list of plants used in herbalism list of plants used in herbalism this is an alphabetical list of plants used in herbalism. this article is part of a series onalternative medicine general information alternative medicine history terminology alternative veterinary medicine quackery (health fraud) rise of modern medicine pseudoscience antiscience skepticism scientific therapeutic nihilism fringe medicine and science acupressure acupuncture alkaline diet anthroposophic medicine apitherapy applied kinesiology aromatherapy association for research and enlightenment auriculotherapy bates method black salve bodywork bone-setting bowen technique breathwork camel urine fake covid-19 treatments cancer treatments charcoal cleanse chelation therapy chiropractic chiropractic treatment techniques vertebral subluxation christian science chromotherapy colon cleansing coffee enema colorpuncture colloidal silver craniosacral therapy crystal healing cupping therapy dental amalgam controversy 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temperature syndrome phytochemicals possibly involved in biological functions are the basis of herbalism, and may be grouped as: primary metabolites, such as carbohydrates and fats found in all plants secondary metabolites serving a more specific function. for example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation, and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. secondary metabolites and pigments may have therapeutic actions in humans, and can be refined to produce drugs; examples are quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove. in europe, apothecaries stocked herbal ingredients as traditional medicines. in the latin names for plants created by linnaeus, the word officinalis indicates that a plant was used in this way. for example, the marsh mallow has the classification althaea officinalis, as it was traditionally used as an emollient to soothe ulcers. pharmacognosy is the study of plant sources of phytochemicals. some modern prescription drugs are based on plant extracts rather than whole plants. the phytochemicals may be synthesized, compounded or otherwise transformed to make pharmaceuticals. examples of such derivatives include aspirin, which is chemically related to the salicylic acid found in white willow. the opium poppy is a major industrial source of opiates, including morphine. few traditional remedies, however, have translated into modern drugs, although there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of traditional herbal treatments. a scientific name common name description picture acacia senegal gum arabic a natural gum sourced from hardened sap of various species of acacia tree used in ancient birth control as well as a binder and emulsifier for medicinal compounds. achillea millefolium common yarrow purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic. actaea racemosa black cohosh historically used for arthritis and muscle pain, used more recently for conditions related to menopause and menstruation. aesculus hippocastanum horse chestnut its seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries for treating joint pain, bladder and gastrointestinal problems, fever, leg cramps, and other conditions. it may be useful for treating chronic venous insufficiency. the raw plant materials are toxic unless processed. ageratina altissima white snakeroot root tea has been used to treat diarrhea, kidney stones, and fever. a root poultice can be used on snakebites. the smoke from burning leaves is used to revive unconscious people. the plant contains the toxin tremetol which causes milk sickness, a sometimes fatal condition. alcea rosea common hollyhock believed to be an emollient and laxative. it is used to control inflammation, to stop bedwetting and as a mouthwash in cases of bleeding gums. alisma plantago-aquatica water-plantain used for the urinary tract. allium sativum garlic purported use to lower blood cholesterol and high blood pressure. aloe vera aloe vera leaves are widely used to heal burns, wounds and other skin ailments. althaea officinalis marsh-mallow used historically as both a food and a medicine. amorphophallus konjac konjac significant dietary source of glucomannan, which is purported for use in treating obesity, constipation, and reducing cholesterol. anemone hepatica common hepatica historically used to treat liver diseases, it is still used in alternative medicine today. other modern applications by herbalists include treatments for pimples, bronchitis and gout. angelica archangelica garden angelica roots have been used in the traditional austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nervous system, and also against fever, infections, and flu. angelica sinensis dong quai used for thousands of years in asia, primarily in women's health. apium graveolens celery seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine. modern usage is primarily as a diuretic. arctium lappa burdock used traditionally as a diuretic and to lower blood sugar and, in traditional chinese medicine as a treatment for sore throat and symptoms of the common cold. arnica montana arnica used as an anti-inflammatory and for osteoarthritis. the us food and drug administration has classified arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity. it should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur. astragalus propinquus astragalus long used in traditional chinese medicine. atropa belladonna belladonna although toxic, was used historically in italy by women to enlarge their pupils, as well as a sedative, among other uses. the name itself means "beautiful woman" in italian. . azadirachta indica neem used in india to treat worms, malaria, rheumatism and skin infections among many other things. its many uses have led to neem being called "the village dispensary" in india. b scientific name name description picture bellis perennis daisy flowers have been used in the traditional austrian medicine internally as tea (or the leaves as a salad) for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. berberis vulgaris barberry long history of medicinal use, dating back to the middle ages particularly among native americans. uses have included skin ailments, scurvy and gastro-intestinal ailments. borago officinalis borage used in hyperactive gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, such as gastrointestinal (colic, cramps, diarrhea), airways (asthma, bronchitis), cardiovascular, (cardiotonic, antihypertensive and blood purifier), urinary (diuretic and kidney/bladder disorders). broussonetia kurzii salae known as salae in thailand where this species is valued as a medicinal plant. c scientific name name description picture calendula officinalis marigold also named calendula, has a long history of use in treating wounds and soothing skin. cannabis hemp, cannabis, marijuana, indian hemp, ganja used worldwide since ancient times as treatment for various conditions and ailments including pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues such as ibs, muscle relaxation, anxiety, alzheimer's and dementia, adhd, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, recurring headaches, crohn's disease, depression, epilepsy, glaucoma, insomnia, and neuropathy among others. capsicum annuum cayenne type of chili that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years. uses have included reducing pain and swelling, lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels and fighting viruses and harmful bacteria, due to high levels of vitamin c. capsicum frutescens chili its active ingredient, capsaicine, is the basic of commercial pain-relief ointments in western medicine. the low incidence of heart attack in thais may be related to capsaicine's fibronolytic action (dissolving blood clots). carica papaya papaya used for treating wounds and stomach troubles. cassia occidentalis coffee senna used in a wide variety of roles in traditional medicine, including in particular as a broad-spectrum internal and external antimicrobial, for liver disorders, for intestinal worms and other parasites and as an immune-system stimulant. catha edulis khat mild stimulant used for thousands of years in yemen, and is banned today in many countries. contains the amphetamine-like substance cathinone. cayaponia espelina são caetano melon it is a diuretic and aid in the treatment of diarrhea and syphilis. centaurea cyanus cornflower in herbalism, a decoction of cornflower is effective in treating conjunctivitis and as a wash for tired eyes. chrysopogon zizanioides vetiver used for skin care. cinchona spec. cinchona genus of about 38 species of trees whose bark is a source of alkaloids, including quinine. its use as a febrifuge was first popularized in the 17th century by peruvian jesuits. citrus × aurantium bitter orange used in traditional chinese medicine and by indigenous peoples of the amazon for nausea, indigestion and constipation. citrus limon lemon along with other citruses, it has a long history of use in chinese and indian traditional medicine. in contemporary use, honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore throat. citrus trifoliata trifoliate orange, bitter orange fruits of citrus trifoliata are widely used in oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation. cissampelos pareira velvetleaf used for a wide variety of conditions. cnicus benedictus blessed thistle used during the middle ages to treat bubonic plague. in modern times, herbal teas made from blessed thistle are used for loss of appetite, indigestion and other purposes. crataegus monogyna and crataegus laevigata hawthorn fruit has been used for centuries purportedly for heart disease, digestive and kidney related problems. curcuma longa turmeric spice that lends its distinctive yellow color to indian curries, has long been used in ayurvedic and traditional chinese medicine to aid digestion and liver function, relieve arthritis pain, and regulate menstruation. cypripedium parviflorum yellow lady's slipper the cypripedium species have been used in native remedies for dermatitis, tooth aches, anxiety, headaches, as an antispasmodic, stimulant and sedative. however, the preferred species for use are cyp. parviflorum and cyp.acaule, used as topical applications or tea. d scientific name name description picture digitalis lanata digitalis or foxglove it came into use in treating cardiac disease in late 18th century england in spite of its high toxicity.a its use has been almost entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative digoxin, which has a shorter half-life in the body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed. digoxin is used as an antiarrhythmic agent and inotrope. e scientific name name description picture echinacea purpurea purple coneflower this plant and other species of echinacea have been used for at least 400 years by native americans to treat infections and wounds, and as a general "cure-all" (panacea). it is currently used for symptoms associated with cold and flu. echinopsis pachanoi san pedro cactus the san pedro cactus contains the entheogen mescaline and has a long history of being used in andean traditional medicine. ephedra sinica ephedra it has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years. native americans and mormon pioneers drank a tea brewed from other ephedra species, called "mormon tea" and "indian tea". it contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which are used as breathing aids (bronchodilators and decongestants). equisetum arvense horsetail dates back to ancient roman and greek medicine, when it was used to stop bleeding, heal ulcers and wounds, and treat tuberculosis and kidney problems. eriodictyon crassifolium yerba santa used by the chumash people to keep airways open for proper breathing. the us forest service profile for eriodictyon crassifolium provides information on species distribution; taxonomic relationships; ecological and evolutionary considerations for restoration; growth form and distinguishing traits; habitat characteristics; projected future suitable habitat; growth, reproduction and dispersal; biological interactions; ecological genetics; seed characteristics, germination requirements and processing; and plant uses including agriculture, restoration, and traditional products, plus an extensive bibliography. it is part of riverside-corona resource conservation district's resource materials collection on native plant recommendations for southern california ecoregions. erythroxylum