hydrogenation and also is produced in trace amounts by human and other mammalian metabolisms of morphine. it occasionally appears in assays of opium latex in very small quantities, apparently forming in the plant in an unknown percentage of cases under poorly understood conditions. bacteria some bacteria have been shown to be able to turn morphine into closely related drugs, including hydromorphone and dihydromorphine among others. the bacterium pseudomonas putida serotype m10 produces a naturally-occurring nadh-dependent morphinone reductase that can work on unsaturated 7,8 bonds, with result that, when these bacteria are living in an aqueous solution containing morphine, significant amounts of hydromorphone form, as it is an intermediary metabolite in this process; the same goes for codeine being turned into hydrocodone. the process gave rise to various concentrations of hydromorphone, dihydromorphine, hydromorphinol, and oxymorphone during the experiments. three paths were found: from morphine to hydromorphone with dihydromorphine as the penultimate step, from morphine to hydromorphone with morphinone as the penultimate step, and from morphine to hydromorphinol to hydromorphone. history hydromorphone was patented in 1923. it was introduced to the mass market in 1926 under the brand name dilaudid, indicating its derivation and degree of similarity to morphine (by way of laudanum). society and culture names hydromorphone is known in various countries around the world by the brand names hydal, dimorphone, exalgo, sophidone lp, dilaudid, hydrostat, hydromorfan, hydromorphan, hymorphan, laudicon, opidol, palladone, hydromorph contin, and others. an extended-release version of hydromorphone, called palladone, was available for a short time in the united states before being voluntarily withdrawn from the market after a july 2005 fda advisory warned of a high overdose potential when taken with alcohol. as of march 2010, it is still available in nepal under the brand name opidol, in the united kingdom under the brand name palladone sr, and in most other european countries. there has also been a once-daily prolonged release version of hydromorphone available in australia under the brand name jurnista as of may 2009. legal status in the united states, the main drug control agency, the drug enforcement administration, reports an increase in annual aggregate production quotas of hydromorphone from 766 kilograms (1,689 pounds) in 1998 to 3,300 kilograms (7,300 lb) in 2006, and an increase in prescriptions in this time of 289%, from about 470,000 to 1,830,000. the 2013 production quota was 5,968 kilograms (13,157 lb). like all opioids used for analgesia, hydromorphone is potentially habit-forming and is listed in schedule ii of the united states controlled substances act of 1970 as well as in similar levels under the drugs laws of practically all other countries and it is listed in the single convention on narcotic drugs. the dea acscn for hydromorphone is 9150. hydromorphone is listed under the german betäubungsmittelgesetz as a betäubungsmittel in the most restricted schedule for medicinal drugs; it is controlled similarly in austria (suchtgift) under the smg and the swiss betmg. the misuse of drugs act 1971 (united kingdom) and comparable french, canadian, australian, italian, czech, croatian, slovenian, swedish, polish, spanish, greek, russian, and other laws similarly control it, as do regulations in virtually all other countries. use in executions in 2009, ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions by lethal injection when a suitable vein cannot be found for intravenous injection. hydromorphone and midazolam was injected intravenously to execute double-murderer joseph wood in arizona on 24 july 2014. wood was heavily sedated (surgical anesthesia) within four minutes from start, but took almost two hours to transition to stage 4 (cessation of respiration) and death.