text: Nor does the Catholic Church, or the Mormon sect, openly admit that their formal doctrines make women second-class citizens.  They don't have to.  One simply has to look at the obvious facts of the total absence of women in any real leadership positions in those groups--indeed, for a thousand years women in the Catholic Church have been servants (to men), and women in the Mormon sect, for a century and a half, have simply been breeders and pleasure-givers (per founder Smith's perspective--see Krakauer's "Under the Banner of Heaven" for a useful look at the development of Mormonism).  Indeed, until the 1970s the Mormon church was openly racist, as well as misogynist.  It has "formally" abandoned the former position (though minority membership remains miniscule), but the role of women remains clear.