reim goffart ryberg parchami pacis syriana consultum islamica hispanica momigliano mongolica antoninianus 5720 imperia morstein senatus soprana romana kitos eckstein sinica penguina effaced victrix augustae 9956 vigintisexviri promagistrate curiate princeps
who were the emperors during the pax romana
Pax Romana - wikipedia Pax Romana Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pax Romana ( disambiguation ) . Ancient Rome This article is part of a series on the politics and government of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom 753 -- 509 BC Roman Republic 509 -- 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC -- AD 395 Western AD 395 -- 476 Eastern AD 395 -- 1453 Principate Dominate Timeline Roman Constitution Constitution of the Kingdom Constitution of the Republic Constitution of the Empire Constitution of the Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Executive magistrates Ordinary magistrates Consul Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate Aedile Tribune Censor Governor Extraordinary magistrates Dictator Magister equitum Consular tribune Rex Triumviri Decemviri Titles and honours Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Precedent and law Roman law Ius Imperium Mos maiorum Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Senatus consultum Senatus consultum ultimum Assemblies Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal Other countries Atlas Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus . Yellow represents the extent of the Republic in 31 BC , while green represents gradually conquered territories under the reign of Augustus , and pink areas represent client states . AR Antoninianus of Gordian III , struck Antioch 243 - 244 AD with Pax Augusta on the reverse Pax Romana ( Latin for the `` ( Peace in Rome ) '' ) was the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century . During this time , the Roman empire reached its peak land mass area and its population grew up to 70 million people . Since it was established by Augustus , it is sometimes called Pax Augusta . Its span was approximately 206 years ( 27 BC to AD 180 ) , from the time of Augustus becoming emperor to the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Pax Romana Influence on Trade 3 Analogous peaces 3.1 In fiction 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Fresco of a relaxed seated woman from Stabiae , 1st century AD The Pax Romana is said to have been a `` miracle '' because prior to it there had never been peace for so many centuries in a given period of history . However , Walter Goffart wrote : `` The volume of the Cambridge Ancient History for the years A.D. 70 -- 192 is called ' The Imperial Peace ' , but peace is not what one finds in its pages '' . Arthur M. Eckstein writes that the period must be seen in contrast to the much more frequent warfare in the Roman Republic in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC . Eckstein also notes that the incipient Pax Romana appeared during the Republic , and that its temporal span varied with geographical region as well : `` Although the standard textbook dates for the Pax Romana , the famous `` Roman Peace '' in the Mediterranean , are 31 BC to AD 250 , the fact is that the Roman Peace was emerging in large regions of the Mediterranean at a much earlier date : Sicily after 210 ( BC ) ; peninsular Italy after 200 ( BC ) ; the Po Valley after 190 ( BC ) ; most of Spain after 133 ( BC ) ; North Africa after 100 ( BC ) ; and for ever longer stretches of time in the Greek East . '' The first known record of the term Pax Romana appears in a writing by Seneca the Younger in 55 AD . The concept was highly influential , and the subject of theories and attempts to copy it in subsequent ages . Arnaldo Momigliano noted that `` Pax Romana is a simple formula for propaganda , but a difficult subject for research . '' In fact , the `` Pax Romana '' was broken by the First Jewish -- Roman War , the Kitos War ( also in Judea , 115 -- 117 ) , the Bar Kokhba Revolt ( also known as the Third Jewish -- Roman War ) , the Roman -- Parthian War of 58 -- 63 , Trajan 's Roman -- Parthian War of 113 , the Dacian Wars , various battles with Germanic tribes , including the Teutoburg Forest , and Boudica 's war in Britain in AD 60 or 61 . The Pax Romana began when Octavian ( Augustus ) defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BC and became the Roman emperor . He became princeps , or first citizen . Lacking a good precedent of successful one - man rule , Augustus created a junta of the greatest military magnates and stood as the front man . By binding together these leading magnates in a coalition , he eliminated the prospect of civil war . The Pax Romana was not immediate , despite the end of the civil wars , because fighting continued in Hispania and in the Alps . Nevertheless , Augustus closed the Gates of Janus ( a ceremony indicating that Rome was at peace ) three times , first in 29 BC and again in 25 BC . The third closure is undocumented , but Inez Scott Ryberg ( 1949 ) and Gaius Stern ( 2006 ) have persuasively dated the third closure to 13 BC with the commissioning of the Ara Pacis . At the time of the Ludi Saeculares in 17 BC the concept of Peace was publicized , and in 13 BC was proclaimed when Augustus and Agrippa jointly returned from pacifying the provinces . The order to construct the Ara Pacis was no doubt part of this announcement . Augustus faced a problem making peace an acceptable mode of life for the Romans , who had been at war with one power or another continuously for 200 years . Romans regarded peace not as an absence of war , but the rare situation which existed when all opponents had been beaten down and lost the ability to resist . Augustus ' challenge was to persuade Romans that the prosperity they could achieve in the absence of warfare was better for the Empire than the potential wealth and honor acquired when fighting a risky war . Augustus succeeded by means of skillful propaganda . Subsequent emperors followed his lead , sometimes producing lavish ceremonies to close the Gates of Janus , issuing coins with Pax on the reverse , and patronizing literature extolling the benefits of the Pax Romana . After Augustus died in 14 AD many other Roman emperors ruled during this time . The last five emperors of the Pax Romana were considered the `` Five Good Emperors '' . Pax Romana influence on trade ( edit ) Roman trade in the Mediterranean increased during the Pax Romana . Romans sailed East to acquire silks , gems , onyx and spices . Romans benefited from large profits and incomes in the Roman empire were raised due to trade in the Mediterranean . Analogous peaces ( edit ) See also : List of periods of regional peace The prominence of the concept of the Pax Romana led to historians coining variants of the term to describe other systems of relative peace that have been established , attempted , or argued to have existed . Some variants include : Pax Americana Pax Britannica Pax Europaea Pax Hispanica Pax Mongolica Pax Ottomana Pax Sinica Pax Khazarica Pax Syriana Pax Islamica Pax Sovietica More generically , the concept has been referred to as pax imperia , ( sometimes spelled as pax imperium ) meaning imperial peace , or -- less literally -- hegemonic peace . Raymond Aron notes that imperial peace -- peace achieved through hegemony -- sometimes , but not always -- can become civil peace . As an example , the German Empire 's imperial peace of 1871 ( over its internal components like Saxony ) slowly evolved into the later German state . As a counter-example , the imperial peace of Alexander the Great 's empire dissolved because the Greek city states maintained their political identity and more importantly , embryos of their own armed forces . Aron notes that during the Pax Romana , the Jewish war was a reminder that the overlapping of the imperial institutions over the local ones did not erase them and the overlap was a source of tension and flare - ups . Aron summarizes that , `` In other words , imperial peace becomes civil peace insofar as the memory of the previously independent political units are effaced , insofar as individuals within a pacified zone feel themselves less united to the traditional or local community and more to the conquering state . '' The concept of Pax Romana was highly influential , and attempts to imitate it occurred in the Byzantine Empire , and in the Christian West , where it morphed into the Peace and Truce of God ( pax Dei and treuga Dei ) . A theoretician of the imperial peace during the Middle Ages was Dante Aligheri . Dante 's works on the topic were analyzed at the beginning of the 20th century by William Mitchell Ramsay in the book The Imperial Peace ; An Ideal in European History ( 1913 ) . In fiction ( edit ) Isaac Asimov 's fictional Galactic Empire and Foundation series refer to Pax Trantorica and Pax Imperium . Pax Soprana is the sixth episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos . In Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic , Reim 's Peace is the Reim Empire 's version of Pax Romana , established about 200 years prior to the series by Empress Scherazade . Reim is a nation based on the Roman Empire . In Fallout : New Vegas Caesar aims to use his Roman - style army to create a new Pax Romana across the wasteland . First episode of season 4 of Gotham is known as `` Pax Penguina '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pax Romana '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pax Romana '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Walter Goffart ( 1989 ) . Rome 's Fall and After . Hambledon Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 001 - 2 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Eckstein ( 2011 ) ( 2006 ) . `` Conceptualizing Roman Imperial Expansion under the Republic : An Introduction '' . In Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein - Marx . A Companion to the Roman Republic . John Wiley & Sons . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5720 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ali Parchami ( 2009 ) . Hegemonic Peace and Empire : The Pax Romana , Britannica and Americana . Routledge . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 00704 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1942 ) . `` The Peace of the Ara Pacis '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . 5 : 228 -- 231 . doi : 10.2307 / 750454 . JSTOR 750454 . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present : The World 's Major Battles and How They Shaped History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 5760 - 7075 - 1 . Jump up ^ Augustus states in Res Gestae 13 that he closed the Gates three times , a fact documented by many other historians ( See Gates of Janus ) . Jump up ^ Scott Ryberg , Inez ( 1949 ) . `` The Procession of the Ara Pacis '' . Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome . 19 : 77 , 79 -- 101 . doi : 10.2307 / 4238621 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Gaius ( 2010 ) ( 2006 ) . Women , children , and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae : A study of Augustus ' vision of a new world order in 13 BCE . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 83411 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sir Ronald Syme had suggested a later date ( but Rome was then at war ) . Jump up ^ Temin , Peter . The Roman Market Economy , Princeton University Press , 2012 . ProQuest Ebook Central , https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/lib/asulib-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1042912 Page 13 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian . Pax Romana : War , Peace and Conquest in the Roman World . New Haven , Yale University Press , 2016 . http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/Open.aspx?id=951687 Page 392 . Jump up ^ Tatah Mentan ( 2010 ) . The State in Africa : An Analysis of Impacts of Historical Trajectories of Global Capitalist Expansion and Domination in the Continent . African Books Collective . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 9956 - 616 - 12 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hyo - Dong Lee ( 2013 ) . Spirit , Qi , and the Multitude : A Comparative Theology for the Democracy of Creation . Oxford University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 5501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stephen Ross ( 2004 ) . Conrad and Empire . University of Missouri Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1518 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond Aron ( 2003 ) . Peace and War : A Theory of International Relations . Transaction Publishers . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0504 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : David Gress ( 1985 ) . Peace and Survival : West Germany , The Peace Movement & European Security . Hoover Press . pp. 96 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 8093 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ali Parchami ( 2009 ) . Hegemonic Peace and Empire : The Pax Romana , Britannica and Americana . Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 00704 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Brown Scott ( 2002 ) ( 1939 ) . Law , the State , and the International Community . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 178 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The imperial peace ; an ideal in European history '' . Internet Archive . External links ( edit ) United Nations of Roma Victrix History : Pax Romana Pax Romana Discussion group <Th_colspan="2"> Ancient Rome topics <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Timeline Epochs <Td_colspan="2"> Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films <Th_colspan="3"> Periods of regional and relative peace Contemporary Pax Americana Pax Europaea Pax Praetoriana Pax Sinica Historical Pax Assyriaca Pax Britannica Pax Dei Pax Hispanica Pax Islamica Pax Khazarica Pax Minoica Pax Mongolica Pax Ottomana Pax Praetoriana Pax Romana Pax Sinica Pax Sovietica Pax Sumerica Pax Syriana Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pax_Romana&oldid=816060600 '' Categories : Pax Foreign relations of Ancient Rome History of the Roman Empire 1st century BC in international relations 1st century in international relations 2nd century in international relations Augustus 1st century BC in the Roman Empire 1st century in the Roman Empire 2nd century in the Roman Empire Latin political phrases Ancient international relations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 18 . 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