without having to spend more money trying to comply with a myriad of individual state regulations. yet, environmental groups and state agencies argue that tsca provisions "protect confidential business information" (cbi) preventing them from accessing information relevant to their task. however, chemical manufacturers and their trade associations would prefer a weaker version of tsca that pre-empts state law, due to the more than 40 different state government regulations on toxic chemicals. in addition, businesses would like a standard that can be applied uniformly, rather than having to report many different and overlapping sets of requirements to the individual states where the companies do business. chemical manufacturers have also automated quality processes by incorporating a quality management system in efforts to foster a better, safer industry. consumer support for the reform of tsca growing public concern about exposure to dangerous chemicals in their everyday life has received attention from state and local agencies. redefining is needed to respond to the consumer demand: "public policies governing chemical design, production, and use need deep restructuring in light of new science on the health and environmental effects of anthropogenic chemicals" for better management and control of chemicals "a string of high-profile campaigns focusing on chemicals in consumer products" has made consumers aware of "chemical exposures to everyday life" by releasing information on the hazards and outcome of chemical use. labeling is an alternative solution to give the consumer the freedom to choose what products to buy "as a condition for entering or remaining on the market, using a standard that establishes a reasonable certainty of no harm." the private sector responded to the public concern of chemical exposure in everyday life by incorporating "screening mechanism(s) to diminish and/or prevent the marketing of products containing chemical substances that could potentially adversely affect human health and the environment." the demand for sustainable products can force the market to adopt more green chemistry. technological innovation and tsca reform opponents to tsca reform proposals argue that stringent legislation can be seen as "job-killing." nevertheless, the demand for sustainable products can increase innovation and investment in new products that can eventually replace toxic chemicals. green chemistry is an innovative way to design chemicals to be less hazardous, with the goal of making chemicals and products "benign by design."see cgci according to the safer chemicals, healthy families coalition, "18 states have collectively passed 71 chemical laws since 2003." similarly, the state of california implemented the green chemistry initiative (cgci) in an effort to increase innovation and reduce or eliminate hazardous substances to human health and the environment. the cgci responds to the demand by consumers and environmental groups advocating for greener products. green technology innovation introduced new products using nanotechnology available for consumption. the ultra fine nano particles can enter the human body via the skin, lungs or intestinal tract and may induce undesirable genetic changes as a side effect. the regulation of nano particles is another challenge for tsca, "there are no specific regulations on nanoparticles except existing regulations covering the same material in bulk form." however, if the bulk form of the nanomaterial is not listed on the tsca inventory, the nanomaterial is a new chemical substance that is subject to pre-market review. there is not enough knowledge about the potential risk of exposure while new nano material created at a rapid rate is incorporated into consumer products without testing the toxicity risk of exposure to human health and the environment. technological creation of new chemicals is ahead of tsca regulation for new chemicals. the u.s. chemical industry claims having tight regulations can interfere with their ability to compete. nevertheless, in europe new regulation motivated the chemical industry to innovate. for instance, the european parliament implemented a successful comprehensive reform of reach by applying the "no data, no market" rule to pressure chemical manufacturers to submit safety data for both new and existing chemicals produced in or exported to europe. this approach motivated the chemical industry in europe to innovate, invest more in research & development and produce greener products. other groups concerned with tsca's lack of efficacy include the physicians for social responsibility, the u.s. public interest research group, the environmental defense fund, the lung cancer alliance and the asbestos disease awareness organization representing more than 11 million people nationwide. these diverse groups, under the umbrella of the national resources defense council however are displeased with the new draft bill written by deceased senator lautenberg in may 2013. the group is calling for greater oversight and reporting of health hazards of chemicals contained in everyday products. tsca and environmental justice tsca can promote environmental justice in communities where minorities and low-income residents disproportionately bear great exposure to toxic chemicals increasing their risk to suffer from "chronic diseases and conditions such as prostate cancer, learning disabilities, asthma, infertility, and obesity." public policy can transform and empower communities "fighting environmental racism" associated with industrial facilities built near low-income neighborhoods. communities from minority groups are disproportionately affected by "environmental threats from toxic contamination, locally unwanted land use (lulus) to unsafe and substandard housing and natural-resource extractions" cannot wait for years until bureaucratic processes demonstrate their health has been at risk from living under these conditions. studies have shown that "lower-income people were found to be significantly more likely than were higher income people to live near a polluting industrial facility." the market dynamics responds to "the industry seeking to build their facilities where land is cheap and where industrial labor pools and sources of materials are nearby." eventually, industrial facilities may contribute to the depreciation of property in the neighboring areas affecting the value of housing because of noise, release of pollutants, and fear of health impact. wealthy communities will actively oppose the placing of industrial facilities near them but the low-income neighborhoods "and communities of color become an easier target" as they are not well represented or well organized to fight against the industry and the government. environmental disparities is a prevalent issue for low income-people as they become trapped in "housing discrimination" living in polluted neighborhoods unable to relocate to a nicer area. populations vulnerable to toxic and chemical substances exposure environmental justice groups can engage the community to impact local state and federal policy. tsca regulation can protect public health by "limiting the market for hazardous chemicals and promote safe chemical production." vulnerable population such as infants, pregnant women, the elderly and certain occupational workers bear a higher risk to diseases from exposure to toxic chemicals. the elderly are vulnerable from exposure to chemicals that may impair their weak immune system, and cause heart disease among other health issues from interactions with medication. children are vulnerable to the health impacts of environmental injustice because their immune system is immature and they cannot handle the amount of chemicals in relation to the size of their body. to protect vulnerable groups the federal, state and local government could implement better policy to protect them from the increasing number of chemical exposure happening in daily basis. this concern is reflected in the frank r. lautenberg chemical safety for the 21st century act, which includes a requirement that epa evaluate risk to "potentially exposed and susceptible subpopulations." children's exposure to toxic chemicals children are more susceptible to develop patterns of illness with longtime effect in their health for which chemical exposure can be contributing pediatric disease. the main health problems associated with environmental chemical pollutants are asthma, lead poisoning and obesity. it is estimated that "the annual costs of environmentally attributable diseases in american children due to lead poisoning amounts to $43.4 billion." toxic chemicals "threaten the health of the developing fetus, babies, young children and teens." it is important to protect children from chemical exposures as they "are less able than adults to break down and excrete toxic compounds." children are exposed to newly invented chemicals used for consumer products, and is also found in "air, food, water, homes, schools, and communities." communities living near hot spots present health problems "associated with both social and environmental stressors," this can put a disproportionately burden on families. therefore, "information on potential toxicity" can help parents to make better decisions about the products they purchase for the use of the children. information about the toxicity is only available for about "two-thirds of the 3000 high production volume (hpv) chemicals." policy and regulation to protect vulnerable groups can reduce the exposure of children to toxic substances. for instance, in 2008, the state of maine implemented the kid-safe act to protect children from exposure to lead in toys "and bisphenol a (better known as bpa) in baby bottles" in january 2016, the center for science in the public interest released a report entitled seeing red - time for action on food dyes which criticized the continued use of artificial food coloring in the united states. the report estimated that over half a million children in the united states suffer adverse behavioral reactions as a result of ingesting food dyes, with an estimated cost exceeding $5 billion per year, citing data from by the centers for disease control and prevention. the report urges the food and drug administration to take action to ban or curtail the use of such dyes. readers are reminded that baby bottles and artificial food coloring are not regulated under tsca jurisdiction, rather they are regulated under the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act. however, other toxic substances that may be found in baby food (e.g., bisphenol a), are under tsca jurisdiction. pregnant women's exposure to chemicals pregnant women exposure to toxic chemicals in daily basis "can impact the reproductive and developmental health" during critical windows of development, this may lead to a higher risk for birth defects and childhood illnesses and "disability across the entire span of human life." health professionals can provide information to women planning to become pregnant or already pregnant to avoid potential hazards and exposure to environmental toxic chemicals. eating healthy food can reduce the impact of toxic chemicals, for instance consuming organic food. mothers who are breastfeeding can expose their child to toxic chemicals in their milk. when the diet of children is modified from "conventional to organic food, the levels of pesticides in their bodies decline," but low-income families have to prioritize their needs and buying organic food may not be possible because of a budget constraint readers are reminded that pesticides are not regulated under tsca jurisdiction, rather they are regulated under the federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act. however, other toxic substances that can be transmitted through breast milk (e.g., per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (pfas)) are under tsca jurisdiction. occupational workers' exposure to toxic chemicals according to the occupational safety & health administration (osha) workers have the right to a safe workplace that do not pose a risk of serious harm. occupational exposure to chemicals can happen through direct skin contact, inhalation, ingestion or eye contact. people working under certain occupations are more exposed to toxic chemicals that can have a negative longtime effect in their health. if the rate of exposure exceeds the capacity of the body to detoxify and eliminate them, it can accumulate in the body and potentially harm it. male and female fertility can be compromised from exposure to toxic chemicals. concerns for exposure to workers is reflected in the explicit inclusion of workers with the definition of "potentially exposed and susceptible subpopulations" in the frank r. lautenberg chemical safety for the 21st century act. corporate support for mitigation of toxic chemical exposure corporations can show social responsibility by removing products from the market and introducing similar alternatives that can benefit vulnerable groups. for instance, "kaiser permanente, a major medical supply purchaser, has a policy to avoid chemicals associated with cancer, reproductive problems and genetic mutations." corporation social responsibility (csr) is the moral obligation of the firm "to create success in ways that honors ethical values and respect to communities while promoting sustainability and a good reputation." corporations can innovate and improve their image by responding to the increasing demand of green chemicals by consumers seeking better options to reduce their exposure to toxic chemicals. reform bills prior to 2015 on may 23, 2013, senators david vitter (r-la) and frank lautenberg (d-nj), introduced a tsca reform bill, co-sponsored by a number of other senators at the united