activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense, or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title and imprisoned not less than 10 years or for life. the u.s. bar association claims that this statute "targets the sexual grooming of minors as well as the actual sexual exploitation of them." because of grooming's complex nature and the relationship of trust between the groomer and the victim, grooming in and of itself is infrequently left unrecognized. only when the grooming results in sexual acts between an adult and a minor, the exchange of sexual images, or the extortion of money does it come to the eyes of a court. in the case of shelly chartier, the online grooming and resulting crimes were met with jail time. chartier, through the use of catfishing both nba star chris andersen and aspiring model paris dunn, groomed 17-year-old dunn into exchanging nude photos and sexual acts under the false identity of andersen. she then sent such images to andersen who was under the impression that he was both receiving these from dunn herself and that dunn was not underage. chartier then extorted money from andersen, claiming she would reveal his possession of child pornography unless he paid her. chartier was eventually caught and faced 18 months in prison for various crimes, including, but not limited to, extortion, impersonation, and making threats. state legislatures, such as illinois, have introduced language that specifically includes electronic or web-based methods of grooming into their laws. non-governmental advocacy in addition to legislation, there are several non-governmental programs and initiatives aimed at the issue. for example, r.age, a malaysian-based group of journalists, aims to spread information about many important issues, including online safety and the occurrence of online grooming, in the hopes of "telling stories that matter, that make a difference, that hold people accountable, that give a voice to those who don't have one." in addition, pandora's protect is a nonprofit organization that aims to provide support to the victims of crimes such as online grooming and assault. in addition, they spread information in order to prevent further assaults. sexual abuse online sexual abuse is a relatively modern trend, in which perpetrators utilize modern forms of technology such as live stream web cameras, cell phones, or social media to coerce targeted victims into inappropriate and sometimes illegal sex acts. abusers do not discriminate and target victims of every walk of life. online sexual abuse differs from other forms of sexual abuse in that it can be perpetrated stealthily on a global scale, allowing the offender to evade capture. at the same time, technology offers predators greater opportunities to find the youth that they prey upon. children are often the targets of online sexual predators who will often bully, emotionally manipulate, blackmail, or befriend willing communicators on the web in order to obtain their desires. online sexual abuse may vary from personal interactions between a victim and offender to a more mechanized process, in which children are sexually exploited for the perpetrators' profit. online sexual predators often target young victims, with a study showing that 13% of children receive negative unwanted attention of a sexual nature on the internet. predators make contact with prospective targets in a variety of settings, although the most prolific place that predators troll is chat rooms, where 76% of known first encounters with online sexual predators occur. predators troll chat rooms and other forms of social media like myspace or facebook, seeking people who outwardly share personal information. detection and deterrence of online sexual abuse are difficult because of the anonymous nature of the internet; however, stopping and detecting an online predator's criminal activity is the task of various government organizations like the federal bureau of investigation (fbi). the fbi's violent crimes against children program was specifically created, "...to provide a rapid, proactive, and comprehensive counter to all threats of abuse and exploitation of children" in its jurisdiction. the fbi accomplishes quick response times by having agents scouring the internet in search of perpetrators; they ask for information in forums and chat-rooms and look for the telltale signs of abusive behavior in the children they interact with. online sexual predators, however, are often difficult to distinguish because they show a misleading representation of themselves to avoid incriminating evidence. rather than relying completely on authorities to apprehend the perpetrators of online sexual abuse, one may decrease the chances of unwanted and unsolicited advances from online predators by keeping one's intimately private details off of the internet. another way to avoid unwanted sexual solicitations is to ignore, block, and report an offender to the website's management staff. united states a variety of laws are in place to deter online criminal activity pertaining to sexual abuse. the federal criminal code and rules outlines a variety of rules and regulations regarding sexual abuse under title 18 of the united states code. section 1462 titled importation or transportation of obscene matters, outlines what would be considered transporting obscene material over the internet. child pornography violates this law, among others, because under this code, "any obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy book, pamphlet, picture, motion-picture film, paper, letter, writing, print, or other matter of indecent character" may be subject to fine or imprisonment of up to five years. online sexual offenders who target children may also fall under the jurisdiction of section 2243 sexual abuse of a minor or ward or section 2251 sexual exploitation of children under which they could be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. these sections are outlined as, "...aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse, abusive sexual contact involving a minor or ward, or sex trafficking of children, or the production, possession, receipt, mailing, sale, distribution, shipment, or transportation of child pornography ... not less than 30 years or for life any term years or for life." as noted, any sexual abuse of children, whether online or in person, is subject to strict punishment by law. examples online abuse often manifests itself in physical and psychological harm to victims, as previously stated. in recent history, larry nassar, a usa gymnastics team doctor, was charged with 60 years in federal prison when he pleaded guilty to charges related to receiving child pornography, possessing child pornography, and destroying and concealing evidence relating to child pornography. prosecutors have stated that a supremely close link between his child pornography activities had directly impacted his repeat, "molestation of children". at the height of his child pornography obsession, nassar had thousands of pictures of underage children. in the wake of this scandal, affecting hundreds of women of a variety of ages, reforms have been made to further combat future occurrences of this abuse by usa gymnastics and michigan state university. also gathering a large following in the wake of this scandal is the me too movement. the murder of kacie woody occurred after 13-year-old woody had befriended who she thought was a 17-year-old boy named dave fagen via yahoo! messenger, but in reality this person was a 47-year-old pedophile named david fuller. after grooming woody through the social network, fuller traveled to woody's home in rural holland, arkansas and abducted her. after woody was reported missing and an investigation was launched, arkansas law enforcement and fbi agents located woody and fuller's bodies in a storage unit in conway. fuller had bound and raped woody inside his rented minivan in the unit before shooting her in the head, and shot himself in the head before officers could arrest him.