catholic bishops, americans united for life, and the susan b. anthony list. another such bill was introduced in texas. a similar type of legislation, the heartbeat informed consent act, was introduced at the national level around the same time by michele bachmann; however, it died in committee. another law of this variety, introduced by sharon weston broome, was passed by legislators in louisiana in 2012, as an amendment to a 2010 bill requiring women seeking an abortion to receive an ultrasound of their conceptus. similar laws have been passed in states such as georgia in 2005; and a law that mandated both an ultrasound of the "unborn child" and listening to its heartbeat before an abortion could be procured was laid on the table in 2012 in pennsylvania. this last bill became controversial when tom corbett, pennsylvania's governor, stated that "you just have to close your eyes" and dismissed accusations that the bill would be unnecessarily obtrusive. furthermore, while the anti-abortion movement claims that bills mandating a woman listen to her conceptus' heartbeat would increase the likelihood of them changing their mind, the abortion-rights community, with the support of the pennsylvania medical society, opposes "informed-consent" bills because they threaten to, if passed, "significantly jeopardize the open dialogue within the physician-patient relationship." "informed consent" laws requiring women seeking abortions to have the physician play a recording of her conceptus' heartbeat have met with challenges in court, notably in texas, when the crr filed a lawsuit against it, leading to a court case entitled texas medical providers performing abortion services v. lakey. prior to sam sparks condemning the law in january 2012, however, a federal district court had ruled that the law violated the first amendment in august 2011. this decision was reversed by the united states court of appeals for the fifth circuit, led by edith jones. another similar law was challenged in north carolina in stuart v. huff, in which a federal district court ruled that the law was in violation of the first amendment. this case, unlike the one in texas, has not yet been appealed. this has led to some debate among different anti-abortion groups regarding strategy; specifically, while some of these groups, like the kansas coalition for life, have supported the passing of this legislation, others, like kansans for life, are concerned that "enacting a fetal heartbeat ban would prompt a court ruling undoing some limits on abortion and providers." paul linton, former general counselor for aul, has argued that fetal heartbeat laws "have no chance in the courts." he, like most mainstream anti-abortion advocates (including james bopp), prefers instead a legislative strategy that chips away at roe v. wade. legal challenges arkansas lawsuit on may 27, 2015, the eighth circuit court of appeals affirmed a lower court ruling and permanently blocked the law from being enforced. in january 2016, the u.s. supreme court declined to review the case, leaving the eighth circuit's ruling in place. iowa lawsuit on may 15, 2018, eleven days after iowa governor, kim reynolds, signed sf 359 into law, planned parenthood of the heartland, inc., jill meadows, and emma goldman clinic (petitioners) filed a lawsuit seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in state court arguing the fetal heartbeat law violated the iowa state constitution. on june 1, 2018, polk county district court judge michael huppert entered a preliminary injunction which temporarily blocked the law from going into effect. on january 22, 2019, the county district judge declared the law to be in violation of the iowa constitution and entered a permanent injunction prohibiting its enforcement. in holding the law unconstitutional the judge cited the iowa supreme court's 2018 ruling in a challenge to a different abortion-restriction in which the state's court of last resort held that "a woman's right to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy is a fundamental right under the iowa constitution." anti-abortion proponents have said they hope this litigation creates a pathway for roe v. wade to be reexamined by the u.s. supreme court, but university of iowa law professor paul gowder and other legal experts have said that it is almost impossible that it could end up in front of the u.s. supreme court, as the u.s. supreme court does not review supreme court decisions concerning state constitutional questions. in response to judge michael huppert's ruling that iowa's heartbeat abortion ban violates the state constitution, anti-abortion legislators have filed legislation to amend the state constitution to state "that the constitution of the state of iowa does not secure or protect a right to or require the funding of abortion." the resolutions proposing to amend iowa's constitution are sjr 9 and hjr 5 which were filed on january 24, 2019, and february 6, 2019, respectively. kentucky lawsuit kentucky already has three lawsuits over abortion restrictions. north dakota lawsuit in july 2015, the eighth circuit court of appeals affirmed a lower court decision blocking hb 1456 from going into effect. the u.s. supreme court declined to review the case and the law remains permanently blocked. south carolina lawsuit in august 2022, the south carolina supreme court temporarily granted an injunction suspending the law until it could make a ruling on the constitutionality of the law. in january 2023, the court overturned the law in a 3-2 split decision, ruling that the 2022 six-week abortion ban violates a woman's right to privacy which is granted by the state constitution. texas lawsuits there have been multiple lawsuits challenging enforcement of the 2021 texas heartbeat act. several of these are still pending or active. state laws summary table state session bill lower house upper house executive status alabama 2014 hb 490 passed 73–29 died in committee — failed 2019 hb 314 passed 74–3 passed 25–7 signed effective 24 june 2022 alaska 2020 hb 302 did not pass before end of session — — failed arizona 2022 hb 2483 passed 31–28 in committee — — arkansas 2013 sb 134 passed 68–20 passed 26–8 vetoed effective overrode 56–33 overrode 20–14 overridden 2021 hb 1012 died in committee — — failed 2022 hb 1118 died in committee — — failed florida 2019 hb 235 died in committee — — failed sb 792 — died in committee — failed 2022 hb 167 died in committee — — failed georgia 2019 hb 481 passed 92–78 passed 34–18 signed effective as july 20th idaho 2021 hb 366 passed 53–16 passed 25–7 signed effective, de facto overridden by sb 1309 2022 sb 1309 passed 51–14 passed 28–6 signed effective iowa 2018 sf 359 passed 51–46 passed 29–17 signed temporarily blocked by state court kentucky 2019 sb 9 passed 71–19 passed 31–6 signed effective louisiana 2019 sb 184 passed 79–23 passed 31–5 signed effective maryland 2019 hb 933 did not pass before end of session — — failed hb 978 withdrawn — — failed michigan 2019 hb 4664 did not pass before end of session — — failed 2021 hb 5445 introduced — — minnesota 2019 hf 271 did not pass before end of session — — failed sf 869 — did not pass before end of session — failed mississippi 2019 sb 2116 passed 78–37 passed 34–14 signed effective missouri 2019 hb 126 passed 117–39 passed 24–10 signed effective nebraska 2022 lb 781 n/a (unicameral legislature) in committee — — north carolina 2021–22 h 31 in committee — — — north dakota 2013 hb 1456 passed 63–28 passed 26–17 signed temporarily blocked by state court ohio 2016 hb 493 passed 56–39 passed 21–10 vetoed failed 2018 hb 258 passed 58–35 passed 18–13 vetoed overrode 61–28 failed to override failed 2019 sb 23 passed 56–40 passed 19–13 signed effective 24 june 2022 oklahoma 2021 hb 2441 passed 80–19 passed 37–10 signed temporarily blocked by state court 2022 sb 1503 passed 68–12 passed 33–11 signed effective as of may 3, 2022 de facto overridden by a statute criminalizing abortion at all stages of pregnancy (with some exceptions), signed on may 26 pennsylvania 2018 hb 2315 died in committee — — failed 2021-22 hb 904 in committee — — — sb 378 — in committee — — south carolina 2019–20 hb 3020 passed 64–22 did not pass before end of session — failed 2020–21 sb 1 passed 74-39 passed 30-13 signed effective june 27, 2022 tennessee 2019 hb 77 passed 65–21 indefinitely postponed — failed 2020 hb 2263 passed 70–20 passed 23–5 signed effective june 28, 2022 texas 2013 hb 59 did not pass before end of session — — failed 2019 hb 1500 did not pass before end of session — — failed 2021 sb 8 passed 83–64 passed 18–12 signed effective as of october 8, 2021 west virginia 2019 hb 2903 did not pass before end of session — — failed hb 2915 did not pass before end of session — — failed wisconsin 2022 sb 923 — did not pass before end of session — failed wyoming 2013 hb 97 died in committee — — failed 2021 hb 0134 died in committee — — failed alabama house bill 490 prohibiting abortions after a heartbeat can be detected was passed by a vote of 73–29 in the alabama house on march 4, 2014. in doing so they became the first state to pass such a bill. the bill later died in committee. in 2019, alabama passed an abortion law that is more far-reaching than a heartbeat law. on april 2, 2019, house bill 314 banning abortions at every stage of pregnancy and criminalizing the procedure for doctors (except in the case of medical emergency or lethal fetal anomaly), was introduced into the house. the bill passed the house on april 30 (74–3), passed the senate on may 14, and was signed into law by governor kay ivey on may 16. arkansas a fetal heartbeat bill, banning abortion after twelve weeks, was passed on january 31, 2013, by the arkansas senate, vetoed in arkansas by governor mike beebe, but, on march 6, 2013, his veto was overridden by the arkansas house of representatives. a federal judge issued a temporary injunction against the arkansas law in may 2013, and in march 2014, it was struck down by federal judge susan webber wright, who described the law as unconstitutional. florida two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in the florida legislature in 2019. rep. mike hill filed a fetal heartbeat bill (hb 235) on january 10, 2019, in the florida house of representatives. a companion bill (sb 792), was filed in the florida senate on february 6, 2019, by sen. dennis baxley. the bills, which are identical, would have made it a third-degree felony for a doctor to perform an abortion on a woman after a fetal heartbeat is detected, unless the "woman has been diagnosed with a condition that would create a serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function if the woman delayed terminating her pregnancy." both bills died in committee. florida governor ron desantis has pledged to sign legislation that would ban abortions after a fetal heartbeat was detected. georgia two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in the georgia general assembly in 2015. rep. ed setzler introduced hb 481 in the georgia house of representatives on february 25, 2019. a similar bill is expected to be filed in the georgia state senate by sen. bruce thompson soon. during his campaign for governor, brian kemp, now the governor of georgia, "vow to sign the toughest abortion laws in the country" and when asked about litigation said, "bring it! i'll fight for life at the capitol and in the courtroom." after being passed in the house on march 7, 2019, hb 481 was passed out of a senate committee on march 18, 2019. it was subsequently passed by the entire state senate, after which it was narrowly passed by the house 92–78. the bill was signed by governor kemp on may 7, 2019, bringing into effect one of the strictest abortion laws in the country at the time. the bill would prohibit abortions after a heartbeat can be detected in a conceptus, which is usually when a woman is six weeks pregnant. democratic opponent of the georgia bill, former governal candidate stacey abrams, called the bill a "forced pregnancy bill." idaho rep. gregory chaney introduced hb 366 on april 13, 2021, that would ban abortions after a fetal heartbeat