the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. hospice and palliative medicine pain medicine the bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. related fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology. pulmonology medicine the lungs and respiratory system. pulmonology is generally considered a branch of internal medicine, although it is closely related to intensive care medicine when dealing with patients requiring mechanical ventilation. public health public health focuses on the health of populations. physicians employed in this field work in policy, research or health promotion, taking a broad view of health that encompasses the social determinants of health. radiology r, dr diagnostic and therapeutic interventional radiology is concerned with using expert imaging of the human body, usually via ct, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, or mri to perform a breadth of intravascular procedures (angioplasty, arterial stenting, thrombolysis, uterine fibroid embolization), biopsies and minimally invasive oncologic procedures (radiofrequency and cryoablation of tumors & transarterial chemoembolization) nuclear medicine uses radioactive substances for in vivo and in vitro diagnosis either using imaging of the location of radioactive substances placed into a patient or using in vitro diagnostic tests utilizing radioactive substances. the use of expertise in radiation in the context of medical imaging for diagnosis or image guided minimally invasive therapy. x-rays, etc. rheumatology rhu medicine autoimmune and inflammatory diseases of the joints and other organ systems, such as arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. surgical oncology so surgery curative and palliative surgical approaches to cancer treatment. thoracic surgery ts surgery surgery of the organs of the thoracic cavity: the heart, lungs, and great vessels. transplant surgery tts surgery transplantation of organs from one body to another toxicology diagnostic and therapeutic environmental forensic occupational pediatric poisonings, overdoses; environmental, and occupational exposures urgent care medicine ucm medicine immediate medical care offering outpatient care for the treatment of acute and chronic illness and injury urology u surgery urinary tracts of males and females, and the male reproductive system. it is often practiced together with andrology ("men's health"). vascular surgery vs surgery the peripheral blood vessels – those outside the chest (usually operated on by cardiovascular surgeons) and outside the central nervous system (treated by neurosurgery) salaries according to the 2022 medscape physician compensation report, physicians on average earn $339k annually. primary care physicians earn $260k annually while specialists earned $368k annually. the table below details the average range of salaries for physicians in the us of medical specialties: specialty average salary (usd) average hours work/week average salary/hour (usd) allergy & immunology $298k anesthesiology $405k 59 dermatology $438k 44 103 emergency medicine $373k 44 180 endocrinology $257k cardiac surgery 218,684 to $500,000 cardiology $490k 55 critical care $369k infectious disease $260k internal medicine $264k 55 58 family medicine $255k 51 58 nephrology $329k neurology $301k 54 93 obstetrics and gynecology $336k 59 83 oncology $411k ophthalmology $417k 45 orthopedic surgery $557k 56 otolaryngology $469k 52 oral and maxillofacial surgery 360,000 to $625,210 53 pathology $334k 44 pediatrics 244k 52 69 rheumatology $289k physical medicine & rehabiliation $322k podiatry 170,800 to $315,150 45 80 preventative medicine $243k pulmonary medicine $353k 55 psychiatry $287k 46 72 radiology (diagnostic) $437k 56 surgery (general) $402k 58 urology $461k 59 neurosurgery 350,000 to $705,000 132 plastic surgery $576k 114 gastroenterology $453k 55 93 specialties by country australia and new zealand there are 15 recognised specialty medical colleges in australia. the majority of these are australasian colleges and therefore also oversee new zealand specialist doctors. these colleges are: specialist collegemajor subspecialties approximate number of specialist doctors/trainees australasian college for emergency medicinepaediatric emergency medicine 5,000 australasian college of dermatologists 700 australasian college of sport and exercise physiciansexercise medicine 350 australian and new zealand college of anaesthetistspain medicine 7,000 australian college of rural and remote medicine 4,500 college of intensive care medicinepaediatric intensive care 1,200 royal australasian college of medical administrators 800 royal australasian college of physiciansaddiction medicine, adolescent and young adult medicine, cardiology, clinical genetics, clinical haematology, clinical pharmacology, community child health, endocrinology, gastroenterology, general and acute care medicine, general paediatrics geriatric medicine, haematology, infectious diseases, immunology and allergy, neonatal and perinatal medicine, nephrology, neurology, nuclear medicine, occupational medicine, oncology, paediatric emergency medicine, palliative medicine, public health, rehabilitation, respiratory and sleep medicine, rheumatology, sexual health 28,000 royal australasian college of surgeonscardiothoracic, general surgery, head & neck, neurosurgery, orthopaedics, paediatric surgery, plastics, urology, vascular 9,000 royal australian and new zealand college of obstetricians and gynaecologistsobstetrics, gynaecology, fertility medicine, obstetric ultrasound, gynaecological oncology, urogynaecology 2,500 royal australian and new zealand college of ophthalmologists 1,100 royal australian and new zealand college of psychiatrists 5,000 royal australian and new zealand college of radiologistsdiagnostic, interventional, ultrasound, nuclear medicine 3,500 royal australian college of general practitioners 40,000 royal college of pathologists of australasiaanatomical, chemical, clinical, forensic, genetic, haematological, immunological, microbiological pathology 1,000 in addition, the royal australasian college of dental surgeons supervises training of specialist medical practitioners specializing in oral and maxillofacial surgery in addition to its role in the training of dentists. there are approximately 260 faciomaxillary surgeons in australia. the royal new zealand college of general practitioners is a distinct body from the australian royal australian college of general practitioners. there are approximately 5100 members of the rnzcgp. within some of the larger colleges, there are sub-faculties, such as: australasian faculty of rehabilitation medicine archived 2014-12-11 at the wayback machine within the royal australasian college of physicians there are some collegiate bodies in australia that are not officially recognised as specialities by the australian medical council but have a college structure for members, such as: australasian college of physical medicine there are some collegiate bodies in australia of allied health non-medical practitioners with specialisation. they are not recognised as medical specialists, but can be treated as such by private health insurers, such as: australasian college of podiatric surgeons canada specialty training in canada is overseen by the royal college of physicians and surgeons of canada and the college of family physicians of canada. for specialists working in the province of quebec, the collège des médecins du québec also oversees the process. germany in germany these doctors use the term facharzt. india specialty training in india is overseen by the medical council of india, responsible for recognition of post graduate training and by the national board of examinations. education of ayurveda in overseen by central council of indian medicine (ccim), the council conducts ug and pg courses all over india, while central council of homoeopathy does the same in the field of homeopathy. sweden in sweden, a medical license is required before commencing specialty training. those graduating from swedish medical schools are first required to do a rotational internship of about 1.5 to 2 years in various specialties before attaining a medical license. the specialist training lasts 5 years. united states there are three agencies or organizations in the united states that collectively oversee physician board certification of md and do physicians in the united states in the 26 approved medical specialties recognized in the country. these organizations are the american board of medical specialties (abms) and the american medical association (ama); the american osteopathic association bureau of osteopathic specialists (aoabos) and the american osteopathic association; the american board of physician specialties (abps) and the american association of physician specialists (aaps). each of these agencies and their associated national medical organization functions as its various specialty academies, colleges and societies. certifying board national organization physician type abms ama md and do abps aaps md and do aoabos aoa do only all boards of certification now require that medical practitioners demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of the core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years. in the united states there are hierarchies of medical specialties in the cities of a region. small towns and cities have primary care, middle sized cities offer secondary care, and metropolitan cities have tertiary care. income, size of population, population demographics, distance to the doctor, all influence the numbers and kinds of specialists and physicians located in a city. demography a population's income level determines whether sufficient physicians can practice in an area and whether public subsidy is needed to maintain the health of the population. developing countries and poor areas usually have shortages of physicians and specialties, and those in practice usually locate in larger cities. for some underlying theory regarding physician location, see central place theory. the proportion of men and women in different medical specialties varies greatly. such sex segregation is largely due to differential application. satisfaction and burnout a survey of physicians in the united states came to the result that dermatologists are most satisfied with their choice of specialty followed by radiologists, oncologists, plastic surgeons, and gastroenterologists. in contrast, primary care physicians were the least satisfied, followed by nephrologists, obstetricians/gynecologists, and pulmonologists. surveys have also revealed high levels of depression among medical students (25 - 30%) as well as among physicians in training (22 - 43%), which for many specialties, continue into regular practice. a uk survey conducted of cancer-related specialties in 1994 and 2002 found higher job satisfaction in those specialties with more patient contact. rates of burnout also varied by specialty.