of the residue of leaves. they were then ground into flour, which left a clean and white batch of flour. peganum harmala seeds heated over a gas flame as incense peganum harmala has been used as an analgesic, emmenagogue, and abortifacient agent. in a certain region of india the root was applied to kill body lice. it is also used as an anthelmintic (to expel parasitic worms). reportedly, the ancient greeks used the powdered seeds to get rid of tapeworms and to treat recurring fevers (possibly malaria). as related in des cruydboeks of 1554 by rembert dodoens, in europe this plant was considered to be a wild type of rue and identical in medicinal uses -the identity of the two plants and their ancient greek and roman uses had merged, though it was considered stronger, even dangerously so. it could be bought under the name harmel in the apothecaries, and was also known as 'wild' or 'mountain' rue. it could be used for a few dozen ailments, such as to treat woman of their natural disease when the leaves were used in only water, or when the juice were drunk with wine and the leaves pressed against the wound it could cure bites and stings from rabid dogs, scorpions, bees and wasps and the like. from supposedly pliny he relates how those covered in the sap, or having eaten it sober, would be immune to poison for a day, as well as to poisonous beasts. other cures were for 'drying' sperm, 'purifying' woman after childbirth, curing earache, getting rid of spots and blemishes on the skin, and soothing bumps and pain caused by hitting something, among many others. all the cures call for either juice or the leaves; none call for the seeds. entheogenic use peganum harmala seeds have been used as a substitute for banisteriopsis caapi in ayahuasca analogs, as they contain monoamine oxidase inhibitors that enable dmt to be orally active. alkaloids seed alkaloids harmalinevasicinetwo of the alkaloids of peganum harmala total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight, in one study. beta-carboline content 1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-β-carboline 2-aldehyde-tetrahydroharmine 3-hydroxylated harmine 6-methoxytetrahydro-1-norharmanone 8-hydroxy-harmine acetylnorharmine desoxypeganine dihydroruine dipegene harmalacidine (hmc) harmalacinine harmalanine harmalicine harmalidine harmaline (dihydroharmine, dhh, harmidine) 0.25%–0.79%–5.6% harmalol 0.6%–3.90% harmane (harman) 0.16% harmic acid harmic acid methyl ester harmine (banisterine, telepathinec, yageine) 0.44%–1.84%–4.3% – the coatings of the seeds are said to contain large amounts of harmine. harmine n-oxide harmol isoharmine isopeganine norharman norharmine (tetrahydro-beta-carboline) pegaharmine a pegaharmine b pegaharmine c pegaharmine d pegaharmine e pegaharmine f pegaharmine g pegaharmine h pegaharmine i pegaharmine j pegaharmine k peganine a peganine b peganumal a peganumal b peganumine a peganumine b ruine tetrahydroharman tetrahydroharmine (thh, leptaflorine) 0.1% tetrahydroharmol tetrahydronorharman