between the active and sham groups at the end of a 16-week study. however, a second randomized controlled study of ventral capsule dbs for trd did demonstrate a significant difference in response rates between active dbs (44% responders) and sham dbs (0% responders). efficacy of dbs is established for ocd, with on average 60% responders in severely ill and treatment-resistant patients. based on these results the food and drug administration (fda) has approved dbs for treatment-resistant ocd under a humanitarian device exemption (hde), requiring that the procedure be performed only in a hospital with specialist qualifications to do so. dbs for trd can be as effective as antidepressants and can have good response and remission rates, but adverse effects and safety must be more fully evaluated. common side effects include "wound infection, perioperative headache, and worsening/irritable mood increased suicidality". other clinical applications results of dbs in people with dystonia, where positive effects often appear gradually over a period of weeks to months, indicate a role of functional reorganization in at least some cases. the procedure has been tested for effectiveness in people with epilepsy that is resistant to medication. dbs may reduce or eliminate epileptic seizures with programmed or responsive stimulation. dbs of the septal areas of persons with schizophrenia have resulted in enhanced alertness, cooperation, and euphoria. persons with narcolepsy and complex-partial seizures also reported euphoria and sexual thoughts from self-elicited dbs of the septal nuclei. orgasmic ecstasy was reported with the electrical stimulation of the brain with depth electrodes in the left hippocampus at 3ma, and the right hippocampus at 1 ma. in 2015, a group of brazilian researchers led by neurosurgeon erich fonoff described a new technique that allows for simultaneous implants of electrodes called bilateral stereotactic procedure for dbs. the main benefits are less time spent on the procedure and greater accuracy. in 2016, dbs was found to improve learning and memory in a mouse model of rett syndrome. more recent (2018) work showed, that forniceal dbs upregulates genes involved in synaptic function, cell survival, and neurogenesis, making some first steps at explaining the restoration of hippocampal circuit function. epilepsy target according to one long-term follow-up study, dbs targeting the anterior nucleus of the thalamus may be somewhat more effective for temporal lobe epilepsy and efficacy may increase over time.