way are ostracized by their peers and considered effeminate in studies, young males from cambodia, mexico, peru and south africa reported that they have participated in incidents where girls were coerced into sex (such as gang rapes) and that they did so as a way to prove their masculinity to their friends, or under peer pressure and fear that they would be rejected if they did not participate in the assault. sex industry and sexual assault some theorists charge that the acceptance of these sexual practices increase sexual violence against women, by reinforcing stereotypical views about women, who are seen as sex objects which can be used and abused by men, and by desensitizing men; this being one of the reasons why some theorists oppose the sex industry. they argue that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment. the anti-pornography feminist, andrea dworkin, has famously argued this point in her controversial pornography: men possessing women (1981). evolutionary explanations males who under some circumstances used force may have had greater reproductive success in the ancestral environment than males who did not employ force. sociobiological theories of rape are theories that explore to what degree, if any, evolutionary adaptations influence the psychology of rapists. such theories are highly controversial, as traditional theories typically do not consider rape to be a behavioral adaptation. some object to such theories on ethical, religious, political as well as scientific grounds. others argue that a correct knowledge of the causes of rape is necessary in order to develop effective preventive measures. there is extensive research on sexual coercion.