and not based on valid medical concern since donations are rigorously tested to rule out donors that are infected with known viruses such as hiv, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c. they state the deferrals are based on stereotypes. activism regarding reform of msm donor policies advocates worldwide for change to msm prohibitions point out that screening of donors should focus on sexual behaviour as well as safe sex practices since many msm may always have protected sex, be monogamous, or be in other low risk categories. some groups in favor of lifting the restrictions support a waiting period after the blood is donated when the donor is considered to have had behaviour considered higher risk, and before it is used, to match the blood bank's window of testing methods. while hiv is reliably detected in 10 to 14 days with rna testing, older testing methods provide accuracy for only up to 98% of positive cases after three months. student and faculty activism on campuses in canada the students association at carleton university in ottawa, ontario, voted in 2012 to maintain a ban on blood clinics on campus. in the united states in 2005, a student activist at the university of vermont (uvm) filed a complaint with the university's office of affirmative action, contending that american red cross blood drives on campus violated uvm's non-discrimination policy. the office recommended that the university no longer allow the red cross to conduct blood drives on campus, but the uvm administration rejected the recommendation, stating that it would not be in the interests of public health. student and lgbt activism on the issue continued at uvm. in 2007, the uvm student government associated voted down, by a 16–15 vote, a nonbinding resolution calling on the university to ban blood drives over the policy. in 2007, a group of greek organizations at iowa state university pulled their support for a blood drive, causing controversy. in 2008, san jose state university president don kassing suspended all blood drives on campus on the ground that the msm policy for blood donors violated the university's non-discrimination policy. in 2008, a faculty member at sonoma state university proposed a resolution in the faculty senate to ban blood drives on campus, the faculty senate passed the resolution by a 21–13 vote, clashing with the student senate, which passed a resolution earlier the same month noting the discrimination, but expressing support for the monthly blood drives because of their importance. in 2010, a glbt student group at keene state college protested blood drives on their campus. in 2011, the academic senate of queens college, city university of new york recommended that all blood drives on campus should cease. in 2013, a group of university of michigan students favoring a loosening of the msm blood-donation policy started a "bleeding for equality" initiative in which individuals ineligible to donate because of the policy would bring eligible individuals to donate on their behalf, so as to both promote blood donation and also demonstrate that the amount of additional blood that could potentially be collected if the policy changed. the michigan daily, the student newspaper of the university of michigan, editorialized in favor of a loosening of the msm blood donation policy. on 27 july 2016, in the wake of the tragedy in orlando on 12 june 2016, blood is blood hosted a blood drive on 27 july from 12 p.m. to 6 p.m. at the american red cross wny chapter headquarters in buffalo, new york. jordan moll-vigrass who is known as "jordan james" on television, founder of blood is blood, and matthew crehan higgins, executive director of the pride center of wny, spoke at the event to raise awareness of existing archaic policies preventing many gay men from donating blood. there were reported expressions of frustration and disapproval by a number of gay and bisexual men who were forbidden to donate blood to victims, with lgbt activists across the country and a group of democratic lawmakers urging the ban to be lifted. the fda later said it had no plans of changing the regulation and will reevaluate its policies "as new scientific information becomes available". in 2020, during the covid-19 pandemic, gay harvard physician jack turban told vox and the daily show with trevor noah that after he recovered from covid-19 infection that he wanted to donate plasma for clinical trials. he was unable to because of his sexual orientation. this resulted in 20 attorneys general writing to the department of health and human services asking for the restrictions on msm blood donations to be lifted. in the united kingdom the national union of students lgbt campaign runs a "donation not discrimination" campaign to have the blood ban changed, while also advocating continued donation by those who are not banned from donating. united kingdom in 2015, welsh writer and poet rj arkhipov exhibited a poetry series written with his own blood as ink in protest of the msm blood donor restrictions. his poem inkwell discusses the shame and stigma surrounding "gay blood". an abecedarian poem, each line of inkwell's five quatrains begins with letters from each of the blood groups, alternating between a, b, ab and o. court cases in 2018 the european court of human rights took up a case of a french citizen who was prevented from donating blood.