calcified ncc versus patients with cystic hydatid disease. current standard for serologic diagnosis of ncc is the lentil lectin-bound glycoproteins/enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (llgp-eitb). guidelines for diagnosis and treatment remain difficult for endemic countries, most of them developing with limited resources. many developing countries diagnosed clinically with imaging. prevention the best way to avoid getting tapeworms is to not eat undercooked pork or vegetables contaminated with faeces. moreover, a high level of sanitation and prevention of faecal contamination of pig feeds also plays a major role in prevention. infection can be prevented with proper disposal of human faeces around pigs, cooking meat thoroughly or freezing the meat at −10 °c for 5 days. for human cysticercosis, dirty hands are attributed to be the primary cause, and especially common among food handlers. treatment treatment of cysticercosis must be carefully monitored for inflammatory reactions to the dying worms, especially if they are located in the brain. albendazole is commonly given (along with glucocorticoids to reduce the inflammation). in selected cases, surgery may be required to remove the cysts. in neurocysticercosis, most patients under cysticidal therapy will have significant improvement in seizure control. a combination of praziquantel and albendazole is more effective in treating neurocystercosis. a 2014 double blind randomized control study showed increased parasiticidal effect with albendazole plus praziquantel. a vaccine to prevent cysticercosis in pigs has been studied. the life-cycle of the parasite can be terminated in their intermediate host, pigs, thereby preventing further human infection. the large scale use of this vaccine, however, is still under consideration. during the 1940s, the preferred treatment was oleoresin of aspidium, which would be introduced into the duodenum via a rehfuss tube. epidemiology t. solium is found worldwide, but its two distinctive forms rely on eating undercooked pork or on ingesting faeces-contaminated water or food (respectively). because pig meat is the intermediate source of the intestinal parasite, rotation of the full life cycle occurs in regions where humans live in close contact with pigs and eat undercooked pork. however, humans can also act as secondary hosts, which is a more pathological, harmful stage triggered by oral contamination. high prevalences are reported among many places with poorer than average water hygiene or even mildly contaminated water especially with a pork-eating heritage such as latin america, west africa, russia, india, manchuria, and southeast asia. in europe it is most common in pockets of slavic countries and among global travelers taking inadequate precautions in eating pork especially. the secondary host form, human cysticercosis, predominates in areas where poor hygiene allows for mild fecal contamination of food, soil, or water supplies. rates in the united states have shown immigrants from mexico, central and south america, and southeast asia bear the brunt of cases of cysticercosis caused by the ingestion of microscopic, long-lasting and hardy tapeworm eggs. for example, in 1990 and 1991 four unrelated members of an orthodox jewish community in new york city developed recurrent seizures and brain lesions, which were found to have been caused by t. solium. all had housekeepers from mexico, some of whom were suspected to be the source of the infections. rates of t. solium cysticercosis in west africa are not affected by any religion. neurocystiscercosis is noted at around one-third of all epilepsy cases in many developing countries. neurological morbidity and mortality remain high in lower-income countries and high amongst developed countries with high rates of migration. global prevalence rates remain largely unknown as screening tools, immunological, molecular tests, and neuroimaging are not usually available in many endemic areas.