to ssri compared to non-depressed women exposed to ssri, indicating that the miscarriage may be associated with the psychological state of the mother rather than the anti-depressant. depressive symptoms in pregnant women are linked with poor health outcomes in infants. the rates of hospitalization are found increased for infants who are born to women with high depression levels during pregnancy. reduced breastfeeding, poor physical growth, lower birth weight, early gestational age and high rates of diarrheal infection are some of the reported outcomes of poor health among infants born to depressed pregnant women. in fact, positive antenatal screenings administered in the first or third trimester are found to be high risk factors for early cessation in breastfeeding. studies also report that the environmental effects of maternal depression affect the developing fetus to such an extent that the impact can be seen during adulthood of the offspring. the effects are worse for women from low socio-economic backgrounds. in a recent study by coburn et al., maternal prenatal depressive symptoms predicted significantly higher number of infant health concerns at 12-weeks (3 months) of age. the health concerns included rash, colic, cold, fever, cough, diarrhea, ear infections, and vomiting. additional concerns for women in low-income backgrounds includes low birth rate and preterm births. an interesting and informative area of research has been done to see the role of confounding variables in relationship of maternal prenatal depression with infant health concerns. age of mother, romantic partner, education, household income, immigrant status, and number of other children, breastfeeding, gestational age, birth weight are some of the mediating or moderating factors which are found correlated with infant health concerns. the studies of post-partum depressive symptoms are relatively more than those of prenatal depression and the studies should look into the role of various factors during pregnancy that may impact the health of infants, even continuing into adulthood. male perspective for antenatal depression more than 10% of father experience paternal perinatal depression (ppnd). symptoms are common displayed as fatigue or changes in sleep and eating patterns. a systematic review done in 2016 also found that between 4-16% of men experienced anxiety during the antenatal period. men whose partners are women struggling with antenatal or postnatal depression often find themselves receiving less affection and intimacy from their partners. if symptoms of antenatal depression arise in mothers, it is recommended for fathers to provide encouragement for their partners to discuss their condition with a healthcare provider. it is also important for the father to seek support for themselves. fathers who experience depression are more likely to spank their children and less likely to interact with them. in a research study performed in sweden observing 366,499 births, newly diagnosed paternal depression around the time of conception or during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. however, a preexisting paternal depression did not show any correlation, which may be due to the mother's perception of the changes in their partner's mood.