parabiosis parabiosis parabiosis is a laboratory technique used in physiological research, derived from the greek word meaning "living beside." the technique involves the surgical joining of two living organisms in such a way that they develop a single, shared physiological system. through this unique approach, researchers can study the exchange of blood, hormones, and other substances between the two organisms, allowing for the examination of a wide range of physiological phenomena and interactions. parabiosis has been employed in various fields of study, including stem cell research, endocrinology, aging research, and immunology. physiology parabiotic experiments left: a headless cecropia moth joined with a pupa of the polyphemus silkworm. right: the abdomen of a cecropia moth joined with a cecropia pupa parabiosis combines two living organisms which are joined surgically and develop single, shared physiological systems. researchers can prove that the feedback system in one animal is circulated and affects the second animal via blood and plasma exchange. parabiotic experiments were pioneered by paul bert in the mid-1800s. he postulated that surgically connected animals could share a circulatory system. bert was awarded the prize of experimental physiology of the french academy of science in 1866 for his discoveries. one limitation of the experiments is that outbred rats cannot be used because it can lead to a significant loss of pairs due to intoxication of the blood supply from a dissimilar rat. discovery of leptin and the role of the hypothalamus in obesity many of the parabiotic experiments since 1950 involve research regarding metabolism. one of these experiments was published in 1959 by g. r. hervey in the journal of physiology. this experiment supported the theory that damage to the hypothalamus, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamus, leads to obesity caused by the overconsumption of food. the study's rats were from the same litter, which had been a closed colony for multiple years. the two rats in each pair had no more than a 3% difference in weight. rats were paired at four weeks old. unpaired rats were used as controls. the rats were conjoined in three ways. in early experiments, the peritoneal cavities were opened and connected between the two rats. in later experiments, to avoid the risk of tangling the two rats’ intestines together, smaller cuts were made. after further refinement of the experimental procedure, the abdominal cavities were not opened, and the rats were conjoined at the hip bone with minimal cutting. to prove that the two animals were sharing blood, researchers injected dye into one rat's veins, and the pigment would show up in the conjoined rat. in each pair, one rat became obese and exhibited hyperphagia. the weight of the rat with the surgical lesion rose rapidly for a few months, then reached a plateau as a direct result of the surgical procedure. after the procedure, the rat with the impaired hypothalamus ate voraciously while the paired rat's appetite decreased. the paired rat became obviously thin throughout the experiment, even rejecting food when it was offered. later studies identified this satiety factor as the adipose-derived hormone leptin. many hormones and metabolites were proven not to be the satiety factor that caused one rat to starve in the experiments. leptin seemed like a viable candidate. starting in 1977, ruth b.s. harris, a graduate student under hervey, repeated previous studies about parabiosis in rats and mice. due to the discovery of leptin, she analyzed leptin concentrations of the mice in the parabiotic experiments. after injecting leptin into each pair's obese mouse, she found that leptin circulated between the conjoined animals, but the circulation of leptin took some time to reach equilibrium. as a result of the injections, the almost immediate weight loss resulted in the parabiotic pairs due to increased inhibition. approximately 50–70% of fat was lost in pairs. the obese mouse lost only fat. the lean mouse lost muscle mass and fat. harris concluded that leptin levels are increased in obese animals, but other factors could also affect them. also, leptin was determined to decrease fat storage in both obese and thin animals. early parabiotic experiments also included cancer research. one study, published in 1966 by friedell, studied radiation's effects with x-rays on ovarian tumors. to study the tumors, two adult female rats were conjoined. the left rat was shielded, and the right rat was exposed to high levels of radiation. the rats were given a controlled amount of food and water. 149 of 328 pairs showed possible ovarian tumors in the irradiated animals, but not in their partners. this result matched previous studies of single rats. aging research