effects of intermittent fasting on type 1 diabetes" and preliminary results of weight loss for type 2 diabetes, and so does not recommend any specific dietary pattern for the management of diabetes until more research is done, recommending instead that "health care providers should focus on the key factors that are common among the patterns". the national institute on aging states that although intermittent fasting showed weight loss success in several studies on obese or overweight individuals, it does not recommend intermittent fasting for non-overweight individuals because of uncertainties about its effectiveness and safety, especially for older adults. new zealand the new zealand's ministry of health considers that intermittent fasting can be advised by doctors to some people, except diabetics, stating that these "diets can be as effective as other energy-restricted diets, and some people may find them easier to stick to" but there are possible side effects during fasting days such as "hunger, low energy levels, light-headedness and poor mental functioning" and note that healthy food must be chosen on non-fasting days. united kingdom according to nhs choices, people considering the 5:2 diet should first consult a physician, as fasting can sometimes be unsafe. a news item in the canadian medical association journal expressed concern that promotional material for the 5:2 diet showed people eating high-calorie food, such as hamburgers and chips, and that this could encourage binge eating since the implication was that "if you fast two days a week, you can devour as much junk as your gullet can swallow during the remaining five days". binge eating following dietary restrictions has been observed in a post-war famine study, where nineteen prisoners of war were observed during their rehabilitation with unlimited access to food, and found they tended to engage in binge eating. europe given the lack of advantage and the increased incidence of diarrhea, european guidelines do not recommend intermittent feeding for people in intensive care units. usage trends as of 2019, intermittent fasting was a common fad diet, attracting celebrity endorsements and public interest. uk and australia intermittent fasting (specifically the 5:2 diet) was popularized by michael mosley in the uk and australia in 2012 after the bbc2 television horizon documentary eat, fast and live longer. north america in the united states, intermittent fasting became a trend in silicon valley, california. it was the most popular diet in 2018, according to a survey by the international food information council. commercial activity as of 2019, interest in intermittent fasting led some companies to commercialize diet coaching, dietary supplements, and full meal packages. these companies were criticized for offering expensive products or services that were not backed by science.