additional charge. vaccines would now be offered at no charge for those in the 18–44 age group. private hospitals will still be responsible for the remaining 25% of procurement, but fees for appointments are now capped at ₹150 (us$1.90). on 21 june, the day these changes took effect, approximately 8,270,000 doses were administered—india's largest single-day total until that point. the states of madhya pradesh and karnataka had the highest local totals. member of parliament, rajya sabha p. chidambaram accused bharatiya janata party of having "hoarded" vaccine doses in the days leading up to 21 june in order to encourage larger numbers; seven states controlled by the bjp were among the top ten states to have administered vaccine doses that day, few of these states had below-average vaccination numbers in the days leading up to 21 june (such as madhya pradesh, which went from 692 doses on 20 june to 1,690,000 the next day, and numbers had dropped significantly in the state the next day). on 23 june, india surpassed over 300 million vaccine doses administered in total. on 28 june, india overtook the united states in total vaccine doses administered. on 29 june, the dcgi approved the moderna vaccine (which is being imported by cipla) for emergency use. vinod kumar paul stated that the pfizer vaccine was also likely to be approved soon. 500 million mark, johnson & johnson covid-19 vaccine approval and record on 6 august 2021, india crossed the 500 million doses milestone within 6 months from the onset of the vaccination program. on 7 august 2021, the drug controller general of india (dcgi) approved emergency use of the johnson and johnson single-dose vaccine. on 16 aug 2021, india administered around 8.81 million doses of covid-19 vaccines, achieving the highest single-day record and overtaking its own previous record of 8.61 million doses, by 16 august the cumulative doses had surpassed the 55 million mark. zycov-d approval for ages 12 & above and single day vaccination records on 20 august 2021, india granted emergency authorization to zydus cadila's vaccine zycov-d, the world's first dna plasmid-based covid-19 vaccine, for patients 12 and older. india granted emergency use approval to the world's first dna based covid-19 vaccine, manufactured by for adults and children aged 12 years and above. the vaccine is administered using a needle-free applicator. the government announced on 30 september 2021 that the zycov-d vaccine will be a three dose vaccine and it will be included in the covid vaccination programme of india. since august 10, 2021, foreign nationals residing in india can now receive the covid-19 vaccine by registering themselves on the cowin platform; like other eligible beneficiaries, the foreign nationals can book a slot via the portal and use their passport as a document to verify their identity for the registration process. by 26 august 2021, 50% of the adult population in india were inoculated with at least one dose of the approved vaccines, which included 99% coverage among healthcare workers and 100% front-line workers for the first dose. on 27 august 2021, india crossed the milestone of administering more than 10 million (1 crore) doses of covid-19 vaccine in a single day, setting a new world record. uttar pradesh topped the list with 2.8 million doses, followed by karnataka with 1 million doses and maharashtra at third with 0.98 million doses. on 29 august 2021, himachal pradesh became the first state to complete administering first doses of covid-19 vaccines to 100% of the population. on 31 august, india again set another single-day vaccination record by inoculating around 12 million (1.2 crore) doses in 24 hours. by september 2021, all adult people in sikkim, dadra and nagar haveli, himachal pradesh, goa, ladakh, and lakshadweep have received at least one dose of covid vaccine as the cumulative jabs administered in the country crossed 75 crores. many city corporations, talukas, gram panchayats and districts had also administered the first dose of covid-19 vaccination to 100 per cent of their adult population. as many as 25 million people were vaccinated on narendra modi's birthday on 17 september 2021. this is the highest single-day vaccination tally so far in the whole world. there are allegations that a lot of pressure could have been put on officials to increase and twist to record vaccination numbers on the prime minister's birthday as some people who had not received their covid shots somehow seem to have been issued vaccination certificates including those who are deceased. on 27 september, india administered over 1 crore vaccine doses for the fifth time, and total vaccination coverage crossed 86 crore (860 million). on 2 october, this increased to 960 million. booster doses and pediatric vaccines by september 2021, several companies had received approval to begin clinical trials on covid-19 vaccines for children. discussions were also emerging over whether india would utilize vaccine booster doses, with the government having maintained that they were studying their applicability, and that they were focused on their goal to administer a primary series of vaccine doses to all adults. on 21 october 2021, india crossed the one billion mark for administered doses. on 26 december 2021, prime minister modi announced that vaccine eligibility would be extended to youth 15 to 18 years of age from 3 january 2022 (with online registration opened on 1 january 2022); this age group would exclusively receive covaxin. it was also announced that booster doses would become available from 10 january 2022, beginning with frontline workers, and residents over the age of 60 with comorbidities. within this cohort, doses would be prioritized to those who had received their second dose at least nine months prior. on 14 march 2022, union health minister mansukh mandaviya announced that vaccine eligibility would be extended to children 12–14, and that this group would exclusively receive corbevax. booster eligibility was also extended to all adults 60 and older. on 8 april 2022, the ministry of health and family welfare announced that all adults 18 and over would become eligible for booster doses beginning 10 april, and that they would be available via private vaccination centres. in may 2022, the supreme court of india ruled that covid-19 vaccine mandates were unconstitutional, citing the "emerging scientific opinion" that covid-19 vaccines did not reduce the risk of transmission by those who are vaccinated. vaccine development and distribution prime minister narendra modi visiting the serum institute of india on 28 november 2020.as of early may 2020, there were over 30 vaccine candidates in development in india, many of which were already in pre-clinical trials. the pune-based serum institute of india (sii) is the world's largest vaccine maker. this existing capacity enabled india to be a major participant in the covax programme to distribute vaccines to developing countries. in february 2020, sii had begun animal trials of vaccine candidates. sii announced in april 2020 that it would apply for clinical trials from the drug controller general of india (dcgi) in april 2020. sii president adar poonawalla said that a vaccine would be delivered within a year, but projected an efficacy between 70 and 80%. in august 2020, sii received approvals for phase 2 and phase 3 trials of its version of a vaccine being developed by astrazeneca and the university of oxford's vaccitech. sii joined gavi in a partnership with the bill & melinda gates foundation to produce 100 million doses of vaccine for developing countries. the sii planned to manufacture 1.5 and 2.5 billion doses of the astrazeneca vaccine per-year under the trade name "covishield". by its approval in january 2021, the company had stockpiled 50 million doses, but well short of its own target of 400 million. the government ordered 21 million doses to be delivered by february, but the company said no indication of any further orders were given. the company began to export the remaining stocks instead. hyderabad-based bharat biotech, in collaboration with u.s.-based flugen, expected to begin the first clinical trials of a nasal vaccine by late-2020. the indian council of medical research partnered with bharat biotech in may 2020 to develop a covid vaccine entirely within india. in june 2020, it received dcgi approval to begin phase 1 and phase 2 trials on its vaccine, bbv152 (trade name "covaxin"). in september 2020, it was reported that in pre-clinical trials on animals, covaxin was able to build immunity. in july 2021, bharat biotech reported the vaccine to be 64% (95% ci, 29–82%) effective against asymptomatic cases, 78% (65–86%) effective against symptomatic cases, 93% (57–100%) effective against severe covid-19 infection, and 65% (33–83%) effective against the delta variant. on 20 april 2021, bharat biotech announced that it had expanded its production capabilities for covaxin to 700 million doses per-year. cadila healthcare began vaccine development in march 2020, including a viral vector vaccine and a dna plasmid vaccine. in mid-july 2020, cadila held early human trials of its vaccine candidate zycov-d, and received approval for phase 3 trials in january 2021. it began large-scale production in april 2021, with cadila expecting to receive emergency authorisation between may and june 2021. on 1 july 2021, cadila healthcare reported the efficacy to be 66.6% against symptomatic covid-19 and 100% against moderate or severe disease in its interim analysis of its phase 3 trial data. in september 2020, dr. reddy's partnered with the russian direct investment fund (rdif) to conduct phase 3 trials of the sputnik v vaccine in india, and to distribute the vaccine there once approved. in april 2021, rdif ceo kirill dmitriev told ndtv that they had "five great manufacturers in india" who would be producing the vaccine, and felt that the country could become sputnik v's "production hub" for use and export. dr. reddy's is also working with the rdif on approval of "sputnik light"—a regiment of sputnik v consisting only of the first dose. in april 2021, phase 3 clinical trials were approved for another vaccine, corbevax, a protein subunit that is being developed by bioe, the baylor college of medicine, and dynavax technologies. on 2 june 2021, the dcgi removed the requirement that india-specific clinical trials (bridging trials) be held for vaccine candidates developed outside of india, provided that they are already approved by a recognised international public health agency such as the world health organization (who), european medicines agency (ema), us food and drug administration (fda), uk medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency (mhra), or japan's pharmaceuticals and medical devices agency. these changes were intended to help expedite the availability of vaccines already in use in other countries. in mid-july, it was reported that approval of the moderna and pfizer vaccines, as well as a shipment of vaccines donated by the united states (which includes the astrazeneca, janssen, moderna, and pfizer vaccines), had faced delays due to requests from their manufacturers for indemnity clauses from indian authorities, which would relieve them from legal liability for adverse reactions. on 21 september 2021, the indian government said that it will not purchase the pfizer-biontech and moderna vaccines as domestic output of more affordable and easier-to-store vaccines has jumped. in the quad summit, prime minister narendra modi announced that india would make 8 million doses of j&j vaccine available by the end of october under the quad vaccine partnership. it will be manufactured in india by the biological e. this would be ready by the end of october, compatible with our decision to resume vaccine export. on 6 february 2022, dcgi approved sputnik light covid vaccine for emergency use in india. vaccine deployment strategies optimizing vaccination deployment for india includes tailoring of strategies to the demographic and epidemiologic situation by modeling vaccination scenarios, explore measures to reach children at risk and co-optimizing vaccination strategy for societal and individual benefit in parallel. vaccine on order vaccine status production capacity planned capacity doses ordered approval deployment covishield in use 840 million - 750 million 01 january 2021 16 january 2021 covaxin in use 700 million - 550 million 03 january 2021 16 january 2021 sputnik v in use 140 million - 156 million 12 april 2021 14 may 2021 corbevax in use - 960 million 300 million 28 december 2021 16 march 2022 moderna approved import only - - 29 june 2021 order cancelled johnson & johnson approved - 8 million - 7 aug 2021 not yet zycov-d approved - 240 million 10 million