connects directly to the pituitary gland, both through the circulatory system and by direct connection of neurons. also, within the cranium, the pineal gland, which attaches to the thalamus, controls the body's 24-hour rhythms circadian rhythm through the release of melatonin. the pituitary gland secretes hormones that directly impact the body as well as hormones that indirectly control body functions because they activate other endocrine glands, such as the adrenal cortex (acth) and the thyroid gland (tsh). these two glands when stimulated by pituitary hormones then release their own hormones. the pituitary gland has two lobes, the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. the anterior lobe secretes: growth hormone (gh), luteinizing hormone (lh), follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth), thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh), prolactin (prl), and the posterior lobe secretes: antidieuretic hormone (adh), and oxytocin. there is an intermediate lobe, in adult humans it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary, nearly indistinguishable from the anterior lobe. the intermediate lobe produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh). in the neck are the thyroid and parathyroid glands, that secrete hormones that control metabolism and blood calcium levels. the four parathyroid glands are situated upon the back surface of the thyroid gland. respiratory system