ctv3 ihtsdo umls snomed kareo 363698007 spackman hl7 dicom loinc boeker ahima ontologies user_upload amia 6947 terminologies laterality observables 311,000 ontological logics ehr causative cerner fileadmin bestbets gpass processable 83.10
which organization published the first edition of snomed
SNOMED CT - wikipedia SNOMED CT Jump to : navigation , search SNOMED CT <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) SNOMED International SNOMED CT or SNOMED Clinical Terms is a systematically organized computer processable collection of medical terms providing codes , terms , synonyms and definitions used in clinical documentation and reporting . SNOMED CT is considered to be the most comprehensive , multilingual clinical healthcare terminology in the world . The primary purpose of SNOMED CT is to encode the meanings that are used in health information and to support the effective clinical recording of data with the aim of improving patient care . SNOMED CT provides the core general terminology for electronic health records . SNOMED CT comprehensive coverage includes : clinical findings , symptoms , diagnoses , procedures , body structures , organisms and other etiologies , substances , pharmaceuticals , devices and specimens . SNOMED CT is maintained and distributed by SNOMED International , an international non-profit standards development organization , located in London , UK . SNOMED International is the trading name of the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation ( IHTSDO ) , established in 2007 . SNOMED CT provides for consistent information interchange and is fundamental to an interoperable electronic health record . It provides a consistent means to index , store , retrieve , and aggregate clinical data across specialties and sites of care . It also helps in organizing the content of electronic health records systems by reducing the variability in the way data are captured , encoded and used for clinical care of patients and research . SNOMED CT can be used to directly record clinical details of individuals in electronic patient records . It also provides the user with a number of linkages to clinical care pathways , shared care plans and other knowledge resources , in order to facilitate informed decision - making , and to support long - term patient care . The availability of free automatic coding tools and services , which can return a ranked list of SNOMED CT descriptors to encode any clinical report , could help healthcare professionals to navigate the terminology . SNOMED CT is a terminology that can cross-map to other international standards and classifications . Specific language editions are available which augment the international edition and can contain language translations , as well as additional national terms . For example , SNOMED CT - AU , released in December 2009 in Australia , is based on the international version of SNOMED CT , but encompasses words and ideas that are clinically and technically unique to Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structure 2.1 The formal model underlying SNOMED CT 2.2 Description logics 2.3 Precoordination and postcoordination 2.4 Human vs. Veterinary Content 2.5 Known deficiencies and mitigation strategies 2.6 SNOMED CT validation 2.7 SNOMED CT and ICD 3 Use 3.1 Use cases 3.2 Access 3.2. 1 License free subsets 4 Top level concepts 4.1 Event 4.2 Observable Entity 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) SNOMED was started in 1965 as a Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology ( SNOP ) and was further developed into a logic - based health care terminology . SNOMED CT was created in 1999 by the merger , expansion and restructuring of two large - scale terminologies : SNOMED Reference Terminology ( SNOMED RT ) , developed by the College of American Pathologists ( CAP ) ; and the Clinical Terms Version 3 ( CTV3 ) ( formerly known as the Read codes ) , developed by the National Health Service of the United Kingdom ( NHS ) . The final product was released in January 2002 . The historical strength of SNOMED was its coverage of medical specialties . SNOMED RT , with over 120,000 concepts , was designed to serve as a common reference terminology for the aggregation and retrieval of pathology health care data recorded by multiple organizations and individuals . The strength of CTV3 was its terminologies for general practice . CTV3 , with 200,000 interrelated concepts , was used for storing structured information about primary care encounters in individual , patient - based records . Currently , SNOMED CT contains more than 311,000 active concepts and provides the core general terminology for the electronic health record ( EHR ) . In July 2003 , the National Library of Medicine ( NLM ) , on behalf of the United States Department of Health and Human Services , entered into an agreement with the College of American Pathologists to make SNOMED CT available to U.S. users at no cost through the National Library of Medicine 's Unified Medical Language System UMLS Metathesaurus . The contract provided NLM with a perpetual license for the core SNOMED CT ( in Spanish and English ) and its ongoing updates . In April 2007 , SNOMED CT intellectual property rights were transferred from the CAP to the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation ( IHTSDO ) in order to promote international adoption and use of SNOMED CT . Now trading as SNOMED International , the organization is responsible for `` ongoing maintenance , development , quality assurance , and distribution of SNOMED CT '' internationally and its Membership consists of a number of the world 's leading e-health countries and territories , including : Australia , Belgium , Brunei , Canada , Czech Republic , Chile , Denmark , Estonia , Hong Kong , Iceland , India , Ireland , Israel , Lithuania , Malaysia , Malta , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Poland , Portugal , Singapore , Slovak Republic , Republic of Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , United Kingdom , United States and Uruguay . SNOMED CT is a multinational and multilingual terminology , which can manage different languages and dialects . SNOMED CT is currently available in American English , British English , Spanish , Danish and Swedish , with other translations under way or nearly completed in French and Dutch . SNOMED CT cross maps to other terminologies , such as : ICD - 9 - CM , ICD - 10 , ICD - O - 3 , ICD - 10 - AM , Laboratory LOINC and OPCS - 4 . It supports ANSI , DICOM , HL7 , and ISO standards . SNOMED CT is currently used in a joint project with the World Health Organization ( WHO ) as the ontological basis of the upcoming ICD - 11 . Structure ( edit ) SNOMED CT consists of four primary core components : Concept Codes -- numerical codes that identify clinical terms , primitive or defined , organized in hierarchies Descriptions -- textual descriptions of Concept Codes Relationships -- relationships between Concept Codes that have a related meaning Reference Sets -- used to group Concepts or Descriptions into sets , including reference sets and cross-maps to other classifications and standards . SNOMED CT `` Concepts '' are representational units that categorize all the things that characterize health care processes and need to be recorded therein . In 2011 , SNOMED CT included more than 311,000 concepts , which are uniquely identified by a concept ID , e.g. the concept 22298006 refers to Myocardial infarction . All SNOMED CT concepts are organized into acyclic taxonomic ( is - a ) hierarchies ; for example , Viral pneumonia IS - A Infectious pneumonia IS - A Pneumonia IS - A Lung disease . Concepts may have multiple parents , for example Infectious pneumonia is also a child of Infectious disease . The taxonomic structure allows data to be recorded and later accessed at different levels of aggregation . SNOMED CT concepts are linked by approximately 1,360,000 links , called relationships . Concepts are further described by various clinical terms or phrases , called Descriptions , which are divided into Fully Specified Names ( FSNs ) , Preferred Terms ( PTs ) , and Synonyms . Each Concept has exactly one FSN , which is unique across all of SNOMED CT . It has , in addition , exactly one PT , which has been decided by a group of clinicians to be the most common way of expressing the meaning of the concept . It may have zero to many Synonyms . Synonyms are additional terms and phrases used to refer to this concept . They do not have to be unique or unambiguous . The formal model underlying SNOMED CT ( edit ) SNOMED CT statistics ( as of November 2016 ) . SD stands for sufficiently defined . SNOMED CT can be characterized as a multilingual thesaurus with an ontological foundation . Thesaurus - like features are concept -- term relations such as the synonymous descriptions `` Acute coryza '' , `` Acute nasal catarrh '' , `` Acute rhinitis '' , `` Common cold '' ( as well as Spanish `` resfrío común '' and `` rinitis infecciosa '' ) for the concept 82272006 . Under ontological scrutiny , SNOMED - CT is a class hierarchy ( with extensive overlap of classes in contrast to typical statistical classifications like ICD ) . This means that the SNOMED CT concept 82272006 defines the class of all the individual disease instances that match the criteria for `` common cold '' ( e.g. , one patient may have `` head cold '' noted in their record , and another may have `` Acute coryza '' ; both can be found as instances of `` common cold '' ) . The superclass ( Is - A ) Relation relates classes in terms of inclusion of their members . That is , all individual `` cold - processes '' are also included in all superclasses of the class Common Cold , such as Viral upper respiratory tract infection ( Figure ) . Common cold as a primitive concept in SNOMED CT SNOMED CT 's relational statements are basically triplets of the form Concept -- Relation -- Concept , with Relation being from a small number of relation types ( called linkage concepts ) , e.g. finding site , due to , etc . The interpretation of these triplets is ( implicitly ) based on the semantics of a simple Description logic ( DL ) . E.g. , the triplet Common Cold -- causative agent -- Virus , corresponds to the first - order expression forall x : instance - of ( x , Common cold ) - > exists y : instance - of ( y , Virus ) and causative - agent ( y , x ) or the more intuitive DL expression Common cold subClassOf causative - agent some Virus In the Common cold example the concept description is `` primitive '' , which means that necessary criteria are given that must be met for each instance , without being sufficient for classifying a disorder as an instance of Common Cold . In contrast , the example Viral upper respiratory tract infection depicts a fully described concept , which is represented in description logic as follows : Viral upper respiratory tract infection as a defined concept in SNOMED CT Viral upper respiratory tract infection equivalentTo Upper respiratory infection and Viral respiratory infection and Causative - agent some Virus and Finding - site some Upper respiratory tract structure and Pathological - process some Infectious process This means that each and every individual disorder for which all definitional criteria are met can be classified as an instance of Viral upper respiratory tract infection . Description logics ( edit ) As of 2011 , SNOMED CT content limits itself to a subset of the EL++ formalism , restricting itself to the following operators : Top , bottom Primitive roles and concepts with asserted parent ( s ) for each Concept definition and conjunction but NOT disjunction or negation Role hierarchy but not role composition Domain and range constraints Existential but not universal restriction A restricted form of role inclusion axiom ( xRy ^ ySz = > xRz ) The logic will be extended in the near future to include General Concept Inclusion Axioms . For understanding the modelling , it is also import to look at the stated view of a concept versus the inferred view of the concept . In further considering the state view , SNOMED CT used in the past an modelling approach referred to as ' proximal parent ' approach . After 2015 , an superior approach called ' proximal primitive parent ' has been adopted . Precoordination and post-coordination ( edit ) SNOMED CT provides a compositional syntax that can be used to create expressions that represent clinical ideas which are not explicitly represented by SNOMED CT concepts . For example , there is no explicit concept for a `` third degree burn of left index finger caused by hot water '' . However , using the compositional syntax it can be represented as 284196006 burn of skin : 116676008 associated morphology = 80247002 third degree burn injury , 272741003 laterality = 7771000 left , 246075003 causative agent = 47448006 hot water , 363698007 finding site = 83738005 index finger structure Such expressions are said to have been ' postcoordinated ' . Post-coordination avoids the need to create large numbers of defined Concepts within SNOMED CT . However , many systems only allow for precoordinated representations . Reliable analysis and comparison of post-coordinated expressions is possible using appropriate algorithms machinery to efficiently process the expression taking account of the underlying description logic . Major Electronic Health Record Systems ( EHRS ) have repeated complained to IHTSDO and other standards organizations about the `` complexity '' of post-coordinated expressions . For example , the postcoordinated expression above can be transformed using a set of standard rules to the following `` normal form expression '' which enables comparison with similar concepts . 64572001 disease : 246075003 causative agent = 47448006 hot water , 363698007 finding site = ( 83738005 index finger structure : 272741003 laterality = 7771000 left ) , ( 116676008 associated morphology = 80247002 third degree burn injury , 363698007 finding site = 39937001 skin structure ) Human vs. veterinary content ( edit ) International edition of SNOMED CT is only focusing on human term . In 2015 , SNOMED CT clearly veterinary concepts ( that were not human ) were moved into a SNOMED CT veterinary extension . This extension is managed by a team at Virginia Tech University . Known deficiencies and mitigation strategies ( edit ) Earlier SNOMED versions had faceted structure ordered by semantic axes , requiring that more complex situations required to be coded by a coordination of different codes . This had two major shortcomings . On the one hand , the necessity of post-coordination was perceived as a user - unfriendly obstacle , which has certainly contributed to the rather low adoption of early SNOMED versions . On the other hand , uniform coding was difficult to obtain . E.g. , Acute appendicitis could be post-coordinated in three different ways with no means to compute semantic equivalences . SNOMED RT had addressed this problem by introducing description logic formula . With the addition of CTV3 a large number of concepts were redefined using formal expressions . However , the fusion with CTV3 , as a historically grown terminology with many close - to user descriptions , introduced some problems which still affect SNOMED CT . In addition to a confusing taxonomic web of many hierarchical levels with massive multiple inheritance ( e.g. there are 36 taxonomic ancestors for Acute appendicitis ) , many ambiguous , context - dependent concepts have found their way into SNOMED CT . Pre-coordination was sometimes pushed to extremes , so there are , for example , 350 different concepts for burns found on the head . A further phenomenon which characterizes parts of SNOMED CT is the so - called epistemic intrusion . In principle , the task of terminology ( and even an ontology ) should be limited to providing context - free term or class meanings . The contextualization of these representational units should be ideally the task of an information model . Human language is misleading here , as we use syntactically similar expression to represent categorically distinct entities , e.g. Ectopic pregnancy vs. Suspected pregnancy . The first one refers to a real pregnancy , the second one to a piece of ( uncertain ) information . In SNOMED CT most ( but not all ) of these context - dependent concepts are concentrated in the subhierachy Situation with explicit context . A major reason for why such concepts can not be dispensed with is that SNOMED CT takes on , in many cases , the functionality of information models , as the latter do not exist in a given implementation . With the establishment of IHTSDO ; SNOMED CT became more accessible to a wider audience . Criticism of the state of the terminology was sparked by numerous substantive weaknesses as well as on the lack of quality assurance measures . From the beginning IHTSDO was open regarding such ( also academic ) criticism . In the last few years considerable progress has been made regarding quality assurance and tooling . The need for a more principled ontological foundation was gradually accepted , as well as a better understanding of description logic semantics . Redesign priorities were formulated regarding observables , disorders , findings , substances , organisms etc . Translation guidelines were elaborated as well as guidelines for content submission requests and a strategy for the inclusion of pre-coordinated content . There are still known deficiencies regarding the `` ontological commitment '' of SNOMED CT , e.g. , the clarification of which kind of entity is an instance of a given SNOMED CT concept . The same term can be interpreted as a disorder or a patient with a disorder , for example Tumour might denote a process or a piece of tissue ; Allergy may denote an allergic reaction or just an allergic disposition . A more recent strategy is the use of rigorously typed upper - level ontologies to disambiguate SNOMED CT content . The increased take - up of SNOMED CT into applications in daily use across the world to support patient care is leading to a larger engaged community . This has led to an increase in the resource allocated to authoring SNOMED CT terms as well as to an increase in collaboration to take SNOMED CT into a robust industry used standard . This is leading to an increase in the number of software tools and development of materials that contribute to knowledge base to support implementation . A number of on - line communities that focus on particular aspects of SNOMED CT and its implementation are also developing . In theory , description logic reasoning can be applied to any new candidate post-coordinated expressions in order to assess whether it is a parent or ancestor of , a child or other descendent of , or semantically equivalent to any existing concept from the existing pre-coordinated concepts . However , partly as the continuing fall - out from the merger with CTV3 , SNOMED still contains undiscovered semantically duplicate primitive and defined concepts . Additionally , many concepts remain primitive whilst their semantics can also be legitimately defined in terms of other primitives and roles concurrently in the system . Because of these omissions and actual or possible redundancies of semantic content , real - world performance of algorithms to infer subsumption or semantic equivalence will be unpredictably imperfect . SNOMED CT validation ( edit ) Using consistent rules is important for quality of SNOMED CT . To that end , in 2009 , a prototype of Machine Readable Concept Model ( MRCM ) was created by SNOMED CT team . In a follow up work , this model is being revised to utilize SNOMED CT expression contraints . SNOMED CT and ICD ( edit ) SNOMED CT is a clinical terminology designed to capture and represent patient data for clinical purposes . The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD ) is an internationally used medical classification system ; which is used to assign diagnostic and , in some national modifications , procedural codes in order to produce coded data for statistical analysis , epidemiology , reimbursement and resource allocation . Both systems use standardized definitions and form a common medical language used within electronic health record ( EHR ) systems . SNOMED CT enables information input into an EHR system during the course of patient care , while ICD facilitates information retrieval , or output , for secondary data purposes . SNOMED CT ICD Type Terminology System Classification System Purpose Information Input Information Output Function Describes and defines clinical information for primary data purposes Aggregates and categorizes clinical information for secondary data purposes Use ( edit ) SNOMED CT is used in a number of different ways , some of which are : It captures clinical information at the level of detail needed for the provision of healthcare Through sharing data it can reduce the need to repeat health history at each new encounter with a healthcare professional Information can be recorded by different people in different locations and combined into simple information views within the patient record Use of a common terminology decreases the potential for differing interpretation of information Electronic recording in a common way reduces errors and can help to ensure completeness in recording all relevant data Standardised information makes analysis easier , supporting quality , cost effective practice , research and future clinical guideline development A clinical terminology allows a health care provider to identify patients based on specified coded information , and more effectively manage screening , treatment and follow up Use cases ( edit ) More specifically , the following sample computer applications use SNOMED CT : Electronic Health Record Systems Computerized Provider Order Entry CPOE such as E-Prescribing or Laboratory Order Entry Catalogues of clinical services ; e.g. , for Diagnostic Imaging procedures Knowledge databases used in clinical decision support systems ( CDSS ) Remote Intensive Care Unit Monitoring Laboratory Reporting Emergency Room Charting Cancer Reporting Genetic Databases Access ( edit ) SNOMED CT is maintained and distributed by SNOMED International , an international non-profit standards development organization , located in London , UK ... The use of SNOMED CT in production systems requires a license . There are two types of license : Country / territory membership in SNOMED International ( charged according to gross national product ) . Affiliate license ( dependent on the number of end users ) . LDCs ( least developed countries ) can use SNOMED CT without charges . For scientific research in medical informatics , for demonstrations or evaluation purposes SNOMED CT sources can be freely downloaded and used . The original SNOMED CT sources in tabular form are accessible by registered users of the Unified Medical Language System ( UMLS ) who have signed an agreement . Numerous online and offline browsers are available . Those wishing to obtain a license for its use and to download SNOMED CT should contact their National Release Centre , links to which are provided on the IHTSDO website . License free subsets ( edit ) To facilitate adoption of SNOMED CT and use of SNOMED CT in other standards , there are license free subsets . For example , a set of 7,314 codes and descriptions is free for use by users of DICOM - compliant software ( without restriction to IHTSDO member countries ) . Top level concepts ( edit ) SNOMED CT concepts typically belong a single hierarchy ( with the exception of drug - device combined concepts ) . Some hierarchies , have a concept model defined ( e.g. , clinical findings ) . For other domains ( e.g. , Organism , Substance , Qualifier value ) , there is no concept model yet defined . Event ( edit ) As of 2016 , the Event hierarchy does not have a concept model defined . In 2006 , some concepts from the ' Clinical Finding ' hierarchy were moved to the Event hierarchy . Those concepts retained some of their attributes . ( e.g. , causative agent ) Observable entity ( edit ) Snomed international is working on creating a concept model for observable entity . See also ( edit ) CDISC Clinical Care Classification System DOCLE EN 13606 HL7 LOINC MEDCIN MedDRA Omaha System Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation considers SNOMED CT to be a brand name rather than an acronym . Previously SNOMED was an acronym for Systematized Nomenclature Of Medicine , but it lost that meaning when SNOMED was combined with CTV3 ( Clinical Terms Version 3 ) into the merged product called SNOMED Clinical Terms , which was shortened to SNOMED CT . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History Of SNOMED CT '' . International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Benson , Tim ( 2012 ) . Principles of Health Interoperability HL7 and SNOMED . London : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4471 - 2800 - 7 . Jump up ^ https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medical-terms.html Jump up ^ Ruch , Patrick ; Gobeill , Julien ; Lovis , Christian ; Geissbühler , Antoine ( 2008 ) . `` Automatic medical encoding with SNOMED categories '' . BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making . 8 : S6 . doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6947 - 8 - S1 - S6 . PMC 2582793 . PMID 19007443 . Jump up ^ `` SNOMED CT & Other Terminologies , Classifications & Code Systems '' . International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Work : Clinical Terminology : SNOMED - CT - AU '' . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Ronald ; de Keizer , Nicolette ( 2008 ) . `` Forty years of SNOMED : a literature review '' . BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making . 8 : S2 . doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6947 - 8 - S1 - S2 . PMC 2582789 . PMID 19007439 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNOMED Clinical Terms To Be Added To UMLS Metathesaurus '' . United States National Library of Medicine . 24 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs : SNOMED CT in the UMLS '' . United States National Library of Medicine . 22 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Stearns , Michael Q. ; Price , Colin ; Spackman , Kent A. ; Wang , Amy Y. ( 2001 ) . `` SNOMED Clinical Terms : Overview of the Development Process and Project Status '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium . American Medical Informatics Association : 662 -- 666 . PMC 2243297 . PMID 11825268 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` SNOMED license agreement '' . United States National Library of Medicine . 24 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Unified Medical Language System Jump up ^ `` Members '' . International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ SNOMED CT and HL7 -- Bringing Standards Together ( 2 ) Jump up ^ SNOMED CT Documentation is publicly available at http://www.snomed.org/doc Jump up ^ SNOMED CT Compositional Grammar http://doc.ihtsdo.org/download/doc_CompositionalGrammarSpecificationAndGuide_Current-en-US_INT_20150522.pdf Jump up ^ Spackman KA , Campbell KE . `` Compositional concept representation using SNOMED : towards further convergence of clinical terminologies '' . Proc AMIA Symp. 1998 : 740 -- 744 . Jump up ^ Ingenerf , J ; Linder , R ( 2009 ) . `` Assessing applicability of ontological principles to different types of biomedical vocabularies '' . Methods of Information in Medicine . 48 ( 5 ) : 459 -- 467 . doi : 10.3414 / me0628 . Jump up ^ Rector A. ( 2008 ) Barriers , approaches and research priorities for integrating biomedical ontologies . Semantic Health Deliverable 6.1 http://www.semantichealth.org/DELIVERABLES/SemanticHEALTH_D6_1.pdf Jump up ^ Stefan Schulz ; Boontawee Suntisrivaraporn ; Franz Baader ; Martin Boeker ( April 2009 ) . `` SNOMED reaching its adolescence : Ontologists ' and logicians ' health check '' . International Journal of Medical Informatics. 78 ( Supplement 1 ) : S86 -- S94 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijmedinf. 2008.06. 004 . PMID 18789754 . Jump up ^ SNOMED CT ® Style Guide : Observable Entities and Evaluation Procedures ( Laboratory ) Draft IHTSDO Standard v1. 0 , 2010 - 06 - 30 , http://ihtsdo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Docs_01/Publications/Drafts_for_review/SNOMED_CT_Style_Guide_Observables_v1.0.pdf Jump up ^ Schulz , S ; Spackman , K ; James , A ; Cocos , C ; Boeker , M ( May 2011 ) . `` Scalable representations of diseases in biomedical ontologies '' . Journal of Biomedical Semantics. 17 ( 2 ( Suppl 2 ) ) : S6 . Jump up ^ http://ihtsdo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Docs_01/About_IHTSDO/Publications/IHTSDO_Translation_Guidelines_v2.00_20100407.pdf Jump up ^ Schulz , S ; Cornet , R ; Spackman , K Consolidating SNOMED CT 's . Applied ontology. 2011 ; 6 : 1 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kostick , K. ( 2012 ) SNOMED CT Integral Part of Quality HER Documentation . Journal of AHIMA 83.10 ( October 2012 ) : 72 - 75 . Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ ^ Jump up to : Bowman , S. ( 2005 ) Coordinating SNOMED - CT and ICD - 10 : Getting the Most out of Electronic Health Record Systems . Journal of AHIMA 76 ( 7 ) : 60 - 61 . www.ahima.org/perspectives Jump up ^ Truran , D. , Saad , P. Zhang , M. , Innes , K. ( 2010 ) SNOMED CT and its place in health information management practice . Health Information Management Journal Vol 39 ( 2 ) : 37 - 39 ISSN 1833 - 3583 ( Print ) 1833 - 3575 ( Online ) Jump up ^ https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org/pages/viewrecentblogposts.action?key=ILS Jump up ^ https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org/display/OBSERVABLE/Observables+Inception-Elaboration+document . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) SNOMED International website -- Home of the owners of SNOMED SNOMED CT Value Proposition SNOMED CT Online Documentation Directory SNOMED CT Browser - provided by SNOMED International containing international and all national extensions . Also available as open source code CAP SNOMED Terminology Solutions -- the original creators of SNOMED CT Online SNOMED CT Browser English and German UMLS - SNOMED FAQs NHS Connecting for Health UK SNOMED CT Browser with SNOFLAKE view at dataline.co.uk VMIL terminology browser SNOCat : the SNOMED Categorizer / Browser Problems with SNOMED ( Papers by Barry Smith ) Snow Owl -- Freeware multiplatform SNOMED CT browser and authoring tool integrating Protégé . `` What Is SNOMED Clinical Terms '' Health Data Management , February 14 , 2002 : `` New Clinical Terminology Available from SNOMED '' SNOMED CT - AU ® Information ITServer -- Online SNOMED CT Browser English and Spanish SNQuery -- SNOMED CT Expression Constraint Language Execution Engine <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Health software Barcoding Bar Code Medication Administration Databases ACP Smart Medicine Epocrates Lexicomp Medscape Micromedex Diagnostics Bioimaging DICOM General 3DSlicer Drishti GIMIAS Ginkgo CADx InVesalius ITK - SNAP OsiriX VistA imaging Voreen Xebra Servers Orthanc Xebra Heuristics Bestbets CommonGround EuResist Odontologic Cybermed Florida Probe Electronic health records Platforms Apache cTAKES AHLTA athenaClinicals Centricity EMR Certify HealthLogix Cerner EHR CottageMed COSTAR Datix DocNetwork Dossia EMIAS EMIS Web EpicCare EMR FreeMED GaiaEHR GNUmed GPASS HOSxP INPS Vision Kareo EHR MedcomSoft Record MTBC WebEHR2. 0 NextGen Healthcare NHS Care Records Service NHS Connecting for Health OpenEMR OpenMRS Practice Fusion SmartCare Summary Care Record TextID TPP SystmOne Vetter Software VistA VITAband World Medical Card ZEPRS Terminology Read code SNOMED CT LOINC UCUM RxNorm Laboratory management ELab LabKey Server STARLIMS webLIMS Patient portals athenaCommunicator Cerner Patient Portal MyChart Personal health records Dossia Microsoft HealthVault Google Health ( discontinued ) Practice management Billing Kareo Medical Billing Practice Fusion Billing Comprehensive ClearHealth Kareo Practice Management NueMD OpenHospital Specialty Dental Dentrix Open Dental SoftDent Scheduling EatherWay Kareo Zocdoc Patient engagement Kareo Research Behavioral PEBL Presentation PsychoPy Psychtoolbox for MATLAB PsyScope Cancer Caisis Folding@home Clinical trials Oracle Argus Surgical Assistive HipNav Transmission eMix Microsoft Amalga Mirth Connect Related List of biomedical cybernetics software List of freeware health software List of open - source health software Category : Health software Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SNOMED_CT&oldid=808203188 '' Categories : Medical classification Nursing classification Health standards Anatomical terminology Electronic health record software Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 14 : 15 . 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