recycling by material recycling by material recycling can be carried out on various raw materials. recycling is an important part of creating more sustainable economies, reducing the cost and environmental impact of raw materials. not all materials are easily recycled, and processing recyclable into the correct waste stream requires considerable energy. some particular manufactured goods are not easily separated, unless specially process therefore have unique product-based recycling processes. asphalt asphalt concrete removed during road maintenance, resurfacing, and repair activities can be reclaimed and reused in new pavement mixtures, as an unbound aggregate base, or other civil engineering applications. very little asphalt concrete — less than 1 percent, according to a survey by the federal highway administration and the national asphalt pavement association conducted annually since 2009 — is actually disposed of in landfills. when asphalt pavement material is reclaimed for reuse, it is able to replace both virgin aggregates and virgin asphalt binder. similarly, asphalt roof shingles can be recycled for use in new asphalt pavements. concrete this section is an excerpt from concrete recycling. concrete from a building being sent to a portable crusher. this is the first step to recycling concrete. crushing concrete from an airfield concrete recycling is the use of rubble from demolished concrete structures. recycling is cheaper and more ecological than trucking rubble to a landfill. crushed rubble can be used for road gravel, revetments, retaining walls, landscaping gravel, or raw material for new concrete. large pieces can be used as bricks or slabs, or incorporated with new concrete into structures, a material called urbanite. glass a dutch public glass waste collection point for separating clear, green and amber glass this section is an excerpt from glass recycling. bottles in different colors mixed color glass cullet public glass waste collection point for different colors of containers glass recycling is the processing of waste glass into usable products. glass that is crushed or imploded and ready to be remelted is called cullet. there are two types of cullet: internal and external. internal cullet is composed of defective products detected and rejected by a quality control process during the industrial process of glass manufacturing, transition phases of product changes (such as thickness and color changes) and production offcuts. external cullet is waste glass that has been collected or reprocessed with the purpose of recycling. external cullet (which can be pre- or post-consumer) is classified as waste. the word "cullet", when used in the context of end-of-waste, will always refer to external cullet. to be recycled, glass waste needs to be purified and cleaned of contamination. then, depending on the end use and local processing capabilities, it might also have to be separated into different sizes and colours. many recyclers collect different colors of glass separately since glass retains its color after recycling. the most common colours used for consumer containers are clear (flint) glass, green glass, and brown (amber) glass. glass is ideal for recycling since none of the material is degraded by normal use. many collection points have separate bins for clear (flint), green and brown (amber). glass re-processors intending to make new glass containers require separation by color, because glass tends to retain its color after recycling. if the recycled glass is not going to be made into more glass, or if the glass re-processor uses newer optical sorting equipment, separation by color at the collection point may not be required. heat-resistant glass, such as pyrex or borosilicate glass, must not be part of the glass recycling stream, because even a small piece of such material will alter the viscosity of the fluid in the furnace at remelt. metals aluminium aluminium is one of the most efficient and widely recycled materials. aluminium is shredded and ground into small pieces or crushed into bales. these pieces or bales are melted in an aluminium smelter to produce molten aluminium. by this stage, the recycled aluminium is indistinguishable from virgin aluminium and further processing is identical for both. this process does not produce any change in the metal, so aluminium can be recycled indefinitely. recycling aluminium saves 95% of the energy cost of processing new aluminium. this is because the temperature necessary for melting recycled, nearly pure, aluminium is 600 °c, while to extract mined aluminium from its ore requires 900 °c. to reach this higher temperature, much more energy is needed, leading to the high environmental benefits of aluminium recycling. americans throw away enough aluminium every year to rebuild their entire commercial air fleet. also, the energy saved by recycling one aluminium can is enough to run a television for three hours. copper this section is an excerpt from copper § recycling. like aluminium, copper is recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products. in volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. an estimated 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today. according to the international resource panel's metal stocks in society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita). the process of recycling copper is roughly the same as is used to extract copper but requires fewer steps. high-purity scrap copper is melted in a furnace and then reduced and cast into billets and ingots; lower-purity scrap is refined by electroplating in a bath of sulfuric acid. iron and steel steel crushed and baled for recycling. iron and steel are the world's most recycled materials, and among the easiest materials to reprocess, as they can be separated magnetically from the waste stream. recycling is via a steelworks: scrap is either remelted in an electric arc furnace (90-100% scrap), or used as part of the charge in a basic oxygen furnace (around 25% scrap). any grade of steel can be recycled to top quality new metal, with no 'downgrading' from prime to lower quality materials as steel is recycled repeatedly. 42% of crude steel produced is recycled material. other metals for information about recycling other, less common metals, refer to: bismuth recycling lead recycling plastic this section is an excerpt from plastic recycling. plastic recyclingclockwise from top left: sorting plastic waste at a single-stream recycling centrebaled colour-sorted used bottlesrecovered hdpe ready for recyclinga watering can made from recycled bottles plastic recycling is the processing of plastic waste into other products. recycling can reduce dependence on landfill, conserve resources and protect the environment from plastic pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. recycling rates lag those of other recoverable materials, such as aluminium, glass and paper. through 2015, the world produced some 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic waste, only 9% of which has been recycled, and only ~1% has been recycled more than once. additionally, 12% was incinerated and the remaining 79% sent to landfill or to the environment including the ocean. almost all plastic is not biodegradable and absent recyling, spreads across the environment where it can cause harm. for example, as of 2015 approximately 8 million tons of waste plastic enter the oceans annually, damaging the ecosystem and forming ocean garbage patches.even the highest quality recycling processes lead to substantial plastic waste during the sorting and cleaning process, releasing large amounts of microplastics in waste water, and dust from the process. almost all recycling is mechanical: melting and reforming plastic into other items. this can cause polymer degradation at a molecular level, and requires that waste be sorted by colour and polymer type before processing, which is complicated and expensive. errors can lead to material with inconsistent properties, rendering it unappealing to industry. in feedstock recycling, waste plastic is converted into its starting chemicals, which can then become fresh plastic. this involves higher energy and capital costs. alternatively, plastic can be burned in place of fossil fuels, in energy recovery facilities or biochemically converted into other useful chemicals for industry. in some countries, burning is the dominant form of plastic waste disposal, particularly where landfill diversion policies are in place. plastic recycling is low in the waste hierarchy. it has been advocated since the early 1970s, but due to economic and technical challenges, did not impact plastic waste to any significant extent until the late 1980s. the plastics industry has been criticised for lobbying for expansion of recycling programs, even while research showed that most plastic could not be economically recycled. timber a tidy stack of pallets awaits reuse or recycling. recycling timber has become popular due to its image as an environmentally friendly product, with consumers commonly believing that by purchasing recycled wood the demand for green timber will fall and ultimately benefit the environment. greenpeace also view recycled timber as an environmentally friendly product, citing it as the most preferable timber source on their website. the arrival of recycled timber as a construction product has been important in both raising industry and consumer awareness towards deforestation and promoting timber mills to adopt more environmentally friendly practices.