jonathan cole, ronald r. fieve, samuel gershon, robert prien, and joseph tupin), the application of lithium in manic illness was approved by the united states food and drug administration in 1970, becoming the 50th nation to do so. in 1974, this application was extended to its use as a preventive agent for manic-depressive illness. fieve, who had opened the first lithium clinic in north america in 1966, helped popularize the psychiatric use of lithium through his national tv appearances and his bestselling book, moodswing. in addition, fieve and david l. dunner developed the concept of "rapid cycling" bipolar disorder based on non-response to lithium. lithium has now become a part of western popular culture. characters in pi, premonition, stardust memories, american psycho, garden state, and an unmarried woman all take lithium. it's the chief constituent of the calming drug in ira levin's dystopian this perfect day. sirius xm satellite radio in north america has a 1990s alternative rock station called lithium, and several songs refer to the use of lithium as a mood stabilizer. these include: "equilibrium met lithium" by south african artist koos kombuis, "lithium" by evanescence, "lithium" by nirvana, "lithium and a lover" by sirenia, "lithium sunset", from the album mercury falling by sting, and "lithium" by thin white rope. 7 up as with cocaine in coca-cola, lithium was widely marketed as one of a number of patent medicine products popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, and was the medicinal ingredient of a refreshment beverage. charles leiper grigg, who launched his st. louis-based company the howdy corporation, invented a formula for a lemon-lime soft drink in 1920. the product, originally named "bib-label lithiated lemon-lime soda", was launched two weeks before the wall street crash of 1929. it contained the mood stabilizer lithium citrate, and was one of a number of patent medicine products popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. its name was soon changed to 7 up. all american beverage makers were forced to remove lithium in 1948. despite the 1948 ban, in 1950 the painesville telegraph still carried an advertisement for a lithiated lemon beverage. salts and product names many different lithium salts can be used as medication, including lithium carbonate, lithium acetate, lithium sulfate, lithium citrate, lithium orotate and lithium gluconate. lithium carbonate (li2co3), sold under several trade names, is the most commonly prescribed, while lithium citrate (li3c6h5o7) is also used in conventional pharmacological treatments. lithium orotate (c5h3lin2o4), has been presented as an alternative. lithium bromide and lithium chloride have been used in the past as table salt; however, they fell out of use in the 1940s, when it was discovered they were toxic in those large doses. many other lithium salts and compounds exist, such as lithium fluoride and lithium iodide, but they are presumed to be as toxic or more so than the chloride and have never been evaluated for pharmacological effects. as of 2017 lithium was marketed under many brand names worldwide, including cade, calith, camcolit, carbolim, carbolit, carbolith, carbolithium, carbolitium, carbonato de litio, carboron, ceglution, contemnol, d-gluconsäure, lithiumsalz, efadermin (lithium and zinc sulfate), efalith (lithium and zinc sulfate), elcab, eskalit, eskalith, frimania, hypnorex, kalitium, karlit, lalithium, li-liquid, licarb, licarbium, lidin, ligilin, lilipin, lilitin, limas, limed, liskonum, litarex, lithane, litheum, lithicarb, lithii carbonas, lithii citras, lithioderm, lithiofor, lithionit, lithium, lithium aceticum, lithium asparagicum, lithium carbonate, lithium carbonicum, lithium citrate, lithium dl-asparaginat-1-wasser, lithium gluconicum, lithium-d-gluconat, lithiumcarbonaat, lithiumcarbonat, lithiumcitrat, lithiun, lithobid, lithocent, lithotabs, lithuril, litiam, liticarb, litijum, litio, litiomal, lito, litocarb, litocip, maniprex, milithin, neurolepsin, plenur, priadel, prianil, prolix, psicolit, quilonium, quilonorm, quilonum, téralithe, and theralite. research tentative evidence in alzheimer's disease showed that lithium may slow progression. it has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), but a study showed lithium had no effect on als outcomes.