series of pictures and stitch them together. there are two main types: the cylindrical panorama used primarily in stills photography and the spherical panorama used for virtual-reality images. segmented panoramas, also called stitched panoramas, are made by joining multiple photographs with slightly overlapping fields of view to create a panoramic image. stitching software is used to combine multiple images. ideally, in order to correctly stitch images together without parallax error, the camera must be rotated about the center of its lens entrance pupil. stitching software can correct some parallax errors and different programs seem to vary in their ability to correct parallax errors. in general specific panorama software seems better at this than some of the built in stitching in general photomanipulation software. the giza pyramids in cairo, egypt the willamette river as it passes through western portland, oregon, with mount st. helens, mount adams and mount hood in the background in-camera stitching of panoramas some digital cameras especially smartphone cameras can do the stitching internally, sometimes in real time, either as a standard feature or by installing a smartphone app. a 270-degree panorama stitched "in-camera". many modern digital cameras can automatically stitch a sequence of images shot while the camera is panned (moved horizonally).a panning smartphone camera captures moving vehicles with stitching anomalies. catadioptric cameras lens- and mirror-based (catadioptric) cameras consist of lenses and curved mirrors that reflect a 360-degree field of view into the lens' optics. the mirror shape and lens used are specifically chosen and arranged so that the camera maintains a single viewpoint. the single viewpoint means the complete panorama is effectively imaged or viewed from a single point in space. one can simply warp the acquired image into a cylindrical or spherical panorama. even perspective views of smaller fields of view can be accurately computed. the biggest advantage of catadioptric systems (panoramic mirror lenses) is that because one uses mirrors to bend the light rays instead of lenses (like fish eye), the image has almost no chromatic aberrations or distortions. the image, a reflection of the surface on the mirror, is in the form of a doughnut to which software is applied in order to create a flat panoramic picture. such software is normally supplied by the company who produces the system. because the complete panorama is imaged at once, dynamic scenes can be captured without problems. panoramic video can be captured and has found applications in robotics and journalism. the mirror lens system uses only a partial section of the digital camera's sensor and therefore some pixels are not used. recommendations are always to use a camera with a high pixel count in order to maximize the resolution of the final image. there are even inexpensive add-on catadioptric lenses for smartphones, such as the gopano micro and kogeto dot. artistic uses strip panoramas ed ruscha's every building on the sunset strip (1966) was made by photographing building facades contiguously as seen from the back of a pickup truck traveling a 4 km length of the street. in the ironically 'deadpan' spirit of his work at the time, he published the work in strip form in a foldout book, intended to be viewed from one end or the other to see either side of 'the strip' in correct orientation. preceding ruscha's work, in 1954, yoshikazu suzuki produced an accordion-fold panorama of every building on ginza street, tokyo in the japanese architecture book ginza, kawaii, ginza haccho. joiners panograph of hyde park in sydney by night joiners (for which the terms panography and panograph have been used) is a photographic technique in which one picture is assembled from several overlapping photographs. this can be done manually with prints or by using digital image editing software and may resemble a wide-angle or panoramic view of a scene, similar in effect to segmented panoramic photography or image stitching. a joiner is distinct because the overlapping edges between adjacent pictures are not removed; the edge becomes part of the picture. 'joiners' or 'panography' is thus a type of photomontage and a sub-set of collage. artist david hockney is an early and important contributor to this technique. through his fascination with human vision, his efforts to render a subjective view in his artworks resulted in the manual montaging of 10x15cm high-street-processed prints of (often several entire) 35mm films as a solution. he called the resulting cut-and-paste montages "joiners", and one of his most famous is "pearblossom highway", held by the getty museum. his group was called the "hockney joiners", and he still paints and photographs joiners today. jan dibbets' dutch mountain series (c.1971) relies on stitching of panoramic sequences to make a mountain of the netherlands seaside. revivalists in the 1970s and 1980s, a school of art photographers took up panoramic photography, inventing new cameras and using found and updated antique cameras to revive the format. the new panoramists included kenneth snelson, david avison, art sinsabaugh, and jim alinder. digital stitching andreas gursky frequently employs digital stitching in his large-format panoramic imagery.