simkovic buyback imputation mondovisione.com k405 gwic franking 1580s drips scrips shareholding repurchase dividend amsterdamsche tcg voc dividends tontine palmstruch cooperatives repurchases wisselbank scrip fokker megacorporation beurs payers reinvestment fabozzi roozen
which of the following is used by corporations to distribute their income to shareholders
Dividend - wikipedia Dividend Jump to : navigation , search This article is about financial dividends . For dividends in arithmetic , see Division ( mathematics ) . Part of a series on Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal A dividend is a payment made by a corporation to its shareholders , usually as a distribution of profits . When a corporation earns a profit or surplus , the corporation is able to re-invest the profit in the business ( called retained earnings ) and pay a proportion of the profit as a dividend to shareholders . Distribution to shareholders may be in cash ( usually a deposit into a bank account ) or , if the corporation has a dividend reinvestment plan , the amount can be paid by the issue of further shares or share repurchase . A dividend is allocated as a fixed amount per share , with shareholders receiving a dividend in proportion to their shareholding . For the joint - stock company , paying dividends is not an expense ; rather , it is the division of after - tax profits among shareholders . Retained earnings ( profits that have not been distributed as dividends ) are shown in the shareholders ' equity section on the company 's balance sheet -- the same as its issued share capital . Public companies usually pay dividends on a fixed schedule , but may declare a dividend at any time , sometimes called a special dividend to distinguish it from the fixed schedule dividends . Cooperatives , on the other hand , allocate dividends according to members ' activity , so their dividends are often considered to be a pre-tax expense . The word `` dividend '' comes from the Latin word `` dividendum '' ( `` thing to be divided '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Forms of payment 3 Reliability of dividends 4 Dividend dates 5 Dividend - reinvestment 6 Dividend taxation 6.1 United States and Canada 6.2 Australia and New Zealand 6.3 United Kingdom 6.4 India 7 Effect on stock price 7.1 Criticism 8 Other corporate entities 8.1 Cooperatives 8.2 Trusts 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Financial history of the Dutch Republic and Dutch East India Company Replica of an East Indiaman of the Dutch East India Company / United East Indies Company ( VOC ) . The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) was the first recorded publicly traded company to pay dividends . As Huston ( 2015 ) notes , `` the origins of practices that comprise modern dividend policy can be traced chiefly to the early seventeenth century and the Dutch East India Company . '' In financial history of the world , the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) was the first recorded ( public ) company ever to pay regular dividends . The VOC paid annual dividends worth around 18 percent of the value of the shares for almost 200 years of existence ( 1602 -- 1800 ) . Forms of payment ( edit ) Cash dividends are the most common form of payment and are paid out in currency , usually via electronic funds transfer or a printed paper check . Such dividends are a form of investment income and are usually taxable to the recipient in the year they are paid . This is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the company . For each share owned , a declared amount of money is distributed . Thus , if a person owns 100 shares and the cash dividend is 50 cents per share , the holder of the stock will be paid $50 . Dividends paid are not classified as an expense , but rather a deduction of retained earnings . Dividends paid does not show up on an income statement but does appear on the balance sheet . Stock or scrip dividends are those paid out in the form of additional stock shares of the issuing corporation , or another corporation ( such as its subsidiary corporation ) . They are usually issued in proportion to shares owned ( for example , for every 100 shares of stock owned , a 5 % stock dividend will yield 5 extra shares ) . Nothing tangible will be gained if the stock is split because the total number of shares increases , lowering the price of each share , without changing the market capitalization , or total value , of the shares held . ( See also Stock dilution . ) Stock dividend distributions Stock dividends do not affect the market capitalization of a company . Stock dividends are not includable in the gross income of the shareholder for US income tax purposes . Because the shares are issued for proceeds equal to the pre-existing market price of the shares ; there is no negative dilution in the amount recoverable . Property dividends or dividends in specie ( Latin for `` in kind '' ) are those paid out in the form of assets from the issuing corporation or another corporation , such as a subsidiary corporation . They are relatively rare and most frequently are securities of other companies owned by the issuer , however they can take other forms , such as products and services . Interim dividends are dividend payments made before a company 's Annual General Meeting ( AGM ) and final financial statements . This declared dividend usually accompanies the company 's interim financial statements . Other dividends can be used in structured finance . Financial assets with a known market value can be distributed as dividends ; warrants are sometimes distributed in this way . For large companies with subsidiaries , dividends can take the form of shares in a subsidiary company . A common technique for `` spinning off '' a company from its parent is to distribute shares in the new company to the old company 's shareholders . The new shares can then be traded independently . Reliability of dividends ( edit ) Two metrics are commonly used to examine a firm 's dividend policy . Payout ratio is calculated by dividing the company 's dividend by the earnings per share . A payout ratio greater than 1 means the company is paying out more in dividends for the year than it earned . Dividend cover is calculated by dividing the company 's cash flow from operations by the dividend . This ratio is apparently popular with analysts of income trusts in Canada . Dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members . It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders . Dividend dates ( edit ) A dividend that is declared must be approved by a company 's board of directors before it is paid . For public companies , four dates are relevant regarding dividends : Declaration date -- the day the board of directors announces its intention to pay a dividend . On that day , a liability is created and the company records that liability on its books ; it now owes the money to the stockholders . In - dividend date -- the last day , which is one trading day before the ex-dividend date , where the stock is said to be cum dividend ( ' with ( including ) dividend ' ) . In other words , existing holders of the stock and anyone who buys it on this day will receive the dividend , whereas any holders selling the stock lose their right to the dividend . After this date the stock becomes ex dividend . Ex-dividend date -- the day on which shares bought and sold no longer come attached with the right to be paid the most recently declared dividend . In the United States , it is typically 2 trading days before the record date . This is an important date for any company that has many stockholders , including those that trade on exchanges , to enable reconciliation of who is entitled to be paid the dividend . Existing holders of the stock will receive the dividend even if they sell the stock on or after that date , whereas anyone who bought the stock will not receive the dividend . It is relatively common for a stock 's price to decrease on the ex-dividend date by an amount roughly equal to the dividend paid . This reflects the decrease in the company 's assets resulting from the declaration of the dividend . Book closure date -- when a company announces a dividend , it will also announce a date on which the company will ideally temporarily close its books for fresh transfers of stock , which is also usually the record date . Record date -- shareholders registered in the company 's record as of the record date will be paid the dividend . Shareholders who are not registered as of this date will not receive the dividend . Registration in most countries is essentially automatic for shares purchased before the ex-dividend date . Payment date -- the day on which the dividend cheque will actually be mailed to shareholders or credited to their bank account . Dividend - reinvestment ( edit ) Some companies have dividend reinvestment plans , or DRIPs , not to be confused with scrips . DRIPs allow shareholders to use dividends to systematically buy small amounts of stock , usually with no commission and sometimes at a slight discount . In some cases , the shareholder might not need to pay taxes on these re-invested dividends , but in most cases they do . Dividend taxation ( edit ) Main article : Dividend tax Most countries impose a corporate tax on the profits made by a company . A dividend paid by a company is not an expense of the company , but is income of the shareholder . The tax treatment of this dividend income varies considerably between countries : United States and Canada ( edit ) The United States and Canada impose a lower tax rate on dividend income than ordinary income , on the assertion that company profits had already been taxed as corporate tax . Australia and new Zealand ( edit ) Australia and New Zealand have a dividend imputation system , wherein companies can attach franking credits or imputation credits to dividends . These franking credits represent the tax paid by the company upon its pre-tax profits . One dollar of company tax paid generates one franking credit . Companies can attach any proportion of franking up to a maximum amount that is calculated from the prevailing company tax rate : for each dollar of dividend paid , the maximum level of franking is the company tax rate divided by ( 1 - company tax rate ) . At the current 30 % rate , this works out at 0.30 of a credit per 70 cents of dividend , or 42.857 cents per dollar of dividend . The shareholders who are able to use them , apply these credits against their income tax bills at a rate of a dollar per credit , thereby effectively eliminating the double taxation of company profits . United Kingdom ( edit ) Dividends from UK companies are paid out of profits after corporation tax ( Corporation tax is at 20 % but decreases to 19 % from 1 April 2017 - split periods have pro-rata applied ) . Dividend income is taxable on UK residents at the rate of 7.5 % for basic rate payers , 32.5 % for higher rate tax payers and 38.1 % for additional rate payers . The income tax on dividend receipts is collected via personal tax returns . The first £ 5,000 of dividend income is not taxed , however dividend income above that amount is subject to the rate that would have applied if the £ 5,000 exemption had not been given . UK limited companies do not pay tax on dividends received from their investments or from their subsidiaries . This is classed as `` franked investment income '' . India ( edit ) In India , companies declaring or distributing dividend , are required to pay a Corporate Dividend Tax in addition to the tax levied on their income . The dividend received by the shareholders is then exempt in their hands. Dividend - paying firms in India fell from 24 per cent in 2001 to almost 16 per cent in 2009 before rising to 19 per cent in 2010 . However , dividend income over and above Rs. 1,000,000 shall attract 10 per cent dividend tax in the hands of the shareholder with effect from April 2016 . Effect on stock price ( edit ) After a stock goes ex-dividend ( i.e. when a dividend has just been paid , so there is no anticipation of another imminent dividend payment ) , the stock price should drop . To calculate the amount of the drop , the traditional method is to view the financial effects of the dividend from the perspective of the company . Since the company has paid say £ x in dividends per share out of its cash account on the left hand side of the balance sheet , the equity account on the right side should decrease an equivalent amount . This means that a £ x dividend should result in a £ x drop in the share price . A more accurate method of calculating this price is to look at the share price and dividend from the after - tax perspective of a share holder . The after - tax drop in the share price ( or capital gain / loss ) should be equivalent to the after - tax dividend . For example , if the tax of capital gains Tcg is 35 % , and the tax on dividends Td is 15 % , then a £ 1 dividend is equivalent to £ 0.85 of after - tax money . To get the same financial benefit from a capital loss , the after - tax capital loss value should equal £ 0.85 . The pre-tax capital loss would be £ 0.85 / ( 1 - Tcg ) = £ 0.85 / ( 1 - 35 % ) = £ 0.85 / 65 % = £ 1.30 . In this case , a dividend of £ 1 has led to a larger drop in the share price of £ 1.30 , because the tax rate on capital losses is higher than the dividend tax rate . Finally , security analysis that does not take dividends into account may mute the decline in share price , for example in the case of a Price -- earnings ratio target that does not back out cash ; or amplify the decline , for example in the case of Trend following . Criticism ( edit ) Some believe that company profits are best re-invested in the company : research and development , capital investment , expansion , etc . Proponents of this view ( and thus critics of dividends per se ) suggest that an eagerness to return profits to shareholders may indicate the management having run out of good ideas for the future of the company . Some studies , however , have demonstrated that companies that pay dividends have higher earnings growth , suggesting that dividend payments may be evidence of confidence in earnings growth and sufficient profitability to fund future expansion . Taxation of dividends is often used as justification for retaining earnings , or for performing a stock buyback , in which the company buys back stock , thereby increasing the value of the stock left outstanding . When dividends are paid , individual shareholders in many countries suffer from double taxation of those dividends : the company pays income tax to the government when it earns any income , and then when the dividend is paid , the individual shareholder pays income tax on the dividend payment . In many countries , the tax rate on dividend income is lower than for other forms of income to compensate for tax paid at the corporate level . A capital gain should not be confused with a dividend . Generally , a capital gain occurs where a capital asset is sold for an amount greater than the amount of its cost at the time the investment was purchased . A dividend is a parsing out a share of the profits , and is taxed at the dividend tax rate . If there is an increase of value of stock , and a shareholder chooses to sell the stock , the shareholder will pay a tax on capital gains ( often taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income ) . If a holder of the stock chooses to not participate in the buyback , the price of the holder 's shares could rise ( as well as it could fall ) , but the tax on these gains is delayed until the sale of the shares . Certain types of specialized investment companies ( such as a REIT in the U.S. ) allow the shareholder to partially or fully avoid double taxation of dividends . Shareholders in companies that pay little or no cash dividends can reap the benefit of the company 's profits when they sell their shareholding , or when a company is wound down and all assets liquidated and distributed amongst shareholders . This , in effect , delegates the dividend policy from the board to the individual shareholder . Payment of a dividend can increase the borrowing requirement , or leverage , of a company . Other corporate entities ( edit ) Cooperatives ( edit ) Cooperative businesses may retain their earnings , or distribute part or all of them as dividends to their members . They distribute their dividends in proportion to their members ' activity , instead of the value of members ' shareholding . Therefore , co-op dividends are often treated as pre-tax expenses . In other words , local tax or accounting rules may treat a dividend as a form of customer rebate or a staff bonus to be deducted from turnover before profit ( tax profit or operating profit ) is calculated . Consumers ' cooperatives allocate dividends according to their members ' trade with the co-op . For example , a credit union will pay a dividend to represent interest on a saver 's deposit . A retail co-op store chain may return a percentage of a member 's purchases from the co-op , in the form of cash , store credit , or equity . This type of dividend is sometimes known as a patronage dividend or patronage refund , as well as being informally named divi or divvy . Producer cooperatives , such as worker cooperatives , allocate dividends according to their members ' contribution , such as the hours they worked or their salary . Trusts ( edit ) In real estate investment trusts and royalty trusts , the distributions paid often will be consistently greater than the company earnings . This can be sustainable because the accounting earnings do not recognize any increasing value of real estate holdings and resource reserves . If there is no economic increase in the value of the company 's assets then the excess distribution ( or dividend ) will be a return of capital and the book value of the company will have shrunk by an equal amount . This may result in capital gains which may be taxed differently from dividends representing distribution of earnings . The distribution of profits by other forms of mutual organization also varies from that of joint - stock companies , though may not take the form of a dividend . In the case of mutual insurance , for example , in the United States , a distribution of profits to holders of participating life policies is called a dividend . These profits are generated by the investment returns of the insurer 's general account , in which premiums are invested and from which claims are paid . The participating dividend may be used to decrease premiums , or to increase the cash value of the policy . Some life policies pay nonparticipating dividends . As a contrasting example , in the United Kingdom , the surrender value of a with - profits policy is increased by a bonus , which also serves the purpose of distributing profits . Life insurance dividends and bonuses , while typical of mutual insurance , are also paid by some joint stock insurers . Insurance dividend payments are not restricted to life policies . For example , general insurer State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company can distribute dividends to its vehicle insurance policyholders . See also ( edit ) CSS dividend policy Common stock dividend Dividend units Dividend yield Liquidating dividend List of companies paying scrip dividends Qualified dividend References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 273 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Michael Simkovic , `` The Effect of Enhanced Disclosure on Open Market Stock Repurchases '' , 6 Berkeley Bus . L.J. 96 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Amedeo De Cesari , Susanne Espenlaub , Arif Khurshed and Michael Simkovic , `` The Effects of Ownership and Stock Liquidity on the Timing of Repurchase Transactions '' , 2010 Jump up ^ `` dividend '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Douglas Harper . 2001 . Retrieved November 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Baker , H. Kent ( ed . ) : Dividends and Dividend Policy . ( Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0470455807 ) Jump up ^ Huston , Jeffrey L. : The Declaration of Dependence : Dividends in the Twenty - First Century . ( Archway Publishing , 2015 , ISBN 1480825042 ) Jump up ^ Freedman , Roy S. : Introduction to Financial Technology . ( Academic Press , 2006 , ISBN 0123704782 ) Jump up ^ DK Publishing ( Dorling Kindersley ) : The Business Book ( Big Ideas Simply Explained ) . ( DK Publishing , 2014 , ISBN 1465415858 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , Clem ( 14 July 2006 ) . `` Who needs stock exchanges ? '' . MondoVisione.com . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stock Splits and Stock Dividends Management '' . Jump up ^ `` Stock Dividend '' . Jump up ^ `` Exhibit 5 , LLC '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Archived January 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SEC.gov - Ex-Dividend Dates : When Are You Entitled to Stock and Cash Dividends '' . www.sec.gov . Jump up ^ `` Definition of ' Dividend ' '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Arnott & Clifford S. Asness ( January -- February 2003 ) . `` Surprise ! Higher Dividends equal Higher Earnings Growth '' . Financial Analysts Journal . SSRN 390143 . Jump up ^ `` Ace Hardware , Form 10 - K405 , Filing Date Mar 22 , 2001 '' . secdatabase.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Co-op pays out £ 19.6 m in ' divi ' '' . BBC News via bbc.co.uk . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nikola Balnave & Greg Patmore . `` The History Cooperative -- Conference Proceedings - ASSLH - Rochdale consumer co-operatives and Australian labour history '' . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Norris , Sue ( March 3 , 2007 ) . `` Cooperatives pay big dividends '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What Are Dividends ? '' . New York Life . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . In short , the portion of the premium determined not to have been necessary to provide coverage and benefits , to meet expenses , and to maintain the company 's financial position , is returned to policyowners in the form of dividends . Jump up ^ Hoboken , NJ ( 2002 ) . `` 24 , Investment - Oriented Life Insurance '' . In Fabozzi , Frank J. Handbook of Financial Instruments . Wiley . p. 591 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 22092 - 2 . OCLC 52323583 . Jump up ^ `` State Farm Announces $1.25 Billion Mutual Auto Policyholder Dividend '' . State Farm . March 1 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Look up dividend in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ex-Dividend Dates : When Are You Entitled to Stock and Cash Dividends -- U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Why Should Companies Pay Dividends ? Dividend Policy from studyfinance.com at the University of Arizona The new U.S. dividend tax cut traps from Tennessee CPA Journal , Nov. 2004 <Th_colspan="2"> Financial markets Types of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker - dealer Day trader Floor broker Floor trader Investor Market maker Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Financial law Regulator Stock trader Exchanges Electronic communication network List of stock exchanges Trading hours Multilateral trading facility Over-the - counter Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory Beta Bid -- ask spread Book value Capital asset pricing model Capital market line Dividend discount model Dividend yield Earnings per share Earnings yield Net asset value Security characteristic line Security market line T - model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Day trading Dollar cost averaging Efficient - market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory Random walk hypothesis Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value investing Related terms Block trade Cross listing Dark pool Dividend Dual - listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Flight - to - quality Haircut Initial public offering Long Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Position Public float Public offering Rally Returns - based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Stock dilution Stock market index Stock split Trade Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield <Th_colspan="2"> Economic , financial and business history of the Netherlands General Economy of the Netherlands from 1500 -- 1700 Economic history of the Netherlands ( 1500 -- 1815 ) Economic history of the Dutch Republic Financial history of the Dutch Republic Dutch Financial Revolution ( 1580s -- 1700s ) Dutch economic miracle ( 1580s -- ca. 1700 ) Early modern industrialization in the Dutch Republic ( 1580s -- 1700s ) Dutch guilder Amsterdam Entrepôt Tulip mania Whaling in the Netherlands Diamond industry in the Dutch Republic Sugar industry in the Dutch Republic Shipbuilding industry in the Dutch Republic Pulp and paper industry in the Dutch Republic Hollander beater History of the chocolate industry Dutch process chocolate Polder model Key institutions Pre-1815 Amsterdam Stock Exchange ( Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser ) Bank of Amsterdam ( Amsterdamsche Wisselbank ) Brabantsche Compagnie Compagnie van Verre Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) Dutch West India Company ( WIC / GWIC ) New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Post-1815 De Nederlandsche Bank Philips Fokker KLM Stichting Max Havelaar Notable business and financial innovators Louis De Geer Gerard Adriaan Heineken Isaac Le Maire Johan Palmstruch Anton Philips Gerard Philips Nico Roozen Coenraad Johannes van Houten Anthony Fokker Frans van der Hoff Pioneering innovations Multinational corporation Transnational corporation Public company ( publicly traded company , publicly listed company ) Megacorporation Corporate finance Central bank Initial public offering ( IPO ) Stock market Stock exchange Securitization Common stock Corporate bond Perpetual bond Collective investment schemes ( investment funds ) Dividend ( dividend policy ) Dutch auction Fairtrade certification Government debt Financial regulation Investment banking Mutual fund Bear raid Short selling ( naked short selling ) Shareholder activism ( activist shareholder ) Shareholder revolt ( shareholder rebellion ) Technical analysis Tontine Others Dutch disease Economic bubble ( speculative bubble ) Stock market crash History of capitalism Economic miracle Economic boom Economic growth Global economy International trade International business International financial centre Economic globalization ( corporate globalization ) Finance capitalism Financial system Financial revolution GND : 4150311 - 9 NDL : 00562824 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dividend&oldid=841820944 '' Categories : Dividends Shareholders Dutch inventions 17th - century introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 08 : 40 . 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