jingzhaotoxin jingzhaotoxin jingzhaotoxin proteins are part of a venom secreted by chilobrachys jingzhao, the chinese tarantula. and act as neurotoxins. there are several subtypes of jingzhaotoxin, which differ in terms of channel selectivity and modification characteristics. all subspecies act as gating modifiers of sodium channels and/or, to a lesser extent, potassium channels. sources chilobrachys jingzhao, also known as the chinese earth tiger tarantula or chilobrachys guangxiensis, can be found in china and asia. this large tarantula belongs to the family of theraphosidae. chemistry jingzhaotoxins reported on this page are 29-36-residue polypeptides with varying numbers of stabilizing disulfide bridges. target ttx-s na+ channelsjztx-i. jztx-ii, jztx-iv, jztx-v, jztx-34, jztx-ix ttx-r na+ channelsjztx-ii, jztx-iii, jztx-iv, jztx-v, jztx-ix, jztx-xi kv2.1jztx-i, jztx-iii, jztx-ix, jztx-xi kv4.1jztx-i, jztx-xii kv4.2jztx-v jingzhaotoxins can target multiple channels. the following ic50 values have been determined: jingzhaotoxinchannelic50 jztx-ikv2.1, kv4.18 μm jztx-iittx-r vgsc260 nm jztx-iiittx-r nav1.5300 nm jztx-iiikv2.1* jztx-vttx-r vgsc27.6 nm jztx-vttx-s vgsc30.2 nm jztx-vkv4.2604 nm jztx-xivgsc** jztx-xikv2.1*** jztx-xiikv4.1363 nm '*' only a dissociation constant (kd) was measured. kd; 0.43 μm '**' only a kd was measured. kd; 1.28 μm '***' only a kd was measured. kd; 0.74 μm mode of action jztx-i effect on voltage-gated sodium channels (vgsc) jztx-i preferentially acts on cardiac sodium channels, but also affects tetrodotoxin-sensitive (ttx-s) voltage-gated sodium channels (vgsc) in dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons. it modifies the sodium current by inhibiting channel inactivation and speeding up recovery after inactivation. jztx-i does not affect the activation threshold of sodium channels. effect on potassium channels jztx-i has a modest effect on potassium currents by slowing the rate of activation of kv2.1 and kv4.1 channels and increasing the tail current deactivation. jztx-ii effect on vgsc jztx-ii has high affinity to the tetrodotoxin-resistant (ttx-r) vgsc in cardiac myocytes where it significantly slows rapid inactivation. although jztx-ii does not have an effect on ttx-r neuronal channels in drg neurons it does affect ttx-s sodium currents by slowing down their inactivation. effect on potassium channels at this point, the effects of jztx-ii on potassium channels are unknown. jztx-iii effect on vgsc jztx-iii has a high affinity to the ttx-r nav1.5 voltage gated sodium channel which is expressed in cardiac myocytes but not in neurons. it modifies the sodium channel current by shifting its activation curve to a more depolarized voltage without affecting its inactivation curve. jztx-ii is docked to the nav1.5 diis3-4 linker, which is responsible for its high selectivity. effect on potassium channels jztx-iii modifies the voltage gated kv2.1 potassium channel in cardiac myocytes and can bind to both open and closed channels. it modifies the gating of kv2.1 channel by shifting the activation curve to a more depolarized voltage and by speeding up deactivation. jztx-iv effect on vgsc jztx-iv acts on ttx-s sodium channels in drg neurons by weakly reducing peak amplitudes and by obviously slowing inactivation kinetics. in contrast, jztx-iv acts on ttx-r sodium channels on cardiac myocytes by obviously reducing its peak current and by weakly slowing inactivation kinetics. additionally, jztx-iv shifts the steady-state inactivation curve on both receptors. even at high concentrations, jztx-iv does not have any effect on ttx-r sodium channels on rat drg neurons or on ttx-s sodium channels on hippocampal neurons. effect on potassium channels at this point, the effects of jztx-iv on potassium channels are largely unknown. jztx-v effect on vgsc jztx-v has a high affinity to the resting closed state of ttx-r (nav1.8 nav1.9) and ttx-s (nav1.6, nav1.7) vgsc in drg neurons. it modifies the sodium channel current by shifting its activation curve to a more depolarized voltage and its inactivation curve to a more hyperpolarized voltage. this means that the toxin-bound sodium channel will open at a more positive membrane potential and closes at a more negative membrane potential. effect on potassium channels jztx-v mainly affects the kv4.2 potassium channel current by shifting its activation curve to a more depolarized direction and, at high concentrations, by speeding up deactivation. jztx-ix effect on vgsc jztx-ix act on both ttx-r and ttx-s channels by shifting their activation state to a more depolarized voltage. in addition it captures the sodium channels at a closed state which speeds up inactivation. effect on potassium channels jztx-ix affects only the kv2.1 channel by shifting its activation curve to a more depolarized voltage. jztx-xi effect on vgsc jztx-xi reduces the peak sodium current amplitude of sodium channels expressed in cardiac myocytes and slows down current inactivation. jztx-xi shows no effects on both ttx-r and ttx-s sodium currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons effect on potassium channels jztx-xi shifts the activation curve of kv2.1 to a more depolarized voltage and speeds up its deactivation. jztx-xii effect on vgsc at this point, the effects of jztx-xii on sodium channels are largely unknown. effect on potassium channels jztx-xii specifically acts on kv4.1 potassium channels. it modulates potassium current by shifting kv4.1 activation to more depolarized voltages and by producing a concentration-dependent slowing of activation and inactivation kinetics. jztx-34 effect on vgsc jztx-34 inhibits ttx-s sodium currents, but has no effect on ttx-r sodium currents. jztx-34 does not affect activation/inactivation kinetics nor does it affect recovery rate from inactivation. effect on potassium channels at this point, the effects of jztx-34 on potassium channels are largely unknown. toxicity the crude venom of chilobrachys jingzhao is lethal to mice with an intraperitoneal ld50 of 4.4 mg/kg. the scarce ld50 values that have been described for the toxins that make up the venom vary; 0.23 mg/kg (jztx-ix) – 1.48 mg/kg (jztx-i).