coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations (cepi) is a foundation that takes donations from public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations, to finance research projects which are not longer independent to develop vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (eid). coalition for epidemic preparedness innovationsabbreviationcepiformationjanuary 2017 (2017-01)founders wellcome trust bill & melinda gates foundation india norway world economic forum founded atdavos, switzerlandpurposefund vaccine developmentheadquartersoslo, norwaylocationslondon, englandwashington, d.c., united stateschief executiverichard j. hatchettkey peoplejane halton (chair)staff (2020) 68websitecepi.net cepi is focused on the world health organization's (who) "blueprint priority diseases", which include: the middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the nipah virus, the lassa fever virus, and the rift valley fever virus, as well as the chikungunya virus and the hypothetical, unknown pathogen "disease x". cepi investment also requires "equitable access" to the vaccines during outbreaks, although subsequent cepi policy changes may have compromised this criterion. cepi was conceived in 2015 and formally launched in 2017 at the world economic forum (wef) in davos, switzerland. it was co-founded and co-funded with us$460 million from the bill and melinda gates foundation, the wellcome trust, and the governments of india and norway, and was later joined by the european union (2019) and the united kingdom (2020). cepi is headquartered in oslo, norway. history founding jeremy farrar, co-author of the concept of cepi, and board member the concept for cepi was outlined in a july 2015 paper in the new england journal of medicine, titled "establishing a global vaccine-development fund", co-authored by british medical researcher jeremy farrar (a director of wellcome trust), american physician stanley a. plotkin (co-discoverer of the rubella vaccine), and american expert in infectious diseases adel mahmoud (developer of the hpv vaccine and rotavirus vaccine). their concept was further expanded at the 2016 wef in davos, where it was discussed as a solution to the problems encountered in developing and distributing a vaccine for the western african ebola virus epidemic. co-founder and funder, bill gates said: "the market is not going to solve this problem because epidemics do not come along very often — and when they do you are not allowed to charge some huge premium price for the tools involved". cepi's creation was also supported and co-funded by the pharmaceutical industry including glaxosmithkline (gsk), with ceo sir andrew witty explaining at the wef, "it is super-disruptive when the red phone rings in our vaccine division because of a health emergency. people do not realise that there's no spare capacity in the world's vaccine production system today". cepi was formally launched at the 2017 wef in davos, with an initial investment of us$460 million by a consortium that included the governments of norway, japan, and germany, the wellcome trust, and the gates foundation; india joined a short time afterwards. in a launch interview with the financial times (ft), gates said that a key goal was to reduce the time to develop vaccines from 10 years to less than 12 months. the initial targets were the six eid viruses with known potential to cause major epidemics, being: mers, lassa fever, nipah virus, ebola, marburg fever and zika. the ft reported cepi would "build the scientific and technological infrastructure for developing vaccines quickly against pathogens that emerge from nowhere to cause a global health crisis, such as sars in 2002/03 and zika in 2015/16", and fund research papers on the costs and process of vaccine development. town & country listed it as one of the top-10 newsworthy moments from the 2017 davos. at launch, norwegian physician john-arne røttingen, who led the steering committee for ebola vaccine trials, served as interim ceo, and cepi was based at the norwegian institute of public health in oslo. in april 2017, richard j. hatchett, former director of the u.s. government's biomedical advanced research and development authority (barda), became the full-time ceo. hatchett was also a member of the united states homeland security council under george w. bush, and the united states national security council, under barack obama. also in april 2017, cepi opened an additional office in london, and in october 2017, a further office was opened in washington, d.c. nature later stated, "it is by far the largest vaccine development initiative ever against viruses that are potential epidemic threats". in 2020, cepi was identified by several media outlets as a "key player in the race to develop a vaccine" for coronavirus disease 2019. funding at its launch in 2017, cepi announced five-year financial pledges from its founders that amounted to us$460 million and came from the sovereign governments of japan (us$125 million), norway (us$120 million), and germany (us$10.6 million in 2017 alone, and which later became us$90 million), and from global foundations of the gates foundation (us$100 million), and the wellcome trust (us$100 million); india was finalising their financial commitment, which was made shortly afterward. a funding target of us$1 billion was set for the first 5 years of operation (i.e. by january 2022). the journal nature said of the amount raised that: "it is by far the largest vaccine development initiative ever against viruses that are potential epidemic threats". as part of its funding structure, cepi has used "vaccine bonds" to "frontload" multi-year sovereign funding pledges. in 2019, the international finance facility for immunisation (iffim) issued nok 600 million in vaccine bonds to front-load the commitment by norway, through gavi, the vaccine alliance, to cepi. in march 2019, the european commission granted access to cepi into the eu's horizon 2020 programme, and a longer-term financial funding programme. cepi note presentations that the eu's financial commitment amounts to us$200 million, which when added to the seed amount (including the full german commitment), came to us$740 million. by february 2020, bloomberg news reported that cepi had raised a total of us$760 million with additional donations from the governments of australia, belgium, canada, and the u.k. bloomberg said that "cepi solves what economists call a 'coordination problem'. it can help pair boutique research and development companies with big vaccine manufacturers, work with regulators to streamline approval processes and resolve patent disputes on the spot. its scientific advisory committee has executives from pfizer, johnson & johnson, and japan's takeda pharmaceutical, among others". in march 2020, the british government pledged £210 million in funding to cepi to specifically focus on a vaccine for the coronavirus; making britain cepi's largest individual donor. in january 2022, the wellcome trust and the bill & melinda gates foundation pledged $300 million to cepi. this is part of cepi's effort to enable the world to reduce vaccine development timelines to 100 days. 2019 contributions contributorcategoryvaluemillion usd norwaycommon pool81.7 germanycommon pool39.3 japancommon pool25.0 bill & melinda gates foundationcommon pool20.0 euchik & rvf18.4 ukcommon pool13.0 canadacommon pool7.5 euebola3.7 vulcan inc.ebola2.5 australiacommon pool0.7 wellcome trustcommon pool0.1 currency adjustment−0.9 total211.0 mission main article: economics of vaccines the founding mission of cepi was "equitable access" in pandemics: selling vaccines to developing nations at affordable prices. affordable access to existing patented vaccines had long been a concern for the medical community, and concern mounted in the wake of the struggle to get access to vaccine in the 2013–2016 ebola epidemic. averting a repetition of this crisis was the motivating factor behind founding cepi. the struggle to get access to vaccine in the 2013–2016 ebola epidemic was one of the factors motivating the creation of the cepi policy changes cepi's original policy contained specific measures to prevent some of these market problems. all vaccine-manufacturing contracts would need initial approval by a public review board. the policy also stated that vaccine prices would be set at levels affordable to those needing vaccines and sustainable to the manufacturer. trade secrets would not be funded by the cepi. companies had to share all research data developed with cepi funds. while cepi would, controversially, not retain and license the intellectual property developed with cepi funds (allowing the groups awarded funding to own it), the cepi retained "step-in" rights: the right to license and use intellectual property developed with cepi funds for vaccine production, even if the company that had received the funding and taken ownership of the ip later withdrew from the agreement with cepi. the original policy also required that funded parties pre-register any trials in a clinical trials registry, publish results within a year of study completion (except with compelling reason and permission of cepi), publish results in open-access articles, and have mechanisms for securely sharing underlying data and results, including negative results, in a way that preserves trial volunteer privacy (see alltrials for further information). pharmaceutical corporations, including johnson & johnson, pfizer, and takeda, objected to the original policy, and these provisions were removed in december 2018, after the cepi had obtained significant funding. the policy changes met with strong criticism, led by médecins sans frontières. cepi was also criticized for not following its own policies on transparency, and for removing the requirement that cepi's board review cepi's contracts. the cepi stated that its vaccines would continue to be affordable and available, and published an article discussing the changes, saying that the old policy "while reflective of the idealism that inspired the creation of cepi, was felt by others not to be pragmatic or reflect the business realities confronted by vaccine developers". it said that several unnamed vaccine manufacturers had declared that they could not work with the cepi under the original policy. it said that the policy change did not reflect a change in commitment to access, and cepi would still retain the right to do research and development using intellectual property it had funded, if the old partner was unable to continue. it also said that the cepi would retain the right to find a new manufacturer if the old manufacturer could not continue, provided the old manufacturer agrees to the transfer of the information and intellectual property to the new one. the new york times said that cepi had made a "failed effort to get large pharmaceutical firms to agree to be partners without insisting on substantial profits or proprietary rights to research that cepi helped to finance and produce," and had replaced specific implementation measures with lip service to its funding mission. reception the coalition was nominated for the 2021 nobel peace prize by norwegian mp carl-erik grimstad. structure richard j. hatchett, ceo of cepi from 2017 cepi is incorporated under norwegian law. as of march 2020, a full-time staff of 68 that runs the organisation under the direction of a chief executive officer, richard hatchett. the board consists of members, four from the investors council, and eight "independent members representing competencies including industry, global health, science, resource mobilization, finance." t scientific advisory committee (sac consists of 24 voting members that provide "scientific support, advice, and guidance to the cepi board and secretariat." joint coordination group (jag). the jag is a "roundtable of independent institutions with an interest in seeing cepi's vaccines successfully developed and deployed in an outbreak." members of the jag included the who, gavi, european medicines agency, food and drug administration, médecins sans frontières, unicef, international federation of red cross and red crescent societies, african vaccine regulatory forum, national institute for biological standards and control, and the wellcome trust. investors council (ic). the ic nominates four investor representatives to the board, and its approval is required for single investments over us$100 million. it included representatives from the governments of norway, uk, germany, japan, canada, ethiopia, australia, belgium, the eu, and the gates foundation and the wellcome trust. publications in october 2018, cepi scientists estimated that the costs of developing at least one vaccine for each of the diseases that could escalate into global humanitarian crises was between us$2.8 billion and us$3.7 billion. in november 2019, cepi discussed its target portfolio was on the who's "blueprint priority diseases", that included: mers-cov, nipah virus, lassa fever virus, and rift valley fever virus, as well as chikungunya virus, and the who's disease x. cepi outlined its projects to update cepi priorities for establishment of technical and regulatory pathways for vaccine development, develop sustainable manufacturing solutions for vaccine candidates nearing completion, and create investigatory stockpiles of its vaccine candidates for use in emergency situations. investments