2022–2023 mpox outbreak in brazil 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in brazil the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in brazil is a part of the ongoing outbreak of human mpox caused by the west african clade of the monkeypox virus. the outbreak was first reported in brazil on 9 june 2022 when a man in são paulo was registered as the country's index case. 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in brazildiseasempoxvirus strainmonkeypox virus (west african clade)locationbrazilindex casesão paulo, brazildate20 may 2022 – ongoing (11 months and 23 days)confirmed cases5,525 (as of 10 september 2022)suspected cases‡6deaths2government website(brazil)‡suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out. background these paragraphs are an excerpt from mpox and 2022–2023 mpox outbreak. mpox (pronounced /ˈɛmpɒks/ em-poks, formerly known as monkeypox) is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals. symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. the time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days and symptoms typically last from two to four weeks. there may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being apparent. cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems. the disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus orthopoxvirus. the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus. of the two types (called "clades") in humans, clade ii (formerly west african clade) causes a less severe disease than the central african (congo basin) type. it may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches. human-to-human transmission can occur through exposure to infected body fluids or contaminated objects, by small droplets, and possibly through the airborne route. people can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted. diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's dna. there is no known cure. a study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease. a newer smallpox and mpox vaccine based on modified vaccinia ankara has been approved, but with limited availability. other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and animals. antiviral drugs, cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks. the illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment. estimates of the risk of death vary from 1% to 10%, although few deaths as a consequence of mpox have been recorded since 2017. an outbreak of mpox, a viral disease then commonly known as "monkeypox", was confirmed in may 2022. the initial cluster of cases was found in the united kingdom, where the first case was detected in london on 6 may 2022 in a patient with a recent travel history from nigeria (where the disease is endemic). on 16 may, the uk health security agency (ukhsa) confirmed four new cases with no link to travel to a country where mpox is endemic. all four cases appeared to have been infected in london. from 18 may 2022 until may 2023, cases were reported from several countries and regions, predominantly in europe and in the americas but also in asia, in africa, and in oceania. the outbreak marked the first time mpox had spread widely outside central and west africa. on 23 july, the director-general of the world health organization (who), tedros adhanom ghebreyesus, declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (pheic). as of 18 march 2023, there had been a total of 86,516 confirmed cases in over 113 countries.in may 2023, the world health organization declared an end to the global health emergency declared in response to the worldwide outbreak of mpox virus. transmission stages of lesion development. a large portion of those infected were believed to have not recently traveled to areas of africa where mpox is normally found, such as nigeria, the democratic republic of the congo as well as central and western africa. it is believed to be transmitted by close contact with sick people, with extra caution for those individuals with lesions on their skin or genitals, along with their bedding and clothing. the cdc has also stated that individuals should avoid contact and consumption of dead animals such as rats, squirrels, monkeys and apes along with wild game or lotions derived from animals in africa. in addition to more common symptoms, such as fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes or lesions, some patients have also experienced proctitis, an inflammation of the rectum lining. cdc has also warned clinicians to not rule out mpox in patients with sexually transmitted infections since there have been reports of co-infections with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes. timeline three suspected mpox cases were reported in brazil on 30 may 2022. on 9 june, a 41-year-old man, who had recently travelled to spain and portugal and had been admitted to a são paulo hospital, tested positive for the virus. on 29 july, the first death was reported outside of endemic african countries and the country's first mpox cases in children were confirmed in three kids from são paulo city. statistics total confirmed cases