dose of sclerosant foam was injected. endovenous thermal ablation there are three kinds of endovenous thermal ablation treatment possible: laser, radiofrequency, and steam. the australian medical services advisory committee (msac) in 2008 determined that endovenous laser treatment/ablation (ela) for varicose veins "appears to be more effective in the short term, and at least as effective overall, as the comparative procedure of junction ligation and vein stripping for the treatment of varicose veins." it also found in its assessment of available literature, that "occurrence rates of more severe complications such as dvt, nerve injury, and paraesthesia, post-operative infections, and haematomas, appears to be greater after ligation and stripping than after evlt". complications for ela include minor skin burns (0.4%) and temporary paresthesia (2.1%). the longest study of endovenous laser ablation is 39 months. two prospective randomized trials found speedier recovery and fewer complications after radiofrequency ablation (era) compared to open surgery. myers wrote that open surgery for small saphenous vein reflux is obsolete. myers said these veins should be treated with endovenous techniques, citing high recurrence rates after surgical management, and risk of nerve damage up to 15%. by comparison era has been shown to control 80% of cases of small saphenous vein reflux at 4 years, said myers. complications for era include burns, paraesthesia, clinical phlebitis and slightly higher rates of deep vein thrombosis (0.57%) and pulmonary embolism (0.17%). one 3-year study compared era, with a recurrence rate of 33%, to open surgery, which had a recurrence rate of 23%. steam treatment consists in injection of pulses of steam into the sick vein. this treatment which works with a natural agent (water) has similar results than laser or radiofrequency. the steam presents a lot of post-operative advantages for the patient (good aesthetic results, less pain, etc.) ela and era require specialized training for doctors and special equipment. ela is performed as an outpatient procedure and does not require an operating theatre, nor does the patient need a general anaesthetic. doctors use high-frequency ultrasound during the procedure to visualize the anatomical relationships between the saphenous structures. some practitioners also perform phlebectomy or ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy at the time of endovenous treatment. follow-up treatment to smaller branch varicose veins is often needed in the weeks or months after the initial procedure. steam is a very promising treatment for both doctors (easy introduction of catheters, efficient on recurrences, ambulatory procedure, easy and economic procedure) and patients (less post-operative pain, a natural agent, fast recovery to daily activities). medical adhesive also called medical super glue, medical adhesive is an advanced non-surgical treatment for varicose veins during which a solution is injected into the diseased vein through a small catheter and under the assistance of ultrasound-guided imagery. the "super glue" solution is made of cyanoacrylate, aiming at sealing the vein and rerouting the blood flow to other healthy veins. post-treatment, the body will naturally absorb the treated vein which will disappear. involving only a small incision and no hospital stay, medical super glue has generated great interest within the last years, with a success rate of about 96.8%. a follow-up consultation is required after this treatment, just like any other one, in order to re-assess the diseased vein and further treat it if needed. echotherapy treatment in the field of varicose veins, the latest medical innovation is high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy (hifu). this method is completely non-invasive and is not necessarily performed in an operating room, unlike existing techniques. this is because the procedure involves treating from outside the body, able to penetrate the skin without damage, to treat the veins in a targeted area. this leaves no scars and allows the patient to return to their daily life immediately. epidemiology varicose veins are most common after age 50. it is more prevalent in females. there is a hereditary role. it has been seen in smokers, those who have chronic constipation, and in people with occupations which necessitate long periods of standing such as wait staff, nurses, conductors (musical and bus), stage actors, umpires (cricket, javelin, etc.), the king's guards, lectern orators, security guards, traffic police officers, vendors, surgeons, etc.