center opened in 2019. a study was conduct by a crime analyst and it found that while the total crime in a cluster of five neighborhoods did not go up, a significant shift in their distribution was observed. shortly after the homeless service center was established, a significant hotspot of localized crime have formed around the immediate vicinity of the center. a business in close proximity to the center reported a loss of 40-60% in sale, and issues such as tents being pitched right in front of their business. the navigation center provides transients with restrooms, showers, laundry, storage, clothing, a place to charge their phone as well as a mailing address. one business experienced having power outlet locks torn off twice. others report vagrancy issues in residential streets near the navigation center after it closed at 5pm. united states in the united states, the "shelter movement" began to grow significantly during the 1970s when there was a high rate of unemployment, housing costs were rising and individuals with severe mental illnesses were being deinstitutionalized. in the 1980s, homelessness was becoming a "national epidemic" in the united states and helping professionals created shelters as "temporary havens". shelter occupation had more than doubled by the late 1980s and it doubled again by 2000. statistics from 2011 show that "on a given night in january 2010, 407,966 individuals were housed inside homeless shelters, transitional housing or on the streets. alternatively, jails have been used for healthcare enrollment by citizens in certain states. homeless shelters need to provide a variety of services to diverse residents. homeless shelters, like la posada providencia in san benito, texas, may also house asylum seekers, mainly from mexico, central america and south america. shelters also provide outreach to residents who are unable to use a shelter or who choose not to use a shelter. most shelters typically expect residents to exit in the morning and occupy themselves elsewhere during the day, returning for an evening meal and to sleep. during times of inclement weather, shelters may provide services outside of their normal hours. in the united states, the department of housing and urban development (hud) has shown in recent studies that about 5 million americans qualify to use homeless shelters. as poverty levels continue to rise, it is estimated that the number of homeless shelters, in particular in the united states, will continue to rise. based on a survey of 24 u.s. cities the average stay in a homeless shelter was found to be on average about seven months out of the year. homeless encampments have become commonplace in us cities, particularly in cities with highly visible homeless populations – most notably seattle and san francisco. these efforts can result from a combination of complaints by wealthier (usually newer) residents and anti-homeless political actions originating from local mayors and legislators. statistics of homeless population within the united states a study by the national law center on homelessness and poverty estimates that 2.3 to 3.5 million americans experience homelessness annually. alaska, california, nevada, oregon, colorado, and hawaii are the states with the highest concentration of homeless people. around 1.5 million children or one of out every 50 children in america are homeless. many americans suffer from the state of "chronic homelessness", which is where an individual has a disabling condition who has been continuously homeless for over a year or has been homeless on at least four different instances within four years. about 23% of the homeless population has been tagged as "chronic homeless". veterans also represent close to 40% of homeless men within the united states. racial demographics of the homeless population of the united states can be represented as: whites: 39% african-americans: 42% hispanics: 13% native americans: 4% asians: 2% approximately 40% of all homeless youth in the united states identify as lgbt (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender). in san francisco, approximately 29% of all homeless people in that city are on the lgbt spectrum. the national center for transgender equality reports that 1 in 5 transgender individuals has experienced being homeless at least once in their lives. pet ownership among homeless people varies, but estimates indicate that about 5 and 10 percent of homeless people in the united states have a pet. homelessness appears to be largely concentrated within urban areas. central cities hold 71% of the homeless population while the suburbs have 21% of the homeless population. only 9% of homeless people are located within rural areas. operations and role in u.s. society shelters which are funded by the united states department of housing and urban development (hud) require residents to have identification. list of national organizations in the u.s supporting homeless shelters across the united states there are several national organizations that assist in the founding and the upkeep of homeless shelters. the main national organizations are: national alliance to end homelessness the salvation army the department of veterans affairs covenant house feeding america united states libraries homeless shelters often work with other organizations in order to support and help homeless people improve their situations, including libraries. they often work with the coalition to grant a temporary library card for homeless coalition members who can use a shelter as a local address. this is intended to give new patrons the opportunity to utilize the computer services, books, programs, and more that the library offers. government assistance programs in the united states hud estimates that it costs $60,000 each year to house a homeless family in a shelter. because of this, hud has various programs in place to help families, including rapid rehousing and permanent housing vouchers. housing vouchers from hud are considered especially important for helping to prevent families with children from becoming homeless and also to help these families be able to leave the shelter system permanently. other countries australia in australia, due to government funding requirements, most homelessness services fill the role of both daytime and night time shelters. shelters develop empowerment based "wrap around" services in which residents are case managed and supported in their efforts to become self-reliant. an example of such a service provider in this area in australia is najidah. youth refuges in australia provide both a residential setting for crisis accommodation as well as case management to assist young people to live independently. youth refuges are a relatively new form of homeless shelters. in new south wales the early refuges include caretakers cottage, young people's refuge, taldamunde youth services, all founded in the mid-1970s. canada canada has an estimated homeless population somewhere between 150,000 and 300,000 people as reported in 2014. canada has responded to an increase in homelessness by increasing the amount of shelter space available to individuals. a study done in canada also found that individuals entering shelters and drop-in centers experienced a loss of their own sense of personhood. therapeutic conversation therapy has been tested and found successful in calgary with a small group of homeless shelter residents in improving their mental health outcomes. calgary has seen an increase in the amount of homelessness, partly due to the "lack of affordable rental units". a nationwide volunteer group in canada, the angels in the night, sponsored by invis-mortgage intelligence, donates cold-weather clothes and other supplies to homeless people, visiting shelters and individuals on the streets. in 2015, clean the world began a canadian operations center in montreal order to supply soap for homeless shelters. clean the world distributes and recycles hygiene supplies such as soap and shampoo. china in china, homeless estimates vary, since the social welfare department does not consider those living in temporary shelters to be "homeless". there may be approximately 1 to 1.5 million homeless children who have left their families because of extreme poverty, family issues or abuse. homelessness in china is mainly attributed to natural disasters, migration, and discrimination. it is not uncommon for natural disasters in china to displace many people from their homes. unlike other countries, china has an extremely high amount of homeless children. children make up nearly 1 million of those experiencing homelessness in china. it is estimated that about half of these children are runaways, who are hoping to escape abusive or impoverished homes. during the covid-19 pandemic, the number of homeless people has been increasing, and this is a cost of china's zero-covid policy. because of the strict lockdown policy in china, people are restricted from leaving or going back to their residences. a lot of essential workers like delivery men are forced to become "homeless" because they cannot go back to their apartments or houses as they have a greater risk of spreading the virus. in shanghai during the pandemic, nearly 20,000 delivery riders are facing a lack of shelter and safety. in 2014, a government-sponsored shelter in henan province which houses 20 homeless individuals was under scrutiny for tying children to trees and providing inadequate sleeping areas. india india defines homelessness as not being in residence of a "census house" which must be a structure with a roof. in india, youth can become homeless because of child abandonment. youth in jammu and kashmir who live in shelters reported high prevalence of emotional and physical abuse, and emotional and physical neglect while living in homeless shelters. homeless individuals and families in india face challenges accessing water and hygiene services. a 2011 census of india found that safe drinking water coverage in urban areas is at 91.9% while regular sanitation access is at 81.4%. there is a significant lack of housing in major urban areas in india. people come from the rural part of india to look for work and when there are no accommodations for housing build their own shelters, often known as "hutments". statistics of homeless population within india according to the 2011 census, there were 1.77 million homeless people in india, or 0.15% of the country's total population. in india, the cities with the greatest number of homeless individuals and families are greater mumbai, delhi, kolkata, chennai, and bangalore. japan the number of homeless individuals in japan as recorded in 2003, was around 25,296. numbers of those without homes have been "increasing dramatically" since the "bubble economy" collapsed in the 1990s. in tokyo, around 2007, many homeless individuals were cleared out of their temporary residences in city parks. in 2011, the earthquake and tsunami left many individuals homeless and living in shelters. united kingdom "sleeping rough" or "rough sleeping" is terminology in the united kingdom for sleeping without shelter. in addition, "not all homeless people are entitled to housing." shelters like 'jimmy's', in cambridge, provide access to those who would otherwise be "sleeping rough", offering temporary accommodation and support services in the basement of a baptist church in the city centre.