males of the same age range. other intrinsic factors are age, weight, body composition, height, lack of flexibility or range of motion, coordination, balance, and endurance. in addition, biological factors such as pes planus, pes cavus, and valgus or varus knees that can cause an athlete to have improper biomechanics and become predisposed to injury. there are also psychological factors that are included in intrinsic risk factors. some psychological factors that could make certain individuals more subject to injury include personal stressors in their home, school, or social life. there are also extrinsic risk factors that can effect an athlete's risk of injury. some examples of extrinsic factors would be sport specific protective equipment such as helmet, shoulder pads, mouth guards, shin guards, and whether or not these pieces of equipment are fitted correctly to the individual athlete to ensure that they are each preventing injury as well as possible. other extrinsic factors are the conditions of the sport setting such as rain, snow, and maintenance of the floor/field of playing surface. prevention prevention helps reduce potential sport injuries. benefits include a healthier athlete, longer duration of participation in the sport, potential for better performance, and reduced medical costs. explaining the benefits of sports injury prevention programs to coaches, team trainers, sports teams, and individual athletes will give them a glimpse at the likelihood for success by having the athletes feeling they are healthy, strong, comfortable, and capable to compete. better training and better exercises can help prevent the injuries from even happening. primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention prevention can be broken up into three broad categories of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. primary prevention involves the avoidance of injury. an example is ankle braces being worn as a team. even those with no history of previous ankle injuries participate in wearing braces. if primary prevention activities were effective, there would be a lesser chance of injuries occurring in the first place. secondary prevention involves an early diagnosis and treatment once an injury has occurred. the goal of early diagnosis is to ensure that the injury is receiving proper care and recovering correctly, thereby limiting the concern for other medical problems to stem from the initial traumatic event. lastly, tertiary prevention is solely focused on rehabilitation to reduce and correct an existing disability resulting from the traumatic event. thus, for an athlete with an ankle injury, rehabilitation would consist of balance exercises to recover strength and mobility, as well as wearing an ankle brace while gradually returning to the sport. season analysis it is most essential to establish participation in warm-ups, stretching, and exercises that focus on main muscle groups commonly used in the sport of interest. this decreases the chances for getting muscle cramps, torn muscles, and stress fractures. a season analysis is an attempt to identify risks before they occur by reviewing training methods, the competition schedule, traveling, and past injuries. if injuries have occurred in the past, the season analysis reviews the injury and looks for patterns that may be related to a specific training event or competition program. for example, a stress fracture injury on a soccer team or cross country team may be correlated to a simultaneous increase in running and a change in running environment, like a transition from a soft to hard running surface. a season analysis can be documented as team-based results or individual athlete results. other key program events that have been correlated to injury incidences are changes in training volume, changes in climate locations, selection for playing time in important matches, and poor sleep due to tight chaotic scheduling. it is important for team program directors and staff to implicate testing in order to ensure healthy, competitive, and confident athletes for their upcoming season. preseason screening another beneficial review for preventing player sport injuries is preseason screenings. a study found that the highest injury rate during practices across fifteen division i, ii, and iii ncaa sports was in the preseason compared to in-season or postseason. to prepare an athlete for the wide range of activities needed to partake in their sport pre-participation examinations are regularly completed on hundreds of thousands of athletes each year. it is extremely important that the physical exam is done properly in order to limit the risks of injury and also to diagnose early onsets of a possible injury. preseason screenings consist of testing the mobility of joints (ankles, wrists, hips, etc.), testing the stability of joints (knees, neck, etc.), testing the strength and power of muscles, and also testing breathing patterns. the objective of a preseason screening is to clear the athlete for participation and verify that there is no sign of injury or illness, which would represent a potential medical risk to the athlete (and risk of liability to the sports organization). besides the physical examination and the fluidity of the movements of joints the preseason screenings often takes into account a nutrition aspect as well. it is important to maintain normal iron levels, blood pressure levels, fluid balance, adequate total energy intake, and normal glycogen levels. nutrition can aid in injury prevention and rehabilitation, if one obtains the body's daily intake needs. obtaining sufficient amount of calories, carbohydrates, fluids, protein, and vitamins and minerals is important for the overall health of the athlete and limits the risk of possible injuries. iron deficiency, for example, is found in both male and female athletes; however 60 percent of female college athletes are affected by iron deficiency. there are many factors that can contribute to the loss in iron, like menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding, inadequate iron intake from the diet, general fatigue, weakness, among others. the consequences of iron deficiency, if not solved, can be an impaired athletic performance and a decline in immune and cognitive function. functional movement screen one technique used in the process of preseason screening is the functional movement screen (fms). functional movement screening is an assessment used to evaluate movement patterns and asymmetries, which can provide insight into mechanical restrictions and potential risk for injury. functional movement screening contains seven fundamental movement patterns that require a balance of both mobility and stability. these fundamental movement patterns provide an observable performance of basic locomotor, manipulative, and stabilizing movements. the tests place the individual athlete in extreme positions where weaknesses and imbalances become clear if proper stability and mobility is not functioning correctly. the seven fundamental movement patterns are a deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability. for example, the deep squat is a test that challenges total body mechanics. it is used to gauge bilateral, symmetrical, and functional mobility of the hips, knees, and ankles. the dowel held overhead gauges bilateral and symmetrical mobility of the shoulders and the thoracic spine. the ability to perform the deep squat technique requires appropriate pelvic rhythm, closed-kinetic chain dorsiflexion of the ankles, flexion of the knees and hips, extension of the thoracic spine, as well as flexion and abduction of the shoulders. there is a scoring system applied to each movement as follows a score of 3 is given to the athlete if they can perform the movement without any compensations, a score of 2 is given to the athlete if they can perform the movement, but operate on poor mechanics and compensatory patterns to achieve the movement, a score of 1 is given to the athlete if they cannot perform the movement pattern even with compensations, and finally, a 0 is given to the athlete if one has pain during any part of the movement or test. three of the seven fundamental tests including shoulder mobility, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability have a clearance scoring associated with them meaning a pass or fail score. if the athlete fails this part of the test a score of 0 is given as the overall score. once the scoring is complete the athlete and medical professional can review the documentation together and organize a set prevention program to help target and strengthen the areas of weakness in order to limit the risks of possible injuries. sport injury prevention for children there are approximately 8,000 children treated in emergency rooms each day for sports-related injures. it is estimated that around 1.35 million children will suffer a sports-related injury per year, worldwide. this is why children and adolescents need special attention and care when participating in sports. youths can be easily injured playing contact sports like football. proper equipment such as helmets and pads can be helpful in prevention. according to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), many sports-related injuries are predictable and preventable. some prevention techniques are listed below. exercise-based injury prevention has shown to reduce injury rates in sports. sport-specific warm-up programs exist which have proven efficacious in reducing injuries of children. warming up prior to sport improves the blood flow in muscles and allows for the muscle temperature to rise which helps to prevent muscle strains or tears. provide children with the right well fitting equipment for sport like helmets, shin guards, ankle braces, gloves and others to prevent injuries. have breaks and drink water as well to keep them hydrated. sports injury prevalence sports that have a higher incidence of contact and collision have the highest rates of injury. collisions with the ground, objects, and other players are common, and unexpected dynamic forces on limbs and joints can cause sports injuries. soccer is the sport leading to most competitive injuries in ncaa female college athletes. gymnastics, on the other hand, has the highest injury rate overall. swimming and diving is the ncaa sport that has the lowest injury rates. injury rates were much higher for ncaa women's sports during competitions rather than practices except for volleyball, indoor track, and swimming and diving. for eight of the ncaa sports, many injuries acquired during competition require at least seven days recovery before returning to the sport. in general, more females are injured during practice than in competition. ncaa athlete injury rates are higher in men's ice hockey, basketball, and lacrosse. ncaa athlete injury rates were significantly higher in women's cross country than men's cross country. the ncaa injury rates are roughly the same for soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, and both indoor and outdoor track and field, regardless of gender. costs interventions targeted at decreasing the incidence of sports injuries can impact health-care costs, as well as family and societal resources. sports injuries have direct and indirect costs. the direct costs are usually calculated by taking into account the cost of using healthcare resources to prevent, detect, and treat injury. there is a need for research about how healthcare is used and the expenses that coincide with it. included in these expenses are how different injuries may have different prognoses. indirect costs may be taken into account as well, when an injury prevents an individual from returning to work it may hinder the economic benefit to themselves and others. for collegiate athletics, the estimated cost of sport injuries ranges from $446 million to $1.5 billion per year. for high school athletics, the yearly estimated cost of sport injuries ranges from $5.4 billion to $19.2 billion. medical costs in the united states for sports injury related emergency department visits exceeded $935 million every year. sports-related emotional stress sport involvement can initiate both physical and mental demands on athletes. athletes must learn ways to cope with stressors and frustrations that can arise from competition against others. conducted research shows that levels of anxiety, stress, and depression are elevated following sports injuries. after an occurrence of an injury many athletes display self-esteem issues, athletic identity crises, and high levels of post-traumatic distress, which are linked to avoidant coping skills. each year in the united states, 3.5 million athletes are injured; therefore, it is important to understand how injury can impact anxiety. athletes are exposed to a culture that focuses heavily on success, and injuries can hinder the athlete from reaching their full potential. because of this reliance on achievement, many players are unlikely to stop performing because of pain they face. an injury could not only impact an athlete's ability to train and compete, but also influence their psyche and mental health. the external pressure by coaches, teammates, fans, and the media on athletes to endure