water resources management in argentina water resources management in argentina water resources management (wrm) functions in argentina are handled by multiple institutions operating at the national, provincial, and river basin level, with a variety of functions and jurisdictions. on the national level, the national institute for water and the environment (ina) and the national water and sanitation utility (aysa) are charged with the duties of researching, water resources preservation, developing services, and implementing water projects. not to be confused with water supply and sanitation in argentina. argentina: water resources management withdrawals by sector 2000 domestic 16%agriculture 74%industry 10% total renewable water resources (2008) 814 billion cubic meters (bcm) surface water produced internally 276 bcm groundwater recharge 128 bcm overlap between surface and groundwater 128 bcm available per capita renewable water resources (2008) 20,410 cubic meters per year total water withdrawal per capita 774.8 m3 per year total used as % of availability approx. 4% land area 2,780,400 km2 agricultural land (% of land area) 12% equipped irrigated area (% of cultivated area) 5.43% equipped irrigated area 1.7 million ha irrigation systems surface irrigation 1.4 million ha sprinkler irrigation 650,000 ha localized irrigation - million ha wetland designated as ramsar sites (2010) 19 sites; 5,318,376 ha dam capacity 186 bcm hydroelectric generation (% of total electricity generation) 41% (source: fao aquastat 1988-2008) connectivity to water in urban settings is quite good in argentina, but rural communities lag far behind that of less developed nations. this problem is made worse by one of the highest levels of per capita usage in the world at around 500 l/day. large rivers and aquifers represent the main source of drinking water supplies and they are facing serious water pollution problems from industrial effluents, urbanization, and harmful agriculture practices. many other challenges persist throughout the country and most are regionally focused with varying degrees because argentina is divided into many different climatic regions. some of the critical issues are identified as an inadequate regulatory and institutional framework, inter-sectoral conflict, limited capacity in water management at the central and provincial levels, and high risk for flooding in urban and rural areas. water management history and recent developments towards the end of the 19th century and throughout most of the 20th century, the argentinean government was the primary investor in the country's hydraulic infrastructure development. primarily focused on developing irrigation infrastructure, the first irrigation development project started in 1909 and continued throughout the 20th century. beginning in the early 1990s, argentina began reforming many of its public sectors with a move to privatization of urban water services in the city of buenos aires. subsequently, all the larger cities and numerous intermediate sized populations also began to incorporate private operators to improve operational efficiency and increase return on investments. this moderately recent argentine model for management of the water supply sector still needs adjustments in the optimization of the state's regulatory function, incentive schemes, and the expansion of coverage. even so, significant benefits have been obtained in terms of the quality of water, services rendered, a substantial increase with investments into the water sector, and improvements in the population's quality of life. water management challenges significant water resources management challenges were identified by the water community of argentina during the second national water resources meeting held in buenos aires (may 18–20, 2004) and are listed here: (i) incomplete/outdated legal and regulatory framework; (ii) limited capacity in water management at the central and provincial levels coupled with outdated procedures for water resources planning; (iii) lack of an integrated national water resources information system and deficient water resources monitoring network; (iv) serious water pollution problems (surface and groundwater); (v) high risk for flooding in urban and rural areas; (vi) lack of appropriate incentives for conservation and efficient use of the resource base and for reducing pollution. some of these challenges are addressed in more detail below. water quality water pollution from industrial effluents is a considerable challenge and the risk of continued contamination is very likely. the government of argentina (goa) has a particular focus on the matanza-riachuelo river basin in buenos aires where at least 50 industries are discharging ~95% of the total load of contaminants into the parana river. pollution and overuse of the aquifer in mendoza have become a problem where agriculture and industrial runoff and mismanagement of irrigation water has deteriorated the first levels of the aquifer. this has led to over pumping and exploitation of deeper wells that reach the second and third layers of water. older wells have been abandoned without being properly sealed posing a risk of vertical filtration (e.g. contaminated water from higher levels filters down to lower levels) into deeper water tables where farmers are pumping from. abandoned wells also result in fields becoming stagnant and barren creating an economic loss for the region. problems with water quality in lakes and reservoirs in argentina have increased due to agricultural activities, deforestation, logging, animal production, mining activities, urban run-off, and the discharge of untreated sewage. as a result of these activities, many lakes and reservoirs are receiving high quantities of nutrients and are suffering from eutrophication. the increasing occurrence of algal blooms is the evidence of this growing occurrence. algal blooms occur especially in reservoirs and ponds, and are spread over at least twelve provinces of argentina. specifically, fifteen aquatic environments were identified at high risk of poisoning by eutrophication. water pollution typically occurs due to the discharge of effluent into water systems, improper landfill techniques, flooding of urban areas resulting in pollution from urban run-off, and agricultural practices. for example, the cities la rioja and catamarca have constraints on expansion of freshwater supplies forcing the residents to use only water they have available even if it is contaminated. the lack of piped water and sewage can exacerbate the water pollution problem through excessive contamination from excrements. for example, communities having 5,000-10,000 residents and urban centers with 200,000-500,000 residents have 90% and 60% of those respective residents that lack connection to sewers. lack of good management mismanagement of water in the puelches aquifer of buenos aires is a real problem. during the 1980s, this aquifer was over-exploited resulting in saline intrusion from the atlantic ocean causing the city to use water from the plata river. over time, the puelches aquifer has recharged but is not being used and now the water level of the aquifer is reaching 1 m below the surface in many areas. this inverse phenomenon has resulted in waterlogged basements and storage units, flooded tunnels, the weakening of foundations, and the saturation of household septic tanks. in córdoba, urbanization and the lack of proper treatment facilities around the san roque lake, caused an alarming increase in cyanobacteria and thrihalomethanes have been detected in treatment plants at above-normal levels. this lake is the cities main source of drinking water, and is at continued risk of elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and further outbreaks. flooding and stormwater flooding is the major natural hazard in argentina. according to 1998 statistics of swiss-re, argentina ranks 18th in the world in potential flood losses, in excess of us$3 billion in 1998. in buenos aires, flooding occurs on average about twice per year and 1.4 million individuals are at risk of floods. these floods are due to the condition of the drainage network, and strong winds from the southeast, (sudestadas), which produce a rise of the rio de la plata high above its average. to reduce the impact of floods and droughts on the economy and to help development in the region, in 2021, argentina signed a flood protection loan agreement with the european investment bank. the $110 million eib loan will assist integrated water resource management in the salado river basin in buenos aires over a 25-year period. the world bank has agreed to co-finance the project with a $111.6 million loan. institutional challenges water resources management functions are handled by multiple institutions operating at the national, provincial, and river basin level, with a variety of functions and jurisdictions. this has given rise to inter-sectoral and inter-jurisdictional conflicts (particularly between competing uses such as irrigation, hydropower and environment), poor planning and budget programming, and limited technical capacity and knowledge exchange. water resource base surface and groundwater resources annual rainfall averages ~600 mm which equates to 1,668 km3; however, about 83% of this precipitation is lost through evapotranspiration and evaporation. subsequently, internal renewable water resources are reduced to about 276 km3. runoff is also significant and is estimated at 814 km3/year, of which 538 km3 comes from contributions originating in basins from paraguay and uruguay. these statistics are general for the entire country; however, argentina is a large country encompassing 2.7 million km2 with weather patterns and climates that vary greatly. for example, the eastern edges of the andes mountains are dry and water scarcity and droughts are an ongoing issue. in the greater buenos aires which is a lowland area, water pollution from industrial effluents, stormwater and flooding, and groundwater management are the major concerns. down in the sparsely populated patagonia region where there is ample quantities of high quality water, water resources management has fewer challenges. major rivers of argentina: important rivers of argentina in terms of length and quantity of water conveyed and discharged include the parana, uruguay, and the negro rivers. the two largest rivers, the paraná river and the uruguay river originate in brazil. the uruguay river runs north to south and forms a border with argentina, brazil, and uruguay. the parana river together with the uruguay river form the río de la plata estuary. only a few of the argentine rivers such as the futaleufú river flow to the pacific, while the majority of rivers originate on eastern slopes of the andes and run towards the atlantic ocean. argentina is home to at least three major endorheic basins or closed water drainage basins e.g. water does not flow to the ocean. both the northwest and southwest pampas basins in the dry pampas areas of argentina and the meseta somuncura in the patagonia region of argentina are endorheic basins. notable river basins under this classification include the desaguadero river basin which has great hydroelectric and irrigation significance. in times of great precipitation, its waters can actually reach the sea. the desaguadero river basin includes the following tributaries: jáchal, mendoza, tunuyán, diamante and atuel. argentina hydrographic map namelength (km)discharge ( m3/s) paraná river1,80016,806 uruguay river1,5005,026 negro river635865 bermejo river1,000339 pilcomayo river850152 colorado river860134 salado river (buenos aires)70088 san juan river50056 mendoza river40050 chubut river81048 salado del norte river2,00015 desaguadero river1,20014 deseado river6155 storage capacity total capacity of reservoirs in argentina is estimated by the food and agriculture organization (fao) at around 186 km3. of this quantity, 96% of total capacity is stored behind large dams. of note, one of the largest reservoirs at approximately 1600 km2 is stored behind the yacyretá dam and is located on the parana river bordering paraguay is used primarily for hydroelectric generation in argentina. the following is a list of lakes in argentina. alumine lake amutui quimei lake argentino lake espejo lake correntoso lake futalafquen lake gutiérrez lake huechulafquen lake lácar lake laguna del diamante laguna mar chiquita mascardi lake nahuel huapi lake puelo lake quillén lake tromén lake key characteristics of the major drainage basins drainage basin river basin principal watersheds drainage surface km2 average annual run off (bcm/year) (1) flow (l/s km2) atlantic paraná, paraguay, uruguay paraná, iguazú, santa lucía, corrientes, guayquiraró, feliciano, gualeguay, arrecifes, paraguay, pilcomayo, bermejo, uruguay, pepirí-guazú, aguapey, mirinay, mocoretá, gualeguaychú 3,092,000 694,770 7.1 río de la plata and the buenos aires province until the colorado river plata river, salado 181,203 4,636 0.8 colorado colorado, vinchina, jáchal, san juan, mendoza, riodesaguadero, tunuyán, diamante, atuel 92,840 10,060 3.4 patagonia rivers neuguén, limay, negro, chubut, senguerr y chico 356,033 61,211 5.5 pacific rivers contributing to the pacific hua-hum, manso y puelo, futaleufú, carrenleufú y pico, simpson river, pueyrredón, mayer, vizcachas, fagnano 33,455 38,222 36.2 closed watersheds (water cannot leave and so accumulates) mar chiquita, región serrana, pampeana y salares n/a 258,096 5,866 0.6 total -- -- 4,053,587 814,765 53.6 source: fao water resources management by sector water coverage and usage excerpts and table below drawn from: main article: water supply and sanitation in argentina the water coverage situation in argentina is