This is more grist for "female underpayment" propaganda. Of the "unexplained" 12% difference, there is no allowance for experience in the work force, or experience in that particular job. There is no controlling for women picking certain types of jobs, or trading money for employers with better work-life balance.

Meanwhile, other articles suggest that male jobs are more likely to be threatened by automation, but to these studies that would be irrelevant.