another neurodegenerative condition.: 88 assessment can be further subdivided into sub-sections: history taking neuropsychological assessments usually commence with a clinical interview as a means of collecting a history, which is relevant to the interpretation of any later neuropsychological tests. in addition, this interview provides qualitative information about the patient's ability to act in a socially apt manner, organise and communicate information effectively and provide an indication as to the patient's mood, insight and motivation.: 58 it is only within the context of a patient's history that an accurate interpretation of their test data and thus a diagnosis can be made.: 44 the clinical interview should take place in a quiet area free from distractions. important elements of a history include demographic information, description of presenting problem, medical history (including any childhood or developmental problems, psychiatric and psychological history), educational and occupational history (and if any legal history and military history.): 47–58 selection of neuropsychological tests it is not uncommon for patients to be anxious about being tested; explaining that tests are designed so that they will challenge everyone and that no one is expected to answer all questions correctly may be helpful. an important consideration of any neuropsychological assessment is a basic coverage of all major cognitive functions. the most efficient way to achieve this is the administration of a battery of tests covering: attention, visual perception and reasoning, learning and memory, verbal function, construction, concept formation, executive function, motor abilities and emotional status. beyond this basic battery, choices of neuropsychological tests to be administered are mainly made on the basis of which cognitive functions need to be evaluated in order to fulfill the assessment objectives. report writing following a neuropsychological assessment it is important to complete a comprehensive report based on the assessment conducted. the report is for other clinicians, as well as the patient and their family, so it is important to avoid jargon or the use of language which has different clinical and lay meanings (e.g. intellectually disabled as the correct clinical term for an iq below 70, but offensive in lay language).: 62 the report should cover background to the referral, relevant history, reasons for assessment, neuropsychologists observations of patient's behaviour, test administered and results for cognitive domains tested, any additional findings (e.g. questionnaires for mood) and finish the report with a summary and recommendations. in the summary it is important to comment on what the profile of results indicates regarding the referral question. the recommendations section contains practical information to assist the patient and family, or improve the management of the patient's condition. educational requirements of different countries the educational requirements for becoming a clinical neuropsychologist differ between countries. in some countries it may be necessary to complete a clinical psychology degree, before specialising with further studies in clinical neuropsychology. while some countries offer clinical neuropsychology courses to students who have completed 4 years of psychology studies. all clinical neuropsychologists require a postgraduate qualification, whether it be a masters or doctorate (phd, psyd or d.psych). australia to become a clinical neuropsychologist in australia requires the completion of a 3-year australian psychology accreditation council (apac) approved undergraduate degree in psychology, a 1-year psychology honours, followed by a 2-year masters or 3-year doctorate of psychology (d.psych) in clinical neuropsychology. these courses involve coursework (lectures, tutorials, practicals etc.), supervised practice placements and the completion of a research thesis. masters and d.psych courses involve the same amount of coursework units, but differ in the amount of supervised placements undertaken and length of research thesis. masters courses require a minimum of 1,000 hours (125 days) and d.psych courses require a minimum of 1,500 hours (200 days), it is mandatory that these placements expose students to acute neurology/neurosurgery, rehabilitation, psychiatric, geriatric and paediatric populations. canada to become a clinical neuropsychologist in canada requires the completion of a 4-year honours degree in psychology and a 4-year doctoral degree in clinical neuropsychology. often a 2-year master's degree is required before commencing the doctoral degree. the doctoral degree involves coursework and practical experience (practicum and internship). practicum is between 600 and 1,000 hours of practical application of skills acquired in the program. at least 300 hours must be supervised, face-to-face client contact. the practicum is intended to prepare students for the internship/residency. internships/residencies are a year long experience in which the student functions as a neuropsychologist, under supervision. currently, there are 3 cpa-accredited clinical neuropsychology internships/residencies in canada, although other unaccredited ones exist. prior to commencing the internship students must have completed all doctoral coursework, received approval for their thesis proposal (if not completed the thesis) and the 600 hours of practicum. united kingdom to become a clinical neuropsychologist in the uk, requires prior qualification as a clinical or educational psychologist as recognised by the health professions council, followed by further postgraduate study in clinical neuropsychology. in its entirety, education to become a clinical neuropsychologist in the uk consists of the completion of a 3-year british psychological society accredited undergraduate degree in psychology, 3-year doctorate in clinical (usually d.clin.psy.) or educational psychology (d.ed.psy.), followed by a 1-year masters (msc) or 9-month postgraduate diploma (pgdip) in clinical neuropsychology. the british psychological division of counselling psychology are also currently offering training to its members in order to ensure that they can apply to be registered neuropsychologists also. united states in order to become a clinical neuropsychologist in the us and be compliant with houston conference guidelines, the completion of a 4-year undergraduate degree in psychology and a 4 to 5-year doctoral degree (psyd or phd) must be completed. after the completion of the doctoral coursework, training and dissertation, students must complete a 1-year internship, followed by an additional 2 years of supervised residency. the doctoral degree, internship and residency must all be undertaken at american psychological association approved institutions. after the completion of all training, students must apply to become licensed in their state to practice psychology. the american board of clinical neuropsychology, the american board of professional neuropsychology, and the american board of pediatric neuropsychology all award board certification to neuropsychologists that demonstrate competency in specific areas of neuropsychology, by reviewing the neuropsychologist's training, experience, submitted case samples, and successfully completing both written and oral examinations. although these requirements are standard according to houston conference guidelines, even these guidelines have stated that the completion of all of these requirements is still aspirational, and other ways of achieving clinical neuropsychologist status are possible. journals the following represents an (incomplete) listing of significant journals in or related to the field of clinical neuropsychology. aging, neuropsychology and cognition applied neuropsychology archives of clinical neuropsychology archives of neurology brain child neuropsychology the clinical neuropsychologist cognitive neuropsychology cortex developmental neuropsychology journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology journal of cognitive neuroscience journal of the international neuropsychological society journal of neuropsychology neurocase neuropsychologia neuropsychological rehabilitation neuropsychology neuropsychology review psychological assessment