studies a study (that later was questioned for nonplausible results and considered unsafe publication) was performed that tested the effect of psychosocial variables, in particular personality and stress, as risk factors for cancer and coronary heart disease (chd). in this study, four personality types were recorded. type 1 personality is cancer-prone, type 2 is chd-prone, type 3 is alternating between behaviors characteristic of types 1 and 2, and type 4 is a healthy, autonomous type hypothesized to survive best. the data suggest that the type 1 probands die mainly from cancer, type 2 from chd, whereas type 3 and especially type 4 probands show a much lower death rate. two additional types of personalities were measured type 5 and type 6. type 5 is a rational anti-emotional type, which shows characteristics common to type 1 and type 2. type 6 personality shows psychopathic tendencies and is prone to drug addiction and aids. while most studies attempt to show the correlation between personality types and coronary heart disease, studies (that also later were questioned for non plausible results and were considered unsafe) suggested that mental attitudes constitute an important prognostic factor for cancer and that as a method of treatment for cancer-prone patients, behavior therapy should be used. the patient is taught to express his/her emotions more freely, in a socially acceptable manner, to become autonomous and be able to stand up for his/her rights. behavior therapy would also teach them how to cope with stress-producing situations more successfully. the effectiveness of therapy in preventing death in cancer and chd is evident. the statistical data associated with higher death rates is impressive. other measures of therapy have been attempted, such as group therapy. the effects were not as dramatic as behavior therapy, but still showed improvement in preventing death among cancer and chd patients. from the study above, several conclusions have been made. a relationship between personality and cancer exists, along with a relationship between personality and coronary heart disease. personality type acts as a risk factor for diseases and interacts synergistically with other risk factors, such as smoking and heredity. it has been statistically proven that behavior therapy can significantly reduce the likelihood of cancer or coronary heart disease mortality. studies suggest that both body and mental disease arise from each other. mental disorders arise from physical causes, and likewise, physical disorders arise from mental causes. while type a personality did not show a strong direct relationship between its attributes and the cause of coronary heart disease, other types of personalities have shown strong influences on both cancer-prone patients and those prone to coronary heart disease. a study conducted by the international journal of behavioral medicine re-examined the association between the type a concept with cardiovascular (cvd) and non-cardiovascular (non-cvd) mortality by using a long follow-up (on average 20.6 years) of a large population-based sample of elderly males (n = 2,682), by applying multiple type a measures at baseline, and looking separately at early and later follow-up years. the study sample was the participants of the kuopio ischemic heart disease risk factor study, (kihd), which includes a randomly selected representative sample of eastern finnish men, aged 42–60 years at baseline in the 1980s. they were followed up until the end of 2011 through linkage with the national death registry. four self-administered scales, bortner short rating scale, framingham type a behavior pattern scale, jenkins activity survey, and finnish type a scale, were used for type a assessment at the start of follow-up. type a measures were inconsistently associated with cardiovascular mortality, and most associations were non-significant. some scales suggested a slightly decreased, rather than increased, risk of cvd death during the follow-up. associations with non-cardiovascular deaths were even weaker. the study's findings further suggest that there is no evidence to support the type a as a risk factor for cvd and non-cvd mortality. substance use disorder in a 1998 study done by ball et al., they looked at differences in type a and type b personalities based on substance use. their results showed that type b personalities had more severe issues with substance use disorders than type a personalities. another discovery in their research was more type b personalities had been diagnosed with a personality disorder than users who had type a personalities. type b personalities were rated higher than type a personalities on symptoms of all dsm-iv personality disorders, with the exception of schizoid personality disorder. the research conducted in the experiment was tested on 370 outpatients and inpatients who used alcohol, cocaine, and opiates. the personality types and distinctions were replicated. additionally within the personality dimensions type a and type b exhibited different results. type a personality portrayed higher levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, cooperativeness, and self-directedness. in contrast, type b personality showed higher levels of neuroticism, novelty seeking, and harm avoidance. these dimensions can have high correlational levels with mental illness or substance use disorders. furthermore, even after antisocial personality and psychiatric symptoms, these effects remained.