 ( Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor ) ... Jump up ^ Ayşe Hür , `` Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet - 4 '' Archived 2011 - 02 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Taraf , October 23 , 2008 ; retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ M. Kalman , Belge , tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926 -- 1930 , Pêrî Yayınları , İstanbul , 1997 ; ISBN 975 - 8245 - 01 - 5 , pg. 105 . Jump up ^ `` Der Krieg am Ararat '' ( Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten ) Berliner Tageblatt , October 3 , 1930 , `` ... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert . '' Jump up ^ Robins & Jones 2009 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Halley 's Bible Handbook , 24th ed. 1965 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iraqi Anfal '' . Human Rights Watch . 1993 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frontline '' ^ Jump up to : Horne , Alistair . A Savage War of Peace . p. 537 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 61964 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Dark Side of Democracy : Explaining Ethnic Cleansing . Cambridge University Press . p. 309 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53854 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Genocides , Politicides , and Other Mass Murder Since 1945 , With Stages in 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Genocide Watch . Genocide Watch . 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Noorani , A.G. `` Of a massacre untold '' . Frontline . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mike . `` Hyderabad 1948 : India 's hidden massacre '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` THE 1992 -- 95 WAR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA : CENSUS - BASED MULTIPLE SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF CASUALTIES ' UNDERCOUNT '' ( PDF ) . ICTY . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lara J. Nettelfield ( 2010 ) . Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Cambridge University Press . pp. 96 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76380 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` After years of toil , book names Bosnian war dead '' . Reuters. 2013 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : ( http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-war-victims-list-published Kosovo Memory Book Database Presentation and Evaluation '' ( PDF ) , balkaninsight.com ; retrieved 6 February 2016 . `` Serbia marks anniversary of NATO bombing '' , hlc-rdc.org ; retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Srpske žrtve rata i poraća na području Hrvatske i bivše RSK 1990 . -- 1998 . godine `` , Veritas ; retrieved June 16 , 2015. ( in Croatian ) Martić Witness Details Croatian War Casualties `` , Global Voices BALKANS ; retrieved April 13 , 2006. ( in English ) Marko Attila Hoare , `` Genocide in Bosnia and the failure of international justice '' ( PDF ) , Kingston University ( UK ) , April 2008 ; retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dëshmorët e Ushtrisë Çlirimtare Kombëtare '' , shkruar nga Xhemal Selimi . Tanusha 2001 . 15 February 2011 . Bender , Kristof ( 2013 ) . `` How the U.S. and EU Stopped a War and Nobody Noticed : The Containment of the Macedonian Conflict and EU Soft Power '' . In Berdal , Mats ; Zaum , Dominik . Political Economy of Statebuilding : Power After Peace . London : Routledge . pg. 341 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 10130 - 8 Jump up ^ Lukas , Richard C. ( 2012 ) . The Forgotten Holocaust : The Poles under German Occupation , 1939 -- 1944 . Hippocrene Books . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7818 - 1302 - 0 . Jump up ^ Walter Laqueur & Judith Tydor Baumel ( 2001 ) . `` Dirlewanger , Oskar '' . The Holocaust Encyclopedi , Yale University Press ( pg. 150 ) , ISBN 0300084323 ; retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twentieth Century Atlas -- Historical Body Count '' . necrometrics.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Biondich , Mark ( 2011 ) . The Balkans : Revolution , War , and Political Violence since 1878 . OUP Oxford . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929905 - 8 . Jump up ^ Naimark , Norman M. Fires of Hatred : Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe . Cambridge : MA : Harvard University Press , 2002 , pg. 52 . Jump up ^ Rudolph J. Rummel , Irving Louis Horowitz ( 1994 ) . `` Turkey 's Genocidal Purges '' . Death by Government . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56000 - 927 - 6 . , pg. 233 . Jump up ^ Naimark . Fires of Hatred , pp. 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Calls 1916 Tsarist Mass Killings Of Kyrgyz Genocide Print Share '' . Radio Free Europe . Jump up ^ Krugosvet Encyclopaedia . Article on Sturmer Archived 2007 - 11 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Graeme R. Newman ( 2010 ) . Crime and Punishment around the World ( 4 volumes ) : ( Four Volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35134 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Alex von Tunzelmann ( 2012 ) . Red Heat : Conspiracy , Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean . Simon and Schuster . p. 1933 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4711 - 1477 - 9 . Jump up ^ Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia between 1992 and 1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1999 . Jump up ^ The Guns of August 2008 , Russia 's War in Georgia , Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr , pg. 27 . Jump up ^ Anatol Lieven , `` Victorious Abkhazian Army Settles Old Scores in An Orgy of Looting '' , The Times , October 4 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` In Georgia , Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander '' , International Herald Tribune , October 22 , 1993 . Jump up ^ The Human Rights Field Operation : Law , Theory and Practice , Abkhazia Case , Michael O'Flaherty Jump up ^ The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia , Michael Bourdeaux , pg. 237 . Jump up ^ Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union : Russian and American Perspectives , Alekseĭ Georgievich Arbatov , pg. 388 Jump up ^ Georgiy I. 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Bertsch , Crossroads and Conflict : Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia , pg. 161 . Jump up ^ `` Dersim ' 38 Conference '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey ( 1937 -- 38 ) '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Sammali ( 1995 ) . Etre Kurde , un délit ? : portrait d'un peuple nié . Harmattan . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7384 - 3772 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sabri Cigerli ( 1999 ) . Les Kurdes et leur histoire . Harmattan . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7384 - 7662 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Can Kurds rely on the Turkish state ? '' . Weeklyzaman.com. 2011 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 16 . Turkey / Kurds ( 1922 -- present ) '' . Uca.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Birinci Genel Müfettişlik Bölgesi , Güney Doğu , İstanbul , pp. 66 , 194 . ( in Turkish ) ; accessed August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Accueil - Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche '' ( PDF ) . massviolence.org . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.massviolence.org/Dersim-Massacre-1937-1938 ( According to the organisation Encyclopedia of Mass Violence , Dersim is a Kurdish Alevi province , and the massacre of turks were towards Zaza - speaking Alevi Kurds ) Jump up ^ McKenna , Joseph C. ( 1969 ) . `` Elements of a Nigerian Peace '' . Foreign Affairs . 47 ( 4 ) : 668 . doi : 10.2307 / 20039407 . JSTOR 20039407 . Jump up ^ Osborn , William M. ( 2001 ) . The Wild Frontier : Atrocities During The American - Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee , Garden City , New York : Random House ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 50374 - 0 Jump up ^ George Fink ( 2010 ) . Stress of War , Conflict and Disaster . Academic Press . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 381382 - 4 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Violence , Peace and Conflict : Po -- Z , index . 3 . Academic Press . 1999 . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 227010 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` CCJP '' Jump up ^ Hill , Geoff ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . The Battle for Zimbabwe : The Final Countdown . Johannesburg : Struik Publishers . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86872 - 652 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ian Stephens , Pakistan ( New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1963 ) , pg. 111 . Jump up ^ Das , Suranjan ( May 2000 ) . `` The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum : A Relapse into ' Communal Fury ' ? '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 34 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 306 . doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X0000336X . JSTOR 313064 . Jump up ^ `` Horne27 '' Jump up ^ Ghosh Dastidar , Sachi ( 2008 ) . Empire 's Last Casualty : Indian Subcontinent 's vanishing Hindu and other Minorities . Kolkata : Firma KLM . p. 170 . ISBN 81 - 7102 - 151 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 1,000 KILLED IN RIOTS '' . The Hindu . Madras. 23 January 1964 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , S.K. ( 1987 ) . Genocide in East Pakistan / Bangladesh . Houston , TX : A. Ghosh . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 9611614 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , S.K. ( 1987 ) . Genocide in East Pakistan / Bangladesh . Houston , TX : A. Ghosh . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 9611614 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Zubaida 2000 , p. 370 Jump up ^ `` Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran '' ( PDF ) . fidh.org . International Federation for Human Rights . January 2003 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ DeKelaita , Robert ( November 22 , 2009 ) . `` The Origins and Developments of Assyrian Nationalism '' ( PDF ) . Committee on International Relations Of the University of Chicago . Assyrian International News Agency . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sargon Donabed ( 2015 ) . Reforging a Forgotten History : Iraq and the Assyrians in the 20th Century . Edinburgh University Press . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 8605 - 6 . 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Korean mercenaries engaging in war in Vietnam '' . Tuoi Tre News . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Time to apologize for Korea 's own war crimes in Vietnam '' . The Korea Herald . 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Borowiec , Steven . `` Allegations of S. Korean atrocities arising 40 years after Vietnam War '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Citizens ' court to investigate Vietnam War atrocities committed by South Korean troops '' . hani.co.kr . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Buckley , `` Pacification 's Deadly Price '' , Newsweek , June 19 , 1972 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` About 5013 civilian Syrian casualties including more than 1900 children and women in 18 months of Russian airstrikes and massacres '' , syriahr.com , retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` September 11th Fast Facts '' . CNN . March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine Issue 11 '' ( PDF ) , OHCHR , 9 July 2016 ; retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2016 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Sabra & Shatila : The death of their world '' . Ahram online . 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Roggio , Bill , and Alexander Mayer , `` Charting the data for US airstrikes in Pakistan , 2004 -- 2016 '' , Long War Journal , 5 July 2011 ; retrieved 11 July 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Bureau of Investigative Journalism Jump up ^ Carter , Jimmy ( 24 June 2012 ) . `` A Cruel and Unusual Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Fenby , J ( 2008 ) . Modern China : The Fall and Rise of a Great Power , 1850 to the Present . Ecco Press . pg. 351 ; ISBN 0 - 06 - 166116 - 3 . `` Mao 's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin , his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking '' Jump up ^ clemsoncapitalism ( 18 September 2014 ) . `` Socialism 's Legacy by Alan Kors '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Stéphane Courtois ; Mark Kramer ( 1999 - 10 - 15 ) . Livre Noir Du Communisme : Crimes , Terreur , Répression . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Sidney . `` Mao Text Shows Reds ' Liquidated ' 800,000 Since ' 49 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Getty , J.A. ; Rittersporn , G.T. ; Zemskov , V.N. ( 1993 ) . `` Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years '' . American Historical Review . 98 ( 4 ) : 1017 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 2166597 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Wheatcroft , Stephen ( 1996 ) . `` The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings , 1930 -- 45 '' ( PDF ) . Europe - Asia Studies . 48 ( 8 ) : 1319 -- 53 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139608412415 . JSTOR 152781 . Jump up ^ Wheatcroft , Stephen ( 1990 ) . `` More light on the scale of repression and excess mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1930s '' ( PDF ) . Soviet Studies . 42 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 67 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139008411872 . JSTOR 152086 . Jump up ^ Conquest , Robert ( 1991 ) The Great Terror : A Reassessment , Oxford University Press ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 507132 - 8 ^ Jump up to : `` Twentieth Century Atlas -- Death Tolls '' . See also : Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 's 1973 -- 1976 opus : The Gulag Archipelago 1918 -- 1956 ; ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3289 - 3 Jump up ^ Wheatcroft , Stephen G. ( 2004 ) . `` Towards Explaining the Soviet Famine of 1931 -- 1933 : Political and Natural Factors in Perspective '' . Food and Foodways. 12 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 107 -- 36 . doi : 10.1080 / 07409710490491447 Jump up ^ Stanislav Kulchytsky , `` How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933 '' , Zerkalo Nedeli , 23 -- 29 November 2002 . Available online `` in Russian '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2003 . and `` in Ukrainian '' . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 ; retrieved 1 February 2003 . Jump up ^ Volkava , Elena ( 2012 - 03 - 26 ) . `` The Kazakh Famine of 1930 -- 33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space '' . Wilson Center ; retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Conquest , Robert ( 1986 ) , The Harvest of Sorrow : Soviet Collectivization and the Terror - Famine , Oxford University Press , pg. 306 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 505180 - 7 ^ Jump up to : R.J. Rummel . `` CHINA 'S BLOODY CENTURY '' . Jump up ^ Campbell , Gwyn ( October 1991 ) . `` The state and pre-colonial demographic history : the case of nineteenth century Madagascar '' . Journal of African History . 23 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Laidler ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . `` Statistics Of North Korean Democide Estimates , Calculations , And Sources '' . STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE . ^ Jump up to : `` Communist Body Count '' . scottmanning.com. 4 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatia should apologize for World War II genocide before joining the EU '' . 2 April 2010 -- via Christian Science Monitor . ^ Jump up to : The Associated Press of 1979 Jump up ^ Endless Torment : The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath , Human Rights Watch , June 1992 . Jump up ^ Hiro , Dilip ( 1991 ) . The Longest War : The Iran -- Iraq Military Conflict . New York : Routledge . p. 251 . ISBN 9780415904063 . OCLC 22347651 . Jump up ^ `` Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992 , '' Greenpeace , Washington , D.C. See also `` Aftermath of War : The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis , '' Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee 's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs , May 20 , 1991 . The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in `` Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein , '' Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , November 1991 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran , Followed By Tragedy , Associated Press , April 13 , 1991 Jump up ^ Jaffar Al - Faylee , Zaki ( 2010 ) . Tareekh Al - Kurd Al - Faylyoon . Beirut . pp. 485 , 499 -- 501 . Jump up ^ Al - Hakeem , Dr. Sahib ( 2003 ) . Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq , the country of mass graves . pp. 489 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Chauhan , Sharad S. ( 2003 ) . War on Iraq . APH Publishing . p. 65 . ISBN 9788176484787 . ^ Jump up to : Iraq 's Marsh Arabs , Modern Sumerians Archived 2011 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . -- The Oregonian , May 14 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , pg. 13 Jump up ^ Arthur W. Blume ( 2017 ) . Social Issues in Living Color : Challenges and Solutions from the Perspective of Ethnic Minority Psychology . ABC - CLIO . p. 81 . ISBN 9781440833373 . Jump up ^ Ullman , Richard H. ( April 1978 ) . `` Human Rights and Economic Power : The United States Versus Idi Amin '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . The most conservative estimates by informed observers hold that President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in the seven years he has held power . Jump up ^ Keatley , Patrick ( 18 August 2003 ) . `` Obituary : Idi Amin '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Valentino ( 2005 ) Final solutions Table 2 found at pg. 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twentieth Century Atlas -- Historical Body Count '' . necrometrics.com . Jump up ^ Hanna Arendt Center in Sofia , with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev . Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria . Country report . `` Crimes of the Communist Regimes '' Conference . February 24 -- 26 , 2010 , Prague . Jump up ^ Шарланов , Диню . История на комунизма в Булгария : Комунизирането на Булгариия . Сиела , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 954 - 28 - 0543 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Dan ( November 6 , 2005 ) . `` The Pariah President : Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths . So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage ? '' . The Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` La matanza de 1937 -- La Lupa Sin Trabas '' . La Lupa Sin Trabas . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Capdevilla ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Eric Paul Roorda ( 1996 ) . `` Genocide next door : the Good Neighbor policy , the Trujillo regime , and the Haitian massacre of 1937 '' . Diplomatic History . 20 ( 3 ) : 301 -- 19 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1996. tb00269. x . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Anne ( 2001 ) . `` Haiti : Historical Setting § François Duvalier , 1957 -- 71 '' . In Metz , Helen Chapin . Dominican Republic and Haiti . Country Studies . Research completed December 1999 ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . pp. 288 -- 289 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8444 - 1044 - 9 . ISSN 1057 - 5294 . LCCN 2001023524 . OCLC 46321054 . President Duvalier reigned supreme for fourteen years . Even in Haiti , where dictators had been the norm , François Duvalier gave new meaning to the term . Duvalier and his henchmen killed between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians . The victims were not only political opponents , but women , whole families , whole towns ... In April 1963 , when an army officer suspected of trying to kidnap two of Duvalier 's children took refuge in the Dominican chancery , Duvalier ordered the Presidential Guard to occupy the building . The Dominicans were incensed ; President Juan Bosch Gaviño ordered troops to the border and threatened to invade . However , the Dominican commanders were reluctant to enter Haiti , and Bosch was obliged to turn to the ( Organization of American States ) to settle the matter . Jump up ^ `` Chad 's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity . Who 's next ? '' . The Economist. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` It has so far verified the names of 9,240 victims of the Castro regime and the circumstances of their deaths . Archive researchers meticulously insist on confirming stories of official murder from two independent sources . Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10 . '' Jump up ^ `` Information about human rights in Cuba '' ( in Spanish ) . Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. April 7 , 1967 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Castro sued over alleged torture '' . News from Russia . November 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 , p. 477 Jump up ^ Crampton 1997 , p. 267 Jump up ^ Rachel A.G. Reyes , `` Fact checking the Marcos killings , 1975 - 1985 '' , manilatimes.net , April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The tallies of Martial Law '' . Jump up ^ White , Matthew ( July 2005 ) . `` Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era '' . necrometrics.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Papa in the Dock Time magazine Jump up ^ `` From Stalin to Hitler , the most murderous regimes in the world '' . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New study gives first verifiable death toll at Cold War East German borders '' . 8 June 2017 . The researchers meticulously combed through nearly 1,500 potential cases of deaths at the border between 1949 when the GDR was founded to 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kate ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` ' More than 1,000 died ' trying to flee East Germany '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Necrometrics -- Estimated Totals for the Entire 20th Century '' . Necrometrics . Jump up ^ R. Peto ( 23 May 1992 ) . Mortality from tobacco in developed countries : indirect estimation from national vital statistics . Jump up ^ Wemheuer , Felix ( July 2011 ) . `` Sites of horror : Mao 's Great Famine ( with response ) '' . The China Journal ( 66 ) : 155 -- 64 . JSTOR 41262812 . on p. 163 Frank Dikötter , in his response , quotes Yu Xiguang 's figure of 55 million Jump up ^ Becker , Jasper ( 1998 ) . Hungry Ghosts : Mao 's Secret Famine , Holt Paperbacks , pg . xi . Jump up ^ Dikötter , Frank . Mao 's Great Famine : The History of China 's Most Devastating Catastrophe , 1958 -- 62 , Walker & Company , 2010 . pg. 298 . ^ Jump up to : `` The five worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire will make you wonder why we 're apparently proud of it '' . The Independent . 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amartya Sen ( 1981 ) . Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 828463 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Fredrik Albritton Jonsson ( 2013 ) . Enlightenment 's Frontier : The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism . Yale University Press . pp. 167 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16374 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia : PBS film highlights Stanford scholar 's research on the 1921 -- 23 famine '' , Stanford University . April 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seavoy , Ronald ( 1986 ) . Famine in Peasant Societies . New York : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313251306 . Jump up ^ Digby , William ( 1901 ) . ' Prosperous ' British India . London : T. Fisher Unwin . p. 128 . OCLC 6671095 . Jump up ^ `` Nineteenth Century Death Tolls '' . necrometrics.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hough , Jerry ( 18 August 1998 ) . `` Death Tolls across history '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Deaths from decommunization , 1991 - 2000 '' . Times ( London ) . 27 January 2000 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Tarling ( ed . ) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol. II Part 1 pp. 139 - 40 Jump up ^ Madhusree Mukerjee , Churchill 's Secret War : The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II . Jump up ^ Book review : Churchill 's secret war in India , southasiarev.wordpress.com , 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notes from India '' . The Lancet . 157 ( 4055 ) : 1430 . 1901 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 01 ) 88925 - X . Jump up ^ Stevenson , `` Capitol Gains '' ( 2014 ) , p. 314 . Jump up ^ `` Biafra / Nigeria '' . eNotes.com . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian Civil War '' . Polynational War Memorial . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Eng , Pierre ( 2008 ) `` Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation , 1940 -- 1950 '' , MPRA Paper No. 8852 , pp. 35 -- 38 . / Jump up ^ Foster , R.F. Modern Ireland 1600 -- 1972 , Penguin Press , 1988 . pg. 324 . Foster 's footnote reads : `` Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes , ' Fertility trends , excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine ' ... Also see C. Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr , ' New developments in Irish Population History 1700 -- 1850 ' , Economic History Review , vol . xxxvii , no . 4 ( November 1984 ) , pp. 473 -- 88 . '' Jump up ^ Joseph Lee , The Modernisation of Irish Society pg. 1 . Lee says ' at least 800,000 ' . Jump up ^ Vaughan , W.E. and Fitzpatrick , A.J. ( eds ) . Irish Historical Statistics , Population , 1821 / 1971 . Royal Irish Academy , 1978 . Jump up ^ Cecil Woodham - Smith ( 1991 ) . The great hunger : Ireland 1845 -- 1849 . Penguin Books . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014515 - 1 . Jump up ^ Christine Kinealy ( 2006 ) . This Great Calamity : The Irish Famine , 1845 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7171 - 4011 - 4 . Jump up ^ Charles Hirschman et al. `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate '' Archived 2010 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... Population and Development Review ( December 1995 ) . ^ Jump up to : Koh , David ( August 21 , 2008 ) . `` Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945 '' . The Straits Times . Singapore . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bruce Sharp ( 2008 ) , Counting Hell 2. Ben Kiernan , paragraph 3 . Mekong . Jump up ^ Marek Sliwiński ( 1995 ) , Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique , L'Harmattan , pg. 82 . ^ Jump up to : de Waal , Alex ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . Famine Crimes : Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa . Oxford : James Currey . ISBN 0 - 85255 - 810 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback 1984 : Portrait of a famine '' , BBC News , April 6 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Spoorenberg , Thomas ; Schwekendiek , Daniel ( 2012 ) . `` Demographic Changes in North Korea : 1993 -- 2008 '' . Population and Development Review . 38 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 158 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2012. 00475. x . Jump up ^ Daniel Goodkind ; Loraine West ; Peter Johnson ( 28 March 2011 ) . `` A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea , 1993 -- 2008 '' . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheina , Robert L. , Latin America 's Wars : The Age of the Caudillo , 1791 -- 1899 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ COWP : Correlates of War Project , University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Harris 2012 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Ghazal , Rym ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Lebanon 's dark days of hunger : The Great Famine of 1915 -- 18 '' . The National . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ó Gráda , Cormac ( 2009 ) , Famine : a short history , Princeton University Press , p. 24 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12237 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Despite aid effort , Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily '' , CNN ; accessed May 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen crisis : Half of population facing ' pre-famine conditions ' '' . BBC . October 24 , 2018 . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` Be Outraged by America 's Role in Yemen 's Misery '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen could be ' worst famine in 100 years ' '' . BBC . October 15 , 2018 . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spagat , Michael ( September 2010 ) . `` Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions '' ( PDF ) . Significance . Jump up ^ Garfield , Richard ( 1999 ) . `` Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children from 1990 Through 1998 : Assessing the Impact of the Gulf War and Economic Sanctions '' . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.npr.org/2018/07/10/.../estimated-70-deaths-linked-to-canadas-heat-wave Jump up ^ `` Emad Baghi : English '' ( no ) . emadbaghi.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karatnycky , Adrian ; Cavanaugh , Kathleen ; Finn , James ; Graybow , Charles ; Payne , Douglas W. ; Ryan , Joseph E. ; Sussman , Leonard R. ; Zarycky , George ; Finn , James ( 1995 ) . Freedom in the World : The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties , 1994 - 1995 ( PDF ) . New York : Freedom House . p. 521 . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . During the first four months of 1994 , the Human Rights Committee of South Africa reported that politically motivated killings occurred at a rate of nearly fourteen deaths per day . Jump up ^ `` An African Lysistrata in Togo - African Futures '' . 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Death Toll in Kenya Exceeds 1,000 , but Talks Reach Crucial Phase - The New York Times '' . 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 500 killed in Togo electoral violence -- UN '' . Independent Online . AFP . 26 September 2005 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ 29 August 2005 . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) . `` Conclusions . '' `` La mission d'établissement des faits chargée de faire la lumière sur les violences et les allégations de violations des droits de l'homme survenues au Togo avant , pendant et après l'élection présidentielle du 24 avril 2005 '' Archived 2005 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ News , VOA . `` Death Toll in Nicaraguan Protests Hits 317 , OAS Says '' . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 29 September 2006 ) . `` How one of the biggest rows of modern times helped Danish exports to prosper '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times - Recent attacks just the tip of a xenophobic iceberg '' . 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa attacks reach Durban '' ( no ) . BBC . 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` South Africa violence toll rises to 62 '' ( no ) . Jump up ^ `` Lista ofiar Grudnia ' 70 - Ofiary '' ( no ) . grudzien70.ipn.gov.pl . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Somali 's turn to HRC as murder toll soars '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Press , Associated . `` 16 die in Mexico prison riot '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 9 Killed , Dozens Escape in Brazil Prison Riot '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : `` Xenophobic attacks : seven die in one month '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 36 arrested after 2 more die in Tshwane ' foreigner ' riots '' . Cape Argus . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Cocker , Mark ( 1998 ) . Rivers of Blood , Rivers of Gold . Jump up ^ Prescott , William ( 1843 ) . History of the Conquest of Mexico . Jump up ^ Ruben Mendoza ( 2007 ) pp. 407 - 08 . Jump up ^ Harner ( 1977 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ National Geographic , July 2003 , cited by White Jump up ^ Hicks , Madelyn Hsiao - Rei ; Dardagan , Hamit ; Bagnall , Peter M ; Spagat , Michael ; Sloboda , John A ( September 3 , 2011 ) . `` Casualties in civilians and coalition soldiers from suicide bombings in Iraq , 2003 -- 10 : a descriptive study '' . The Lancet . 378 ( 9794 ) : 906 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 11 ) 61023 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sakuntala Narasimhan , Sati : widow burning in India , quoted by Matthew White , `` Selected Death Tolls for Wars , Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century '' , pg. 2 ( July 2005 ) , Historical Atlas of the 20th Century ( self - published , 1998 -- 2005 ) . Jump up ^ This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions . It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions , which is estimated to be around 4,000 . Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships , representing about 80 % of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific ( see Kamikaze ) . Jump up ^ `` Worst Natural Disasters In History '' . Nbc10.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dai Qing ( 1998 ) . The River Dragon Has Come ! : The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China 's Yangtze River and Its People . M.E. Sharpe . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0206 - 0 . Jump up ^ 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates , including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine , in Yi 1998 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human - made disasters . Soviet Prisoners of War : Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II Top 100 aviation disasters on AirDisaster.com <Th_colspan="2"> Disasters Overview Lists by death toll by cost Disasters Natural ( by death toll ) Tornadoes Drought Mudslide Flood Tropical cyclone Earthquake Volcanic eruptions Fires Wildfires Impact event Accidents Transport Rail Maritime Shipwreck Aircraft Airship Spaceflight Industrial Structural failures and collapses Bridge Dam Nuclear by death toll Civilian radiation Civilian nuclear Military nuclear Oil spills Levee breach Mast and tower Infrastructure Health Famines Epidemics Man - made Wars and anthropogenic disasters Battles and other violent events Military Wars Terrorist incidents Riots Massacres Nightclub fires Countermeasures Humanitarian aid Emergency population warning Emergency Alert System Earthquake preparedness Earthquake warning system Evacuations Emergency management Hurricane preparedness Hurricane response Crisis management Disaster risk reduction Media Feature films Organizations Global Risk Forum GRF Davos International Association of Emergency Managers International Disaster and Risk Conference Disaster Accountability Project International Disaster Emergency Service <Td_colspan="2"> Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_and_anthropogenic_disasters_by_death_toll&oldid=866130885 '' Categories : Second Boer War concentration camps Lists of disasters Lists by death toll Death - related lists Population Man - made disasters Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2008 CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Croatian - language external links Articles with Turkish - language external links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with Spanish - language external links Pages with duplicate reference names Subscription required using via CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles to be merged from May 2018 All articles to be merged Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2018 All articles needing rewrite All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Eesti Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 13 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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