environmental issues in brazil environmental issues in brazil environmental issues in brazil include deforestation, illegal wildlife trade, illegal poaching, air, land degradation, and water pollution caused by mining activities, wetland degradation, pesticide use and severe oil spills, among others. as the home to approximately 13% of all known species, brazil has one of the most diverse collections of flora and fauna on the planet. impacts from agriculture and industrialization in the country threaten this biodiversity. deforestation deforestation in the gurupi biological reserve, maranhão state, 2016 deforestation in brazil is a major issue; the country once had the highest rate of deforestation in the world. by far the most deforestation comes from cattle ranchers that clear rainforest (sometimes illegally, sometimes legally), so as to make room for sowing grass and giving their cattle the ability to graze on this location. an important route taken by cattle ranchers and their cattle is the trans-amazonian highway. deforestation has been a significant source of pollution, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, but deforestation has been brazil's foremost cause of environmental and ecological degradation. since 1970, over 600,000 square kilometers of amazonian rainforest have been destroyed and the level of deforestation in the protected zones of brazil's amazon rainforest increased by over 127 percent between 2000 and 2010. recently, further destruction of the amazon rainforest has been promoted by an increased global demand for brazilian wood, meat, and soybeans. also, as of 2019, some environmental laws have been weakened and there has been a cut in funding and personnel at key government agencies and a firing of the heads of the agency’s state bodies. brazil had a 2018 forest landscape integrity index mean score of 7.52/10, ranking it 38th globally out of 172 countries. hydroelectric dams around 150 hydroelectric dams are planned to be constructed in the amazon basin (of which a large part is situated in brazil). this could be especially problematic in regards to methane emissions if they would require inundating part of the lowland rainforest. endangered species brazil is home to over 6% of the world's endangered species. according to a species assessment conducted by the iucn red list of endangered species, 97 species have been identified in brazil with vulnerable, lower risk/near threatened, endangered, or critically endangered standing. in 2009, 769 endangered species were identified in brazil making it home to the eighth largest number of endangered species in the world. much of this increase in brazil, as well as the countries it precedes, is caused by rapid deforestation and industrialization. this has been noted by carlos minc, brazil's environment minister, who states that as protected areas are populated by humans, preservation areas are lacking the essential protection they need. changing environmental factors are largely responsible for the increase in the number of endangered species. taking into account the large effects that deforestation and industrialization have had, it becomes clear that by increasing regulation and policy these detrimental effects can be reversed. waste brazil's population has a stable growth rate at 0.83% (2012), unlike china or india which are experiencing a rapid urban growth. with a steady growth rate, the challenge for waste management in brazil is in regard to provision of adequate financing and government funding. while funding is inadequate, lawmakers and municipal authorities are taking steps to improve their individual cities' waste management systems. these individual efforts by city officials are made in response to the lack of an all-encompassing law that manages the entire country's waste materials. even though there are collection services, they tend to focus in the south and southeast of brazil. however, brazil does regulate dangerous waste materials such as oil, tires and pesticides. in 2014, brazil hosted the fifa world cup. as a result, a great amount of investment entered the country, yet waste management improvements still lack funds. in order to address the lack of federal involvement, the public and private sectors, as well as formal and informal markets, are developing potential solutions to these problems. international organizations as well are teaming up with local city officials such as in the case of the united nations environment programme (unep). since 2008, the unep has been working with brazil to create a sustainable waste management system that promotes environmental preservation and conservation along with the protection of public health. this partnership is between the unep and city officials who form the green and healthy environments project in são paulo. with community involvement, the project is able to promote policies that establish environmental change. according to a unep report, the project has already gathered research on sanitation in brazil. with the various partnerships and collaborations, certain cities are making strides in efficiently managing their waste, but a more comprehensive and conclusive decision must be made for the entire country to create a more sustainable future. collection services currently, collection services are more prominent in the south and southeast regions of brazil. various methods are used to separate waste materials, such as paper, metal and glass. according to integrated municipal solid waste management, solid waste in brazil is composed of 65% organic matter, 25% paper, 4% metal, 3% glass, and 3% plastic. within 405 municipalities, 7% of the country's total municipalities, 50% of the separation of these materials is conducted through door-to-door service, 26% through collection points, and 43% through informal street waste pickers. a major victory for waste collection was between 2006 and 2008 when the country's waste collection services expanded to service an additional one million people, bringing the rate of separated waste collection among the country's population to 14%. landfills while waste collection in brazil is improving slightly, the ultimate of waste commonly takes place in inadequate landfills. while landfills are often viewed as the last option for waste disposal in european nations, preferring waste-to-energy systems instead, brazil favors landfills and believes they are efficient modes of disposal. the preference for landfills has hindered the creation of alternative methods of waste disposal. often, this hesitation is in response to the initial costs of adopting new solutions. for example, incinerators are expensive to purchase, operate and maintain, eliminating them as an option for most cities in brazil. according to the integrated municipal solid waste management manual, landfill usage will begin to fall due to new regulation and laws. as the risks and environmental hazards of open air landfills are understood by municipality administrators in brazil, more dumps are being closed in favor of sanitary landfills. however, these policy changes will only happen with appropriate financing. waste-to-energy waste-to-energy is one way to dispose of all combustible waste in which recycling alone is not economically viable. as income levels rise in the southern region of brazil, citizens are urging officials to improve waste management systems. however, the results are limited as no commercial facilities are currently being constructed. even though citizens and officials are beginning to understand the harm of landfills and the importance of waste management, most do not understand waste-to-energy systems. on the other hand, waste-to-energy industry leaders do not understand the current waste condition in brazil. in order to provide specific solutions to problems in brazil, the waste to energy research technology counsel in brazil is developing a hybrid municipal solid waste (msw)/natural gas cycle. this system burns a small amount of natural gas that is 45% efficient and 80% of the energy that is produced by msw is 34% efficient. their patented system takes a small gas turbine and mixes it with preheated air. another benefit of using low amounts of natural gas is the possibility of replacing it with landfill gas, ethanol, or renewable fuels. another benefit is that this system does not change current incinerator technology, which allows it to use components that already exist in other waste-to-energy plants. private sector involvement in the waste-to-energy industry includes companies such as siemens, cnim, keppel-seghers, hitachi zosen inova, sener, pöyry, fisia-babcock, malcolm pirnie and others who are already established in brazil and developing waste-to-energy projects. some cities currently considering such projects are belo horizonte, rio de janeiro, são paulo, são josé dos campos, são bernardo do campo and others. clean development mechanism projects are also beginning to develop at some brazilian landfills. these projects are established to collect gases produced on-site and convert them into energy. for example, at a landfill in nova iguaçu (rio de janeiro area), methane is being collected and converted into electricity. this process is expected to eliminate 2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions by 2012. recycling according to data from the brazilian association of public cleaning and special waste companies including sewage, brazil is a leader in aluminum can recycling without government intervention with ten cans being recycled every year. in 2007, more than 96% of cans available in the market were recycled. this leadership comes from informal waste scavengers that make their living by collecting aluminum cans. however, recycling in general in brazil is low. brazil produces 240 thousand tons of waste every day. out of this amount, only 2% is recycled with the remainder dumped in landfills. in 1992, private companies in brazil established the brazilian business commitment for recycling (cempre), a nonprofit organization that promotes recycling and waste elimination. the organization issues publications, conducts technical research, holds seminars and maintains databases. nevertheless, only 62% of the population has access to the garbage collection. even within these collection systems, the collection of recyclable material is not common. the success of informal waste pickers provided evidence to lawmakers and citizens that solutions that are low tech, low cost, and labor-intensive can provide sustainable solutions to waste management while also providing social and economic benefits. recycling is very important in are surrounding because many of the people throw the garbage in the rivers. production of first-generation biofuels brazil is the second-largest producer of ethanol in the world. ethanol production in brazil uses sugarcane as feedstock and relies on first-generation biofuel technologies based on the use of the sucrose content of sugarcane. first-generation biofuels pollution air pollution due to its unique position as the only area of the world which extensively utilizes ethanol, air quality issues in brazil relate more to ethanol-derived emissions. with about 40% of fuel used in brazilian vehicles sourced from ethanol, air pollution in brazil differs from that of other nations where predominately petroleum or natural gas-based fuels are used. atmospheric concentrations of acetaldehyde, ethanol and possibly nitrogen oxides are greater in brazil than most other areas of the world due to their emissions being higher in vehicles using ethanol fuels. the larger urban areas of são paulo, rio de janeiro, and brasilia suffer from substantial ozone issues because both acetaldehyde and nitrogen oxides are significant contributors to photochemical air pollution and ozone formation. on the other hand, by the mid-1990s, lead levels in the air had decreased by approximately 70% after the widespread introduction of unleaded fuels in brazil in 1975. numbers of automobiles and levels of industrialization in brazilian cities highly influence levels of air pollution in urban areas which have an important impact on health for large population groups in major brazilian urban areas. based on annual air pollution data gathered in the cities of belo horizonte, fortaleza, porto alegre, rio de janeiro, são paulo, and vitória between the years of 1998 and 2005, 5% of total annual deaths in the age groups of children age five and younger and adults age 65 and older were attributed to air pollution levels in these cities. rio de janeiro and são paulo were ranked the 12th and 17th most polluted cities in an evaluation based on world bank and united nations data of emissions and air quality in 18 mega-cities. the multi-pollutant index used to perform the evaluation did not include any of the pollutants specific to the air quality impacts of ethanol fuel use. smog in são paulo. industrial pollution the city of cubatão, designated by the brazilian government as an industrial zone due in part to its proximity to the port of santos, became known as the "valley of death" and "the most polluted place on earth". the area has historically housed numerous industrial facilities including an oil refinery from petrobras and a steel mill from cosipa. operation of such facilities was done so "without any environmental control whatsoever" prompting tragic events throughout the 1970s and 1980s