...."So when are these given times when we are able to comprehend the degree of truth we are capable of?"....

Even the Child Jesus, according to Luke, "grew in wisdom and grace"

So should we all. 

I, as an individual, seem to keep learning more as I grow and study and learn. The whole world has more knowledge available every day. So does the Church. Hopefully every day we are capable of understanding and knowing more every day of our lives.

If not, we are probably dead.

So every day is a precious "given time" for the Holy Spirit to lead us to a greater appreciation of what is the fullness of truth.

At least that's what I find, the longer I live.