occipital bone occipital bone the occipital bone (/ˌɒkˈsɪpɪtəl/) is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). it is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. the occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. at the base of the skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the passage of the spinal cord. occipital boneposition of occipital bone (shown in green)human skull (occipital bone is at bottom right).detailsarticulationsthe two parietals, the two temporals, the sphenoid, and the atlasidentifierslatinos occipitalemeshd009777ta98a02.1.04.001ta2552fma52735anatomical terms of bone like the other cranial bones, it is classed as a flat bone. due to its many attachments and features, the occipital bone is described in terms of separate parts. from its front to the back is the basilar part, also called the basioccipital, at the sides of the foramen magnum are the lateral parts, also called the exoccipitals, and the back is named as the squamous part. the basilar part is a thick, somewhat quadrilateral piece in front of the foramen magnum and directed towards the pharynx. the squamous part is the curved, expanded plate behind the foramen magnum and is the largest part of the occipital bone. due to its embryonic derivation from paraxial mesoderm (as opposed to neural crest, from which many other craniofacial bones are derived), it has been posited that "the occipital bone as a whole could be considered as a giant vertebra enlarged to support the brain." structure the occipital bone, like the other seven cranial bones, has outer and inner layers (also called plates or tables) of cortical bone tissue between which is the cancellous bone tissue known in the cranial bones as diploë. the bone is especially thick at the ridges, protuberances, condyles, and anterior part of the basilar part; in the inferior cerebellar fossae it is thin, semitransparent, and without diploë. outer surface outer surface of occipital bone near the middle of the outer surface of the squamous part of the occipital (the largest part) there is a prominence – the external occipital protuberance. the highest point of this is called the inion. from the inion, along the midline of the squamous part until the foramen magnum, runs a ridge – the external occipital crest (also called the medial nuchal line) and this gives attachment to the nuchal ligament. running across the outside of the occipital bone are three curved lines and one line (the medial line) that runs down to the foramen magnum. these are known as the nuchal lines which give attachment to various ligaments and muscles. they are named as the highest, superior and inferior nuchal lines. the inferior nuchal line runs across the midpoint of the median nuchal line. the area above the highest nuchal line is termed the occipital plane and the area below this line is termed the nuchal plane. inner surface inner surface of occipital bone the inner surface of the occipital bone forms the base of the posterior cranial fossa. the foramen magnum is a large hole situated in the middle, with the clivus, a smooth part of the occipital bone travelling upwards in front of it. the median internal occipital crest travels behind it to the internal occipital protuberance, and serves as a point of attachment to the falx cerebri. to the sides of the foramen sitting at the junction between the lateral and base of the occipital bone are the hypoglossal canals. further out, at each junction between the occipital and petrous portion of the temporal bone lies a jugular foramen. the inner surface of the occipital bone is marked by dividing lines as shallow ridges, that form four fossae or depressions. the lines are called the cruciform (cross-shaped) eminence. at the midpoint where the lines intersect a raised part is formed called the internal occipital protuberance. from each side of this eminence runs a groove for the transverse sinuses. there are two midline skull landmarks at the foramen magnum. the basion is the most anterior point of the opening and the opisthion is the point on the opposite posterior part. the basion lines up with the dens. foramen magnum