to legalize abortion. also in 2020, the constitutional tribunal ended almost all legal abortion in poland. china has a free abortion policy but some studies show that its government also uses forced abortion to enforce strict limits on how many children each family can have. effects of legalization/illegalization abortion rights advocates argue that illegalization of abortion increases the incidence of unsafe abortions, as the availability of professional abortion services decreases, and leads to increased maternal mortality. according to a global study collaboratively conducted by the world health organization and the guttmacher institute, most unsafe abortions occur where abortion is illegal. withholding access to safe abortions results in 30,000 abortion related deaths per year. women may also choose suicide when abortion is illegal. the effect on crime of legalized abortion is a subject of controversy, with proponents of the theory generally arguing that "unwanted children" are more likely to become criminals and that an inverse correlation is observed between the availability of abortion and subsequent crime. economist george akerlof has argued that the legalization of abortion in the united states contributed to a declining sense of paternal duty among biological fathers and to a decline in shotgun weddings, even when women chose childbirth over abortion, and thus to an increase rather than a decrease in the rate of children born to unwed mothers. personhood there are differences of opinion as to whether a zygote/embryo/fetus acquires "personhood" or was always a "person". if "personhood" is acquired, opinions differ about when this happens. traditionally, the concept of personhood entailed the soul, a metaphysical concept referring to a non-corporeal or extra-corporeal dimension of human being. today, the concepts of subjectivity and intersubjectivity, personhood, mind, and self have come to encompass a number of aspects of human being previously considered the domain of the "soul". thus, while the historical question has been: when does the soul enter the body, in modern terms, the question could be put instead: at what point does the developing individual develop personhood or selfhood. since the zygote is genetically identical to the embryo, the fully formed fetus, and the baby, the notion of acquired personhood could lead to an instance of the sorites paradox (also known as the paradox of the heap). related issues attached to the question of the beginning of human personhood include the legal status, and subjectivity of the pregnant woman and the philosophical concept of "natality" (i.e. "the distinctively human capacity to initiate a new beginning", which a new human life embodies). in the 1973 us judgment roe v. wade, the opinion of the justices included the following statement: we need not resolve the difficult question of when life begins. when those trained in the respective disciplines of medicine, philosophy, and theology are unable to arrive at any consensus, the judiciary, at this point in the development of man's knowledge, is not in a position to speculate as to the answer. fetal pain