is less need for meaningful file names. dicom files typically have a .dcm file extension if they are not part of a dicom media (which requires them to be without extension). the mime type for dicom files is defined by rfc 3240 as application/dicom. the uniform type identifier type for dicom files is org.nema.dicom. there is also an ongoing media exchange test and "connectathon" process for cd media and network operation that is organized by the ihe organization. application areas the core application of the dicom standard is to capture, store and distribute medical images. the standard also provides services related to imaging such as managing imaging procedure worklists, printing images on film or digital media like dvds, reporting procedure status like completion of an imaging acquisition, confirming successful archiving of images, encrypting datasets, removing patient identifying information from datasets, organizing layouts of images for review, saving image manipulations and annotations, calibrating image displays, encoding ecgs, encoding cad results, encoding structured measurement data, and storing acquisition protocols. types of equipment the dicom information object definitions encode the data produced by a wide variety of imaging device types, including, ct (computed tomography), mri (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound, x-ray, fluoroscopy, angiography, mammography, breast tomosynthesis, pet (positron emission tomography), spect (single-photon emission computed tomography), endoscopy, microscopy, nd whole slide imaging, oct (optical coherence tomography). dicom is also implemented by devices associated with images or imaging workflow including, pacs (picture archiving and communication systems), image viewers and display stations, cad (computer-aided detection/diagnosis systems), 3d visualization systems, clinical analysis applications, image printers, film scanners, media burners (that export dicom files onto cds, dvds, etc.), media importers (that import dicom files from cds, dvds, usbs, etc.), ris (radiology information systems), vna (vendor-neutral archives), emr (electronic medical record) systems, and radiology reporting systems fields of medicine many fields of medicine have a dedicated working group within dicom, and dicom is applicable to any field of medicine in which imaging is prevalent, including:, radiology, cardiology, oncology, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, neurology, orthopedics, obstetrics, gynecology, ophthalmology, dentistry, maxillofacial surgery, dermatology, pathology, clinical trials, veterinary medicine, and medical/clinical photography port numbers over ip dicom have reserved the following tcp and udp port numbers by the internet assigned numbers authority (iana): 104 well-known port for dicom over transmission control protocol (tcp) or user datagram protocol (udp). since 104 is in the reserved subset, many operating systems require special privileges to use it; 2761 registered port for dicom using integrated secure communication layer (iscl) over tcp or udp; 2762 registered port for dicom using transport layer security (tls) over tcp or udp; 11112 registered port for dicom using standard, open communication over tcp or udp. the standard recommends but does not require the use of these port numbers. disadvantages according to a paper presented at an international symposium in 2008, the dicom standard has problems related to data entry. "a major disadvantage of the dicom standard is the possibility for entering probably too many optional fields. this disadvantage is mostly showing in inconsistency of filling all the fields with the data. some image objects are often incomplete because some fields are left blank and some are filled with incorrect data." another disadvantage is that the file format admits executable code and may contain malware. related standards and sdos dvtk is an open source project for testing, validating and diagnosing communication protocols and scenarios in medical environments. it supports dicom, hl7 and ihe integration profiles. health level 7 is a non-profit organization involved in the development of international healthcare informatics interoperability standards. hl7 and dicom manage a joint working group to harmonize areas where the two standards overlap and address imaging integration in the electronic medical record. integrating the healthcare enterprise (ihe) is an industry sponsored non-profit organization that profiles the use of standards to address specific healthcare use cases. dicom is incorporated in a variety of imaging related ihe profiles. systematized nomenclature of medicine (snomed) is a systematic, computer-processable collection of medical terms, in human and veterinary medicine, to provide codes, terms, synonyms and definitions which cover anatomy, diseases, findings, procedures, microorganisms, substances, etc. dicom data makes use of snomed to encode relevant concepts. xnview supports .dic / .dicom for mime type application/dicom standards used by dicom the best known standards and protocols used by dicom are: dicom makes use of the osi network model. it uses the 2 network protocols on which the internet is based and which allow data transfer, tcp / ip, and the http hypertext transfer protocol. additionally dicom has its own mime content type. dicom uses other protocols such as dhcp, saml ... dicom makes use of a coding system called snomed ct that is based on medical and clinical terms. dicom uses an external alphabet known as loinc. in the case of breast images, use is made of other types of structured files known as bi-rads. standards that use dicom the dicom standard is used in a wide variety of resources (ihe, hl7 ... a) that are related to images. the iso12052: 2017 and cen 12052 standards refer to the dicom standard.