that public donation of cord blood is encouraged where possible, the probability of using one's own cord blood is very small, and therefore storage of cord blood for personal use is not recommended, and family member banking (collecting and storing cord blood for a family member) is recommended when there is a sibling with a disease that may be treated successfully with an allogeneic transplant. ownership of cord blood umbilical cord blood in humans contains the cells and dna of the baby. however, consent of the mother alone is usually obtained for collection, and the consent of the father is rarely considered. as of 2007, contracts of the largest cord blood banks do not explicitly state that the cord blood belongs to the donors and child with all the rights and privileges one would reasonably expect from ownership. the ambiguity leaves open future uses not approved by the donors and child. at the majority of private cord blood banking facilities, the mother owns all rights to the cord blood that was banked, until the minor in which the cord blood was taken turns eighteen. at that time the minor has all rights to his or her own banked cord blood. concerns have been raised that the current interest in cord blood could cause a perception that cord blood is "unused" by the birth process, thus decreasing the amount of blood which is infused into the child as part of the birth process. the pulsation of the cord pushes blood into the child, and it has been recommended that the cord cease pulsation prior to clamping. with the demand for cord blood increasing, there is a possibility that the cord could be clamped prematurely to preserve even more "extra" cord blood. the american academy of pediatricians notes: "if cord clamping is done too soon after birth, the infant may be deprived of a placental blood transfusion, resulting in lower blood volume and increased risk for anemia." safety and effectiveness using one's own cord blood cells might not be wise or effective, especially in cases of childhood cancers and leukemia. children who develop an immunological disorder often are unable to use their own cord blood for transplant because the blood also contains the same genetic defect. additional issues include the possible contamination of the cord blood unit with the same cancer diagnosed later in life; for example, abnormal cells have been detected in filters containing newborn blood of children who were not diagnosed with acute leukemia until the age of 2 to 6 years. the high relapse rates after autologous or syngeneic transplant and the benefit of a graft-vs.-leukemia effect of an allogeneic transplant suggest that autologous cord blood would not be the ideal source of stem cells for patients with leukemia needing a transplant. confusion with embryonic stem cells the public in the united states has a general awareness of embryonic stem cells because of the stem cell controversy. however, cord blood stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells) are not embryonic stem cells (pluripotent stem cells).