anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (acl reconstruction) is a surgical tissue graft replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament, located in the knee, to restore its function after an injury. the torn ligament can either be removed from the knee (most common), or preserved (where the graft is passed inside the preserved ruptured native ligament) before reconstruction through an arthroscopic procedure. acl repair is also a surgical option. this involves repairing the acl by re-attaching it, instead of performing a reconstruction. theoretical advantages of repair include faster recovery and a lack of donor site morbidity, but randomised controlled trials and long-term data regarding re-rupture rates using contemporary surgical techniques are lacking. "knee reconstruction" redirects here. for reconstructions on the posterolateral corner of the knee, see posterolateral corner injuries § operative treatment. anterior cruciate ligament reconstructionarthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (acl) reconstruction (right knee). the tendon of the semitendinosus muscle was prelevated, folded and used as an autograft (1). it appears through the remnant of the injured original acl (3). the autograft then courses upwardly and backwardly in front of the posterior cruciate ligament (2).other namesacl reconstructionicd-9-cm81.45medlineplus007208 background the anterior cruciate ligament is the ligament that keeps the knee stable. anterior cruciate ligament damage is a very common injury, especially among athletes. anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (acl) surgery is a common intervention. 1 in every 3,000 american ruptures their acl and between 100,000 and 300,000 reconstruction surgeries will be performed each year in the united states. around $500 million health care dollar will come from acl injuries. acl injuries can be categorized into groups- contact and non-contact based on the nature of the injury contact injuries occur when a person or object come into contact with the knee causing the ligament to tear. however, non-contact tears typically occur during the following movements: decelerating, cutting, or landing from a jump. acl injury is 4-6 times higher in females than in males. acl injuries account for a quarter of all knee injuries in the high school population. an increased q angle and hormonal differences are a few examples of the gender disparity in acl tear rates. types of grafts grafts are inserted through a tunnel that is drilled through the shin bone (tibia) and thigh bone (femur). the graft is then pulled through the tunnel and fixated with screws. the two bright objects in this x-ray are screws in the thigh bone (above) and shin bone (below). graft options for acl reconstruction include: autografts (employing bone or tissue harvested from the patient's body). allografts (using bone or tissue from another body, either a cadaver or a live donor). bridge-enhanced acl repair (using a bio-engineered bridging scaffold injected with the patient's own blood). synthetic tissue for acl reconstruction has also been developed, but little data exists on its strength and reliability. autograft an accessory hamstring or part of the patellar ligament are the most common donor tissues used in autografts. while originally less commonly utilized, the quadriceps tendon has become a more popular graft. because the tissue used in an autograft is the patient's own, the risk of rejection is minimal. the retear rate in young, active individuals has been shown to be lower when using autograft as compared to allograft. hamstring tendon left knee following hamstring autograft acl reconstruction, partial meniscectomy and medial meniscus repair. "socks" are actually post-op pressure stockings. hamstring autografts are made with the semitendinosus tendon, either alone or accompanied by the gracilis tendon for a stronger graft. the semitendinosus is an accessory hamstring (the primary hamstrings are left intact), and the gracilis is not a hamstring, but an accessory adductor (the primary adductors are left intact as well). the two tendons are commonly combined and referred to as a four-strand hamstring graft, made by a long piece (about 25 cm) removed from each tendon. the tendon segments are folded and braided together to form a tendon of quadruple thickness for the graft. the braided segment is threaded through the heads of the tibia and femur, and its ends are fixed with screws on the opposite sides of the two bones. unlike the patellar ligament, the hamstring tendon's fixation to the bone can be affected by motion after surgery. therefore, a brace is often used to immobilize the knee for one to two weeks. evidence suggests that the hamstring tendon graft does as well, or nearly as well, as the patellar ligament graft in the long term. common problems during recovery include strengthening of the quadriceps, it-band, and calf muscles. the main surgical wound is over the upper proximal tibia, which prevents the typical pain experienced when kneeling after surgery. the wound is typically smaller than that of a patellar ligament graft, and so causes less post-operative pain. another option first described in 2004, a minimally invasive technique for harvesting from the back of the knee, is faster, produces a significantly smaller wound, avoids the complications of graft harvesting from the anterior incision, and decreases the risk of nerve injury. there is some controversy as to how well a hamstring tendon regenerates after the harvesting. most studies suggest that the tendon can be regenerated at least partially, though it will still be weaker than the original tendon. advantages of hamstring grafts include their high "load to failure" strength, the stiffness of the graft, and the low postoperative morbidity. the natural acl can withstand a load of up to 2,160 newtons. with a hamstring graft, this number doubles, decreasing the risk of re-injury. the stiffness of a hamstring graft—quadruple that of the natural acl (bartlett, clatworthy and ngugen, 2001)—also reduces the risk of re-injury. patellar tendon knees following acl reconstruction surgery. a patellar tendon graft was used. discoloration of the left leg is from swelling that drained from the knee to the shin. the patellar tendon connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin). the graft is normally taken from the injured knee, but in some circumstances, such as a second operation, the other knee may be used. the middle third of the tendon is used, with bone fragments removed on each end. the graft is then threaded through holes drilled in the tibia and femur, and screwed into place. it is slightly larger than a hamstring graft. disadvantages compared with a hamstring graft include: increased wound pain increased scar formation risk of fracturing the patella during harvesting of the graft increased risk of tendinitis. increased pain levels, even years after surgery, with activities that require kneeling. some or all of these disadvantages may be attributable to post-operative patellar tendon shortening. the rehabilitation after the surgery is different for each knee. the beginning rehab for the acl graft knee is focused on reducing swelling, gaining full range of motion, and stimulating the leg muscles. the goal for the graft donor need is to immediately start high repetition strength training exercises. allograft the patellar ligament, tibialis anterior tendon, or achilles tendon may be recovered from a cadaver and used in acl reconstruction. the achilles tendon, because of its large size, must be shaved to fit within the joint cavity. type typically, age and lifestyle help determine the type of graft used for acl reconstruction. the biggest factors in knee stability are correct graft placement by the surgeon and treatment of other menisco-ligament injuries in the knee, rather than type of graft. however, with the current literature, only kt-1000 arthrometer assessment demonstrated more laxity with allograft reconstruction. bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts have resulted fewer failures and more stability on kt-1000 arthrometer testing. site no ideal graft site for acl reconstruction exists. surgeons have historically regarded patellar tendon grafts as the "gold standard" for knee stability. hamstring autografts have failed at a higher rate than bone-tendon-bone autografts, after short- to mid-term followup of primary acl reconstruction. however, the observed difference in failure rates is small enough that both are still regarded as viable options for primary acl reconstruction. hamstring grafts historically had problems with fixation slippage and stretching out over time. modern fixation methods avoid graft slippage and produce similarly stable outcomes with easier rehabilitation, less anterior knee pain and less joint stiffness. although there is less experience with the use of tibialis anterior grafts, preliminary data has shown no difference in short-term subjective outcomes between tibialis anterior allografts and patellar tendon allografts. the quadriceps tendon, while historically reserved for revision reconstructions, has enjoyed a renewed focus as a versatile and durable graft for primary reconstructions. use of the quadriceps tendon usually does not result in the same degree of anterior knee pain postoperatively, and quadriceps tendon harvest produces a reliably thick, robust graft. the quadriceps tendon has approximately 20% greater collagen per cross-sectional area than the patellar tendon, and a greater diameter of usable soft tissue is available. bridge enhanced acl restoration (bear implant) a new approach to treating acl tears was developed at boston children's hospital and is currently in clinical trials. the bridge enhanced acl restoration (bear) implant is a bio-engineered bridging implant that is injected with a small amount of patient's own blood to stimulate healing and reconnection of the acl. results from the first-in-human study published in march 2019 in the orthopedic journal of sports medicine showed the 10 patients who received the bear implant had similar clinical, functional and patient-reported outcomes as the 10 patients undergoing autograft acl reconstruction. additional clinical studies are underway. ligament advanced reinforcement system (lars) the anterior cruciate ligament (acl) of the knee is commonly injured. there is insufficient re-vascularization of the ligament after complete rupture, which limits its ability to heal and necessitates reconstruction surgery. within the last 20 years, new types of synthetic ligaments have been developed. the ligament advanced reinforcement system (lars), is one of these new synthetic ligaments that has recently gained popularity. there is evidence that supports lars as a viable option for reconstruction surgery in regards to complication rates and high patient satisfaction scores, when compared to traditional surgical techniques. however, systematic reviews of the lars in regarding graft stability and long term functional outcomes, have highlighted several important gaps in existing literature that requires future investigation. the necessity of rehabilitation following lars is well recognized, but there is limited evidence available that guide rehabilitation protocols. stem cell treatment autologous stem-cell transplantation using mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) has been used to improve recovery time from acl surgery, especially for athletes. mscs are multipotent stem cells, meaning they can differentiate into multiple cell types. in the case of mesenchymal stem cells, these cell types include osteoblasts (bone cells), adipocytes (fat cells), and chondrocytes (cartilage cells). ligament tissue mainly consists of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. ligament cells differ in size, respond to different cues in the cell environment, and express different cell surface markers, limiting the number of clinical treatments for accelerated repair of acl tissue to mscs and primary fibroblasts obtained from other acl tissue. therefore, most modern stem cell injections use mscs to promote faster repair of the acl and allow people such as athletes to return to their previous form faster. in order for mscs to differentiate into an acl, they must be placed in a proper scaffold on which to grow, and must be in a bioreactor that maintains a normal physiological environment for the cells to reproduce and proliferate effectively. the scaffold must have the mechanical properties of a healthy acl to sustain the ligament while it is in its primary form and maintain normal knee movement. scaffolds that are used for acl growth include collagen, silk, gelatin, polylactic acid, and glycosaminoglycans. mechanical properties of the scaffolds are further enhanced through braiding and twisting of the scaffold materials. the bioreactor must have similar properties to a knee joint so that when the acl is inserted into the body, it is not rejected as foreign, which could cause infection. therefore, it has to have compatible ph levels, oxygen concentration levels, metabolite levels and temperature, in addition to being sterile. recovery initial physical therapy consists of range of motion (rom) exercises, often with the guidance of a physical therapist. range of motion exercises are used to regain the flexibility of the ligament, prevent or break down scar tissue from forming and reduce loss of muscle tone. range of motion exercise examples include: quadriceps contractions and straight leg raises. in some cases,