luria (1912-1991) italy united states 1970 julius axelrod (1912-2004) united states "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" ulf von euler (1905-1983) sweden sir bernard katz (1911-2003) united kingdom 1971 earl w. sutherland, jr. (1915-1974) united states "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" 1972 gerald m. edelman (1929-2014) united states "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" rodney r. porter (1917-1985) united kingdom 1973 karl von frisch (1886-1982) west germany austria "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" konrad lorenz (1903-1989) austria nikolaas tinbergen (1907-1988) netherlands 1974 albert claude (1899-1983) united states "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" christian de duve (1917-2013) belgium george e. palade (1912-2008) united states romania 1975 david baltimore (b. 1938) united states "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" renato dulbecco (1914-2012) italy united states howard martin temin (1934-1994) united states 1976 baruch s. blumberg (1925-2011) united states "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" d. carleton gajdusek (1923-2008) united states 1977 roger guillemin (b. 1924) united states "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" andrew v. schally (b. 1926) canada poland united states rosalyn yalow (1921-2011) united states "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" 1978 werner arber (b. 1929) switzerland "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" daniel nathans (1928-1999) united states hamilton o. smith (b. 1931) united states 1979 allan m. cormack (1924-1998) south africa united states "for the development of computer assisted tomography" sir godfrey n. hounsfield (1919-2004) united kingdom 1980 baruj benacerraf (1920-2011) venezuela united states "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" jean dausset (1916-2009) france george d. snell (1903-1996) united states 1981 roger w. sperry (1913-1994) united states "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" david h. hubel (1926-2013) canada united states "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" torsten n. wiesel (b. 1924) sweden 1982 sune k. bergström (1916-2004) sweden "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" bengt i. samuelsson (b. 1934) sweden sir john r. vane (1927-2004) united kingdom 1983 barbara mcclintock (1902-1992) united states "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" 1984 niels k. jerne (1911-1994) denmark "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" georges j.f. köhler (1946-1995) west germany césar milstein (1927-2002) argentina united kingdom 1985 michael s. brown (b. 1941) united states "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" joseph l. goldstein (b. 1940) united states 1986 stanley cohen (1922-2020) united states "for their discoveries of growth factors" rita levi-montalcini (1909-2012) italy 1987 susumu tonegawa (b. 1939) japan "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" 1988 sir james w. black (1924-2010) united kingdom "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" gertrude b. elion (1918-1999) united states george h. hitchings (1905-1998) united states 1989 j. michael bishop (b. 1936) united states "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" harold e. varmus (b. 1939) united states 1990 joseph e. murray (1919-2012) united states "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" e. donnall thomas (1920-2012) united states 1991 erwin neher (b. 1944) germany "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" bert sakmann (b. 1942) germany 1992 edmond h. fischer (1920-2021) switzerland united states "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" edwin g. krebs (1918-2009) united states 1993 sir richard j. roberts (b. 1943) united kingdom "for their discoveries of split genes" phillip a. sharp (b. 1944) united states 1994 alfred g. gilman (1941-2015) united states "for their discovery of g-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" martin rodbell (1925-1998) united states 1995 edward b. lewis (1918-2004) united states "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" christiane nüsslein-volhard (b. 1942) germany eric f. wieschaus (b. 1947) united states 1996 peter c. doherty (b. 1940) australia "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" rolf m. zinkernagel (b. 1944) switzerland 1997 stanley b. prusiner (b. 1942) united states "for his discovery of prions - a new biological principle of infection" 1998 robert f. furchgott (1916-2009) united states "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" louis j. ignarro (b. 1941) united states ferid murad (b. 1936) united states 1999 günter blobel (1936-2018) germany united states "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" 2000 arvid carlsson (1923-2018) sweden "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" paul greengard (1925-2019) united states eric r. kandel (b. 1929) united states austria 2001 leland h. hartwell (b. 1939) united states "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" sir tim hunt (b. 1943) united kingdom sir paul m. nurse (b. 1949) united kingdom 2002 sydney brenner (1927-2019) south africa "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" h. robert horvitz (b. 1947) united states sir john e. sulston (1942-2018) united kingdom 2003 paul lauterbur (1929-2007) united states "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" sir peter mansfield (1933-2017) united kingdom 2004 richard axel (b. 1946) united states "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" linda b. buck (b. 1947) united states 2005 barry j. marshall (b. 1951) australia "for their discovery of the bacterium helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" j. robin warren (b. 1937) australia 2006 andrew z. fire (b. 1959) united states "for their discovery of rna interference - gene silencing by double-stranded rna" craig c. mello (b. 1960) united states 2007 mario r. capecchi (b. 1937) united states italy "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." sir martin j. evans (b. 1941) united kingdom oliver smithies (1925-2017) united kingdom united states 2008 harald zur hausen (b. 1936) germany "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" françoise barré-sinoussi (b. 1947) france "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" luc montagnier (1932-2022) france 2009 elizabeth h. blackburn (b. 1948) united states australia "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" carol w. greider (b. 1961) united states jack w. szostak (b. 1952) united states 2010 sir robert g. edwards (1925-2013) united kingdom "for the development of in vitro fertilization" 2011 bruce a. beutler (b. 1957) united states "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" jules a. hoffmann (b. 1941) france luxemburg ralph m. steinman (1943-2011) canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously) 2012 sir john b. gurdon (b. 1933) united kingdom "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" shinya yamanaka (b. 1962) japan 2013 james e. rothman (b. 1950) united states "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" randy w. schekman (b. 1948) united states thomas c. südhof (b. 1955) united states germany 2014 john o'keefe (b. 1939) united states united kingdom "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" may-britt moser (b. 1963) norway edvard i. moser (b. 1962) norway 2015 william c. campbell (b. 1930) ireland united states "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" satoshi ōmura (b. 1935) japan tu youyou (b. 1930) china "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria" 2016 yoshinori ohsumi (b. 1945) japan "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy" 2017 jeffrey c. hall (b. 1945) united states "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" michael rosbash (b. 1944) united states michael w. young (b. 1949) united states 2018 james p. allison (b. 1948) united states "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation" tasuku honjo (b. 1942) japan 2019 william kaelin jr. (b. 1957) united states "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" peter j. ratcliffe (b. 1954) united kingdom gregg l. semenza (b. 1956) united states 2020 harvey j. alter (b. 1935) united states "for the discovery of hepatitis c virus" michael houghton (b. 1949) united kingdom charles m. rice (b. 1952) united states 2021 david julius (b. 1955) united states "for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch" ardem patapoutian (b. 1967) united states lebanon 2022 svante pääbo (b. 1955) sweden "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution"