{"action":"created","comment":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/google/WebFundamentals/pulls/comments/81862110","pull_request_review_id":2811482,"id":81862110,"diff_hunk":"@@ -1,8 +1,355 @@\n project_path: /web/_project.yaml\n book_path: /web/fundamentals/_book.yaml\n+description: Improving accessibility for web pages\n \n-{# wf_updated_on: 2015-09-08 #}\n-{# wf_published_on: 2015-09-08 #}\n+{# wf_review_required #}\n+{# wf_updated_on: 2016-06-26 #}\n+{# wf_published_on: 2016-06-26 #}\n \n # Accessibility {: .page-title }\n \n+{% include \"_shared/contributors/megginkearney.html\" %}\n+{% include \"_shared/contributors/dgash.html\" %}\n+{% include \"_shared/contributors/robdodson.html\" %}\n+\n+\n+This document set is a text-based version of part of the content covered in the\n+<a href=\"https://www.udacity.com/course/web-accessibility--ud891\"\n+target=\"_blank\">Udacity course on Accessibility</a>. Rather than a direct\n+transcription of the video course, it is meant to be a more concise treatment of\n+accessibility principles and practices, using the course's original content as a\n+base.\n+\n+## TL;DR {: .hide-from-toc }\n+- Learn what accessibility means and how it applies to web development.\n+- Learn how to make web sites accessible and usable for everyone.\n+- Learn how to include basic accessibility with minimal development impact.\n+- Learn what HTML features are available and how to use them to improve\n+  accessibility.\n+- Learn about advanced accessibility techniques for creating polished\n+  accessibility experiences.\n+\n+\n+Understanding accessibility, its scope, and its impact can make you a better web\n+developer. This guide is intended to help you understand how you can make your\n+websites accessible and usable for everyone.\n+\n+\"Accessibility\" can be difficult to spell, but it doesn't have to be difficult\n+to accomplish. In this guide, you will see how to get some easy wins to help\n+improve accessibility with minimal effort, how you can use what's built in to\n+HTML to create more accessible and robust interfaces, and how to leverage some\n+advanced techniques for creating polished accessible experiences.\n+\n+You'll also find that many of these techniques will help you create interfaces\n+that are more pleasant and easy to use for *all* users, not just for those with\n+disabilities.\n+\n+Of course, many developers have only a hazy understanding of what accessibility\n+means &mdash; something to do with government contracts, checklists, and screen\n+readers, right? &mdash; and there are plenty of misconceptions floating around.\n+For example, many developers feel that addressing accessibility will force them\n+to choose between creating a delightful and attractive experience, and one that\n+is clunky and ugly but accessible.\n+\n+That is, of course, not the case at all, so let's clear that up before we get\n+into anything else. What do we mean by accessibility, and what are we here to\n+learn about?\n+\n+## What is accessibility?\n+Broadly speaking, when we say a site is accessible, we mean that the site's\n+content is available, and its functionality can be operated, by literally\n+*anyone*. As developers, it's easy to assume that all users can see and use a\n+keyboard, mouse, or touch screen, and can interact with your page content the\n+same way you do. This can lead to an experience that works well for some people,\n+but creates issues that range from simple annoyances to show-stoppers for\n+others.\n+\n+Accessibility, then, refers to the experience of users who might be outside the\n+narrow range of the \"typical\" user, who might access or interact with things\n+differently than you expect. Specifically, it concerns users who are\n+experiencing some type of impairment or disability &mdash; and bear in mind that\n+that experience might be non-physical or temporary.\n+\n+For example, although we tend to center our discussion of accessibility on users\n+with physical impairments, we can all relate to the experience of using an\n+interface that is not accessible to us for other reasons. Have you ever had a\n+problem using a desktop site on a mobile phone, or seen the message \"This\n+content is not available in your area\", or been unable to find a familiar menu\n+on a tablet? Those are all accessibility issues.\n+\n+As you learn more, you'll find that addressing accessibility issues in this\n+broader, more general sense almost always improves the user experience for\n+everyone. Let's look at an example.\n+\n+![a form with poor accessibility](imgs/pooraccess.jpg)\n+\n+This form has several accessibility issues.\n+\n+ - The text is low contrast, which is hard for low-vision users to read.\n+ - Having labels on the left and fields on the right makes it hard for many\n+   people to associate them, and almost impossible for someone who needs to zoom\n+   in to use the page; imagine looking at this on a phone and having to pan\n+   around to figure out what goes with what.\n+ - The \"Remember details?\" label isn't associated with the checkbox, so you have\n+   to tap or click only on the tiny square rather than just clicking the label;\n+   also, someone using a screen reader would have trouble figuring out the\n+   association.\n+\n+Now let's wave our accessibility wand and see the form with those issues fixed.\n+We're going to make the text darker, modify the design so that the labels are\n+close to the things they're labeling, and fix the label to be associated with\n+the checkbox so you can toggle it by clicking the label as well.\n+\n+![a form with improved accessibility](imgs/betteraccess.jpg)\n+\n+Which would you rather use? If you said \"the accessible version\", you're on your\n+way to understanding a main premise of this guide. Often, something that's a\n+complete blocker for a few users is also a pain point for many others, so by\n+fixing the accessibility issue you improve the experience for everyone.\n+\n+## Web Content Accessibility Guidelines\n+\n+Throughout this guide we'll refer to the <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/\"\n+target=\"_blank\">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0</a>, a set of\n+guidelines and best practices put together by accessibility experts to address\n+what \"accessibility\" means in a methodical way. Several countries actually\n+mandate the use of these guidelines in their web accessibility legal\n+requirements.\n+\n+WCAG is organized around four principles often called by the acronym *POUR*:\n+\n+ - **Perceivable**: Can users perceive the content? This helps us keep in mind\n+   that just because something is perceivable with one sense, such as sight,\n+   that doesn't mean that all users can perceive it.\n+\n+ - **Operable**: Can users use UI components and navigate the content? For\n+   example, something that requires a hover interaction cannot be operated by\n+   someone who can't use a mouse or touch screen.\n+\n+ - **Understandable**: Can users understand the content? Can users understand\n+   the interface and is it consistent enough to avoid confusion?\n+\n+ - **Robust**: Can the content be consumed by a wide variety of user agents\n+   (browsers)? Does it work with assistive technology?\n+\n+While WCAG provides a comprehensive overview of what it means for content to be\n+accessible, it can also be a bit overwhelming. To help mitigate this, the <a\n+href=\"http://webaim.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WebAIM</a> (Web Accessibility in Mind)\n+group has distilled the WCAG guidelines into an easy-to-follow checklist,\n+targeted specifically for web content.\n+\n+The <a href=\"http://webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist\" target=\"_blank\">WebAIM\n+checklist</a> can give you a short, high-level summary of what you need to\n+implement, while also linking to the underlying WCAG specification if you need\n+an expanded definition.\n+\n+With this tool in hand, you can chart a direction for your accessibility work\n+and be confident that, as long as your project meets the outlined criteria, your\n+users should have a positive experience accessing your content.\n+\n+## Understanding users' diversity\n+\n+When learning about accessibility, it helps to have an understanding of the\n+diverse range of users in the world and the kinds of accessibility topics that\n+affect them. To explain further, here's an informative question/answer session\n+with Victor Tsaran, a Technical Program Manager at Google, who is totally blind.\n+\n+<figure>\n+  <img src=\"imgs/victor_tsaran.jpg\" alt=\"Victor Tsaran\">\t\n+  <figcaption>Victor Tsaran</figcaption>\n+</figure>\n+\n+<hr>\n+\n+*What do you work on at Google?*\n+\n+>Here at Google my job is to help ensure that our products work for all of our\n+diverse users, regardless of impairment or ability.\n+\n+ *What kinds of impairments do users have?*\n+\n+>When we think about the kinds of impairments which would make it difficult for\n+someone to access our content, many people will immediately picture a blind user\n+like me. And it's true, this impairment can really make it frustrating or even\n+impossible to use a lot of web sites.\n+>\n+>A lot of modern web techniques have the unfortunate side effect of creating\n+sites which don't work well with the tools used by blind users to access the\n+web. However, there is actually more to accessibility than that. We find it\n+useful think of impairments falling into four broad buckets: visual, motor,\n+hearing, and cognitive.\n+\n+ *Let's go through those one at a time. Can you give some examples of visual\n+ impairments?*\n+\n+>Visual impairments can be split into a few categories: Users with no vision,\n+like me, might use a screen reader, braille, or combination of the two.\n+\n+<figure>\n+  <img src=\"imgs/braille-reader.png\" alt=\"A braille reader\">\t\n+  <figcaption>A braille reader</figcaption>\n+</figure>\n+\n+>Now, it's actually pretty unusual to have literally no vision, but still,\n+there's a good chance you know or have met at least one person who can't see at\n+all. However there are also a much larger number of what we call low-vision\n+users.\n+>\n+>This is a broad range, from someone like my wife, who doesn't have any corneas\n+&mdash; so while she can basically see things she has a hard time reading print\n+and is considered legally blind &mdash; to someone who might have just poor\n+vision and needs to wear very strong prescription glasses.\n+>\n+>There's a huge range, and so naturally there's a big range of accommodations\n+that people in this category use: some do use a screen reader or a braille\n+display (I've even heard of one woman who reads braille displayed on-screen\n+because it's easier to see than printed text), or they might use text-to-speech\n+technology without the full screen reader functionality, or they might use a\n+screen magnifier which zooms in on part of the screen, or they might just use\n+their browser zoom to make all the fonts bigger. They might also use\n+high-contrast options like an operating system high-contrast mode, a\n+high-contrast browser extension or a high-contrast theme for a website.\n+\n+<figure>\n+  <img src=\"imgs/high-contrast.png\" alt=\"High-contrast mode\">\t\n+  <figcaption>High-contrast mode</figcaption>\n+</figure>\n+\n+>A lot of users even use a combination of these, like my friend Laura who uses a\n+combination of high-contrast mode, browser zoom and text-to-speech.\n+>\n+>Low vision is something a lot of people can relate to. For a start, we all\n+experience deteriorating vision as we age, so even if you haven't experienced it\n+there's a good chance you've heard your parents complain about it. But a lot of\n+people experience the frustration of taking their laptop out by a sunny window\n+only to find they suddenly can't read anything! Or anyone who's had laser\n+surgery or maybe just has to read something from across the room might have used\n+one of those accommodations I mentioned. So I think it's pretty easy for\n+developers to have some empathy for low-vision users.\n+>\n+>Oh, and I shouldn't forget to mention people with poor color vision &mdash;\n+about 9% of males have some form of color vision deficiency! Plus about 1% of\n+females. They may have trouble distinguishing red and green, or yellow and blue.\n+Think about that the next time you design form validation.\n+\n+ *What about motor impairments?*\n+\n+>Yes, motor impairments, or dexterity impairments. This group ranges all the way\n+from those who would prefer not to use a mouse, because perhaps they've had some\n+RSI or something and find it painful, to someone who may be physically paralyzed\n+and have limited range of motion for certain parts of their body. Motor impaired\n+users may use a keyboard, switch device, voice control, or even an eye-tracking\n+device to interact with their computer.\n+\n+<figure>\n+  <img src=\"imgs/switch-device.png\" alt=\"A person using a switch device with their foot\">\t\n+  <figcaption>A switch device</figcaption>\n+</figure>\n+\n+<figure>\n+  <img src=\"imgs/eye-tracking.png\" alt=\"A person using an eye tracking device\">\t\n+  <figcaption>An eye tracking device</figcaption>\n+</figure>\n+\n+>Similar to vision impairments, mobility can also be a temporary or situational\n+issue: Maybe you have a broken wrist on your mouse hand. Maybe the trackpad is\n+broken on your laptop, or you're just riding on a shaky train. There can be a\n+lot of situations where a user's mobility is impeded, and by making sure we\n+cater for them we improve the experience overall, both for anyone with a\n+permanent impairment but also for anyone who temporarily finds that they can't\n+use a pointer-based UI.\n+\n+ *Great, let's talk about hearing impairments.*\n+\n+>This group can range from the profoundly deaf through to hard-of-hearing. And\n+much like eyesight, our hearing tends to degrade with age. Many of us use common\n+affordances like hearing aids to help us.\n+\n+<figure>\n+  <img src=\"imgs/hearing-aid.png\" alt=\"A man with a cochlear implant hearing aid\">\t\n+  <figcaption>Hearing aid (cochlear implant type)</figcaption>\n+</figure>\n+\n+\n+>For hearing-impaired users we need to make sure that we're not relying on\n+sound, so making sure to use things like video captions and transcripts, and\n+providing some kind of alternative, if sound is part of the interface.\n+\n+<figure>\n+  <img src=\"imgs/screen-captions.png\" alt=\"A television with captions at the bottom\">\t\n+  <figcaption>Screen captions</figcaption>\n+</figure>\n+\n+>And like we saw with vision and motor impairments, it's really easy to imagine\n+a situation where someone whose ears work fine would benefit from these\n+accommodations as well. A lot of my friends say they love it when videos have\n+captions and transcripts because it means that if they're in an open plan office\n+and didn't bring their headphones, they can still watch the video!\n+\n+ *All right, can you tell us a bit about cognitive impairments?*\n+\n+>Finally there's a range of cognitive conditions like ADD, Dyslexia, and Autism,\n+which can mean that people want or need to access things differently. The\n+accommodations for these groups are naturally extremely diverse, but we\n+definitely find some overlap with other areas, like using zoom functionality to\n+make reading or concentrating easier. Also, these users may find that really\n+minimal design works best because it minimizes distraction and cognitive load.\n+>\n+>I think everyone can relate to the stress of cognitive overload, so it's\n+obvious that if we create something that works well for someone with a cognitive\n+impairment, we're going to be creating something which is going to be a pleasant\n+experience for everyone.\n+\n+ *So, how would you summarize how you think about accessibility?*\n+\n+>When you look at the broad range of abilities and disabilities that people\n+might have, you can see that designing and building products only for people who\n+have perfect vision, hearing, dexterity, and cognition seems incredibly narrow.\n+It's almost self-defeating, because we're creating a more stressful and less\n+usable experience for everyone, and for some users creating an experience which\n+actually excludes them altogether.\n+\n+In this interview, Victor identified a range of impairments, and placed them\n+into four broad categories: *visual*, *motor*, *hearing*, and *cognitive*. He\n+also pointed out that each type of impairment might be *situational*,\n+*temporary*, or *permanent*.\n+\n+Let's take a look at some real-world examples of access impairments and see\n+where they fall within those categories and types. Note that some impairments\n+may fall into more than one category or type.\n+\n+![Impairment table](imgs/impairment-table.png)","path":"src/content/en/fundamentals/accessibility/index.md","position":323,"original_position":323,"commit_id":"93f971cc86d125c65183544b8ec268f8ca5b642f","original_commit_id":"93f971cc86d125c65183544b8ec268f8ca5b642f","user":{"login":"robdodson","id":1066253,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1066253?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson","html_url":"https://github.com/robdodson","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"body":"fixed","created_at":"2016-10-04T21:51:42Z","updated_at":"2016-10-04T21:51:42Z","html_url":"https://github.com/google/WebFundamentals/pull/3527#discussion_r81862110","pull_request_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/google/WebFundamentals/pulls/3527","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/google/WebFundamentals/pulls/comments/81862110"},"html":{"href":"https://github.com/google/WebFundamentals/pull/3527#discussion_r81862110"},"pull_request":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/google/WebFundamentals/pulls/3527"}}},"pull_request":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/google/WebFundamentals/pulls/3527","id":87030574,"html_url":"https://github.com/google/WebFundamentals/pull/3527","diff_url":"https://github.com/google/WebFundamentals/pull/3527.diff","patch_url":"https://github.com/google/WebFundamentals/pull/3527.patch","issue_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/google/WebFundamentals/issues/3527","number":3527,"state":"open","locked":false,"title":"A11y playbook","user":{"login":"robdodson","id":1066253,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1066253?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson","html_url":"https://github.com/robdodson","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/robdodson/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"body":"I've made it up to `dom-order-matters.md` in the Focus section. Still got a ways to go. I'm doing a ton of editing and 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