agrobacterium agrobacterium agrobacterium is a genus of gram-negative bacteria established by h. j. conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants. agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied species in this genus. agrobacterium is well known for its ability to transfer dna between itself and plants, and for this reason it has become an important tool for genetic engineering. agrobacterium scientific classification domain: bacteria phylum: pseudomonadota class: alphaproteobacteria order: hyphomicrobiales family: rhizobiaceae genus: agrobacteriumconn 1942 (approved lists 1980) type species agrobacterium radiobacter(smith and townsend 1907) conn 1942 (approved lists 1980) species "agrobacterium albertimagni" salmassi et al. 2002 agrobacterium arsenijevicii kuzmanović et al. 2019 "agrobacterium bohemicum" zahradnik et al. 2018 agrobacterium cavarae flores-félix et al. 2020 "agrobacterium deltaense" yan et al. 2017 agrobacterium fabacearum delamuta et al. 2020 "agrobacterium fabrum" lassalle et al. 2011 agrobacterium larrymoorei bouzar and jones 2001 agrobacterium nepotum (puławska et al. 2012) mousavi et al. 2016 agrobacterium pusense (panday et al. 2011) mousavi et al. 2016 agrobacterium radiobacter (beijerinck and van delden 1902) conn 1942 (approved lists 1980) agrobacterium rosae kuzmanović et al. 2019 agrobacterium rubi (hildebrand 1940) starr and weiss 1943 agrobacterium salinitolerans yan et al. 2017 agrobacterium skierniewicense (puławska et al. 2012) mousavi et al. 2016 synonyms polymonas lieske 1928 nomenclatural history leading up to the 1990s, the genus agrobacterium was used as a wastebasket taxon. with the advent of 16s sequencing, many agrobacterium species (especially the marine species) were reassigned to genera such as ahrensia, pseudorhodobacter, ruegeria, and stappia. the remaining agrobacterium species were assigned to three biovars: biovar 1 (agrobacterium tumefaciens), biovar 2 (agrobacterium rhizogenes), and biovar 3 (agrobacterium vitis). in the early 2000s, agrobacterium was synonymized with the genus rhizobium. this move proved to be controversial. the debate was finally resolved when the genus agrobacterium was reinstated after it was demonstrated that it was phylogenetically distinct from rhizobium and that agrobacterium species were unified by a unique synapomorphy: the presence of the protelomerase gene, tela, which causes all members of the genus to have a linear chromid. by this time, however, the three agrobacterium biovars had become defunct; biovar 1 remained with agrobacterium, biovar 2 was renamed rhizobium rhizogenes, and biovar 3 was renamed allorhizobium vitis. plant pathogen the large growths on these roots are galls induced by agrobacterium sp. agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown-gall disease in plants. the disease is characterised by a tumour-like growth or gall on the infected plant, often at the junction between the root and the shoot. tumors are incited by the conjugative transfer of a dna segment (t-dna) from the bacterial tumour-inducing (ti) plasmid. the closely related species, agrobacterium rhizogenes, induces root tumors, and carries the distinct ri (root-inducing) plasmid. although the taxonomy of agrobacterium is currently under revision it can be generalised that 3 biovars exist within the genus, agrobacterium tumefaciens, agrobacterium rhizogenes, and agrobacterium vitis. strains within agrobacterium tumefaciens and agrobacterium rhizogenes are known to be able to harbour either a ti or ri-plasmid, whilst strains of agrobacterium vitis, generally restricted to grapevines, can harbour a ti-plasmid. non-agrobacterium strains have been isolated from environmental samples which harbour a ri-plasmid whilst laboratory studies have shown that non-agrobacterium strains can also harbour a ti-plasmid. some environmental strains of agrobacterium possess neither a ti nor ri-plasmid. these strains are avirulent. the plasmid t-dna is integrated semi-randomly into the genome of the host cell, and the tumor morphology genes on the t-dna are expressed, causing the formation of a gall. the t-dna carries genes for the biosynthetic enzymes for the production of unusual amino acids, typically octopine or nopaline. it also carries genes for the biosynthesis of the plant hormones, auxin and cytokinins, and for the biosynthesis of opines, providing a carbon and nitrogen source for the bacteria that most other micro-organisms can't use, giving agrobacterium a selective advantage. by altering the hormone balance in the plant cell, the division of those cells cannot be controlled by the plant, and tumors form. the ratio of auxin to cytokinin produced by the tumor genes determines the morphology of the tumor (root-like, disorganized or shoot-like). in humans although generally seen as an infection in plants, agrobacterium can be responsible for opportunistic infections in humans with weakened immune systems, but has not been shown to be a primary pathogen in otherwise healthy individuals. one of the earliest associations of human disease caused by agrobacterium radiobacter was reported by dr. j. r. cain in scotland (1988). a later study suggested that agrobacterium attaches to and genetically transforms several types of human cells by integrating its t-dna into the human cell genome. the study was conducted using cultured human tissue and did not draw any conclusions regarding related biological activity in nature. uses in biotechnology