shared between australian states and local government areas, issues of multiple governing jurisdictions have resulted in inconsistent implementation of wsud policies and practices and fragmented management of larger watersheds. for example, in melbourne, jurisdictional authority for watersheds of greater than 60 ha rests with the state-level authority, melbourne water; while local governments govern smaller watersheds. consequently, melbourne water has been deterred from investing significantly in wsud works to improve small watersheds, despite them affecting the condition of the larger watersheds into which they drain and waterway health including headwater streams. victoria in victoria, elements of wsud are integrated into many of the overall objectives and strategies of the victorian planning policy. the state planning policy framework of the which is contained in all planning schemes in victoria contains some specific clauses requiring adoption of wsud practices. new residential developments are subject to a permeability standard that at least 20 percent of sites should not be covered by impervious surfaces. the objective of this is to reduce the impact of increased stormwater runoff on the drainage system and facilitate on-site stormwater infiltration. new residential subdivisions of two or more lots are required to meet integrated water management objectives related to: drinking water supply; reused and recycled water; waste water management, and urban run-off management. specifically regarding urban runoff management, the "victoria planning provisions" c. 56.07-4 clause 25 states that stormwater systems must meet best practice stormwater management objectives. currently, while no longer considered best practice, the state standard is urban stormwater: best practice environmental management guidelines. the current water quality objectives, which do not protect waterways from the impacts of stormwater are: 80 percent retention of typical urban annual suspended solids load 45 percent retention of typical urban annual total phosphorus load 45 percent retention of typical urban annual total nitrogen load 70 percent reduction of typical urban annual litter load. urban stormwater management systems must also meet the requirements of the relevant drainage authority. this is usually the local council. however, in the melbourne region, where a catchment greater than 60ha is concerned it is melbourne water. inflows downstream of the subdivision site are also restricted to pre-development levels unless approved by the relevant drainage authority and there are no detrimental downstream impacts. melbourne water provides a simplified online software tool, storm (stormwater treatment objective – relative measure), to allow users to assess if development proposals meet legislated best practice stormwater quality performance objectives. the storm tool is limited to assessment of discrete wsud treatment practices and so does not model where several treatment practices are used in series. of it is also limited to sites where coverage of impervious surfaces is greater than 40%. for larger more complicated developments more sophisticated modelling, such as music software, is recommended. new south wales at the state level in new south wales, the / state environmental planning policy (building sustainability index: basix) 2004 (nsw ) is the primary piece of policy mandating adoption of wsud. basix is an online program that allows users to enter data relating to a residential development, such as location, size, building materials etc.; to receive scores against water and energy use reduction targets. water targets range from a 0 to 40% reduction in consumption of mains-supplied potable water (see also water demand management), depending on location of the residential development. ninety percent of new homes are covered by the 40% water target. the basix program allows for the modelling of some wsud elements such as use of rainwater tanks, stormwater tanks and greywater recycling. local councils are responsible for the development of local environment plans (leps) which can control development and mandate adoption of wsud practices and targets / local government act 1993 (nsw ). due to a lack of consistent policy and direction at the state-level however, adoption by local councils is mixed with some developing their own wsud objectives in their local environmental plans (lep) and others having no such provisions. in 2006 the then nsw department of environment and conservation released a guidance document, managing urban stormwater: harvesting and reuse. the document presented an overview of stormwater harvesting and provided guidance on planning and design aspects of integrated landscape-scale strategy as well as technical wsud practice implementation. the document now however, although still available on the governmental website, does not appear to be widely promoted. the sydney metropolitan catchment management authority also provides tools and resources to support local council adoption of wsud. these include potential wsud provisions for incorporation into local government leps, with state-level department approval in nsw; potential wsud clauses for incorporation into local government reports, tenders, expressions of interest or other materials.; a wsud decision support tool to guide councils in comparing and evaluating on-ground wsud projects, and draft guidelines for the use of the more sophisticated music modelling software in nsw predictive modelling to assess wsud performance simplified modelling programs are provided by some jurisdictions to assess implementation of wsud practices in compliance with local regulations. storm is provided by melbourne water and basix is used in nsw, australia for residential developments. for large, more complicated developments, more sophisticated modelling software may be necessary. issues affecting decision-making in wsud impediments to the adoption of wsud major issues affecting the adoption of wsud include: "'regulatory framework barriers'" and institutional fragmentation at state and local government levels "'assessment and costing' "uncertainties relating to selecting and optimising wsud practices for quantity and quality control "'technology and design'" and complexity integrating into landscape-scale water management systems "'marketing and acceptance'" and related uncertainties the transition of melbourne city to wsud over the last forty years has culminated in a list of best practice qualities and enabling factors, which have been identified as important in aiding decision making to facilitate transition to wsud technologies. the implementation of wsud can be enabled through the effective interplay between the two variables discussed below. qualities of decision-makers vision for waterway health – a common vision for waterway health through cooperative approaches multi-sectoral network – a network of champions interacting between government, academia, and private sector environmental values – strong environmental protection values public-good disposition – advocacy and protection of the public good best-practice ideology – pragmatic approach to aid cross-sectoral implementation of best practices learning-by-doing philosophy – adaptive approach to incorporating new scientific information opportunistic – strategic and forward thinking approach to advocacy and practice innovative and adaptive – challenge status quo through focus on adaptive management philosophy. key factors for enabling wsud "' socio-political capital'" – an aligned community, media, and political concern for improved waterway health, amenity, and recreation "'bridging organization'" – dedicated organizing entity that facilitates collaboration between science and policy, agencies and professions, and knowledge brokers and industry "'trusted and reliable science'" – accessible scientific expertise, innovating reliable and effective solutions to local problems "'binding targets'" – a measurable and effective target that binds the change activity of scientists, policy makers, and developers "'accountability'" – a formal organizational responsibility for the improvement of waterway health, and a cultural commitment to proactively influence practices that lead to such an outcome "'strategic funding'" – additional resources, including external funding injection points, directed to the change effort "'demonstration projects and training'" – accessible and reliable demonstration of new thinking and technologies in practice, accompanied by knowledge diffusion initiatives "'market receptivity'" – a well-articulated business case for the change activity. wsud projects in australia wsud technologies can be implemented in a range of projects, from previously pristine and undeveloped, or greenfield sites, to developed or polluted brownfield sites that require alteration or remediation. in australia, wsud technologies have been implemented in a broad range of projects, including from small-scale road-side projects, up to large-scale +100 hectare residential development sites. the three key case studies below represent a range of wsud projects from around australia. ku-ring-gai council's kooloona crescent raingarden, nsw the wsud roadway retrofit bioretention system is a small-scale project implemented by the ku-ring-gai council in nsw as part of an overall catchment incentive to reduce stormwater pollution. the raingarden uses a bioretention system to capture and treat an estimated 75 kg of total suspended solids (tss) per year of local stormwater runoff from the road, and filters it through a sand filter media before releasing it back into the stormwater system. permeable pavers are also used in the system within the surrounding pedestrian footpaths, to support the infiltration of runoff into the ground water system. roadside bioretention systems similar to this project have been implemented throughout australia. similar projects are presented on the sydney catchment management authority's wsud website: 2005 ku-ring-gai council – minnamurra avenue water sensitive road project; 2003 city of yarra, victoria – roadway reconstruction with inclusion of bioretention basins to treat stormwater; 2003-4 city of kingston, victoria (chelsea) – roadway reconstruction with inclusion of bioretention basins to treat stormwater, and 2004 city of kingston, victoria (mentone) – roadway reconstruction with inclusion of bioretention basins to treat stormwater. lynbrook estate, victoria the lynbrook estate development project in victoria, demonstrates effective implementation of wsud by the private sector. it is a greenfield residential development site that has focused its marketing for potential residents on innovative use of stormwater management technologies, following a pilot study by melbourne water. the project combines conventional drainage systems with wsud measures at the streetscape and sub-catchment level, with the aim of attenuating and treating stormwater flows to protect receiving waters within the development. primary treatment of the stormwater is carried out by grass swales and an underground gravel trench system, which collects, infiltrates, and conveys road/roof runoff. the main boulevard acts as a bioretention system with an underground gravel-filled trench to allow for infiltration and conveyance of stormwater. the catchment runoff then undergoes secondary treatment through a wetland system before discharge into an ornamental lake. this project is significant as the first residential wsud development of this scale in australia. its performance in exceeding the urban stormwater best practice management guidelines for total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total suspended solids levels, has won it both the 2000 president's award in the urban development institute of australia awards for excellence (recognising innovation in urban development), and the 2001 cooperative research centres' association technology transfer award. its success as a private-sector implemented wsud system led to its proponent urban and regional land corporation (urlc) to look to incorporate wsud as a standard practice across the state of victoria. the project has also attracted attention from developers, councils, waterway management agencies and environmental policy-makers throughout the country. homebush bay, nsw for the establishment of the sydney 2000 olympic games site, the brownfield area of homebush bay was remediated from an area of landfill, abattoirs, and a navy armament depot into a multiuse olympic site. a water reclamation and management scheme (wrams) was set up in 2000 for large-scale recycling of non-potable water, which included a range of wsud technologies. these technologies were implemented with a particular focus on addressing the objectives of protecting receiving waters from stormwater and wastewater discharges; minimising potable water demand; and protecting and enhancing habitat for threatened species 2006. the focus of wsud technologies was directed toward the on-site treatment, storage, and recycling of stormwater and wastewater. stormwater runoff is treated using gross pollutant traps, swales and/or wetland systems. this has contributed to a reduction of 90% in nutrient loads in the haslams creek wetland remediation area. wastewater is treated in a water reclamation plant. almost 100% of sewage is treated and recycled. the treated water from both stormwater and wastewater sources is stored and recycled for use throughout the olympic site in water features, irrigation, toilet flushing, and fire fighting capacities. through the use of wsud technology, the wrams scheme has resulted in the conservation of 850 million litres (ml) of water annually, a potential 50% reduction in annual potable water consumption within the olympic site, as well as the annual diversion of approximately 550 ml of sewage normally discharged through ocean outfalls. as part of the long-term sustainability focus of the 'sydney olympic park master plan 2030', the sydney olympic park authority (sopa) has identified key best practice environmental sustainability approaches to include, the connection to recycled water and effective water demand management practices, maintenance and extension of recycled water systems to new streets as required, and maintenance and extension of the existing stormwater system that