the social order, international solidarity and the socialist state' and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment.: 75 in september 1981, he was transported from state security headquarters to the carbó-serviá (forensic) ward of havana psychiatric hospital where he stayed for several weeks.: 76 germany main article: action t4 by 1936, killing of the "physically and socially unfit" became accepted practice in nazi germany. in the 1940s, the abuse of psychiatry involved the abuse of the "duty to care" on an enormous scale: 300,000 individuals were involuntarily sterilized and 77,000 murdered in germany alone and many thousands further afield, mainly in eastern europe. psychiatrists were instrumental in establishing a system of identifying, notifying, transporting, and killing hundreds of thousands of "racially and cognitively compromised" persons and the mentally ill in settings that ranged from centralized mental-hospitals to jails and death camps. psychiatrists played a central and prominent role in sterilization and 'euthanasia', constituting two categories of the crimes against humanity. the taking of thousands of brains from 'euthanasia' victims demonstrated the way medical research was connected to the psychiatric killings. germany operated six psychiatric extermination centers: bernburg, brandenburg, grafeneck, hadamar, hartheim, and sonnenstein. they played a crucial role in developments leading to the holocaust. india it was reported in june, 2012, that the indian government has approached nimhans, a well known mental health establishment in south india, to assist in suppressing anti-nuclear protests regards to building of the kudankulam nuclear power plant. the government was in talks with nimhans representatives to chalk up a plan to dispatch psychiatrists to kudankulam, for counselling protesters opposed to the building of the plant. to fulfill this, nimhans developed a team of six members, all of them, from the department of social psychiatry. the psychiatrists were sent to get a "peek into the protesters' minds" and help them learn the importance of the plant according to one news source. in july, 2013, the same institution, nimhans, was involved in a controversy where it was alleged that it provided assistance to the central bureau of investigation relating to some interrogation techniques. japan japanese psychiatric hospitals during the country's imperial era reported an abnormally large number of patient deaths, peaking in 1945 after the surrender of japan to allied forces. the patients of these institutions were mistreated mainly because they were considered a hindrance to society. under the imperial japanese government, citizens were expected to contribute in one way or another to the war effort, and the mentally ill were unable to do so, and as such were looked down upon and abused. the main cause of death for these patients was starvation, as caretakers did not supply the patients with adequate food, likely as a form of torture and a method of sedation. because mentally ill patients were kept secluded from the outside world, the large number of deaths went unnoticed by the general public. after the end of allied occupation, the national diet of japan passed the mental hygiene act (精神衛生法,, seishin eisei hō) in 1950, which improved the status of the mentally ill and prohibited the domestic containment of mental patients in medical institutions. however, the mental hygiene act had unforeseen consequences. along with many other reforms, the law prevented the mentally ill from being charged with any sort of crime in japanese courts. anyone who was found to be mentally unstable by a qualified psychiatrist was required to be hospitalized rather than incarcerated, regardless of the severity of any crime that person may have committed. the ministry of justice tried several times to amend the law, but was met with opposition from those who believed the legal system should not interfere with medical science. after almost four decades, the mental health act (精神保健法,, seishin hoken hō) was finally passed in 1987. the new law corrected the flaws of the mental hygiene act by allowing the ministry of health and welfare to set regulations on the treatment of mental patients in both medical and legal settings. with the new law, the mentally ill have the right to voluntary hospitalization, the ability to be charged with a crime, and right to use the insanity defense in court, and the right to pursue legal action in the event of abuse or negligence on the part of medical professionals. norway there have been a few accusations about abuse of psychiatry in norway. see arnold juklerød and knut hamsun. romania in romania, there have been allegations of some particular cases of psychiatric abuse during over a decade.: 73 in addition to particular cases, there is evidence that mental hospitals were utilized as short-term detainment centers.: 73 for instance, before the 1982 international university sports 'olympiad', over 600 dissidents were detained and kept out of public view in mental hospitals.: 73 like in the soviet union, on the eve of communist holidays, potential "troublemakers" were sent to mental hospitals by busloads and discharged when the holidays had passed. the people's republic of romania held to a doctrine of state atheism. many christians, including those from the baptist church and lord's army wing of the orthodox church, were forced into psychiatric hospitals where they died. russia main article: political abuse of psychiatry in russia reports on particular cases continue to come from russia where the worsening political climate appears to create an atmosphere in which local authorities feel able, once again to use psychiatry as a means of intimidation. soviet union main article: political abuse of psychiatry in the soviet union in 1971 detailed reports about the inmates of soviet psychiatric hospitals who had been detained for political reasons began to reach the west. these showed that the periodic use of incarceration in psychiatric institutions during the 1960s (see the biography of vladimir bukovsky) had started to become a systematic way of dealing with dissent, political or religious. in accordance with the doctrine of state atheism, the ussr hospitalized individuals who were devout in their faith, such as many baptist christians. in march 1971 vladimir bukovsky sent detailed diagnoses of six individuals (natalya gorbanevskaya and pyotr grigorenko among them) to psychiatrists in the west. they responded and over the next 13 years activists inside the ussr and support groups in britain, europe and north america conducted a sustained campaign to expose psychiatric abuses. in 1977 the world psychiatric association (wpa) condemned the ussr for this practice. six years later, the soviet all-union society of neuropathologists and psychiatrists seceded from the wpa rather than face almost certain expulsion. during this period reports of continuous repression multiplied, but soviet psychiatric officials refused to allow international bodies to see the hospitals and patients in question. they denied the charges of abuse. in february 1989, however, at the height of perestroika and over the opposition of the psychiatric establishment, the soviet government permitted a delegation of psychiatrists from the united states, representing the u.s. government, to carry out extensive interviews of suspected victims of abuse.: 69 the delegation was able systematically to interview and assess present and past involuntarily admitted mental patients chosen by the visiting team, as well as to talk over procedures and methods of treatment with some of the patients, their friends, relatives and, sometimes, their treating psychiatrists.: 69 the delegation originally sought interviews with 48 persons, but saw only 15 hospitalized and 12 discharged patients.: 69 about half of the hospitalized patients were released in the two months between the submission of the initial list of names to the soviet authorities and the departure from the soviet union of the us delegation.: 69 the delegation concluded that nine of the 15 hospitalized patients had disorders which would be classified in the united states as serious psychoses, diagnoses corresponding broadly with those used by the soviet psychiatrists.: 69 one of the hospitalized patients had been diagnosed as having schizophrenia although the us team saw no evidence of mental disorder.: 70 among the 12 discharged patients examined, the us delegation found that nine had no evidence of any current or past mental disorder; the remaining three had comparatively slight symptoms which would not usually warrant involuntary commitment in western countries.: 70 according to medical records, all these patients had diagnoses of psychopathology or schizophrenia.: 70 the authorities had justified compulsory psychiatric treatment by slow and weak forms of schizophrenia – a so-called “latent schizophrenia” according to a concept of eugen bleuler. such forms would allegedly make the sufferer prone to criminal acts. returning home after a visit of more than two weeks, the delegation members wrote a report which was highly damaging to the soviet authorities.: 125 the delegation established that there had been systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the past and that it had not yet come to an end. victims continued to be held in mental hospitals, while the soviet authorities and the soviet society of psychiatrists and neuropathologists in particular still denied that psychiatry had been employed as a method of repression.: 125 the american report and other pressures, domestic and external, led the politburo to pass a resolution (15 november 1989) "on improvements in soviet law concerning procedures for the treatment of psychiatric patients". suriname louis doedel (1905–1980) was a trade unionist. he was involuntary committed in psychiatric hospital wolfenbüttel on 28 may 1937 by governor kielstra. doedel was forgotten and presumed dead. it wasn't until 1980, 43 years later, that he was released. thailand following the 2014 thai coup d'état, there were a few cases where the national council for peace and order (ncpo, the thai military junta) alleged its opponents, including a protesting schoolchild, nattanan warintawaret, were mentally disturbed. in addition, the military junta introduced a systematic process of 'attitude adjustment', whereby hundreds of dissidents were subjected to forcible detention and propaganda until they reformed their views of the junta; the majority did not and were subsequently charged with crimes. while psychiatrists were not employed, a team of psychologists was involved, implying psychological warfare rather than political psychiatry.:453 on july 9, 2020, tiwagorn withiton, a facebook user who went viral after posting a picture of himself wearing a t-shirt printed with the message “i lost faith in the monarchy” was forcibly detained by police officers and admitted to rajanagarindra psychiatric hospital in khon kaen. tiwagorn has stated that he does not wish the thai monarchy to be abolished but 'loss of faith' may imply lèse-majesté, a serious crime in thailand. tiwagorn is quoted as saying, “i well understand that it is political to have to make people think i’m insane. i won’t hold it against the officials if there is a diagnosis that i’m insane, because i take it that they have to follow orders." subsequent to protests by civil rights groups and media stories, tiwagorn was released by rajanagarindra psychiatric hospital, on july 22, 2020. united states "drapetomania" was a supposed mental illness described by american physician samuel a. cartwright in 1851 that caused black slaves to flee captivity.: 41 in addition to inventing drapetomania, cartwright prescribed a remedy. his feeling was that with "proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented." in the case of slaves "sulky and dissatisfied without cause"—a warning sign of imminent flight—cartwright prescribed "whipping the devil out of them" as a "preventative measure". as a remedy for this disease, doctors also made running a physical impossibility by prescribing the removal of both big toes.: 42 cartwright also proposed "dysaesthesia aethiopica" as a mental illness that caused laziness among slaves. in the united states, political dissenters have been involuntarily committed. for example, in 1927 a demonstrator named aurora d'angelo was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of sacco and vanzetti. when clennon w. king, jr., an african-american pastor and activist of the civil rights movement, attempted to enroll at the all-white university of mississippi for summer graduate courses in 1958, the mississippi police arrested him on the grounds that "any nigger who tried to enter ole miss must be crazy." keeping king's whereabouts secret for 48 hours, the mississippi authorities kept him confined to a mental hospital for twelve days before a panel of doctors established the activist's sanity. in the 1964 election, fact magazine polled american psychiatric association members on whether barry goldwater was fit