pediatrics. elective rotations are often available for students to explore specialties of interest for upcoming residency training. some medical schools offer joint degree programs in which a limited number of interested medical students may simultaneously enroll in master of science (msc) or doctor of philosophy (phd) programs in related fields. often this research training is undertaken during elective time and between the basic science and clinical clerkship halves of the curriculum. for example, while université de sherbrooke offers a m.d./msc program, mcgill university offers a m.d./phd for medical students holding an undergraduate degree in a relevant field. some universities also offer joint programs in business administration, including mcgill university with its joint program leading to the degrees of doctor of medicine and master of business administration (m.d./mba). residency residency training is also known as postgraduate medical education. graduating medical students in canada must apply to a residency position via the canadian residency matching service (carms). some of the available programs include family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, anesthesia, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology, radiology, general surgery, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, and urology. the match for entry level (r-1) postgraduate positions is carms' largest match. it encompasses all 17 canadian medical schools and is offered in two iterations each year. the first iteration includes all graduating students and prior year graduates from canada and the us who meet the basic eligibility criteria and have no prior postgraduate training in canada or the us. it is also open to graduates from international medical schools (imgs) who meet the basic criteria and have no prior postgraduate training in canada or the us. some of the positions are exclusive to imgs who meet the basic criteria, with canadian graduates being excluded from applying to these positions. the second iteration includes positions left over from the first iteration, which are often in less desirable locations, programs, and fields. applicants not matched in the first iteration can apply to these positions. foreign medical graduates who did not match to the positions exclusively offered to them in the first iteration, as well as any us or canadian physician with prior post-graduate training obtained in either the first or second iterations of their respective matches can also apply to these remaining training positions. residents’ salaries are negotiated by the residency associations and are determined by two things: the postgraduate year and the province they are working in. a resident physician in the second year of a training program (pgy-2) in ontario would receive the same salary as every other resident physician in that province. fellowship fellowship is an optional phase of training available to physicians having completed at least part of their residency training. although fellowships are much more common among specialist physicians and surgeons, some are available for physicians having completed training in family medicine. most fellowship training positions are also allocated using the carms algorithm via the family medicine/emergency medicine match, the medicine subspecialty match, and the pediatric subspecialty match. the family medicine/emergency medicine match is for applicants who are completing or have completed postgraduate training in family medicine in canada and want to pursue further emergency medicine training. the medicine subspecialty match is for residents currently in an internal medicine residency training program who are looking to apply for subspecialty training. fields of training may include cardiology, gastroenterology, general internal medicine, nephrology, and respirology, amongst others. the pediatric subspecialty match is for residents currently in a pediatric residency training program who are looking to apply for subspecialty training. many fields of training are essentially the same as those available for medicine subspecialty training, although the focus is on the pediatric population. licensure canadian physicians must undergo an extensive process of licensing in order to practice independently. upon graduating from medical school, they must pass the medical council of canada qualifying examination, part 1. following residency training, they pass part 2 of the medical council of canada qualifying examination, in addition to their specialty written examinations and objective structured clinical examinations with the cfpc or rcpsc and any supplementary examinations required by provincial or territorial regulatory authorities. graduating family physicians will need to pass their cpfc examinations, while specialist physicians or surgeons will need to pass their rcpsc examinations. medical council of canada main article: medical council of canada founded by the canada medical act in 1912, the medical council of canada (mcc) is an organization charged with the assessment of medical candidates and evaluation of physicians through examinations. it grants a qualification called licentiate of the medical council of canada (lmcc) to those who wish to practise medicine in canada. the mcc administers three different types of examinations: exam candidates assessment areas costs medical council of canada evaluating examination (mccee) "international medical graduates, international medical students in their final clinical year and u.s. osteopathic physicians" who wish to take the mccqe part i & ii and further pursue lmcc in canada. general assessment of the candidate's basic medical knowledge in the principal disciplines of medicine assesses the skills and knowledge required at the level of a new medical graduate who is about to enter the first year of supervised pgy $1,737 cdn qualifying examination part i(qe part i) canadian medical graduates and those who passed mccee computer-based test assesses the competence of candidates who have obtained their medical degree 4-hour 210-question multiple choice examination 3.5-hour case-based clinical decision making examination $1,320 cdn qualifying examination part ii(qe part ii) candidates who passed qe part i 3-hour objective-structured clinical examination assesses knowledge, skills and attitudes essential for medical licensure in canada prior to entry into independent clinical practice. $2,490 cdn a pass standing is required on both the qe part i and the qe part ii in order to be awarded the licentiate of the medical council of canada designation. lmcc is recognized by the twelve medical licensing authorities in canada, and is one of the requirements for the issuance of a licence to practise medicine in canada. the mcc also maintains the canadian medical register, a list of physicians who have completed or have been exempted from the lmcc requirement. this is the first step for medical graduates who wish to obtain licence to practise prior to applying to their own regulatory body in their home province or territory. college of family physicians of canada the cfpc establishes the standards for the training, certification, and lifelong education of family physicians in canada. it accredits postgraduate family medicine training programs in canadian medical schools, conducts the certification examination for graduating family medicine residents, and grants the certification (ccfp) and fellowship (fcfp) designations to its members. although membership is not mandatory to practice medicine, it currently numbers over 38,000 members. enhanced skills programs the cfpc recognizes the following enhanced skills programs for which it delivers a certificate of added competence (cac) in a specialized domain of family and community medicine: emergency medicine (post-nominal designation: ccfp-em) palliative care (post-nominal designation: ccfp-pc) care of the elderly (post-nominal designation: ccfp-coe) sport and exercise medicine (post-nominal designation: ccfp-sem) anesthesia (post-nominal designation: ccfp-fpa) addiction medicine (post-nominal designation: ccfp-am) enhanced surgical skills (post-nominal designation: ccfp-ess) royal college of physicians and surgeons of canada main article: royal college of physicians and surgeons of canada provincial or territorial regulatory authority once the mcc qualifying examination part 2 and the cfpc or rcpsc examinations are completed, the physician must contact their provincial or territorial regulatory authority in order to obtain their license to practice independently. for example, in the province of quebec, the collège des médecins du québec is the regulatory authority which emits licenses to physicians and surgeons working within the province. in ontario, the regulatory college is the college of physicians and surgeons of ontario. physician salary in canada, physicians are paid through fee-for-service or alternative payment plans. average salaries for physicians vary by specialty and province, with surgical specialties earning the most. canadian medical protective association main article: canadian medical protective association the canadian medical protective association (cmpa) is a non-profit association committed to provide advice and assistance when medical-legal issues arise in a physician's practice. they provide legal defense, liability protection, and risk-management education for physicians in canada they also provide monetary compensation to patients and their families proven to have been harmed by negligent clinical care. selected canadian medically relevant publications applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism biochemistry and cell biology canadian family physician canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology canadian journal of rural medicine canadian journal of surgery canadian medical association journal canadian medical education journal médecin du québec canadian physicians maude abbott (1896–1940) – canadian physician, among canada's earliest female medical graduates, internationally renowned expert on congenital heart disease, and one of the first women to obtain a ba from mcgill university evan adams – first nations medical doctor, medical advisor, deputy provincial health advisor (bc), and actor maria louisa angwin (1849–1898) – first woman licensed to practice medicine in nova scotia elizabeth bagshaw cm (1881–1982) – physician and birth control activist frederick banting kbe mc lld (hc) scd (hc) frsc (1891–1941) – nobel laureate, co-discoverer of insulin norman bethune (1890–1939) – surgeon, inventor, socialist, battlefield doctor in spain and china wilfred gordon bigelow oc lld (hc) frsc (1913–2005) – inventor of the first artificial pacemaker daniel borsuk oq (1978– ) – montreal plastic surgeon, pioneer in facial reconstruction, and leader of first canadian face transplant basil boulton (1938–2008) – pediatrician and child health advocate john callaghan oc aoe (1923–2004) – pioneer of open-heart surgery chris giannou oc (born 1949) war surgeon, chief surgeon icrc patrick gullane cm, oont head and neck surgery and oncology pioneer at university health network, toronto, helped established chairs in oncology. carl goresky oc (1932–1996) – physician and scientist james heilman (born 1979/1980) – head of the department of emergency medicine at east kootenay regional hospital in cranbrook, british columbia, active contributor to wikiproject medicine, and a volunteer wikipedia administrator ernest mcculloch cm oont frsc frs (1926–2011) – cellular biologist credited with the discovery of stem cell with james till frances gertrude mcgill (1882–1959) – pioneering forensic pathologist and criminologist henry morgentaler cm lld (hc) (1923–2013) – abortion care provider who helped legalize abortion in canada and strengthen the power of jury nullification william osler bt (1849–1919) – physician, called the "father of modern medicine"; wrote principles and practice of medicine wilder penfield om cc cmg frs (1891–1976) – neurosurgeon, discovered electrical stimulation of the brain james rutka oc (born 1956) canadian pediatric neurosurgeon david sackett cc frsc (born 1934) – founded the first department of clinical epidemiology in canada at mcmaster university sydney segal cm obc (1920–1997) – pediatrician and neonatologist particularly known for his work with sudden infant death syndrome albert ross tilley (1904–1988) obe oc – plastic surgeon irene cybulsky melanie morris