internet of things internet of things the internet of things (iot) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects) with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet or other communications networks. internet of things has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet, they only need to be connected to a network, and be individually addressable. internet of things (iot) general concepts computer appliance distributed computing embedded system fog computing home automation industrial internet of things mesh networking wireless sensor network communication protocols 6lowpan bluetooth le jini matter thread z-wave zeroconf zigbee comparison of iot protocols the field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning. traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the internet of things. in the consumer market, iot technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart home", including devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. iot is also used in healthcare systems. there are a number of concerns about the risks in the growth of iot technologies and products, especially in the areas of privacy and security, and consequently, industry and governmental moves to address these concerns have begun, including the development of international and local standards, guidelines, and regulatory frameworks. history the main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified coca-cola vending machine at carnegie mellon university becoming the first arpanet-connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold or not. mark weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "the computer of the 21st century", as well as academic venues such as ubicomp and percom produced the contemporary vision of the iot. in 1994, reza raji described the concept in ieee spectrum as " small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions like microsoft's at work or novell's nest. the field gained momentum when bill joy envisioned device-to-device communication as a part of his "six webs" framework, presented at the world economic forum at davos in 1999. the concept of the "internet of things" and the term itself, first appeared in a speech by peter t. lewis, to the congressional black caucus foundation 15th annual legislative weekend in washington, d.c., published in september 1985. according to lewis, "the internet of things, or iot, is the integration of people, processes and technology with connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation and evaluation of trends of such devices." the term "internet of things" was coined independently by kevin ashton of procter & gamble, later of mit's auto-id center, in 1999, though he prefers the phrase "internet for things". at that point, he viewed radio-frequency identification (rfid) as essential to the internet of things, which would allow computers to manage all individual things. the main theme of the internet of things is to embed short-range mobile transceivers in various gadgets and daily necessities to enable new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves. in 2004 cornelius "pete" peterson, ceo of netsilicon, predicted that, "the next era of information technology will be dominated by devices, and networked devices will ultimately gain in popularity and significance to the extent that they will far exceed the number of networked computers and workstations." peterson believed that medical devices and industrial controls would become dominant applications of the technology. defining the internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects' were connected to the internet than people", cisco systems estimated that the iot was "born" between 2008 and 2009, with the things/people ratio growing from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010. applications the extensive set of applications for iot devices is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces. consumers a growing portion of iot devices is created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appliances with remote monitoring capabilities. home automation iot devices are a part of the larger concept of home automation, which can include lighting, heating and air conditioning, media and security systems and camera systems. long-term benefits could include energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are turned off or by making the residents in the home aware of usage. a smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart devices and appliances. for instance, using apple's homekit, manufacturers can have their home products and accessories controlled by an application in ios devices such as the iphone and the apple watch. this could be a dedicated app or ios native applications such as siri. this can be demonstrated in the case of lenovo's smart home essentials, which is a line of smart home devices that are controlled through apple's home app or siri without the need for a wi-fi bridge. there are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms to connect different smart home products and these include the amazon echo, google home, apple's homepod, and samsung's smartthings hub. in addition to the commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems; including home assistant, openhab and domoticz. elder care one key application of a smart home is to provide assistance to elderly individuals and to those with disabilities. these home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities. voice control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly to cochlear implants worn by hearing-impaired users. they can also be equipped with additional safety features, including sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures. smart home technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of life. organizations the term "enterprise iot" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. by 2019, it is estimated that the eiot will account for 9.1 billion devices. medical and healthcare the internet of medical things (iomt) is an application of the iot for medical and health-related purposes, data collection and analysis for research, and monitoring. the iomt has been referenced as "smart healthcare", as the technology for creating a digitized healthcare system, connecting available medical resources and healthcare services. iot devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems. these health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers, fitbit electronic wristbands, or advanced hearing aids. some hospitals have begun implementing "smart beds" that can detect when they are occupied and when a patient is attempting to get up. it can also adjust itself to ensure appropriate pressure and support are applied to the patient without the manual interaction of nurses. a 2015 goldman sachs report indicated that healthcare iot devices "can save the united states more than $300 billion in annual healthcare expenditures by increasing revenue and decreasing cost." moreover, the use of mobile devices to support medical follow-up led to the creation of 'm-health', used analyzed health statistics." specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people to regain lost mobility via therapy as well. these sensors create a network of intelligent sensors that are able to collect, process, transfer, and analyze valuable information in different environments, such as connecting in-home monitoring devices to hospital-based systems. other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as connected scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the iot. end-to-end health monitoring iot platforms are also available for antenatal and chronic patients, helping one manage health vitals and recurring medication requirements. advances in plastic and fabric electronics fabrication methods have enabled ultra-low cost, use-and-throw iomt sensors. these sensors, along with the required rfid electronics, can be fabricated on paper or e-textiles for wireless powered disposable sensing devices. applications have been established for point-of-care medical diagnostics, where portability and low system-complexity is essential. as of 2018 iomt was not only being applied in the clinical laboratory industry, but also in the healthcare and health insurance industries. iomt in the healthcare industry is now permitting doctors, patients, and others, such as guardians of patients, nurses, families, and similar, to be part of a system, where patient records are saved in a database, allowing doctors and the rest of the medical staff to have access to patient information. iomt in the insurance industry provides access to better and new types of dynamic information. this includes sensor-based solutions such as biosensors, wearables, connected health devices, and mobile apps to track customer behavior. this can lead to more accurate underwriting and new pricing models. the application of the iot in healthcare plays a fundamental role in managing chronic diseases and in disease prevention and control. remote monitoring is made possible through the connection of powerful wireless solutions. the connectivity enables health practitioners to capture patient's data and apply complex algorithms in health data analysis. transportation digital variable speed-limit sign the iot can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information processing across various transportation systems. application of the iot extends to all aspects of transportation systems (i.e., the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user). dynamic interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter- and intra-vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistics and fleet management, vehicle control, safety, and road assistance. v2x communications in vehicular communication systems, vehicle-to-everything communication (v2x), consists of three main components: vehicle-to-vehicle communication (v2v), vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (v2i) and vehicle to pedestrian communications (v2p). v2x is the first step to autonomous driving and connected road infrastructure. home automation iot devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or residential) in home automation and building automation systems. in this context, three main areas are being covered in literature: the integration of the internet with building energy management systems to create energy-efficient and iot-driven "smart buildings". the possible means of real-time monitoring for reducing energy consumption and monitoring occupant behaviors. the integration of smart devices in the built environment and how they might be used in future applications. industrial also known as iiot, industrial iot devices acquire and analyze data from connected equipment, operational technology (ot), locations, and people. combined with operational technology (ot) monitoring devices, iiot helps regulate and monitor industrial systems. also, the same implementation can be carried out for automated record updates of asset placement in industrial storage units as the size of the assets can vary from a small screw to the whole motor spare part, and misplacement of such assets can cause a loss of manpower time and money. manufacturing the iot can connect various manufacturing devices equipped with sensing, identification, processing, communication, actuation, and networking capabilities. network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management, or manufacturing process control allow iot to be used for industrial applications and smart manufacturing. iot intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing and optimization of new products and rapid response to product demands. digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the iiot. iot can also be applied to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and measurements to maximize reliability. industrial management systems can be integrated with smart grids, enabling energy optimization. measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are provided by networked sensors. in addition to general manufacturing, iot is also used for processes in the industrialization of