control including hiv/aids 175.5 26.9 291.4 199.7 184.4 264.4 165.7 1308.0 tuberculosis control 69.2 211.1 59.5 273.9 135.3 100.1 244.8 1094.0 reproductive health care 173.8 66.8 77.4 165.2 84.9 207.6 130.0 905.8 agricultural research 84.7 27.8 196.2 192.8 207.1 14.7 83.9 807.2 family planning 104.5 21.2 21.4 49.3 165.0 145.8 181.7 688.9 health policy and administrative management 119.3 14.3 145.7 75.5 61.1 113.4 130.3 659.5 agricultural development 5.2 30.0 0.0 35.0 0.0 325.1 86.1 481.3 agricultural policy and administrative management 72.9 30.0 77.5 77.1 86.2 19.7 96.9 460.3 promotion of development awareness 47.2 45.0 35.5 41.7 124.4 61.7 80.7 436.2 basic health care 22.3 23.9 43.7 73.2 1.7 45.6 206.3 416.7 basic nutrition 19.2 15.7 40.9 51.5 63.7 55.9 148.2 395.2 basic sanitation 10.1 34.9 82.9 74.9 59.1 48.7 64.9 375.5 financial policy and administrative management 29.0 18.4 9.8 8.9 70.1 32.9 53.4 222.5 other 487.5 273.8 2208.9 260.2 332.1 433.3 2195.7 6191.5 total 2002 1662 3887 2183 3126 3518 5107 21485 the following table lists the top receiving organizations to which the bill & melinda gates foundation has committed funding, between 2009 and 2015. the table again only includes grants recorded in the gates foundation's iati publications. organizationamount ($ millions) gavi 3,152.8 world health organization 1,535.1 the global fund to fight aids, tuberculosis and malaria 777.6 path 635.2 united states fund for unicef 461.1 the rotary foundation of rotary international 400.1 international bank for reconstruction and development 340.0 global alliance for tb drug development 338.4 medicines for malaria venture 334.1 path vaccine solutions 333.4 unicef headquarters 277.6 johns hopkins university 265.4 aeras 227.6 clinton health access initiative inc 199.5 international development association 174.7 care 166.2 world health organization nigeria country office 166.1 agence française de développement 165.0 centro internacional de mejoramiento de maíz y trigo 153.1 cornell university 146.7 alliance for a green revolution in africa 146.4 united nations foundation 143.0 university of washington foundation 138.2 foundation for the national institutes of health 136.2 emory university 123.2 university of california san francisco 123.1 population services international 122.5 university of oxford 117.8 international food policy research institute 110.7 international institute of tropical agriculture 104.8 according to the oecd, the bill & melinda gates foundation provided us$4.1 billion for development in 2019. financials the foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the bill & melinda gates foundation and the bill & melinda gates foundation trust. the foundation section, based in seattle, us, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty", and its trustees are currently bill and melinda gates; warren buffett announced his resignation as a trustee on june 23, 2021. the trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of bill and melinda gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from buffett. the foundation posts its audited financial statements and 990-pf forms on the "financials" section of its website as they become available. at the end of 2012, the foundation registered a cash sum of $4,998,000, down from $10,810,000 at the end of 2011. unrestricted net assets at the end of 2012 were worth $31,950,613,000, while total assets were worth $37,176,777,000. trust investments as of 30 september 2018, according to documents filed with the u.s. securities and exchange commission, the trust owned the following investments: company # shares value($ thousands) arcos dorados holdings 3,060,500 $19,128 autonation 1,898,717 $78,892 berkshire hathaway class b 62,078,974 $13,291,729 canadian national railway 17,126,874 $1,537,993 caterpillar inc. 11,260,857 $1,717,168 coca-cola femsa 6,214,719 $380,589 crown castle 5,332,900 $593,712 ecolab 4,366,426 $684,568 fedex 3,024,999 $728,390 televisa 16,879,104 $299,435 liberty global class a 2,119,515 $61,318 liberty global class c 3,639,349 $102,484 liberty global latin america class a 370,424 $7,720 liberty global latin america class c 636,044 $13,122 microsoft 24,000,000 $2,744,880 united parcel service 4,525,329 $528,332 walmart 11,603,000 $1,089,638 walgreens boots alliance 3,475,398 $253,357 waste management 18,633,672 $1,683,739 global development division christopher elias leads the foundation's efforts to combat extreme poverty through grants as president of the global development program. in march 2006, the foundation announced a $5 million grant for the international justice mission (ijm), a human rights organization based in washington, d.c., us to work in the area of sex trafficking. the official announcement explained that the grant would allow the ijm to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. the office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability". the ijm used the grant money to found "project lantern" and established an office in the philippines city of cebu. in 2010, the results of the project were published, in which the ijm stated that project lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling, and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". at the time that the results were released, the ijm was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions. gates cambridge scholarships in october 2000, william gates established the gates cambridge scholarships which allow students and scholars from the u.s. and around the world to study at cambridge university, one of the top universities in the world. the gates cambridge scholarship has often been compared to the rhodes scholarship, given its similarly international scope and substantial endowment. in 2000, the gates foundation endowed the scholarship trust with $210 million to help outstanding graduate students outside of the united kingdom study at the university of cambridge. the gates foundation has continued to contribute funds to expand the scholarship, making it one of the largest and best-endowed scholarships in the world. the gates cambridge scholarship accepts less than 0.3% of applicants and remains extremely competitive. each year, approximately 100 new graduate students from around the world receive funding to study at cambridge university. selwyn college, university of cambridge financial assistance alliance for financial inclusion (afi): a $35 million grant for the afi supports a coalition of countries from the developing world to create savings accounts, insurance, and other financial services that are made available to people living on less than $2 per day. financial access initiative: a $5 million grant allows financial access initiative to conduct field research and answer important questions about microfinance and financial access in impoverished countries around the world. pro mujer: a five-year $3.1 million grant to pro mujer—a microfinance network in latin america combining financial services with healthcare for the poorest women entrepreneurs—will be used to research new opportunities for the poorest segment of the latin american microfinance market. grameen foundation: a $1.5 million grant allows grameen foundation to approve more microloans that support grameen's goal of helping five million additional families, and successfully freeing 50 percent of those families from poverty within five years. grant worth $1.3 million lawrence muganga for his book you can't make fish climb trees. agricultural development international rice research institute: between november 2007 and october 2010, the gates foundation offered $19.9 million to the international rice research institute. the goal of the aid was to support the increasing world demand for rice. the gates foundation claims: "to keep up with worldwide demand, the production of rice will have to increase by about 70 percent in the next two decades." the international rice research institute has developed golden rice, a genetically modified rice variant developed to combat vitamin a deficiency. alliance for a green revolution in africa (agra): the gates foundation has partnered with the rockefeller foundation to enhance agricultural science and small-farm productivity in africa, building on the green revolution that the rockefeller foundation spurred in the 1940s and 1960s. the gates foundation has made an initial $100 million investment in this effort, to which the rockefeller foundation has contributed $50 million. water, sanitation and hygiene the "sanitation value chain" used by the gates foundation to illustrate their approach to sanitation, showing collection, transport, treatment and reuse. example for technology innovation: the off-grid nano membrane toilet of cranfield university – prototype on display at reinvent the toilet fair in delhi, india the water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) program of the bill & melinda gates foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "learning initiative", and became a full-fledged program under the global development division in early 2010. the foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the wash sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. in 2009, the foundation decided to refocus its wash effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. this was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments. in mid-2011, the foundation announced in its new "water, sanitation, hygiene strategy overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-saharan africa and south asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications. in mid-2011, the foundation stated that they had committed more than $265 million to the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector over the past five years, i.e. since about 2006. for the time period of about 2008 to mid-2015, all grants awarded to water, sanitation, and hygiene projects totaled a value of around $650 million, according to the publicly available grant database. example of low-tech toilet development being funded: a urine-diverting dry toilet called earth auger toilet from ecuador/us improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority, as shown by the data collected by the joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation (jmp) of unicef and who. this program is tasked to monitor progress towards the millennium development goal (mdg) relating to drinking water and sanitation. about one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy. this is called open defecation and it poses significant health risks. india is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. the foundation has been funding many sanitation research and demonstration projects in india since about 2011. reinvent the toilet challenge in 2011, the foundation launched a program called "reinvent the toilet challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. this program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. it was complemented by a program called "grand challenges explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of $100,000 each in the first round. both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts. microbial fuel cell stack that converts urine into electricity (research by the university of the west of england, uk) since the launch of the "reinvent the toilet challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the u.s., europe, india, china, and south africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. the grants were in the order of $400,000 for their first phase, followed by typically $1 million – 3 million for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge. the "reinvent the toilet challenge" is focused on "reinventing the flush toilet". the aim was to create a toilet that not only removes pathogens from human excreta, but also recovers resources such as energy, clean water, and nutrients (a concept also known as reuse of excreta). it should operate "off-the-grid" without connections to