also indicate that those alpacas have the ability to generate some types of antibodies known as "nanobodies", which are very tiny and have a greater potential against pathogens. according to andina, research from the united states, belgium, and chile antibodies from lama and vicugna animals could possibly be formulated into inhaler or injection treatments those infected with coronaviruses, with teodosio huanca of peru's national institute of agricultural innovation (inia) national camelid program stating that peruvian camelidae share the same genetic roots and antibodies. on 7 august, the ins announced that it would begin the development of a possible treatment for covid-19 using "recombinant nano-antibodies" from a llama named "tito". according to the inia, peru holds "the only germplasm bank of south american camelids in the world, with 1,700 samples of alpacas and 1,200 of llamas". available vaccines main article: covid-19 vaccination in peru vaccines available in peru are sinopharm bibp, pfizer–biontech, and oxford–astrazeneca (provided by the international covax facility). janssen covid-19, sputnik v and moderna vaccines have also been approved, but not deployed. effects the covid-19 pandemic in peru exposed the weaknesses of the country's neoliberal framework. due to the crises occurring shortly before and throughout the pandemic, the economic and political structure of peru changed dramatically. economy between ten and twenty percent of peruvians entered into poverty in 2020, reversing a decade of poverty reduction in the country. according to the institute of economics and business development (iedep) of the lima chamber of commerce, the country's middle class shrank by almost half from 43.6% in 2019 to 24% in 2020 due to the crisis, reversing a decade of economic progress. the european investment bank is collaborating with peru's development bank cofide to assist small businesses affected by the virus outbreak's economic implications. 30% of a $100 million loan to cofide is dedicated to businesses affected by the covid-19 pandemic. governance although economic statistics show improved economic data in peru in recent decades, the wealth earned between 1990 and 2020 was not distributed throughout the country; living standards showed disparities between the more-developed capital city of lima and similar coastal regions while rural provinces remained impoverished. the covid-19 pandemic exasperated these disparities even further. political scientist professor farid kahhat of the pontifical catholic university of peru stated that "market reforms in peru have yielded positive results in terms of reducing poverty ... but what the pandemic has laid bare, particularly in peru, is that poverty was reduced while leaving the miserable state of public services unaltered – most clearly in the case of health services." with the 2021 peruvian general election, many of peru's politicians were out of touch with the citizens, more concentrated on maintaining their power while ignoring projects to provide social support. such disparities exposed by the pandemic elevated the popularity of pedro castillo during the 2021 peruvian general election, assisting with his election into the presidency of peru. social with peru experiencing the highest covid-19 pandemic death rate in the world, nearly 100,000 children were left orphaned as a result of the pandemic in one year. in a study published in july 2021 in the lancet, of twenty-one countries involved, peru experienced the highest rate of primary or secondary caregiver deaths; 14.1 per 1,000 children in peru were affected. orphaned children in peru are at increased risk of abuse; girls may be used for sexual exploitation, while some boys are forced to work in illegal mining. according to the peruvian ministry of health, lockdowns increased domestic violence in peru. lockdowns also increased depression and anxiety among children. statistics main article: statistics of the covid-19 pandemic in peru