populations through biomagnification and bioaccumulation. pollinator decline insecticides can kill bees and may be a cause of pollinator decline, the loss of bees that pollinate plants, and colony collapse disorder (ccd), in which worker bees from a beehive or western honey bee colony abruptly disappear. loss of pollinators means a reduction in crop yields. sublethal doses of insecticides (i.e. imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids) affect bee foraging behavior. however, research into the causes of ccd was inconclusive as of june 2007. bird decline besides the effects of direct consumption of insecticides, populations of insectivorous birds decline due to the collapse of their prey populations. spraying of especially wheat and corn in europe is believed to have caused an 80 per cent decline in flying insects, which in turn has reduced local bird populations by one to two thirds. alternatives instead of using chemical insecticides to avoid crop damage caused by insects, there are many alternative options available now that can protect farmers from major economic losses. some of them are: breeding crops resistant, or at least less susceptible, to pest attacks. releasing predators, parasitoids, or pathogens to control pest populations as a form of biological control. chemical control like releasing pheromones into the field to confuse the insects into not being able to find mates and reproduce. integrated pest management: using multiple techniques in tandem to achieve optimal results. push-pull technique: intercropping with a "push" crop that repels the pest, and planting a "pull" crop on the boundary that attracts and traps it. examples organochlorides aldrin chlordane chlordecone ddt dieldrin endosulfan endrin heptachlor hexachlorobenzene lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) methoxychlor mirex pentachlorophenol tde organophosphates acephate azinphos-methyl bensulide chlorethoxyfos chlorpyrifos chlorpyriphos-methyl diazinon dichlorvos (ddvp) dicrotophos dimethoate disulfoton ethoprop fenamiphos fenitrothion fenthion fosthiazate malathion methamidophos methidathion mevinphos monocrotophos naled omethoate oxydemeton-methyl parathion parathion-methyl phorate phosalone phosmet phostebupirim phoxim pirimiphos-methyl profenofos terbufos tetrachlorvinphos tribufos trichlorfon carbamates aldicarb bendiocarb carbofuran carbaryl dioxacarb fenobucarb fenoxycarb isoprocarb methomyl oxamyl propoxur 2-(1-methylpropyl)phenyl methylcarbamate pyrethroids allethrin bifenthrin cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin cypermethrin cyfluthrin deltamethrin etofenprox fenvalerate permethrin phenothrin prallethrin resmethrin tetramethrin tralomethrin transfluthrin neonicotinoids acetamiprid clothianidin dinotefuran imidacloprid nithiazine thiacloprid thiamethoxam ryanoids chlorantraniliprole cyantraniliprole flubendiamide insect growth regulators benzoylureas diflubenzuron flufenoxuron cyromazine methoprene hydroprene tebufenozide derived from plants or microbes anabasine anethole (mosquito larvae) annonin asimina (pawpaw tree seeds) for lice azadirachtin caffeine carapa cinnamaldehyde (very effective for killing mosquito larvae) cinnamon leaf oil (very effective for killing mosquito larvae) cinnamyl acetate (kills mosquito larvae) citral citronellol deguelin derris (active ingredient is rotenone) desmodium caudatum (leaves and roots) eucalyptol eugenol (mosquito larvae) hinokitiol ivermectin limonene linalool menthol myristicin neem (azadirachtin) nicotine nootkatone peganum harmala, seeds (smoke from), root oregano oil kills rhyzopertha dominica (bug found in stored cereal) pyrethrum quassia (south american plant genus) ryanodine spinosad aka spinosyn a spinosyn d tetranortriterpenoid thymol (controls varroa mites in bee colonies) biologicals bacillus sphaericus bacillus thuringiensis bacillus thuringiensis aizawi bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis nuclear polyhedrosis virus granulovirus lecanicillium lecanii inorganic/mineral derived insecticides diatomaceous earth borax boric acid