norrie disease norrie disease norrie disease is a rare disease and genetic disorder that primarily affects the eyes and almost always leads to blindness. it is caused by mutations in the norrin cystine knot growth factor (ndp) gene, which is located on the x chromosome. in addition to the congenital ocular symptoms, the majority of patients experience a progressive hearing loss starting mostly in their 2nd decade of life, and some may have learning difficulties among other additional characteristics. norrie diseasespecialtymedical genetics patients with norrie disease may develop cataracts, leukocoria (where the pupils appear white when light is shone on them), along with other developmental issues in the eye, such as shrinking of the globe and the wasting away of the iris. around 30 to 50% of them will also have developmental delay or learning difficulties, psychotic-like features, incoordination of movements or behavioral abnormalities. most patients are born with normal hearing; however, the onset of hearing loss is very common in early adolescence. about 15% of patients are estimated to develop all the features of the disease. due to the x-linked recessive pattern of inheritance, norrie disease affects almost entirely males. only in very rare cases, females have been diagnosed with norrie disease; cases of symptomatic female carriers have been reported. it is a very rare disorder that is not associated with any specific ethnic or racial groups, with cases reported worldwide (including cases in north america, south america, europe, asia and australasia). while more than 400 cases have been described, the prevalence and incidence of the disease still remains unknown. presentation the most prominent symptoms initially observed in norrie disease are ocular (affect the eye). initial characteristics are usually identified at birth or in early infancy, with parents often noticing abnormal eye features or that their child fails to show a response to light. the first visible finding is leukocoria, a grayish-yellow pupillary reflection that originates from a mass of disorganized tissue behind the lens. this material, which possibly includes an already detached retina, may be confused with a tumor and thus is termed pseudoglioma. however, an affected baby may have a normally sized eye globe and unremarkable iris, anterior chamber, cornea and intraocular pressure. over the first few months of life, complete or partial retinal detachment evolves. from infancy through childhood, the patient may undergo progressive changes in the disease. disease progression often includes vitreoretinal hemorrhages, the formation of cataracts, deterioration of the iris with adhesions forming between the iris and the lens or the cornea, and shallowing of the anterior chamber which may increase intraocular pressure, causing eye pain. as the situation worsens, there is corneal opacification, where the cornea becomes opaque, and band keratopathy. intraocular pressure is lost and the globe shrinks. in the last stage of norrie disease, the globes appear small and sunken in (phthisis bulbi) and the cornea appears to be milky. auditory symptoms (affect the ear) are common with norrie disease. progressive hearing loss has been reported to occur in 85–90% of patients and onset is generally in childhood and before the patient reaches their mid-20s. early hearing loss is sensorineural (caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve), mild and asymmetric. by adolescence, high-frequency hearing loss begins to appear. hearing loss is severe, symmetric, and broad-spectrum by the age of 35 years. however, studies show that while hearing deteriorates, the ability to speak well is highly preserved. the slowly progressing hearing loss is more problematic to adjust to than the congenital blindness for most people with norrie disease. additional characteristics individuals with norrie disease can also have cognitive and behavioral symptoms. developmental delay or learning difficulties are present in about 30 to 50% of males who have norrie disease. psycho-social disturbances and poorly characterized behavior abnormalities may also be present. in a study reporting extraocular manifestations in 56 patients with norrie disease, conditions reported included cognitive impairment (28% of patients), behavioral issues, for example autism spectrum disorder (27% of patients presented with autism or autism-like disorders), neurological features, including seizure disorders and epilepsy (16% of patients reported seizures or seizure history), and peripheral vascular disease (38% of patients). additionally, children with visual impairment have been shown to struggle establishing regular sleep/wake cycles due to reduced light perception impacting on their understanding of night and day; this can impact on the individual's behavior, mood and cognitive ability. consistent with this, some case reports of norrie disease patients have reported the presence of sleep disorders. peripheral vascular disease (pvd) has also been associated with norrie disease. in a study of 56 patients with norrie disease, 21 patients (38%) reported pvd (including varicose veins, peripheral venous stasis ulcers and erectile dysfunction). due to the known role of the protein norrin in the vascular development of the eye and inner ear, as well as the association with pvd, norrin is thought to have an important angiogenic role in the body. genetics x-linked recessive inheritance. norrie disease is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the ndp gene, located on xp11.4 (geneid: 4693). it is inherited in an x-linked recessive manner. this means that almost only males are affected. sons of affected men will not have the mutation, while all of their daughters will be genetic carriers of the mutation. female carriers usually show no clinical symptoms, but will pass the mutation to 50% of their offspring. daughters with the mutated gene will also be, like their mother, asymptomatic carriers, but 50% of their sons will express clinical symptoms. females are very unlikely to express clinical signs. however, there have been a few rare cases where females have shown symptoms associated with norrie disease such as retinal abnormalities and mild hearing loss. additionally, cases of symptomatic female carriers have been reported. one possible scenario that could lead to a female case of norrie disease is if both of their copies of the ndp gene bear mutations, which could be the case in consanguineous families or due to a spontaneous somatic mutation. another explanation for affected females could be skewed x-chromosome inactivation. in this latter case, carrier females with one mutated ndp allele could have a higher proportion of defective norrin being expressed, leading to the presentation of symptoms of norrie disease. the ndp gene norrie disease is caused by a mutation in the norrin cystine knot growth factor gene, also known as the norrie disease (pseudoglioma) gene or ndp gene. mutations could include splicing or mis-sense mutations, as well as partial or full gene deletion. the normal function of the ndp gene is to produce the instructions for creating a protein called norrin. for the normal development of the eye and other body systems, norrin is believed to be crucial. norrin also appears to be crucial in the specialization of the cells of the retina and the establishment of a blood supply to the inner ear and the tissues of the retina. the role of norrin in the specialization of retinal cells for their unique sensory function is impeded by the mutation of ndp. this results in an accumulation of immature retinal cells in the back of the eye. when norrin's role in the establishment of blood vessels supplying the eye is disrupted, the tissues cannot develop properly. norrin is not only important in the development of the eye. the mutation of the ndp gene can affect other systems of the body as well. the most severe problems are caused by chromosomal deletions in the region of the ndp gene, causing the prevention of the gene product, or even that of the neighboring mao genes. when the mutations simply change a single amino acid in norrin, the effects are less widespread and severe. however, the location and type of the ndp mutation does not necessarily determine the degree of severity of the disease, since highly varying clinical signs have been diagnosed in patients carrying exactly the same mutation. therefore, the involvement of other modifying genes is very likely. on the other hand, if certain structurally important amino acids are changed (e.g. the cysteines forming the putative cystine knot), the clinical outcome has been shown to be more serious. diagnosis norrie disease and other ndp related diseases are diagnosed with the combination of clinical findings and molecular genetic testing. molecular genetic testing identifies the mutations that cause the disease in about 95% of affected males. clinical diagnoses rely on ocular findings. norrie disease is diagnosed when grayish-yellow fibrovascular masses are found behind the eye from birth through three months. doctors also look for progression of the disease from three months through 8–10 years of age. some of these progressions include cataracts, iris atrophy, shallowing of anterior chamber, and shrinking of the globe. children with the condition either have only light perception or no vision at all. in addition to its use for initial diagnosis, molecular genetic testing is used to confirm diagnostic testing (such as diagnosis by ocular examination), for carrier testing females, prenatal diagnosis, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. there are three types of clinical molecular genetic testing. in approximately 95% of males, mis-sense and splice mutations of the ndp gene and partial or whole gene deletions are detected using sequence analysis. deletion/duplication analysis can be used to detect the 15% of mutations that are submicroscopic deletions. this is also used when testing for carrier females. the last testing used is linkage analysis, which is used when the first two types are unavailable. linkage analysis is also recommended for those families who have more than one member affected by the disease. mri is often used to diagnose the retinal dysplasia that occurs with the norrie disease. however, the retinal dysplasia can be indistinguishable on mri from persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, or the dysplasia of trisomy 13 and walker–warburg syndrome. for families with an existing history of norrie disease, genetic counselling and in utero diagnosis of norrie disease may be considered. in utero diagnosis has been reported to include genetic testing by amniocentesis and ultrasonography to examine fetal eyes. confirmation of diagnosis on the first day of life by ophthalmological examination under anesthesia has also been reported in some cases. management ocular, auditory and behavioral management are the most common areas of intervention and treatment for patients with norrie disease. for ocular (eye) management, often patients already have complete retinal detachment at birth, or by the time of diagnosis, so surgical intervention is often not offered. however, there is some evidence for the benefit of early surgery or laser therapy for cases where retinal detachment is incomplete. surgery may also be used to treat increased intraocular pressure and in rare cases enucleation (removal) of the eye is considered to control pain. a high proportion (85–90%) of individuals with norrie disease experience progressive hearing loss in their second decade of life. in most cases, use of hearing aids has been shown to be effective into middle or late adulthood. for more significantly impaired hearing, cochlear implants may also be considered. 30-50% of individuals with norrie disease have been reported to present with developmental delay or cognitive impairment. additionally, behavioral issues have also been reported. supportive intervention and therapy, for example working with speech and language therapists and occupational therapists, can be used to maximize educational opportunities for these individuals. furthermore, training of teachers and school counselors on how to best support children with vision and hearing impairment can be extremely beneficial. routine monitoring of individuals with norrie disease is recommended to best manage the disease. this includes regular follow-up with an ophthalmologist, even when vision is severely compromised. additionally, due to the high proportion of individuals with norrie disease who develop hearing loss, regular monitoring of hearing loss is beneficial to allow any hearing loss to be detected early and then correctly managed. more recently, the use of dual sensory clinics has been proposed to provide improved care to patients living with conditions such as norrie disease. for example, great ormond street hospital (gosh), london are building a new sight and sound center, with the aim of improving the patient experience for individuals with conditions such as norrie disease. the benefits of dual sensory clinics include improved communication between the different health care professionals (hcps) involved in management of norrie disease (e.g. ophthalmologists and audiologists) as well as allowing more consistent training of staff