cieh fsis sqf haccp fmea pillsbury 22000 tq asq guidances lachance nontuberculous lindhe ccp naegleria qca snorre botulinum 90074 ntm rosén bisi baumann clostridium alimentarius trichinella havelaar enterovirus microbiological acinetobacter
where did the haccp system have its beginnings
Hazard analysis and critical control points - wikipedia Hazard analysis and critical control points Jump to : navigation , search Food safety <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Terms <Td_colspan="2"> Foodborne illness <Td_colspan="2"> Hazard analysis and critical control points ( HACCP ) Hazard analysis and risk - based preventive controls ( HARPC ) <Td_colspan="2"> Critical control point <Th_colspan="2"> Critical factors <Td_colspan="2"> FAT TOM <Td_colspan="2"> pH <Td_colspan="2"> Water activity ( a ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bacterial pathogens <Td_colspan="2"> Clostridium botulinum <Td_colspan="2"> Escherichia coli <Td_colspan="2"> Listeria <Td_colspan="2"> Salmonella <Td_colspan="2"> Vibrio cholerae <Td_colspan="2"> Cronobacter spp <Th_colspan="2"> Viral pathogens <Td_colspan="2"> Enterovirus <Td_colspan="2"> Hepatitis A <Td_colspan="2"> Norovirus <Td_colspan="2"> Rotavirus <Th_colspan="2"> Parasitic pathogens <Td_colspan="2"> Cryptosporidium <Td_colspan="2"> Entamoeba histolytica <Td_colspan="2"> Giardia <Td_colspan="2"> Trichinella <Td_colspan="2"> Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points , or HACCP ( / ˈhæsʌp / ) , is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological , chemical , and physical hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level . In this manner , HACCP attempts to avoid hazards rather than attempting to inspect finished products for the effects of those hazards . The HACCP system can be used at all stages of a food chain , from food production and preparation processes including packaging , distribution , etc . The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) require mandatory HACCP programs for juice and meat as an effective approach to food safety and protecting public health . Meat HACCP systems are regulated by the USDA , while seafood and juice are regulated by the FDA . All other food companies in the United States that are required to register with the FDA under the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 , as well as firms outside the US that export food to the US , are transitioning to mandatory hazard analysis and risk - based preventive controls ( HARPC ) plans . HACCP is believed to stem from a production process monitoring used during World War II because traditional `` end of the pipe '' testing on artillery shell 's firing mechanisms could not be performed , and a large percentage of the artillery shells made at the time were either duds or misfiring . HACCP itself was conceived in the 1960s when the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) asked Pillsbury to design and manufacture the first foods for space flights . Since then , HACCP has been recognized internationally as a logical tool for adapting traditional inspection methods to a modern , science - based , food safety system . Based on risk - assessment , HACCP plans allow both industry and government to allocate their resources efficiently in establishing and auditing safe food production practices . In 1994 , the organization of International HACCP Alliance was established initially for the US meat and poultry industries to assist them with implementing HACCP and now its membership has been spread over other professional / industrial areas . Hence , HACCP has been increasingly applied to industries other than food , such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals . This method , which in effect seeks to plan out unsafe practices based on science , differs from traditional `` produce and sort '' quality control methods that do nothing to prevent hazards from occurring and must identify them at the end of the process . HACCP is focused only on the health safety issues of a product and not the quality of the product , yet HACCP principles are the basis of most food quality and safety assurance systems . In the United States , HACCP compliance is regulated by 21 CFR part 120 and 123 . Similarly , FAO / WHO published a guideline for all governments to handle the issue in small and less developed food businesses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Principles 3 Standards 4 Training 5 Application 6 Water quality management 6.1 Water quality management programme guidelines 7 HACCP for building water systems 8 ISO 22000 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) In the early 1960s , a collaborated effort between the Pillsbury Company , NASA , and the U.S. Army Laboratories began with the objective to provide safe food for space expeditions . People involved in this collaboration included Herbert Hollander , Mary Klicka , and Hamed El - Bisi of the United States Army Laboratories in Natick , Massachusetts , Dr. Paul A. Lachance of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston , Texas , and Howard E. Baumann representing Pillsbury as its lead scientist . To ensure that the food sent to space was safe , Lachance imposed strict microbial requirements , including pathogen limits ( including E. coli , Salmonella , and Clostridium botulinum ) . Using the traditional end product testing method , it was soon realized that almost all of the food manufactured was being used for testing and very little was left for actual use . Therefore , a new approach was needed . NASA 's own requirements for critical control points ( CCP ) in engineering management would be used as a guide for food safety . CCP derived from failure mode and effects analysis ( FMEA ) from NASA via the munitions industry to test weapon and engineering system reliability . Using that information , NASA and Pillsbury required contractors to identify `` critical failure areas '' and eliminate them from the system , a first in the food industry then . Baumann , a microbiologist by training , was so pleased with Pillsbury 's experience in the space program that he advocated for his company to adopt what would become HACCP at Pillsbury . Soon , Pillsbury was confronted with a food safety issue of its own when glass contamination was found in farina , a cereal commonly used in infant food . Baumann 's leadership promoted HACCP in Pillsbury for producing commercial foods , and applied to its own food production . This led to a panel discussion at the 1971 National Conference on Food Protection that included examining CCPs and good manufacturing practices in producing safe foods . Several botulism cases were attributed to under - processed low - acid canned foods in 1970 -- 71 . The United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) asked Pillsbury to organize and conduct a training program on the inspection of canned foods for FDA inspectors . This 21 - day program was first held in September 1972 with 11 days of classroom lecture and 10 days of canning plant evaluations . Canned food regulations ( 21 CFR 108 , 21 CFR 110 , 21 CFR 113 , and 21 CFR 114 ) were first published in 1969 . Pillsbury 's training program to the FDA in 1969 , titled `` Food Safety through the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System '' , was the first time that HACCP was used . HACCP was initially set on three principles , now shown as principles one , two , and four in the section below . Pillsbury quickly adopted two more principles , numbers three and five , to its own company in 1975 . It was further supported by the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) that governmental inspections by the FDA go from reviewing plant records to compliance with its HACCP system . A second proposal by the NAS led to the development of the National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods ( NACMCF ) in 1987 . NACMCF was initially responsible for defining HACCP 's systems and guidelines for its application and were coordinated with the Codex Committee for Food Hygiene , that led to reports starting in 1992 and further harmonization in 1997 . By 1997 , the seven HACCP principles listed below became the standard . A year earlier , the American Society for Quality offered their first certifications for HACCP Auditors . ( First known as Certified Quality Auditor - HACCP , they were changed to Certified HACCP Auditor ( CHA ) in 2004 . ) . HACCP expanded in all realms of the food industry , going into meat , poultry , seafood , dairy , and has spread now from the farm to the fork . Principles ( edit ) Conduct a hazard analysis Plan to determine the food safety hazards and identify the preventive measures the plan can apply to control these hazards . A food safety hazard is any biological , chemical , or physical property that may cause a food to be unsafe for human consumption . Identify critical control points A critical control point ( CCP ) is a point , step , or procedure in a food manufacturing process at which control can be applied and , as a result , a food safety hazard can be prevented , eliminated , or reduced to an acceptable level . Establish critical limits for each critical control point A critical limit is the maximum or minimum value to which a physical , biological , or chemical hazard must be controlled at a critical control point to prevent , eliminate , or reduce that hazard to an acceptable level . Establish critical control point monitoring requirements Monitoring activities are necessary to ensure that the process is under control at each critical control point . In the United States , the FSIS requires that each monitoring procedure and its frequency be listed in the HACCP plan . Establish corrective actions These are actions to be taken when monitoring indicates a deviation from an established critical limit . The final rule requires a plant 's HACCP plan to identify the corrective actions to be taken if a critical limit is not met . Corrective actions are intended to ensure that no product is injurious to health or otherwise adulterated as a result if the deviation enters commerce . Establish procedures for ensuring the HACCP system is working as intended Validation ensures that the plants do what they were designed to do ; that is , they are successful in ensuring the production of a safe product . Plants will be required to validate their own HACCP plans . FSIS will not approve HACCP plans in advance , but will review them for conformance with the final rule . Verification ensures the HACCP plan is adequate , that is , working as intended . Verification procedures may include such activities as review of HACCP plans , CCP records , critical limits and microbial sampling and analysis . FSIS is requiring that the HACCP plan include verification tasks to be performed by plant personnel . Verification tasks would also be performed by FSIS inspectors . Both FSIS and industry will undertake microbial testing as one of several verification activities . Verification also includes ' validation ' -- the process of finding evidence for the accuracy of the HACCP system ( e.g. scientific evidence for critical limitations ) . Establish record keeping procedures The HACCP regulation requires that all plants maintain certain documents , including its hazard analysis and written HACCP plan , and records documenting the monitoring of critical control points , critical limits , verification activities , and the handling of processing deviations . Implementation involves monitoring , verifying , and validating of the daily work that is compliant with regulatory requirements in all stages all the time . The differences among those three types of work are given by Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food . Standards ( edit ) The seven HACCP principles are included in the international standard ISO 22000 FSMS 2011 . This standard is a complete food safety and quality management system incorporating the elements of prerequisite programmes ( GMP & SSOP ) , HACCP and the quality management system , which together form an organization 's Total Quality Management system . Other standards , such as Safe Quality Food Institute 's SQF Code , also relies upon the HACCP methodology as the basis for developing and maintaining food safety ( level 2 ) and food quality ( level 3 ) plans and programs in concert with the fundamental prerequisites of good manufacturing practices . Training ( edit ) Training for developing and implementing HACCP food safety management system are offered by several quality assurance companies . However , ASQ does provide a Trained HACCP Auditor ( CHA ) exam to individuals seeking professional training . In the UK the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health ( CIEH ) and Royal Society for Public Health offer HACCP for Food Manufacturing qualifications , accredited by the QCA ( Qualifications and Curriculum Authority ) . Application ( edit ) Fish and fishery products Fresh - cut produce Juice and nectar products Food outlets Meat and poultry products School food and services Water quality management ( edit ) The use of HACCP for water quality management was first proposed nearly 20 years ago . Thereafter , a number of water quality initiatives applied HACCP principles and steps to the control of infectious disease from water , and provided the basis for the Water Safety Plan ( WSP ) approach in the third edition of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) report , which has been described as `` a way of adapting the HACCP approach to drinking water systems '' . Water quality management programme guidelines ( edit ) Programme Modernization : According to Ongley , 1998 , a series of steps could be taken to execute a more useful transition -- from technical programmmes to policy to management decisions . Various aspects of the modernization process have been discussed by Ongley in ESCAP ( 1997 ) : Policy reform -- A consultative process must define all the policy tenets and should review the execution of the said policy tenets . Legal reform -- Legal reform with respect to water quality management is one of the most crucial elements . This could be addressed by the creation of national data standards as well as the creation of a national process to analyze and review collected data . Institutional reform -- This is a complex issue and has got no simple answers . Still , there are some key principles that can be helpful for institutional reform in the light of water quality management . One of them is water quality monitoring as a service function . Apart from that , both technical efficiency and capacity issues emerge as major factors in a reformed water quality programmes . Technical reform -- This is one area that garners the most attention as well as investment . However , such a kind of reform most targets facility modernization , including other co-factors like data programmes / networks , technical innovation , data management / data products and remediation . HACCP for building water systems ( edit ) Hazards associated with water systems in buildings include physical , chemical and microbial hazards . In 2013 , NSF International , a public health and safety NGO , established education , training and certification programs in HACCP for building water systems . The programs , developed with the guidance of subject matter experts Aaron Rosenblatt and William McCoy center on the use of HACCP principles adapted to the specific requirements of domestic ( hot and cold ) and utility ( HVAC , etc . ) water systems in buildings , to prevent plumbing - associated hazards from harming people . Hazards addressed include scalding , lead , and disinfection byproducts as well as a range of clinically important pathogens , such as Legionella , Pseudomonas , nontuberculous mycobacteria ( NTM ) , Acinetobacter , Elizabethkingia , and Naegleria . Early adopters of HACCP for building water systems include leading healthcare institutions , notably Mayo Clinic in Rochester , MN . ISO 22000 ( edit ) ISO 22000 is a standard designed to help augment HACCP on issues related to food safety . Although several companies , especially big ones , have either implemented or are on the point of implementing ISO 22000 , there are many others which are hesitant to do so . The main reason behind that is the lack of information and the fear that the new standard is too demanding in terms of bureaucratic work . See also ( edit ) Failure mode and effects analysis Failure mode , effects , and criticality analysis Fault tree analysis Food safety Design Review Based on Failure Mode Fast food restaurant ISO 22000 Hazard analysis Hazard analysis and risk - based preventive controls Hazop Hygiene Sanitation Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures Codex Alimentarius Total quality management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MIL - STD - 105 official record Archived 18 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ International HACCP Alliance . `` International HACCP Alliance '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ FAO / WHO ; Richard Jackson . `` FAO / WHO guidance to governments on the application of HACCP in small and / or less - developed food businesses '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sperber , William H. ; Stier. , Richard F. ( December 2009 ) . `` Happy 50th Birthday to HACCP : Retrospective and Prospective '' . FoodSafety magazine . pp. 42 -- 46 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ FDA.gov Regulations on acidified and low - acid canned foods . -- accessed 10 January 2010 . Archived 27 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Newcomb , William O. `` ASQ Certification : A Brief History '' . Quality Progress . January 2010 . p. 43 . Jump up ^ American Society for Quality Certified HACCP Auditor brochure . -- accessed 9 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ISO 22000 FSMS 2005 Jump up ^ `` SQF Code , Ed . 7.2 '' ( PDF ) . SQF Institute . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ TQ Vision . `` Welcome to TQ Vision '' . Retrieved 9 October 2007 . Jump up ^ International Certifications Limited . `` International Certifications '' . Retrieved 9 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` HACCP Accreditation Service '' . aibonline.org . Archived from the original on 6 June 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ American Society for Quality . `` HACCP Auditor Certification -- CHA '' . Retrieved 9 October 2007 . Jump up ^ CIEH . `` Chartered Institute of Environmental Health ( CIEH ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ CIEH . `` Qualifications Curriculum Authority '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Food and Drug Administration . `` Fish and fisheries products hazards and controls guidance , third edition '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Food and Drug Administration . `` ( draft ) Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards of fresh - cut fruits and vegetables '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Food and Drug Administration . `` Guidance for Industry : Juice HACCP Hazards and Controls Guidance , First Edition '' . Archived from the original on 17 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Food and Drug Administration . `` Managing Food Safety : A HACCP Principles Guide for Operators of Food Establishments at the Retail Level ( Draft ) '' . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Food Safety and Inspection Service . `` FSIS Microbiological Hazard Identification Guide For Meat And Poultry Components Of Products Produced By Very Small Plants '' . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Agriculture . `` Guidance for school food authorities : developing a school food safety program based on the process approach to HACCP principles '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Havelaar , A.H. ( 3 November 1994 ) . `` Application of HACCP to drinking water supply '' . Food Control . 5 ( 3 ) : 145 -- 152 . doi : 10.1016 / 0956 - 7135 ( 94 ) 90074 - 4 . Jump up ^ Guidelines for Drinking - water Quality ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . 2004 . Jump up ^ Rosén , Lars ; Hokstad , Per ; Lindhe , Andreas ; Sklet , Snorre ; Røstum , Jon ( June 2007 ) . Generic Framework and Methods for Integrated Risk Management in Water Safety Plans ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Techneau . Jump up ^ Water Quality Management , Retrieved 27 April 2015 Jump up ^ Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , `` A Comparative Presentation of Implementation of ISO 22000 Versus HACCP and FMEA in a Small Size Greek Factory Producing Smoked Trout : A Case Study '' ( PDF ) . Volume 49 , 2009 , pages 176 -- 201 External links ( edit ) International HACCP Alliance Small & Very Small Plant Outreach -- FSIS guidances for meat and poultry products Canadian Food Inspection Agency -- contains free templates and guides for HACCP programs to meet Canadian Food and Drug Regulations for the public but targeting federally registered establishments . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Public health General Auxology Biological hazard Chief Medical Officer Cultural competence Deviance Environmental health Euthenics Genomics Globalization and disease Health economics Health literacy Health policy Health system Health care reform Public health law Maternal health Medical anthropology Medical sociology Mental health Pharmaceutical policy Public health laboratory Reproductive health Social psychology Sociology of health and illness Preventive healthcare Behavior change Theories Family planning Health promotion Human nutrition Preventive nutrition Hygiene Food safety Hand washing Infection control Oral hygiene Occupational safety and health Human factors and ergonomics Hygiene Injury prevention Medicine Nursing Patient safety Organization Pharmacovigilance Safe sex Sanitation Emergency Fecal -- oral transmission Open defecation Sanitary sewer Waterborne diseases Smoking cessation Vaccination Vector control Population health Biostatistics Child mortality Community health Epidemiology Global health Health impact assessment Health system Infant mortality Open - source healthcare software Public health informatics Social determinants of health Health equity Race and health Social medicine Biological and epidemiological statistics Case - control study Randomized controlled trial Relative risk Statistical hypothesis testing Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) Regression analysis ROC curve Student 's t - test Z - test Statistical software Infectious and epidemic disease prevention Asymptomatic carrier Epidemics List Notifiable diseases List Public health surveillance Disease surveillance Quarantine Sexually transmitted infection Tropical disease Vaccine trial Food hygiene and safety management Food Additive Chemistry Engineering Microbiology Processing Safety Safety scandals Genetically modified food Good agricultural practice Good manufacturing practice HACCP ISO 22000 Health behavioral sciences Diffusion of innovations Health belief model Health communication Health psychology Positive deviance PRECEDE - PROCEED model Social cognitive theory Social norms approach Theory of planned behavior Transtheoretical model Organizations , education and history Organizations Europe Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Food Safety India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention City and county health departments Council on Education for Public Health Public Health Service World Health Organization World Toilet Organization Education Health education Higher education Bachelor of Science in Public Health Doctor of Public Health Professional degrees of public health Schools of public health History Sara Josephine Baker Samuel Jay Crumbine Carl Rogers Darnall Joseph Lister Margaret Sanger John Snow Typhoid Mary Germ theory of disease Social hygiene movement <Td_colspan="2"> Commons WikiProject GND : 4206910 - 5 NDL : 00971183 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points&oldid=837984628 '' Categories : Food safety Quality management Hazard analysis Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 06 : 28 . 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