{"action":"created","issue":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/alissli/Reading/issues/73","repository_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/alissli/Reading","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/alissli/Reading/issues/73/labels{/name}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/alissli/Reading/issues/73/comments","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/alissli/Reading/issues/73/events","html_url":"https://github.com/alissli/Reading/issues/73","id":346829964,"node_id":"MDU6SXNzdWUzNDY4Mjk5NjQ=","number":73,"title":"认知科学与广义进化论","user":{"login":"alissli","id":23351109,"node_id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMzUxMTA5","avatar_url":"https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/23351109?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli","html_url":"https://github.com/alissli","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"labels":[],"state":"open","locked":false,"assignee":null,"assignees":[],"milestone":null,"comments":1,"created_at":"2018-08-02T01:53:03Z","updated_at":"2018-08-02T04:28:31Z","closed_at":null,"author_association":"OWNER","body":"## 指数爆炸\r\n\r\n一个叫杰米的百万富翁，一天，碰上一件奇怪的事，一个叫韦伯的人对他说，我想和你定个合同，我将在整整一个月中每天给你10万元，而你第一天只需给我一分钱，而后每一天给我的钱是前一天的两倍。杰米说：“真的？！你说话算数？”\r\n\r\n合同开始生效了，杰米欣喜若狂。第一天杰米支出一分钱，收入10万元；第二天，杰米支出2分钱，收入10万元；第三天，杰米支出4分钱，收入10万元；第四天，杰米支出8分钱，收入10万元。。。。。。到了第十天，杰米共得到200万元，而韦伯才得到1048575分，共10000元多点。杰米想：要是合同定两个月，三个月多好！可从第21天起，情况发上了变化。\r\n\r\n第21天，杰米支出1万多，收入10万元。到第28天，杰米支出134万多，收入10万元。结果杰米在一个月（31天）内得到310万元的同时，共付给韦伯2147483647分，也就是2000多万元！杰米破产了（存在变数就存在希望，一成不变或许不经意间已被唰出局）\r\n\r\n这个故事一定会让你吃惊，开始微不足道的数字，两倍两倍的增长，会变得这么巨大！事实的确如此，因为杰米碰到了“指数爆炸”。一种事物如果成倍成倍地增大（如2*2*2*2。。。），则它是以指数形式增大，这种增大的速度就像“大爆炸”一样，非常惊人。在科学领域，常常需要研究这一类问题。"},"comment":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/alissli/Reading/issues/comments/409802057","html_url":"https://github.com/alissli/Reading/issues/73#issuecomment-409802057","issue_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/alissli/Reading/issues/73","id":409802057,"node_id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDQwOTgwMjA1Nw==","user":{"login":"alissli","id":23351109,"node_id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMzUxMTA5","avatar_url":"https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/23351109?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli","html_url":"https://github.com/alissli","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/alissli/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"created_at":"2018-08-02T04:28:31Z","updated_at":"2018-08-02T04:28:31Z","author_association":"OWNER","body":"### 神经科学\r\n\r\n在2000年左右，Jitendra Sharma在《自然》上撰文【1】，汇报了他们的一个令人耳目一新的实验。Sharma把幼年鼬鼠的视觉神经和听觉神经剪断，交换后接合，眼睛接到了听觉中枢，耳朵接到了视觉中枢。鼬鼠长大后，依然发展出了视觉和听觉。这意味着大脑中视觉和听觉的计算方法是通用的。在2009年，Vuillerme和Cuisinier为盲人发明了一套装置【2】，将摄像机的输出表示成二维微电极矩阵，放在舌头表面。盲人经过一段时间的学习训练，可以用舌头“看到”障碍物。在2011年，人们发现许多盲人独自发展出一套“声纳”技术，他们可以通过回声来探测并规避大的障碍物。Thaler等人研究表明，他们“声纳”技术用的并不是听觉中枢，而是原来被废置的视觉中枢。"}}
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