limited incapacities as a human difference of less negative value. ideologies of superiority and inferiority the extreme exercise of social valuation of human difference is in the definition of "human." differences between humans can lead to an individual's "nonhuman" status, in the sense of withholding identification, charity, and social participation. views of these variations can change enormously between cultures over time. for example, nineteenth-century european and american ideas of race and eugenics culminated in the attempts of the nazi-led german society of the 1930s to deny not just reproduction, but life itself to a variety of people with "differences" attributed in part to biological characteristics. hitler and nazi leaders wanted to create a "master race" consisting of only aryans, or blue-eyed, blonde-haired, and tall individuals, thus discriminating and attempting to exterminate those who didn't fit into this ideal. contemporary controversy continues over "what kind of human" is a fetus or child with a significant disability. on one end are people who would argue that down syndrome is not a disability but a mere "difference," and on the other those who consider it such a calamity as to assume that such a child is better off "not born". for example, in india and china, being female is widely considered such a negatively valued human difference that female infanticide occurs such to severely affect the proportion of sexes. common human variations further information: anatomical variation human genetic variation type of variation example sex klinefelter syndrome turner syndrome female male skin color human skin color albinism eye color eye color martin scale hair color human hair color hair coloring hair quantity hair loss hirsutism extra body parts polydactyly supernumerary body part missing body parts amelia (birth defect) amniotic band constriction recessive phenotypes cleft lip and cleft palate earlobe physical disabilities type of variation example amputation amputation blindness color blindness visual impairment deafness tone deafness hearing loss muteness muteness selective mutism genetic/longterm diseases sickle-cell disease trisomy 21 reproductive abilities type of variation example fertility infertility natural fertility fecundity fecundity selection sterility birth rate other aspects of human physical appearance type of variation example acquire variability tattoo plastic surgery body weight obesity anorexia nervosa human development type of variation example age menopause puberty childhood developmental disorders progeroid syndromes werner syndrome psychological and personality traits type of variation example temperament extraversion and introversion big five personality traits creative ability dexterity creativity