royal college of surgeons of england royal college of surgeons of england the royal college of surgeons of england (rcs england) is an independent professional body and registered charity that promotes and advances standards of surgical care for patients, and regulates surgery and dentistry in england and wales. the college is located at lincoln's inn fields in london. it publishes multiple medical journals including the annals of the royal college of surgeons of england, the faculty dental journal, and the bulletin of the royal college of surgeons of england. not to be confused with royal college of physicians and surgeons of glasgow, royal college of surgeons of edinburgh, or royal college of surgeons in ireland. royal college of surgeons of englandestablished1800 (1800)typemedical royal collegeheadquarterslincoln's inn fields, london, englandmembers 27,753 (2021)presidentneil mortensenaffiliationsacademy of medical royal collegesstaff 228 (2021)websitewww.rcseng.ac.uk history royal college of surgeons, court of examiners (1894) by henry jamyn brooks the origins of the college date to the fourteenth century with the foundation of the "guild of surgeons within the city of london". certain sources date this as occurring in 1368. there was an ongoing dispute between the surgeons and barber surgeons until an agreement was signed between them in 1493, giving the fellowship of surgeons the power of incorporation. this union was formalised further in 1540 by henry viii between the worshipful company of barbers (incorporated 1462) and the guild of surgeons to form the company of barber-surgeons. in 1745 the surgeons broke away from the barbers to form the company of surgeons. in 1800 the company was granted a royal charter to become the royal college of surgeons in london. a further charter in 1843 granted it the present title of the royal college of surgeons of england. members and fellows of the college the correct way to address a member or fellow of the royal college of surgeons is to use the title mr, miss, mrs, ms, or mx (not dr). this system (which applies only to surgeons, not physicians) has its origins in the 16th century, when surgeons were barber-surgeons and did not have a medical degree (or indeed any formal qualification), unlike physicians, who, by the 18th century, held a university medical degree and could thus be referred to as "doctor". by the time the college of surgeons received its royal charter in 1800, the royal college of physicians were insisting that candidates for membership of the college of surgeons must first have a medical degree. therefore, the ensuing years saw aspiring surgeons having to study medicine first and hence receive the title 'doctor'. thereafter, having obtained the diploma of member or fellow of the royal college of surgeons he would revert to the title "mr" as a snub to the rcp. nowadays the title "mr" is used by members of the college who have passed the diploma mrcs examination and the college addresses members as "mr" or "ms". in sir arthur conan doyle's the hound of the baskervilles, the distinction is made in the following conversation: "come, come, we are not so far wrong after all," said holmes. "and now, dr. james mortimer—" "mister, sir, mister—a humble m.r.c.s." despite mortimer's correction, he is referred to as "dr. mortimer" throughout the story. a biographical register of fellows is available on plarr's lives of the fellows online the main exhibit room, hunterian museum, woodblock engraving by t.h.shepperd & e.radclyffe, london, 1853 (dr. nuno carvalho de sousa collection, lisbon) buildings the company of surgeons moved from surgeon's hall in old bailey to a site at 41 lincoln's inn fields in 1797. the british government presented the collection of john hunter to the surgeons after acquiring it in 1799, and in 1803 the company purchased the adjoining house at 42 lincoln's inn fields to house the collection, which forms the basis of the hunterian museum. construction of the first college building, to a design by george dance the younger, and james lewis, took place on this site from 1805 to 1813. the company soon outgrew these premises and in 1834 no. 40, lincoln's inn fields was acquired and demolished along with the george dance building, of which only a portion of the portico was retained. sir charles barry won the public competition to design a replacement, constructing a facade largely of artificial stone composed of cast blocks of concrete and stucco. barry extended this building southwards following the acquisition of copeland's warehouse on portugal street, and the enlarged buildings opened in 1855. the college buildings expanded to their current extent between 1888 & 1889, when additional wings were constructed on the sites of numbers 39 & 43 lincoln's inn fields and two storeys were added to the charles barry building by the architect stephen salter (b.1826, d.1896). in 1941 a german incendiary bomb hit the college causing extensive damage that necessitated major rebuilding during the 1950s and 60s. the surviving portion of the earlier buildings were listed grade ii* on 24 february 1958. planning consent for a major rebuilding of the non-listed buildings of the royal college of surgeons was granted by westminster city council in january 2017. the redevelopment of building has been designed by the architecture practice hawkins\brown. barry's famous north frontage and library will be preserved and restored and the hunterian museum will benefit from a new façade and entrance on portugal street, to the south of the site. a "topping out" ceremony for the new buildings was celebrated on 24 january 2020, but, as of january 2021, the buildings have not re-opened to the public. the exterior of the building was one of the filming locations of agatha christie's poirot episode the mystery of the spanish chest. hunterian museum the skeleton of the seven and a half feet (230 cm) tall "irish giant" is visible in the middle of this image. main article: hunterian museum (london) in 1799 the government purchased the collection of john hunter which they presented to the college. this formed the basis of the hunterian collection, which has since been supplemented by others including an odontological collection (curated by a. e. w. miles until the early 1990s) and the natural history collections of richard owen. the hunterian museum is a member of the london museums of health & medicine group, and displays thousands of anatomical specimens, including the evelyn tables and the skeleton of the "irish giant" charles byrne, surgical instruments, and paintings and sculptures about medical individuals and medicine. faculties faculty of dental surgery faculty of general dental practice faculty of anaesthetists (until 1988, now the royal college of anaesthetists) medals, awards and lectures the cheselden medal was instituted in 2009 in honour of william cheselden "to recognise unique achievements in, and exceptional contributions to, the advancement of surgery". the award is made at irregular intervals to reflect the outstanding qualities required of recipients and is deemed one of the college's highest professional honours. the royal colleges' bronze medal was instituted in 1957 and is awarded jointly with the royal college of physicians and the royal college of obstetricians and gynaecologists. it is awarded annually "on the nomination of the medical group of the royal photographic society for the outstanding example of photography in the service of medicine and surgery". the wood jones medal was instituted in 1975 to commemorate frederic wood jones (sir william collins professor of human and comparative anatomy and conservator of the anatomy museum 1945–52). it is awarded occasionally (triennially until 1994) by a committee "for contributions to anatomical knowledge or the teaching of anatomy in the tradition of frederic wood jones". the clement-price award was founded in 1958 with a gift of 1,000 guineas from members of the staff of the westminster hospital in honour of sir clement price thomas. it is awarded triennially, or at such other interval as the president may decide, by the council on the recommendation of the fellowship election and prize committee, "in recognition of meritorious contributions to surgery in its widest sense, without restriction of candidature". the lister medal has been awarded since 1924 (mostly on a triennial basis), after the college was entrusted in 1920 with administrating the lister memorial fund, in memory of pioneering british surgeon joseph lister. the award is decided in conjunction with the royal society, the royal college of surgeons in ireland, the university of edinburgh, and the university of glasgow. in addition to being presented with a medal, the recipient delivers the lister oration at the college. the honorary gold medal was instituted in 1802 and is awarded at irregular intervals "for liberal acts or distinguished labours, researches and discoveries eminently conducive to the improvement of natural knowledge and of the healing art". recipients to date include sir victor negus, sir geoffrey keynes, sir stanford cade (all three in 1969), professor harold ellis (1998), professor sir alec jeffreys (2002) and dr barry j. marshall (2005). the bradshaw lecture was founded in 1875 under the will of mrs sally hall bradshaw in memory of her husband, dr william wood bradshaw. it is a biennial (annual until 1993) lecture on surgery, customarily given by a senior member of the council on or about the day preceding the second thursday of december. (given in alternate years, with the hunterian oration given in the intervening years). not to be confused with the corresponding bradshaw lectures delivered to the royal college of physicians. see bradshaw lecture for list of past lectures and lecturers. the hunterian oration was founded in 1853 when a bequest was made by the executors of john hunter's will, to provide for an annual dinner and oration in memory of the famous surgeon. it is now delivered biennially. educational history prior to 1820, to meet the requirements of london's college of surgeons, students would spend time in london and select courses of instruction in surgery by teachers at guy's hospital, st thomas' – together known as london's borough hospitals – and as well as attend anatomy classes at private institutions such as william hunter's anatomy school, attached for a time to middlesex hospital. although at this time some students of surgery had already acquired the m.d. (or its equivalent) qualification, it was not until the 1830s that students of surgery were required to have obtained a medical degree at a university before commencing studies for membership of the royal college of surgeons. by the 1830s, medical schools in london at the university of london, st george's hospital and king's college, london had been established and the influence of the private schools was diminished. today, the rcs offers a range of both on-line e-learning modules and hands-on practical workshops to facilitate the cpd for trainee and consultant surgeons across varies specialties. since may 2017, the rcs started to offer a postgraduate certificate in surgery to junior surgical trainees. this qualification combined e-learning modules and practical causes "offer surgical trainees a high-quality, flexible and interactive way to build their surgical knowledge and skills" across different surgical specialties. current and past presidents namepresidential term professor neil mortensen 2020–present professor derek alderson 2017–2020 dame clare marx dbe2014–2017 sir norman stanley williams2011–2014 john black2008–11 lord bernard ribeiro2005–08 hugh phillips2004–05 sir peter morris2001–04 sir barry jackson1998–2001 sir rodney sweetnam1995–98 sir norman browse1992–95 sir terence english1989–92 sir ian todd1986–89 geoffrey slaney1982–86 sir alan parks1980–82 sir reginald murley1977–80 rodney smith, baron smith1973–77 sir edward muir1972 thomas holmes sellors1969–72 hedley atkins1966–69 russell brock, baron brock1963–66 arthur porritt, baron porritt1960–63 james paterson ross1957–60 harry platt1954–57 cecil wakeley1949–54 sir alfred webb-johnson1941–48 hugh lett1938–40 cuthbert sidney wallace1935–37 holburt jacob waring1932–34 berkeley moynihan1926–31 sir john bland-sutton1923–23 anthony alfred bowlby1920–22 george henry makins1917–19 sir william watson cheyne1914–16 rickman godlee1911–1913 henry trentham butlin1909–11 sir henry morris, 1st baronet1906–08 john tweedy1903–05 sir henry howse1901–02 william maccormac1896–1900 christopher heath1895 john whitaker hulke1893–94 thomas bryant1890–92 jonathan hutchinson1889 sir william scovell savory1885–88 john cooper forster1884 john marshall1883 thomas spencer wells1882 william james erasmus wilson1881 john eric erichsen1880 luther holden1879 john simon1878 john birkett1877 prescott gardner hewett1876 james paget1875 frederick le gros clark1874 thomas blizard curling1873 henry hancock1872 george busk1871 william fergusson1870 edward cock1869 richard quain1868 john hilton1867 richard partridge1866 thomas wormald1865 joseph hodgson1864 frederic carpenter skey1863 james luke1862 caesar henry hawkins1861 john flint south1860 james moncrieff arnott1859 joseph henry green1858 edward stanley1857 benjamin travers1856 william lawrence1855 george james guthrie1854 james luke1853 caesar hawkins1852 john flint south1851 james moncrieff arnott1850 joseph henry