— fork tailed drongo (dicrurus adsimilis), crested drongos (d. forficatus) h. elani — cooper's hawk (accipiter cooperii), sharp shinned hawk (a. striatus) h. enucleator — kingfisher (ispidina picta) h. (parahaemoproteus) fringillae — rufous-winged (aimophila carpalis), house finch (carpodacus mexicanus), hawfinch (coccothraustes coccothraustes), oriental magpie robin (copsychus saularis), dark-eyed juncos (junco hyemalis), american redstarts (setophaga ruticilla) h. forresteri — rufous-headed ground-roller (atelornis crossleyi) h. gabaldoni — muscovy duck (cairina moschata) h. (parahaemoproteus) garnhami — sparrows h. goodmani — pitta-like ground-roller (atelornis pittoides) h. greineri — wood ducks (aix sponsa), common mergansers (mergus merganser), common pochard (aythya ferina) h. handai — lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo (cacatua sulphurea), plum-headed parakeet (psittacula cyanocephala), ring necked parakeet (psittacula krameri manillensis) h. himalayanus — rufous sibia (heterophasia capistrata) h. (parahaemoproteus) homobelopolskyi — red headed malimbe (malimbus rubricollis), black headed weaver (ploceus melanocephalus), red billed quelea (quelea quelea) h. (parahaemoproteus) homopalloris - wood warblers (phylloscopus sibilatrix) h. (parahaemoproteus) homovelans — grey-faced woodpecker (picus canus) h. (parahaemoproteus) hudaidensis — blue checked bee-eater (merops superciliosus persicus pallas) h. ilanpapernai — spotted wood owl (strix seloputo), brown hawk-owl (ninox scutulata) h. iwa — great frigatebirds (fregata minor), magnificent frigatebirds (f. magnificens) h. janovyi — whitebacked vulture (gyps africanus), hooded vulture (necrosyrtes monachus), white-headed vulture (trigonoceps occipitalis) lappet faced vulture (torgos tracheliotus) h. (haemoproteus) jenniae — swallow tailed gull (creagrus furcatus) h. khani — crested drongos (dicrurus forficatus) h. (parahaemoproteus) lanii — red backed shrike (lanius collurio), woodchat shrike (l. senator) h. lari — caspian gulls (larus cachinnans) h. (parahaemoproteus) lophortyx — california quail (callipepla californica), scaled quail (callipepla squamata), bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus) h. maccallumi — mourning doves (zenaida macroura) h. macrovacuolatus — black-bellied whistling duck (dendrocygna autumnalis) h. madagascariensis — hook billed vanga (vanga curvirostris) h. majoris — swainson's thrush (catharus ustulatus), blue tit (cyanistes caeruleus), collared flycatcher (ficedula albicollis), pied flycatcher (f. hypoleuca) h. mansoni — blue grouse (dendragapus obscurus), ptarmigan (lagopus lagopus) h. meleagridis — turkey (meleagris gallopavo) h. (parahaemoproteus) micronuclearis — red headed malimbe (malimbus rubricollis), black headed weaver (ploceus melanocephalus), red billed quelea (quelea quelea) h. (haemoproteus) multipigmentatus — galapagos dove (zenaida galapagoensis) h. motacillae — yellow wagtails (motacilla flava) h. (haemoproteus) multivolutinus — tambourine dove (turtur timpanistria) h. (parahaemoproteus) nettionis — wood ducks (aix sponsa), blue-winged teals (anas discors), pekin duck (anas platyrhynchos), lesser scaups (aythya affinis), common pochard (aythya ferina), ring-necked ducks (aythya collaris), muscovey duck (cairina moschata), trumpeter swans (cygnus buccinator) h. nisi — cooper's hawk (accipiter cooperii), sharp shinned hawk (a. striatus) h. (parahaemoproteus) nucleofascialis — red headed malimbe (malimbus rubricollis), black headed weaver (ploceus melanocephalus), red billed quelea (quelea quelea) h. noctuae — snowy owls (nyctea scandiaca), spotted owl (strix occidentalis) h. orioli — golden oriole (oriolus oriolus) h. oryzivorae — oriental magpie robin (copsychus saularis), indian silverbill (lonchura malabarica), tricoloured munia (l. malacca ruboniger), scaly-breasted munia (l. punctulata), baya weaver (ploceus philippinus), jungle babbler (turdoides striata) h. palumbus — pigeon (columba palumbus palumbus) h. pallidus — pied flycatcher (ficedula hypoleuca),: 527 collared flycatcher (f. albicollis): 527 h. pallidulus — blackcap (sylvia atricapilla) h. parabelopolskyi — blackcap (sylvia atricapilla) h. (haemoproteus) paramultipigmentatus — socorro common ground dove (columbina passerina socorroensis) h. passeris — israeli house sparrow (passer domesticus biblicus) h. pasteris — pied myna (sturnus contra), grey headed myna (s. malabaricus) h. pastoris — greater blue eared glossy starling (lamprotornis chalybaeus), pied myna (sturnus contra) h. payevskyi — great reed warbler (acrocephalus arundinaceus), marsh warbler (a. palustris) h. (haemoproteus) piresi — pigeon (columba livia) h. plataleae — glossy ibis (plegadis falcinellus) h. pratosi — ahanta francolin (francolinus ahantensis) h. pratasi — helmeted guineafowl (numida meleagris) h. prognei — purple martin (progne subis) h. psittaci — african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) h. raymundi — eastern olive sunbird (nectarinia olivacea) h. (haemoproteus) sacharovi — eastern white-winged doves (zenaida asiatica asiatica), mourning doves (z. macroura) h. sangunis — red whiskered bulbul (pycnonotus jocosus emeria) h. (parahaemoproteus) sanîosdiasï — chicken (gallus gallus) h. silvaï — guinea fowl (numida meleagris mitrata) h. sylvae — great reed warbler (acrocephalus arundinaceus) h. syrnii — tawny owl (strix aluco), spotted owl (s. occidentalis), european scops owl (otus scops) h. telfordi — macqueen's bustards (chlamydotis macqueenii), rufous-crested bustards (eupodotis ruficrista), great bustard (otis tarda) h. tendeiroi — macqueen's bustards (chlamydotis macqueenii), rufous-crested bustards (eupodotis ruficrista), great bustard (otis tarda) h. tinnunculi — american kestrel (falco sparverius), chimango caracara (milvago chimango) h. (haemoproteus) turtur — turtle dove (streptopelia turtur) h. (parahaemoproteus) vacuolatus — yellow whiskered greenbul (andropadus latirostris) h. (parahaemoproteus) valkiūnasi — great frigatebirds (fregata minor), lesser frigatebirds (f. ariel), ascension frigatebirds (f. aquila) h. vangii — hook billed vanga (vanga curvirostris) h. (parahaemoproteus) velans — red-bellied woodpecker (melanerpes carolinus), red-cockaded woodpecker (picoides borealis) h. zosteropsis — oriental white eye (zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa) reptile hosts h. anatolicum — tortoise (testudo graeca) h. balli — egyptian cobra (naja haje haje) h. chelodina — saw-shelled tortoise (elseya latisternum) h. edomensis — lizard (agama stellio) h. geochelonis — tortoise (geochelone denticulata) h. kopki — spotted indian house gecko (hemidactylus brookei), giant frog eye gecko (teratoscincus scincus) h. mackerrasi — binoe's prickly gecko (heteronotia binoei) h. mesnili — spitting cobra (naja nigricollis nigricolli) h. metchnikovi — turtle (chrysemys picta), yellow bellied terrapin (tramchemys scripta) h. oedurae — australian northern velvet gecko (oedura castelnaui) h. peltocephali — river turtle (peltocephalus dumerilianus) h. phyllodactyli — gekkonid (ptyodactylus elisa) h. ptyodactyli — kramer's yellow fan-fingered gecko (ptyodactylus hasselquistii) h. tarentolae — moorish gecko (tarentola mauritanica) h. trionyxi — ganges softshell turtle (trionyx gangeticus) amphibian hosts h. ovalis — cricket frog (rana limnocharis) hosts known to be infected but haemoproteus species not identified common myna (acridotheres tristis) blyth's reed warbler (acrocephalus dumetorum) sedge warblers (acrocephalus schoenobaenus) reed warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus) clamorous reed warbler (acrocephalus stentoreus) black throated sunbird (aethopyga saturata) spanish red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa) imperial eagles (aquila heliaca) canvasbacks (aythya valisineria) white cockatoo (cacatua alba) sulphur-crested cockatoo (cacatua galerita) speckled pigeon (columba guinea) white-rumped shama (copsychus malabaricus) green jays (cyanocorax yncas glaucescens) european bee-eaters (merops apiaster) mute swan (cygnus olor) magnificent bird of paradise (diphyllodes magnificus hunsteini) red munia (estrilda amandava) lesser kestrel (falco naumanni) common kestrel (falco tinnunculus) swainson's francolin (francolinus swainsonii) magnificent frigatebirds (fregata magnificens) chaffinch (fringilla coelebs) hill mynah (gracula religiosa intermedia) long tailed shrike (lanius schach) superb bird of paradise (lophorina superba) egyptian kites (milvus migrans aegypticus) guianan red-capped cardinal (paroaria gularis gularis) lesser flamingos (phoeniconaias minor) new holland honeyeaters (phylidonyris novaehollandiae) streaked weaver (ploceus manyar) surinam crested oropendola (psarocolius decumanus decumanus) montezuma oropendolas (psarocolius montezuma) guianan turquoise tanager (tangara mexicana mexicana) blue-necked tanager (tangara cyanicollis caeruleocephala) sacred ibis (threskiornis aethiopicus) white-crowned sparrows (zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) vectors h. balmorali — culicoides impunctatus h. belopolskyi — culicoides impunctatus h. columbae — ornithomyia avicularia, pseudolynchia canariensis h. danilewskyi — culicoides arboricola, culicoides edeni, culicoides knowltoni h. dolniki — culicoides impunctatus h. fringillae — culicoides impunctatus h. lanii — culicoides impunctatus h. lophortyx — culicoides bottimeri, lynchia hirsuta, stilbometopa impressa h. metchinikovi — chrysops callidus h. nettionis — culicoides downesi h. sacharovi — peseudolynchia maura h. syrnii — ornithomyia avicularia h. tartakovskyi — culicoides impunctatus h. turtur — pseudolynchia canariensis avian families affected the concept of a "one host-one species" was originally used in the taxonomy of this genus as it appears that the parasites are at least moderately host specific. after this rule was found to be incorrect, it was suggested that the avian parasite species were limited to single avian families. from an inspection of the host records above it is clear that this is not the case. the avian species known to be infected are listed below: order accipitriformes family accipitridae cooper's hawk (accipiter cooperii) sharp shinned hawk (accipiter striatus) eastern imperial eagle (aquila heliaca) white-backed vulture (gyps africanus) black kite (milvus migrans) hooded vulture (necrosyrtes monachus) white-headed vulture (trigonoceps occipitalis) lappet faced vulture (torgos tracheliotos) family cathartidae turkey vulture (cathartes aura) order anseriformes family anatidae wood duck (aix sponsa) blue winged teal (anas discors) mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos) lesser scaup (aythya affinis) ring necked duck (aythya collaris) canvasback (aythya valisineria) muscovy duck (cairina moschata) trumpeter swan (cygnus buccinator) mute swan (cygnus olor) black-bellied whistling duck (dendrocygna autumnalis) common merganser (mergus merganser) order charadriiformes family laridae swallow tailed gull (creagrus furcatus) caspian gull (larus cachinnans) order ciconiiformes family ciconiidae wood stork (mycteria americana) order columbiformes family columbidae speckled pigeon (columba guinea) japanese wood pigeon (columba janthina) rock pigeon (columba livia) common wood pigeon (columba palumbus) socorro common ground dove (columbina passerina socorroensis) ruddy ground dove (columbina talpacoti) tambourine dove (turtur timpanistria) scaled dove (scardafella squammata) european turtle dove (streptopelia turtur) laughing dove (stigmatopelia senegalensis) white-winged dove (zenaida asiatica) eared dove (zenaida auriculata) galápagos dove (zenaida galapagoensis) mourning dove (zenaida macroura) order coraciiformes family alcedinidae african pygmy kingfisher (ispidina picta) family brachypteraciidae rufous headed ground roller (atelornis crossleyi) pitta like ground roller (atelornis pittoides) family bucerotidae red-billed hornbill (tockus erythrorhynchus) family meropidae blue checked bee-eater (merops superciliosus) order falconiformes family falconidae saker falcon (falco cherrug) lesser kestrel (falco naumanni) american kestrel (falco sparverius) common kestrel (falco tinnunculus) chimango caracara (milvago chimango) order galliformes family numididae helmeted guineafowl (numida meleagris) family odontophoridae california quail (callipepla californica) scaled quail (callipepla squamata) bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus) family phasianidae red legged partridge (alectoris rufa) chinese bamboo partridge (bambusicola thoracicus) ahanta francolin (francolinus ahantensis) swainson's francolin (francolinus swainsonii) chicken (gallus gallus) willow grouse (lagopus lagopus) wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) family tetraonidae dusky grouse (dendragapus obscurus order gruiformes family gruidae black crowned crane (balearica pavonina) sandhill crane (grus canadensis) family otidae macqueen's bustard (chlamydotis macqueenii) red crested bustard (eupodotis ruficrista) great bustard (otis tarda) order passeriformes family acrocephalidae great reed warbler (acrocephalus arundinaceus) blyth's reed warbler (acrocephalus dumetorum) marsh warbler (acrocephalus palustris) sedge warbler (acrocephalus schoenobaenus) reed warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus) clamorous reed warbler (acrocephalus stentoreus) family corvidae blue jay (cyanocitta cristata) green jay (cyanocorax yncas) family dicruridae fork-tailed drongo (dicrurus adsimilis) crested drongo (dicrurus forficatus) family emberizidae dark eyed junco (junco hyemalis) rufous winged sparrow (peucaea carpalis) white crowned sparrow (zonotrichia leucophrys) family estrildidae red munia (amandava amandava) indian silverbill (euodice malabarica) tricoloured munia (lonchura malacca) scaly breasted munia (lonchura punctulata) family fringillidae house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) hawfinch (coccothraustes coccothraustes) chaffinch (fringilla coelebs) family hirundinidae purple martin (progne subis) family icteridae crested oropendola (psarocolius decumanus) montezuma oropendola (psarocolius montezuma) family laniidae red backed shrike (lanius collurio) long tailed shrike (lanius schach) woodchat shrike (lanius senator) family meliphagidae new holland honeyeaters (phylidonyris novaehollandiae) family mimidae gray catbird (dumetella carolinensis) family motacillidae yellow wagtail (motacilla flava) family muscicapidae white rumped shama (copsychus malabaricus) oriental magpie robin (copsychus saularis) family nectariniidae black throated sunbird (aethopyga saturata) olive sunbird (cyanomitra olivacea) family oriolidae golden oriole (oriolus oriolus) family paridae blue tit (cyanistes caeruleus) family paradisaeidae magnificent bird of paradise (cicinnurus magnificus) superb bird of paradise (lophorina superba) family parulidae american redstart (setophaga ruticilla) family passeridae house sparrow (passer domesticus) family ploceidae red headed malimbe (malimbus rubricollis) streaked weaver (ploceus manyar) black-headed weaver (ploceus melanocephalus) baya weaver (ploceus philippinus) red billed quelea (quelea quelea) family pycnonotidae yellow whiskered bulbul (andropadus latirostris) red whiskered bulbul (pycnonotus jocosus) family sturnidae common myna (acridotheres tristis) common hill myna (gracula religiosa) chestnut tailed starling (sturnia malabarica) asian pied starling (sturnus contra) greater blue eared glossy starling (lamprotornis chalybaeus) family sylviidae blackcap (sylvia atricapilla) family thraupidae bananaquit (coereba flaveola) red capped cardinal (paroaria gularis) blue necked tanager (tangara cyanicollis) turquoise tanager (tangara mexicana) family timaliidae rufous sibia (heterophasia capistrata) jungle babbler (turdoides striata) family turdidae swainson's thrush (catharus ustulatus) family vangidae hook billed vanga (vanga curvirostris) family zosteropidae oriental white eye (zosterops palpebrosus) order pelecaniformes family fregatidae magnificent frigatebird (fregata magnificens) great frigatebird (fregata minor) family threskiornithidae african sacred ibis (threskiornis aethiopicus) glossy ibis (plegadis falcinellus) order piciformes family megalaimidae coppersmith barbet (megalaima haemacephala) family picidae red bellied woodpecker (melanerpes carolinus) red cockaded woodpecker (picoides borealis) grey faced woodpecker (picus canus) greater yellownape (picus flavinucha) order phoenicopteriformes family phoenicopteridae lesser flamingo (phoenicopterus minor) order psittaciformes family cacatuidae white cockatoo (cacatua alba) sulphur crested cockatoo (cacatua galerita) yellow crested cockatoo (cacatua sulphurea) family psittacidae plum headed parakeet (psittacula cyanocephala) rose ringed parakeet (psittacula krameri) blossom headed parakeet (psittacula roseata) african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) order strigiformes family strigidae snowy owl (bubo scandiacus) brown hawk-owl (ninox scutulata) european scops owl (otus scops) brown owl (strix aluco) spotted owl (strix occidentalis) spotted wood owl (strix seloputo) notes haemoproteus balazuci dias 1953 is