encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to disease transmission. subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise pollution control. according to world health organization (who) environmental sanitation was defined as the control of all those factors in the physical environment which exercise a harmful effect on human being physical development, health and survival. one of the primary function of environmental sanitation is to protect public health. fecal sludge management this section is an excerpt from fecal sludge management. fecal sludge management (fsm) (or faecal sludge management in british english) is the storage, collection, transport, treatment and safe end use or disposal of fecal sludge. together, the collection, transport, treatment and end use of fecal sludge constitute the "value chain" or "service chain" of fecal sludge management. fecal sludge is defined very broadly as what accumulates in onsite sanitation systems (e.g. pit latrines, septic tanks and container-based solutions) and specifically is not transported through a sewer. it is composed of human excreta, but also anything else that may go into an onsite containment technology, such as flushwater, cleansing materials (e.g. toilet paper and anal cleansing materials), menstrual hygiene products, grey water (i.e. bathing or kitchen water, including fats, oils and grease), and solid waste. fecal sludge that is removed from septic tanks is called septage. improved and unimproved sanitation this section is an excerpt from improved sanitation. improved sanitation (related to but distinct from a "safely managed sanitation service") is a term used to categorize types of sanitation for monitoring purposes. it refers to the management of human feces at the household level. the term was coined by the joint monitoring program (jmp) for water supply and sanitation of unicef and who in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards goal number 7 of the millennium development goals (mdgs). the opposite of "improved sanitation" has been termed "unimproved sanitation" in the jmp definitions. the same terms are used to monitor progress towards sustainable development goal 6 (target 6.2, indicator 6.2.1) from 2015 onwards. here, they are a component of the definition for "safely managed sanitation service". lack of sanitation lack of sanitation refers to the absence of sanitation. in practical terms it usually means lack of toilets or lack of hygienic toilets that anybody would want to use voluntarily. the result of lack of sanitation is usually open defecation (and open urination but this is of less concern) with associated serious public health issues. it is estimated that 2.4 billion people still lacked improved sanitation facilities including 660 million people who lack access to safe drinking water as of 2015. onsite sanitation or non-sewered sanitation system onsite sanitation (or on-site sanitation) is defined as "a sanitation system in which excreta and wastewater are collected and stored or treated on the plot where they are generated".: 173 another term that is used for the same system is non-sewered sanitation systems (nsss), which are prevalent in many countries. nsss play a vital role in the safe management of fecal sludge, accounting for approximately half of all existing sanitation provisions. the degree of treatment may be variable, from none to advanced. examples are pit latrines (no treatment) and septic tanks (primary treatment of wastewater). on-site sanitation systems are often connected to fecal sludge management (fsm) systems where the fecal sludge that is generated onsite is treated at an offsite location. wastewater (sewage) is only generated when piped water supply is available within the buildings or close to them. a related term is a decentralized wastewater system which refers in particular to the wastewater part of on-site sanitation. similarly, an onsite sewage facility can treat the wastewater generated locally. the global methane emissions from nsss in 2020 was estimated to as 377 mt co2e per year or 4.7% of global anthropogenic methane emissions, which are comparable to the greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants. this means that the ghg emissions from the nsss as a non-negligible source. safely managed sanitation share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2015 number of handwashing facilities in the world, 2017 safely managed sanitation is the highest level of household sanitation envisioned by the sustainable development goal number 6. it is measured under the sustainable development goal 6.2, indicator 6.2.1, as the “proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water”. the current value in the 2017 baseline estimate by jmp is that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. safely managed sanitation is defined as an improved sanitation facility which is not shared with other households, and where the excreta produced is either treated and disposed in situ, stored temporarily and then emptied and transported to treatment off-site, or transported through a sewer with wastewater and then treated off-site. in other words, safely managed sanitation is a basic sanitation service where in addition excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. sustainable sanitation this section is an excerpt from sustainable sanitation. sustainable sanitation is a sanitation system designed to meet certain criteria and to work well over the long-term. sustainable sanitation systems consider the entire "sanitation value chain", from the experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment, and reuse or disposal. the sustainable sanitation alliance (susana) includes five features (or criteria) in its definition of "sustainable sanitation": systems need to be economically and socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate and protect the environment and natural resources. other types, concepts and systems wastewater management main articles: wastewater and wastewater treatment sewage treatment plant, australia. wastewater management consists of collection, wastewater treatment (be it municipal or industrial wastewater), disposal or reuse of treated wastewater. the latter is also referred to as water reclamation. sanitation systems in urban areas of developed countries usually consist of the collection of wastewater in gravity driven sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. in developing countries most wastewater is still discharged untreated into the environment. alternatives to centralized sewer systems include onsite sanitation, decentralized wastewater systems, dry toilets connected to fecal sludge management. stormwater drainage main article: storm drain sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as sanitary sewers. combined sewers are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas. heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows, i.e., more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges. solid waste disposal main article: waste management hiriya landfill, israel. disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but incineration, recycling, composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues. in the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent protocols. the importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens. daily cover also minimizes odor emissions and reduces windblown litter. likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies). for incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior lifecycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered. composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product. food safety modern restaurant food preparation area. main article: food safety sanitation within the food industry means the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the food or its safety for the consumer (u.s. food and drug administration, code of federal regulations, 21cfr110, usa). sanitation standard operating procedures are mandatory for food industries in united states. similarly, in japan, food hygiene has to be achieved through compliance with food sanitation law. in the food and biopharmaceutical industries, the term "sanitary equipment" means equipment that is fully cleanable using clean-in-place (cip) and sterilization-in-place (sip) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other liquids. the design should have a minimum amount of deadleg, or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is insufficient to remove product deposits. in general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from stainless steel 316l, (an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum). the surface is usually electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion. hygiene promotion further information: hygiene hygiene education (on proper handwashing) in afghanistan in many settings, provision of sanitation facilities alone does not guarantee good health of the population. studies have suggested that the impact of hygiene practices have as great an impact on sanitation related diseases as the actual provision of sanitation facilities. hygiene promotion is therefore an important part of sanitation and is usually key in maintaining good health. hygiene promotion is a planned approach of enabling people to act and change their behavior in an order to reduce and/or prevent incidences of water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) related diseases. it usually involves a participatory approach of engaging people to take responsibility of wash services and infrastructure including its operation and maintenance. the three key elements of promoting hygiene are; mutual sharing of information and knowledge, the mobilization of affected communities and the provision of essential material and facilities. health aspects the "f-diagram" (feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food), showing pathways of fecal-oral disease transmission. the vertical blue lines show barriers: toilets, safe water, hygiene and handwashing. main article: wash § health aspects this section is an excerpt from wash § wash-attributable burden of diseases and injuries. health impacts resulting from a lack of safe sanitation systems belong to three categories: direct impact (infections), sequelae (conditions caused by preceding infection) and broader well-being.: 2 the direct impacts include fecal-oral infections (through the fecal-oral route), helminth infections and insect vector diseases (see also waterborne diseases, which can contaminate drinking water). conditions caused by preceding infection include stunting or growth faltering, consequences of stunting (obstructed labour, low birthweight), impaired cognitive function, pneumonia (related to repeated diarrhea in undernourished children), anemia (related to hookworm infections). the third category is "broader well-being" which includes: anxiety, sexual assault (and related consequences), adverse birth outcomes as well as long-term problems such as school absence, poverty, decreased economic productivity, antimicrobial resistance. lack of clean water and proper sanitation can result in feces-contaminated drinking water and cause life-threatening diarrhea for infants. most of the diseases resulting from lack of sanitation have a direct relation to poverty. for example, open defecation – which is the most extreme form of "lack of sanitation" – is a major factor in causing various diseases, most notably diarrhea and intestinal worm infections. environmental aspects indicator organisms when analyzing environmental samples, various types of indicator organisms are used to check for fecal pollution of the sample. commonly used indicators for bacteriological water analysis include the bacterium escherichia coli (abbreviated as e. coli) and non-specific fecal coliforms. with regards to samples of soil, sewage sludge, biosolids or fecal matter from dry toilets, helminth eggs are a commonly used indicator. with helminth egg analysis, eggs are extracted from the sample after which a viability test is done to distinguish between viable and non viable eggs. the viable fraction of the helminth eggs in the sample is then counted. climate change main article: wash § climate change aspects global mechanisms sustainable development goal number 6 further information: sustainable development goal 6 united nations sdg 6 logo in the year 2016, the sustainable development goals replaced the millennium development goals. sanitation is a global development priority and included sustainable development goal 6 (sdg 6). the target is about "clean water and sanitation for all" by 2030. it is estimated that 660 million people still lacked access to safe drinking water as of 2015. since the covid-19 pandemic in 2020, the fight for clean