cerebrum. at the base of skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the passage of the spinal cord. ocular surgery – olfaction – or the sense of smell, is the process of creating the perception of smell. it occurs when an odor binds to a receptor within the nose, transmitting a signal through the olfactory system. olfaction has many purposes, including detecting hazards, pheromones, and plays a role in taste. oncology – is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. a medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist. ophthalmology – is a branch of medicine and surgery which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. an ophthalmologist is a specialist in ophthalmology. the credentials include a degree in medicine, followed by additional four to five years of ophthalmology residency training. ophthalmology residency training programs may require a one-year pre-residency training in internal medicine, pediatrics, or general surgery. additional specialty training (or fellowship) may be sought in a particular aspect of eye pathology. ophthalmologists are allowed to use medications to treat eye diseases, implement laser therapy, and perform surgery when needed. ophthalmologists may participate in academic research on the diagnosis and treatment for eye disorders. optometry – is a health care profession that involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as prescribing the correction of refractive error with glasses or contact lenses and the treatment of eye diseases. organ – is a group of tissues with similar functions. plant life and animal life rely on many organs that co-exist in organ systems. oral and maxillofacial surgery – is a surgical specialty focusing on reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, the oral cavity, head and neck, mouth, and jaws, as well as facial cosmetic surgery. orbicularis oculi muscle – orbicularis oris muscle – orthopedic surgery – ossicles – otitis – otorhinolaryngology – ovary – p palate – is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. it separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. a similar structure is found in crocodilians, but in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separated. the palate is divided into two parts, the anterior, bony hard palate and the posterior, fleshy soft palate (or velum). palliative care – (derived from the latin root palliare, or "to cloak") is an interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed at optimizing quality of life and mitigating suffering among people with serious, complex illness. within the published literature, many definitions of palliative care exist; most notably, the world health organization describes palliative care as "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual." in the past, palliative care was a disease specific approach, but today the world health organization takes a more broad approach, that the principles of palliative care should be applied as early as possible to any chronic and ultimately fatal illness. palpation – is the process of using one's hands to check the body, especially while perceiving/diagnosing a disease or illness. pancreas – is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. in humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach and functions as a gland. the pancreas has both an endocrine and a digestive exocrine function. as an endocrine gland, it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. as a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. this juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the duodenum from the stomach; and digestive enzymes, which break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food entering the duodenum from the stomach. papillary - in oncology, papillary refers to neoplasms with projections ("papillae", from latin, 'nipple') that have fibrovascular cores. parasitology – is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. as a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life. this means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines, and draws on techniques from fields such as cell biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, evolution and ecology. parathyroid glands – are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods. humans usually have four parathyroid glands, located on the back of the thyroid gland in variable locations. the parathyroid gland produces and secretes parathyroid hormone in response to a low blood calcium, which plays a key role in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. parkinson's disease – patella – pathology – pectineus muscle – pectoralis major muscle – pectoralis minor muscle – pediatrics – pelvis – penis – percussion (medicine) – peripheral nervous system – peripheral vision – phalanx bone – pharmacology – pharynx – physician – physical examination – physiology – pineal gland – pituitary gland – placenta – plastic surgery – plexus – a branching network of vessels or nerves. pons – posterior tibial artery – preventive healthcare – prognosis – prostate – psychiatry – pubis – pulmonary artery – pulmonary circulation – pulmonary vein – pulmonology – pulse – q quadriplegia – tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia, is paralysis caused by illness or injury that results in the partial or total loss of use of all four limbs and torso; paraplegia is similar but does not affect the arms. the loss is usually sensory and motor, which means that both sensation and control are lost. the paralysis may be flaccid or spastic. r radial artery – in human anatomy, the radial artery is the main artery of the lateral aspect of the forearm. radial nerve – is a nerve in the human body that supplies the posterior portion of the upper limb. it innervates the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin. it originates from the brachial plexus, carrying fibers from the ventral roots of spinal nerves c5, c6, c7, c8 & t1. radiology – is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases within the body. radius – the radius, or radial bone, is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. it extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna. the ulna is usually slightly longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker. therefore, the radius is considered to be the larger of the two. it is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. rectum – is the final straight portion of the large intestine in humans and some other mammals, and the gut in others. the adult human rectum is about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long, and begins at the rectosigmoid junction, the end of the sigmoid colon, at the level of the third sacral vertebra or the sacral promontory depending upon what definition is used. its caliber is similar to that of the sigmoid colon at its commencement, but it is dilated near its termination, forming the rectal ampulla. it terminates at the level of the anorectal ring (the level of the puborectalis sling) or the dentate line, again depending upon which definition is used. in humans, the rectum is followed by the anal canal which is about 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long, before the gastrointestinal tract terminates at the anal verge. the word rectum comes from the latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine. rectus abdominis muscle – also known as the abdominal muscle, is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen, as well as that of some other mammals. there are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba. it extends from the pubic symphysis, pubic crest and pubic tubercle inferiorly, to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs v to vii superiorly. the proximal attachments are the pubic crest and the pubic symphysis. it attaches distally at the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 and the xiphoid process of the sternum. rectus femoris muscle – is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. the others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius (deep to the rectus femoris), and the vastus lateralis. all four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) by the quadriceps tendon. the rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight (latin: rectus) down to the deep aponeurosis. its functions are to flex the thigh at the hip joint and to extend the leg at the knee joint. red blood cell – the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues — via blood flow through the circulatory system. red blood cells take up oxygen in the lungs and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries. renal artery – renal vein – reproductive system – residency (medicine) – respiratory system – rheumatology – rib cage – ring finger – s sacrum – the sacrum (plural: sacra or sacrums), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of sacral vertebrae s1–s5 between 18 and 30 years of age. salivary gland – the salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. humans have three paired major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual), a pair of seromucous tubarial glands (discovered in 2020) as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands. salivary glands can be classified as serous, mucous or seromucous (mixed). saphenous nerve – (long or internal saphenous nerve) is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve. it is a strictly sensory nerve, and has no motor function. saphenous vein, great – saphenous vein, small – sartorius muscle – scalp – scapula – sciatic nerve – scrotum – sebaceous gland – seminal vesicle – sensory nervous system – sensory processing – serratus anterior muscle – serratus posterior inferior muscle – serratus posterior superior muscle – skeletal muscle – skin – skull – small intestine – small saphenous vein – smooth muscle tissue – special senses – specialty (medicine) – spinal cord – spinal nerve – sole – soleus muscle – spleen – sports medicine – sternohyoid muscle – sternum – stomach – striated muscle tissue – subclavian artery – subcutaneous tissue – superficial temporal artery – superior oblique muscle – superior thyroid artery – superior vena cava – surgery – sweat gland – symptom – synovial bursa – synovial joint – synovial membrane – systemic lupus erythematosus – systems biology – t tarsus – in the human body, the tarsus is a cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus. it is made up of the midfoot (cuboid, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform, and navicular) and hindfoot (talus and calcaneus). taste – the gustatory system or sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste (flavor). taste is the perception produced or stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. taste, along with smell (olfaction) and trigeminal nerve stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature), determines flavors of food and other substances. humans have taste receptors on taste buds and other areas including the upper surface of the tongue and the epiglottis. the gustatory cortex is responsible for the perception of taste.