ptosis (breasts) ptosis (breasts) ptosis or sagging of the female breast is a natural consequence of aging. the rate at which a woman's breasts drop and the degree of ptosis depends on many factors. the key factors influencing breast ptosis over a woman's lifetime are cigarette smoking, her number of pregnancies, higher body mass index, larger bra cup size, and significant weight change. post-menopausal women or people with collagen deficiencies (such as ehlers-danlos) may experience increased ptosis due to a loss of skin elasticity. many women and medical professionals mistakenly believe that breastfeeding increases sagging. it is also commonly believed that the breast itself offers insufficient support and that wearing a bra prevents sagging, which has not been found to be true. breast ptosisother namescooper's droopspecialtyplastic surgerytreatmentmastopexy plastic surgeons categorize the degree of ptosis by evaluating the position of the nipple relative to the infra-mammary fold, the point at which the underside of the breasts attach to the chest wall. in the most advanced stage, the nipples are below the fold and point toward the ground. signs and symptoms a woman's breasts change in size, volume, and position on her chest throughout her life. in young women with large breasts, sagging may occur early in life due to the effect of gravity. it may be primarily caused by the volume and weight of the breasts which are disproportionate to her body size. impact of pregnancy during pregnancy, the ovaries and the placenta produce estrogen and progesterone. these hormones stimulate the 15 to 20 lobes of the milk-secreting glands in the breasts to develop. women who experience multiple pregnancies repeatedly stretch the skin envelope during engorgement while lactating. as a woman's breasts change in size during repeated pregnancies, the size of her breasts change as her mammary glands are engorged with milk and as she gains and loses weight with each pregnancy. in addition, when milk production stops (usually as a child is weaned), the voluminous mammary glands diminish in volume, but they still add bulk and firmness to the breast. a 2010 review found that weight gain during pregnancy and breastfeeding were not significant risk factors for ptosis. middle-aged women in middle-aged women, breast ptosis is caused by a combination of factors. if a woman has been pregnant, postpartum hormonal changes will cause her depleted milk glands to atrophy. breast tissue and suspensory ligaments may also be stretched if the woman is overweight or loses and gains weight. when these factors are at play, the breast prolapses, or falls forward. when a woman with sagging breasts stands, the underside or inferior skin of the breast folds over the infra-mammary fold and lies against the chest wall. the nipple-areola complex tends to move lower on the breast relative to the inframammary crease. the nipple of the breast may also tend to point downward. post-menopausal women in post-menopausal women, breast atrophy is aggravated by the inelasticity of over-stretched, aged skin. this is due in part to the reduction in estrogen, which affects all body tissues, including breast tissue. the loss of estrogen reduces breast size and fullness. estrogen is also essential to maintaining a fibrous protein called collagen, which makes up much of the breast's connective tissue. ptosis scale stages of ptosis plastic surgeons describe the degree of breast sagging using a ptosis scale like the modified regnault ptosis scale below: grade i: mild ptosis—the nipple is at the level of the infra-mammary fold and above most of the lower breast tissue. grade ii: moderate ptosis—the nipple is located below the infra-mammary fold but higher than most of the breast tissue hangs. grade iii: advanced ptosis—the nipple is below the inframammary fold and at the level of maximum breast projection. pseudoptosis—the nipple is located either at or above the infra-mammary fold, while the lower half of the breast sags below the fold. this is most often seen when a woman stops nursing, as her milk glands atrophy, causing her breast tissue to sag. parenchymal maldistribution—the lower breast tissue is lacking fullness, the inframammary fold is very high, and the nipple and areola are relatively close to the fold. this is usually a developmental deformity. causes