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Gun show loophole - wikipedia Gun show loophole This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a U.S. political term . For information about U.S. gun shows , see Gun shows in the United States . A firearm offered for sale at a gun show by a private seller Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal Gun show loophole , gun law loophole , Brady law loophole ( or Brady bill loophole ) , private sale loophole , and private sale exemption in the United States is the sale of firearms by private sellers , including those done at gun shows , dubbed the `` secondary market '' . A loophole in federal law exists , under which `` any person may sell a firearm to an unlicensed resident of the state where they reside , as long as they do not know or have reasonable cause to believe the person is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms '' . Under federal law , private - party sellers are not required to perform background checks on buyers ; whether at a gun show or other venue . They also are not required to record the sale , or ask for identification . This requirement is in contrast to sales by gun stores and other Federal Firearms License ( FFL ) holders , who are required to record all sales and perform background checks on almost all buyers , regardless of whether the venue is their business location or a gun show within their state . Access to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) is limited to FFL holders . Since the mid-1990s , gun control advocates have voiced concern over the loophole in legislation , and campaigned to require background checks and record - keeping for all gun sales . Gun rights advocates have stated that there is no loophole , that current laws provide a single , uniform set of rules for commercial gun sellers regardless of the place of sale , and that no part of the United States Constitution empowers the federal government to regulate non-commercial , intrastate transfers of legal firearms types between private citizens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provenance 2 States requiring background checks for private sales 3 History 4 Government studies and positions 4.1 Executive branch 5 Notable opinions 6 Public opinion 7 Contributing events 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading Provenance ( edit ) Sometimes referred to as the Brady bill loophole , the Brady law loophole , the gun law loophole , or the private sale loophole , the term refers to a perceived gap in laws that address what types of sales and transfers of firearms require records and or background checks , such as the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act . Private parties are not legally required by federal law to : ask for identification , complete any forms , or keep any sales records , as long as the sale does not cross state lines and does not fall under purview of the National Firearms Act . In addition to federal legislation , firearm laws vary by state . Federal `` gun show loophole '' bills were introduced in seven consecutive Congresses : two in 2001 , two in 2004 , one in 2005 , one in 2007 , two in 2009 , two in 2011 , and one in 2013 . Specifically , seven gun show `` loophole '' bills were introduced in the U.S. House and four in the Senate between 2001 and 2013 . None passed . In May 2015 Carolyn Maloney introduced H.R. 2380 , also referred to as the Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2015 . As of June 26 it has been referred to the Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , Homeland Security , and Investigations . In March 2017 , representative Maloney also introduced H.R. 1612 , referred to as the Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2017 . States requiring background checks for private sales ( edit ) A number of states have background check requirements beyond federal law . Some states require universal background checks at the point of sale for all transfers , including purchases from unlicensed sellers . Maryland and Pennsylvania laws in this regard are limited to handguns . Hawaii , Illinois , Massachusetts and New Jersey require any firearm purchaser to obtain a permit . ( Illinois formerly required the permit to be verified with the state police only at gun shows , but in 2013 the law was changed to require verification for all private sales . ) Four more states ( Iowa , Michigan , Nebraska , and North Carolina ) do the same , but only for handguns . Vermont passed new gun control laws in 2018 , one of which requires background checks for private sales . A majority of these jurisdictions require unlicensed sellers to keep records of firearm sales . The following table summarizes these state laws . Background checks for private sales Background check by FFL required State - issued permit required All firearms California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Nevada New York Oregon Rhode Island Vermont Washington Hawaii Illinois Massachusetts New Jersey Handguns Maryland Pennsylvania Iowa Michigan Nebraska North Carolina <Td_colspan="3"> Jump up ^ Nevada 's law is currently not being enforced . History ( edit ) In 1968 , Congress passed the Gun Control Act ( GCA ) , under which modern firearm commerce operates . The GCA mandated Federal Firearms Licenses ( FFLs ) for those `` engaged in the business '' of selling firearms , but not for private individuals who sold firearms infrequently . Under the Gun Control Act , firearm dealers were prohibited from doing business anywhere except the address listed on their Federal Firearms License . It also mandated that licensed firearm dealers maintain records of firearms sales . An unlicensed person is prohibited by federal law from transferring , selling , trading , giving , transporting , or delivering a firearm to any other unlicensed person only if they know or have reasonable cause to believe the buyer does not reside in the same State or is prohibited by law from purchasing or possessing firearms . In 1986 , Congress passed the Firearm Owners Protection Act ( FOPA ) , which relaxed certain controls in the Gun Control Act and permitted licensed firearm dealers to conduct business at gun shows . Specifically , FOPA made it legal for FFL holders to make private sales , provided the firearm was transferred to the licensee 's personal collection at least one year prior to the sale . Hence , when a personal firearm is sold by an FFL holder , no background check or Form 4473 is required by federal law . According to the ATF , FFL holders are required to keep a record of such sales in a bound book . The United States Department of Justice ( USDOJ ) said the stated purpose of FOPA was to ensure the GCA did not `` place any undue or unnecessary federal restrictions or burdens on law - abiding citizens , but it opened many loopholes through which illegal gun traffickers can slip . '' The scope of those who `` engage in the business '' of dealing in firearms ( and are therefore required to have a license ) was narrowed to include only those who devote `` time , attention , and labor to dealing in firearms as a regular course of trade or business with the principal objective of livelihood and profit through the repetitive purchase and resale of firearms . '' FOPA excluded those who buy and sell firearms to `` enhance a personal collection '' or for a `` hobby , '' or who `` sell all or part of a personal collection . '' According to the USDOJ , this new definition made it difficult for them to identify offenders who could claim they were operating as `` hobbyists '' trading firearms from their personal collection . Efforts to reverse a key feature of FOPA by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows were unsuccessful . In 1993 , Congress enacted the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act , amending the Gun Control Act of 1968 . `` The Brady Law '' instituted federal background checks on all firearm purchasers who buy from federally licensed dealers ( FFL ) . This law had no provisions for private firearms transactions or sales . The Brady Law originally imposed an interim measure , requiring a waiting period of 5 days before a licensed importer , manufacturer , or dealer may sell , deliver , or transfer a handgun to an unlicensed individual . The waiting period applied only in states without an alternate system that was deemed acceptable of conducting background checks on handgun purchasers . Personal transfers and sales between unlicensed Americans could also still be subject to other federal , state , and local restrictions . These interim provisions ceased to apply on November 30 , 1998 . Government Studies and positions ( edit ) Firearm tracing starts at the manufacturer or importer and typically ends at the first private sale regardless if the private seller later sell to an FFL or uses an FFL for background checks . Analyzing data from a report released in 1997 by the National Institute of Justice , fewer than 2 % of convicted criminals bought their firearm at a flea market or gun show . About 12 % purchased their firearm from a retail store or pawnshop , and 80 % bought from family , friends , or an illegal source . Under Chapter 18 Section 922 of the United States Code it is unlawful for any person `` except a licensed importer , licensed manufacturer , or licensed dealer , to engage in the business of importing , manufacturing , or dealing in firearms . '' The federal government provides a specific definition of what a firearm dealer is . Under Chapter 18 Section 921 ( a ) ( 11 ) , a dealer is ... ( A ) any person engaged in the business of selling firearms at wholesale or retail , ( B ) any person engaged in the business of repairing firearms or of making or fitting special barrels , stocks , or trigger mechanisms to firearms , or ( C ) any person who is a pawnbroker . According to a 1999 report by the ATF , legal private party transactions contribute to illegal activities , such as arms trafficking , purchases of firearms by prohibited buyers , and straw purchases . Anyone selling a firearm is legally prohibited from selling it to anyone the seller knows or has reasonable cause to believe is prohibited from owning a firearm . FFL holders , in general , can only transfer firearms to a non-licensed individual if that individual resides in the state where the FFL holder is licensed to do business , and only at that place of business or a gun show in their state . The January 1999 report said that more than 4,000 gun shows are held in the U.S. annually . Also , between 50 and 75 percent of gun show vendors hold a Federal Firearms License , and the `` majority of vendors who attend shows sell firearms , associated accessories , and other paraphernalia . '' The report concluded that although most sellers at gun shows are upstanding people , a few corrupt sellers could move a large quantity of firearms into high - risk hands . They stated that there were gaps in current law and recommended `` extending the Brady Law to ' close the gun show loophole . ' '' In 2009 the U.S. Government Accountability Office published a report citing that many firearms trafficked to Mexico may be purchased through these types of private transactions , by individuals who may want to avoid background checks and records of their firearms purchases . Proposals put forth by United States Attorneys , which were never enacted , include : Allowing only FFL holders to sell guns at gun shows , so a background check and a firearms transaction record accompany every transaction Strengthening the definition of `` engaged in the business '' by defining the terms with more precision , narrowing the exception for `` hobbyists , '' and lowering the intent requirement Limiting the number of individual private sales to a specified number per year Requiring persons who sell guns in the secondary market to comply with the record - keeping requirements applicable to Federal Firearms License holders Requiring all transfers in the secondary market to go through a Federal Firearms License holder Establishing procedures for the orderly liquidation of inventory belonging to FFL holders who surrender their license Requiring registration of non-licensed persons who sell guns Increasing the punishment for transferring a firearm without a background check , as required by the Brady Act Requiring gun show promoters to be licensed , maintaining an inventory of all the firearms that are sold by FFL holders and non-licensed sellers at gun shows Requiring one or more ATF agents be present at every gun show Insulating unlicensed vendors from criminal liability if they agree to have purchasers complete a firearms transaction form Executive branch ( edit ) On November 6 , 1998 , U.S. President Bill Clinton issued a memorandum for the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General expressing concern about sellers at gun shows not being required to run background checks on potential buyers . He called this absence a `` loophole '' and said that it made gun shows prime targets for criminals and gun traffickers . He requested recommendations on what actions the administration should take , including legislation . During his campaign and presidency , President George W. Bush endorsed the idea of background checks at gun shows . Bush 's position was that the gun show loophole should be closed by federal legislation since the gun show loophole was created by previous federal legislation . President Bush ordered an investigation by the U.S. Departments of Health , Education , and Justice in the wake of the Virginia Tech shootings in order to make recommendations on ways the federal government can prevent such tragedies . On January 8 , 2008 he signed the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 ( NIAA ) into law . Goals and objectives that the NIAA sought to address included : The gap in information available to NICS about such prohibiting mental health adjudications and commitments . Filling these information gaps will better enable the system to operate as intended , to keep guns out of the hands of persons prohibited by federal or state law from receiving or possessing firearms . At the beginning of 2013 , President Barack Obama outlined proposals regarding new gun control legislation asking congress to close the gun show loophole by requiring background checks for all firearm sales . Closing the gun show loophole became part of a larger push for universal background checks to close `` federal loopholes on such checks at gun shows and other private sales . '' Notable opinions ( edit ) In 1996 , the Violence Policy Center ( VPC ) released Gun Shows in America : Tupperware ® Parties for Criminals , a study that identified problems associated with gun shows . The VPC study documented the effect of the 1986 Firearms Owners ' Protection Act in regard to proliferation of gun shows , which resulted in `` a readily available source of weapons and ammunition for a wide variety of criminals , as well as Timothy McVeigh and David Koresh '' . According to the VPC , the utility of gun shows to dangerous individuals stems primarily from the exemption enjoyed by private sellers from the sales criteria of the Brady law as well as the absence of a background check . The director of the program which is located at the UC Davis , Garen J. Wintemute , wrote , `` There is no such loophole in federal law , in the limited sense that the law does not exempt private - party sales at gun shows from regulation that is required elsewhere . '' Wintemute said , The fundamental flaw in the gun show loophole proposal is its failure to address the great majority of private - party sales , which occur at other locations and increasingly over the Internet at sites where any non-prohibited person can list firearms for sale and buyers can search for private - party sellers . On May 27 , 1999 Wayne LaPierre , executive vice president of the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) , testified before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime , saying : `` We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory , instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show . No loopholes anywhere for anyone . '' LaPierre has since said that he is opposed to universal background checks . In 1999 , Dave Kopel , attorney and gun rights advocate for the NRA , said : `` gun shows are no ' loophole ' in the federal laws , '' and that singling out gun shows was `` the first step toward abolishing all privacy regarding firearms and implementing universal gun registration . '' In January 2000 , Kopel said that no proposed federal law would have made any difference at Columbine since the adults who supplied the weapons were legal purchasers . In 2009 , Nicholas J. Johnson of the Fordham University School of Law , wrote : Criticisms of the `` gun show loophole '' imply that federal regulations allow otherwise prohibited retail purchases ( `` primary market sales '' ) of firearms at gun shows . This implication is false . The real criticism is leveled at secondary market sales by private citizens . In 2010 , the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence said : `` Because of the gun show loophole , in most states prohibited buyers can walk into any gun show and buy weapons from unlicensed sellers with no background check . Many of these gun sellers operate week - to - week with no established place of business , traveling from gun show to gun show . '' In 2013 , the NRA said that a universal background check system for gun buyers is both impracticable and unnecessary , but an effective instant check system that includes records of persons adjudicated mentally ill would prevent potentially dangerous people from getting their hands on firearms . The group argues that only 10 percent of firearms are purchased via private sellers . They also dispute the idea that the current law amounts to a gun - show loophole , pointing out that many of the people selling at gun shows are federally licensed dealers . The group has stated in that past that : gun control supporters ' objectives are to reduce gun sales and register guns , and that there is no `` loophole , '' but legal commerce under the status quo ( like book fairs or car shows ) . In 2016 , a study published in The Lancet reported that state laws only requiring background checks or permits for gun sales at gun shows were associated with higher rates of gun - related deaths . The same study also found that state laws that required background checks for all gun sales were strongly associated with lower rates of gun - related deaths . Also that year Gabriel J. Chin , professor at UC Davis School of Law , stated that since there are no clear stipulations for the number of firearms sold before someone is required to be federally licensed and that since gun shows are usually held on weekends , `` there is room for someone to claim ' this is a hobby or part of my collection ' when it is also a substantial business . '' Public opinion ( edit ) Closing the gun show loophole through universal background checks enjoys high levels of public support . Contributing events ( edit ) After the Columbine High School massacre on April 20 , 1999 , gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate in the United States . Weeks after the Columbine shooting , Frank Lautenberg introduced a proposal to close the gun show loophole in federal law . It was passed in the Senate , but did not pass in the House . The Virginia Tech shooting on April 16 , 2007 again brought discussion of the gun show loophole to the forefront of U.S. politics , even though the shooter passed a background check and purchased his weapons legally at a Virginia gun shop via a Wisconsin - based Internet dealer . Previously , in December 2005 , a Virginia judge had directed the Virginia Tech gunman to undergo outpatient treatment , but because he was treated as an outpatient , Virginia did not send his name to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) . On April 30 , 2007 , Tim Kaine , the Governor of Virginia , issued an executive order intended to prohibit the sale of guns to anyone found to be dangerous and forced to undergo involuntary mental health treatment . He called on lawmakers to close the gun show loophole . A bill to close the gun show loophole in Virginia was submitted , but eventually failed . Since then , Virginia lawmakers efforts to close the gun show loophole were continuously blocked by gun rights advocates . The Governor wrote : I was disappointed to see the Virginia legislature balk , largely under pressure from the NRA , at efforts to close the gun - show loophole that allows anyone to buy weapons without any background check . That loophole still exists . After the July 2012 Aurora shooting in Colorado , the October 2012 Azana Spa shootings in Wisconsin , and the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Connecticut , state and local debates regarding the gun show loophole resumed . After the Aurora shooting , then president of the NRA , David Keene , said that such tragedies are often exploited by the media and politicians . He said , `` Colorado has already closed the so - called ' loophole ' and the killer did n't buy his guns at a gun show . '' The handgun in the Azana Spa shooting was purchased legally in a private transaction , not at a gun show . The Sandy Hook shooter used weapons legally purchased by his mother . See also ( edit ) Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2009 Universal background check Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the Council on Foreign Relations and a news report posted on the National Center for Policy Analysis ' website , gun control advocates maintain that the gun show loophole appeared and was codified in FOPA . Jump up ^ The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) says that the purpose of FOPA was to reduce burdens on gun dealers and record - keeping on gun owners . Chris W. Cox , chief lobbyist for the NRA Institute for Legislative Action , said : `` To be sure , it 's not a ' loophole , ' because FOPA made clear no license is required to make occasional sales , exchanges or purchases of firearms for the enhancement of a personal collection or for a hobby . What some refer to as a ' loophole ' is actually federal law . '' Jump up ^ A report released in 2009 discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wintemute , Garen . `` Background checks for firearm transfers '' ( PDF ) . ucdmc.ucdavis.edu . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms , Department of ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Top 10 Frequently Asked Firearms Questions and Answers '' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hale , Steven ( January 13 , 2013 ) . `` Gun shows , Internet keep weapons flowing around background checks '' . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 18 U.S. Code § 921 - Definitions '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David . `` The Facts About Gun Shows '' . Cato Institute . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Cole , Richard ( December 20 , 1993 ) . `` Brady bill loophole removes waiting : Private gun - owners can sell their guns to anyone '' . The News . Boca Raton , Florida . Associated Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pianin , Eric ; Eilperin , Juliet ( June 18 , 1999 ) . `` House Votes to Weaken Senate Gun Show Checks '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Richard ( December 26 , 1993 ) . `` Gun Law Loophole Allows Immediate Delivery , No Background Checks : Arms : Private owners can sell their weapons legally anytime , to anyone . Shows are a common sales venue '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Kristin ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Illegal Internet Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia '' . WUSA9 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . These Internet sales really are the new gun shows . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Eliza ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Gun - Control Lobby Targets Obama , Demands Reform '' . Daily Beast . Jump up ^ More private sale loophole sources : Kirkham , Chris ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Private Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market , Prompts Calls For Reform '' . The Huffington Post . `` Universal Background Checks & the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary '' . Smart Gun Laws . Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Taylor , Marisa ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Gun law loophole could have provided Brinsley 's murder weapon , say experts '' . Al Jazeera America . Through something known as the private sale loophole , he could have purchased the firearm in the private market at a gun show or out of someone 's trunk . Dobbs , Taylor ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Gun Rights Group Slams Proposed Legislation '' . Vermont Public Radio . Jump up ^ Hale , Steven ( January 13 , 2013 ) . `` Gun shows , Internet keep weapons flowing around background checks '' . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` unlicensed - persons FAQ '' . ATF.gov . Bureau of alcohol , tobacco , firearms and explosives . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ H.R. 2377 Jump up ^ S. 890 Jump up ^ H.R. 3832 Jump up ^ S. 1807 Jump up ^ H.R. 3540 Jump up ^ H.R. 96 Jump up ^ H.R. 2324 Jump up ^ S. 843 Jump up ^ H.R. 591 Jump up ^ S. 35 Jump up ^ H.R. 141 Jump up ^ Wheeler , Lydia ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Bill would require background checks for private sales at gun shows '' . The Hill . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2380 - Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2015 '' . Congress.gov . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1612 '' . congress.gov . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chumley , Cheryl K. ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Illinois Passes Gun Law Requiring Citizen Sellers to Do Background Checks '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCullum , April ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Gov. Scott Signs Vermont Gun Bills : When New Steps Take Effect '' . Burlington Free Press . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Background Checks & the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary '' . Smart Gun Laws . Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Botkin , Ben ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sandoval Wants Guidance on Background - Check Law for Private Gun Sales '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Yvonne ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lawsuit Filed over Nevada 's Mothballed Background Check Law '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wintemute , Garen J. ; Braga , Anthony A. ; Kennedy , David M. ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Private - Party Gun Sales , Regulation , and Public Safety '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . Massachusetts Medical Society . 363 ( 6 ) : 508 -- 511 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1006326 . PMID 20592291 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 922 - Unlawful acts '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Federal Regulations '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University School of Law . U.S. Federal Register . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S.C. 922 '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University School of Law . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Gun Policy : Global Comparisons '' . cfr.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steele , Cameron ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sheriff Bailey , Chief Monroe : Close gun show loophole '' . ncpa.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms - Frequently Asked Questions - Records Required ( Licensees ) - ATF '' . atf.gov . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FFL Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . Federal Firearms Licensee Information Service . February 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of the Treasury , U.S. Department of Justice ( January 1999 ) . `` Gun Shows : Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces '' ( PDF ) . atf.gov . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( ATF ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Federal Firearms Laws in the United States Appendix C '' . justice.gov . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Chris W. ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` The War on Gun Shows '' . nraila.org . National Rifle Association of America Institute for Legislative Action . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olinger , David ( February 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dealers live for gun shows '' . Denverpost.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baum , Dan ( June 8 , 2000 ) . `` What I saw at the gun show '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ATF : Brady Law '' . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) . 2015 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Tracing Center '' . Firearms tracing is the systematic tracking of the movement of a firearms recovered by law enforcement officials from its first sale by the manufacturer or importer through the distribution chain ( wholesaler / retailer ) to the first retail purchaser . Jump up ^ Harlow , Caroline Wolf ( November 2001 ) . `` Firearm Use by Offenders '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Justice Statistics . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Shows : Brady checks and crime gun traces '' ( PDF ) . atf.gov . The department of justice & The department of treasury . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/922 Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/27/478.30 Jump up ^ `` Following the Gun : Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) . June 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Trafficking : U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges '' ( PDF ) . gao.gov . United States Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . June 2009 . GAO - 09 - 709 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clinton , William J. ( November 6 , 1998 ) . `` Memorandum on Preventing Firearms Sales to Prohibited Purchasers '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( March 16 , 2000 ) . `` Gun - Friendly Governor '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Baum , Dan . `` Bush & Guns : The art of the double deal '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Yardley , Jim ( August 7 , 2000 ) . `` THE 2000 CAMPAIGN : THE GUN ISSUE ; Bush Stand Is Used to Turn Election Into a Showdown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 '' . bjs.gov . Bureau of Justice . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report to the President on issues raised by the Virginia Tech tragedy '' ( PDF ) . justice.gov . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Spetalnick , Matt ; Mason , Jeff ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Obama 's sweeping gun control agenda : Assault weapons ban , mandatory background checks '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Now Is the Time : The President 's Plan to Protect our Children and our Communities by Reducing Gun Violence '' ( PDF ) . Washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Halloran , Liz . `` Even Post-Sandy Hook , Politics Suggest Prospects Dim For Obama 's Gun Plan '' . npr.org . National Public Radio . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Universal background check : ' What does it mean ? '' . CNN US . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Shows in America -- Tupperware ® Parties for Criminals '' . vpc.org . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Shows in America Tupperware ® Parties for Criminals '' . VPC.org . VPC . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Shows in America Tupperware ® Parties for Criminals '' . VPC.org . VPC . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Closing the Gun Show Loophole Principles for Effective Legislation '' . VPC.org . VPC . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wintemute , Garen J. ( 2013 ) . `` Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales : Evidence from Gun Shows '' . In Webster , Daniel W. ; Vernick , Jon S. Reducing Gun Violence in America . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 1110 - 1 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halloran , Liz ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` LaPierre Fights To Stop The ' Nightmare ' Of Background Checks '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ LaPierre , Wayne ( May 27 , 1999 ) . `` Statement of Wayne LaPierre , Executive Vice President , National Rifle Association '' . commdocs.house.gov ( Testimony ) . Washington , D.C . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kopel , Dave ( July 16 , 1999 ) . `` Gun Shows Under Attack '' . nraila.org . National Rifle Association of American Institute for Legislative Action . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( January 10 , 2000 ) . `` The Facts about Gun Shows '' . cato.org . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Nicholas J. ( January 13 , 2009 ) . `` Imagining Gun Control in America : Understanding the Remainder Problem '' : 837 -- 891 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vice , Daniel R. ; Long , Robyn ; Eftekhari , Elika ( January 2010 ) . `` President Obama 's First Year : Failed Leadership , Lost Lives '' ( PDF ) . Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherfinski , David ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` NRA head wary on background checks , wants better instant check system '' . Washington Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumer , Brad ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Obama wants universal background checks for gun buyers . Is that feasible ? '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Keefe , Mark A. ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` The Truth About Gun Shows '' . nraila.org . National Rifle Association of America Institute for Legislative Action . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalesan , Bindu ; Mobily , Matthew E ; Keiser , Olivia ; Fagan , Jeffrey A ; Galea , Sandro ( April 2016 ) . `` Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the USA : a cross-sectional , state - level study '' . The Lancet . 387 ( 10030 ) : 1847 -- 1855 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 15 ) 01026 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Amy ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` PolitiFact Sheet : 3 things to know about the ' gun show loophole ' '' . Politifact . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Kim ; Menasce Horowitz , Juliana ; Igielnik , Ruth ; Oliphant , Baxter ; Brown , Anna ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Complex Relationship With Guns '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Gun control support surges in polls '' . Politico . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Eighty - eight percent support requiring background checks on all gun sales . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Support For Gun Control Tops 2 - 1 , Highest Ever , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds '' . Quinnipiac University Polling Institute . February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Support for universal background checks is itself almost universal , 97 - 2 percent ... Jump up ^ `` The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers '' . Berkeley Media Studies Group . January 1 , 2000 . Jump up ^ National Conference of State Legislatures ( June 1 , 2000 ) . `` Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate '' . The Free Library by Farlex . Gale Group . Jump up ^ `` No Questions Asked : Background Checks , Gun Shows , and Crime '' ( PDF ) . Americans for Gun Safety Foundation . April 1 , 2001 . Jump up ^ DuBose , Ben ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Senators aim to close gun - show loophole '' . LA Times . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One year after tragedy , debate rages over solutions '' . USA Today . Associated Press . April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alfano , Sean ( April 19 , 2007 ) . `` Va . Tech Killer Bought 2nd Gun Online '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` Virginia Ends a Loophole in Gun Laws '' . New York Times . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Naria ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Easy Access : $5,000 and One Hour Buys 10 Guns '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ripley , Amanda ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` Ignoring Virginia Tech '' . Time . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` Virginia Ends a Loophole in Gun Laws '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaine , Tim . `` Tim Kaine : Are we ready to reduce gun violence ? '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Burns , Dan ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Aurora shooting victim 's mother grieves with Newtown families '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Stephen ; Polcyn , Bryan ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Guns for sale : No background check required '' . fox6now.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Erin ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` There 's A Gaping Loophole In US Gun Laws '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kesling , Ben ( December 24 , 2012 ) . `` Fear of New Restrictions Drives Crowds to Gun Shows '' . Wall Street Journal . Contributions to article by Jess Bravin . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keene , David ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Impossible To Legislate Against Evil Or Madness '' . nrapublications.org . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramde , Dinesh ; Bauer , Scott ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Wis. shooting brings call for new law on guns '' . Seattle Times . Jump up ^ Office of the State 's Attorney , Judicial District of Danbury ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Sandy Hook Final Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Childress , Sarah ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` What Police Found in Adam Lanza 's Home '' . PBS . Further reading ( edit ) Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( February 2000 ) . `` Commerce in Firearms in the United States '' ( PDF ) . William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) City of New York ( October 2009 ) . `` Gun Show Undercover '' ( PDF ) . Cooper , Michael ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Luo , Michael ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Loopholes in Gun Laws Allow Buyers to Skirt Checks '' . New York Times . Dinan , Stephen ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Gun bills face tough sailing on Capitol Hill '' . Washington Times . Freedman , Dan ( November 2 , 2013 ) . `` How the NRA became ATF 's biggest enemy '' . sfgate.com . Janofsky , Michael ( November 15 , 2000 ) . `` Both Sides See Momentum in Congress for Gun Control '' . New York Times . Kessler , Glenn ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` The stale claim that 40 percent of gun sales lack background checks '' . Washington Post ( blog ) . Los Angeles Times editorial board ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Close the gun control loophole '' . Los Angeles Times . Patrick , Brian Anse ( 2010 ) . Rise of the Anti-media : Informing America 's Concealed Weapon Carry Movement . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1886 - 3 . - Patrick , a professor of communication at the University of Toledo , thinks `` gun show loophole '' is a euphemistic label for legislative proposals as part of an `` overall disarmament goal . '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_show_loophole&oldid=842381584 '' Categories : Gun politics in the United States United States federal firearms legislation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Good articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 02 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia