transporting logistical supplies, staple goods and medicines. due to its number spike, a total of 59 countries banned non-essential travel to and from indonesia, among them included malaysia, hungary, united arab emirates, south africa, and the us as declared by the cdc. the indonesian government persuaded other countries to bring indonesians to their country, but the countries questioned on whether indonesia is able to manage the outbreak and thus keep them safe. the minister of foreign affairs retno marsudi telecommunicated with other countries to discuss it; some countries then decided to only unban very essential travel with travellers already conducted two polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests, in consideration of indonesia's disrupted economy. indonesia imposed a 14-day lockdown from 1 until 14 january 2021 after a new variant of coronavirus was detected in december 2020 and had spread to some countries. foreigners worldwide were banned to enter the country's territories. this was later extended until 22 february. on 26 march, the national government announced its decision to ban mudik during eid al-fitr from 6 to 17 may to curb the spread of covid-19. they also tightened the travelling terms and requirements starting from 22 april to 24 may. on 5 july, the government renewed the travelling terms and requirements during the emergency community activities restrictions enforcement. travellers who wanted to visit indonesia would have to perform a pcr test at least 72 hours before their departure and show their vaccination certificate. they would be tested again when they arrive in indonesia, followed mandatory quarantine for eight days, and for those who wanted to travel domestically would have to be vaccinated with the gotong royong vaccine. criticism government president jokowi was criticized in march 2020 by the indonesian chamber of commerce and industry, human rights groups, and also by political parties such as golkar and pks for lack of transparency regarding information on covid-19. widodo insisted on not sharing travel history details of the patients that tested positive with coronavirus in an attempt to reduce panic and uneasiness in the general public. the public had asked the government to release official national map of covid-19 confirmed cases' location, as unofficial independent maps may provide incorrect data. the government was also criticized after pledging to set aside idr 72 billion ($5m) to pay for social media influencers to attract tourists to indonesia. some critics of the government were arrested for allegedly spreading false information about the covid-19 pandemic. lockdown policies president jokowi came in the course of march under increased pressure to impose a partial lockdown on virus-plagued areas, with scientists saying the country is racing against time to curb the spread of covid-19 before eid al-fitr and that a community quarantine could be the only solution to do exactly that. on 16 march, jokowi said lockdown policies are the authority of the central government, and warned the local government to not impose lockdown without the consent of the central authority. on 27 march, dozens of indonesian medical professors called for "local lockdowns", saying that the government's policy of physical distancing is not "effective". the government is drafting a regulation (pp) to stipulate the procedures and requirements for imposing regional quarantines. failure to detect the virus health experts were concerned early on that the country was failing to identify the transmission of the virus. marc lipsitch, professor of epidemiology at the harvard t. h. chan school of public health, "analysed air traffic out of the chinese city at the centre of the outbreak in china and suggested in a report ... that indonesia might have missed cases" of covid-19. western diplomats as well as local and international news outlets postulated that the lack of cases within indonesia result from inadequate testing and under reporting, as opposed to sheer luck and divine intervention. on 22 march, a research paper suggested that the official number of infections may only reflect 2% of the real covid-19 infections in indonesia. according to the jakarta post on 5 april 2020, the central government has only conducted a daily average of 240 pcr tests since 2 march. tests and treatment reports surfaced about patients in greater jakarta having to wait for a long time to get tests or treatment for possible cases of the novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) as referral hospitals face the increasing strain. additional death rates excluded from official counts according to a report from reuters, as of 28 april 2020, there were around 2,200 patients who had died with coronavirus symptoms, but not included into the official death toll of 693. this suggests that indonesia has a higher death rate than the official counts. an analysis by financial times showed that there were 1,400 more deaths in jakarta compared to the historical average number of deaths in march and april. this excess deaths figure is 15 times the official figure of 90 covid-19 deaths in this same period. evasion of travel restrictions "ramadan exodus" contributed to the spread of the virus in indonesia, despite government regulations on social distancing and despite a lockdown slated to run until june. also, despite the travel restrictions which suspended all passengers to travel outside areas with at least one confirmed case, many indonesians disregarded it and have attempted to evade the travel restrictions to return to hometown during eid al-fitr season. this caused scientists to raise concern that this evasion would lead to the diseases which can spread easily from jakarta and nearby satellite cities, where it is the epicenter of the pandemic, to other regions of indonesia with weak medical facilities which were arguably unable to handle large numbers of outbreak. there were also a few attempts to evade the travel restrictions which were discovered by the police department, such as one of the cargo trucks which was stopped, in which an intermodal container was hiding a car with passengers inside, to be transported from java to sumatra. an additional four cargo trucks were also detained when the driver attempting to bring 20 passengers from jakarta inside the containers which were covered with tarpaulin. lack of safety in tobacco industries despite the temporary closure of hm sampoerna due to two workers dying from covid-19, with additional 63 workers tested positive, pandu riono, the epidemiologist from university of indonesia reported that other cigarette factories in east and west java will continue to operate without practicing social distancing and workers never wearing face masks. this sparks concern that the cigarette factories could create new clusters for the covid-19 pandemic considering that this industry usually has large workforce. impact a jakarta pharmacy in march 2020 displays a sign stating that face masks, thermometers and antiseptic handwash are out of stock. a roadside stand selling face masks at pesanggrahan, south jakarta. socioeconomic in the first weeks of the pandemic, surgical face masks in indonesia soared in price by over six times the original retail value from around idr 30,000 to idr 185,000 (some sources said it exceeded idr 300,000) per box in some outlets after the announcement that two citizens had tested positive for coronavirus. panic buying was reported since mid-february before the first cases were confirmed. there were also shortages of thermometers, antiseptics and hand sanitizers. president jokowi condemned the hoarding of face masks and hand sanitizers and police started to crack down on suspected hoarders. census this section is an excerpt from 2020 indonesian census § impact of covid-19. indonesia prepared to extend the online time for self-enumeration, and cancel all field data collection. they relied on administrative data and had requested additional unfpa technical support for using administrative data for census. economic following the worldwide trend of stock price drops, the idx composite weakened even before the first confirmation of the disease in indonesia. in response to expected economic slowdown due to the loss of chinese economic activity, bank indonesia cut its interest rates by 25 basis points to 4.75% on 20 february. on 12 march, as the who declared pandemic, idx composite tumbled 4.2% to 4,937 when thursday's session was opened, a level unseen in almost four years. on 13 march, equity trading halted for the first time since 2008 over pandemic. on 17 march, rupiah weakened to idr 15,000 per dollar, touching a level unseen since october 2018. on 19 march, idx composite halted because of the sharp downturn of more than 5%. this is the fourth trading halt that idx composite experienced during the coronavirus crisis. indonesia financial service authority or ojk have mandated a suspension of trading if idx composite fell down more than 15%. numbers of shopping malls started to voluntarily close due to declining foot traffic; only pharmacies, groceries and atm still operate with limited hours. indonesian finance minister predicted that indonesian economic growth q2 can drop to 0.% or even minus 2.6%, but in q3 can recover to 1.5 to 2.8%. indonesia's economic growth in the first quarter of 2020 stood at 2.97%, but it is the weakest economic growth recorded since 2001. the second-quarter contraction was recorded to be 5.32%, exceeding both government and economists' predictions. though many economists, such as brian tan at barclays, radhika rao at dbs and helmi arman at citi still expect the economy to contract in 2020. it was estimated in august that as many as 3.7 million indonesians may have lost their jobs. the contraction was the steepest economic drop indonesia has experienced since the asian financial crisis. brian tan, barclays investment bank's regional economist, noted that private consumption, government consumption and fixed investment all fell in q2 as social distancing measures under indonesia's large-scale social restriction measures, or pembatasan sosial berskala besar (psbb), have stifled economic activity. this led to a collapse in imports, which outpaced the decline in exports, he said in a report. barclays thus slashed its 2020 gdp forecast further to a 1.3% contraction, down from 1% contraction, mr tan said, which is below the central bank's earlier gdp growth forecast range of 0.9 to 1.9%. sports, tourism, and leisure a quiet beach in padang due to government calls of implementing social distancing. indonesian tourism has been severely affected. in march, overall tourist numbers fell by 64%, and chinese tourists by 97%. bali, where tourism accounts for 60% of grp, had witnessed its foreign tourist arrivals fell by 93.2% in april. hotels were taking on a meager occupancy rate, with some hotels experiencing 5% and even 0% occupancy rate due to overspecialization on chinese visitors, increasing travel restrictions from source countries, and an overall fear of the virus. there was, however, an increase in interest for domestic tourism, and chinese tourists which had already been on the island generally opted to extend their stay. all beaches in bali were temporarily closed for the public. the 2020 edition of the national sports week (pon) in papua, which was initially slated for october, has been postponed until next year. jakarta eprix race of the 2019–20 formula e season would also be postponed due to coronavirus concerns, then later cancelled after the rescheduling calendar involving berlin eprix for the season-ending triple header. the city's capital investment and one-stop service (pm-ptsp) announced it plans to postpone any public events with mass-gatherings from march to april following the news of an increasing number of covid-19 cases to 27. numerous music events such as by rich brian, hammersonic festival, dream theater, babymetal, slipknot, one ok rock, and electronic dance music festival "we are connected" have been suspended in the country. several local films, such as tersanjung the movie, generasi 90-an: melankolia, and kkn di desa penari have been delayed, also because of the pandemic; the latter has been postponed for the second time due to the omicron variant. the 2020 indonesia international motor show was postponed due to the pandemic, then later cancelled. the 2020 edition of both the indonesia open and indonesia masters super 100 were cancelled due to the pandemic. starting on 19 december 2020, bali required its domestic visitors who would travel by air during the christmas and new year holiday to perform a pcr test, or an antigen test if they are entering by land or sea. due to the sudden regulation, 133,000 would-be visitors asked for plane ticket refund, with losses estimated at around 317 billion idr. the 2021 fifa u-20 world cup, which would have been hosted in indonesia on