up learning hospitals such as the charite. this centralization worked poorly, however. prospective patients would often apply at nearby hospitals rather than make the journey to hotel dieu, and often physicians would select their own patients to fulfill needs of research or instruction rather than have the patients be assigned to them through triage. a similar centralization happened with pharmaceuticals: in 1795 a central pharmacy was created with rebuilt and adapted laboratories. this led to research in substitutes for substances such as cane sugar, opium, tea and coffee as well as the isolation of substances like caffeine and codeine. however, napoleon seized the central pharmaceutical building in 1810, and it moved to a new facility in 1813. the improper disposal of body parts from dissections became a public scandal as noted by sebastien mercier in tableau de paris in 1783. this was only addressed in 1813 when prefect of police etienne denis pasquier ordered an inspection of all private dissection schools. the report produced by this inspection horrified officials and a new policy was instated. all dissections for educational purposes would now be held in one of two locations: either the faculty of medicine or a new facility constructed near pitie hospital. ample numbers of cadavers would be supplied by the government. hospitals complained about the distance to these facilities, and by 1831, ten of these hospitals had their own facilities approved. these complaints were also coupled with complaints about foreigners (mainly english) coming to france solely for education, some not even knowing passable french. these complaints mark the extent of the worldwide renown of the paris school of medicine, and its subsequent globalization. numerous medical advancements continued throughout the 19th century. rene laennec invented the stethoscope in 1813, which he then used in combination to the discovery of tubercles in the lungs to fashion a new diagnostic process for identifying tuberculosis. students flocked to patients' bedsides for observations with this newfound invention. louis braille was admitted at the age of 10 to the national institute for blind children, which assembled in paris. he succeeded in getting acceptance for his system of blind communication, known today simply as braille. french colonies according to a 2021 study, french health campaigns in its colonies, which often included forcible examinations and injections of medicine with severe side effects, led to persistent distrust in medicine in the affected colonies.