गणित की पारिभाषिक शब्दावली
निरपेक्ष मान (Absolute value) : संख्या रेखा पर किसी संख्या की शून्य से दूरी (जैसे, २ का निरपेक्ष मान २ होता है, तथा -२ का निरपेक्ष मान भी २ होता है। अर्थात, |2| = 2 एवं |-2| = 2) additive inverse: two numbers are additive inverses of each other if their sum is 0 (e.g., since -4 + 4 = 0, then -4 and 4 are additive inverses of each other) बीजीय व्यंजक (algebraic expression) : numeral and/or variable joined by any combination of the four basic operations (+, -, x, /) and involving any power(s) of numeral and/or variable (e.g., 3-8, 7x4, 4+x, y/2, n-2, 3(4+8)-7, y 2 -2) कोण की माप (angle measure) : the measure in degrees or radians of the radial distance between two rays that meet at a point क्षेत्रफल (area) : the size of a region measured in number of square units समान्तर श्रेणी (arithmetic sequence) : a sequence with a constant difference between consecutive terms (e.g., 2, 5, 8, 11,... is an arithmetic sequence with a constant difference of 3) associative property: a property of addition or multiplication in which the regrouping of the addends or factors does not change the outcome of the operations [i.e., (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (ab)c = a(bc)] attribute: a characteristic of an object, such as color, shape, or size bar graph: a graphical display representing data in different categories or groups. The length of a rectangle or bar is used to represent the numerical amount bionomial: a polynomial which is the sum of two terms box and whisker plot: a graphical display that shows the median, quartiles, and extremes of a set of data, the spread of the data and the concentration of the data. the display does not show any other specific data values capacity (धारिता) : the maximum amount that can be contained by an object. Often refers to measurement of liquid cardinal numbers: the counting numbers (1, 2, 3...) केन्द्रक (centroid) : the point of intersection of the medians of a triangle circle graph: a graphical display that shows data as parts of a whole circle circumcenter (परिकेन्द्र) : the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle परिधी (circumference) :वृत्त के परिणाम को वृत्त की परिधि कहते है [the distance around a circle]; the formula for circumference of a circle is pi times the diameter (c = pd) बन्द आकृति (closed figure) : the boundary of a simple 2-dimensional region, including shapes with straight and curved sides एकरेखीय बिन्दु (collinear points) : a set of points lying on the same line संचय (combinations) : a set of items selected, without regard to order, from a given set of items क्रम विनिमेय गुण (commutative property) :a property of addition or multiplication in which the sum or product stays the same when the order of the addends or factors is changed (i.e., a + b = b + a and ab = ba) concrete: physical objects used to represent mathematical situations 'सर्वांगसमता (congruency) : geometric figures having the same size and shape; all corresponding parts of congruent figures have the same measure एकबिन्दुगामी रेखाएं (concurrent lines) : lines that have a common point निर्देशांक तल (coordinate plane) : a 2-dimensional system in which the coordinates of a point are its distances from two intersecting perpendicular lines called axes. The formal name for this system is cartesian coordinate system counting technique: methods to determine the number of possible outcomes of an event. Some of the methods are tree diagram, list, rules for multiplication, combinations, and permutations curve fitting: the sketching of a line or curve to best describe a relationship between two variables on a scatter plot deductive reasoning: a series of logical steps in which a conclusion is drawn directly from a set of statements that are known or assumed to be true. (e.g., if 5 + 4 = 9 and 6 + 3 = 9, then 5 + 4 = 6 + 3) diagonal (विकर्ण) : for a polygon in the plane, any line segment joining non-adjacent vertices. For a polyhedron in space, a line segment joining two vertices not in the same face dilation: a transformation which produces a figure similar to the original by proportionally shrinking or stretching the figure विमीय विश्लेषण (dimensional analysis) : a method of converting units within a measurement system अनुक्रमानुपाती सम्बन्ध (direct variation): a relationship in which the ratio of two variables is constant विवर्त गणित (discrete mathematics) : the study of mathematical properties of sets and systems that have only a finite number of elements. distributive property: a property which establishes a relationship between multiplication and addition such that multiplication distributes across the addition [i.e., a(b+c) = ab + ac] विभाजन के नियम (rules of divisibility) : special tests to determine if a particular integer is a factor of a given number, (e.g., a number is divisible by 10 if it ends in a 0) domain: the set of input values for a function elapsed time: the amount of time between a beginning time and an ending time equally likely outcomes: events in a sample space that have the same probability of occurring समीकरण (equation) : a mathematical sentence of equality between two expressions (e.g., n + 50 = 75 or 75 = n + 50 means that n + 50 must have the same value as 75) तुल्य (equivalent) : numbers or expressions that have the same value estimation: the process of finding a number close to an exact amount euclidean geometry: the geometry (plane and solid) based on Euclid’s postulates घटना(event) : one of the many occurrences that can take place during a probability activity expanded notation: the sum of terms representing a quantity explicit relationship: a sequence rule using the number of the term to define the function [e.g., in the sequence 3, 6, 9,..., the explicit rule is f(n) = 3n where n is the number of the term and f(n) is the value of the term] प्रायोगिक प्रायिकता (experimental probability) : a probability calculated from the results of an experiment घातांक (exponent) : a number which is placed to the right of and above another number (base). the value of the exponent determines how many times the base is used as a factor (e.g., 3 4 = 3 x 3 x 3 x3; {3 is the base and is used as a factor 4 times} the exponent is 4) चरघातांकी फलन (exponential function) : a function whose general equation is a y=ab x or y=ab kx, where a, b, and k stand for constants. व्यंजक (expression) : a mathematical phrase with no equal sign such as 6, 3n, or + 4 फलक (face) : a plane surface of a three-dimensional figure गुणक (factors) : the numbers or terms multiplied in an expression सूत्र (formula) : an equation that states a fact or rule (e.g., a=l w) बारंबारता सारणी (frequency table) : a display to show how often items, numbers, or a range of numbers occur फलन (function) : a relationship in which every value of x has a unique value of y (e.g., the relation y = 2x + 1 is a function because for every different x, there is one and only one y) फलन का निरूपण (function notation) : a notation that describes a function. for a function ƒ, when x is a member of the domain, the symbol ƒ(x) denotes the corresponding member of the range [e.g., an equation of a function might be ƒ(x) = x+3] गुणोत्तर श्रेणी (geometric sequence) : a sequence with a constant ratio between two consecutive terms. Each successive term is found by multiplying the preceding term by the preceding term by the ratio. (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …is a geometric sequence with a ratio of 2.) graph: a pictorial representation of information or relationships between numbers histogram: a graphical display representing continuous data in different categories or groups अन्तः केन्द्र (incenter) : the point of intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle परोक्ष मापन (indirect measurement) : a measurement which is found by using a formula or other strategy and not actually measuring something (e.g., finding the height of a tree without actually holding a ruler next to it) inductive reasoning: a type of type of mathematical reasoning which involves observing patterns and using those observations to make generalizations असमता (inequality) : a mathematical sentence in which the value of the expressions on either side of the relation symbol are unequal. relation symbols include > (greater than), < (less than), ³greater than or equal to), < (less than or equal to), (e.g., x < y, 7 > 3, n =4). inference: a conclusion drawn from data पूर्णांक (integer) : a set of whole numbers and its opposites (i.e. …..-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ….) inverse operations: two operations that “undo” each other (e.g., addition and subtraction) व्युत्क्रमानुपाती सम्बन्ध (inverse variation) : a relationship in which the product of two variables is constant अपरिमेय संख्या (irrational numbers) : numbers which cannot be represented by an exact ratio of two integers. (e.g., the square root of 2) line graph: a graphical representation using points connected by line segments to show h