in-patient treatment is carried out by: state hospitals of the national health system (esy). private clinics contracted with the national health carrier (eopyy) private hospitals and clinics that are not contracted with the national health carrier. in greece anyone can cover the hospitalization expenses using a private insurance policy, that can be bought by any of the local or multinational insurance companies that operate in the region (e.g. metlife, interamerican, aetna, img). india in india, provision of health care services varies state-wise. public health services are prominent in most of the states, but due to inadequate resources and management, major population opts for private health services. to improve the awareness and better health care facilities, insurance regulatory and development authority of india and the general corporation of india runs health care campaigns for the whole population. in 2018, for under privileged citizens, prime minister narendra modi announced the launch of a new public health insurance fund called ayushman bharat yojana and the government claims that the new system will try to reach more than 500 million people. in india, health insurance is offered mainly in two types: indemnity plan basically covers the hospitalisation expenses and has subtypes like individual insurance, family floater insurance, senior citizen insurance, maternity insurance, group medical insurance. fixed benefit plan pays a fixed amount for pre-decided diseases like critical illness, cancer, heart disease, etc. it has also its sub types like preventive insurance, critical illness and personal accident. depending on the type of insurance and the company providing health insurance, coverage includes pre-and post-hospitalisation charges, ambulance charges, day care charges, health checkups, etc. it is pivotal to know about the exclusions which are not covered under insurance schemes: treatment related to dental disease or surgeries all kind of std's and aids non-allopathic treatment few of the companies do provide insurance against such diseases or conditions, but that depends on the type and the insured amount. some important aspects to be considered before choosing the health insurance in india are claim settlement ratio, insurance limits and caps, coverage and network hospitals. japan main article: health care system in japan there are three major types of insurance programs available in japan: employee health insurance (健康保険 kenkō-hoken), national health insurance (国民健康保険 kokumin-kenkō-hoken), and the late-stage elderly medical system (後期高齢医療制度 kouki-kourei-iryouseido). although private health insurance is available, all japanese citizens, permanent residents, and non-japanese with a visa lasting one year or longer are required to be enrolled in either national health insurance or employee health insurance. national health insurance is designed for those who are not eligible for any employment-based health insurance program. the late-stage elderly medical system is designed for people who are age 75 and older. national health insurance is organised on a household basis. once a household has applied, the entire family is covered. applicants receive a health insurance card, which must be used when receiving treatment at a hospital. there is a required monthly premium, but co-payments are standardized so payers are only expected to cover ten to thirty percent of the cost, depending on age. if out-of-pocket costs exceed pre-determined limits, payers may apply for a rebate from the national health insurance program. employee health insurance covers diseases, injuries, and death regardless of whether an incident occurred at a workplace. employee health insurance covers a maximum of 180 days of medical care per year for work-related diseases or injuries and 180 days per year for other diseases or injuries. employers and employees must contribute evenly to be covered by employee health insurance. the late-stage elderly medical system began in 1983 following the health care for the aged law of 1982. it allowed many health insurance systems to offer financial assistance to elderly people. there is a medical coverage fee. to be eligible, those insured must be either: older than 70, or older than 65 with a recognized disability. the late-stage elderly medical system includes preventive and standard medical care. healthcare expenditure in japan by age group issues of the healthcare system due to japan's aging population, the late-stage elderly medical system represents one third of the country's total healthcare cost. when retiring employees shift from employee health insurance to the late-stage elderly medical system, the national cost of health insurance is expected to increase since individual healthcare costs tend to increase with age. netherlands in 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force in the netherlands. this new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health insurance by using a combination of regulation and insurance equalization pool. moral hazard is avoided by mandating that insurance companies provide at least one policy that meets a government set minimum standard level of coverage, and all adult residents are obliged by law to purchase this coverage from an insurance company of their choice. all insurance companies receive funds from the equalization pool to help cover the cost of this government-mandated coverage. this pool is run by a regulator which collects salary-based contributions from employers, which make up about 50% of all health care funding, and funding from the government to cover people who cannot afford health care, which makes up an additional 5%. the remaining 45% of health care funding comes from insurance premiums paid by the public, for which companies compete on price, though the variation between the various competing insurers is only about 5%. however, insurance companies are free to sell additional policies to provide coverage beyond the national minimum. these policies do not receive funding from the equalization pool but cover additional treatments, such as dental procedures and physiotherapy, which are not paid for by the mandatory policy. funding from the equalization pool is distributed to insurance companies for each person they insure under the required policy. however, high-risk individuals get more from the pool, and low-income persons and children under 18 have their insurance paid for entirely. because of this, insurance companies no longer find insuring high-risk individuals an unappealing proposition, avoiding the potential problem of adverse selection. insurance companies are not allowed to have co-payments, caps, or deductibles, or deny coverage to any person applying for a policy, or charge anything other than their nationally set and published standard premiums. therefore, every person buying insurance will pay the same price as everyone else buying the same policy, and every person will get at least the minimum level of coverage. this applies to all people permanently living and working in the netherlands. international students that move to the netherlands for study purposes have to take out compulsory dutch health insurance if they also decide to work (zero-hour contracts included) or do a paid internship during their stay. in that case, they'll need to take out the compulsory basic package of dutch health insurance. additional insurance is optional, depending on the student's personal needs. new zealand since 1974, new zealand has had a system of universal no-fault health insurance for personal injuries through the accident compensation corporation (acc). the acc scheme covers most of the costs of related to treatment of injuries acquired in new zealand (including overseas visitors) regardless of how the injury occurred, and also covers lost income (at 80 percent of the employee's pre-injury income) and costs related to long-term rehabilitation, such as home and vehicle modifications for those seriously injured. funding from the scheme comes from a combination of levies on employers' payroll (for work injuries), levies on an employee's taxable income (for non-work injuries to salary earners), levies on vehicle licensing fees and petrol (for motor vehicle accidents), and funds from the general taxation pool (for non-work injuries to children, senior citizens, unemployed people, overseas visitors, etc.) rwanda main article: healthcare in rwanda rwanda is one of a handful of low income countries that has implemented community-based health insurance schemes in order to reduce the financial barriers that prevent poor people from seeking and receiving needed health services. this scheme has helped reach 90% of the country's population with health care coverage. singapore main article: healthcare in singapore singaporeans have one of the longest life expectancy at birth in the world. during this long life, encountering uncertain situations requiring hospitalization are inevitable. health insurance or medical insurance cover high healthcare costs during hospitalization. health insurance for singapore citizens and permanent residents medishield life, is a universal health insurance covering all singapore citizens and permanent residents. medishield life covers hospitalization costs for a stay in ward b2 or c in a public hospital. for the hospitalization in a private hospital, or in ward a or b1 in public hospital, medishield life coverage is pegged to b2 or c ward prices and insured is required to pay the remaining bill amount. this remaining bill amount can be paid using medisave but limits are applied on the medisave usage. medishield life does not cover overseas medical expenses and the treatment of serious pre-existing illnesses for which one has been receiving treatment during the 12 months before the start of the medishield life coverage. medishield life also does not cover treatment of congenital anomalies (medical conditions that are present at birth), cosmetic surgery, pregnancy-related charges and mental illness. as the medishield life benefits are capped for b2 or c ward hospitalization in public hospitals, integrated shield plans provide coverage for the hospitalization in private hospitals, or ward a or b1 in public hospitals. integrated shield insurance plans cover large hospitalization bills for private hospitals or, ward a or b1. however, insured is still required to pay a portion of the bill amount. this is in accordance with singapore's healthcare philosophy which promotes personal responsibility with getting individuals to share the cost of healthcare. with this philosophy, deductible, co-insurance and peroration are applied on most of the health insurance plans in singapore. such health insurance plans provide an option to purchase a health insurance rider to cover these charges. health insurance for foreigners in singapore unlike singapore citizens and permanent residents, foreigners are not automatically covered by the medishield life. foreigners can purchase the health insurance plans from several life insurers in singapore. switzerland main article: health insurance in switzerland healthcare in switzerland is universal and is regulated by the swiss federal law on health insurance. health insurance is compulsory for all persons residing in switzerland (within three months of taking up residence or being born in the country). it is therefore the same throughout the country and avoids double standards in healthcare. insurers are required to offer this basic insurance to everyone, regardless of age or medical condition. they are not allowed to make a profit off this basic insurance, but can on supplemental plans. the universal compulsory coverage provides for treatment in case of illness or accident and pregnancy. health insurance covers the costs of medical treatment, medication and hospitalization of the insured. however, the insured person pays part of the costs up to a maximum, which can vary based on the individually chosen plan, premiums are then adjusted accordingly. the whole healthcare system is geared towards to the general goals of enhancing general public health and reducing costs while encouraging individual responsibility. the swiss healthcare system is a combination of public, subsidized private and totally private systems. insurance premiums vary from insurance company to company, the excess level individually chosen (franchise), the place of residence of the insured person and the degree of supplementary benefit coverage chosen (complementary medicine, routine dental care, semi-private or private ward hospitalization, etc.). the insured person has full freedom of choice among the approximately 60 recognized healthcare providers competent to treat their condition (in their region) on the understanding that the costs are covered by the insurance up to the level of the official tariff. there is freedom of choice when selecting an insurance company to which one pays a premium, usually on a monthly basis. the insured person pays the insurance premium for the basic plan up to 8% of their personal income. if a premium is higher than this, the government gives the insured person a cash subsidy to pay for any additional premium. the compulsory insurance can be supplemented by private "complementary" insurance policies that allow for coverage of some of the treatment categories not covered by the basic insurance or to improve the standard of room and service in case