otorhinolaryngology otorhinolaryngology otorhinolaryngology (/oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærɪnˈɡɒlədʒi/ oh-toh-ry-noh-larr-in-gol-ə-jee, abbreviated orl and also known as otolaryngology, otolaryngology – head and neck surgery (orl–h&n or ohns), or ear, nose, and throat (ent) is a surgical subspeciality within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ent surgeons or physicians. patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. these commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. in addition, ent surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face and neck. otorhinolaryngologysignificant diseasesdizziness, head and neck cancer, sinusitis, chronic ear disease, hoarseness, nasal obstructionspecialistotorhinolaryngologistglossaryglossary of medicine otolaryngologistoccupationnames physician surgeon occupation typespecialtyactivity sectorsmedicine, surgerydescriptioneducation required doctor of medicine (m.d.) or doctor of osteopathic medicine (d.o.) bachelor of medicine, bachelor of surgery (m.b.b.s.) bachelor of medicine, bachelor of surgery (mbchb) fields ofemploymenthospitals, clinics a 40-watt co2 laser used in otorhinolaryngology royal national throat, nose and ear hospital founded in 1874, in london etymology the term is a combination of neo-latin combining forms (oto- + rhino- + laryngo- + -logy) derived from four ancient greek words: οὖς ous (gen.: ὠτός otos), "ear", ῥίς rhis, "nose", λάρυγξ larynx, "larynx" and -λογία logia, "study" (cf. greek ωτορινολαρυγγολόγος, "otorhinolaryngologist"). training otorhinolaryngologists are physicians (md, do, mbbs, mbchb, etc.) who complete both medical school and an average of 5–7 years of post-graduate surgical training in orl-h&n. in the united states, trainees complete at least five years of surgical residency training. this comprises three to six months of general surgical training and four and a half years in orl-h&n specialist surgery. in canada and the united states, practitioners complete a five-year residency training after medical school. following residency training, some otolaryngologist-head & neck surgeons complete an advanced sub-specialty fellowship, where training can be one to two years in duration. fellowships include head and neck surgical oncology, facial plastic surgery, rhinology and sinus surgery, neuro-otology, pediatric otolaryngology, and laryngology. in the united states and canada, otorhinolaryngology is one of the most competitive specialties in medicine in which to obtain a residency position following medical school. in the united kingdom, entrance to otorhinolaryngology higher surgical training is highly competitive and involves a rigorous national selection process. the training programme consists of 6 years of higher surgical training after which trainees frequently undertake fellowships in a sub-speciality prior to becoming a consultant. the typical total length of education, training and post-secondary school is 12–14 years. otolaryngology is among the more highly compensated surgical specialties in the united states. in 2023, the average annual income was $118,230. sub-specialties head and neck oncologic surgery facial plastic and reconstructive surgery* otology neurotology* rhinology/sinus/anterior skull base surgery laryngology and voice disorders pediatric otorhinolaryngology* sleep medicine* surgical oncology facial cosmetic surgery ear middle and inner ear sinusitis voice disorders velopalatine insufficiency sleep disorders microvascular reconstruction maxillofacial surgery hearing temporal bone allergy phono-surgery cleft lip and palate sleep apnea surgery endocrine surgery traumatic reconstruction balance skull base surgery anterior skull base swallowing disorders airway sleep investigations endoscopic surgery craniofacial surgery dizziness apnea and snoring vascular malformations cochlear implant/baha cochlear implant/baha (* currently recognized by american board of medical subspecialties) topics by subspecialty head and neck surgery head and neck surgical oncology (field of surgery treating cancer/malignancy of the head and neck) head and neck mucosal malignancy (cancer of the pink lining of the upper aerodigestive tract) oral cancer (cancer of lips, gums, tongue, hard palate, cheek, floor of mouth) oropharyngeal cancer (cancer of oropharynx, soft palate, tonsil, base of tongue) larynx cancer (voice box cancer) hypopharynx cancer (lower throat cancer) sinonasal cancer nasopharyngeal cancer skin cancer of the head & neck thyroid cancer salivary gland cancer head and neck sarcoma endocrine surgery of the head and neck thyroid surgery parathyroid surgery microvascular free flap reconstructive surgery skull base surgery otology and neurotology main articles: otology and neurotology study of diseases of the outer ear, middle ear and mastoid, and inner ear, and surrounding structures (such as the facial nerve and lateral skull base) outer ear diseases otitis externa – outer ear or ear canal inflammation middle ear and mastoid diseases otitis media – middle ear inflammation perforated eardrum (hole in the eardrum due to infection, trauma, explosion or loud noise) mastoiditis inner ear diseases bppv – benign paroxysmal positional vertigo labyrinthitis/vestibular neuronitis ménière's disease/endolymphatic hydrops perilymphatic fistula acoustic neuroma, vestibular schwannoma facial nerve disease idiopathic facial palsy (bell's palsy) facial nerve tumors ramsay hunt syndrome symptoms hearing loss tinnitus (subjective noise in the ear) aural fullness (sense of fullness in the ear) otalgia (pain referring to the ear) otorrhea (fluid draining from the ear) vertigo imbalance rhinology rhinology includes nasal dysfunction and sinus diseases. nasal obstruction nasal septum deviation sinusitis – acute, chronic environmental allergies rhinitis pituitary tumor empty nose syndrome severe or recurrent epistaxis pediatric otorhinolaryngology adenoidectomy caustic ingestion cricotracheal resection decannulation laryngomalacia laryngotracheal reconstruction myringotomy and tubes obstructive sleep apnea – pediatric tonsillectomy laryngology main article: laryngology dysphonia/hoarseness laryngitis reinke's edema vocal cord nodules and polyps spasmodic dysphonia tracheostomy cancer of the larynx vocology – science and practice of voice habilitation facial plastic and reconstructive surgery facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a one-year fellowship open to otorhinolaryngologists who wish to begin learning the aesthetic and reconstructive surgical principles of the head, face, and neck pioneered by the specialty of plastic and reconstructive surgery. rhinoplasty and septoplasty facelift (rhytidectomy) browlift blepharoplasty otoplasty genioplasty injectable cosmetic treatments trauma to the face nasal bone fracture mandible fracture orbital fracture frontal sinus fracture complex lacerations and soft tissue damage skin cancer (e.g. basal cell carcinoma) microvascular reconstruction repair microvascular reconstruction repair is a common operation that is done on patients who see an otorhinolaryngologist. microvascular reconstruction repair is a surgical procedure that involves moving a composite piece of tissue from the patient's body and moves it to the head and or neck. microvascular head and neck reconstruction is used to treat head and neck cancers, including those of the larynx and pharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, calvarium, sinuses, tongue and skin. the tissue that is most commonly moved during this procedure is from the arms, legs, back, and can come from the skin, bone, fat, and or muscle. when doing this procedure, the decision on which is moved is determined on the reconstructive needs. transfer of the tissue to the head and neck allows surgeons to rebuild the patient's jaw, optimize tongue function, and reconstruct the throat. when the pieces of tissue are moved, they require their own blood supply for a chance of survival in their new location. after the surgery is completed, the blood vessels that feed the tissue transplant are reconnected to new blood vessels in the neck. these blood vessels are typically no more than 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter which means these connections need to be made with a microscope which is why this procedure is called "microvascular surgery."