contributed to approximately 26.06 million disability-adjusted life years in 2010, as well as significant deleterious economic effects. in 2011, the world health organization launched a 2020 roadmap for neglected tropical diseases, aiming for the control or elimination of 10 common diseases. the 2012 london declaration builds on this initiative, and called on endemic countries and the international community to improve access to clean water and basic sanitation, improved living conditions, vector control, and health education, to reach the 2020 goals. in 2017, a who report cited 'unprecedented progress' against neglected tropical diseases since 2007, especially due to mass drug administration of drugs donated by pharmaceutical companies. pandemic prevention and preparedness pandemics have an impact on global health. this section is an excerpt from pandemic prevention. pandemic prevention is the organization and management of preventive measures against pandemics. those include measures to reduce causes of new infectious diseases and measures to prevent outbreaks and epidemics from becoming pandemics. it is not to be mistaken for pandemic preparedness or mitigation (e.g. against covid-19) which largely seek to mitigate the magnitude of negative effects of pandemics, although the topics may overlap with pandemic prevention in some respects. some biosafety and public health researchers contend that certain pandemic prevention efforts themselves carry risk of triggering pandemics (e.g. wildlife virus sampling), though not engaging in any form of sampling also carries the risk of being unprepared for future spillover events and being unaware of future pandemic pathogens. this section is an excerpt from pandemic § pandemic preparedness. early development of vaccines may be one way to prepare for future pandemics that couldn't get prevented. in 2021, scientists called for accelerated efforts in the development of broadly protective vaccines, especially a universal coronavirus vaccine that durably protects not just against all sars-cov-2 variants but also other coronaviruses, including already identified animal coronaviruses with pandemic potential. other components may include measures related to disease surveillance for detecting pathogens (including early warning systems), data collection and modelling to enable tracing and explaining the spread of pathogens, improvements to public-health guidance and communication, and the development of relevant therapies, including therapies beyond vaccines. health research and development the global health approach could foster international collaboration in medical research and development and share of its results such as vaccines, optimizing overall global health for citizens. the u.s. agency for international development's new global health research and development strategy 2023-2028 includes plans to coordinate with such stakeholders in support of innovative global health product development and work with other agencies like the cdc and national institutes of health. another approach to health would be the innovation of vaccines. the washington post reported the us government's new five billion dollar budget on vaccines to prevent covid variants because the vaccines' access and public-private partnerships are important. often the relevance of mechanisms to stimulate research and development is limited by national scopes and "by the transnational nature of the problem which asks for an international approach". financing models, creation of evidence-based recommendations, and logistics may be part of that. maternal health main articles: maternal health and reproductive health complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women of reproductive age. in many developing countries, a woman dies from complications from childbirth approximately every minute. according to the world health organization's 2005 world health report, poor maternal conditions are the fourth leading cause of death for women worldwide, after hiv/aids, malaria, and tuberculosis. most maternal deaths and injuries can be prevented, and such deaths have been largely eradicated in the developed world. targets for improving maternal health include increasing and assisting the number of deliveries accompanied by skilled birth attendants. 68 low-income countries tracked by the who- and unicef-led collaboration countdown to 2015 are estimated to hold for 97% of worldwide maternal and child deaths. nutrition main articles: human nutrition and healthy diet in 2010, about 104 million children were underweight, and undernutrition contributes to about one third of child deaths around the world. (undernutrition is not to be confused with malnutrition, which refers to poor proportion of food intake and can thus refer to obesity.) undernutrition impairs the immune system, increasing the frequency, severity, and duration of infections (including measles, pneumonia, and diarrhea). infection can further contribute to malnutrition. deficiencies of micronutrients, such as vitamin a, iron, iodine, and zinc, are common worldwide and can compromise intellectual potential, growth, development, and adult productivity. interventions to prevent malnutrition include micronutrient supplementation, fortification of basic grocery foods, dietary diversification, hygienic measures to reduce spread of infections, and the promotion of breastfeeding. non-communicable diseases main article: non-communicable disease approximately 80% of deaths linked to non-communicable diseases occur in developing countries. for instance, urbanization and aging have led to increasing poor health conditions related to non-communicable diseases in india. the fastest-growing causes of disease burden over the last 26 years were diabetes (rate increased by 80%) and ischemic heart disease (up 34%). more than 60% of deaths, about 6.1 million, in 2016 were due to ncds, up from about 38% in 1990. increases in refugee urbanization, has led to a growing number of people diagnosed with chronic non-communicable diseases. in september 2011, the united nations is hosting its first general assembly special summit on the issue of non-communicable diseases. noting that non-communicable diseases are the cause of some 35 million deaths each year, the international community is being increasingly called to take measures for the prevention and control of chronic diseases and mitigate their impacts on the world population, especially on women, who are usually the primary caregivers. for example, the rate of type 2 diabetes, associated with obesity, has been on the rise in countries previously troubled by hunger. in low-income countries, the number of individuals with diabetes is expected to increase from 84 million to 228 million by 2030. obesity, a preventable condition, is associated with numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular conditions, stroke, certain cancers, and respiratory disease. about 16% of the global burden of disease, measured as dalys, has been accounted for by obesity. considering that 360 million people across the world live with disabling hearing loss, including 32 million children and nearly 180 million older adults, and that chronic ear diseases, such as chronic suppurative otitis media, can lead to hearing loss and may cause life-threatening complications, the seventieth world health assembly on may 31 2017 signed the resolution wha70.13 (agenda item 15.8) urging member states to integrate strategies for ear and hearing care within the framework of their primary health care systems, under the umbrella of universal health coverage. a world report on hearing (wrh) was published in response to the resolution (wha70.13), to provide guidance for member states to integrate ear and hearing care into their national health plans. lifestyle diseases this section is an excerpt from lifestyle disease. lifestyle diseases can be defined as diseases linked with one's lifestyle. these diseases are non-communicable diseases. they are caused by lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating, alcohol, substance use disorders and smoking tobacco, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, obesity, type ii diabetes and lung cancer. the diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer include alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney failure, osteoporosis, pcod, stroke, depression, obesity and vascular dementia. lifestyle disease may soon have an impact on the workforce and the cost of health care. treating these non-communicable diseases can be expensive. it can be critical for the patients health to receive primary prevention and identify early symptoms of these non-communicable diseases. these lifestyle diseases are expected to increase throughout the years if people do not improve their lifestyle choices. some commenters maintain a distinction between diseases of longevity and diseases of civilization or diseases of affluence. certain diseases, such as diabetes, dental caries and asthma, appear at greater rates in young populations living in the "western" way; their increased incidence is not related to age, so the terms cannot accurately be used interchangeably for all diseases. commercial determinants of health refers private sector activities that affect people's health positively or negatively such as advertisements for unhealthy food. health-related largest causes of death this section is an excerpt from list of causes of death by rate. leading cause of death (2016) (world) the following is a list of the causes of human deaths worldwide for different years arranged by their associated mortality rates. in 2002, there were about 57 million deaths. in 2005, according to the world health organization (who) using the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (icd), about 58 million people died. in 2010, according to the institute for health metrics and evaluation, 52.8 million people died. in 2016, the who recorded 56.7 million deaths with the leading cause of death as cardiovascular disease causing more than 17 million deaths (about 31% of the total) as shown in the chart to the side. some causes listed include deaths also included in more specific subordinate causes, and some causes are omitted, so the percentages may only sum approximately to 100%. the causes listed are relatively immediate medical causes, but the ultimate cause of death might be described differently. for example, tobacco smoking often causes lung disease or cancer, and alcohol use disorder can cause liver failure or a motor vehicle accident. for statistics on preventable ultimate causes, see preventable causes of death. besides frequency, other measures to compare, consider and monitor trends of causes of deaths include disability-adjusted life year (daly) and years of potential life lost (ypll). this section is an excerpt from list of causes of death by rate § developed vs. developing economies. global number of deaths (a) and ylls (b), by bacterial pathogen (of 33) and gbd super-region, 2019 top causes of death, according to the world health organization report for the calendar year 2001: causes of death in developing countriesnumber of deathscauses of death in developed countriesnumber of deaths hiv-aids2,678,000 ischaemic heart disease3,512,000 lower respiratory infections2,643,000 cerebrovascular disease3,346,000 ischaemic heart disease2,484,000 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1,829,000 diarrhea1,793,000 lower respiratory infections1,180,000 cerebrovascular disease1,381,000 lung cancer938,000 childhood diseases1,217,000 car crash669,000 malaria1,103,000 stomach cancer657,000 tuberculosis1,021,000 hypertensive heart disease635,000 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease748,000 tuberculosis571,000 measles674,000 suicide499,000 violence against women main article: domestic violence violence against women has been defined as: "physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family and in the general community, including battering, sexual abuse, dowry-related violence, rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women, forced prostitution and violence perpetrated or condoned by the state." in addition to causing injury, violence may increase "women's long-term risk of a number of other health problems, including chronic pain, physical disability, drug and alcohol abuse, and depression". the who report on global and regional estimates on violence against women found that partner abuse causes women to have 16% more chances of suffering miscarriages, 41% more occurrences of pre-term birth babies and twice the likeliness of having abortions and acquiring hiv or other stds although statistics can be difficult to obtain as many cases go unreported, it is estimated that one in every five women faces some form of violence during her lifetime, in some cases leading to serious injury or even death. risk factors for being an offender include low education, past exposure to child maltreatment or witnessing violence between parents, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes accepting of violence, and gender inequality. equality of women has been addressed in the millennium development goals. now, gender equality is sustainable development goal 5. preventing the violence against women needs to form an essential part of the public health reforms in the form of advocation and evidence gathering. primary prevention in the form of raising women economic empowerment facilities, microfinance and skills training social projects related to gender equality should be conducted. activities promoting relationship and communication skills among couples, reducing alcohol access and altering societal ideologies should be organized. childhood interventions, community and school-based education, raising media-oriented awareness and other approaches should be carried out to challenge social norms and stereotypical thought processes to promote behavioral