> palm = under the surface of the foot. the dermal absorption of a dilute solution by partial leg or arm exposure has been modeled by scharf. the epa also has guidance on calculating the dermally absorbed doses of chemicals from contaminated water. mathematical formula: dermally absorbed dose rate = concentration in water × surface area exposed × exposure time × permeability coefficient × conversion factors. b. the second scenario is total body immersion, such as swimming in a pool or lake. exposure in swimming pools is only partially dermal and a swimodel has been proposed. this model takes into account not only the skin exposure but also considers ocular, ingestion, inhalation, and mucous membrane exposure that may occur due to being totally immersed. a second model dealing primarily with skin absorption was created by scharf to assess the risk of overspray of pesticide from aerial spraying on swimming pools. these models use whole body surface area rather than the surface area of specific parts for the mathematical input. c. the third scenario is splash, or droplet exposure. this model takes into account that not all water carrying a chemical that comes into contact with skin stays on the skin long enough to allow absorption. only that portion of a chemical in the solution that stays in contact with the skin is available for absorption. this may be modeled using water adherence factors as postulated by gujral 2011. skin contact with gas or aerosol this is a minor contributor and has been ignored in most risk assessments of chemicals as a route of exposure for gaseous or aerosolized toxicants. more research is needed in this area. controlling skin absorption if skin exposure and absorption are deemed to indicate a risk, various methods to reduce absorption can be undertaken. labels of chemicals can be adapted to require the use of gloves or protective clothing. warnings to wash immediately if the chemical comes into contact with skin can be made. close pools or lakes to swimmers. limit the exposure time to chemicals, i.e. workers can only work with certain chemicals for a certain length of time per day.