e. rothman discoveries revealing the universal molecular machinery that orchestrates the budding and fusion of membrane vesicles – a process essential to organelle formation, nutrient uptake, and secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. randy w. schekman clinical willem j. kolff development of renal hemodialysis, which changed kidney failure from a fatal to a treatable disease, prolonging the useful lives of millions of patients. belding h. scribner special achievement james e. darnell jr. for an exceptional career in biomedical science during which he opened two fields in biology – rna processing and cytokine signaling – and fostered the development of many creative scientists. 2001 basic mario r. capecchi development of a powerful technology for manipulating the mouse genome with exquisite precision, which allows the creation of animal models of human disease. martin j. evans oliver smithies clinical robert g. edwards development of in vitro fertilization, a technological advance that has revolutionized the treatment of human infertility. public service william h. foege for courageous leadership in improving worldwide public health, and his prominent role in the eradication of smallpox. 2000 basic aaron ciechanover for the discovery and recognition of the broad significance of the ubiquitin system of regulated protein degradation, a fundamental process that influences vital cellular events, including the cell cycle, malignant transformation, and responses to inflammation and immunity. avram hershko alexander varshavsky clinical harvey j. alter discovery of the virus that causes hepatitis c and the development of screening methods that reduced the risk of blood transfusion-associated hepatitis in the u.s. from 30% in 1970 to virtually zero in 2000. michael houghton special achievement sydney brenner for 50 years of brilliant creativity in biomedical science – exemplified by his legendary work on the genetic code; his daring introduction of the roundworm caenorhabditis elegans as a system for tracing the birth and death of every cell in a living animal; his rational voice in the debate on recombinant dna; and his trenchant wit. historical awards awards no longer made include special public health awards, special awards, group awards, and lasker awards made by the international society for the rehabilitation of the disabled, the national committee against mental illness, and planned parenthood - world population. awards were also presented for medical journalism. special public health awards 1975 – merck sharp and dohme research laboratories: karl h. beyer jr., james m. sprague, john e. baer, frederick c. novello 1980 – national heart, lung, and blood institute 1984 – dorothy t. krieger, kevin mclaughlin jr. 1987 – centennial salute to the national institutes of health special awards 1947 – thomas parran jr. 1949 – haven emerson 1952 – charles-edward amory winslow 1956 – alan gregg 1959 – j. lister hill and john e. fogarty group awards 1946 – national institutes of health; national regional research laboratory of the us department of agriculture; board for the coordination of malarial studies; bureau of entomology and plant quarantine of the us department of agriculture; army epidemiological board 1947 – british ministry of health and ministry of food; united states committee on joint causes of death 1948 – veterans administration's department of medicine and surgery 1949 – american academy of pediatrics; life insurance medical research fund 1950 – international health division of the rockefeller foundation 1951 – health insurance plan of greater new york; alcoholics anonymous 1953 – division of research grants of the national institutes of health; university laboratory of physical chemistry related to medicine at harvard university 1954 – streptococcal disease laboratory, armed forces epidemiological board, francis e. warren air force base: charles h. rammelkamp jr., director 1956 – food and drug administration; medical care program, welfare and retirement fund of the united mine workers of america 1960 – crippled children's program of the children's bureau; chronic disease program of the california state department of public health (lester breslow) international society for the rehabilitation of the disabled 1954 – henry h. kessler, juan farill, viscount nuffield 1957 – howard a. rusk, fabian w. g. langenskiold, world veterans federation 1960 – mary e. switzer, gudmund harlem, paul w. brand 1963 – renato de costa bomfim, kurt jansson, leonard w. mayo 1966 – poul stochholm, wiktor dega, eugene j. taylor 1969 – gustav gringas, mr and mrs raden soeharso, andre trannoy, international labour organization 1972 – james f. garrett, kamala v. nimbkar, jean regniers national committee against mental illness 1944 – william c. menninger 1945 – g. brock chisholm, john rawlings rees 1946 – w. horsley gantt, jules h. masserman, walter lerch, douglass rice sharpe, lawrence k. frank 1947 – catherine mackenzie 1948 – c. anderson aldrich, mike gorman, al ostrow 1949 – mildred c. scoville, albert deutsch planned parenthood - world population 1945 – john mcleod, felix j. underwood 1946 – robert latou dickinson, irl cephas riggin 1947 – alan f. guttmacher, abraham stone 1948 – john rock, richard n. pierson 1949 – george m. cooper, carl g. hartman 1950 – margaret sanger, bessie l. moses 1951 – guy irving burch, william vogt 1952 – john william roy norton, herbert thoms, eleanor bellows pillsbury 1953 – harry emerson fosdick, elise ottesen-jensen 1954 – dhanvanthi rama rau, m. c. chang, howard c. taylor 1955 – warren o. nelson, robert carter cook 1958 – harrison s. brown 1959 – julian huxley 1960 – gregory pincus 1961 – john d. rockefeller, iii 1964 – cass canfield 1965 – c. lee buxton, estelle t. griswold