137,847 zugspitze 9,718 357,021 51.00 oberstdorf 2,389 3,011 2,962 vorpommern hambach 3,714 harz neuendorf saale sylt morava neckar 16,172 2,355,000 landkreise schleswig 33.95 21,115 ilok westphalia bochum vedea ipeľ ipoly
name six countries that border france on the north east and southeast
Geography of Germany - wikipedia Geography of Germany Jump to : navigation , search Geography of Germany <Td_colspan="2"> Continent Europe Region Central Europe Coordinates 51 ° 00 ′ N 10 ° 00 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 51.00 ° N 10.00 ° E ﻿ / 51.00 ; 10.00 Area Ranked 63rd Total 357,022 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) Land 97.66 % Water 2.34 % Coastline 2,389 km ( 1,484 mi ) Borders 3,714 km ( 2,307 mi ) Border lengths included Denmark ( 140 km ) ( 86mi ) Poland ( 467 km ) ( 290 mi ) Austria ( 801 km ) ( 497 mi ) Switzerland ( non-EU ) ( 348 km ) ( 216 mi ) Belgium ( 133 km ) ( 82 mi ) France ( 418 km ) ( 259 mi ) Luxembourg ( 138 km ) ( 85 mi ) Czech Republic ( 704 km ) ( 437 mi ) Netherlands ( 575 km ) ( 357 mi ) Sweden ( maritime boundary , Baltic Sea ) United Kingdom ( maritime boundary , North Sea ) Highest point Zugspitze , 2,962.06 m ( 9,718 ft ) Lowest point North Sea , 0 m Longest river Rhine , 1,230 km ( 764 mi ) Largest lake Lake Constance 536 km ( 207 sq mi ) Climate temperate Terrain lowlands in north ; uplands in center ; Alps in south Natural Resources coal , lignite , natural gas , iron ore , copper , nickel , uranium , potash , salt , construction materials , timber , arable land Natural Hazards flooding , earthquake in Rhineland - Palatinate , North Rhine - Westphalia and Baden - Württemberg . landslide Coordinates : 51 ° 00 ′ N 10 ° 00 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 51.00 ° N 10.00 ° E ﻿ / 51.00 ; 10.00 The location of Germany . The countries in white are other members of the European Union . General map of Germany Germany is a country in west - central Europe , that stretches from the Alps , across the North European Plain to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea . Germany has the second largest population in Europe ( after the European part of Russia ) and is seventh largest in area . The territory of Germany covers 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , consisting of 349,223 km ( 134,836 sq mi ) of land and 7,798 km ( 3,011 sq mi ) of waters . Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps ( highest point : the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres ( 9,718 ft ) ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ( Nordsee ) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ( Ostsee ) in the northeast . Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low - lying lands of northern Germany ( lowest point : Neuendorf - Sachsenbande at 3.54 metres ( 11.6 ft ) below sea level ) , traversed by some of Europe 's major rivers such as the Rhine , Danube and Elbe . Germany shares borders with nine European countries , second only to Russia : Denmark in the north , Poland and the Czech Republic in the east , Switzerland ( its only non-EU neighbor ) and Austria in the south , France in the southwest and Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands in the west . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area 1.1 Extreme points 1.2 Maritime claims 2 Physical Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Land use 2.3 Rivers 2.4 Caves 2.5 Natural resources 3 Environment 3.1 Flora and Fauna 4 Human Geography 4.1 Demographics 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Urbanization 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Area ( edit ) Germany is in Western and Central Europe , bordering Denmark in the north Poland and the Czech Republic in the east , Austria and Switzerland in the south , France and Luxembourg in the south - west , and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north - west . It lies mostly between latitudes 47 ° and 55 ° N ( the tip of Sylt is just north of 55 ° ) , and longitudes 5 ° and 16 ° E. The territory covers 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , consisting of 349,223 km ( 134,836 sq mi ) of land and 7,798 km ( 3,011 sq mi ) of water . It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 63rd largest in the world . Extreme points ( edit ) Zugspitze is the highest elevation in Germany northernmost point : List , Sylt , Schleswig - Holstein 55 ° 03 ′ N 8 ° 24 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 55.050 ° N 8.400 ° E ﻿ / 55.050 ; 8.400 ﻿ ( List on Sylt ( Northernmost point ) ) northernmost point in mainland Germany : Aventoft , Schleswig - Holstein 54 ° 54 ′ N 8 ° 49 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 54.900 ° N 8.817 ° E ﻿ / 54.900 ; 8.817 ﻿ ( Aventoft ( northernmost on continent ) ) southernmost point : Haldenwanger Eck , Oberstdorf , Bavaria 47 ° 16 ′ 12.39 '' N 10 ° 10 ′ 41.95 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 47.2701083 ° N 10.1783194 ° E ﻿ / 47.2701083 ; 10.1783194 ﻿ ( Haldenwanger Eck at Oberstdorf ( Southernmost point ) ) westernmost point : Isenbruch , Selfkant , North Rhine - Westphalia 51 ° 3 ′ N 5 ° 52 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 51.050 ° N 5.867 ° E ﻿ / 51.050 ; 5.867 ﻿ ( Isenbruch near Millen ( Westernmost point ) ) easternmost point : Deschka , Neißeaue , Saxony 51 ° 16 ′ N 15 ° 2 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 51.267 ° N 15.033 ° E ﻿ / 51.267 ; 15.033 ﻿ ( Deschka ( Easternmost point ) ) lowest point ( man - made ) : Tagebau Hambach 293 m ( 961 ft ) below sea level , Niederzier , North Rhine - Westphalia , 50 ° 54 ′ 39 '' N 6 ° 30 ′ 10 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 50.91083 ° N 6.50278 ° E ﻿ / 50.91083 ; 6.50278 ﻿ ( Tagebau Hambach ( lowest ) ) lowest point ( natural ) : Neuendorf - Sachsenbande , Wilstermarsch , Schleswig - Holstein 3.53 m ( 11.6 ft ) below sea level 53 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 9 ° 19 ′ 5 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 53.96333 ° N 9.31806 ° E ﻿ / 53.96333 ; 9.31806 ﻿ ( Wilstermarsch ( lowest ) ) highest point : Zugspitze ( in the Bavarian Alps , 2,962 m ( 9,718 ft ) , Garmisch - Partenkirchen / Grainau , Bavaria 47 ° 25 ′ N 10 ° 59 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 47.417 ° N 10.983 ° E ﻿ / 47.417 ; 10.983 ﻿ ( Zugspitze ( highest ) ) Maritime claims ( edit ) Continental shelf : 200 m ( 660 ft ) depth or to the depth of exploitation Exclusive economic zone : 200 nmi ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) . The exact EEZ is due to conventions with neighbouring states . Territorial sea : 12 nmi ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) Physical Geography ( edit ) Topographic map of Germany The northern third of the country lies in the North European Plain , with flat terrain crossed by northward - flowing watercourses ( Elbe , Ems , Weser , Oder ) . Wetlands and marshy conditions are found close to the Dutch border and along the Frisian coast . Sandy Mecklenburg in the northeast has many glacier - formed lakes dating to the last glacial period . Moving south , central Germany features rough and somewhat patternless hilly and mountainous countryside , some of it formed by ancient volcanic activity . The Rhine valley cuts through the western part of this region . The central uplands continue east and north as far as the Saale and merge with the Ore Mountains on the border with the Czech Republic . Upland regions include the Eifel , Hunsrück and Palatine Forest west of the Rhine , the Taunus hills north of Frankfurt , the Vogelsberg massif , the Rhön , and the Thüringer Wald . South of Berlin , the east - central part of the country is more like the low northern areas , with sandy soil and river wetlands such as the Spreewald region . Southern Germany 's landforms are defined by various linear hill and mountain ranges like the two adjacent ranges of the Swabian and Franconian Alb ( reaching approximately from the source of the Danube in the southwest of Baden - Württemberg , south of Stuttgart , across Swabia into Central Franconia and to the valley of the river Main ) and the Bavarian Forest along the border between Bavaria and the Czech Republic . The Alps on the southern border are the highest mountains , but relatively little Alpine terrain lies within Germany ( in southeastern Swabia and Upper Bavaria ) compared to Switzerland and Austria . The Black Forest , on the southwestern border with France , separates the Rhine from the headwaters of the Danube on its eastern slopes . Climate ( edit ) Summer coastal climate on the island of Sylt in Schleswig - Holstein Thuringian Forests in winter Köppen climate classification types of Germany Germany 's climate is temperate and marine , with cold , cloudy , wet winters and moderate warm summers and in the south occasional warm föhn wind . The greater part of Germany lies in the cool / temperate climatic zone in which humid westerly winds predominate . In the northwest and the north , the climate is oceanic and rain falls all the year round . Winters there are relatively mild and summers comparatively cool . In the east , the climate shows clear continental features ; winters can be very cold for long periods , and summers can become very warm . Dry periods are often recorded . In the centre and the south , there is a transitional climate which may be predominantly oceanic or continental , according to the general weather situation . Winters are mild and summers tend to be cool , though maximum temperatures can exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) for several days in a row during heat waves . The warmest regions of Germany can be found in the south - west ( see rhine rift , German Wine Route and Palatinate ) . Here summers can be hot with many days exceeding 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Sometimes , minimum temperatures do not drop below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , which is relatively rare in other regions . Land use ( edit ) Alpine scenery in Bavaria Germany covers a total of 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , of which 5,157 km ( 1,991 sq mi ) is irrigated land and 8,350 km ( 3,220 sq mi ) is covered by water , the largest lakes being Lake Constance ( total area of 536 km ( 207 sq mi ) , with 62 % of the shore being German ; international borders are not defined on the lake itself ) , Müritz ( 117 km or 45 sq mi ) and Chiemsee ( 80 km or 31 sq mi ) . The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land ( 33.95 % ) ; permanent crops cover 0.57 % of the land . Germany has a total of 2,389 km ( 1,484 mi ) of coastline , and borders totaling 3,714 km ( 2,308 mi ) ( clockwise from north : Denmark 140 km ( 87 mi ) , Poland 467 km ( 290 mi ) , Czech Republic 704 km ( 437 mi ) , Austria 801 km ( 498 mi ) , Switzerland 348 km ( 216 mi ) , France 418 km ( 260 mi ) , Luxembourg 128 km ( 80 mi ) , Belgium 133 km ( 83 mi ) , Netherlands 575 km ( 357 mi ) ) . The German - Austrian border crosses itself near Jungholz . The border with Belgium includes 5 German exclaves because the Vennbahn railway is on Belgian territory crossing in and out of Germany . Rivers ( edit ) The major German rivers For a more comprehensive list , see List of rivers of Germany . The main rivers in Germany are : the Rhine ( Rhein in German ) with a German section extending 865 km ( 537 mi ) ( main tributaries including the Neckar , the Main and the Moselle ( Mosel ) ) ; the Elbe with a German section of 727 km ( 452 mi ) ( also drains into the North Sea ) ; and the Danube ( Donau ) with a German length of 687 km ( 427 mi ) . Further important rivers include the Saale and the Main in central Germany , the Neckar in the southwest , the Weser in the North and the Oder at the eastern border . Caves ( edit ) Show caves in Germany Throughout the Karst rocks many caves were formed especially in the valley of the Hönne . The biggest culture cave of Europe is located in Balve . Natural resources ( edit ) Iron ore , coal , potash , timber , lignite , uranium , copper , petroleum , natural gas , salt , nickel , and water . Environment ( edit ) The Lüneburg Heath Nature Reserve in Lower Saxony The eagle is a protected bird of prey Current issues Emissions from coal - burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution ; acid rain , resulting from sulphur dioxide emissions , is damaging forests ; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany ; hazardous waste disposal ; government ( under Chancellor Schröder , SPD ) announced intent to end the use of nuclear power for producing electricity ; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU 's Flora , Fauna , and Habitat directive . Germany 's last glacier is disappearing . International agreements Party to : Air Pollution , Air Pollution - Nitrogen oxides , Air Pollution - Persistent Organic Pollutants , Air Pollution - Sulphur 85 , Air Pollution - Sulphur 94 , Air Pollution - Volatile Organic Compounds , Antarctic - Environmental Protocol , Antarctic Treaty , Biodiversity , Climate Change , Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol , Desertification , Endangered Species , Environmental Modification , Hazardous Wastes , Law of the Sea , Marine Dumping , Nuclear Test Ban , Ozone Layer Protection , Ship Pollution , Tropical Timber 83 , Tropical Timber 94 , Wetlands , Whaling Signed , but not ratified : none Natural hazards Flooding through rivers after heavy rainfall , such as during the 2002 European floods , or Storm surge , such as the North Sea flood of 1962 and the historic floods of 1362 and 1634 that changed the coastline of what is now the west coast of Schleswig - Holstein . Flora and Fauna ( edit ) Deer are widespread species Phytogeographically , Germany is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom . The territory of Germany can be subdivided into two ecoregions : European - Mediterranean montane mixed forests and Northeast - Atlantic shelf marine . The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land ( 33 % ) or forestry and woodland ( 31 % ) . Only 15 % is covered by permanent pastures . Plants and animals are those generally common to middle Europe . Beeches , oaks , and other deciduous trees constitute one - third of the forests ; conifers are increasing as a result of reforestation . Spruce and fir trees predominate in the upper mountains , while pine and larch are found in sandy soil . There are many species of ferns , flowers , fungi , and mosses . Fish abound in the rivers and the North Sea . Wild animals include deer , wild boar , mouflon , fox , badger , hare , and small numbers of beaver . Various migratory birds cross Germany in the spring and autumn . The national parks in Germany include the Wadden Sea National Parks , the Jasmund National Park , the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park , the Müritz National Park , the Lower Oder Valley National Park , the Harz National Park , the Saxon Switzerland National Park and the Bavarian Forest National Park . Germany is known for its many zoological gardens , wildlife parks , aquaria , and bird parks . More than 400 registered zoos and animal parks operate in Germany , which is believed to be the largest number in any single country of the world . The Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the oldest zoo in Germany and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world . Human Geography ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Population density Main article : Demographics of Germany With an estimated 81.8 million inhabitants in January 2010 , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union and ranks as the 15th largest country in the world in terms of population . Its population density stands at 229.4 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 594 / sq mi ) . The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the third - highest number of international migrants worldwide , around 20 % of Germany _́ s population do not hold a German passport or are descendents of immigrants . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Länder . Each state has its own state constitution and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation . Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies , especially between city states ( Stadtstaaten ) and states with larger territories ( Flächenländer ) . For regional administrative purposes five states , namely Baden - Württemberg , Bavaria , Hesse , North Rhine - Westphalia and Saxony , consist of a total of 22 Government Districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) . As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts ( Kreise ) on municipal level , these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts . Lower Saxony Bremen Hamburg Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Saxony - Anhalt Saxony Brandenburg Berlin Thuringia Hesse North Rhine - Westphalia Rhineland - Palatinate Bavaria Baden - Württemberg Saarland Schleswig - Holstein State Capital Area ( km2 ) Population Baden - Württemberg Stuttgart 35,752 10,717,000 Bavaria Munich 70,549 12,444,000 Berlin Berlin 892 3,400,000 Brandenburg Potsdam 29,477 2,568,000 Bremen Bremen 404 663,000 Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,735,000 Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,098,000 Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Schwerin 23,174 1,720,000 Lower Saxony Hanover 47,618 8,001,000 North Rhine - Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,043 18,075,000 Rhineland - Palatinate Mainz 19,847 4,061,000 Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 1,056,000 Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,296,000 Saxony - Anhalt Magdeburg 20,445 2,494,000 Schleswig - Holstein Kiel 15,763 2,829,000 Thuringia Erfurt 16,172 2,355,000 Urbanization ( edit ) Germany has a number of large cities ; the most populous are : Berlin , Hamburg , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , and Stuttgart . The largest conurbation is the Rhine - Ruhr region ( 12 million ) , including Düsseldorf ( the capital of North Rhine - Westphalia ) , Cologne , Essen , Dortmund , Duisburg , and Bochum . <Th_colspan="10"> Largest cities or towns in Germany Statistical offices in Germany ( 31 December 2015 ) Rank Name State Pop . Rank Name State Pop . Berlin Hamburg Berlin Berlin 3,710,156 11 Bremen Bremen ( state ) 557,464 Munich Cologne Hamburg Hamburg 1,787,408 12 Dresden Saxony 543,825 Munich Bavaria 1,450,381 13 Hannover Lower Saxony 532,163 Cologne North Rhine - Westphalia 1,060,582 14 Nuremberg Bavaria 509,975 5 Frankfurt Hesse 732,688 15 Duisburg North Rhine - Westphalia 491,231 6 Stuttgart Baden - Württemberg 623,738 16 Bochum North Rhine - Westphalia 364,742 7 Düsseldorf North Rhine - Westphalia 612,178 17 Wuppertal North Rhine - Westphalia 350,046 8 Dortmund North Rhine - Westphalia 586,181 18 Bielefeld North Rhine - Westphalia 333,090 9 Essen North Rhine - Westphalia 582,624 19 Bonn North Rhine - Westphalia 318,809 10 Leipzig Saxony 560,472 20 Münster North Rhine - Westphalia 310,039 See also ( edit ) Germany portal European Union portal Administrative divisions of Germany Geography of Europe List of national parks of Germany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/travel/the-complete-guide-to-lake-constance-5333037.html ^ Jump up to : `` Germany '' . CIA World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ German Climate Handbuch Deutschland . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` German Climate and Weather '' . World Travels . Globe Media Ltd. 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Germany '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ List of Ecoregions : Terrestrial Ecoregions WWF . Retrieved 21 November 2000 . Jump up ^ List of famous Zoological gardens in European countries www.eupedia.com . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Some interesting zoo facts www.americanzoos.info/ . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Tierstatistik 2008 , Zoo Berlin . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Archived June 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` International Migration 2006 '' ( PDF ) . UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The individual denomination is either Land ( state ) , Freistaat ( free state ) or Freie ( und ) Hansestadt ( free ( and ) Hanseatic city ) . `` The Federal States '' . www.bundesrat.de . Bundesrat of Germany . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . `` Amtliche Bezeichnung der Bundesländer '' ( Official denomination of federated states ) ( PDF ; download file `` Englisch `` ) . www.auswaertiges-amt.de ( in German ) . Federal Foreign Office . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Example for state constitution : `` Constitution of the Land of North Rhine - Westphalia '' `` . Landtag ( state assembly ) of North Rhine - Westphalia . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kreisfreie Städte und Landkreise nach Fläche und Bevölkerung 31.12. 2009 '' ( in German ) . Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . October 2010 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Germany . 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