ratifier iiss npt counterproliferation cossiga wielligh warheads gerboise perkovich kristensen nti slbms candu fissile stockpile stockpiles issi avner htr bhumitra bleue acp1000 acpr1000 thorcon volkel onyanga brogel sipri.org 56740 hersh
how many countries have hydrogen bomb in the world
List of States with nuclear weapons - Wikipedia List of States with nuclear weapons Map of nuclear - armed states of the world . NPT - designated nuclear weapon states ( China , France , Russia , United Kingdom , United States ) Other states with nuclear weapons ( India , North Korea , Pakistan ) Other states presumed to have nuclear weapons ( Israel ) NATO member nuclear weapons sharing states ( Belgium , Germany , Italy , Netherlands , Turkey ) States formerly possessing nuclear weapons ( Belarus , Kazakhstan , South Africa , Ukraine ) Nuclear weapons Background History Warfare Design Testing Delivery Yield Effects and estimated megadeaths of explosions Winter Workers Ethics Arsenals Arms race Espionage Proliferation Disarmament Terrorism Opposition Nuclear - armed states NPT recognized United States Russia United Kingdom France China Others India Israel ( undeclared ) Pakistan North Korea Former South Africa Belarus Kazakhstan Ukraine There are eight sovereign states that have successfully detonated nuclear weapons . Five are considered to be nuclear - weapon states ( NWS ) under the terms of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) . In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons these are : the United States , Russia ( the successor state to the Soviet Union ) , the United Kingdom , France , and China . Since the NPT entered into force in 1970 , three states that were not parties to the Treaty have conducted nuclear tests , namely India , Pakistan , and North Korea . North Korea had been a party to the NPT but withdrew in 2003 . Israel is also generally understood to have nuclear weapons , but does not acknowledge it , maintaining a policy of deliberate ambiguity , and is not known definitively to have conducted a nuclear test . Israel is estimated to possess somewhere between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads . One possible motivation for nuclear ambiguity is deterrence with minimum political cost . States that formerly possessed nuclear weapons are South Africa ( developed nuclear weapons but then disassembled its arsenal before joining the NPT ) and the former Soviet republics Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Ukraine . According to Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Nuclear Notebook , the total number of nuclear weapons worldwide is estimated at 9,220 in 2017 . Contents 1 Statistics and force configuration 2 Five nuclear - weapon states under the NPT 2.1 United States 2.2 Russian Federation ( formerly part of the Soviet Union ) 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 France 2.5 China 3 Other states declaring possession of nuclear weapons 3.1 India 3.2 Pakistan 3.3 North Korea 4 Other states believed to possess nuclear weapons 4.1 Israel 5 Nuclear weapons sharing 6 States formerly possessing nuclear weapons 6.1 South Africa 6.2 Former Soviet Republics 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Statistics and Force configuration ( edit ) Countries by estimated total nuclear warhead stockpile . According to the Federation of American Scientists . Weapons of mass destruction By type Biological Chemical Nuclear Radiological By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Egypt France Germany India Iran Iraq Israel Italy Japan Libya Mexico Myanmar Netherlands North Korea Pakistan Philippines Poland Rhodesia Romania Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Ukraine United Kingdom United States Proliferation Chemical Nuclear Missiles Treaties List of treaties Book Category The following is a list of states that have admitted the possession of nuclear weapons or are presumed to possess them , the approximate number of warheads under their control , and the year they tested their first weapon and their force configuration . This list is informally known in global politics as the `` Nuclear Club '' . With the exception of Russia and the United States ( which have subjected their nuclear forces to independent verification under various treaties ) these figures are estimates , in some cases quite unreliable estimates . In particular , under the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty thousands of Russian and U.S. nuclear warheads are inactive in stockpiles awaiting processing . The fissile material contained in the warheads can then be recycled for use in nuclear reactors . From a high of 68,000 active weapons in 1985 , as of 2016 there are some 4,000 active nuclear warheads and 10,100 total nuclear warheads in the world . Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled , not destroyed . It is also noteworthy that since the dawn of the Atomic Age , the delivery methods of most states with nuclear weapons has evolved with some achieving a nuclear triad , while others have consolidated away from land and air deterrents to submarine - based forces . Country Warheads ( Deployed / Total ) Date of first test Test site of first test CTBT status Delivery methods Number of tests <Td_colspan="7"> The five nuclear - weapon states under the NPT United States 1,800 / 6,600 16 July 1945 ( `` Trinity '' ) Alamogordo , New Mexico Signatory Nuclear triad 1,054 Russia 1,950 / 6,800 29 August 1949 ( `` RDS - 1 '' ) Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan Ratifier Nuclear triad 715 United Kingdom 120 / 215 3 October 1952 ( `` Hurricane '' ) Monte Bello Islands , Australia Ratifier Sea - based 45 France 280 / 300 13 February 1960 ( `` Gerboise Bleue '' ) Sahara , French Algeria Ratifier Sea - and air - based 210 China ? / 270 16 October 1964 ( `` 596 '' ) Lop Nur , Xinjiang Signatory Nuclear triad . 45 <Td_colspan="7"> Non-NPT nuclear powers India 0 / 110 -- 120 18 May 1974 ( `` Smiling Buddha '' ) Pokhran , Rajasthan Non-signatory Nuclear triad 6 Pakistan 0 / 120 -- 130 28 May 1998 ( `` Chagai - I '' ) Ras Koh Hills , Balochistan Non-signatory Land and air - based . 6 North Korea 0 / 15 9 October 2006 Kilju , North Hamgyong Non-signatory Suspected land and sea - based . 6 <Td_colspan="7"> Undeclared nuclear powers Israel n.a. / est. 60 -- 400 1960 -- 1979 incl . suspected Vela Incident Signatory Suspected nuclear triad . Five nuclear - weapon States under the NPT ( edit ) See also : History of nuclear weapons An early stage in the `` Trinity '' fireball , the first nuclear explosion , 1945 U.S. and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2014 A Trident missile launched from a Royal Navy Vanguard class ballistic missile submarine French nuclear - powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle ( right ) and the American nuclear - powered carrier USS Enterprise ( left ) , each of which carries nuclear - capable warplanes These five states are known to have detonated a nuclear explosive before 1 January 1967 and are thus nuclear weapons states under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . They also happen to be the UN Security Council 's permanent members with veto power on UNSC resolutions . United States ( edit ) Main articles : Nuclear weapons and the United States and United States and weapons of mass destruction The United States developed the first nuclear weapons during World War II in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada as part of the Manhattan Project , out of the fear that Nazi Germany would develop them first . It tested the first nuclear weapon on July 16 , 1945 ( `` Trinity '' ) at 5 : 30 am , and remains the only country to have used nuclear weapons in war , devastating the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . It was the first nation to develop the hydrogen bomb , testing an experimental prototype in 1952 ( `` Ivy Mike '' ) and a deployable weapon in 1954 ( `` Castle Bravo '' ) . Throughout the Cold War it continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal , but from 1992 on has been involved primarily in a program of Stockpile stewardship . The U.S. nuclear arsenal contained 31,175 warheads at its Cold War height ( in 1966 ) . During the Cold War , the United States built approximately 70,000 nuclear warheads , more than all other nuclear - weapon states combined . Russian Federation ( formerly part of the Soviet Union ) ( edit ) Main articles : Russia and weapons of mass destruction and Strategic Missile Troops See also : Soviet atomic bomb project The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ( `` RDS - 1 '' ) in 1949 . This crash project was developed partially with information obtained via espionage during and after World War II . The Soviet Union was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon . The direct motivation for Soviet weapons development was to achieve a balance of power during the Cold War . It tested its first megaton - range hydrogen bomb ( `` RDS - 37 '' ) in 1955 . The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful explosive ever detonated by humans , ( `` Tsar Bomba '' ) , with a theoretical yield of 100 megatons , intentionally reduced to 50 when detonated . After its dissolution in 1991 , the Soviet weapons entered officially into the possession of the Russian Federation . The Soviet nuclear arsenal contained some 45,000 warheads at its peak ( in 1986 ) ; the Soviet Union built about 55,000 nuclear warheads since 1949 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main articles : Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom and United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ( `` Hurricane '' ) in 1952 . The UK had provided considerable impetus and initial research for the early conception of the atomic bomb , aided by Austrian , German and Polish physicists working at British universities who had either fled or decided not to return to Nazi Germany or Nazi controlled territories . The UK collaborated closely with the United States and Canada during the Manhattan Project , but had to develop its own method for manufacturing and detonating a bomb as U.S. secrecy grew after 1945 . The United Kingdom was the third country in the world , after the United States and Soviet Union , to develop and test a nuclear weapon . Its programme was motivated to have an independent deterrent against the Soviet Union , while also maintaining its status as a great power . It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1957 ( Operation Grapple ) , making it the third country to do so after the United States and Soviet Union . The UK maintained a fleet of V bomber strategic bombers and ballistic missile submarines ( SSBNs ) equipped with nuclear weapons during the Cold War . It currently maintains a fleet of four ' Vanguard ' class ballistic missile submarines equipped with Trident II missiles . In 2016 , the UK House of Commons voted to renew the British nuclear weapons system with the Dreadnought - class submarine , without setting a date for the commencement of service of a replacement to the current system . France ( edit ) Main articles : France and weapons of mass destruction and Force de dissuasion France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 ( `` Gerboise Bleue '' ) , based mostly on its own research . It was motivated by the Suez Crisis diplomatic tension vis - à - vis both the Soviet Union and the Free World allies United States and United Kingdom . It was also relevant to retain great power status , alongside the United Kingdom , during the post-colonial Cold War ( see : Force de frappe ) . France tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1968 ( `` Opération Canopus '' ) . After the Cold War , France has disarmed 175 warheads with the reduction and modernization of its arsenal that has now evolved to a dual system based on submarine - launched ballistic missiles ( SLBMs ) and medium - range air - to - surface missiles ( Rafale fighter - bombers ) . However new nuclear weapons are in development and reformed nuclear squadrons were trained during Enduring Freedom operations in Afghanistan . France signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992 . In January 2006 , President Jacques Chirac stated a terrorist act or the use of weapons of mass destruction against France would result in a nuclear counterattack . In February 2015 , President Francois Hollande stressed the need for a nuclear deterrent in `` a dangerous world '' . He also detailed the French deterrent as `` less than 300 '' nuclear warheads , three sets of 16 submarine - launched ballistic missiles and 54 medium - range air - to - surface missiles '' and urged other states to show similar transparency . China ( edit ) Main articles : China and weapons of mass destruction and People 's Liberation Army Rocket Force China tested its first nuclear weapon device ( `` 596 '' ) in 1964 at the Lop Nur test site . The weapon was developed as a deterrent against both the United States and the Soviet Union . Two years later , China had a fission bomb capable of being put onto a nuclear missile . It tested its first hydrogen bomb ( `` Test No. 6 '' ) in 1967 , a mere 32 months after testing its first nuclear weapon ( the shortest fission - to - fusion development known in history ) . The country is currently thought to have had a stockpile of around 240 warheads , though because of the limited information available , estimates range from 100 to 400 . China is the only NPT nuclear - weapon state to give an unqualified negative security assurance with its `` no first use '' policy . China signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992 . On February 25 , 2015 U.S. Vice Admiral Joseph Mulloy stated to the House Armed Services Committee 's seapower subcommittee that the U.S. does not believe the PLAN currently deploys SLBMs on their submarine fleet . Other States declaring possession of nuclear weapons ( edit ) Large stockpile with global range ( dark blue ) , smaller stockpile with global range ( medium blue ) , small stockpile with regional range ( light blue ) India ( edit ) Main article : India and weapons of mass destruction India is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . India tested what it called a `` peaceful nuclear explosive '' in 1974 ( which became known as `` Smiling Buddha '' ) . The test was the first test developed after the creation of the NPT , and created new questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted secretly to weapons purposes ( dual - use technology ) . India 's secret development caused great concern and anger particularly from nations , such as Canada , that had supplied its nuclear reactors for peaceful and power generating needs . Indian officials rejected the NPT in the 1960s on the grounds that it created a world of nuclear `` haves '' and `` have - nots '' , arguing that it unnecessarily restricted `` peaceful activity '' ( including `` peaceful nuclear explosives '' ) , and that India would not accede to international control of their nuclear facilities unless all other countries engaged in unilateral disarmament of their own nuclear weapons . The Indian position has also asserted that the NPT is in many ways a neo-colonial regime designed to deny security to post-colonial powers . Even after its 1974 test , India maintained that its nuclear capability was primarily `` peaceful '' , but between 1988 and 1990 it apparently weaponized two dozen nuclear weapons for delivery by air . In 1998 India tested weaponized nuclear warheads ( `` Operation Shakti '' ) , including a thermonuclear device . In July 2005 , U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced plans to conclude an Indo - US civilian nuclear agreement . This came to fruition through a series of steps that included India 's announced plan to separate its civil and military nuclear programs in March 2006 , the passage of the India -- United States Civil Nuclear Agreement by the U.S. Congress in December 2006 , the conclusion of a U.S. -- India nuclear cooperation agreement in July 2007 , approval by the IAEA of an India - specific safeguards agreement , agreement by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to a waiver of export restrictions for India , approval by the U.S. Congress and culminating in the signature of U.S. -- India agreement for civil nuclear cooperation in October 2008 . The U.S. State Department said it made it `` very clear that we will not recognize India as a nuclear - weapon state '' . The United States is bound by the Hyde Act with India and may cease all cooperation with India if India detonates a nuclear explosive device . The US had further said it is not its intention to assist India in the design , construction or operation of sensitive nuclear technologies through the transfer of dual - use items . In establishing an exemption for India , the Nuclear Suppliers Group reserved the right to consult on any future issues which might trouble it . As of December 2017 , India was estimated to have a stockpile of around 130 warheads . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction Pakistan also is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . Pakistan covertly developed nuclear weapons over decades , beginning in the late 1970s . Pakistan first delved into nuclear power after the establishment of its first nuclear power plant near Karachi with equipment and materials supplied mainly by western nations in the early 1970s . Pakistani President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto promised in 1971 that if India could build nuclear weapons then Pakistan would too , according to him : `` We will develop Nuclear stockpiles , even if we have to eat grass . '' It is believed that Pakistan has possessed nuclear weapons since the mid-1980s . The United States continued to certify that Pakistan did not possess such weapons until 1990 , when sanctions were imposed under the Pressler Amendment , requiring a cutoff of U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan . In 1998 , Pakistan conducted its first six nuclear tests at the Ras Koh Hills in response to the five tests conducted by India a few weeks before . In 2004 , the Pakistani metallurgist Abdul Qadeer Khan , a key figure in Pakistan 's nuclear weapons program , confessed to heading an international black market ring involved in selling nuclear weapons technology . In particular , Khan had been selling gas centrifuge technology to North Korea , Iran , and Libya . Khan denied complicity by the Pakistani government or Army , but this has been called into question by journalists and IAEA officials , and was later contradicted by statements from Khan himself . As of early 2013 , Pakistan was estimated to have had a stockpile of around 140 warheads , and in November 2014 it was projected that by 2020 Pakistan would have enough fissile material for 200 warheads . North Korea ( edit ) Main article : North Korea and weapons of mass destruction This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2018 ) North Korea was a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty , but announced a withdrawal on January 10 , 2003 , after the United States accused it of having a secret uranium enrichment program and cut off energy assistance under the 1994 Agreed Framework . In February 2005 , North Korea claimed to possess functional nuclear weapons , though their lack of a test at the time led many experts to doubt the claim . However , in October 2006 , North Korea stated that , in response to growing intimidation by the United States , it would conduct a nuclear test to confirm its nuclear status . North Korea reported a successful nuclear test on October 9 , 2006 ( see 2006 North Korean nuclear test ) . Most U.S. intelligence officials believed that the test was probably only partially successful with a yield of less than a kiloton . North Korea conducted a second , higher yield test on 25 May 2009 ( see 2009 North Korean nuclear test ) and a third test with still higher yield on 12 February 2013 ( see 2013 North Korean nuclear test ) . North Korea claimed to have conducted its first hydrogen - bomb test on 5 January 2016 , though measurements of seismic disturbances indicate that the detonation was not consistent with a hydrogen bomb . However , on 3 September 2017 , North Korea detonated a device which caused a magnitude 6.1 tremor , consistent with a low - powered thermonuclear detonation ; NORSAR estimates the yield at 250 kilotons of TNT . Other States believed to possess nuclear weapons ( edit ) Israel ( edit ) Main articles : Nuclear weapons and Israel and Israel and weapons of mass destruction Israel is widely believed to have been the sixth country in the world to develop nuclear weapons , but has not acknowledged its nuclear forces . It had `` rudimentary , but deliverable , '' nuclear weapons available as early as 1966 . Israel is not a party to the NPT . Israel engages in strategic ambiguity , saying it would not be the first country to `` introduce '' nuclear weapons into the region , but refusing to otherwise confirm or deny a nuclear weapons program or arsenal . This policy of `` nuclear opacity '' has been interpreted as an attempt to get the benefits of deterrence with a minimum political cost . According to the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Federation of American Scientists , Israel likely possesses around 75 -- 200 nuclear weapons . The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates that Israel has approximately 80 intact nuclear weapons , of which 50 are for delivery by Jericho II medium - range ballistic missiles and 30 are gravity bombs for delivery by aircraft . SIPRI also reports that there was renewed speculation in 2012 that Israel may also have developed nuclear - capable submarine - launched cruise missiles . Nuclear weapons sharing ( edit ) U.S. nuclear weapons in host countries Country Air base Custodian Warheads Belgium Kleine Brogel 52nd Fighter Wing 10 ~ 20 Germany Büchel 52nd Fighter Wing 20 Italy Ghedi Torre 52nd Fighter Wing 40 Aviano 31st Fighter Wing 50 Netherlands Volkel 52nd Fighter Wing 22 Turkey Incirlik 39th Air Base Wing 60 ~ 70 <Th_colspan="3"> Total 202 ~ 222 Belgium , Germany , Italy , Netherlands , Turkey See also : Germany and weapons of mass destruction , Italian nuclear weapons program , and Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction Under NATO nuclear weapons sharing , the United States has provided nuclear weapons for Belgium , Germany , Italy , the Netherlands , and Turkey to deploy and store . This involves pilots and other staff of the `` non-nuclear '' NATO states practicing , handling , and delivering the U.S. nuclear bombs , and adapting non-U.S. warplanes to deliver U.S. nuclear bombs . However , since all U.S. nuclear weapons are protected with Permissive Action Links , the host states can not easily arm the bombs without authorization codes from the U.S. Department of Defense . Former Italian President Francesco Cossiga acknowledged the presence of U.S. nuclear weapons in Italy . U.S. nuclear weapons were also deployed in Canada as well as Greece from 1963 to 1984 . However , Canada withdrew three of the four nuclear - capable weapons systems by 1972 . The single system retained , the AIR - 2 Genie , had a yield of 1.5 kilotons , was designed to strike enemy aircraft as opposed to ground targets , and might not have qualified as a weapon of mass destruction given its limited yield . Members of the Non-Aligned Movement have called on all countries to `` refrain from nuclear sharing for military purposes under any kind of security arrangements . '' The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad ( ISSI ) has criticized the arrangement for allegedly violating Articles I and II of the NPT , arguing that `` these Articles do not permit the NWS to delegate the control of their nuclear weapons directly or indirectly to others . '' NATO has argued that the weapons ' sharing is compliant with the NPT because `` the U.S. nuclear weapons based in Europe are in the sole possession and under constant and complete custody and control of the United States . '' States formerly possessing nuclear weapons ( edit ) Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations , often as staging grounds under control of other powers . However , in only one instance has a nation given up nuclear weapons after being in full control of them . The fall of the Soviet Union left several former Soviet republics in physical possession of nuclear weapons , though not operational control which was dependent on Russian - controlled electronic Permissive Action Links and the Russian command and control system . Alleged Spare bomb casings from South Africa 's nuclear weapon programme . Their purpose is disputed . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : South Africa and weapons of mass destruction South Africa produced six nuclear weapons in the 1980s , but dismantled them in the early 1990s . In 1979 , there was a detection of a putative covert nuclear test in the Indian Ocean , called the Vela incident . It has long been speculated that it was a test by Israel , in collaboration with and support of South Africa , though this has never been confirmed . South Africa could not have constructed such a nuclear bomb until November 1979 , two months after the `` double flash '' incident . South Africa signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991 . Former Soviet republics ( edit ) See also : Nuclear weapons and Ukraine Belarus had 81 single warhead missiles stationed on its territory after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 . They were all transferred to Russia by 1996 . In May 1992 , Belarus acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . Kazakhstan inherited 1,400 nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union , and transferred them all to Russia by 1995 . Kazakhstan has since acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . Ukraine has acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . Ukraine inherited approximately 5,000 nuclear weapons when it became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991 , making its nuclear arsenal the third - largest in the world . By 1996 , Ukraine had agreed to dispose of all nuclear weapons within its territory , with the condition that its borders were respected , as part of the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances . The warheads were disassembled in Russia . Despite Russia 's subsequent and internationally disputed annexation of Crimea in 2014 , Ukraine reaffirmed its 1994 decision to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear - weapon state . See also ( edit ) Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Doomsday Clock Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country Nuclear disarmament Nuclear latency Nuclear proliferation Nuclear war Nuclear terrorism Nuclear - weapon - free zone Nuclear power No first use International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All numbers are estimates from the Federation of American Scientists . The latest update was in July 2017 . `` Deployed '' indicates the total of deployed strategic and non-strategic warheads . Because the number of non-strategic warheads is unknown for many countries , this number should be taken as a minimum . When a range of weapons is given ( e.g. , 0 -- 10 ) , it generally indicates that the estimate is being made on the amount of fissile material that has likely been produced , and the amount of fissile material needed per warhead depends on estimates of a country 's proficiency at nuclear weapon design . Jump up ^ From the 1960s until the 1990s , the United Kingdom 's Royal Air Force maintained the independent capability to deliver nuclear weapons via its V bomber fleet . Jump up ^ France formerly possessed a nuclear triad until 1996 and the retirement of its land - based arsenal . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Federation of American Scientists : Status of World Nuclear Forces '' . Fas.org. 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( Oct 27 , 1991 ) . `` Authors Note '' . The Samson Option . Random House . ISBN 0394570065 . `` This is a book about how Israel became a nuclear power in secret . '' ( First sentence , Authors ' Note / Introduction , The Samson Option : Israel 's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy , Hersh ) Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Weapons : Who Has What at a Glance '' . Arms Control Association . October 2016 . Retrieved Jan 16 , 2017 . India , Israel , and Pakistan never signed the NPT and possess nuclear arsenals . Jump up ^ Rosen , Armin ( Nov 10 , 2014 ) . `` Israel 's Nuclear Arsenal Might Be Smaller And More Strategic Than Everyone Thinks '' . Business Insider . The country possesses some of the most powerful weaponry on earth , along with delivery systems that give it the ability to strike far beyond its borders . Jump up ^ `` Israel '' . Nuclear Threat Initiative . May 2015 . Retrieved Jan 16 , 2017 . While experts generally agree that Israel possesses nuclear weapons , no such current open source consensus exists on the status of Israel 's offensive chemical or biological weapons programs . Jump up ^ Stover , Dawn ( Sep 16 , 2016 ) . `` Does Israel really have 200 nuclear weapons , or was Colin Powell exaggerating ? '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved Jan 16 , 2017 . The boys in Tehran know Israel has 200 , all targeted on Tehran , and we have thousands . citing primary source private email from Colin Powell to Jeffrey Leeds ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 2006 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe Israel and the Middle East Guardian Unlimited '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Forces , Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , sipri.org Jump up ^ There are a wide range of estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal . For a compiled list of estimates , see Avner Cohen , The Worst - Kept Secret : Israel 's bargain with the Bomb ( Columbia University Press , 2010 ) , Table 1 , page xxvii and page 82 . ^ Jump up to : NTI Israel Profile Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Avner Cohen ( 2010 ) . The Worst - Kept Secret : Israel 's bargain with the Bomb . Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Arms Control and Global Security , Paul R. Viotti - 2010 , p 312 Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Notebook '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear club '' , Oxford English Dictionary : `` nuclear club n . the nations that possess nuclear weapons . '' The term 's first cited usage is from 1957 . Jump up ^ Jane Onyanga - Omara , `` The Nuclear Club : Who are the 9 members ? '' , USA TODAY , 6 January 2016 Jump up ^ Webster , Paul ( July / August 2003 ) . `` Nuclear weapons : how many are there in 2009 and who has them ? '' The Guardian , 6 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Status of Signature and Ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty '' . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ IISS 2012 , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ IISS 2012 , p. 192 Jump up ^ IISS 2012 , p. 169 Jump up ^ IISS 2012 , p. 111 Jump up ^ The Long Shadow : Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia by Muthiah Alagappa ( NUS Press , 2009 ) , page 169 : `` China has developed strategic nuclear forces made up of land - based missiles , submarine - launched missiles , and bombers . Within this triad , China has also developed weapons of different ranges , capabilities , and survivability . '' Jump up ^ IISS 2012 , pp. 223 - 224 Jump up ^ IISS 2012 , p. 243 Jump up ^ `` Now , India has a nuclear triad '' . The Hindu . 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Peri , Dinakar ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` India 's Nuclear Triad Finally Coming of Age '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear triad weapons ready for deployment : DRDO '' . Jump up ^ IISS 2012 , p. 272 Jump up ^ Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons . Bhumitra Chakma ( Routledge 2012 ) , page 61 : `` Pakistan possesses two types of nuclear delivery vehicles : aircraft and missiles . Initially in the pre-tests era , Islamabad depended solely on aircraft as its chief means of delivering nuclear weapons . In the early 1990s , Pakistan acquired a few dozen ballistic missiles from China , and subsequently , it developed a number of missile systems which became its mainstay of nuclear delivery . '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. : Test Points to N. Korea Nuke Blast '' . The Washington Post . October 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia : Crisis Behaviour and the Bomb by Sumit Ganguly , Sumit Ganguly , S. Paul Kapur , ( Routledge 2008 ) , page 194 - 195 ^ Jump up to : There are a wide range of estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal . For a compiled list of estimates , see Avner Cohen , The Worst - Kept Secret : Israel 's bargain with the Bomb ( Columbia University Press , 2010 ) , Table 1 , page xxvii and page 82 . Jump up ^ Brower , Kenneth S ( February 1997 ) , `` A Propensity for Conflict : Potential Scenarios and Outcomes of War in the Middle East '' , Jane 's Intelligence Review ( special report ) ( 14 ) : 14 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Farr , Warner D ( September 1999 ) , The Third Temple 's holy of holies : Israel 's nuclear weapons , The Counterproliferation Papers , Future Warfare Series 2 , USAF Counterproliferation Center , Air War College , Air University , Maxwell Air Force Base , retrieved July 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ * Hersh , Seymour ( 1991 ) . The Samson option : Israel 's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 57006 - 5 . , page 271 Jump up ^ An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs By Ewan W. Anderson , Liam D. Anderson , ( Routledge 2013 ) , page 233 : `` In terms of delivery systems , there is strong evidence that Israel now possesses all three elements of the nuclear triad . '' Jump up ^ IISS 2012 , p. 328 Jump up ^ Hansen , Chuck ( 1988 ) . U.S. nuclear weapons : The secret history . Arlington , TX : Aerofax . ISBN 0 - 517 - 56740 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Chuck ( 1995 ) . The Swords of Armageddon : U.S. nuclear weapons development since 1945 . Sunnyvale , CA : Chukelea Publications . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stephen I. Schwartz , ed. , Atomic Audit : The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 ( Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Gross , Daniel A. ( 2016 ) . `` An Aging Army '' . Distillations. 2 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 36 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Increasing Transparency in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Defense . 3 May 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Library '' . ^ Jump up to : Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen , `` Global nuclear stockpiles , 1945 - 2006 , '' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62 , no . 4 ( July / August 2006 ) , 64 - 66 ... Jump up ^ Holloway , David ( 1994 ) . Stalin and the bomb : The Soviet Union and atomic energy , 1939 - 1956 . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06056 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gowing , Margaret ( 1974 ) . Independence and deterrence : Britain and atomic energy , 1945 - 1952 . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 15781 - 8 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Lorna ( 2001 ) . Britain and the H - bomb . Basingstoke : Palgrave . ISBN 0 - 312 - 23518 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs . Jump up ^ France ' would use nuclear arms ' ( BBC , January 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Nuclear deterrent important in ' dangerous world ' , says Hollande '' . spacedaily.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai , China Builds the Bomb ( Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press , 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1452 - 5 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Norris , Robert S. and Hans M. Kristensen . `` Chinese nuclear forces , 2006 , '' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62 : 3 ( May / June 2006 ) : 60 - 63 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jeffery . `` The ambiguous arsenal , '' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 61 : 3 ( May / June 2005 ) : 52 - 59 . Jump up ^ `` No - First - Use ( NFU ) '' . Nuclear Threat Initiative . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on security assurances issued on 5 April 1995 by the People 's Republic of China '' . United Nations . 6 April 1995 . S / 1995 / 265 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Reuters Editorial ( 25 February 2015 ) . `` China submarines outnumber U.S. fleet : U.S. admiral '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` 18 MAY 1974 - SMILING BUDDAH '' . CTBTO . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ George Perkovich , India 's Nuclear Bomb : The Impact on Global Proliferation ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 ) , 120 - 121 , and 7 . Jump up ^ George Perkovich , India 's Nuclear Bomb : The Impact on Global Proliferation ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 ) , 293 -- 297 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program : Operation Shakti '' . 1998 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Statement Between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . 3 September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. - India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative -- Bilateral Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` IAEA Board Approves India - Safeguards Agreement '' . Iaea.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Civil Nuclear Cooperation with India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Approval of the U.S. - India Agreement for Cooperation Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy ( 123 Agreement ) '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Indian Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee At the Signing of the U.S. - India Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Interview With Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Robert Joseph , Arms Control Today , May 2006 . Jump up ^ Was India misled by America on nuclear deal ? Archived 2008 - 09 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` ACA : Final NSG Statement '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Status of World Nuclear Forces '' . Federation of American Scientists . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sublettle , Carey ( 15 October 1965 ) . `` Historical Background : Zulfikar Ali Bhutto '' . Nuclear weapons archives . Federation of American Scientists ( FAS ) . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . Jump up ^ NTI Pakistan Profile , retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism : Pakistan '' . Iie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ See A.Q. Khan : Investigation , dismissal , confession , pardon and aftermath , for citations and details . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to Have 200 Nuke Weapons by 2020 : US Think Tank '' . The Times of india . November 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` CIA 's Hayden : North Korea Nuke Test ' Was a Failure ' '' . Newsmax.com. 2007 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea Test Shows Technical Advance '' . The Wall Street Journal . CCLXVII ( 5 ) : A6 . January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.norsar.no/press/latest-press-release/archive/the-nuclear-explosion-in-north-korea-on-3-september-2017-a-revised-magnitude-assessment-article1548-984.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cohen 1998a , p. 349 . Jump up ^ ElBaradei , Mohamed ( July 27 , 2004 ) . `` Transcript of the Director General 's Interview with Al - Ahram News '' . International Atomic Energy Agency . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Overview '' . Israel . NTI . Archived from the original ( profile ) on January 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ My Promised Land , by Ari Shavit , ( London 2014 ) , page 188 Jump up ^ Nuclear Proliferation International History Project . `` Israel 's Quest for Yellowcake : The Secret Argentina - Israel Connection , 1963 -- 1966 '' . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Nuclear Weapons '' . globalsecurity.org . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Weapons '' . fas.org . Jump up ^ Israel 's Nuclear Weapons , Federation of American Scientists ( August 17 , 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Israel '' . Jump up ^ Hans M. Kristensen ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Status of U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US moves nuclear weapons from Turkey to Romania '' . EurActiv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Tirinnanzi , Luciano ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` Armi nucleari in Italia : dove , come , perché - Panorama '' . Jump up ^ `` US nuclear bombs ' based in Netherlands ' - ex-Dutch PM Lubbers '' . BBC . 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Information - center for Transatlantic Security : NATO Nuclear Sharing and the N.PT - Questions to be Answered '' . Bits.de . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Command and Control '' . Security Engineering : A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems ( PDF ) . Ross Anderson , University of Cambridge Computing Laboratory . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cossiga : `` In Italia ci sono bombe atomiche Usa '' `` . Jump up ^ Hans M. Kristensen ( February 2005 ) . `` U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Statement on behalf of the non-aligned state parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , 2 May 2005 Jump up ^ ISSI - NPT in 2000 : Challenges ahead , Zafar Nawaz Jaspal , The Institute of Strategic Studies , Islamabad Archived January 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NATO 's Positions Regarding Nuclear Non-Proliferation , Arms Control and Disarmament and Related Issues '' ( PDF ) . NATO . Jump up ^ William C. Martel ( 1998 ) . `` Why Ukraine gave up nuclear weapons : nonproliferation incentives and disincentives '' . In Barry R. Schneider , William L. Dowdy . Pulling Back from the Nuclear Brink : Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats . Psychology Press . pp. 88 -- 104 . ISBN 9780714648569 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander A. Pikayev ( Spring -- Summer 1994 ) . `` Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine : Who can push the Button ? '' ( PDF ) . The Nonproliferation Review . 1 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 10736709408436550 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jeffrey ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Revisiting South Africa 's Bomb '' . Arms Control Wonk . Leading Voice on Arms Control , Disarmament and Non-Proliferation . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Weapons Program ( South Africa ) , Federation of American Scientists ( May 29 , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Von Wielligh , N. & von Wielligh - Steyn , L. ( 2015 ) . The Bomb -- South Africa 's Nuclear Weapons Programme . Pretoria : Litera . Jump up ^ `` Belarus Special Weapons '' . Federation of American Scientists . Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan Special Weapons '' . Federation of American Scientists . Jump up ^ Ukraine Special Weapons , GlobalSecurity.org Jump up ^ `` Ukraine Special Weapons '' . Federation of American Scientists . Jump up ^ Joint Statement by the United States and Ukraine , March 25 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) International Institute for Strategic Studies ; Hackett , James ( ed . ) ( 7 March 2012 ) . The Military Balance 2012 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857436423 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Farr , Warner D ( September 1999 ) , The Third Temple 's holy of holies : Israel 's nuclear weapons , The Counterproliferation Papers , Future Warfare Series , 2 , USAF Counterproliferation Center , Air War College , Air University , Maxwell Air Force Base , retrieved July 2 , 2006 . Philipp C. Bleek , `` When Did ( and Did n't ) States Proliferate ? Chronicling the Spread of Nuclear Weapons , '' Discussion Paper ( Cambridge , MA : Project on Managing the Atom , Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , June 2017 ) . External links ( edit ) Globalsecurity.org -- World Special Weapons Guide The Nuclear Weapon Archive Nuclear Notebook from Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe : A review of post-Cold War policy , force levels , and war planning NRDC , February 2005 Tracking Nuclear Proliferation Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 's data on world nuclear forces Nuclear Proliferation International History Project For more on the history of nuclear proliferation see the Woodrow Wilson Center 's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project website . Proliferation Watch : US Intelligence Assessments of Potential Nuclear Powers , 1977 -- 2001 <Th_colspan="2"> Nuclear technology <Td_colspan="2"> Science Chemistry Engineering Physics Atomic nucleus Fission Fusion Radiation ionizing braking Fuel Tritium Deuterium Helium - 3 Fertile material Fissile material Isotope separation Nuclear material Uranium enriched depleted Plutonium Thorium Neutron Activation Capture Poison Cross section Generator Radiation Reflector Temperature Thermal Fast Fusion Power by country Power plant Economics Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Accidents and incidents Policy Fusion Radioisotope thermoelectric ( RTG ) Propulsion rocket Safety and security Medicine Imaging RadBall Scintigraphy Single - photon emission ( SPECT ) Positron - emission tomography ( PET ) Therapy Fast - neutron Neutron capture therapy of cancer Targeted alpha - particle Proton - beam Tomotherapy Brachytherapy Radiation therapy Radiosurgery Radiopharmacology Weapons Topics Arms race Delivery Design Disarmament Ethics Explosion effects History Proliferation Testing high - altitude underground Warfare Yield TNTe Lists Estimated death tolls from attacks States with nuclear weapons Tests United States WMD treaties Weapon - free zones Weapons Waste Products Actinide Reprocessed uranium Reactor - grade plutonium Minor actinide Activation Fission LLFP Actinide chemistry Disposal Fuel cycle High - level ( HLW ) Low - level ( LLW ) Repository Reprocessing Spent fuel pool cask Transmutation Debate Nuclear power Nuclear weapons Blue Ribbon Commission on America 's Nuclear Future Anti-nuclear movement Uranium mining Nuclear power phase - out <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Nuclear reactors <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Fission <Td_colspan="2"> Moderator Light water Aqueous homogeneous Boiling BWR ABWR ESBWR Kerena Pressurized AP1000 APR - 1400 APR+ APWR ATMEA1 CAP1400 CPR - 1000 EPR HPR - 1000 ACPR1000 ACP1000 VVER many others Supercritical ( SCWR ) Natural fission Heavy water D O Pressurized CANDU CANDU 6 CANDU 9 EC6 AFCR ACR - 1000 AHWR CVTR IPHWR - X PHWR KWU MZFR R3 R4 Marviken H O HWLWR ATR HW BLWR 250 Steam - generating ( SGHWR ) Organic WR - 1 CO HWGCR EL - 4 KS 150 KKN Graphite by coolant Water H O AM - 1 AMB - X EGP - 6 RBMK Gas CO Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz ( UNGG ) Magnox Advanced gas - cooled ( AGR ) He GTMHR MHR - T UHTREX VHTR ( HTGR ) PBR ( PBMR ) AVR HTR - 10 HTR - PM THTR - 300 PMR Molten - salt Fluorides Fuji MSR Liquid - fluoride thorium reactor ( LFTR ) Molten - Salt Reactor Experiment ( MSRE ) Integral Molten Salt Reactor ( IMSR ) ThorCon None ( fast - neutron ) <Td_colspan="2"> Breeder ( FBR ) Integral ( IFR ) Liquid - metal - cooled ( LMFR ) Small sealed transportable autonomous ( SSTAR ) Traveling - wave ( TWR ) Energy Multiplier Module ( EM2 ) Reduced - moderation ( RMWR ) Fast Breeder Test Reactor ( FBTR ) Dual fluid reactor ( DFR ) Generation IV Sodium ( SFR ) BN - 350 BN - 600 BN - 800 BN - 1200 Phénix Superphénix PFBR CEFR PFR PRISM Lead ( LFR ) Helium gas ( GFR ) Others Organically moderated and cooled reactor Aircraft Reactor Experiment <Th_colspan="2"> Fusion <Td_colspan="2"> by confinement Magnetic Field - reversed configuration Levitated dipole Reversed field pinch Spheromak Stellarator Tokamak Inertial Bubble ( acoustic ) Fusor electrostatic Laser - driven Magnetized - target Z - pinch Other Dense plasma focus Migma Muon - catalyzed Polywell Pyroelectric <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of countries by military rankings Strength Military and paramilitary personnel Military equipment Aircraft carriers Nuclear weapons Finance Arms exports Arms imports Military budget ( per capita , per share of GDP ) Militarization index Peacekeeping Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index UN peacekeepers <Td_colspan="2"> List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons&oldid=866519364 '' Categories : Nuclear weapons Military comparisons lists of countries Nuclear weapons policy Nuclear proliferation Nuclear technology - related lists Cold War Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia