aim of the study was to offer a proposal for pulmonary valve replacement. while some patients died postoperatively and had to undergo reoperation, the short-term results appear to be going well as the valve is behaving similarly to a native, healthy valve. one animal trial combined the transcatheter aortic valve replacement (tavr) procedure with tissue engineered heart valves (tehvs). a tavr stent integrated with human cell-derived extracellular matrix was implanted and examined in sheep, in which the valve upheld structural integrity and cell infiltration, allowing the potential clinical application to extend tavr to younger patients. research while many in vitro and in vivo studies have been tested in animal models, the translation from animal models to humans has not begun. factors such as the size of surgical cut sites, duration of the procedure, and available resources and cost must all be considered. synthetic nanomaterials have the potential to advance scaffoldings used in tissue engineering of heart valves. the use of nanotechnology could help expand beneficial properties of fabricated scaffolds such as higher tensile strength.