been used for thousands of years for a variety of medicinal purposes, in particular liver problems. stachytarpheta cayennensis blue snakeweed extracts of the plant are used to ease the symptoms of malaria. the boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve fever and other symptoms. it is also used for dysentery, pain, and liver disorders. a tea of the leaves is taken to help control diabetes in peru and other areas. laboratory tests indicate that the plant has anti-inflammatory properties. stellaria media common chickweed it has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and pulmonary diseases. 17th century herbalist john gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. modern herbalists prescribe it for iron-deficiency anemia (for its high iron content), as well as for skin diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic pains, arthritis and period pain. strobilanthes callosus karvy the plant is anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-rheumatic. symphytum officinale comfrey it has been used as a vulnerary and to reduce inflammation. it was also used internally in the past, for stomach and other ailments, but its toxicity has led a number of other countries, including canada, brazil, australia, and the united kingdom, to severely restrict or ban the use of comfrey. syzygium aromaticum clove the plant is used for upset stomach and as an expectorant, among other purposes. the oil is used topically to treat toothache. t scientific name name description picture tanacetum parthenium feverfew the plant has been used for centuries for fevers, headaches, stomach aches, toothaches, insect bites and other conditions. taraxacum officinale dandelion it was most commonly used historically to treat liver diseases, kidney diseases, and spleen problems. teucrium scordium water germander it has been used for asthma, diarrhea, fever, intestinal parasites, hemorrhoids, and wounds. thymus vulgaris thyme the plant is used to treat bronchitis and cough. it serves as an antispasmodic and expectorant in this role. it has also been used in many other medicinal roles in asian and ayurvedic medicine, although it has not been shown to be effective in non-respiratory medicinal roles. tilia cordata small-leaved linden in the countries of central, southern and western europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an herbal tea called tisane. tradescantia zebrina inchplant it is used in southeast mexico in the region of tabasco as a cold herbal tea, which is named matali. skin irritation may result from repeated contact with or prolonged handling of the plant, particularly from the clear, watery sap (a characteristic unique to t. zebrina as compared with other types). trema orientalis charcoal-tree the leaves and the bark are used to treat coughs, sore throats, asthma, bronchitis, gonorrhea, yellow fever, toothache, and as an antidote to general poisoning. trifolium pratense red clover the plant is an ingredient in some recipes for essiac tea. research has found no benefit for any human health conditions. trigonella foenum-graecum fenugreek it has long been used to treat symptoms of menopause, and digestive ailments. more recently, it has been used to treat diabetes, loss of appetite and other conditions. triticum aestivum wheatgrass it may contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. turnera subulata white buttercup it is used for skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ailments. u scientific name name description picture uncaria tomentosa cat's claw it has a long history of use in south america to prevent and treat disease. urtica dioica common nettle, stinging nettle it has been used in the traditional austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout. v scientific name name description picture vaccinium spec. blueberries they are of current medical interest as an antioxidant and for urinary tract ailments. vaccinium macrocarpon cranberry it was used historically as a vulnerary and for urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems. modern usage has concentrated on urinary tract related problems. vaccinium myrtillus bilberry it is used to treat diarrhea, scurvy, and other conditions. valeriana officinalis valerian it has been used since at least ancient greece and rome for sleep disorders and anxiety. verbascum thapsus common mullein it contains glycyrrhizin compounds with bactericide and potential anti-tumoral action. these compounds are concentrated in the flowers. verbena officinalis verbena it is used for sore throats and respiratory tract diseases. vernonia amygdalina bitter leaf the plant is used by both primates and indigenous peoples in africa to treat intestinal ailments such as dysentery. veronica officinalis veronica the plant is used for sinus and ear infections. viburnum tinus laurustinus v. tinus has medicinal properties. the active ingredients are viburnin (a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds) and tannins. tannins can cause stomach upset. the leaves when infused have antipyretic properties. the fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation. the tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression. the plant also contains iridoid glucosides. viola tricolor wild pansy it is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides. these small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability. many cyclotides, found in viola tricolor are cytotoxic. this feature means that it could be used to treat cancers. viscum album european mistletoe it has been used to treat seizures, headaches, and other conditions. vitex agnus-castus chasteberry it has been used for over thousands of years for menstrual problems, and to stimulate lactation. vitis vinifera grape the leaves and fruit have been used medicinally since the ancient greeks. w scientific name name description picture withania somnifera ashwagandha the plant's long, brown, tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine. in ayurveda, the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles, and ulcers. x scientific name name description picture xanthoparmelia scabrosa sexy footpath lichen it is a lichen used for sexual dysfunction. y scientific name name description picture youngia japonica japanese hawkweed the plant is antitussive and febrifuge. it is also used in the treatment of boils and snakebites. z scientific name name description picture zingiber officinale ginger ginger is effective for the relief of nausea. databases manhã em, silva mc, alves mg, almeida mb, brandão mg (october 3, 2008). 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