damage to individual and community well-being from outbreaks of previously controlled diseases, withdrawal of vaccine manufacturers from the market, compromising of national security (in the case of anthrax and smallpox vaccines), and lost productivity". costs to society from declining vaccination rates (in us dollars) were estimated by aol's dailyfinance in 2011: a 2002–2003 outbreak of measles in italy, "which led to the hospitalizations of more than 5,000 people, had a combined estimated cost between 17.6 million euros and 22.0 million euros". a 2004 outbreak of measles from "an unvaccinated student return from india in 2004 to iowa was $142,452". a 2006 outbreak of mumps in chicago, "caused by poorly immunized employees, cost the institution $262,788, or $29,199 per mumps case". a 2007 outbreak of mumps in nova scotia cost $3,511 per case. a 2008 outbreak of measles in san diego, california cost $177,000, or $10,376 per case. in the united states, jenny mccarthy blamed vaccinations for her son evan's disorders and leveraged her celebrity status to warn parents of a link between vaccines and autism. evan's disorder began with seizures and his improvement occurred after the seizures were treated, symptoms experts have noted are more consistent with landau–kleffner syndrome, often misdiagnosed as autism. after the lancet article was discredited, mccarthy continued to defend wakefield. an article in salon.com called mccarthy "a menace" for her continued position that vaccines are dangerous. bill gates has reacted strongly to wakefield and the work of anti-vaccination groups: dr. wakefield has been shown to have used absolutely fraudulent data. he had a financial interest in some lawsuits, he created a fake paper, the journal allowed it to run. all the other studies were done, showed no connection whatsoever again and again and again. so it's an absolute lie that has killed thousands of kids. because the mothers who heard that lie, many of them didn't have their kids take either pertussis or measles vaccine, and their children are dead today. and so the people who go and engage in those anti-vaccine efforts—you know, they, they kill children. it's a very sad thing, because these vaccines are important. the proportion of children in england receiving the vaccine by the age of two fell to 91.2% in 2017–18, from 91.6% the year before. only 87.2% of five-year-olds had received both mmr vaccines. with the onset of a large number of measles outbreaks in the united states in 2019, there is fear that parents who have not had their children vaccinated will help to spread infectious diseases in schools and universities where there are already other outbreaks.