the us, carried on romaine lettuce from yuma, arizona. it prompted a multi-state investigation from the cdc and fda. this outbreak began in the beginning of april 2018 and the fda found that the contaminated romaine lettuce came from a yuma farm. this strain produces shiga toxin, which is thought to have been transferred to the species from a strain of shigella by a bacteriophage, a kind of virus that infects bacteria. on or after april 16, 2018, cases of food poisoning began to be reported in the new york state area. the cdc eventually concluded this was an example of o157:h7, its code for a strain of e. coli that is noteworthy for seeming to have genes from a different but related species, shigella, producing an unusual toxin, though not one especially lethal to human beings. a 2022 study estimated that the total societal loss from the romaine lettuce recall was in the range of $276–$343 million. on november 20, 2018, the cdc, the u.s. food and drug administration (fda), and health canada announced that they were investigating a multistate binational outbreak of pathogenic escherichia coli o157:h7 infections linked to romaine lettuce. this outbreak was separate from the previous outbreak traced to yuma, arizona. 2020s 2021 a salmonella outbreak was reported across 14 states in october 2021, with 102 people infected and 19 hospitalized. the source of the infections was reported to be from denver, colorado-based seafood supplier northeast seafood products, who supplied seafood products to various grocery stores and restaurants, including albertsons, safeway, and sprouts. most people infected lived in or had traveled from colorado. three brands of onions were recalled in october 2021 after a salmonella outbreak in 37 states. 652 people were infected and 129 were hospitalized. 2023 2023 united states e. coli outbreak