lumbar spinal stenosis lumbar spinal stenosis lumbar spinal stenosis (lss) is a medical condition in which the spinal canal narrows and compresses the nerves and blood vessels at the level of the lumbar vertebrae. spinal stenosis may also affect the cervical or thoracic region, in which case it is known as cervical spinal stenosis or thoracic spinal stenosis. lumbar spinal stenosis can cause pain in the low back or buttocks, abnormal sensations, and the absence of sensation (numbness) in the legs, thighs, feet, or buttocks, or loss of bladder and bowel control. lumbar spinal stenosisother nameswear and tear in the spinelumbar vertebra showing central stenosis and lateral recess stenosis.specialtyorthopedicssymptomspain, numbness, or weakness in the low back, buttocks, or legs typically worsened with prolonged walking or standing and relieved with sitting or lying downusual onsetgradual (months to years)typescongenital, acquiredcausesnarrowed spinal cord due to spinal degeneration or abnormal anatomydiagnostic methodclinical (a combination of history, physical examination, and imaging)differential diagnosisclaudication from peripheral artery diseasetreatmentmedication, physiotherapy, injections, surgery the precise cause of lss is unclear. narrowing of spinal structures in the spinal cord such as the central canal, the lateral recesses, or the intervertebral foramen (the opening where a spinal nerve root passes) must be present, but are not sufficient to cause lss alone. many people who undergo mri imaging are found to have such changes but have no symptoms. these changes are commonly seen in people who have spinal degeneration that occurs with aging (e.g., spinal disc herniation). lss may also be caused by osteophytes, osteoporosis, a tumor, trauma, or various skeletal dysplasias, such as with pseudoachondroplasia and achondroplasia. medical professionals may clinically diagnose lumbar spinal stenosis using a combination of a thorough medical history, physical examination, and imaging (ct or mri). emg may be helpful if the diagnosis is unclear. useful clues that support a diagnosis of lss are age; radiating leg pain that worsens with prolonged standing or walking (neurogenic claudication) and is relieved by sitting, lying down, or bending forward at the waist; and a wide stance when walking. other helpful clues may include objective weakness or decreased sensation in the legs, decreased reflexes in the legs, and balance difficulties, all of which are strongly associated with lss. most people with lss qualify for initial conservative non-operative treatment. nonsurgical treatments include medications, physiotherapy, and injection procedures. decompressive spinal surgery may modestly improve outcomes but carries greater risk than conservative treatment. overall, there is limited supporting evidence to determine the most effective surgical or nonsurgical treatment for people with symptomatic lss. evidence to support the use of acupuncture is also limited. lumbar spinal stenosis is a common condition and causes substantial morbidity and disability. it is the most common reason people over the age of 65 pursue spinal surgery. the condition affects over 200,000 people in the united states. signs and symptoms understanding the meaning of signs and symptoms of lumbar stenosis requires an understanding of what the syndrome is, and the prevalence of the condition. a review of lumbar stenosis in the journal of the american medical association's "rational clinical examination series" emphasized that the syndrome can be considered when lower extremity pain occurs in combination with back pain. the syndrome occurs in 12% of older community-dwelling men and up to 21% of those in retirement communities. because the leg symptoms in lumbar spinal stenosis (lss) are similar to those found with vascular claudication, the term pseudoclaudication is often used for symptoms of lss. these symptoms include pain, weakness, and tingling of the legs, which may radiate down the legs to the feet. additional symptoms in the legs may be fatigue, heaviness, weakness, a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness, and leg cramps, as well as bladder symptoms. symptoms are most commonly bilateral and symmetrical, but they may be unilateral; leg pain is usually more troubling than back pain. pseudoclaudication, now generally referred to as neurogenic claudication, typically worsens with standing or walking, and improves with sitting, and is often related to posture and lumbar extension. lying on the side is often more comfortable than lying flat, since it permits greater lumbar flexion. vascular claudication can resemble spinal stenosis, and some individuals experience unilateral or bilateral symptoms radiating down the legs rather than true claudication. the first symptoms of stenosis include bouts of low back pain. after a few months or years, this may progress to claudication. the pain may be radicular, following the classic neurologic pathways. this occurs as the spinal nerves or spinal cord become increasingly trapped in a smaller space within the canal. determining whether pain in the elderly is caused by lack of blood supply or stenosis is difficult; testing can usually differentiate between them, but patients can have both vascular disease in the legs and spinal stenosis. among people with lower-extremity pain in combination with back pain, lumbar stenosis as the cause is two times more likely in those older than 70 years of age while in those younger than 60 years it is less than half as likely. the character of the pain is also useful for diagnosis. when the discomfort does not occur while seated, the likelihood of lumbar spinal stenosis increases considerably, around 7.4 times. other features increasing the likelihood of lumbar stenosis are improvement in symptoms on bending forward (6.4 times), pain that occurs in both buttocks or legs (6.3 times), and the presence of neurogenic claudication (3.7 times). on the other hand, the absence of neurogenic claudication makes lumbar stenosis much less likely as the explanation for the pain. causes spinal stenosis may be congenital (rarely) or acquired (degenerative), overlapping changes normally seen in the aging spine. stenosis can occur as either central stenosis (the narrowing of the entire canal) or foraminal stenosis (the narrowing of the foramen through which the nerve root exits the spinal canal). severe narrowing of the lateral portion of the canal is called lateral recess stenosis. the ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament), an important structural component intimately adjacent to the posterior portion of the dural sac (nerve sac) can become thickened and cause stenosis. the articular facets, also in the posterior portion of the bony spine can become thickened and enlarged, causing stenosis. these changes are often called "trophic changes" or "facet trophism" in radiology reports. as the canal becomes smaller, resembling a triangular shape, it is called a "trefoil" canal. degenerative spondylolisthesis forward displacement of a proximal vertebra in relation to its adjacent vertebra in association with an intact neural arch, and in the presence of degenerative changes, is known as degenerative spondylolisthesis, which narrows the spinal canal, and symptoms of spinal stenosis are common. of these, neural claudication is most common. any forward slipping of one vertebra on another can cause spinal stenosis by narrowing the canal. if this forward slipping narrows the canal sufficiently, and impinges on the contents of the spinal column, it is spinal stenosis by definition. if associated symptoms of narrowing exist, the diagnosis of spinal stenosis is confirmed. with increasing age, the occurrence of degenerative spondylolisthesis becomes more common. the most common spondylolisthesis occurs with slipping of l4 on l5. frymoyer showed that spondylolisthesis with canal stenosis is more common in diabetic women who have undergone oophorectomy (removal of ovaries). the cause of symptoms in the legs can be difficult to determine. a peripheral neuropathy secondary to diabetes can have the same symptoms as spinal stenosis. ankylosing spondylitis main article: ankylosing spondylitis l5 s1 spondylolisthesis grade ii with forward slipping of l5 on s1 <50% lumbar spine showing advanced ankylosing spondylitis which can lead to spinal stenosis diagnosis normal lumbar vertebra showing large, round spinal canal the diagnosis is based on clinical findings. some patients can have a narrowed canal without symptoms, and do not require therapy. the normal lumbar central canal has a midsagittal diameter (front to back) greater than 13 mm, with an area of 1.45 cm2. relative stenosis is said to exist when the anterior-posterior canal diameter measures between 10 and 13 mm. absolute stenosis of the lumbar canal exists anatomically when the anterior-posterior measurement is 10 mm or less. plain x-rays of the lumbar or cervical spine may or may not show spinal stenosis. the definitive diagnosis is established by either computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (mri) scanning. identifying the presence of a narrowed canal makes the diagnosis of spinal stenosis. bicycle test of van gelderen in 1977, dyck and doyle reported on the bicycle test, a simple procedure in which the patient is asked to pedal on a stationary bicycle. if the symptoms are caused by peripheral artery disease, the patient will experience claudication, a sensation of not getting enough blood to the legs; if the symptoms are caused by lumbar stenosis, symptoms will be relieved when the patient is leaning forward while bicycling. although diagnostic progress has been made with newer technical advances, the bicycle test remains an inexpensive and easy way to distinguish between claudication caused by vascular disease and spinal stenosis. mri mri of a lumbar spinal stenosis l4-l5. l4-l5 antherolisthesis of grade i. hypertrophy of interspinous ligaments in relation to baastrup's disease. 67 years old man. mri is the preferred method of diagnosing and evaluating spinal stenosis of all areas of the spine, including cervical, thoracic, and lumbar. mri is useful to diagnose cervical spondylotic myelopathy (degenerative arthritis of the cervical spine with associated damage to the spinal cord). the finding of degeneration of the cervical spinal cord on mri can be ominous; the condition is called myelomalacia or cord degeneration. it is seen as an increased signal on the mri. in myelopathy (pathology of the spinal cord) from degenerative changes, the findings are usually permanent and decompressive laminectomy will not reverse the pathology. surgery can stop the progression of the condition. in cases where the mri changes are due to vitamin b12 deficiency, a brighter prospect for recovery can be expected. establishing the diagnosis the detection of spinal stenosis in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine confirms only the anatomic presence of a stenotic condition. this may or may not correlate with the diagnosis of spinal stenosis which is based on clinical findings of radiculopathy, neurogenic claudication, weakness, bowel and bladder dysfunction, spasticity, motor weakness, hyperreflexia and muscular atrophy. these findings, taken from the history and physical examination of the patient (along with the anatomic demonstration of stenosis with an mri or ct scan), establish the diagnosis. management nonoperative therapies and laminectomy are the standard treatment for lss. a trial of conservative treatment is typically recommended. individuals are generally advised to avoid stressing the lower back, particularly with the spine extended. a physical-therapy program to provide core strengthening and aerobic conditioning may be recommended. overall scientific evidence is inconclusive on whether conservative approach or a surgical treatment is better for lumbar spinal stenosis. medication the evidence for the use of medical interventions for lss is poor. injectable but not nasal calcitonin may be useful for short-term pain relief. epidural blocks may also transiently decrease pain, but no evidence of long-term effect has been found. adding corticosteroids to these injections does not improve the result; the use of epidural steroid injections is controversial and evidence of their efficacy is contradictory. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, and opioid analgesics are often used to treat low back pain, but evidence of their efficacy is lacking. surgery surgery appears to lead to better outcomes if symptoms continue after 3–6 months of conservative treatment. laminectomy is the most effective of the surgical treatments. in those who worsen despite conservative treatments surgery leads to improvement in 60–70% of cases. another procedure using an interspinous distraction device known as x-stop was less effective and more expensive when more than one spinal levels are repaired. both surgical procedures are more expensive than medical management. prognosis