What NPS has not studied but Gordon did, which we have witnessed repeatedly here in Denali is how these impacts perpetuate in groups that stay together long after the trapping/shooting deaths occurred. 

In 2005, in East Fork’s case (historically, the primary family group of wolves viewed by visitors - before Grant Creek), it fundamentally changed their territory, hunting denning habits, and significantly reduced their use of the road corridor to the point where they were seldom viewed up until the last one was killed and/or dispersed in 2016. 

The same thing occurred in 1995 with the last pregnant female of the Headquarters (which utilized the pavement section of the park) being trapped out reducing wolf viewing for years. 

This happened again most recently in 2012 with Coke Wallace again killing the alpha female and primary attendant female of Grant Creek destroying the best wolf viewing in Alaska and perhaps anywhere. 

Final segment to be continued: