in 2003, the sars epidemic brought china to a virtual standstill. most tuberculosis control activities came to a stop. however, after the sars epidemic had been successfully controlled, tuberculosis control activities picked up rapidly in the second half of the year. by the end of 2003, 43% of the estimated total new cases of smear-positive tuberculosis had been diagnosed and treated in the country's dots program. with further acceleration of tuberculosis control efforts, 64% and 80% of these cases were diagnosed and treated in 2004 and 2005, respectively. the acceleration of efforts to control tuberculosis after the sars epidemic would not have been possible if the government had not laid the foundation to revitalize the tuberculosis control program before 2003. however, the gains in tuberculosis control after sars also resulted from measures to improve the public health system. the first of the key measures that have been implemented in the three years since the sars crisis ended was greatly increased commitment and leadership from the government to tackle public health problems. during the sars epidemic, governmental and communist party leaders at all levels—from paramount leader hu jintao, premier wen jiabo and members of the state council down to village leaders—were involved in tackling a single public-health issue. the epidemic and its eventual control convinced chinese leaders that the government should be much more involved in addressing public-health problems. after the sars epidemic, the state council developed a mechanism to oversee public-health emergencies directly. the state council has also involved itself with other pressing public-health challenges, including hiv/aids, avian influenza, occupational safety, and environmental health. the increased political commitment to public health has benefited tuberculosis control. in march 2004, vice-minister of health wang longde attended the second stop tb partners' forum in new delhi, india, and made a commitment on behalf of the government to achieve the 2005 global targets for tuberculosis control. in june 2004, the state council held a video-teleconference with provincial vice-governors to discuss steps to accelerate efforts to control tuberculosis. the ministry of health identified 12 provinces with more than 85% of the "missing" cases needed to reach the 70% target for case detection in china and sent monitoring teams to these provinces to identify and solve existing problems. in december 2004, vice-minister wang longde and shigeru omi, who regional director of the western pacific, co-chaired a high-level tuberculosis meeting in china. governmental leaders from the 12 provinces participated, including the vice-governors from eight provinces. in addition to increased involvement and commitment, the central government has increased funding for public health from $835 million in 2002 to $1.44 billion in 2004. over this period, the proportion of total cdc funding provided by the government increased from 40.7% to 47.1%, reversing a downward trend. the central government increased funding for four priority communicable diseases in particular—hiv/aids, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and hepatitis b. tuberculosis funding increased by more than seven times during this period (reaching $36 million in 2005) and contributed to 26% of the total funding available for the national tuberculosis control program in 2005. the additional funding has been used to expand health promotion activities, to provide financial incentives to village workers to find and treat tuberculosis, and to provide free treatment for people with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis for the first time. furthermore, the central government revised the law on the control of infectious diseases in march 2004. the revision provides instructions to tackle infectious-disease outbreaks, improve the reporting of infectious diseases, implement interventions to control the spread of such diseases, provide clinical services, and fund the control of infectious diseases. this law directly benefited tuberculosis control by addressing the under-reporting of tuberculosis by health facilities. tuberculosis now has to be reported to local public-health authorities within 24 hours. because failure to report is now a crime, hospitals have begun to take the reporting of tuberculosis very seriously. in january 2004, the ministry of health implemented the world's largest internet-based communicable-disease reporting system. this system addressed the delays and incomplete reporting of communicable diseases, which were most evident during the sars epidemic, when governmental authorities could not quickly assess the extent of the epidemic. at the end of 2005, 93% of 19,716 health facilities at and above the county-level and 66% of 38,518 township-level health facilities were reporting the country's 37 notifiable diseases through this system. the mean length of time to report from a county-level health facility to the central level has been reduced from 29 days to 1 day. with this new internet-based reporting system, individuals involved in tuberculosis control can rapidly identify cases of tuberculosis—both confirmed and suspected—in china's vast hospital system for the first time. this information is being used to trace patients with tuberculosis and ensure their proper diagnosis and treatment. in 2004, 447,777 suspected or confirmed cases of tuberculosis were reported from hospitals. this number increased to 686,742 in 2005 as more hospitals implemented this system; almost 64% of these patients were successfully followed up. on the basis of preliminary analysis by the china cdc, 25% of all cases of tuberculosis in 2005 were initially reported from hospitals via the internet. the government has also started a massive program to rebuild local public-health facilities. sars revealed that public-health facilities were largely outdated and inadequate to tackle existing public-health problems, not to mention addressing new or emerging challenges. the government is currently investing $1.3 billion to rebuild 2448 cdc facilities in 27 provinces. when completed, more than 80% of the country's cdc facilities will be new. the central government will provide 28% of the needed funding, with the rest coming from governments at various levels. however, china's poorer western provinces will receive preferential support, with 65% of the needed funding coming from the central government. tuberculosis control programs will directly benefit from this approach, since more than 80% of china's tuberculosis dispensaries are located in local cdc facilities. although a strengthened public-health system has accelerated the national tuberculosis control effort, progress in tuberculosis control has also strengthened the public-health system. in terms of policy, the national tuberculosis control program has clear targets and well-defined technical policies based on the dots strategy. national and international partners work in a cohesive manner toward the same targets, with the same implementation framework. other public-health programs are learning from this successful model. in financial terms, funding from different partners is harmonized under one financing plan with clear funding needs and gaps—another model for other programs. furthermore, the failure to control tuberculosis in the past—when tuberculosis services were not free—and the success in tuberculosis control over the past few years—when tuberculosis services have been free—have provided policymakers with arguments to increase funding for public health from the government. with regard to management, several features of dots—e.g., directly observed therapy to manage treatment of patients and the management of logistics and drugs—are now used to tackle hiv/aids and in other public-health programs. furthermore, although many public-health workers are being trained to implement dots, setbacks caused by inadequate numbers of trained workers have shown governmental leaders the importance of such resources in public health, and thus they have increased planning for them. in terms of information systems, the tuberculosis program's quarterly recording and reporting system has long been a model for other disease control programs. with the new internet-based reporting system for communicable diseases, the tuberculosis program leads the way in the use of information to improve public-health outcomes. finally, the model of collaboration between hospitals and cdc facilities provided by the tuberculosis control program is one of the best examples to date of how hospitals should be involved in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and has influenced the development of new policies that involve hospitals in the work of public health. tuberculosis in china was most effectively prevented through spreading awareness. information was widely spread throughout china, mainly throughout the form of government funded free pamphlets, handed out at children's sporting events. 2009-2014 program a new five-year initiative program, announced on 1 april 2009, aims to use innovative technologies to improve the detection and treatment of tuberculosis (tb) in china. cutting edge diagnostic tests, drug regimens that reduce the number of pills a patient needs to take, and innovative ways of ensuring patients take their drugs—such as mobile phone text messaging—are to be rolled out under a program led by the chinese ministry of health. it will be implemented in five designated provinces and one municipality—covering 20 million people at risk of tb. the proposed diagnostic tools will include the use of led microscopes and dna-based diagnosis. using leds rather than standard phosphorescent lights in microscopes forms a clearer image and improves tb detection rates in patients' sputum from 50 to 65 per cent. and dna testing, which can determine which strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis are present in sputum has 98 per cent accuracy and can be used to detect drug-resistant strains in as little as a day. dna-based diagnosis is also cost-effective. as well as diagnosis, new management methods such as mobile phone text messaging and medicine kits with built-in reminder alarms will be used to enhance patients' drug compliance. drug combinations—where different drugs are combined in the same pill—will also be used to reduce the number of pills a patient has to take from around 13 to three or four a day. after two-and-a-half years effective interventions will be scaled up. some 20 cities covering 100 million people should be included by the end of the fifth year of the program, funded by a us$33 million grant from the bill & melinda gates foundation. reviewing of strategy although china achieved the 2005 global targets for tuberculosis control, these are only targets for implementation and monitoring in the national and international efforts to control tuberculosis. more important are the targets of halving the prevalence of, and mortality from, tuberculosis. countries in the western pacific region committed to these targets in 1999, as did the wider international community as part of the mdgs. to achieve these targets, china needs to address existing challenges to its efforts to control tuberculosis. foremost is the serious epidemic of mdr tuberculosis. who estimates that a third of the world's cases of mdr tuberculosis are in china, even though the country has only 15% of the global burden of tuberculosis. the recent expansion of dots should help to limit the development of mdr tuberculosis. but reduction of the existing burden of multidrug resistance will take time, especially since poor-quality dots services in some areas and inappropriate treatment of tuberculosis in parts of the hospital system continue to generate new cases of mdr tuberculosis. the absence of a sound financing mechanism to fully fund tuberculosis services is a further problem. although funding for tuberculosis services is at its highest level ever, the ministry of health estimates that the national tuberculosis control program still had a 23% funding gap in 2005. additionally, more than a quarter of current funding comes from external grants and loans, making sustainable funding a major challenge. another challenge is to make tuberculosis services accessible to the entire population. although china has a policy of free tuberculosis services, in most places these are available only to permanent residents in a particular community. urban migrants, who have relocated from poor rural areas to seek a better livelihood, are not eligible for such free services. these vulnerable, predominantly young migrants—now numbering more than 150 million—tend to live and work in crowded environments and are unlikely to seek medical care when they become ill. such individuals contribute to the spread of tuberculosis, hiv infection, and other infectious diseases within urban centers. the growing epidemic of co-infection with tuberculosis and hiv if left unchecked will substantially increase the number of tuberculosis cases and deaths. a further difficulty is presented by the shortage of trained health-care workers for tuberculosis control. cdc facilities are being rebuilt across the country but many are staffed inadequately or by poorly trained and unmotivated health-care workers. finally, and perhaps most importantly, is the challenge of sustaining and further increasing long-term governmental commitment to the control of tuberculosis, which is essential to tackle the other challenges. china is developing tuberculosis-specific policies and interventions to address these challenges. the new five-year implementation plan of the national tuberculosis control program (2006–2010) has incorporated key elements of the new stop tb strategy