when they persist, they are related to academic struggles. for example, children with learning difficulties have been found to exhibit persistent primitive reflexes. in addition, a persistent atnr has been found to be associated with lower reading and spelling scores, and children with reading problems tend to display the tonic labyrinthine reflex more than children without reading problems. lastly, a relationship has been found between adhd symptoms and atnr persistence and another between adhd diagnosis and moro and galant reflex persistence. other primitive reflexes tested in adults as mentioned in the introduction, when primitive reflexes are not being suppressed properly they are generally referred to as frontal release signs (although this may be a misnomer). in addition to the reflexes previously mentioned, they include the palmomental reflex, snout reflex, glabellar reflex or "tap" reflex. primitive reflexes in high-risk newborns the term high-risk newborns refers to neonates with a significant chance of mortality or morbidity, especially within the first month of being born. high-risk newborns will often show abnormal responses of primitive reflexes, or lack a response entirely. performance of primitive reflexes in high-risk newborns will often vary in response depending on the reflex (e.g., normal moro reflex may be present, while the walking reflex is absent or abnormal). normal performance of primitive reflexes in newborns can be linked to a greater likelihood of having higher apgar scores, higher birth weight, shorter hospitalization time after birth, and a better overall mental state. a 2011 cross-sectional study assessing primitive reflexes in 67 high-risk newborns, used a sample method to evaluate responses of the sucking, babinski and moro reflexes. the results of the study showed that the sucking reflex was performed normally most often (63.5%), followed by the babinski reflex (58.7%), and the moro reflex (42.9%). the study concluded that high-risk newborns presented more periodic abnormal and absent responses of primitive reflexes, and that each reflex varied in response. however, with the advent of simple and effective methods like the amiel tison method of neurological assessment, as predictor of neurological sequelae in high-risk neonates and infants, the importance of assessment of primitive reflexes is decreasing.