positive cases among working-age adults. however, according to an august 2020 academic study by the international journal of health planning and management, the government of turkey has been underreporting covid-19 statistics. on 30 september 2020, turkish minister of health fahrettin koca acknowledged that since 29 july, the reported number of cases was limited to symptomatic cases that required monitoring, which was met with rebuke by the turkish medical association. this practice ended on 25 november, when the ministry started to report asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases alongside symptomatic ones. ukraine main article: covid-19 pandemic in ukraine the covid-19 pandemic in ukraine has resulted in 5,538,357 confirmed cases of covid-19 and 112,210 deaths. the virus was confirmed to have spread to ukraine when the country's first case was confirmed to be hospitalized in chernivtsi oblast on 3 march 2020, a man who had travelled from italy to romania by plane and then arrived in ukraine by car. an emergency was declared on 20 march 2020 in kyiv oblast, chernivtsi oblast, zhytomyr oblast, dnipropetrovsk oblast, ivano-frankivsk oblast, and the city of kyiv. new infections and deaths started to break records by late october 2021. by then, a total of 2.8 million coronavirus cases and 64,936 covid-19 related deaths had occurred in ukraine. ukraine's ongoing vaccination program started on 24 february 2021 and from that day to 12 september 2021, 10,710,944 vaccinations were given in ukraine (meaning 18% of the adult population of ukraine had been vaccinated against covid-19). about 44% of those vaccinated had been fully vaccinated. in an august 2021 poll 56% of ukrainians did not plan to be vaccinated. demand for vaccinations multiplied sharply by late october 2021. on 7 january 2022 the ministry of health announced that 44.9% of the adult population had undergone a full course of vaccination. statistics for the russian-held autonomous republic of crimea and city of sevastopol, and for the unrecognized donetsk people's republic and luhansk people's republic in eastern ukraine, are not reported by ukraine's state agencies, and are not included in the country's totals. since the start of the russian invasion of ukraine, the ukrainian ministry of healthcare has made no further press releases related to covid-19, and the latest counts were for 23 february 2022. as a result, daily counts are displayed in various diagrams as zero. in late may 2022, chief state sanitary doctor ihor kuzin stated that since the beginning of the invasion, more than 750 studies had been conducted and that covid-19 outbreaks were not expected in ukraine in the near future. december 2019: peter attwood, an 84 year old from chatham,kent,england developed an unexplained respiratory illness in december 2019. his symptoms worsened and he was admitted to medway hospital on the 7th january 2020 and remained in hospital until his death on the 30th january 2020. a follow-up pathology test of lung tissue taken during peter's post-mortem examination showed he had had covid-19 at the time of his death. peter attwood would appear to be the first known uk casualty of sars cov2. united kingdom main article: covid-19 pandemic in the united kingdom man in london wearing a face mask on 19 march on 31 january, england confirmed the first two cases, both members of a family of chinese nationals staying in a hotel in york who were taken to specialist facilities in newcastle upon tyne. afterwards, several confirmed cases were detected across the uk. the uk government implemented preventive measures to curb the spread of infections which included contact tracing, isolation and testing, some of which were related to the italy clusters. the nhs set up drive-through screening centres at several hospitals to test members of the public showing symptoms. on 2 march, ministers approved the department of health and social care covid-19 action plan, which sets out actions to date, future measures, cooperation between devolved political and health authorities, and the level of preparedness of the country's four national health services. it outlined the government's objectives to deploy phased actions to contain, delay, and mitigate any outbreak, using research to inform policy development. on 23 march, it was announced that the uk would be entering a nationwide lockdown. the public were advised to stay at home except for essential shopping and one hour of exercise a day. these measures came into effect on 26 march and lasted until 1 june when measures were eased allowing early years pupils and exams students to return to school in a limited capacity. these measures are further eased on 15 june when retail and attractions were able to open for the first time since march. on 25 march, the uk parliament legislated to provide the government and authorities with emergency powers to handle the covid-19 pandemic, such as the power to restrict public gatherings, order businesses to close, and the ability to detain those suspected of having the virus. the coronavirus act 2020 received royal assent on 25 march and came into force on the same day. on 5 april, the prime minister of the united kingdom boris johnson was admitted to hospital after testing positive to covid-19 10 days earlier. he was admitted into intensive care the following night, when his symptoms further worsened. he left hospital on 12 april. the nhs was given access to emergency supplies of ppe and patients that did not need to remain in hospital were moved to residential care homes if needed. however, there was no need for a negative covid-19 test before patients were transferred to these settings, this was only required from 15 april. on 15 may, the government approved the first social care specific legislation that helped to ensure that staff had access to adequate ppe and protect both those working and living in care homes. as of 6 may, the total of confirmed cases was 201,101; the total of recorded deaths in all settings was 30,076, the highest in europe and second highest in all the countries after the united states. it is estimated that care home residents accounted for 30–40% of these deaths, with social care workers being twice as likely to die from covid-19 as the general population. however, the death toll did not continue to increase throughout the summer, and brazil and mexico now have more deaths as of 1 august 2020. during august and september, the number of infections per day began to increase significantly although the death rate remained fairly low. boris johnson announced changes to restrictions on 22 september which included forcing pubs, bars and restaurants to close by 10 pm in england and the so-called rule of six saying no more than six people should meet. in october, scotland's first minister declared new restrictions it meant that some areas of the country those like edinburgh had to close bars, pubs and go back to doing self-service. northern ireland's executive that also have control over health policy tightened restrictions to make them close to a lockdown as did wales announced by welsh first minister. it also emerged that boris johnson had been advised by sage committee of scientists to have a short lockdown back on 21 september. johnson subsequently introduced a three-tier system of restrictions liverpool was put under the top tier meaning tougher restrictions but falling short of a full lockdown. the uk has since recorded over 40,000 deaths. on 5 november, the uk had to enter a second national lockdown due to the rising number of cases and hospitalisations. following the end of this lockdown on 2 december case numbers began to rise again and over 70,000 deaths have been recorded in relation to covid-19 as of 11 december 2020. on 4 january 2021, prime minister boris johnson addressed the nation announcing a third lockdown. the uk went into lockdown that day due to rapidly increasing numbers of cases and deaths caused by a new more infectious variant of covid-19 spreading around the uk. the uk has begun to vaccinate its population against covid-19. the first vaccine, the pfizer/biontech vaccine for covid-19, was approved for use in the uk on 2 december 2020, the first of the 800,000 immediately available doses was administered on 8 december. the second vaccine approved for use in the uk was the oxford university/astrazeneca covid-19 vaccine, which was approved for use on 30 december 2020, with the first dose of this vaccine given on 4 january 2021. a third vaccine, the moderna vaccine, was approved for use in the uk on 8 january 2021, and the first dose was administered in wales on 6 april. vatican city this section is an excerpt from covid-19 pandemic in vatican city. the covid-19 pandemic in vatican city was a part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the holy see reported the first case of infection in vatican city on 7 march 2020. unlike other jurisdictions that report cases within a given territory or cases of residents or citizens of a territory, the holy see reports on cases "in vatican city state and among the employees of the holy see" regardless of location of testing, treatment, or residence. there were 29 confirmed cases of covid-19 among the vatican's residents and employees; there were no associated deaths. the 29 cases included 10 employees, 1 new hire, and 1 resident of vatican city. all those infected tested negative by 6 june 2020. an outbreak among members of the holy see's swiss guard was reported in mid-october, totaling 11 as of october 15. in late february 2020, pope francis became ill with symptoms of a cold, but tested negative for covid-19. it was announced on january 14, 2021, that both he and pope emeritus benedict xvi had received the first dose of a vaccine. they received their second dose in february. pandemic development graphs confirmed cases and deaths by date confirmed cases by date deaths by date growth rates comparison since outbreak syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily growth in cases syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily deaths daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 100th case: daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 500th case: response and criticism immigrants and refugees the european union closed borders to non-nationals on 17 march. the next day, greece imposed restrictions on refugees’ movement within camps. thousands of asylum seekers are living in crowded camps, and there are fears that pandemic could not be controlled under such conditions. the greek prime minister k. mitsotakis said that europe should do more to help because greece "cannot resolve this crisis instantly and alone". unnamed greek officials have stated concerns that turkey may send infected refugees and migrants towards the islands. early in april malta and italy closed their ports to vessels carrying asylum seekers from north africa. vaccination main article: covid-19 vaccines in early 2021, eu commission chief ursula von der leyen was criticised for the eu's slow rollout, and she noted that the eu was “late to authorise” and said that ordering vaccines on behalf of member states was “the right thing to do”. some countries withheld recommending the astrazeneca vaccine due to concerns of blood clots. by 20 june 2021, nearly half the population of the european union had received at least one dose of covid-19 vaccination. in november 2021, a study by the ecdc estimated that 470,000 lives over the age of 60 had been saved since the start of vaccination roll-out in the european region. herd immunity through infection in iceland main article: covid-19 pandemic in iceland on 23 february 2022, the ministry of health lifted all remaining covid-19 restrictions, including gathering limits, restricted opening hours for bars, and border restrictions. adopting a herd immunity approach, the ministry stated that “widespread societal resistance to covid-19 is the main route out of the epidemic,” and “to achieve this, as many people as possible need to be infected with the virus as the vaccines are not enough, even though they provide good protection against serious illness”. travel bans and border closures full closure of a bridge over the rhine, on the border between austria and switzerland although by 7 march some european politicians such as france's marine le pen had called for europe's internal borders to be