wernicke, berlin, august 1946, testimony was given that "500 old, broken women" who had survived the bombing of stettin in june 1944 were euthanised at the meseritz-oberwalde asylum. the hartheim, bernberg, sonnenstein and hardamar centres continued in use as "wild euthanasia" centres to kill people sent from all over germany, until 1945. the methods were lethal injection or starvation, those employed before use of gas chambers. by the end of 1941, about 100,000 people had been killed in the t4 programme. from mid-1941, concentration camp prisoners too feeble or too much trouble to keep alive were murdered after a cursory psychiatric examination under action 14f13. post-war doctors' trial main articles: euthanasia trials and doctors' trial after the war a series of trials was held in connection with the nazi euthanasia programme at various places including: dresden, frankfurt, graz, nuremberg and tübingen. in december 1946 an american military tribunal (commonly called the doctors' trial) prosecuted 23 doctors and administrators for their roles in war crimes and crimes against humanity. these crimes included the systematic killing of those deemed "unworthy of life", including people with mental disabilities, the people who were institutionalised mentally ill, and people with physical impairments. after 140 days of proceedings, including the testimony of 85 witnesses and the submission of 1,500 documents, in august 1947 the court pronounced 16 of the defendants guilty. seven were sentenced to death; the men, including brandt and brack, were executed on 2 june 1948. the indictment read in part: 14. between september 1939 and april 1945 the defendants karl brandt, blome, brack, and hoven unlawfully, wilfully, and knowingly committed crimes against humanity, as defined by article ii of control council law no. 10, in that they were principals in, accessories to, ordered, abetted, took a consenting part in, and were connected with plans and enterprises involving the execution of the so called "euthanasia" program of the german reich, in the course of which the defendants herein murdered hundreds of thousands of human beings, including german civilians, as well as civilians of other nations. the particulars concerning such murders are set forth in paragraph 9 of count two of this indictment and are incorporated herein by reference.— international military tribunal earlier, in 1945, american forces tried seven staff members of the hadamar killing centre for the killing of soviet and polish nationals, which was within their jurisdiction under international law, as these were the citizens of wartime allies. (hadamar was within the american zone of occupation in germany. this was before the allied resolution of december 1945, to prosecute individuals for "crimes against humanity" for such mass atrocities.) alfons klein, heinrich ruoff and karl willig were sentenced to death and executed; the other four were given long prison sentences. in 1946, reconstructed german courts tried members of the hadamar staff for the murders of nearly 15,000 german citizens there. the chief physician, adolf wahlmann and irmgard huber, the head nurse, were convicted. other perpetrators aktion t4 marker (2009) in berlin dietrich allers was sentenced to eight years time served in december 1968. hans asperger was not discovered to be involved in the programme until after his death in 1980. erich bauer, arrested in 1949 and sentenced to death, which was automatically commuted to life in prison due to west germany's abolition of capital punishment. he died in prison in 1980. august becker, initially sentenced to three years after the war, in 1960 was tried again and sentenced to ten years in prison. he was released early due to ill health and died in 1967. werner blankenburg lived under an alias and died in 1957. philipp bouhler committed suicide in captivity, may 1945. werner catel was cleared by a denazification board after world war ii and was head of paediatrics at the university of kiel. he retired early after his role in the t4 programme was exposed but continued to support the killing of children with mental and physical disabilities. leonardo conti hanged himself in captivity on 6 october 1945. professor max de crinis committed suicide via a cyanide capsule after poisoning his family. fritz cropp d. 6 april 1984, bremen. a nazi official in oldenburg, cropp was appointed the country medical officer of health in 1933. in 1935 he transferred to berlin, where he worked as a ministerial adviser in the division iv (health care and people care) in the ministry of the interior. in 1939, he became assistant director; cropp was involved in the nazi "euthanasia" aktion t4 in 1940. he was herbert linden's superior and was responsible for patient transfers. irmfried eberl captured 1948; committed suicide to avoid trial. gottfried von erdmannsdorff, commander of fortress mogilev, where many physically and mentally disabled prisoners were killed; executed by the soviet union in 1946. ernst-robert grawitz killed himself shortly before the fall of berlin in april 1945. heinrich gross was tried twice. one sentence was overturned and the charges in the second trial in 2000 were dropped as a result of his dementia; he died in 2005. lorenz hackenholt vanished in 1945. philipp, landgrave of hesse, the governor of hesse-nassau, was tried in 1947 at hadamar for his role in aktion t4 but was sentenced only to two years' "time served"; he died in 1980. werner heyde escaped detection for 18 years and committed suicide in 1964, before his trial. josef hirtreiter served time in prison from 1951–1977 for gassings of jews at the treblinka extermination camp. his involvement at the hadamar clinic was alleged but could never be proved. ernst illing was the director of the vienna psychiatric-neurological clinic for children am spielgrund, where he killed about 200 children; he was sentenced to death on 18 july 1946. erich koch served time in prison from 1950 to his death in 1986. erwin lambert died in 1976. hans lammers was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment after being convicted in the ministries trial. this was later commuted to 10 years and lammers was released in 1951. he died in 1962. herbert lange was killed by allied troops during the battle of berlin. herbert linden committed suicide in 1945. overseers of the programme were initially herbert linden and werner heyde. linden was later replaced by hermann paul nitsche. heinrich matthes was sentenced to life imprisonment at the treblinka trials. friedrich mennecke died in 1947 while awaiting trial. aktion t4 memorial at tiergartenstraße 4, berlin franz niedermoser, chief doctor of the klagenfurt extermination center, was executed in 1946 after being convicted in the klagenfurt trial. paul nitsche was tried and executed by an east german court in 1948. josef oberhauser served eight years of a 15-year prison sentence for crimes against humanity and was released in 1956. he later received a further four years imprisonment at the belzec trial for 300, 000 counts of acting as an accessory to murder. hermann pfannmüller served five years in prison as an accessory to murder. franz reichleitner was killed by italian partisans in 1944. professor carl schneider hanged himself in his prison cell in 1946, while awaiting trial. franz schwede was sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1948 and was released in 1956; he died in 1960. franz stangl, after being caught in brazil in 1967, was sentenced to life imprisonment. he died of heart failure six months into the sentence. rudolf tröger was killed in action at the maginot line. marianne türk was a doctor at vienna psychiatric-neurological clinic for children am spielgrund where, with ernst illing, she killed 200 children. she was sentenced to 10 years prison on 18 july 1946. reinhold vorberg was sentenced to ten years time served in december 1968. albert widmann was convicted in two trials in the 1960s and served six years in prison. christian wirth was killed by yugoslav partisans in 1944. the stasi (ministry for state security) of east germany stored around 30,000 files of aktion t4 in their archives. those files became available to the public after german reunification in 1990, leading to a new wave of research on these wartime crimes. memorials the german national memorial to the people with disabilities murdered by the nazis was dedicated in 2014 in berlin. it is located in the pavement of a site next to the tiergarten park, the location of the former villa at tiergartenstraße 4 in berlin, where more than 60 nazi bureaucrats and doctors worked in secret under the "t4" programme to organise the mass murder of sanatorium and psychiatric hospital patients deemed unworthy to live.