yet proven to work, or the patient may receive a placebo). in the case of cancer patients, fewer than 5% of adults with cancer will participate in drug trials. according to the pharmaceutical research and manufacturers of america (phrma), about 400 cancer medicines were being tested in clinical trials in 2005. not all of these will prove to be useful, but those that are may be delayed in getting approved because the number of participants is so low . for clinical trials involving potential for seasonal influences (such as airborne allergies, seasonal affective disorder, influenza, and skin diseases), the study may be done during a limited part of the year (such as spring for pollen allergies), when the drug can be tested. clinical trials that do not involve a new drug usually have a much shorter duration. (exceptions are epidemiological studies, such as the nurses' health study). administration clinical trials designed by a local investigator, and (in the us) federally funded clinical trials, are almost always administered by the researcher who designed the study and applied for the grant. small-scale device studies may be administered by the sponsoring company. clinical trials of new drugs are usually administered by a contract research organization (cro) hired by the sponsoring company. the sponsor provides the drug and medical oversight. a cro is contracted to perform all the administrative work on a clinical trial. for phases ii–iv the cro recruits participating researchers, trains them, provides them with supplies, coordinates study administration and data collection, sets up meetings, monitors the sites for compliance with the clinical protocol, and ensures the sponsor receives data from every site. specialist site management organizations can also be hired to coordinate with the cro to ensure rapid irb/iec approval and faster site initiation and patient recruitment. phase i clinical trials of new medicines are often conducted in a specialist clinical trial clinic, with dedicated pharmacologists, where the subjects can be observed by full-time staff. these clinics are often run by a cro which specialises in these studies. at a participating site, one or more research assistants (often nurses) do most of the work in conducting the clinical trial. the research assistant's job can include some or all of the following: providing the local institutional review board (irb) with the documentation necessary to obtain its permission to conduct the study, assisting with study start-up, identifying eligible patients, obtaining consent from them or their families, administering study treatment(s), collecting and statistically analyzing data, maintaining and updating data files during followup, and communicating with the irb, as well as the sponsor and cro. quality in the context of a clinical trial, quality typically refers to the absence of errors which can impact decision making, both during the conduct of the trial and in use of the trial results. marketing an interactional justice model may be used to test the effects of willingness to talk with a doctor about clinical trial enrollment. results found that potential clinical trial candidates were less likely to enroll in clinical trials if the patient is more willing to talk with their doctor. the reasoning behind this discovery may be patients are happy with their current care. another reason for the negative relationship between perceived fairness and clinical trial enrollment is the lack of independence from the care provider. results found that there is a positive relationship between a lack of willingness to talk with their doctor and clinical trial enrollment. lack of willingness to talk about clinical trials with current care providers may be due to patients' independence from the doctor. patients who are less likely to talk about clinical trials are more willing to use other sources of information to gain a better insight of alternative treatments. clinical trial enrollment should be motivated to utilize websites and television advertising to inform the public about clinical trial enrollment. information technology the last decade has seen a proliferation of information technology use in the planning and conduct of clinical trials. clinical trial management systems are often used by research sponsors or cros to help plan and manage the operational aspects of a clinical trial, particularly with respect to investigational sites. advanced analytics for identifying researchers and research sites with expertise in a given area utilize public and private information about ongoing research. web-based electronic data capture (edc) and clinical data management systems are used in a majority of clinical trials to collect case report data from sites, manage its quality and prepare it for analysis. interactive voice response systems are used by sites to register the enrollment of patients using a phone and to allocate patients to a particular treatment arm (although phones are being increasingly replaced with web-based (iwrs) tools which are sometimes part of the edc system). while patient-reported outcome were often paper based in the past, measurements are increasingly being collected using web portals or hand-held epro (or ediary) devices, sometimes wireless. statistical software is used to analyze the collected data and prepare them for regulatory submission. access to many of these applications are increasingly aggregated in web-based clinical trial portals. in 2011, the fda approved a phase i trial that used telemonitoring, also known as remote patient monitoring, to collect biometric data in patients' homes and transmit it electronically to the trial database. this technology provides many more data points and is far more convenient for patients, because they have fewer visits to trial sites. analysis