pediatric neurosurgery pediatric neurosurgery pediatric neurosurgery is a subspecialty of neurosurgery; which includes surgical procedures that are related to the nervous system, brain and spinal cord; that treats children with operable neurological disorders. history boston children's hospital was the first hospital in the united states with a specialized neurosurgical service for children, established in 1929 by harvey cushing and franc ingraham. as of 2009, there were fewer than 200 pediatric neurosurgeons in the united states. approximately 80% of them were male. in the past 25 years, 391 doctors graduated from a pediatric neurosurgery program. only 70% of them currently practice primarily pediatric rather than adult neurosurgery. approximately 70% of them are in academic medicine.