diagnostic procedure are candles, eggs, mirrors, plain paper, and paper used for rolling cigarettes. mediko the mediko is a folk doctor and a specialist that combines folk medicine and some techniques used in western medicine. he or she prescribes medications and at times uses acupuncture to treat ailments. faith healer filipino faith healers come from either spiritist groups, diviners (a group that practice divination) or from persons who were previously saved from illnesses or death and had encountered epiphanies or mystical experiences who became convinced that they were destined to help sick people after receiving healing powers bestowed upon them by the holy spirit or other supernatural beings. some of them started as an albularyo, a mediko, or a hilot. some faith healers are psychic healers (faith healers who heal patients remotely), whisperers of prayers (whispers prayers over the affected part of the body of the patient), prayer blowers (blows prayers on affected areas of the patient's body), anointers that rub saliva over the affected area of the patient, healers who hovers crucifixes and icons on the body of the patient, and psychic surgeons (folk surgeons who performs "surgery" on a patient without the use of surgical tools). cordilleras shaman the shamans from the philippine cordilleras are folk healers that heal ailments based on the beliefs of people collectively known as the igorots (includes tribes of the bontok, gaddang, ibaloy, ifugao, ilongot, isneg, kalinga, kankana-ey, ikalahan, i'wak and tinguian). their culture believe in rituals that involve offering of prayers and sacrifial animals, belief in supreme deities or supreme beings, lesser ranked deities, intermediation by seers or human mediums, and pleasing and appeasing the anito (spirits of the dead, ancestral spirits, or spirits from nature) to prevent them from inducing diseases and misfortunes. they also cling to animism, ceremonies that are believed to cure physical and mental imbalances, those that counter witchcraft, and those that leads to bountiful harvests. sacrifices, feasts and dances were performed as a form of thanksgiving and as entertainment for gods and goddesses. other tribal healers dispenses magical amulets to use against illnesses and the pouring animal blood on the human body to avoid and escape death. medicinal plants years before the arrival of the spaniards in the philippines, the use of medicinal plants was the common way of treating ailments. early catholic missionaries such as fr. francisco ignacio alcina, sj and fray josé de valencia, and fr. pablo clain, sj were able to compile and publish books regarding these medicinal plants in the philippines. alcina and de valencia published theirs in 1669, while clain published his collection in 1712. the first qualities of plant medicines in the philippines was first recorded by fr. blas de la madre de dios, ofm through his books flora de filipinas (plants of the philippines) and tratado de medicina domestica (treatise on domestic medicine). early medicinal practices cleaning cadavers were done by bathing and then rubbing the corpses with camphor oil. after cleansing, preservation of dead bodies were done through the introduction of buyo, a type of beetle and aloes via the mouth. persons bitten by rabid dogs were treated by curanderos using the brain of a rabid dog. for 300 years, the efficacy of oil from monungal wood scrapings and pieces were used to fight cholera. early filipino used hydrotherapy by bathing in natural hot springs or sulphuric body of waters. filipinos of spanish times, particularly those in los baños, laguna, still bathe themselves even if sick. the placename los baños is spanish for "the places for bathing". to cure appendicitis, traditional filipino healers during the spanish period in the philippines prescribed the intake of "water-treated fresh chicken gizzards" that would last for three consecutive friday mornings. medicine in spanish philippines (1600s to 1800s) during the 17th and 18th centuries, the number of medical supplies pouring into the philippines was dependent on the yearly manila-acapulco galleon trade, wherein medical supplies come mainly from mexico (new spain). supplies had been routed from europe to mexico and then to the philippines. in addition to this, the number of certified physicians, pharmacists, and surgeons trained in europe were concentrated at the cuerpo sanidad militar located in manila. because of this localization of medical personnel in manila, religious franciscan and dominican missionaries acted as infirmarians, hospital founders, and the surveyors of herbal medicines at the localities where they were assigned. common diseases common disease during the spanish period in the philippines were diarrhea, dysentery, and leprosy. there were also the presence of cholera, influenza, smallpox, beri-beri, dysentery, bubonic plague, scurvy, rheumatism, asthma, syphilis, tetanus, toothache, and ulcers. many filipinos believed in pasma (a resulting condition similar to spasm which involves the occurrence of hand tremors, sweaty palms, numbness and pains after the body's exposure to "unhealthy cold" and water), the state of nausog ("distress" caused by an unfamiliar person), and "personalistic sorcery". pharmacies it was in 1830 when the "true pharmacies" were established in the manila, philippines. in 1871, a faculty of pharmacy was formally established at the university of santo tomas, and was later followed by the opening of "well-appointed drug stores". hospitals both the spanish government and spanish missionaries established a number of hospitals in the philippines. the first hospital was erected by the spaniards in cebu during 1565. that first hospital was later transferred to manila for the purpose of treating sick and wounded military personnel. the establishment of other health and charity institutions soon followed. the missionaries who established the early hospitals in the philippines were the franciscans, the brotherhood of the misericordia, the brotherhood of san juan de dios, and the dominicans. there were also lay government people who became founders of hospitals during the time period. among the early hospitals in the philippines were the following: manila manila had the hospital real de españoles (royal spanish hospital, existed from 1577 to 1898), the hospital de los indios naturales (hospital of native indians, existed from 1578 to 1603), hospital de santa ana (st. anne hospital, founded in 1603, still exists today), hospital de la misericordia (mercy hospital, existed from 1578 to 1656), the hospital of san juan de dios (st. john of god hospital, established in 1656, and still existing to the present), hospital de san lazaro (hospital of st. lazarus, a hospital for lepers established in 1603, still exists today), hospital de san pedro martir (st. peter the martyr hospital, 1587 to 1599), and the hospital de san gabriel (st. gabriel hospital, a hospital that is specialty for the chinese community of binondo, 1599 to 1774). cavite in cavite, the hospital del espiritu santo (holy spirit hospital) existed from 1591 to 1662. this hospital took care of sailors, marine personnel, shipbuilders, and carpenters among others. laguna in laguna, the hospital de nuestra señora de las aguas santas de mainit (our lady of the holy waters hospital in mainit, mainit being the name of a place with hot springs in laguna) existed from 1597 to 1727 and then was re-established from 1877 and still existing up to the present. the hospital was built by franciscan missionaries on top of the location of hot springs in los baños, laguna due to the therapeutic effects of the natural springs to the body of sick people, as they had observed from filipinos of the time who bathe in hot springs despite of being ill. naga in naga, the hospital de santiago (st. james's hospital) existed from 1611 to 1691. another hospital also named as the hospital de san lazaro (hospital of st. lazarus), which is different from the one catering to leper patients in manila, existed from 1873 and is still functioning today. vaccination the central board of vaccination was established in 1806. after 1883, caraballa calves as well horse, goat, deer, and monkey were used for producing vaccine. by the end of the spanish regime in 1898, there were 122 vaccinators in different philippine provinces in addition to so-called vacunadorcillas (vaccinators, or vaccine givers) assigned to each town. asian medicines drugs and medicines from china and from some regions of southeast asia were part of the medical trade during the spanish period in the philippines. a 1637 report of don juan grau y monfalcon attested the procurement of "valuable drugs" from a cambodian king in 1600. a 1590 report of bishop domingo de salazar, op, confirmed the existence of shops with doctors and apothecaries managed by the chinese in the parián of spanish manila. obstetrics in spanish philippines, childbirth were managed by the traditional matrona (a type of comadrona or midwife), by the mediquillos, and by some parish priests. childbearing manuals written during the period include fr. julian bermejo's instrucciones para las parteras, a fin de evitar los abortos y que los niños que mueran sin el bautismo (instructions for midwives to prevent abortion and death of unbaptised babies) and fr. gregorio sanz's embologia sagrada (sacred embryology). bermejo's instrucciones was the "earliest attempt" to manage fatal childbirthing complications. surgery the benefit of general surgical procedures was not available to common filipinos during the spanish era. although spanish surgeons were skillful in performing amputations and mutilations in the 1800s, their services were only available to by spanish officials stationed in manila. one such surgery was performed by don juan ventura sarra in 1675 on his patient don manuel de leon to cure the latter's obesity and corpulence. the surgery involved removal of "lumps of lipids" from de leon's abdominal cavities. another recorded surgical treatment performed by ventura sarra was on a governor named don juan vargas hurtado in 1682, an operation that removed an abscess from vargas hurtado's hip. medical literature during the spanish period in the philippines, fr. miguel aganduru, a recollect priest, published the manual de medicinas caseras para consuelo de los pobres indios (medical manual to aid the poor indians). aganduru wrote the medical manual to help ordinary filipinos, with the assumption that such commoners could read the text of the book that was written in spanish. another type of such book that was intended to help ordinary filipinos was of the jesuit fr. paul klein's 1708 remedios faciles para diferentes infermedades por el p. pablo clain de la compania de jesus para el alivio, y socorro de las pp. ministros evangelicos de las doctrinas de los naturales (easy remedies for different illnesses by fr. paul klein, s.j. to assist ministers evangelising the natives). other works include dominican fr. fernando de santa maria's manuel de medicinas caseras para consuelo de las pobres indios en las provincias y pueblos donde no hay medicina, ni botica (domestic medicines to aid the poor indians in the provinces and towns with neither physicians nor pharmacies, a work that he started from 1730 and was completed in 1786), dominican fr. juan de vergara's tratado sobre medicinas caseras, fr. ignacio mercado's libro de medicinas (book of medicines), fr. juan biso's tratado de arboles y hierbas de indias (treatise on forests and herbs of the indians), fr. antonio llanos' la medicina domestica (domestic medicine), fr. rodrigo de san miguel's manual de medicina domestica (manual on domestic medicine), and fr. manuel vilches' manuel del mediquillo visaya (manuel of the visayan traditional healers). in art philippine national artist and painter carlos "botong" v. francisco recorded and depicted the history of medicine in the philippines by creating four mural-like four-panel oil paintings collectively titled the progress of medicine in the philippines, which traced the practice of medicine from the times of the babaylans ("medicine men and women") up to a period in the modern-day era. the first painting depicts pre-colonial medicine, the second portrays medicine during the spanish colonial period, the third describes medicine during the american occupation era, and the fourth the modern era of the 1950s. each of the "panel paintings" measured 2.92 meters by 2.76 meters. the paintings were commissioned in 1953 to francisco by four medical doctors, namely dr. agerico sison, dr. eduardo quisumbing, dr. florentino herrera, jr., and dr. constantino manahan. restorations of the historical paintings were done in 1974, 1991 and from 2006 to 2007. they were displayed at the lobby of the philippine general hospital for 58 years until their permanent relocation to the museum foundation of the philippines hall at the national museum of the philippines on july 27, 2011, because the paintings are now valued and was officially