part i part i consists of one year, where social and preventive medicine (community medicine), ear nose and throat and ophthalmology form the core subjects. iii (final) mbbs – part ii one year of focused training in the four basic clinical subjects, namely: medicine, surgery (incl. orthopaedics), paediatrics, obstetrics & gynaecology. on passing the final mbbs examination, a candidate is awarded provisional registration by the mci or the state medical council and can start the internship. permanent registration (license to practice) and the final medical degree (i.e., mbbs) is given only after successful and satisfactory completion of the compulsory rotating medical internship. internship after successful completion of the mbbs course, one has to compulsorily work in the hospital attached to the medical college or in any other approved hospital allowed in some medical colleges, for a period of one year. this posting is called the compulsory rotating medical internship or the house surgeon in kerala/tamil nadu. the student gets the degree only after satisfactory completion of their internship. interns are posted in all clinical departments of the hospital on a rotation basis, receiving basic clinical and practical knowledge about all the disciplines of medicine to make the medical graduate fit to work in the community as a general physician. the schedules of an intern is usually extremely exhaustive. for example, one may have to work for the whole night and then have to start the next day duty only after about one or two hours. this may last till the afternoon. 24-hour sleepless duty at a stretch is not uncommon and sometimes the scheduled breaks are also not allowed by the superiors. the intern is also paid a monthly stipend for work at the hospital, which differs in different medical colleges on the basis of the management. the person is licensed to practice medicine only after completion of this internship. and only after finishing internship, one can receive his mbbs degree and can pursue postgraduate studies. post-internship, some graduates may choose to work in different medical specialities and are often referred to as house officers or house physicians or house surgeons. this is different from postgraduate training and does not lead to award of a degree. a doctor undergoing higher speciality training is referred to as a "post-graduate trainee" or simply a pgt. house physicians, pgts and interns are also called junior doctors across indian hospitals. pgts and house officers are sometimes referred to as junior residents. after completion of postgraduate work, doctors may enter subspeciality training and are then known as "post-doctoral trainees" or simply pdts. they are also called as senior residents at some institutes. residency the internship is different from house officership (which may follow internship), as understood in uk and other countries. the latter is not a compulsory tenure. the house physician or house surgeon, unlike an intern, works in a particular department of his or her choice and is paid a monthly 'salary' for his work in the hospital (especially, in the uk). the american counterpart is simply called a "resident" (i.e., a resident physician or a resident surgeon). the entire period of residency in india can be very demanding, both physically and psychologically. the maharashtra association of resident doctors (mard) had filed a complaint with the maharashtra human rights commission (mhrc) regarding resident doctors being made to work for more than 30 hours at a stretch. there have been instances of doctor suicides due to stress and burnout. institutions have been criticised for lack of hygienic food supply to resident doctors and their shabby living conditions. alternative medicine ayurveda, yoga & naturopathy, unani, siddha homeopathy are collectively called as ayush – alternative medicine. b.a.m.s., bachelor of ayurvedic medicine and surgery followed by m.d. b.h.m.s., bachelor of homeopathic medicine & surgery followed by m.d. b.n.y.s., bachelor of naturopathy & yogic sciences followed by m.d. b.s.m.s., bachelor of siddha medicine and surgery followed by m.d. b.u.m.s., bachelor of unani medine and surgery followed by m.d. other undergraduate courses bsc in nursing bsc in medical lab technology bsc in speech therapy bsc in neurology b.p.t (physiotherapy) (occupational therapy) b.d.s, (dental surgery) pharma b.pharm postgraduate education subject degree diploma anaesthesia md/dnb da anatomy: ms/dnb/msc(medical) not applicable biochemistry md/dnb/msc(medical) not applicable community medicine/psm md/dnb dcm/dph dermatology md/dnb ddvl/dvd dental m.d.s ent ms/dnb dlo family medicine md/dnb not applicable forensic medicine ms/dnb dfm general medicine md/dnb not applicable general surgery ms/dnb/sm not applicable microbiology md/dnb/msc(medical) not applicable nuclear medicine md/dnb drm orthopaedics ms/dnb d ortho ophthalmology ms/dnb do/doms obs & gynaecology ms/dnb dgo palliative medicine md na pathology md/dnb dcp pharmacology md/dnb/msc(medical), m.pharm not applicable physiology md/dnb/msc(medical) not applicable paediatrics md/dnb dch psychiatry md/dnb dpm pulmonology md/dnb dtcd radiodiagnosis md/dnb dmrd radiotherapy md/dnb dmrt tropical md dtmh physiotherapy m.p.t all the major colleges also have postgraduate degree or diploma courses in their programmes. the awards conferred are doctor of medicine (md), doctor of philosophy (ph.d medical) master of surgery (ms) master of science (m.sc medical), doctor of medicine/master of surgery (d.sm) dual degree or diplomate of national board (dnb). the md/ms degrees are offered by the universities affiliated to the medical council of india and the dnb degree is awarded by the national board of examinations, an independent autonomous body under the ministry of health, india. they are available in different streams of medical science such as general medicine, general surgery, orthopaedics, radiodiagnosis, radiotherapy, ent, obstetrics and gynaecology, ophthalmology, anaesthesia, paediatrics, community medicine, pathology, microbiology, forensic medicine, pharmacology, anatomy, physiology etc. degree courses are of 3 years duration while diploma courses are of 2 years duration. following post-graduation, students can opt for further super-specialization in their area of interest by opting for courses called dm or dnb (doctorate of medicine), or mch or dnb (master of chirurgery/surgery) again of three years duration. an md or a dnb (general medicine or paediatrics) is the basic requirement for specialisation in cardiology, nephrology, neonatology, gastro-enterology, neurology except for clinical hematology (pathology or general medicine), etc., while an ms or a dnb (general surgery, ent or orthopaedic surgery) is the basic requirement for neurosurgery, urology, cardio-thoracic & vascular surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, paediatric surgery, plastic surgery, etc. family medicine has now become an area of priority in india, and many teaching hospitals offer dnb (family medicine). doctoral and post doctorate post-doctoral fellowship courses in neuro-radiology, neuro or cardiac anesthesiology, etc. are offered by select institutions. doctoral/fellowship doctor of philosophy (phd) pharm d, doctor of pharmacy post doctorate postdoctoral researcher post-doctoral degree brain drain india has been one of the most important source country of medical doctors for the advanced countries since the 1960s. an estimated total of 20,315 emigrated indian physicians and 22,786 indian nurses were working in the oecd countries in the year 2000. with 59,523 physicians of indian origin working in the english speaking western world (the us, uk, australia and canada combined) in 2004, india had become by far the single largest source of emigrated physicians in the world.