lgbt reproduction lgbt reproduction lgbt reproduction refers to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (lgbt) people having biological children by means of assisted reproductive technology. it is distinct from lgbt parenting, which is a broader cultural phenomenon including lgbt adoption. in recent decades, developmental biologists have been researching and developing techniques to facilitate same-sex reproduction. diagram of the proposed method of lesbian egg fusionpart of a series onlgbt topics lesbiangaybisexualtransgender sexual orientation and gender aromanticism asexuality gray asexuality biology bisexuality pansexuality demographics environment gender fluidity gender identity gender role gender variance homosexuality non-heterosexual non-binary gender queer queer heterosexuality questioning sexual identity sex and gender distinction trans man trans woman transgender transsexual history general timeline homosexuality movements gay liberation stonewall riots identities lesbian gay men bisexuality transgender intersex culture coming out community african-american dyke march events largest events gay village homosocialization media films new queer cinema periodicals lgbt culture in new york city pride pride month parade queer art queerplatonic relationship same-sex relationship sexuality and gender identity-based cultures slang tourism symbols flags takatāpui rights adoption civil union intersex human rights marriage military service parenting rights by country or territory transgender rights yogyakarta principles health list of lgbt medical organizations reproduction transgender health care youth suicide social attitudes amatonormativity heteronormativity homosexuality and religion mixed-orientation marriage media portrayal sexual diversity stereotypes transgender people and religion issues acephobia arophobia aids stigma anti-lgbt rhetoric biphobia censorship closeted outing bullying discrimination against non-binary people discrimination against transgender men discrimination against trans women domestic violence erasure straightwashing bisexual erasure lesbian erasure trans erasure gay bashing gayphobia heterosexism homophobia intersex discrimination lesbophobia migration non-binary discrimination racism sexualism transmisogyny transphobia violence academic fields and discourse communism and lgbt rights gender studies lesbian feminism lavender linguistics lgbt conservatism queer anarchism queer studies queer theory social construction of gender socialism and lgbt rights transfeminism transgender studies travesti lgbt portal the obvious approaches, subject to a growing amount of activity, are female sperm and male eggs. in 2004, by altering the function of a few genes involved with imprinting, other japanese scientists combined two mouse eggs to produce daughter mice and in 2018 chinese scientists created 29 female mice from two female mice mothers but were unable to produce viable offspring from two father mice. one of the possibilities is obtaining sperm and eggs from skin stem cells. lack of access to assisted reproductive technologies has been seen as a form of healthcare inequality that faces lgbt people. gay men main articles: male egg and artificial womb some gay couples decide to have a surrogate pregnancy. a surrogate is a woman carrying an egg fertilized by sperm of one of the men. some women become surrogates for money, others for humanitarian reasons or both. this allows one of the men to be the biological father while the other will be an adopted father. gay men who have become fathers using surrogacy have reported similar experiences to those as other couples who have used surrogacy, including their relationships both their child and their surrogate have. there is theoretical work being done on creating a zygote from two men which would enable both men to be biological fathers, but it is yet to be practically implemented. barrie and tony drewitt-barlow from the united kingdom became the first gay men in the country to father twins born through surrogacy in 1999. lesbians partner-assisted reproduction, or co-ivf is a method of family building that is used by couples who both possess female reproductive organs. the method uses in vitro fertilization (ivf), a method that means eggs are removed from the ovaries, fertilized in a laboratory, and then one or more of the resulting embryos are placed in the uterus to hopefully create a pregnancy. reciprocal ivf differs from standard ivf in that two women are involved: the eggs are taken from one partner, and the other partner carries the pregnancy. in this way, the process is mechanically identical to ivf with egg donation. using this process ensures that each partner is a biological mother of the child according to advocates, but in the strictest sense only one mother is the biological mother from a genetic standpoint and the other is a surrogate mother. however the practice has a symbolic weight greater than lgbt adoption, and may create a stronger bond between mother and child than adoption. in a 2019 study, quality of infant-parent relationships was examined among egg donor families in comparison to in vitro fertilization families. infants were between the ages of 6–18 months. through use of the parent development interview (pdi) and observational assessment, the study found few differences between family types on the representational level, yet significant differences between family types on the observational level. egg donation mothers were less sensitive and structuring than ivf mothers, and egg donation infants were less emotionally responsive, and involving than ivf infants. there is theoretical work being done on creating a zygote from two women which would enable both women to be biological mothers, but it is yet to be practically implemented. creating a sperm from an egg and using it to fertilize another egg may offer a solution to this issue, as could a process analogous to somatic cell nuclear transfer involving two eggs being fused together. in 2004 and 2018 scientists were able to create mice with two mothers via egg fusion. modification of genomic imprinting was necessary to create healthy bimaternal mice, while live bipaternal mice were created but were unhealthy likely due to genomic imprinting. if created, a "female sperm" cell could fertilize an egg cell, a procedure that, among other potential applications, might enable female same-sex couples to produce a child who would be the biological offspring of their two mothers. it is also claimed that production of female sperm may stimulate a woman to be both the mother and father (similar to asexual reproduction) of an offspring produced by her own sperm. many queries, both ethical and moral, arise over these arguments. transgender women main article: transgender pregnancy part of a series ontransgender topics gender identities androgyne cisgender gender bender non-binary/genderqueer third gender bakla bissu, calabai & calalai 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