ephedra (plant) ephedra (plant) ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs. the various species of ephedra are widespread in many arid regions of the world, ranging across southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america. it is the only extant genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales, and one of the three living members of the division gnetophyta alongside gnetum and welwitschia. this article is about the genus ephedra, and the family ephedraceae. for the use of the plant as a medicine, see ephedra (medicine). ephedratemporal range: ephedra viridis scientific classification kingdom: plantae clade: tracheophytes clade: gymnosperms division: gnetophyta class: gnetopsida order: ephedrales family: ephedraceae genus: ephedral. type species ephedra distachyal. global range of ephedra synonyms alloephedra tao jr et yang y., 2003. chaetocladus nelson 1866 nom. illeg. liaoxia cao et s.q. wu, 1996 in temperate climates, most ephedra species grow on shores or in sandy soils with direct sun exposure. common names in english include joint-pine, jointfir, mormon-tea or brigham tea. the chinese name for ephedra species is mahuang (simplified chinese: 麻黄; traditional chinese: 麻黃; pinyin: máhuáng; wade–giles: ma-huang; lit. 'hemp yellow'). ephedra is the origin of the name of the stimulant ephedrine, which the plants contain in significant concentration. ephedra fragilis pollen cones ephedra distachya: ripe female cones with seeds ephedra ciliata seed description the family ephedraceae, of which ephedra is the only extant genus, are gymnosperms, and generally shrubs, sometimes clambering vines, and rarely, small trees. members of the genus frequently spread by the use of rhizomes. the stems are green and photosynthetic. the leaves are opposite or whorled. the scalelike leaves fuse into a sheath at the base and this often sheds soon after development. there are no resin canals. the plants are mostly dioecious, with the pollen strobili in whorls of 1–10, each consisting of a series of decussate bracts. the pollen is furrowed. the female strobili also occur in whorls, with bracts which fuse around a single ovule. fleshy bracts are white (such as in ephedra frustillata) or red. there are generally 1–2 yellow to dark brown seeds per strobilus. taxonomy the genus ephedra was first described in 1753 by carl linnaeus, and the type species is ephedra distachya. the family, ephedraceae, was first described in 1829 by dumortier. evolutionary history the oldest known members of the genus are from the early cretaceous around 125 million years ago, with records being known from the aptian-albian of argentina, china, portugal and the united states. the fossil record of ephedra outside of pollen disappears after the early cretaceous. molecular clock estimates have suggested that last common ancestor of living ephedra species lived much more recently, during the early oligocene around 30 million years ago. however, pollen modified from the ancestral condition of the genus with branched pseudosulci (grooves), which evolved in parallel in the living north american and asian lineages is known from the late cretaceous, suggesting that the last common ancestor is at least this old. species phylogeny of ephedra e. ochreata section e. pedunculata e. rupestris e. nevadensis e. californica e. antisyphilitica (clapweed) e. frustillata e. torreyana e. aspera e. trifurca asarca section e. breana e. boelckei e. milleri e. chilensis e. triandra e. tweedieana e. andina e. sinica e. regeliana e. rituensis e. monosperma e. lomatolepis e. sarcocarpa e. major e. strobilacea e. somalensis subsection e. pachyclada pachycladae subsection e. foeminea e. campylopoda e. fragilis e. foliata e. ciliata e. alata e. aphylla e. altissima scandentes subsection e. minuta e. gerardiana e. viridis minutae subsection e. likiangensis e. americana e. equisetina e. rhytidosperma americanae subsection e. intermedia e. przewalskii e. distachya e. procera ephedra ephedra as of june 2021, plants of the world online accepted the following species: ephedra alata decne. – north africa, arabian peninsula ephedra altissima desf. non-bové (1834), non-delile (1813), non-buch (1828) (high-climbing jointfir) – north africa, canary islands ephedra americana humb. & bonpl. ex willd. – bolivia, ecuador, peru, argentina, chile ephedra antisyphilitica berland ex c.a.mey. – clapweed, erect ephedra – texas, oklahoma, new mexico, nuevo león, coahuila, chihuahua ephedra aphylla forssk. – eastern mediterranean from libya and cyprus to the persian gulf ephedra × arenicola h.c.cutler – arizona, utah (hybrid, e. cutleri × e. torreyana) ephedra aspera engelm. ex s.watson – boundary ephedra, pitamoreal – texas, new mexico, arizona, utah, nevada, california, chihuahua, durango, zacatecas, sinaloa, sonora, baja california ephedra aurantiaca takht. & pachom. – caucasus, kazakhstan, turkmenistan ephedra aurea brullo et al. ephedra boelckei f.a.roig – argentina ephedra botschantzevii pachom. – kazakhstan, tuva region of siberia ephedra breana phil. (frutilla de campo) – peru, bolivia, chile, argentina ephedra brevifoliata ghahr. – iran ephedra californica s.watson – california ephedra, california jointfir – california, western arizona, baja california ephedra chengiae yang & ferguson ephedra chilensis c.presl – pingo-pingo - chile, argentina ephedra compacta rose – widespread in much of mexico ephedra coryi e.l.reed (cory's ephedra) – texas, new mexico ephedra cutleri peebles – navajo ephedra, cutler's ephedra, cutler mormon-tea, cutler's jointfir – colorado, utah, arizona, new mexico, wyoming ephedra dahurica turcz. – siberia, mongolia ephedra dawuensis y.yang – sichuan ephedra distachya l. – joint-pine, jointfir – southern europe and central asia from portugal to kazakhstan ephedra × eleutherolepis v.a.nikitin – tajikistan (hybrid e. intermedia × e. strobilacea) ephedra equisetina bunge – ma huang – caucasus, central asia, siberia, mongolia, gansu, hebei, inner mongolia, ningxia, qinghai, shanxi, xinjiang ephedra fasciculata a.nelson – arizona ephedra, arizona jointfir, desert mormon-tea – arizona, california, nevada, utah ephedra fedtschenkoae paulsen – central asia, siberia, mongolia, xinjiang ephedra foeminea forssk. – north africa, somalia, balkans, italy, middle east; naturalized in santa barbara county of california ephedra foliata boiss. ex c.a.mey. (shrubby horsetail) – north africa, somalia, middle east, india ephedra fragilis desf. (joint pine) – mediterranean, canary islands, madeira ephedra frustillata miers – patagonian ephedra – chile, argentina ephedra funerea coville & c.v.morton – death valley ephedra, death valley jointfir – california, arizona, nevada ephedra gerardiana wall. ex klotzsch & garcke – gerard's jointfir, shan ling ma huang – himalayas, tibet, yunnan, siberia, central asia ephedra gracilis phil. ex stapf ephedra holoptera riedl – iran ephedra intermedia schrenk & c.a.mey. (zhong ma huang) – china, siberia, central asia, himalayas, iran, pakistan ephedra kardangensis p.sharma & p.l.uniyal – western himalayas ephedra khurikensis p.sharma & p.l.uniyal – western himalayas ephedra laristanica assadi – iran ephedra likiangensis florin – guizhou, sichuan, tibet, yunnan ephedra lomatolepis schrenk – kazakhstan, tuva region of siberia ephedra major host – mediterranean, middle east, central asia; from canary islands to kashmir ephedra milleri freitag & maier-st. – oman, yemen ephedra minuta florin – qinghai, sichuan ephedra monosperma j.g.gmel. ex c.a.mey. (dan zi ma huang) – siberia, mongolia, much of china including tibet and xinjiang ephedra multiflora phil. ex stapf – chile, argentina ephedra nevadensis s.watson – nevada ephedra, nevada jointfir, nevada mormon-tea – baja california, california, arizona, nevada, utah, oregon ephedra ochreata miers – argentina ephedra oxyphylla riedl – afghanistan ephedra pachyclada boiss. – middle east from sinai and yemen to pakistan ephedra pangiensis rita singh & p.sharma ephedra pedunculata engelm. ex s.watson – vine ephedra, vine jointfir – texas, chihuahua, coahuila, durango, san luis potosí, nuevo león, zacatecas ephedra pentandra pachom. – iran ephedra procera fisch. & c.a.mey. − iran, caucasus ephedra przewalskii stapf – central asia, mongolia, pakistan, gansu, inner mongolia, ningxia, qinghai, tibet ephedra pseudodistachya pachom. – siberia, mongolia ephedra regeliana florin – xi zi ma huang – central asia, siberia, pakistan, xinjiang ephedra rhytidosperma pachom., syn. e. lepidosperma c.y.cheng – gansu, inner mongolia, ningxia, mongolia ephedra rituensis y.yang, d.z.fu & g.h.zhu – qinghai, xinjiang, tibet ephedra rupestris benth. – ecuador, peru, bolivia, argentina ephedra sarcocarpa aitch. & hemsl. – pakistan, afghanistan ephedra saxatilis (stapf) royle ex florin ephedra sinica stapf – cao ma huang, chinese ephedra – mongolia, siberia, primorye, manchuria ephedra somalensis freitag & maier-st. – somalia, eritrea ephedra stipitata biswas & rita singh ephedra strobilacea bunge – iran, central asia ephedra strongylensis brullo et al. ephedra sumlingensis p.sharma & p.l.uniyal – western himalayas ephedra tilhoana maire – chad ephedra torreyana s.watson – torrey's ephedra, torrey's jointfir, torrey's mormon-tea, cañutillo – nevada, utah, colorado, arizona, new mexico, texas, chihuahua ephedra transitoria riedl – iraq, syria, palestine, saudi arabia ephedra triandra tul. − bolivia, argentina ephedra trifurca torrey ex s.watson – longleaf ephedra, longleaf jointfir, longleaf mormon-tea, popotilla, teposote – california, arizona, new mexico, texas, chihuahua, sonora, baja california ephedra trifurcata zöllner ephedra tweedieana c.a.mey. – brazil, argentina, uruguay ephedra viridis coville – green ephedra, green mormon-tea – california, nevada, utah, arizona, new mexico, colorado, wyoming, south dakota, oregon ephedra vvedenskyi pachom. – iran, caucasus, turkmenistan ephedra yangthangensis prabha sharma & rita singh – yangthang to ka, leo, nako, chango, chulling, sumdo, hoorling and lira of kinnaur district of himachal pradesh distribution the genus is found worldwide, in desert regions, but not in australia. ecology shrubs of ephedra major in karvachar ephedraceae are adapted to extremely arid regions, growing often in high sunny habitats, and occur as high as 4000 m above sea level in both the andes and the himalayas. they make up a significant part of the north american great basin sage brush ecosystem. drug and supplement uses main article: ephedra (medicine) plant as used in chinese herbology (crude medicine) the ephedra alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine – constituents of e. sinica and other members of the genus – have sympathomimetic and decongestant qualities, and have been used as dietary supplements, mainly for weight loss. the drug, ephedrine, is used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia. in the united states, ephedra supplements were banned from the market in the early 21st century due to serious safety risks. plants of the genus ephedra, including e. sinica and others, were used in traditional medicine for treating headache and respiratory infections, but there is no scientific evidence they are effective or safe for these purposes. ephedra has also had a role as a precursor in the clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine. adverse effects alkaloids obtained from the species of ephedra used in herbal medicines, which are used to synthetically prepare pseudoephedrine and ephedrine, can cause cardiovascular events. these events have been associated with arrhythmias, palpitations, tachycardia and myocardial infarction. caffeine consumption in combination with ephedrine has been reported to increase the risk of these cardiovascular events. economic botany and alkaloid content the earliest uses of ephedra species (mahuang) for specific illnesses date back to 5000 bc. ephedrine and its isomers were isolated in 1881 from ephedra distachya and characterized by the japanese organic chemist nagai nagayoshi. his work to access ephedra's active ingredients to isolate a pure pharmaceutical substance led to the systematic production of semi-synthetic derivatives thereof is relevant still today. three species, ephedra sinica, ephedra vulgaris, and to a lesser extent ephedra equisetina, are commercially grown in mainland china as a source for natural ephedrines and isomers for use in pharmaceuticals. e. sinica and e. distachya usually carry six optically active phenylethylamines, mostly ephedrine and pseudoephedrine with minor amounts of norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine as well as the three methylated analogs. reliable information on the total alkaloid content of the crude drug is difficult to obtain. based on hplc analyses in industrial settings, the concentrations of total alkaloids in dried herba ephedra ranged between 1 and 4%, and in some cases up to 6%. for a review of the alkaloid distribution in different species of the genus ephedra see jian-fang cui (1991). other american and european species of ephedra, e.g. ephedra nevadensis (nevada mormon tea) have not been systematically assayed; based on unpublished field investigations, they contain very low levels (less than 0.1%) or none at all.