Cont. from your first section.  

Eph. 4:11  And it was He who gave some to be apostles, some to be prophets, some to be evangelists, and some to be pastors and teachers, to equip the saints for works of ministry, to build up the body of Christ . 

It is true no sacramental priesthood is mentioned in the New Testament except when Hebrews compares Jesus' High Priesthood to the Jewish Priesthood & this states Jesus basically satisfies all that Jewish Priesthood needed within himself alone.  

So Catholic Priesthood is not a continuation of Jewish or Levitican Priesthood & Christians don't believe that Jewish priesthood needed to continue because of Christ's sacrifice.

Peter does mention that we are all the Royal Priesthood together as the Church and Jesus does state he will make us a nation of priests.  I believe Jesus makes the disciples into the first shepherds like himself at the last supper-sacramental pastors & evangelists - presbyters who will supply the basic needs of the flocks.