time-based tasks as a result of dividing attentional resources into actively monitoring time, self-initiating the response at the appropriate time and the ongoing task. humans have limited attentional capacity, and therefore high cognitive load affects monitoring of time and consequently time-based prospective memory performance negatively. numerous aspects of daily life depend on time-based prospective memory, ranging from daily activities such as remembering what time to meet a friend, to more important tasks such as remembering what time to take medication. methods of testing prospective memory as defined by kvavilashvili et al. (1996) is remembering to do something at a particular moment in the future or the timely execution of a previously formed intention. time-based prospective memory is when a specific time is the cue indicating that a given action needs to be performed (e.g. calling someone at 3pm). in contrast with time-based prospective memory there is also event-based prospective memory which requires less strain on the cognitive load. self-reports the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire smith et al. developed the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire to make a self-report that covered both retrospective and prospective items, unlike previous self-reports like the cognitive failures questionnaire created by broadbent et al. (1982) and also the everyday memory questionnaire developed by sunderland et al. (1988). consists of 16 items, 8 asking prospective failures and the other 8 asking retrospective failures. the items on the questionnaire are also designed to contain an equal number concerned with either self-cued memory or environmentally cued memory, and with short-term versus long-term memory. the questionnaire provides a useful measure of everyday memory for use in clinical research and practice. simulated naturalistic environments crawford et al. (2006) constructed a virtual shopping precinct from photographs, sounds and video segments linked together. their aim was to assess deficits in participants prospective remembering following chronic traumatic brain injuries, under conditions of high and low distractions. participants are matched with a control group and their goal is complete a list of 10 errands with the help of a checklist. there are 3 targets that appear at certain times throughout their task that make up the prospective component. the group with traumatic brain injuries performed poorly compared to the control group, suggesting how extremely important certain brain areas are in time-based prospective memory. dual-task procedures participants had to perform a working memory task and were also required to perform a time-based prospective action. control participants either did one or the other, but not both. in the time-based task participants had to make a key press after intervals of 10 and 20 minutes while they were performing another task. einstein et al. (1996) found a direct comparison between time-based prospective memory and age/memory type that did not exist when testing event-based prospective memory. test-wait-test-exit (twte) harris et al. (1982) proposed a time-based prospective memory model stating that people encode the future task and then wait for a period of time until a test of memory seems reasonable. if the time is not correct, people tend to wait until the critical exit period. if performance turns out to be successful, then it is dependent that you check on critical time periods. it is also assumed that this monitoring was an intentional process requiring an individual's full attention. value of items taken research performed by bakker et al. (2002) examined the relationship between the value of an item borrowed from a patient for a prospective task and the number of cues required by a patient for requesting its return. 63 patients (27 men, 36 women) who underwent neuropsychological examinations in cortical function laboratory of the johns hopkins hospital between 1997 and 2000 were analyzed. most of the patients were elderly and either had known or suspected dementia. the examiner asked the patients for a personal possession, which was then placed into a drawer in full view of the patient. they were then asked to request for their possession to be returned at the end of the testing period which was between 2–3 hours. at the end of the experiment the examiner would say, "o.k. we are done with testing. let's find dr. x." if the patient was able to remember to request for their item, she/he earned a score of zero because no additional cues were needed. if the patient was unable to remember to ask for their item back, an additional question asking "i wanted you to remember something at the end of the testing. do you remember what that was?" if the patient could then remember, he/she was scored a 1 because of 1 additional cue. if the patient was still unable to ask for their item back, an additional question was added again increasing their score to 2. the highest score a patient could receive was 4, and that is when the experiment ended if the patient could not remember what to ask for after 3 additional cues. the relative value of the items taken from patients were determined by 15 psychology faculty members from johns hopkins based on how much distress their owners would feel if the items were lost. a low rank value determines that the item is valuable and a high rank value indicates the item is less valuable. results show that although sex and education do not affect the ability to remember the item taken, the age of the patient and value of the object are significant. everyday time-based memory everyday functioning often depends on timely execution of intentions at specific times (e.g., paying bills, keeping appointments, making specific phone calls, taking medication). time management time management has developed in order for us to be able to distribute time and get our activities/work complete. although it is not proven that there is a significant relationship between time-based prospective memory and time management, there is significant correlations that indicate that people who are more organized and manage their time well report better memory. technological advancement technological advancements such as smartphones and products from apple inc. allow organization of an individual's day to become a lot more efficient. a study done by guger et al. explains how a severely memory impaired teenager mk is able to confidently go through her day with schedule and alarm systems provided from smartphones. contraception time-based prospective memory is involved in taking oral contraceptive pills daily. a study investigating the satisfaction with oral contraceptive pills and time-based prospective memory by matter et al. (2008) showed that women who provided higher time-based prospective memory were more satisfied with the pill, as well as receiving less stress levels.