data, as well as addiction, antitrust and other claims. an additional 600 unsettled claims related to birth defects. the lawsuits produced thousands of internal company documents, some of which entered the public domain. these formed the basis of some of alison bass's work and that of shelley jofre for the bbc. united states v. glaxosmithkline further information: glaxosmithkline § 2012 criminal and civil settlement in october 2011 the united states department of justice filed a lawsuit under the false claims act accusing gsk of promoting drugs for unapproved uses, failing to report safety data, reporting false prices to medicaid, and paying kickbacks to physicians in the form of gifts, trips and sham consultancy fees. the complaint included preparing the jaacap article about study 329, exaggerating paroxetine's efficacy while downplaying the risks, and using the article to promote the drug for adolescent use, which was not approved by the fda. gsk pleaded guilty in 2012 and paid a $3 billion settlement, including a criminal fine of $1 billion. the fine included an amount for "preparing, publishing and distributing a misleading medical journal article that misreported that a clinical trial of paxil demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression in patients under age 18, when the study failed to demonstrate efficacy". calls for retraction jon jureidini child psychiatrist jon jureidini of the women's and children's hospital in adelaide and ann tonkin of the university of adelaide asked jaacap in 2003 to retract the study 329 paper. in 2005 the philosopher leemon mchenry complained to jaacap's editor, mina dulcan, that keller and some of the other researchers named as authors had worked for gsk but had not declared their conflict of interest and had violated the journal's policy regarding authorship. keller had acted as a consultant for several drug companies. the boston globe reported in 1999 that he had earned $500,000 the previous year from consultancy work, which, the newspaper said, he did not disclose to the journals that published his work or to the american psychiatric association. dulcan replied to mchenry that "unless there is a specific accusation of research fraud, it is not the role of scientific journals to police authorship." jureidini and mchenry called again for the paper's retraction in 2009. editor-in-chief andrés martin replied that there was no justification for retraction, and that the journal had "conformed to the best publication practices prevailing at the time". in april 2013 jureidini asked gsk's ceo andrew witty to request retraction. riat re-analysis of study 329 in july 2013 jureidini announced his intention to produce a new write-up of study 329 in accordance with the riat initiative (restoring invisible and abandoned trials). the riat researchers—joanna le noury, john m. nardo, david healy, jon jureidini, melissa raven, catalin tufanaru, and elia abi-jaoude—published their re-analysis in the bmj in september 2015. they concluded that "he efficacy of paroxetine and imipramine was not statistically or clinically significantly different from placebo for any prespecified primary or secondary efficacy outcome," and that there were "clinically significant increases in ... suicidal ideation and behaviour and other serious adverse events in the paroxetine group and cardiovascular problems in the imipramine group." anti-depressants and suicidality in young people further information: antidepressants and suicide risk in 2007 the fda required that all anti-depressants include a boxed warning of an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviour in young adults (18–24 years) during the first one to two months of treatment. a 2012 cochrane review on the use of ssris in children and adolescents concluded that there is evidence of an increased suicide risk in patients treated with antidepressants. it added: "however, given the risks of untreated depression in terms of completed suicide and impacts on functioning, if a decision to use medication is agreed, then fluoxetine might be the medication of first choice given guideline recommendations."