extraglottic devices are another family of supraglottic devices that are inserted through the mouth to sit on top of the larynx. extraglottic devices are used in the majority of operative procedures performed under general anaesthesia. compared to a cuffed tracheal tube, extraglottic devices provide less protection against aspiration but are more easily inserted and causes less laryngeal trauma. limitations of extraglottic devices arise in morbidly obese patients, lengthy surgical procedures, surgery involving the airways, laparoscopic procedures and others due to its bulkier design and inferior ability to prevent aspiration. in these circumstances, endotracheal intubation is generally preferred. the most commonly used extraglottic device is the laryngeal mask airway (lma). an lma is a cuffed perilaryngeal sealer that is inserted into the mouth and set over the glottis. once it is in its seated position, the cuff is inflated. other variations include devices with oesophageal access ports, so that a separate tube can be inserted from the mouth to the stomach to decompress accumulated gases and drain liquid contents. other variations of the device can have an endotracheal tube passed through the lma and into the trachea. infraglottic techniques a cuffed endotracheal tube used in tracheal intubation in contrast to supraglottic devices, infraglottic devices create a conduit between the mouth, passing through the glottis, and into the trachea. there are many infraglottic methods available and the chosen technique is reliant on the accessibility of medical equipment, competence of the clinician and the patient's injury or disease. tracheal intubation, often simply referred to as intubation, is the placement of a flexible plastic or rubber tube into the trachea to maintain an open airway or to serve as a conduit through which to administer certain drugs. the most widely used route is orotracheal, in which an endotracheal tube is passed through the mouth and vocal apparatus into the trachea. in a nasotracheal procedure, an endotracheal tube is passed through the nose and vocal apparatus into the trachea. alternatives to standard endotracheal tubes include laryngeal tube and combitube. surgical methods main article: surgical airway management in cricothyrotomy, the incision or puncture is made through the cricothyroid membrane in between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage photograph of a tracheostomy tube surgical methods for airway management rely on making a surgical incision below the glottis in order to achieve direct access to the lower respiratory tract, bypassing the upper respiratory tract. surgical airway management is often performed as a last resort in cases where orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation are impossible or contraindicated. surgical airway management is also used when a person will need a mechanical ventilator for a longer period. surgical methods for airway management include cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy. a cricothyrotomy is an emergency surgical procedure in which an incision is made through the cricothyroid membrane to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body, angioedema, or massive facial trauma. cricothyrotomy is much easier and quicker to perform than tracheotomy, does not require manipulation of the cervical spine and is associated with fewer immediate complications. some complications of cricothyrotomy include bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding skin and soft tissue structures. a tracheotomy is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon makes incision in the neck and a breathing tube is inserted directly into the trachea. a common reason for performing a tracheotomy includes requiring to be put on a mechanical ventilator for a longer period. the advantages of a tracheotomy include less risk of infection and damage to the trachea during the immediate post-surgical period. although rare, some long term complications of tracheotomies include tracheal stenosis and tracheoinnominate fistulas. airway management in specific situations cardiopulmonary resuscitation main article: cardiopulmonary resuscitation the optimal method of airway management during cpr is not well established at this time given that the majority of studies on the topic are observational in nature. these studies, however, guide recommendations until prospective, randomized controlled trials are conducted. current evidence suggests that for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, basic airway interventions (head-tilt–chin-lift maneuvers, bag-valve-masking or mouth-to-mouth ventilations, nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal airways) resulted in greater short-term and long-term survival, as well as improved neurological outcomes in comparison to advanced airway interventions (endotracheal intubation, laryngeal mask airway, all types of supraglottic airways (sga), and trans-tracheal or trans-cricothyroid membrane airways). given that these are observational studies, caution must be given to the possibility of confounding by indication. that is, patients requiring an advanced airway may have had a poorer prognosis in relation to those requiring basic interventions to begin with. for the management of in-hospital cardiac arrest however, studies currently support the establishment of an advanced airway. it is well documented that quality chest compressions with minimal interruption result in improved survival. this is suggested to be due, in part, to decreased no-flow-time in which vital organs, including the heart are not adequately perfused. establishment of an advanced airway (endotracheal tube, laryngeal mask airway) allows for asynchronous ventilation, reducing the no-flow ratio, as compared to the basic airway (bag-valve mask) for which compressions must be paused to adequately ventilate the patient. bystanders without medical training who see an individual suddenly collapse should call for help and begin chest compressions immediately. the american heart association currently supports "hands-only"™ cpr, which advocates chest compressions without rescue breaths for teens or adults. this is to minimize the reluctance to start cpr due to concern for having to provide mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. trauma bag-valve mask ventilation. airway represents the "a" in the abc mnemonic for trauma resuscitation. management of the airway in trauma can be particularly complicated, and is dependent on the mechanism, location, and severity of injury to the airway and its surrounding tissues. injuries to the cervical spine, traumatic disruption of the airway itself, edema in the setting of caustic or thermal trauma, and the combative patient are examples of scenarios a provider may need to take into account in assessing the urgency of securing an airway and the means of doing so. the pre-hospital setting provides unique challenges to management of the airway including tight spaces, neck immobilization, poor lighting, and often the added complexity of attempting procedures during transport. when possible, basic airway management should be prioritized including head-tilt-chin-lift maneuvers, and bag-valve masking. if ineffective, a supraglottic airway can be utilized to aid in oxygenation and maintenance of a patent airway. an oropharyngeal airway is acceptable, however nasopharyngeal airways should be avoided in trauma, particularly if a basilar skull fracture is suspected. endotracheal intubation carries with it many risks, particularly when paralytics are used, as maintenance of the airway becomes a challenge if intubation fails. it should therefore be attempted by experienced personnel, only when less invasive methods fail or when it is deemed necessary for safe transport of the patient, to reduce risk of failure and the associated increase in morbidity and mortality due to hypoxia. laryngeal mask airway (lma). example of a supraglottic device. management of the airway in the emergency department is optimal given the presence of trained personnel from multiple specialties, as well as access to "difficult airway equipment" (videolaryngoscopy, eschmann tracheal tube introducer, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, surgical methods, etc.). of primary concern is the condition and patency of the maxillofacial structures, larynx, trachea, and bronchi as these are all components of the respiratory tract and failure anywhere along this path may impede ventilation. excessive facial hair, severe burns, and maxillofacial trauma may prevent acquisition of a good mask seal, rendering bag-valve mask ventilation difficult. edema of the airway can make laryngoscopy difficult, and therefore in those with suspected thermal burns, intubation is recommended in attempts to quickly secure an airway prior to progression of the swelling. furthermore, blood and vomitus in the airway may prove visualization of the vocal cords difficult rendering direct and video laryngoscopy, as well as fiberoptic bronchoscopy challenging. establishment of a surgical airway is challenging in the setting of restricted neck extension (such as in a c-collar), laryngotracheal disruption, or distortion of the anatomy by a penetrating force or hematoma. tracheotomy in the operating room by trained professionals is recommended over cricothyroidotomy in the case of complete laryngotracheal disruption or children under the age of 12.