pfk purinergic fadh nucleoside cyt deoxyribonucleotide datp g3p listeriosis aminoacyl monophosphate nadh intermembrane kinases f6p glyco trna glycolysis phosphoryl acesulfame diphosphate citric divalent malate disodium triphosphate adp lipmann 6321 adenosine
write details about atp the biological energy currency
Adenosine triphosphate - wikipedia Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine - 5 ' - triphosphate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers CAS Number 56 - 65 - 5 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 15422 ChEMBL ChEMBL14249 ChemSpider 5742 DrugBank DB00171 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 258 IUPHAR / BPS 1713 KEGG C00002 PubChem CID 5957 UNII 8L70Q75FXE <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C10H16N5O13P3 / c11 - 8 - 5 - 9 ( 13 - 2 - 12 - 8 ) 15 ( 3 - 14 - 5 ) 10 - 7 ( 17 ) 6 ( 16 ) 4 ( 26 - 10 ) 1 - 25 - 30 ( 21 , 22 ) 28 - 31 ( 23 , 24 ) 27 - 29 ( 18 , 19 ) 20 / h2 - 4 , 6 - 7 , 10 , 16 - 17H , 1H2 , ( H , 21 , 22 ) ( H , 23 , 24 ) ( H2 , 11 , 12 , 13 ) ( H2 , 18 , 19 , 20 ) / t4 - , 6 - , 7 - , 10 - / m1 / s1 Key : ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA - KQYNXXCUSA - N Key : ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA - KQYNXXCUBG <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) O = P ( O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OC ( C@H ) 3O ( C @ @ H ) ( n2cnc1c ( ncnc12 ) N ) ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C @ @ H ) 3O c1nc ( c2c ( n1 ) n ( cn2 ) ( C@H ) 3 ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C@H ) ( O3 ) COP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) O ) O ) O ) N <Th_colspan="2"> Properties Chemical formula C H N O P Molar mass 507.18 g / mol Density 1.04 g / cm ( disodium salt ) Melting point 187 ° C ( 369 ° F ; 460 K ) disodium salt ; decomposes Acidity ( pK ) 6.5 <Td_colspan="2"> Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Y verify ( what is ? ) <Td_colspan="2"> Infobox references This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) is a complex organic chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells , e.g. muscle contraction , nerve impulse propagation , chemical synthesis . Found in all forms of life , ATP is often referred to as the `` molecular unit of currency '' of intracellular energy transfer . When consumed in metabolic processes , it converts either to adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) or to adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) . Other processes regenerate ATP so that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day . It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA , and is used as a coenzyme . From the perspective of biochemistry , ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate , which indicates that it consists of three components : a nitrogenous base ( adenine ) , the sugar ribose , and the triphosphate . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Binding of metal cations to ATP 2 Chemical properties 3 Production from AMP and ADP 3.1 Production , aerobic conditions 3.1. 1 Glycolysis 3.1. 1.1 Regulation 3.1. 2 Citric acid cycle 3.1. 2.1 Regulation 3.1. 3 Beta oxidation 3.1. 3.1 Regulation 3.2 Production , anaerobic conditions 3.3 ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases 3.4 ATP production during photosynthesis 3.5 ATP recycling 4 Other biochemical functions 4.1 Intracellular signaling 4.2 DNA and RNA synthesis 4.3 Amino acid activation in protein synthesis 4.4 ATP binding cassette transporter 4.5 Extracellular signalling and neurotransmision 5 ATP analogues 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) In terms of its structure , ATP consists of an adenine attached by the 9 - nitrogen atom to the 1 ′ carbon atom of a sugar ( ribose ) , which in turn is attached at the 5 ′ carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group . In its many reactions related to metabolism , the adenine and sugar groups remain unchanged , but the triphosphate is converted to di - and monophosphate , giving respectively the derivatives ADP and AMP . The three phosphoryl groups are referred to as the alpha ( α ) , beta ( β ) , and , for the terminal phosphate , gamma ( γ ) . In neutral solution , ionized ATP exists mostly as ATP , with a small proportion of ATP . Binding of metal cations to ATP ( edit ) Being polyanionic and featuring a potentially chelatable polyphosphate group , ATP binds metal cations with high affinity . The binding constant for Mg is ( 9554 ) . The binding of a divalent cation , almost always magnesium , strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins . Due to the strength of the ATP - Mg interaction , ATP exists in the cell mostly as a complex with Mg bonded to the phosphate oxygen centers . A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain . The presence of Mg regulates kinase activity . Chemical properties ( edit ) Salts of ATP can be isolated as colorless solids . ATP is stable in aqueous solutions between pH 6.8 and 7.4 , in the absence of catalysts . At more extreme pHs , it rapidly hydrolyses to ADP and phosphate . Living cells maintain the ratio of ATP to ADP at a point ten orders of magnitude from equilibrium , with ATP concentrations fivefold higher than the concentration of ADP . In the context of biochemical reactions , the P-O-P bonds are frequently referred to as high - energy bonds . The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate releases 30.5 kJ / mol of enthalpy , with a change in free energy of 3.4 kJ / mol . The energy released by cleaving either a phosphate ( P ) or pyrophosphate ( PP ) unit from ATP at standard state of 1 M are : ATP + H O → ADP + P ΔG ° = − 30.5 kJ / mol ( − 7.3 kcal / mol ) ATP + H O → AMP + PP ΔG ° = − 45.6 kJ / mol ( − 10.9 kcal / mol ) These abbreviated equations can be written more explicitly ( R = adenosyl ) : ( RO - P ( O ) - O-P ( O ) - O - PO ) + H O → ( RO - P ( O ) - O - PO ) + ( PO ) + 2 H ( RO - P ( O ) - O-P ( O ) - O - PO ) + H O → ( RO - PO ) + ( O P-O - PO ) + 2 H This image shows a 360 - degree rotation of a single , gas - phase magnesium - ATP chelate with a charge of − 2 . The anion was optimized at the UB3LYP / 6 - 311 + + G ( d , p ) theoretical level and the atomic connectivity modified by the human optimizer to reflect the probable electronic structure . Production from AMP and ADP ( edit ) Production , aerobic conditions ( edit ) With a typical intracellular concentration of 1 -- 10 mM , ATP is abundant . The dephosphorylation of ATP and rephosphorylation of ADP and AMP occur repeatedly in the course of aerobic metabolism . ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes ; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are ( 1 ) glycolysis , ( 2 ) the citric acid cycle / oxidative phosphorylation , and ( 3 ) beta - oxidation . The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide , the combination of pathways 1 and 2 , is known as cellular respiration , produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose . ATP production by a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryote occurs mainly in the mitochondria , which comprise nearly 25 % of the volume of a typical cell . Glycolysis ( edit ) Main article : Glycolysis In glycolysis , glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate . Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes , PGK and pyruvate kinase . Two equivalents of NADH are also produced , which can be oxidized via the electron transport chain and result in the generation of additional ATP by ATP synthase . The pyruvate generated as an end - product of glycolysis is a substrate for the Krebs Cycle . Glycolysis is viewed as consisting of two phases with five steps each . Phase 1 , `` the preparatory phase '' , glucose is converted to 2 d - glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( g3p ) . One ATP is invested in the Step 1 , and another ATP is invested in Step 3 . Steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis are referred to as `` Priming Steps '' . In Phase 2 , two equivalents of g3p are converted to two pyruvates . In Step 7 , two ATP are produced . In addition , in Step 10 , two further equivalents of ATP are produced . In Steps 7 and 10 , ATP is generated from ADP . A net of two ATPs are formed in the glycolysis cycle . The glycolysis pathway is later associated with the Citric Acid Cycle which produces additional equivalents of ATP . Regulation ( edit ) In glycolysis , hexokinase is directly inhibited by its product , glucose - 6 - phosphate , and pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ATP itself . The main control point for the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase ( PFK ) , which is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of ATP and activated by high concentrations of AMP . The inhibition of PFK by ATP is unusual , since ATP is also a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by PFK ; the active form of the enzyme is a tetramer that exists in two conformations , only one of which binds the second substrate fructose - 6 - phosphate ( F6P ) . The protein has two binding sites for ATP -- the active site is accessible in either protein conformation , but ATP binding to the inhibitor site stabilizes the conformation that binds F6P poorly . A number of other small molecules can compensate for the ATP - induced shift in equilibrium conformation and reactivate PFK , including cyclic AMP , ammonium ions , inorganic phosphate , and fructose - 1 , 6 - and - 2 , 6 - biphosphate . Citric acid cycle ( edit ) Main articles : Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation In the mitochondrion , pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group , which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle ( also known as the Krebs cycle ) . Every `` turn '' of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide , one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) through substrate - level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl - CoA synthetase , as succinyl - CoA is converted to Succinate , three equivalents of NADH , and one equivalent of FADH . NADH and FADH are recycled ( to NAD and FAD , respectively ) , generating additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation . The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2 -- 3 equivalents of ATP , and the oxidation of one FADH yields between 1 -- 2 equivalents of ATP . The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process . Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen , it is an obligately aerobic process because O is used to recycle the NADH and FADH . In the absence of oxygen , the citric acid cycle ceases . The generation of ATP by the mitochondrion from cytosolic NADH relies on the malate - aspartate shuttle ( and to a lesser extent , the glycerol - phosphate shuttle ) because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD . Instead of transferring the generated NADH , a malate dehydrogenase enzyme converts oxaloacetate to malate , which is translocated to the mitochondrial matrix . Another malate dehydrogenase - catalyzed reaction occurs in the opposite direction , producing oxaloacetate and NADH from the newly transported malate and the mitochondrion 's interior store of NAD . A transaminase converts the oxaloacetate to aspartate for transport back across the membrane and into the intermembrane space . In oxidative phosphorylation , the passage of electrons from NADH and FADH through the electron transport chain pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space . This pumping generates a proton motive force that is the net effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . Flow of protons down this potential gradient -- that is , from the intermembrane space to the matrix -- yields ATP by ATP synthase . Three ATP are produced per turn . Most of the ATP synthesized in the mitochondria will be used for cellular processes in the cytosol ; thus it must be exported from its site of synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix . ATP outward movement is favored by the membrane 's electrochemical potential because the cytosol has a relatively positive charge compared to the relatively negative matrix . For every ATP transported out , it costs 1 H. One ATP costs about 3 H. Therefore , making and exporting one ATP requires 4H The inner membrane contains an antiporter , the ADP / ATP translocase , which is an integral membrane protein used to exchange newly synthesized ATP in the matrix for ADP in the intermembrane space . This translocase is driven by the membrane potential , as it results in the movement of about 4 negative charges out of the mitochondrial membrane in exchange for 3 negative charges moved inside . However , it is also necessary to transport phosphate into the mitochondrion ; the phosphate carrier moves a proton in with each phosphate , partially dissipating the proton gradient . After completing glycolysis , the Citric Acid Cycle , electrons transport chain , and oxidative phosphorylation , approximately 30 - 38 ATP are produced per glucose . Regulation ( edit ) The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates , particularly the ratio of NAD to NADH and the concentrations of calcium , inorganic phosphate , ATP , ADP , and AMP . Citrate -- the ion that gives its name to the cycle -- is a feedback inhibitor of citrate synthase and also inhibits PFK , providing a direct link between the regulation of the citric acid cycle and glycolysis . Beta oxidation ( edit ) Main article : Beta - oxidation In the presence of air and various cofactors and enzymes , fatty acids are converted to acetyl - CoA . The pathway is called beta - oxidation . Each cycle of beta - oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms and produces one equivalent each of acetyl - CoA , NADH , and FADH . The acetyl - CoA is metabolized by the citric acid cycle to generate ATP , while the NADH and FADH are used by oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . Dozens of ATP equivalents are generated by the beta - oxidation of a single long acyl chain . Regulation ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , the key control point is the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase , which is regulated by the availability of its substrate -- the reduced form of cytochrome c . The amount of reduced cytochrome c available is directly related to the amounts of other substrates : ​ ⁄ NADH + cyt c + ADP + P ⇌ ​ ⁄ NAD + cyt c + ATP which directly implies this equation : ( c y t c r e d ) ( c y t c o x ) = ( ( N A D H ) ( N A D ) + ) 1 2 ( ( A D P ) ( P i ) ( A T P ) ) K e q ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( cyt ~ c_ ( red ) ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( cyt ~ c_ ( ox ) ) ) ) ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( NADH ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( NAD ) ) ^ ( + ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( ADP ) ) ( \ mathrm ( P_ ( i ) ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( ATP ) ) ) ) \ right ) K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) Thus , a high ratio of ( NADH ) to ( NAD ) or a high ratio of ( ADP ) ( P ) to ( ATP ) imply a high amount of reduced cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity . An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm . Production , anaerobic conditions ( edit ) Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air . It involves substrate - level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain . The equation for the oxidation of glucose to lactic acid is : C O → 2 CH CH ( OH ) COOH + 2 ATP Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of O . Prokaryotes can utilize a variety of electron acceptors . These include nitrate , sulfate , and carbon dioxide . ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( edit ) ATP can also be synthesized through several so - called `` replenishment '' reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( NDKs ) , which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high - energy phosphate donor , and the ATP : guanido - phosphotransferase family . ATP production during photosynthesis ( edit ) In plants , ATP is synthesized in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast . The process is called photophosphorylation . The `` machinery '' is similar to that in mitochondria except that light energy is used to pump protons across a membrane to produce a proton - motive force . ATP synthase then ensues exactly as in oxidative phosphorylation . Some of the ATP produced in the chloroplasts is consumed in the Calvin cycle , which produces triose sugars . ATP recycling ( edit ) The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.2 moles . The majority of ATP is recycled from ADP by the aforementioned processes . Thus , at any given time , the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant . The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 moles of ATP daily , which is around 50 to 75 kg . A human will typically use up his or her body weight of ATP over the course of the day . Each equivalent of ATP is recycled 500 - 750 times during a single day ( 100 / 0.2 = 500 ) . An example of the Rossmann fold , a structural domain of a decarboxylase enzyme from the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis ( PDB : 1G5Q ​ ) with a bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor . Other biochemical functions ( edit ) Intracellular signaling ( edit ) ATP is involved signal transduction by serving as substrate for kinases , enzymes that transfer phosphate groups . Kinases are the most common ATP - binding proteins . They share a small number of common folds . Phosphorylation of a protein by a kinase can activate a cascade such as the mitogen - activated protein kinase cascade . ATP is also a substrate of adenylate cyclase , most commonly in G protein - coupled receptor signal transduction pathways and is transformed to second messenger , cyclic AMP , which is involved in triggering calcium signals by the release of calcium from intracellular stores . This form of signal transduction is particularly important in brain function , although it is involved in the regulation of a multitude of other cellular processes . DNA and RNA synthesis ( edit ) ATP is one of four `` monomers '' required in the synthesis of RNA . The process is promoted by RNA polymerases . A similar process occurs in the formation of DNA , except that ATP is first converted to the deoxyribonucleotide dATP . Like many condensation reactions in nature , DNA replication and DNA transcription also consumes ATP . Amino acid activation in protein synthesis ( edit ) Main article : Amino acid activation Aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids , forming aminoacyl - tRNA complexes . Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP - amino acid to tRNA . The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps : aa + ATP ⟶ aa - AMP + PP aa - AMP + tRNA ⟶ aa - tRNA + AMP The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3 ′ - end of the tRNA ( the A in the sequence CCA ) via an ester bond ( roll over in illustration ) . ATP binding cassette Transporter ( edit ) Transporting chemicals out of a cell against a gradient is often associated with ATP hydrolysis . Transport is mediated by ATP binding cassette transporters . The human genome encodes 48 ABC transporters , that are used for exporting drugs , lipids , and other compounds . Extracellular signalling and neurotransmision ( edit ) Cells secrete ATP to communicate with other cells in a process called purinergic signalling . ATP serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system , modulates cilliary beating , affects vascular oxygen supply etc . ATP is either secreted directly across the cell membrane through channel proteins or is pumped into vesicles which then fuse with the membrane . Cells detect ATP using the purinergic receptor proteins P2X and P2Y . ATP analogues ( edit ) Biochemistry laboratories often use in vitro studies to explore ATP - dependent molecular processes . ATP analogs are also used in X-ray crystallography to determine a protein structure in complex with ATP , often together with other substrates . Enzyme inhibitors of ATP - dependent enzymes such as kinases are needed to examine the binding sites and transition states involved in ATP - dependent reactions . Most useful ATP analogs can not be hydrolyzed as ATP would be ; instead they trap the enzyme in a structure closely related to the ATP - bound state . Adenosine 5 ′ - ( γ - thiotriphosphate ) is an extremely common ATP analog in which one of the gamma - phosphate oxygens is replaced by a sulphur atom ; this anion is hydrolyzed at a dramatically slower rate than ATP itself and functions as an inhibitor of ATP - dependent processes . In crystallographic studies , hydrolysis transition states are modeled by the bound vanadate ion . Caution is warranted in interpreting the results of experiments using ATP analogs , since some enzymes can hydrolyze them at appreciable rates at high concentration . History ( edit ) ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann and Jendrassik and , independently , by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subba Rao of Harvard Medical School , both teams competing against each other to find an assay for phosphorus . It was proposed to be the intermediary between energy - yielding and energy - requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941 . It was first synthesized in the laboratory by Alexander Todd in 1948 . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 was divided , one half jointly to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and the other half to Jens C. Skou for the first discovery of an ion - transporting enzyme , Na+ , K+ - ATPase . See also ( edit ) Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) Adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) Adenosine - tetraphosphatase Adenosine methylene triphosphate ATPases ATP test ATP hydrolysis Citric acid cycle ( also called the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle ) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) Nucleotide exchange factor Phosphagen Photophosphorylation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knowles , J. R. ( 1980 ) . `` Enzyme - catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49 : 877 -- 919 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 49.070180. 004305 . PMID 6250450 . Jump up ^ Törnroth - Horsefield , S. ; Neutze , R. 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ISSN 0962 - 8436 . PMC 4455760 . Jump up ^ Larsson , Max ; Sawada , Keisuke ; Morland , Cecilie ; Hiasa , Miki ; Ormel , Lasse ; Moriyama , Yoshinori ; Gundersen , Vidar ( 2012 ) . `` Functional and Anatomical Identification of a Vesicular Transporter Mediating Neuronal ATP Release '' . Cerebral Cortex. 22 ( 5 ) : 1203 -- 1214 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhr203 . ISSN 1460 - 2199 . Jump up ^ Resetar , A. M. ; Chalovich , J. M. ( 1995 ) . `` Adenosine 5 ′ - ( gamma - thiotriphosphate ) : an ATP analog that should be used with caution in muscle contraction studies '' . Biochemistry . 34 ( 49 ) : 16039 -- 16045 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00049a018 . PMID 8519760 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Lohmann '' . www.nndb.com . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lohmann , K. ( August 1929 ) . `` Über die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel '' ( On the pyrophosphate fraction in muscle ) . Naturwissenschaften ( in German ) . 17 ( 31 ) : 624 -- 625 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01506215 . Jump up ^ `` The Determination of Phosphorus and the Discovery of Phosphocreatine and ATP : the Work of Fiske and SubbaRow '' . Jump up ^ Maruyama , K. ( March 1991 ) . `` The discovery of adenosine triphosphate and the establishment of its structure '' . J. Hist. Biol. 24 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 154 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00130477 . Jump up ^ Lipmann , F. ( 1941 ) . `` Metabolic generation and utilization of phosphate bond energy '' . Adv . Enzymol. 1 : 99 -- 162 . ISSN 0196 - 7398 . Jump up ^ `` History : ATP first discovered in 1929 '' . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adenosine triphosphate . ATP bound to proteins in the PDB ScienceAid : Energy ATP and Exercise PubChem entry for Adenosine Triphosphate KEGG entry for Adenosine Triphosphate <Th_colspan="2"> Nucleic acid constituents Nucleobase Purine Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Purine analogue Pyrimidine Uracil Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidine analogue Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) Nucleoside Ribonucleoside Adenosine Guanosine 5 - Methyluridine Uridine 5 - Methylcytidine Cytidine Pseudouridine Inosine N - Methyladenosine Xanthosine Wybutosine Deoxyribonucleoside Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Thymidine Deoxyuridine Deoxycytidine Deoxyinosine Deoxyxanthosine Nucleotide ( Nucleoside monophosphate ) Ribonucleotide AMP GMP m UMP UMP CMP IMP XMP Deoxyribonucleotide dAMP dGMP dTMP dUMP dCMP dIMP dXMP Cyclic nucleotide cAMP cGMP c - di - GMP c - di - AMP cADPR Nucleoside diphosphate <Td_colspan="2"> ADP GDP m UDP UDP CDP <Td_colspan="2"> dADP dGDP dTDP dUDP dCDP Nucleoside triphosphate <Td_colspan="2"> ATP GTP m UTP UTP CTP ITP XTP <Td_colspan="2"> dATP dGTP dTTP dUTP dCTP dITP dXTP <Th_colspan="2"> Enzyme cofactors Active forms vitamins TPP / ThDP ( B ) FMN , FAD ( B ) NAD , NADH , NADP , NADPH ( B ) Coenzyme A ( B ) PLP / P5P ( B ) Biotin ( B ) THFA / H FA , DHFA / H FA , MTHF ( B ) AdoCbl , MeCbl ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( C ) Phylloquinone ( K ) , Menaquinone ( K ) Coenzyme F420 non-vitamins ATP CTP SAMe PAPS GSH Coenzyme B Cofactor F430 Coenzyme M Coenzyme Q Heme / Haem ( A , B , C , O ) Lipoic Acid Methanofuran Molybdopterin / Molybdenum cofactor PQQ THB / BH THMPT / H MPT metal ions Ca Cu Fe , Fe Mg Mn Mo Ni Zn Base forms vitamins : see vitamins <Th_colspan="2"> Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) <Th_colspan="2"> Food science General Allergy Engineering Microbiology Nutrition Diet clinical Processing Processing aids Quality Sensory analysis Discrimination testing Rheology Storage Technology <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Food chemistry <Td_colspan="2"> Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Food preservation <Td_colspan="2"> Biopreservation Canning Cold chain Curing Drying Fermentation Freeze - drying Freezing Hurdle technology Irradiation Jamming Jellying Jugging Modified atmosphere Pascalization Pickling Potting Confit Potjevleesch Salting Smoking Sugaring Tyndallization Vacuum packing <Td_colspan="2"> Food preservation portal Category : Food preservation Food industry Manufacturing Packaging Marketing Foodservice Fortification <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Food safety Adulterants , food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins , poisons , environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic Swill milk scandal 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal 2017 -- 18 South African listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian strawberry contamination Food safety incidents in China Food safety in Australia Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation , standards , watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Food substitutes Artificial fat substitutes Olestra Trans fat Artificial protein substitutes Acid - hydrolyzed vegetable protein Artificial sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Alitame Aspartame Aspartame - acesulfame salt Dulcin Glucin Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Neotame NutraSweet Nutrinova Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sucralose Natural food substitutes Cheese analogues Coffee substitutes Egg substitutes Meat analogues bacon list Milk substitutes Phyllodulcin Salt substitutes Food politics Food power Food security Famine Malnutrition Overnutrition Institutions International Association for Food Protection Food and Drug Administration Food and Agriculture Organization National Agriculture and Food Research Organization National Food and Drug Authority <Th_colspan="2"> Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human <Td_colspan="2"> Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis <Td_colspan="2"> Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis <Td_colspan="2"> Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis <Td_colspan="2"> Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman <Td_colspan="2"> Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation <Td_colspan="2"> Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism <Th_colspan="2"> Metabolism map <Td_colspan="2"> Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . GND : 4143345 - 2 LCCN : sh85000850 NDL : 00560059 NKC : ph880313 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_triphosphate&oldid=863967313 '' Categories : Adenosine receptor agonists Neurotransmitters Purinergic signalling Cellular respiration Exercise physiology Nucleotides Coenzymes Purines Ergogenic aids Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 07 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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