recreational drug use recreational drug use recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime. when a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an intoxicating effect. generally, recreational drugs are divided into three categories: depressants (drugs that induce a feeling of relaxation and calmness), stimulants (drugs that induce a sense of energy and alertness), and hallucinogens (drugs that induce perceptual distortions such as hallucination). the smokers, a 1636 portrait by adriaen brouwer l'absinthe, an 1876 portrait by edgar degas in popular practice, recreational drug use generally is a tolerated social behaviour, rather than perceived as the medical condition of self-medication. however, drug use and drug addiction are severely stigmatized everywhere in the world. many people also use prescribed and controlled depressants such as opioids, as well as opiates and benzodiazepines. what controlled substances are considered generally unlawful to possess varies by country, but usually includes cannabis, cocaine, opioids, mdma, amphetamine, methamphetamine, psychedelics, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. as of 2015, it is estimated that about 5% of people worldwide aged 15 to 65 (158 million to 351 million) had used controlled drugs at least once. common recreational drugs include caffeine, commonly found in coffee, tea, soft drinks, and chocolate; alcohol, commonly found in beer, wine, cocktails, and distilled spirits; nicotine, commonly found in tobacco, tobacco-based products, and electronic cigarettes; cannabis and hashish (with legality of possession varying inter/intra-nationally); and the controlled substances listed as controlled drugs in the single convention on narcotic drugs (1961) and the convention on psychotropic substances (1971) of the united nations (un). since the early 2000s, the european union (eu) has developed several comprehensive and multidisciplinary strategies as part of its drug policy in order to prevent the diffusion of recreational drug use and abuse among the european population and raise public awareness on the adverse effects of drugs among all member states of the european union, as well as conjoined efforts with european law enforcement agencies, such as the europol and emcdda, in order to counter organized crime and illegal drug trade in europe. reasons for use further information: epigenetics of cocaine addiction, history of drinking, history of smoking, and molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of alcoholism bhang eaters from india, c. 1790; bhang is an edible preparation of cannabis native to the indian subcontinent. it has been used in food and drink as early as 1000 bce by hindus in ancient india. a man smoking cannabis in kolkata, india many researchers have explored the etiology of recreational drug use. some of the most common theories are: genetics, personality type, psychological problems, self-medication, sex, age, depression, curiosity, boredom, rebelliousness, a sense of belonging to a group, family and attachment issues, history of trauma, failure at school or work, socioeconomic stressors, peer pressure, juvenile delinquency, availability, historical factors, or socio-cultural influences. there has been no consensus on a single cause. instead, experts tend to apply the biopsychosocial model. any number of factors may influence an individual's drug use as they are not mutually exclusive. regardless of genetics, mental health, or traumatic experiences, social factors play a large role in exposure to and availability of certain types of drugs and patterns of use. according to addiction researcher martin a. plant, some people go through a period of self-redefinition before initiating recreational drug use. they tend to view using drugs as part of a general lifestyle that involves belonging to a subculture that they associate with heightened status and the challenging of social norms. plant states: "from the user's point of view there are many positive reasons to become part of the milieu of drug taking. the reasons for drug use appear to have as much to do with needs for friendship, pleasure and status as they do with unhappiness or poverty. becoming a drug taker, to many people, is a positive affirmation rather than a negative experience". evolution main article: evolutionary models of human drug use anthropological research has suggested that humans "may have evolved to counter-exploit plant neurotoxins". the ability to use botanical chemicals to serve the function of endogenous neurotransmitters may have improved survival rates, conferring an evolutionary advantage. a typically restrictive prehistoric diet may have emphasized the apparent benefit of consuming psychoactive drugs, which had themselves evolved to imitate neurotransmitters. chemical–ecological adaptations, and the genetics of hepatic enzymes, particularly cytochrome p450, have led researchers to propose that "humans have shared a co-evolutionary relationship with psychotropic plant substances that is millions of years old." health risks main articles: addiction, substance abuse, and substance use disorder a 1914 photo of intoxicated men in a sobering-up room further information: addiction vulnerability, alcohol intoxication, and drug overdose radar plot of 20 widely used recreational drugs by dependence likelihood and physical and social harms severity of impact and type of risks that come with recreational drug use vary widely with the drug in question and the amount being used. there are many factors in the environment and within the user that interact with each drug differently. alcohol is sometimes considered one of the most dangerous recreational drugs. alcoholic drinks, tobacco products and other nicotine-based products (e.g., electronic cigarettes), and cannabis are regarded by various medical professionals to be the most common and widespread gateway drugs. in the united states, australia, and new zealand, the general onset of drinking alcohol, tobacco smoking, cannabis smoking, and consumption of multiple drugs most frequently occurs during adolescence and in middle school and secondary school settings. some scientific studies in the early 21st century found that a low to moderate level of alcohol consumption, particularly of red wine, might have substantial health benefits such as decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and cognitive decline. this claim has been disputed, specifically by researcher david nutt who said that studies showing benefits for "moderate" alcohol consumption lacked controls for the variable of what the subjects were drinking beforehand. experts in the united kingdom have suggested that some psychoactive drugs that may be causing less harm to fewer users (although they are also used less frequently in the first place) are cannabis, psilocybin mushrooms, lsd, and mdma; however, these drugs have risks and side effects of their own. drug harmfulness chart of drug dependence potential and relationship between use and lethal dose chart of relative harmfulness of some psychoactive substances drug harmfulness is defined as the degree to which a psychoactive drug has the potential to cause harm to the user and is measured in several ways, such as by addictiveness and potential for physical harm. more objectively harmful drugs may be colloquially referred to as "hard drugs", and less harmful drugs as "soft drugs". the term "soft drug" is considered controversial by critics as it may imply the false belief that soft drugs cause lesser or insignificant harm. responsible use main article: responsible drug use responsible drug use advocates that users should not take drugs at the same time as activities such as driving, swimming, operating machinery, or other activities that are unsafe without a sober state. responsible drug use is emphasized as a primary prevention technique in harm-reduction drug policies. harm-reduction policies were popularized in the late 1980s, although they began in the 1970s counter-culture, through cartoons explaining responsible drug use and the consequences of irresponsible drug to users. another issue is that the illegality of drugs causes social and economic consequences for users—the drugs may be "cut" with adulterants and the purity varies wildly, making overdoses more likely—and legalization of drug production and distribution could reduce these and other dangers of illegal drug use. prevention main articles: harm reduction and preventive healthcare in efforts to curtail recreational drug use, governments worldwide introduced several laws prohibiting the possession of almost all varieties of recreational drugs during the 20th century. the west's "war on drugs" however, is now facing increasing criticism. evidence is insufficient to tell if behavioral interventions help prevent recreational drug use in children. one in four adolescents has used an illegal drug and one in ten of those adolescents who need addiction treatment get some type of care. school-based programs are the most commonly used method for drug use education; however, the success rates of these intervention programs is highly dependent on the commitment of participants, and is limited in general. demographics further information: illegal drug trade, opioid epidemic, and prohibition of drugs smoking any tobacco product, %, malessmoking any tobacco product, %, females total recorded alcohol per capita consumption (15+), in liters of pure alcohol australia alcohol is the most widely used drug in australia. 86.2% of australians aged 12 years and over have consumed alcohol at least once in their lifetime, compared to 34.8% of australians aged 12 years and over who have used cannabis at least once in their lifetime. united states further information: cocaine in the united states, crack epidemic in the united states, and opioid epidemic in the united states from the mid-19th century to the 1930s, american physicians prescribed cannabis sativa as a prescription drug for various medical conditions. in the 1960s, the counterculture movement introduced the use of psychoactive drugs, including cannabis. young adults and college students reported the recreational prevalence of cannabis, among other drugs, at 20-25% while the cultural mindset of using was open and curious. in 1969, the fbi reported that between the years 1966 and 1968, the number of arrests for marijuana possession, which had been outlawed throughout the united states under marijuana tax act of 1937, had increased by 98%. despite acknowledgement that drug use was greatly growing among america's youth during the late 1960s, surveys have suggested that only as much as 4% of the american population had ever smoked marijuana by 1969. by 1972, however, that number would increase to 12%. that number would then double by 1977. the controlled substances act of 1970 classified marijuana along with heroin and lsd as a schedule i drug, i.e., having the relatively highest abuse potential and no accepted medical use. most marijuana at that time came from mexico, but in 1975 the mexican government agreed to eradicate the crop by spraying it with the herbicide paraquat, raising fears of toxic side effects. colombia then became the main supplier. the "zero tolerance" climate of the reagan and bush administrations (1981–93) resulted in passage of strict laws and mandatory sentences for possession of marijuana. the "war on drugs" thus brought with it a shift from reliance on imported supplies to domestic cultivation (particularly in hawaii and california). beginning in 1982, the drug enforcement administration turned increased attention to marijuana farms in the united states, and there was a shift to the indoor growing of plants specially developed for small size and high yield. after over a decade of decreasing use, marijuana smoking began an upward trend once more in the early 1990s, especially among teenagers, but by the end of the decade this upswing had leveled off well below former peaks of use. society and culture further information: alcohol abuse among college students, benzodiazepine drug misuse, binge drinking, and drug-facilitated sexual assaultcaffeinated alcoholic beverages, such as vodka red bull, are widespread and legal routes of administration for multiple drugs. many movements and organizations are advocating for or against the liberalization of the use of recreational drugs, most notably regarding the legalization of marijuana and cannabinoids for medical and/or recreational use. subcultures have emerged among users of recreational drugs, as well as alternative lifestyles and social movements among those who abstain from them, such as teetotalism and "straight edge". since the early 2000s, medical professionals have acknowledged and addressed the problem of the increasing consumption of alcoholic drinks and club drugs (such as mdma, cocaine, rohypnol, ghb, ketamine, pcp, lsd, and methamphetamine) associated with rave culture among adolescents and young adults in the western world. studies have shown that adolescents are more likely than young adults to use multiple drugs, and the consumption of club drugs is highly associated with the presence of criminal behaviors and recent alcohol abuse or dependence. the prevalence of recreational drugs in human societies is widely reflected in fiction, entertainment, and the arts, subject to prevailing laws and social conventions. for instance, in the music industry, the musical genres hip hop, hardcore rap, and trap, alongside their