reviews are yet available to provide data on the incidence relative to the general population. acute epileptic seizures and status epilepticus tend to be the seizures reported. 57% of the cases occur among patients who had experienced respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. although treatment with benzodiazepines would seem to be contraindicated because of the risk of respiratory depression, covid-19 patients with acute epileptic seizures who are treated have a 96% favorable outcome, while patients with acute epileptic seizures who are not treated appear to have higher rates of mortality (5-39%). acute covid-19 psychiatric symptoms reported prevalence of mental health disorders vary depending on the study. in one review, 35% of patients had mild forms of anxiety, insomnia, and depression and 13% of patients had moderate to severe forms. another review reports frequencies of depression and anxiety of 47% and 37%. according to a large meta-analysis, depression occurs in 23.0% (16.1 to 26.1) and anxiety in 15.9% (5.6 to 37.7). these psychological symptoms correlate with blood based biomarkers, such as c-reactive protein, which is an inflammatory protein. there have been case reports of acute psychiatric disturbance and attempted suicide in the context of acute covid-19 infection. chronic covid-19 psychiatric symptoms a 2021 article published in nature reports increased risk of depression, anxiety, sleep problems, and substance use disorders among post-acute covid-19 patients. in 2020, a lancet psychiatry review reported occurrence of the following post-covid-19 psychiatric symptoms: traumatic memories (30%), decreased memory (19%), fatigue (19%), irritability (13%), insomnia (12%) and depressed mood (11%). other symptoms are also prevalent, but are reported in fewer articles; these symptoms include sleep disorder (100% of patients) and disorder of attention and concentration (20%). these accumulated problems lead to a general (and quantified) reduction in the quality of life and social functioning (measured with the sf-36 scale). there is also increasing evidence to suggest that ongoing psychiatric symptoms, including post-traumatic stress and depression, may contribute to fatigue in post-covid syndrome. mental health symptoms in the general population and among health care providers according to mental health experts, the covid-19 pandemic has caused negative effects on people's mental health around the globe. these effects can manifest as increased anxiety and insecurity, greater fears, and discrimination. experts claim that changes to ones' environment can cause large amounts of distress and insecurity. covid-19 spreads rapidly which is why people feel more panic and anxiety. additionally, anxiety and fear associated with infection can lead to discriminatory behaviors, which then lead to increasingly negative social behaviors, worsening mental health. a systematic review and meta-analyses explored the prevalence of anxiety and depression in the general population in the uk during the first covid-19 lockdown. this review found that there was a 26.35% increase in anxiety during the covid-19 lockdown. pre-pandemic anxiety prevalence was reported to be 4.65% and increased during the pandemic to 31.00%. the review found that depression prevalence pre-pandemic was 4.12% but during the pandemic the prevalence for depression was 32.00% indicating a 27.88% increase. according to a study that compared non-depressed individuals to depressed individuals during the covid-19 pandemic in portugal, perceived addiction to tv, social networking, and gaming increased the risk for depression. higher education and higher intensity of physical activity decreased the risk for depression. in addition, getting up at a later time during weekends, higher consumption of soft drinks, and being a health professional also indicated increased risk for depression. a study used a broader participant scope by including all healthcare workers in the participant sample. the study showed that doctors had slightly higher rates of anxiety and depression. kamberi's study concludes that 34.1% of doctors specifically and 26.9% of nurses reported mild levels of anxiety. while the larger representation showed health care workers expressed that 26.9% showed mild levels of anxiety and 35.2% expressed mild to moderate depression levels in all of the health care participants. kamberi's study shows that regardless of your medical field, all healthcare fields are susceptible to experience mental health concerns. covid-19 impacts mental health of health care providers, but its effect varies based on their specific medical profession. doctors and nurses appear to experience similar rates of mental health challenges with high rates of anxiety (40-45%), depression (12-30%), moderate and severe insomnia (62% and 27%, respectively). in a cross-sectional research study conducted in portugal, an online survey was produced to collect data surrounding the direct comparison of mental health in health care professionals and the general population. it was found that on average there was a significantly higher percentage of health care workers experiencing signs of mental health disorders compared to the general population of portugal. health care workers also frequently exhibit symptoms of more severe disorders developing like post-traumatic stress disorder (14%). in general, about 50% of health care workers exhibit some form of negative emotions. a cross-sectional study determined the stress levels and presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) symptoms in nurses. the results of leng's study showed 5.6% of nurses exhibited significant ptsd symptoms and 22% scored positively on stress levels. the researchers admit significant changes were not seen in stress or ptsd levels as expected indicating disagreement. this study disclosed a significant link between nursing and mental health specifically ptsd was not shown. this contradicts the study in the beginning of the paragraph. despite this, the journal mentioned other similar studies that discovered far stronger correlations and believed a correlation to still be true. when specifically examining post-traumatic stress disorder in nurses during the pandemic, there are many factors contributing to the decline. nurses are experiencing the toll of covid-19 first-hand in hospitals, including increased mortality statistics and virus exposure. these experiences may trigger abhorrent thoughts of past disease outbreaks or may even contribute to lasting emotional stress in the future. post traumatic stress disorder is not the only serious complication coming arising in the nursing field. a journal investigated a relationship with suicide rates in nursing finding “elevated suicide rates for nurses compared with other, non-healthcare providers.” rapid spread of covid-19 in long-term care settings impacted the quality of care in such facilities during the pandemic. there was an increase in tele-health services compared to pre-pandemic frequency, however residents of long term-care settings went long periods of time without access to mental health services. the implementation of pandemic-related visitor restrictions also potentially contributed negatively to the emotional well-being, loneliness, and quality of life of long-term care residents. it is crucial to understand how mental health disorders can be combatted and managed. there are numerous options, some include solutions done directly or others require medical intercession. contact a medical provider contact a local or national mental health hotline take time to perform self-care increase nutritional food intake talk to a trusted friend or family member pediatric symptoms of covid-19 children also exhibit neurological or mental health symptoms associated with covid-19, although the rate of severe disease is much lower among children than adults. children with covid-19 appear to exhibit similar rates as adults for loss of taste and smell. kawasaki syndrome, a multi-system inflammatory syndrome, has received extensive attention. about 16% of children experience some type of neurological manifestation of covid-19, such as headache or fatigue. about 1% of children have severe neurological symptoms. about 15% of children with kawasaki syndrome exhibit severe neurological symptoms, such as encephalopathy. covid-19 does not appear to elicit epilepsy de novo in children, but it can bring out seizures in children with prior histories of epilepsy. covid-19 has not been associated with strokes in children. guilliain barre syndrome also appears to be rare in children. children and families also had psychological effects due to the covid-19 pandemic. a study looking at children between the ages of 5-11 and their caregivers in the uk found that more than 30% of caregivers reported changes in their children's behavioral and emotional states. 61.4% stated their children had an increase in frustration and some of the other symptoms reported were irritability, restlessness, anger, anxiety, sadness, worry and being more likely to argue with the rest of the family. during the pandemic there was a significant increase in the amount of time children spent on screens, and less on physical activity and sleeping. more than half of the caregiver's reported their psychological distress levels increased during the lockdown, which was significantly related to child symptoms. a study of chinese participants showed that adolescents also had negative impacts to their wellbeing during the covid-19 lockdown. this study explored how increases in depression, anxiety, and insomnia created difficulties of adolescents when it came to academic engagement during online learning. covid-19 also impacted the availability of therapy and mental health services to those who were already receiving treatment. a cross-sectional online survey found that 42% of children lost access to all therapy services during the pandemic, and 34% were able to receive at least on therapy service via telehealth. over 40% of parents expressed regressions in their children's motor, behavior, social, and communication skills which they attributed to the changes in therapy services. research into covid-19 induced brain damage neurological complications in covid-19 are a result of sars-cov-2 infection or a complication of post infection which can be due to (1) direct sars-cov-2 invasion on the cns via systemic circulation or olfactory epithelium directed trans-synaptic mechanism; (2) inflammatory mediated cns damage due to cytokine storm and endothelitis; (3) thrombosis mediated cns damage due to sars-cov-2 interaction with host ace2 receptor resulting in ace2 downregulation, coagulation cascade activation, and multiple organ dysfunction; (4) hypoxemic respiratory failures and cardiorespiratory effects due to sars-cov-2 invasion on brain stem. there is ongoing research about the short- and long-term damage covid-19 may possibly cause to the brain. including in cases of 'long covid'. for instance, a study showed how covid-19 may cause microvascular brain pathology and endothelial cell-death, disrupting the blood–brain barrier. another study identified neuroinflammation and an activation of adaptive and innate immune cells in the brain stem of covid-19 patients. long covid may contribute to inflammaging in aged individuals and lead to long term brain changes, rendering patients vulnerable to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. brain-scans and cognitive tests of 785 uk biobank participants (401 positive cases) suggests covid-19 is associated with, at least temporary, changes to the brain that include: (greater) "reduction in grey matter thickness and tissue contrast in the orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus;" "changes in markers of tissue damage in regions that are functionally connected to the primary olfactory cortex;" "reduction in global brain size" as well as (greater) cognitive decline between the two time points of selected cognitive tests a study indicates that sars-cov-2 builds tunneling nanotubes from nose cells to gain access to the brain.