ivy loop is named after him. ivy is considered a pioneer and father of the modern practice of plastic surgery. ivy was influenced by dr. vilray blair of washington university school of medicine. ivy founded the journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery, plastic surgery's premier peer reviewed academic journal and the american association of oral and plastic surgeons and served as its president. in 1919, new york city oral and maxillofacial surgeon, dr. armin wald, an 1896 graduate of new york university college of dentistry, was among the first in the united states to successfully demonstrate and publish a procedure for alveolectomy and alveoloplasty, the surgical resection and smoothing of the ridge of the mandible and maxilla for cosmetic and prosthetic purposes. once mastered, the innovative procedure was remarkably simple; to the present, the procedure is commonplace among oral, plastic and ent surgeons performing alveolar ridge reconstruction and bone grafting. wald was influenced by his father, henry wald, m.d., an 1872 university of vienna faculty of medicine graduate and preceptor in surgery at columbia college school of medicine; their nephew, charles a. reich, became a law professor at yale. wald's partner, new york university oral and maxillofacial surgeon, dr. james f. hasbrouck, interested in the development of the surgical specialty in new york, was among the founders of the columbia university college of dental and oral surgery in 1916. in keeping with the ideals of the american association of oral and plastic surgeons, the first two years of coursework at the new college were fully unified with columbia's college of physicians and surgeons, of which hasbrouck was an 1894 graduate. students devoted their entire second two years to specialization in surgery at columbia presbyterian hospital, which provided extraordinary preparation for the possibility of post-graduate residency training in oral surgery. hasbrouck was notable in the specialty for having received both a dental and medical degree prior to 1895. his father, oral surgeon, ferdinand hasbrouck, discussed above, was a pioneer in anesthesiology. hasbrouck's and wald's sons, theodore f. hasbrouck and arthur h. wald both graduated from columbia's college of dental and oral surgery in 1937. arthur wald made further advances in grafting in oral, plastic and reconstructive surgery with the early use of fibrin foam and thrombin in the resection of large and rare mandibular tumors. he served in the united states army air forces during world war ii and owned a cosmetic practice in midtown manhattan. globally, the role of oral and maxillofacial surgery was also profound in the founding of plastic surgery: outside the united states, fathers of plastic surgery include london based otolaryngologist sir harold gillies and his french mentor, the renowned oral and maxillofacial surgeon, dr. hippolyte morestin. oral and maxillofacial surgery's stature and clout in university hospitals can be traced to its plenary role in the development of modern medicine and surgery. state licensure while a professional dental degree, i.e., d.d.s. or d.m.d. is mandatory in the u.s., oral and maxillofacial surgeons may possess various doctoral degree combinations, e.g., d.d.s., d.m.d., d.d.s./m.d., d.m.d./m.d., d.m.d./ph.d. or d.d.s./ph.d. still, it is the completion of an oral and maxillofacial residency training program and corresponding certificate of specialty training that confers surgical specialty status and board eligibility, not the surgeon's professional degree or degree combination. analogously, it is a certificate of specialty training and board eligibility that satisfies state licensure requirements to administer general anesthesia and deep sedation, not the surgeon's professional degree or degree combination. d.d.s. (doctor of dental surgery) and d.m.d. (doctor of medicine in dentistry or doctor of dental medicine) are the same degrees. d.m.d. and d.d.s. represent the same education. the letters used are a function of university discretion, both degrees represent an identical curriculum, set of educational requirements and level of educational attainment. health insurance portability and accountability act taxonomy oral and maxillofacial surgery is assigned health care provider taxonomy code: 204e00000x surgical procedures in the united states and globally, treatments may be performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex: mouth, jaws, face, neck, and skull, and include: cosmetic surgery of the head and neck: (rhytidectomy/facelift, browlift, blepharoplasty/asian blepharoplasty, otoplasty, rhinoplasty, septoplasty, cheek augmentation, chin augmentation, genioplasty, oculoplastics, neck liposuction, hair transplantation, lip enhancement, injectable cosmetic treatments like botox, fillers, platelet rich plasma, stem cells, chemical peel, mesotherapy. orthognathic surgery, surgical treatment/correction of dentofacial deformity as well as management of facial trauma, and sleep apnea oncology head and neck surgery with free flap microvascular reconstruction cutanous malignancy/skin cancer surgery of head and neck surgery skin grafts and local flaps diagnosis and treatment of: benign pathology (cysts, tumors etc.) malignant pathology (oral & head and neck cancer) with (ablative and reconstructive surgery, microsurgery) cutaneous malignancy (skin cancer), lip reconstruction congenital craniofacial malformations such as cleft lip and palate and cranial vault malformations such as craniosynostosis, (craniofacial surgery) chronic facial pain disorders temporomandibular joint (tmj) disorders orthognathic (literally "straight bite") reconstructive surgery, orthognathic surgery, maxillomandibular advancement, surgical correction of facial asymmetry. soft and hard tissue trauma of the oral and maxillofacial region (jaw fractures, cheek bone fractures, nasal fractures, lefort fracture, skull fractures and eye socket fractures). dentoalveolar surgery (surgery to remove impacted teeth, difficult tooth extractions, extractions on medically compromised patients, bone grafting or preprosthetic surgery to provide better anatomy for the placement of implants, dentures, or other dental prostheses) surgery to insert osseointegrated (bone fused) dental implants and maxillofacial implants for attaching craniofacial prostheses and bone anchored hearing aids. occupation oral and maxillofacial surgery is intellectually and physically demanding and is among the most highly compensated surgical specialties in the united states with a 2008 average annual income of $568,968. the popularity of oral and maxillofacial surgery as a career for persons whose first degree was medicine, not dentistry, seems to be increasing. at least one program exists that allows highly qualified candidates whose first degree is in medicine, to earn the required dental degree, so as to qualify for entrance into oral and maxillofacial residency training programs and ultimately achieve board eligibility and certification in the surgical specialty. education and training in the uk, oral and maxillofacial surgery is one of the ten medical specialties, requiring mrcs and frcs examinations. in mainland europe, its status, including whether or not oral surgery, maxillofacial surgery and stomatology are considered separate specialties, varies by country. the required qualifications (medical degree, dental degree, or both, as well as the required internship and residency programs) also vary. in the us, australia and south africa, oral and maxillofacial surgery is one of the ten dental specialties recognized by the american dental association, royal college of dentists of canada, and the royal australasian college of dental surgeons. oral and maxillofacial surgery requires four to six years of further formal university training after dental school (i.e., dds, bdent, dmd or bds). residency training programs are either four or six years in duration. in the united states, four-year residency programs grant a certificate of specialty training in oral and maxillofacial surgery. six year programs granting an optional md degree emerged in the early 1990s in the united states. typically, six-year residency programs grant the specialty certificate and an additional degree such as a medical degree (e.g., md, mbbs, mbchb) or research degree (e.g., ms, msc, mphil, mds, msd, mdsc, dclindent, dsc, dmsc, phd). both four– and six–year graduates are designated us "board eligible" and those who earn "board certification" are diplomats. approximately 50% of the training programs in the us and 66% of canadian training programs are "dual-degree." the typical total length of education and training, post-secondary school is 12 to 14 years. beyond these years, some sub-specialize, adding an additional 1-2 year fellowship. the typical training program for an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is: 2–4 years undergraduate study (bs, ba, or equivalent degrees) 4 years dental study (dmd, bdent, dds or bds) 4–6 years residency training – some programs integrate an additional degree such as: a master's degree (ms, mds, msc, mclindent, mscdent, mdent), doctoral degree (phd, dmsc, dclindent, dsc), or medical degree (mbbs, md, do, mbchb, mdcm) after completion of surgical training most undertake final specialty examinations: us: "board certified (aboms)", australia/nz: fracds, or canada: "frcdc" some colleges offer membership or fellowships in oral/maxillofacial surgery: moralsurg rcs, m(oms) rcps, ffd rcsi, febos, facoms, ffd rcs, fams, fcdshk, fcmfos (sa) both single and dual qualified oral and maxillofacial surgeons may obtain fellowship with the american college of surgeons (facs). the international board for the certification of specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery (ibcsoms) was founded in may, 2013 to define an international standard for specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery. oral & maxillofacial surgeons may appear for international board certification examination after completion of surgical training. surgical sub-specialty fellowship training in addition, single and dual qualified graduates of oral and maxillofacial surgery training programs can pursue post-residency sub-specialty fellowships, typically 1–2 years in length, in the following areas: head and neck cancer – microvascular reconstruction cosmetic facial surgery (facelift, rhinoplasty, etc.) craniofacial surgery and pediatric maxillofacial surgery (cleft lip and palate repair, surgery for craniosynostosis, etc.) cranio-maxillofacial trauma (soft tissue and skeletal injuries to the face, head and neck) charities a number of notable philanthropic organizations provide humanitarian oral and maxillofacial surgery around the globe. smile train was created in 1998 by charles wang focusing on childhood facial deformity. operation smile focuses on correcting cleft lips and palates in children. aboutface, created by paul stanley, of the rock band kiss, who was born with a facial deformity, focuses on craniofacial disfiguration.