for solutions in a unique effort, growers, administrators, policy makers, and researchers are working on a solution for this immense x. fastidiosa threat. no cure has been found, but the understanding of x. fastidiosa and glassy-winged sharpshooter biology has markedly increased since 2000, when the california department of food and agriculture, in collaboration with different universities, such as university of california, davis; university of california, berkeley; university of california, riverside, and university of houston–downtown started to focus their research on this pest. the research explores the different aspects of the disease propagation from the vector to the host plant and within the host plant, to the impact of the disease on california's economy. all researchers working on pierce's disease meet annually in san diego in mid-december to discuss the progress in their field. all proceedings from this symposium can be found on the pierce's disease website, developed and managed by the public intellectual property resource for agriculture (pipra). few resistant vitis vinifera varieties are known, and chardonnay and pinot noir are especially susceptible, but muscadine grapes (v. rotundifolia) have a natural resistance. pierce's disease is found in the southeastern united states and mexico. also, it was reported by luis g. jiménez-arias in costa rica, and venezuela, and possibly in other parts of central and south america. in 2010, x. fastidiosa became apparent in europe, posing a serious, real threat. there are isolated hot spots of the disease near creeks in napa and sonoma in northern california. work is underway at uc davis to breed pd resistance from v. rotundifolia into v. vinifera. the first generation was 50% high-quality v. vinifera genes, the next 75%, the third 87% and the fourth 94%. in the spring of 2007, seedlings that are 94% v. vinifera were planted. a resistant variety, 'victoria red', was released for use especially in coastal texas. nerium oleander infected with x. fastidiosa in phoenix, arizona olive trees an olive grove infested with x. fastidiosa in puglia, italy in 2019 in october 2013, the bacterium was found infecting olive trees in the region of apulia in southern italy. the disease caused rapid decline in olive grove yields, and by april 2015, was affecting the whole province of lecce and other zones of apulia, though it had not previously been confirmed in europe. the subspecies involved in italy is x. f. pauca, which shows a marked preference for olive trees and warm conditions and is thought to be unlikely to spread to northern europe. the cycle in olives has been called olive quick decline syndrome (in italian: complesso del disseccamento rapido dell'olivo). the disease causes withering and desiccation of terminal shoots, distributed randomly at first but then expanding to the rest of the canopy resulting in the collapse and death of trees. in affected groves, all plants normally show symptoms. the most severely affected olives are the century-old trees of local cultivars cellina di nardò and ogliarola salentina. by 2015, the disease had infected up to a million olive trees in apulia and xylella fastidiosa had reached corsica, by october 2015, it had reached mainland france, near nice, in provence-alpes-côte d'azur, affecting the non-native myrtle-leaf milkwort (polygala myrtifolia). this is the subspecies x. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex which is considered to be a different genetic variant of the bacterium to that found in italy. on 18 august 2016 in corsica, 279 foci of the infection have been detected, concentrated mostly in the south and the west of the island. in august 2016, the bacterium was detected in germany in an oleander plant. in january 2017 it was detected in mallorca and ibiza. notably, in 2016, olive leaf scorch was first detected in x. fastidiosa's native range, in brazil. in june 2017, it was detected in the iberian peninsula, specifically in guadalest, alicante. in 2018, it was detected in spain and portugal, and in israel in 2019. citrus xylella infection was detected in south american citrus in the 1980s and subsequently in the usa but had limited spread beyond the america's until the detection in citrus groves in portugal in 2023. genome sequencing the genome of x. fastidiosa was sequenced by a pool of over 30 research laboratories in the state of são paulo, brazil, funded by the são paulo research foundation. in popular culture two episodes of the canadian television show regenesis investigated x. fastidiosa, the cause of a massive loss in florida orange groves.