Catholics believe that dogmatic decrees of General Councils are infallible and irreformable non-Catholics reject that in the same way that you do.
The notion that human minds grow and expand is arrogant nonsense. There may be more knowledge available today but who is to say that the minds of the early Christians would not have also understood what we understand today had the knowledge been available to them. The intellect is a part of the soul and therefore cannot evolve.
The Spirit is not constantly  feeding us with new ideas, He ensures that the Church does not err on matters of Faith and Morals.
You may believe that Luther was correct, the Church most certainly doesn't. Trent was indeed a reaction, a reaction against the heterodoxy and errors introduced into Christianity by heretics such as Luther. 
I really do wonder where you learned your 'catholicism'.