Papae analphabetici
Papae analphabetici sunt nonnulli papae Ecclesiae Romanae ab historicis analphabetici habiti, inter quos sunt: Zephyrinus (199–217); apud Sanctum Hippolytum Romanum: "Papa Zephyrinus fuit analphabeticus" (Hippolytus, ed. Miller, p. 284). Adrianus IV (1154–1159); apud George Washington Dean: "Adrian IV., the only English Pope, had been an illiterate servant in a monastery at Avignon." Caelestinus V (1294); apud Maxwell Herbert Equitem: "On the commemoration day of S. Paul, Celestinus the Fifth was created Pope, who, albeit illiterate, was the priest and confessor of his predecessor." Innocentius VI (1352–1362), de quo est scriptum "the new pope was so illiterate that he looked upon Petrarch as a magician, and this disfavor is supposed to have caused the poet's return to Italy.