The Middle East is a centuries old problem.
Perhaps the main causal factors relate to religions in the area.
Dungeon, Fire and Sword, by Robinson is a 12th century take on the Crusaders era, which far from being professionally successful, was instead a conglomeration of interests, with enemy and friend changing almost monthly. Past Muslim protection of Christian leaders from other Christian leaders; European business interests vying for trade, Slaves traders, King makers, all mixed together.