fossil evidence for modern human presence in west asia is ascertained for 177,000 years ago, and disputed fossil evidence suggests expansion as far as east asia by 120,000 years ago. in july 2019, anthropologists reported the discovery of 210,000 year old remains of a h. sapiens and 170,000 year old remains of a h. neanderthalensis in apidima cave, peloponnese, greece, more than 150,000 years older than previous h. sapiens finds in europe. a significant dispersal event, within africa and to west asia, is associated with the african megadroughts during mis 5, beginning 130,000 years ago. a 2011 study located the origin of basal population of contemporary human populations at 130,000 years ago, with the khoi-san representing an "ancestral population cluster" located in southwestern africa (near the coastal border of namibia and angola). layer sequence at ksar akil in the levantine corridor, and discovery of two fossils of homo sapiens, dated to 40,800 to 39,200 years bp for "egbert", and 42,400–41,700 bp for "ethelruda". while early modern human expansion in sub-saharan africa before 130 kya persisted, early expansion to north africa and asia appears to have mostly disappeared by the end of mis5 (75,000 years ago), and is known only from fossil evidence and from archaic admixture. eurasia was re-populated by early modern humans in the so-called "recent out-of-africa migration" post-dating mis5, beginning around 70,000–50,000 years ago. in this expansion, bearers of mt-dna haplogroup l3 left east africa, likely reaching arabia via the bab-el-mandeb, and in the great coastal migration spread to south asia, maritime south asia and oceania between 65,000 and 50,000 years ago, while europe, east and north asia were reached by about 45,000 years ago. some evidence suggests that an early wave humans may have reached the americas by about 40,000–25,000 years ago. evidence for the overwhelming contribution of this "recent" (l3-derived) expansion to all non-african populations was established based on mitochondrial dna, combined with evidence based on physical anthropology of archaic specimens, during the 1990s and 2000s, and has also been supported by y dna and autosomal dna. the assumption of complete replacement has been revised in the 2010s with the discovery of admixture events (introgression) of populations of h. sapiens with populations of archaic humans over the period of between roughly 100,000 and 30,000 years ago, both in eurasia and in sub-saharan africa. neanderthal admixture, in the range of 1–4%, is found in all modern populations outside of africa, including in europeans, asians, papua new guineans, australian aboriginals, native americans, and other non-africans. this suggests that interbreeding between neanderthals and anatomically modern humans took place after the recent "out of africa" migration, likely between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago. recent admixture analyses have added to the complexity, finding that eastern neanderthals derive up to 2% of their ancestry from anatomically modern humans who left africa some 100 kya. the extent of neanderthal admixture (and introgression of genes acquired by admixture) varies significantly between contemporary racial groups, being absent in africans, intermediate in europeans and highest in east asians. certain genes related to uv-light adaptation introgressed from neanderthals have been found to have been selected for in east asians specifically from 45,000 years ago until around 5,000 years ago. the extent of archaic admixture is of the order of about 1% to 4% in europeans and east asians, and highest among melanesians (the last also having denisova hominin admixture at 4% to 6% in addition to neanderthal admixture). cumulatively, about 20% of the neanderthal genome is estimated to remain present spread in contemporary populations. in september 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 ct scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/h. sapiens, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in east and south africa while north-african fossils may represent a population which introgressed into neandertals during the lmp. anatomy