bicalutamide bicalutamide bicalutamide, sold under the brand name casodex among others, is an antiandrogen medication that is primarily used to treat prostate cancer. it is typically used together with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) analogue or surgical removal of the testicles to treat metastatic prostate cancer (mpc). to a lesser extent, it is used at high doses for locally advanced prostate cancer (lapc) as a monotherapy without castration. bicalutamide was also previously used as monotherapy to treat localized prostate cancer (lpc), but authorization for this use was withdrawn following unfavorable trial findings. besides prostate cancer, bicalutamide is limitedly used in the treatment of excessive hair growth and scalp hair loss in women, as a puberty blocker and component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender girls and women, to treat gonadotropin-independent early puberty in boys, and to prevent overly long-lasting erections in men. it is taken by mouth. bicalutamideclinical datapronunciationbicalutamide:• /ˌbaɪkəˈluːtəmaɪd/• by-kə-loo-tə-myde trade namescasodex, calutex, othersother namesici-176,334; zd-176,334ahfs/drugs.commonographmedlineplusa697047license data us dailymed: bicalutamide us fda: bicalutamide pregnancycategory au: d routes ofadministrationby mouthdrug classnonsteroidal antiandrogenatc codel02bb03 (who) legal statuslegal status au: s4 (prescription only) uk: pom (prescription only) us: ℞-only in general: ℞ (prescription only) pharmacokinetic databioavailabilitywell-absorbed; absolute bioavailability unknownprotein bindingracemate: 96.1%(r)-isomer: 99.6%(mainly to albumin)metabolismliver (extensively):• hydroxylation (cyp3a4)• glucuronidation (ugt1a9)metabolites• bicalutamide glucuronide• hydroxybicalutamide• hydroxybicalutamide gluc.(all inactive)elimination half-lifesingle-dose: 5.8 dayscontinuous: 7–10 daysexcretionfeces: 43%urine: 34%identifiers iupac name (rs)-n--3--2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide cas number90357-06-5 y 113299-40-4 ((r)-isomer)113299-38-0 ((s)-isomer)pubchem cid2375iuphar/bps2863drugbankdb01128 ychemspider2284 yuniia0z3nau9dpkeggc08160 ychebichebi:91617 ychemblchembl409 ypdb ligand198 (pdbe, rcsb pdb)comptox dashboard (epa)dtxsid2022678 echa infocard100.126.100 chemical and physical dataformulac18h14f4n2o4smolar mass430.37 g·mol−13d model (jsmol)interactive imagechiralityracemic mixture (of (r)- and (s)-enantiomers)melting point191 to 193 °c (376 to 379 °f) (experimental)boiling point650 °c (1,202 °f) (predicted)solubility in water0.005 smiles cc(o)(cs(=o)(=o)c1ccc(f)cc1)c(=o)nc1ccc(c#n)c(c(f)(f)f)c1 inchi inchi=1s/c18h14f4n2o4s/c1-17(26,10-29(27,28)14-6-3-12(19)4-7-14)16(25)24-13-5-2-11(9-23)15(8-13)18(20,21)22/h2-8,26h,10h2,1h3,(h,24,25) ykey:lkjpyscbvhewiu-uhfffaoysa-n y (verify) common side effects of bicalutamide in men include breast growth, breast tenderness, and hot flashes. other side effects in men include feminization and sexual dysfunction. some side effects like breast changes and feminization are minimal when combined with castration. while the medication appears to produce few side effects in women, its use in women is not explicitly approved by the food and drug administration (fda) at this time. use during pregnancy may harm the baby. in men with early prostate cancer, bicalutamide monotherapy has been found to increase the likelihood of death from causes other than prostate cancer. bicalutamide produces abnormal liver changes necessitating discontinuation in around 1% of people. rarely, it has been associated with cases of serious liver damage, serious lung toxicity, and sensitivity to light. although the risk of adverse liver changes is small, monitoring of liver function is recommended during treatment. bicalutamide is a member of the nonsteroidal antiandrogen (nsaa) group of medications. it works by selectively blocking the androgen receptor (ar), the biological target of the androgen sex hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (dht). it does not lower androgen levels. the medication can have some estrogen-like effects in men when used as a monotherapy due to increased estradiol levels. bicalutamide is well-absorbed, and its absorption is not affected by food. the elimination half-life of the medication is around one week. it shows peripheral selectivity in animals, but crosses the blood–brain barrier and affects both the body and brain in humans. bicalutamide was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1995. it is on the world health organization's list of essential medicines. bicalutamide is available as a generic medication. the drug is sold in more than 80 countries, including most developed countries. it was at one time the most widely used antiandrogen in the treatment of prostate cancer, with millions of men with the disease having been prescribed it. although bicalutamide is also used for other indications besides prostate cancer, the vast majority of prescriptions appear to be for treatment of prostate cancer. medical uses main article: medical uses of bicalutamide bicalutamide is approved for and mainly used in the following indications: metastatic prostate cancer (mpc) in men in combination with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) analogue or surgical castration at 50 mg/day locally advanced prostate cancer (lapc) in men as a monotherapy at 150 mg/day (not approved for this use in the united states) in japan, bicalutamide is uniquely used at a dosage of 80 mg/day both in combination with castration and as a monotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. bicalutamide is also employed for the following off-label (non-approved) indications: to reduce the effects of the testosterone flare at the initiation of gnrh agonist therapy in men androgen-dependent skin and hair conditions such as acne, seborrhea, excessive hair growth, and scalp hair loss in women as well as high testosterone levels due to polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) in women, at 25 to 50 mg/day generally in combination with a birth control pill feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women in combination with an estrogen usually at 50 mg/day peripheral precocious puberty in boys at 12.5 to 100 mg/day in combination with an aromatase inhibitor like anastrozole, especially for familial male-limited precocious puberty (testotoxicosis) overly long-lasting erections in men at 50 mg per week to 50 mg every other day the medication has been suggested for but has uncertain effectiveness in the following indication: hypersexuality and paraphilias, particularly in combination with chemical castration for more information on these uses, see the medical uses of bicalutamide article. available forms bicalutamide is available for the treatment of prostate cancer in most developed countries, including over 80 countries worldwide. it is available in 50 mg, 80 mg (in japan), and 150 mg tablets for oral administration. the drug is registered for use as a 150 mg/day monotherapy for the treatment of lapc in at least 55 countries, with the u.s. being a notable exception where it is registered only for use at a dosage of 50 mg/day in combination with castration. no other formulations or routes of administration are available or used. all formulations of bicalutamide are specifically indicated for the treatment of prostate cancer alone or in combination with surgical or medication castration. due to the low water solubility of bicalutamide, bicalutamide in oral bicalutamide tablets is micronized to ensure small and consistent particle sizes and optimize oral bioavailability. a combined formulation of bicalutamide and the gnrh agonist goserelin in which goserelin is provided as a subcutaneous implant for injection and bicalutamide is included as 50 mg tablets for oral ingestion is marketed in australia and new zealand under the brand name zolacos cp (zoladex–cosudex combination pack). contraindications bicalutamide is pregnancy category x, or "contraindicated in pregnancy", in the u.s., and pregnancy category d, the second most restricted rating, in australia. as such, it is contraindicated in women during pregnancy, and women who are sexually active and who can or may become pregnant are strongly recommended to take bicalutamide only in combination with adequate contraception. it is unknown whether bicalutamide is excreted in breast milk, but many drugs are excreted in breast milk, and for this reason, bicalutamide treatment is similarly not recommended while breastfeeding. in individuals with severe, though not mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment, there is evidence that the elimination of bicalutamide is slowed, and hence, caution may be warranted in these patients as circulating levels of bicalutamide may be increased. in severe hepatic impairment, the elimination half-life of the active (r)-enantiomer of bicalutamide is increased by about 1.75-fold (76% increase; elimination half-life of 5.9 and 10.4 days for normal and impaired patients, respectively). the elimination half-life of bicalutamide is unchanged in renal impairment. side effects main article: side effects of bicalutamide major side effects of bicalutamide frequency class of effect effect very common (≥10%) reproductive system and breast disorders• breast tenderness• gynecomastia common (1–10%) general and psychiatric disorders• asthenia • decreased libido • erectile dysfunction • hot flashes skin and subcutaneoustissue disorders • decreased body hair hepato-biliary disorders • elevated liver enzymes uncommon (0.1–1%) immune system disorders and hypersensitivity reactions• angioedema • hives rare (<0.1%) or unknown respiratory disorders• lung disease skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders• sensitivity to light hepato-biliary disorders• liver toxicity may occur as often as 90% of those taking bicalutamide, but is mild-to-moderate in 90% of occurrences. incidence greatly decreased in combination with castration. usually transient, rarely severe. resolves or improves with continued therapy or on discontinuation. reported in single cases, but not observed in any large, randomized trial. with regular liver monitoring and discontinuation as needed. the side effect profile of bicalutamide is highly dependent on sex; that is, on whether the person is male or female. in men, due to androgen deprivation, a variety of side effects of varying severity may occur during bicalutamide treatment, with breast pain/tenderness and gynecomastia (breast development/enlargement) being the most common. gynecomastia occurs in up to 80% of men treated with bicalutamide monotherapy, and is of mild-to-moderate severity in more than 90% of affected men. in addition to breast changes, physical feminization and demasculinization in general, including reduced body hair growth, decreased muscle mass and strength, feminine changes in fat mass and distribution, reduced penile length, and decreased semen/ejaculate volume, may occur in men. other side effects that have been observed in men and that are similarly related to androgen deprivation include hot flashes, sexual dysfunction (e.g., loss of libido, erectile dysfunction), depression, fatigue, weakness, and anemia. however, most men have preserved sexual function with bicalutamide monotherapy. in females, due to the minimal biological importance of androgens in this sex, the side effects of pure antiandrogens or nsaas are few, and bicalutamide has been found to be very well tolerated. however, bicalutamide has been found to increase levels of total and ldl cholesterol in women. the non-pharmacological side-effect profile of bicalutamide (i.e., side effects not related to its antiandrogenic activity) is said to be similar to that with placebo. in any case, general side effects of bicalutamide that might occur in either sex include diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, dry skin, itching, and rash. the drug is well-tolerated at higher dosages than 50 mg/day, up to 600 mg/day, with rare additional side effects. bicalutamide has been associated with abnormal liver function tests such as elevated liver enzymes. in the early prostate cancer (epc) clinical programme of bicalutamide for lpc and lapc, the rate of abnormal liver function tests with bicalutamide monotherapy was 3.4% relative to 1.9% for placebo. however, higher rates, up to 11%, have been seen in other studies. hepatic changes that have necessitated discontinuation of bicalutamide, such as marked increases in liver enzymes or hepatitis, have occurred in 0.3 to 1.5% of men in clinical trials, or approximately 1% overall. elevated liver enzymes with bicalutamide usually occur within the first 3 to 6 months of treatment. monitoring of liver function during treatment is recommended, particularly in the first few months. in men with early prostate cancer, bicalutamide monotherapy has been found to increase non-prostate cancer mortality. the reasons for the increase in mortality with bicalutamide in these men are unknown, but possible factors could include androgen deprivation or drug-related toxicity of bicalutamide. there are 10 published case reports of liver toxicity associated with bicalutamide as of 2022. death occurred in 2 of these cases. hundreds of additional cases of liver complications in people taking bicalutamide exist in the fda adverse event reporting system (faers) database. in all of the published case reports of liver toxicity with bicalutamide, the onset of symptoms was within the first 6 months of treatment. symptoms that may indicate liver dysfunction include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia, "flu-like" symptoms, dark urine, and jaundice. there are also published case reports of interstitial pneumonitis and eosinophilic lung disease associated with bicalutamide. along with hundreds of additional instances in the faers database as well. interstitial pneumonitis can potentially progress to pulmonary fibrosis and may be fatal. symptoms that may indicate lung dysfunction include dyspnea (difficult breathing or shortness of breath), cough, and pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx, resulting in sore throat). the exact incidence of liver toxicity and interstitial pneumonitis with bicalutamide are unknown, but both are said to be very rare events. a few cases of photosensitivity have been reported with bicalutamide. hypersensitivity reactions (drug allergy) like angioedema and hives have also uncommonly been reported in association with bicalutamide. because it is an antiandrogen, bicalutamide has a theoretical risk of birth defects like ambiguous genitalia in male fetuses. due to its teratogenic capacity, contraception should be used in women taking bicalutamide who are fertile and sexually active. comparison