teeth – temple – temporal arteries, deep – temporal artery, middle – temporal artery, superficial – temporal muscle – tendon – tensor fasciae latae muscle – testicle – thigh – thoracic diaphragm – thorax – throat – thumb – thymus – thyroid – thyroid artery, inferior – thyroid artery, superior – thyroid ima artery – tibia – tibialis anterior muscle – tibialis posterior muscle – tissue – toe – toll-like receptor – tongue – toxicology – trachea – trapezius muscle – triceps brachii muscle – u ulna – is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. it runs parallel to the radius, the other long bone in the forearm. the ulna is usually slightly longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker. therefore, the radius is considered to be the larger of the two. ulnar artery – is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspects of the forearm. it arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. it is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. ulnar nerve – in human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve that runs near the ulna bone. the ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. the nerve is the largest in the human body unprotected by muscle or bone, so injury is common. this nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, innervating the palmar aspect of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. ureter – the ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. in the human adult, the ureters are usually 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long and around 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter. the ureter is lined by urothelial cells, a type of transitional epithelium, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in third closest to the bladder that assists with peristalsis. urethra – the urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body of both females and males. in human females and other primates, the urethra connects to the urinary meatus above the vagina, whereas in marsupials, the female's urethra empties into the urogenital sinus. females use their urethra only for urinating, but males use their urethra for both urination and ejaculation. the external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. the internal sphincter, formed by the involuntary smooth muscles lining the bladder neck and urethra, receives its nerve supply by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. the internal sphincter is present both in males and females. urinary bladder – the urinary bladder, or simply bladder, is a hollow muscular organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination. in the human the bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor. urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra. the typical human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 ml (10.14 and 16.91 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more. urinary system – the urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. the purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood ph. the urinary tract is the body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine. the kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein. each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons. following filtration of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form of urine) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination (voiding). the female and male urinary system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra. urology – also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs. organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis). uterus – the uterus or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals. in the human, the lower end of the uterus, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the upper end, the fundus, is connected to the fallopian tubes. it is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation. in the human embryo, the uterus develops from the paramesonephric ducts which fuse into the single organ known as a simplex uterus. the uterus has different forms in many other animals and in some it exists as two separate uteri known as a duplex uterus. v vaccine – is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. a vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. the agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against cancer, which are being investigated). vagina – in mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract. in humans, it extends from the vulva to the cervix. the outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a membrane called the hymen. at the deep end, the cervix (neck of the uterus) bulges into the vagina. the vagina allows for sexual intercourse and birth. it also channels menstrual flow (menses), which occurs in humans and closely related primates as part of the monthly menstrual cycle. vas deferens – also called ductus deferens, is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation. it is a partially coiled tube which exits the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal. vastus intermedius muscle – arises from the front and lateral surfaces of the body of the femur in its upper two-thirds, sitting under the rectus femoris muscle and from the lower part of the lateral intermuscular septum. its fibers end in a superficial aponeurosis, which forms the deep part of the quadriceps femoris tendon. vastus lateralis muscle – vastus medialis – vein – vena cava, inferior – vena cava, superior – ventricle – ventricle system – venule – vertebral column – virology – is the study of viral – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents. it focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine. visual acuity – (va), commonly refers to the clarity of vision, but technically rates an examinee's ability to recognize small details with precision. visual acuity is dependent on optical and neural factors, i.e., (1) the sharpness of the retinal image within the eye, (2) the health and functioning of the retina, and (3) the sensitivity of the interpretative faculty of the brain. visual cortex – the visual cortex of the brain is the area of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information. it is located in the occipital lobe. sensory input originating from the eyes travels through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus and then reaches the visual cortex. the area of the visual cortex that receives the sensory input from the lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary visual cortex, also known as visual area 1 (v1), brodmann area 17, or the striate cortex. the extrastriate areas consist of visual areas 2, 3, 4, and 5 (also known as v2, v3, v4, and v5, or brodmann area 18 and all brodmann area 19). visual field test – is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision which may be caused by various medical conditions such as glaucoma, stroke, pituitary disease, brain tumours or other neurological deficits. visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject's gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their visual field. simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the amsler grid. when dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter. visual perception – is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum reflected by the objects in the environment. this is different from visual acuity, which refers to how clearly a person sees (for example "20/20 vision"). a person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision. vital signs – (also known as vitals) are a group of the four to six most important medical signs that indicate the status of the body's vital (life-sustaining) functions. these measurements are taken to help assess the general physical health of a person, give clues to possible diseases, and show progress toward recovery. the normal ranges for a person's vital signs vary with age, weight, gender, and overall health. there are four primary vital signs: body temperature, blood pressure, pulse (heart rate), and breathing rate (respiratory rate), often notated as bt, bp, hr, and rr. however, depending on the clinical setting, the vital signs may include other measurements called the "fifth vital sign" or "sixth vital sign". vital signs are recorded using the loinc internationally accepted standard coding system. vitamin d – is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and many other biological effects. in humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin d3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin d2 (ergocalciferol). vitrectomy – is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humor from the eye. anterior vitrectomy entails removing small portions of the vitreous humor from the front structures of the eye—often because these are tangled in an intraocular lens or other structures. pars plana vitrectomy is a general term for a group of operations accomplished in the deeper part of the eye, all of which involve removing some or all of the vitreous humor—the eye's clear internal jelly. vitreous body – vulva – w waist – is the part of the abdomen between the rib cage and hips. on people with slim bodies, the waist is the narrowest part of the torso. the waistline refers to the horizontal line where the waist is narrowest, or to the general appearance of the waist. wart – warts are typically small, rough, hard growths that are similar in color to the rest of the skin. they typically do not result in other symptoms, except when on the bottom of the feet, where they may be painful. while they usually occur on the hands and feet, they can also affect other locations. one or many warts may appear. they are not cancerous. weber test – is a screening test for hearing performed with a tuning fork. it can detect unilateral (one-sided) conductive hearing loss (middle ear hearing loss) and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (inner ear hearing loss). the test is named after ernst heinrich