The Canadian Constitution provides for catholic schools in Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. It used to provide for them in Quebec and Newfoundland, but those provinces amended the Constitution to remove that right.  It only requires the consent of Parliament and of that province's legislature.

The Supreme Court of Canada has held several times that the constitutional requirement for separate school education for those provinces includes public funding.  Here's one statement:

"In other words, Roman Catholic parents could choose between two publicly funded educational systems -- one Roman Catholic, the other non-denominational.  Section 93 gives constitutional protection to this publicly funded choice."
~  Adler v. Ontario, [SCC, 1996]