occupancy) or response times (for example, peak hour traffic may delay apparatuses). wildland firefighting safety places (a general safety checklist for wildland firefighters. the addition of the initial 'p' is disputed, with some sources only using 'laces'.) ppe - wildland firefighters should always wear, or ensure the quick access to, appropriate personal protective equipment (ppe). lookouts - the wildfire fighting unit must ensure that they have a clear appreciation for the fire's behaviour, location, and size. the unit should establish a knowledge of the location of the fire relative to the unit itself. there must be adequate lookouts (not necessarily in fire lookout towers - perhaps on foot or in wildfire helicopters) with the capability to quickly and adequately assess the fire, and alert the wildfire fighting unit if urgent evacuation is necessary. awareness - there must be a constant awareness of the fire behaviour, and the impact of changes which occur as the fire spreads and continues to burn such as new fuel sources, fireground hazards, changes in weather, and topography. communication - communication must always be maintained between the wildfire fighting unit, other emergency services, and other members of the wildfire fighting service. safety issues should be discussed and addressed immediately. escape routes - a minimum of two escape routes should be agreed upon and made known to all relevant persons (such as the members of the wildfire fighting unit, other emergency service personnel, or members of the public). the suitability of, and risks to, the escape routes should be continually evaluated to ensure that they remain effective. safety zone - safety zones should be maintained, identified or constructed, and made known to all relevant persons. the size requirements of a safety zone may change as the fire behaviour changes, and should be continually assessed. the time of escape to safety zones should also be continually assessed, and concerns or issues regarding unreasonably lengthy escape times should be immediately addressed. escape routes and safety zones hold key differences: escape routes allow the firefighters to egress out of a wildfire completely (for example to complete their shift) whereas safety zones allow firefighters to take refuge in unforeseen circumstances where the behaviour of the wildfire suddenly changes and places the firefighters at risk; escape routes are usually further away from the firefighting unit and take longer to completely use whilst safety zones should always be quickly accessible and available for use for periods of up to a number of hours. medical care first aid drs ab cd (the general steps for initial assessment of an injured or ill person.) danger - ensure there is no danger to the first responder, any bystanders, and the injured or ill person(s). it is very important for inadequately qualified persons to never move an injured person unless it is necessary to prevent further injury or there is no possible risk that there are hidden injuries which may worsen through movement, such as spinal trauma. response - check the responses of the injured or ill person.(see cows) if any of the responses of the injured or ill person are reduced or there is otherwise continued concern for their wellbeing, continue to 's'. send for help - summon bystanders or other first responders. the first responder should call emergency services , or direct a bystander to do so. airway - check that the casualty's airway is free from obstructions. the first responder should perform a head tilt chin lift to open the airway of the casualty. if there is an obstruction in the airway of the casualty, the first responder should place the casualty in the recovery position (being careful to not alter the alignment of their head, neck and spine), and use the casualty's own fingers to remove the obstruction. breathing - the first responder should check the breathing of the casualty by looking at the motions of their chest, listening for breaths by putting their ear next to the casualty's mouth and nose, and feeling for breaths by placing their hand on the casualty's chest and their cheek near to the casualty's mouth and nose. if the casualty is unresponsive but breathing (if the casualty is only taking occasional gasping breaths, this counts as 'not breathing'), they should be placed in the recovery position without altering the alignment of their head, neck and spine - otherwise the responder should continue to 'c'. cpr - the responder(s) should begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. interruptions to chest compressions should be minimised, except to allow for rescue breaths from mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. the practice of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is disputed, with recent sources suggesting that only "trained and willing" persons should practice it, and other sources suggesting that it is unnecessary within the first few minutes of cardiac arrest. if mouth-to-mouth is conducted, the suggested rate of chest compressions to rescue breaths is 30:2. defibrillator - if one is available, the first respoders should apply an automated external defibrillator (aed) and follow the prompts provided by it. cows (the method for checking an injured or ill person's response level as per 'r' in drs ab cd.) can you hear me? - the first responder should approach the casualty and call out "can you hear me?" in a clear and loud voice. open your eyes. - the first responder should kneel behind the casualty's head and clearly tell the casualty "open your eyes" whilst watching for any movement of the eyes or eyelids. what's your name? - the first responder should squeeze the casualty's shoulders and ask "what's your name?". squeeze my hand. - the first responder should move to the side of the casualty and hold both of their hands, and then tell the casualty "squeeze my hand". a mist (order of the steps in a handover procedure from first aider to paramedics or further medical care.) age, name, and sex - the first responder should provide the name and age of the ill or injured person to the person(s) providing additional care. the sex of the person should be provided if relevant. for example: "john is an 80 year old man". mechanism of injury - a concise description of the mechanism of injury should be provided. for example: "he felt dizzy, then collapsed to the ground feeling faint". injuries or complaints - the casualty's chief complaint should be provided, as well as other injuries and relevant not applicable injuries. for example: "he hasn't passed out or hit his head, but he complains of pain in his chest and feeling light-headed". signs and symptoms - the vital signs collected and tracked should be provided, such as pulse, breath rate, any abnormalities, and other key notes. for example: "his pulse has settled down to 100 from 140, and his breathing was shallow at 30 per minute but is now deeper and at 20 per minute. he's been quite clammy". treatment - any efforts to treat the casualty should be carefully detailed. for example "we haven't stood him up yet and we've given him 325 mg of aspirin to chew, as well as some water to sip on". emergency medicine main article: list of medical mnemonics § emergency medicine shock