levomilnacipran levomilnacipran levomilnacipran (brand name fetzima) is an antidepressant which was approved in the united states in 2013 for the treatment of major depressive disorder (mdd) in adults. it is the levorotatory enantiomer of milnacipran, and has similar effects and pharmacology, acting as a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (snri). levomilnacipranclinical datatrade namesfetzimaahfs/drugs.commonographroutes ofadministrationby mouth (capsules)atc coden06ax28 (who) legal statuslegal status in general: ℞ (prescription only) pharmacokinetic databioavailability92%protein binding22%metabolismhepatic (primarily by cyp3a4)elimination half-life12 hoursexcretionkidneyidentifiers iupac name (1s,2r)-2-(aminomethyl)-n,n-diethyl-1-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamide cas number96847-54-0 yhcl: 175131-60-9 ypubchem cid6917779iuphar/bps7435drugbankdb08918chemspider5293005 nuniiugm0326txxhcl: 371u2zk31u ykeggd10072 nchemical and physical dataformulac15h22n2omolar mass246.354 g·mol−13d model (jsmol)interactive image smiles ccn(cc)c(=o)1(c1cn)c2=cc=cc=c2 inchi inchi=1s/c15h22n2o/c1-3-17(4-2)14(18)15(10-13(15)11-16)12-8-6-5-7-9-12/h5-9,13h,3-4,10-11,16h2,1-2h3/t13-,15+/m0/s1 nkey:gjjfmkbjsrmpla-dzgcqcfksa-n n ny (what is this?) (verify) medical uses a bottle of fetzima. depression the fda approved levomilnacipran for the treatment of major depressive disorder based on the results of one 10-week phase ii and four 8-week phase iii clinical trials. four of the five trials demonstrated a statistically significant superiority to placebo as measured by the montgomery–åsberg depression rating scale. superiority to placebo was also demonstrated by improvement in the sheehan disability scale. side effects side effects seen more often with levomilnacipran than with placebo in clinical trials included nausea, dizziness, sweating, constipation, insomnia, increased heart rate and blood pressure, urinary hesitancy, erectile dysfunction and delayed ejaculation in males, vomiting, tachycardia, and palpitations. pharmacology pharmacodynamics relative to other snris, levomilnacipran, as well as milnacipran, differ in that they are much more balanced reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine. to demonstrate, the serotonin:norepinephrine ratios of snris are as follows: venlafaxine = 30:1, duloxetine = 10:1, desvenlafaxine = 14:1, milnacipran = 1.6:1, and levomilnacipran = 1:2. the clinical implications of more balanced elevations of serotonin and norepinephrine are unclear, but may include improved effectiveness, though also increased side effects. levomilnacipran is selective for the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters, lacking significant affinity for over 23 off-target sites. however, it does show some affinity for the dizocilpine (mk-801/pcp) site of the nmda receptor (ki = 1.7 μm), and has been found to inhibit nr2a and nr2b subunit-containing nmda receptors with respective ic50 values of 5.62 and 4.57 μm. as such, levomilnacipran is an nmda receptor antagonist at high concentrations. levomilnacipran has recently been found to act as an inhibitor of beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (bace-1), which is responsible for β-amyloid plaque formation, and hence may be a potentially useful drug in the treatment of alzheimer's disease. pharmacokinetics levomilnacipran has a high oral bioavailability of 92% and a low plasma protein binding of 22%. it is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome p450 enzyme cyp3a4, thereby making the medication susceptible to grapefruit-drug interactions. the drug has an elimination half-life of approximately 12 hours, allowing for once-daily administration. levomilnacipran is excreted in urine. history levomilnacipran was developed by forest laboratories and pierre fabre group, and was approved by the food and drug administration in july 2013.