smoking. many studies concluded e-cigarettes are an effective smoking cessation tool, but the long-term side effects of vaping have yet to be discovered. recently, the life-threatening 'vaping associated lung injury' syndrome was described, it is a form of lipoid pneumonia caused by black market e-liquids containing lipids. since the popularisation of e-cigarettes, the tobacco industry protected its interests in a few ways: developing their own smoking cessation tools, later proven to be ineffective and just as harmful as cigarettes. manufacturing their own e-cigarettes. funding studies with the intent of discrediting e-cigarettes. interfering with the fda in the united kingdom, it was estimated in september 2018 that there are now 3,000,000 people who vape, 40% of whom are smokers trying to quit smoking. there is an ongoing debate in the country about whether e-cigarettes should be treated the same under the law, as regular cigarettes would. amidst the debate, many businesses and institutions have put up signs saying "no vaping" next to their no smoking signs. other substances in the early 1980s, the majority of cocaine shipped to the united states that arrived at miami came through the bahamas. however, overproduction of cocaine powder in those islands drove the price down by as much as 80 percent. confronted with falling profits for their illegal product, drug dealers decided to convert the powder to crack, a solid, smokable form of cocaine, that they could sell in smaller quantities to more people. it was cheap, simple to produce, ready to use, and highly profitable. as early as 1980, reports of crack appeared in los angeles, san diego, houston, and the caribbean. this growth in popularity abated in the late 1990s. described by criminologist alfred blumstein, this change resulted from four factors: tighter gun restrictions in areas where crack cocaine is prevalent, a shrinking market and its institutionalization, the robustness of the economy, and the availability of jobs.