{"action":"created","comment":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pulls/comments/202894972","pull_request_review_id":137676954,"id":202894972,"node_id":"MDI0OlB1bGxSZXF1ZXN0UmV2aWV3Q29tbWVudDIwMjg5NDk3Mg==","diff_hunk":"@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@\n+---\n+layout: content\n+title: \"Ecoacoustics\"\n+subtitle: \"A newly emerged discipline or come of age?\"\n+redirect_from: \"/2018Congress/\"\n+---\n+<style>\n+ hr {\n+    margin-top: 20px;\n+    margin-bottom: 20px;\n+    border: 2;\n+    border-top: 2px solid #eee;\n+    height: 0.25em;\n+    background-color: #555;\n+ }\n+</style>\n+\n+__by Michael Towsey__\n+\n+## Preface\n+{:.no_toc}\n+\n+This page is a summary of a keynote talk given by Michael Towsey to the [2018 Ecoacoustics Congress](https://ecoacousticscongress.org/), a biennial event of the [International Society of Ecoacoustics](https://sites.google.com/site/ecoacousticssociety/). The Congress was hosted by Queensland University of Technology and Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, 24-28 June 2018.\n+\n+You can contact [Michael](http://staff.qut.edu.au/details?id=towsey) or our research group by going to the [contact us](https://www.ecosounds.org/contact_us) page.\n+\n+## Contents\n+{:.no_toc}\n+\n+- Will be replaced with the ToC\n+{:toc}\n+\n+---\n+\n+## Slide 1: Introduction  \n+\n+{% include figure.html src=\"Slides/Slide1.png\" caption=\"Slide 1.\" %}\n+\n+A recent paper from a prominent ecoacoustics laboratory introduced ecoacoustics as a \"newly emerged discipline\". I have also, over the past ten years, introduced ecoacoustics as a \"new discipline\". It got me thinking - how long can we keep describing ecoacoustics as \"new\"? When does ecoacoustics stop being \"new\" and \"come of age\"? And how will we know that it has come of age? My presentation addresses these questions.\n+On the way I will describe some of the work being done in the [Ecoacoustics Laboratory](http://research.ecosounds.org/) at [Queensland University of Technology (QUT)](https://www.qut.edu.au/). \n+\n+**Side Note:** For those new to the field, long-duration recordings obtained for ecoacoustic analysis are typically obtained from recording units attached to trees like those in the pictures above. To date, the two most commonly used recording units are Song Meters manufactured by Wild Life Acoustics, Massachusetts (above left image) or BAR recording boxes manufactured by Frontier Laboratories, Brisbane (above right image). An interesting and cheaper new-comer to the field is the [AudioMoth](https://www.openacousticdevices.info/) \n+\n+---\n+## Slide 2: So just how old is ecoacoustics?\n+\n+As far as I am aware, the earliest publication describing an acoustic index used for ecological purposes is a 2001 paper from the lab of [Stuart Gage](https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/stuart_gage). This probably makes Stuart the \"founding father\" of ecoacoustics. Stuart published several other papers in subsequent years, but the next new index to be published was due to Boelman in 2007. It is interesting to note that both these indices are still being used today. Another two widely used indices were published in 2008 - the ACI index[^ACI] from [Almo Farina](http://uniurb.academia.edu/AlmoFarina/CurriculumVitae)'s lab and the entropy index from [Jerome Sueur](http://isyeb.mnhn.fr/annuaire-et-pages-personnelles/pages-personnelles/article/sueur-jerome?lang=fr)'s lab.  \n+{% include figure.html src=\"Slides/Slide2.png\" caption=\"Slide 2.\" %}\n+\n+The soundscape literature dates back to a seminal book by Murray Schaffer in 1994, well worth reading because it is a beautiful synthesis of sound, poetry and science. Another influential figure in the history of soundscape recordings is Bernie Krause. And the coming together of many of these pioneers produced the 2011 paper by Pijanowski et al.  Our lab, the [QUT Ecoacoustics Research Group](https://www.ecosounds.org/), also published in 2008. Our research interest has always been to address the computational and \"big data\" problems presented by the accumulation of terrabytes of acoustic recordings. \n+\n+I like to think that, while the *conception* of ecoacoustics may have been in 1994 or 2001, the bumper crop of papers in 2008 dates that year as the *birth* of ecoacoustics. 2008 to 2018 - ten years. In computing science, ten years is a long time, perhaps even three generations, enough time for a new discipline to come of age. But has it? \n+\n+---\n+## Slide 3: The information pyramid  \n+\n+Before broaching this question, I should place some boundaries around my endeavour by referring to the well-known information pyramid. According to the pyramid, the synthesis of *data* produces *information*, the synthesis of *information* produces *knowledge* and the distillation of *knowledge* becomes *wisdom*.\n+{% include figure.html src=\"Slides/Slide3.png\" caption=\"Slide 3.\" %}\n+\n+In the case of ecocoustics, data is mostly derived from audio recordings of the environment. The transition from data to information requires *computation* which is generally the work of *computer scientists* and the transition from information to knowledge requires *interpretation* which, in the case of ecocoustics, is the work of ecologists. Ecoacoustics requires the close cooperation of computer scientists and ecologists, in the same way that bioinformatics requires the interweaving of computation and biology.\n+\n+So, by way of a caveat, in attempting to answer the question \"Has ecoacoustics come of age?\", I admit to taking the perspective of a computer scientist. \n+ \n+---\n+## Slide 4: The world according to ecoacoustics\n+\n+At the first Ecoacoustics Congress, Michigan State University, 2016, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen from University of Freiburg put up this slide illustrating the relationship of ecoacoustics to the larger discipline of ecology. The bottom five circles illustrate a model of the interlocking components of an ecosystem. Each of these components produces sound, the collectivity of which is the *soundscape* produced at a given location.       \n+{% include figure.html src=\"Slides/Slide4.png\" caption=\"Slide 4.\" %}\n+\n+The most important feature of this diagram is the dotted line from the soundscape circle returning to the bottom of the diagram. This indicates that the production of a soundscape is a *dynamic system* because the *output* of the system returns to become an *input*.   \n+\n+## Slide 5: Listening to the heartbeat of Nature\n+{% include figure.html src=\"Slides/Slide5.png\" caption=\"Slide 5.\" %}\n+\n+At the same Congress, Stuart Gage described ecoacoustics using the metaphor \"listening to the heart-beat of nature\". This is an elegant metaphor because, just as a doctor listens to your heart beating, your lungs breathing and your tummy gurgling and thereby tells you more about your state of health than you wish to know, so too, ecologists can derive a great understanding of the \"health\" of an ecosystem by listening to the sounds it produces. \n+\n+---\n+\n+## Slide 6: The standard spectrogram\n+I will begin to address the question motivating this talk by describing a little of the work we have been doing in the Ecoacoustics Research Group over the past few years. Some of this is a review of slides already presented in the tutorial [Long-duration Audio-recordings of the Environment](http://research.ecosounds.org/research/eadm-towsey/long-duration-audio-recordings-of-the-environment). My apologies for that. \n+\n+\n+{% include figure.html src=\"Slides/Slide6.png\" caption=\"Slide 6.\" %}\n+\n+Ecologists have long worked with spectrograms, two dimensional representations of sound, with time as the x-axis and frequency (Hertz or kilohertz) as the y-axis. Sound amplitude is coded by the grey-scale intensity. The typical spectrogram will be a few seconds long, or as long as required to demonstrate the animal call of interest. The above 60-second spectrogram illustrates the \"kek-kek\" call of the cryptic Lewin's Rail. The recording was made on the outskirts of Brisbane City in 2010. The sounds at 8 kHz and above are due to crickets. There are at least four other birds calling. \n+\n+---\n+\n+## Slide 7: ... but the standard spectrogram does not scale!\n+Unfortunately, if we want to prepare a spectrogram of a 24-hour recording at similar scale to that shown in the previous slide, we would require a computer screen 1.2 kilometers wide! (\"A mile a day\" in USA speak!) If instead, we squeeze a 24-hour recording into a standard audio software tool such as Audacity, we end up with a smeared-looking image, like the one below. This is because Audacity averages over the recording in order to achieve the three-orders-of-magnitude compression required to sqeeze it into the available space. (Warning: do not try this unless you know how to fix a constipated computer!) Averaging renders most of the acoustic structure invisible.","path":"research/CongressKeynote/Congress-Keynote.md","position":90,"original_position":90,"commit_id":"014ea758d869f5f01dc83e1de1510c72d3c81222","original_commit_id":"014ea758d869f5f01dc83e1de1510c72d3c81222","user":{"login":"YvonneP","id":9669830,"node_id":"MDQ6VXNlcjk2Njk4MzA=","avatar_url":"https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/9669830?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP","html_url":"https://github.com/YvonneP","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/YvonneP/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"body":"sqeeze should be squeeze","created_at":"2018-07-17T05:03:15Z","updated_at":"2018-07-17T06:03:55Z","html_url":"https://github.com/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pull/102#discussion_r202894972","pull_request_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pulls/102","author_association":"CONTRIBUTOR","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pulls/comments/202894972"},"html":{"href":"https://github.com/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pull/102#discussion_r202894972"},"pull_request":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pulls/102"}}},"pull_request":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pulls/102","id":200902372,"node_id":"MDExOlB1bGxSZXF1ZXN0MjAwOTAyMzcy","html_url":"https://github.com/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pull/102","diff_url":"https://github.com/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pull/102.diff","patch_url":"https://github.com/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pull/102.patch","issue_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/issues/102","number":102,"state":"open","locked":false,"title":"Write up Keynote presentation as Blog","user":{"login":"atruskie","id":1452968,"node_id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE0NTI5Njg=","avatar_url":"https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/1452968?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie","html_url":"https://github.com/atruskie","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"body":"Adds @towsey's keynote as an article.\r\n\r\nI believe this is a work in progress - do not merge yet.","created_at":"2018-07-12T06:44:59Z","updated_at":"2018-07-17T06:03:55Z","closed_at":null,"merged_at":null,"merge_commit_sha":"31384eeb6dcc0a950015ed60670a09f9a7358746","assignee":{"login":"atruskie","id":1452968,"node_id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE0NTI5Njg=","avatar_url":"https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/1452968?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie","html_url":"https://github.com/atruskie","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"assignees":[{"login":"atruskie","id":1452968,"node_id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE0NTI5Njg=","avatar_url":"https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/1452968?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie","html_url":"https://github.com/atruskie","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/atruskie/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false}],"requested_reviewers":[],"requested_teams":[],"labels":[],"milestone":null,"commits_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pulls/102/commits","review_comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pulls/102/comments","review_comment_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/pulls/comments{/number}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/issues/102/comments","statuses_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog/statuses/014ea758d869f5f01dc83e1de1510c72d3c81222","head":{"label":"QutEcoacoustics:congress-keynote","ref":"congress-keynote","sha":"014ea758d869f5f01dc83e1de1510c72d3c81222","user":{"login":"QutEcoacoustics","id":2534346,"node_id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjI1MzQzNDY=","avatar_url":"https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/2534346?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics","html_url":"https://github.com/QutEcoacoustics","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/received_events","type":"Organization","site_admin":false},"repo":{"id":19224551,"node_id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkxOTIyNDU1MQ==","name":"research-blog","full_name":"QutEcoacoustics/research-blog","owner":{"login":"QutEcoacoustics","id":2534346,"node_id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjI1MzQzNDY=","avatar_url":"https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/2534346?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics","html_url":"https://github.com/QutEcoacoustics","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/QutEcoacoustics/received_events","type":"Organization","site_admin":false},"private":false,"html_url":"https://github.com/QutEcoacoustics/research-blog","description":"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