overeaters anonymous overeaters anonymous overeaters anonymous (oa) is a twelve-step program founded in 1960 for people with problems related to food including, but not limited to, compulsive overeaters, those with binge eating disorder, bulimics and anorexics. anyone with a problematic relationship with food is welcomed; oa's third tradition states that the only requirement for memberships is a desire to stop eating compulsively. oa was founded by rozanne s. and two other women in january 1960. the organization's headquarters, or world service office, is located in rio rancho, new mexico. overeaters anonymous estimates its membership at over 60,000 people in about 6,500 groups meeting in over 75 countries. oa has developed its own literature specifically for those who eat compulsively but also uses the alcoholics anonymous books alcoholics anonymous and twelve steps and twelve traditions. the first step of oa begins with the admission of powerlessness over food; the next eleven steps are intended to bring members "physical, emotional, and spiritual healing." definitions oa defines compulsions as "any impulse or feeling of being irresistibly driven toward the performance of some irrational action." oa further defines compulsive overeating as a progressive, addictive illness. oa views compulsive overeating as a chronic condition and part of an attempt to alleviate psychological stress. like other twelve-step programs, oa sees compulsive eating as a threefold illness, symbolically understanding human structure as having three dimensions: physical, mental and spiritual. compulsive eating manifests itself in each dimension. a book describing itself as based on oa methods states that in the mental dimension a compulsive eater is not "eating down" feelings, but rather expressing an "inner hunger." to help potential members decide whether or not they need the program, oa provides a questionnaire, asking questions such as, "do you give too much time and thought to food?" answering "yes" to three or more of these questions is considered a good indication of problems with which oa may be able to assist. abstinence in oa “abstinence in overeaters anonymous is the action of refraining from compulsive eating and compulsive food behaviors while working towards or maintaining a healthy body weight.” this concept of abstinence has been criticized for its lack of specificity. while in aa abstinence means not drinking alcohol, some argue that it is not possible to set out specific foods, because oa's experience is that different people have different food triggers (i.e. foods and food behaviors that cause them to eat compulsively). while it is often said that alcoholics don't have to drink, but compulsive eaters still have to eat, overeaters anonymous responds by pointing out that alcoholics do have to drink, but cannot drink alcohol, just as compulsive eaters do have to eat, but cannot eat foods which cause compulsive eating. oa literature specifically defines "compulsion" as follows: "by definition, 'compulsion' means 'an impulse or feeling of being irresistibly driven toward the performance of some irrational action.'" therefore, "compulsive eating" and "compulsive food behaviors" (as those terms are used in oa's definition of abstinence) means irrational eating, or irrational food behaviors, taken as a result of an impulse or feeling that feels irresistible. so, according to overeaters anonymous, "abstinence" is the act of refraining from "compulsive eating" and "compulsive food behaviors," while working towards or maintaining a healthy body weight. while this definition can fairly be described as nuanced and subject to personal interpretation (e.g., the definition of a "healthy body weight"), or requiring self-searching analysis (e.g., to determine the drivers of certain behaviors), it is not unspecific. the objective of oa's definition of abstinence is that the compulsive eater refrain not from eating, but rather, from compulsive eating and compulsive food behaviors, and work towards or maintain a healthy body weight. thus, oa calls for the compulsive eater to define his or her own plan of eating which enables the compulsive eater to abstain from compulsive eating and compulsive food behaviors, while working towards or maintaining a healthy body weight. the program suggests that members identify the foods that "trigger" overeating. since individuals are responsible to define their own plan of eating, they are able to change their plan of eating if their needs and understanding of their compulsions change, without that change constituting a breach of abstinence. members are encouraged to seek counsel with other individuals before making such changes, generally including a member or members of the oa fellowship, to validate that the reasons are sound and not unwittingly a decision based on underlying compulsion. recovery tools and strategies comedores compulsivos anónimos (overeaters anonymous) group in santiago de compostela (spain) the oa program is based on the twelve steps and twelve traditions of alcoholics anonymous. small changes have been made to make these applicable to eating disorders, but such adaptation has been minimal. to take the twelve steps and practice the twelve traditions, oa program literature recommends using nine "tools of recovery." these are a plan of eating, sponsorship, meetings, the telephone, writing, literature, an action plan, anonymity and service. these tools are considered critical to obtaining and maintaining abstinence. meetings offer a consensual validation and serve to diminish feelings of guilt and shame. a sponsor provides guidance through the oa program and support where necessary, but gradually encourages autonomy in the sponsee. a sponsor strives to make his or her job obsolete. food plans in overeaters anonymous, abstinence is "the action of refraining from compulsive eating while working towards or maintaining a healthy body weight." according to oa, "by definition, 'compulsion' means 'an impulse or feeling of being irresistibly driven toward the performance of some irrational action.'" oa has a long and complex history with "food plans" and does not endorse or recommend any specific plan of eating, nor does it exclude the personal use of one. oa recommends that each member consult a qualified health care professional, such as a physician or dietitian. oa publishes a pamphlet, dignity of choice, which assists in the design of an individual food plan and also provides six sample plans of eating (reviewed and approved by a licensed dietitian) with which some oa members have had success. individual oa meetings and sponsors may make more detailed suggestions. some of these caution against foods containing excessive sugar, caffeine and white flour. a qualitative analysis of bulimics recovering in oa found bulimic oa members with excessively rigid plans are less likely to remain abstinent. the researchers conducting the analysis suggested that new members begin with a somewhat rigid plan which becomes increasingly flexible by the end of a year in the program. an individual's plan of eating may call for the exclusion of certain triggering behaviors. for example, a person who knows that eating after a certain time in the evening triggers compulsive food behavior might include in their plan of eating a commitment to abstain from eating after that time of night; a person who knows that snacking between meals triggers compulsive food behavior would probably include in their plan of eating a commitment to abstain from chewing (or sucking) between meals. demographics in 2002 a dissertation compared the results of a survey of 231 oa members in the washington, dc area of north america undertaken in 2001 with the findings from surveys of oa members taken in 1981, twenty years previously. the 2001 survey showed that 84% of oa members identified as binge eaters, 15% as bulimic, and 1% as anorexic. the 1981 survey had found that 44.5% of oa members identified as binge eaters, 40.7% as bulimic, and 14.8% as anorexic. the survey also found an increase in the percentage of males in oa from 9% in 1981 to 16% in 2001. both figures are generally in line with estimates made by the american psychological association that the male to female ratio of those with eating disorders ranges from 1:6 to 1:10. the researcher stated that the typical oa member in washington was white and highly educated. the typical oa member surveyed in 2001 worked in a full-time capacity and homemakers only comprised 6% of the 2001 oa population, in contrast to 30% of those surveyed in 1981. this reflects the trend for increasing numbers of females to be employed outside of the home. further, 80% of the 2001 participants had attained a college degree, compared to 59% of those surveyed in 1981. the percentage of oa members who were divorced or separated had risen from 10% in 1981 to 21% in 2001, also reflecting trends amongst the general population. correlations with maintaining abstinence research has identified a number of oa practices significantly correlating with maintaining abstinence in oa: adherence to a food plan (including weighing and measuring food), communication with other members (specifically sponsors), spending time in prayer and meditation, performing service work, completing the fourth step, completing the ninth step, writing down thoughts and feelings, attending meetings, reading oa/aa literature, and the educational status of the participant. researchers have therefore concluded that application of oa practices might directly help promote abstinence and reduce the frequency of relapse in those with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. honesty though not found in research to be significant, a number of oa members responded that honesty was a very important oa practice. researchers have noted the high level of honesty at oa meetings and pointed out that working the twelve steps reinforces this quality. spirituality some researchers have found that in spite of its perceived high importance to the program spirituality does not correlate with measures of weight loss; others have found somewhat contradictory conclusions. in particular, an increased sense of spirituality was correlated with improvement in eating attitudes, fewer body shape concerns, and better psychological and social functioning. however, measures of religiosity and particular religious affiliations have never been found to correlate with treatment outcomes. demographic abstinence differences some research has found the average length of abstinence for bulimics in oa was significantly higher than the average length for binge eaters. paradoxically, bulimics were also found to attend fewer meetings, and had less of a commitment to write their thoughts and feelings down daily. however, the frequency of relapse for bulimics and binge eaters was not significantly different. the differences may be explained by the predictable nature of the bulimic cycle. other research has found binge eaters in oa had better success than bulimics. most oa members who have reported negative experiences in the program are anorexic. this could be caused by oa's focus on problems of eating too much rather than too little. some oa practices, such as refraining from eating certain kinds of foods, are antithetical in the case of anorexics. results the average weight loss of participants in oa has been found to be 21.8 pounds (9.9 kg). survey results show that 90 percent of oa has responded that they have improved "somewhat, much, or very much" in their emotional, spiritual, career and social lives. oa's emphasis on group commitment and psychological and spiritual development provided a framework for developing positive, adaptive and self-nurturing treatment opportunities. changes in worldview changes in worldview are considered critical for individuals in the recovery process, as they are generally accompanied by significant behavioral changes. accordingly, several researchers have identified worldview transformation in members of various self-help groups dealing with addiction issues. such research describes "worldview" as four domains: experience of self, universal order (god), relationships with others and perception of the problem. in oa, members changed their beliefs that "it is bad to eat" to "one must eat to stay alive and should not feel guilty about it"; "one is simply overweight and needs to lose pounds" to "one has underlying psychological and interpersonal problems"; "one must deprecate oneself, deprive oneself, please other people" to "it is okay to express positive feelings about oneself and take care of one's needs"; "food is the answer to all problems, the source of solace" to "psychological and emotional needs should be fulfilled in relationships with people"; "i am a person who eats uncontrollably" to "i am someone who has limitations and does not eat what is harmful for me." understanding of control the act of binging and purging provides bulimics with the illusion that they can regain a sense of control. binge eating has been described as a "futile attempt to restock depleted emotional stores, when attempts at doing everything perfectly have failed." the self-destructive behavior of