rate as whites from the epidemic, and that some whites had also overcharged for their services. currie's work was the first of several medical accounts published within a year of the epidemic. dr. benjamin rush published an account more than 300 pages long. two french doctors, jean devèze and nassy, published shorter accounts. clergymen also published accounts; the most notable was by the lutheran minister j. henry c. helmuth. in march 1794, the mayor's committee published its minutes. the rapid succession of other yellow fever epidemics in philadelphia and elsewhere in the northeastern united states inspired many accounts of the efforts to contain, control and cope with the disease. rush wrote accounts of the 1797, 1798, and 1799 epidemics in philadelphia. he revised his account of the 1793 epidemic to eliminate reference to the disease being contagious. he varied his cures. in 1798 he was appointed as the chief doctor at the fever hospital. the mortality rate that year was roughly the same as it had been at bush hill in 1793, despite radical difference between the therapies used. noah webster, then a notable new york newspaper publisher, joined two doctors in publishing the medical repository, a magazine that collected accounts of fever epidemics throughout the nation. webster used this data in his 1798 book, suggesting that the nation was being subjected to a widespread "epidemic constitution" in the atmosphere that might last 50 years and make deadly epidemics almost certain. mortality was especially great in philadelphia. this fact, along with the spread of the disease between boston and charleston between 1793 and 1802, made yellow fever a national crisis. as thomas a. apel has written "yellow fever constituted the most pressing national problem of the early national problem. yellow fever eroded public virtue, the cornerstone of a health republic." general 20th-century us histories, such as the 10-volume great epochs in american history, published in 1912, used short excerpts from carey's account. the first history of the epidemic to draw on more primary sources was j. h. powell's bring out your dead (1949). while powell did not write a scholarly history of the epidemic, his work reviewed its historical importance. since the mid-twentieth century, scholars have studied aspects of the epidemic, first in papers. for example, martin pernick's "politics, parties, and pestilence: epidemic yellow fever in philadelphia and the rise of the first party system," developed statistical evidence to show that republican doctors generally used rush's therapies and federalist doctors used kuhn's. scholars celebrated the 200th anniversary of the epidemic with the publication of papers on various aspects of the epidemic. a 2004 paper in the bulletin of the history of medicine reexamined rush's use of bleeding. representation in other media several novels and short stories have explored the philadelphia epidemic, including the following: charles brockden brown, arthur mervyn (1799) silas weir mitchell, the red city (1909) laurie halse anderson, fever 1793 (2000), young adult novel set in philadelphia john edgar wideman, "fever" (1989), short story