on the federal level are primarily responsible for determining standards and statutes which guide policy and control in the state to prevent citizens and the environment from being exposed to harmful compounds. emerging contaminants are examples of instances in which regulation did not do what it was supposed to, and communities have been left vulnerable to adverse health effects. many states have assessed what can be done about emerging contaminants and currently view it as a serious issue, but only eight states have specific risk management programs addressing emerging contaminants. solutions these are tactics and methods that aim to remediate the effects of certain, or all, cecs by preventing movement throughout the environment, or limiting their concentrations in certain environmental systems. it is particularly important to ensure that water treatment approaches do not simply move contaminants from effluent to sludge given the potential for sludge to be spread to land providing an alternative route to entering the environment. advanced treatment plant technology for some emerging contaminants, several advanced technologies—sonolysis, photocatalysis, fenton-based oxidation and ozonation—have treated pollutants in laboratory experiments. another technology is "enhanced coagulation" in which the treatment entity would work to optimize filtration by removing precursors to contamination through treatment. in the case of thms, this meant lowering the ph, increasing the feed rate of coagulants, and encouraging domestic systems to operate with activated carbon filters and apparatuses that can perform reverse osmosis. although these methods are effective, they are costly, and there have been many instances of treatment plants being resistant to pay for the removal of pollution, especially if it wasn't created in the water treatment process as many ec's occur from runoff, past pollution sources, and personal care products. it is also difficult to incentivize states to have their own policies surrounding contamination because it can be burdensome for states to pay for screening and prevention processes. there is also an element of environmental injustice, in that lower income communities with less purchasing and political power cannot buy their own system for filtration, and are regularly exposed to harmful compounds in drinking water and food. however recent treads for light-based systems shows great potential for such applications. with the decrease in cost of uv-led systems and growing prevalence of solar powered systems, it shows great potential to remove cecs while keeping cost low. metal–organic framework-based nano-adsorbent remediation researchers have suggested that metal–organic frameworks (mofs) and mof-based nano-adsorbents (mof-nas) could be used in the removal of certain cecs like pharmaceuticals and personal care products, especially in wastewater treatment. widespread use of mof-based nano-adsorbents has yet to be implemented due to complications created by the vast physicochemical properties that cecs contain. the removal of cecs largely depends on the structure and porosity of the mof-nas and the physicochemical compatibility of both the cecs and the mof-nas. if a cec is not compatible with the mof-na, then particular functional groups can be chemically added to increase compatibility between the two molecules. the addition of functional groups causes the reactions to rely on other chemical processes and mechanisms, such as hydrogen bonding, acid-base reactions, and complex electrostatic forces. mof-based nano-adsorbent remediation heavily relies on water-qualities, such as ph, in order for the reaction to be executed efficiently. mof-na remediation can also be used to efficiently remove other heavy metals and organic compounds in wastewater treatment. membrane bioreactors another method of possible remediation for cecs is through the use of membrane bioreactors (mbrs) that act through mechanisms of sorption and biodegradation. membrane bioreactors have shown results on being able to filter out certain solutes and chemicals from wastewater through methods of microfiltration, but due to the extremely small size of cecs, mbrs must rely on other mechanisms in order to ensure the removal of cecs. one mechanism that mbrs use to remove cecs from wastewater is sorption. sorption of the cecs to sludge deposits in the mbr's system can allow the deposits to sit and be bombarded with water, causing the eventual biodegradation of cecs in the membrane. sorption of a particular cec can be even more efficient in the system if the cec is hydrophobic, causing it to move from the wastewater to the sludge deposits more quickly.