health at every size health at every size health at every size (haes) is an approach to public health that seeks to de-emphasise weight loss as a health goal, and reduce stigma towards people who are overweight or obese. proponents argue that traditional interventions focused on weight loss, such as dieting, do not reliably produce positive health outcomes, and that health is a result of lifestyle behaviors that can be performed independently of body weight. however, many criticize the approach and argue that weight loss should sometimes be an explicit goal of healthcare interventions, because of the negative health outcomes associated with obesity. part of a series onhuman body weight general concepts obesity (epidemiology) overweight underweight body shape weight gain weight loss gestational weight gain diet (nutrition) weight management overnutrition childhood obesity (epidemiology) medical concepts adipose tissue classification of obesity genetics of obesity metabolic syndrome (epidemiology of metabolic syndrome) metabolically healthy obesity obesity paradox set point theory measurements body adiposity index body mass index body fat percentage body shape index corpulence index lean body mass relative fat mass waist–hip ratio waist-to-height ratio related conditions diabetes (type 1) eating disorder (anorexia • bulimia • binge eating disorder) food addiction hyperthyroidism malnutrition red-s starvation (starvation response) pcos obesity-associated morbidity arteriosclerosis atherosclerosis fatty liver disease gerd gynecomastia heart disease hypertension obesity and cancer osteoarthritis prediabetes sleep apnea type 2 diabetes management of obesity anti-obesity medication bariatrics bariatric surgery dieting (list of diets) caloric deficit exercise (outline) liposuction obesity medicine weight loss camp weight loss coaching yo-yo effect social aspects comfort food fast food (criticism) fat acceptance movement fat fetishism health at every size hunger obesity and the environment obesity and sexuality sedentary lifestyle social determinants of obesity social stigma of obesity weight cutting weight class history health at every size first appeared in the 1960s, advocating that the changing culture toward physical attractiveness and beauty standards had negative health and psychological repercussions to fat people. they believed that because the slim and fit body type had become the acceptable standard of attractiveness, fat people were going to great pains to lose weight, and that this was not, in fact, always healthy for the individual. they contend that some people are naturally a larger body type, and that in some cases losing a large amount of weight could in fact be extremely unhealthy for some. on november 4, 1967, lew louderback wrote an article called "more people should be fat!" that appeared in a major us magazine, the saturday evening post. in the opinion piece, louderback argued that: "thin fat people" suffer physically and emotionally from having dieted to below their natural body weight. forced changes in weight are not only likely to be temporary, but also to cause physical and emotional damage. dieting seems to unleash destructive and emotional tendencies. eating without dieting allowed louderback and his wife to relax and feel better while maintaining the same weight. bill fabrey, a young engineer at the time, read the article and contacted louderback a few months later in 1968. fabrey helped louderback research his subsequent book, fat power, and louderback supported fabrey in founding the national association to aid fat americans (naafa) in 1969, a nonprofit human rights organization. naafa would subsequently change its name by the mid-1980s to the national association to advance fat acceptance. in the early 1980s, four books collectively put forward ideas related to health at every size. in diets don't work (1982), bob schwartz encouraged "intuitive eating", as did molly groger in eating awareness training (1986). those authors believed this would result in weight loss as a side effect. william bennett and joel gurin's the dieter's dilemma (1982), and janet polivy and c. peter herman's breaking the diet habit (1983) argued that everybody has a natural weight and set-point, and that dieting for weight loss does not work. according to lindo bacon, in health at every size (2008), the basic premise of haes is that "well-being and healthy habits are more important than any number on the scale." emily nagoski, in her book come as you are (2015), promoted the idea of health at every size for improving women's self-confidence and sexual well-being. principles the health at every size principles are: "weight inclusivity: accept and respect the inherent diversity of body shapes and sizes and reject the idealizing or pathologizing of specific weights." "health enhancement: support health policies that improve and equalize access to information and services, and personal practices that improve human well-being, including attention to individual physical, economic, social, spiritual, emotional, and other needs." "respectful care: acknowledge our biases, and work to end weight discrimination, weight stigma, and weight bias. provide information and services from an understanding that socio-economic status, race, gender, sexual orientation, age, and other identities impact weight stigma, and support environments that address these inequities." "eating for well-being: promote flexible, individualized eating based on hunger, satiety, nutritional needs, and pleasure, rather than any externally regulated eating plan focused on weight control." "life-enhancing movement: support physical activities that allow people of all sizes, abilities, and interests to engage in enjoyable movement, to the degree that they choose.” evidence further information: obesity-associated morbidity and metabolically healthy obesity diagram of the medical complications of obesity, from the us cdc proponents claim that evidence from certain scientific studies has provided some rationale for a shift in focus in health management from weight loss to a weight-neutral approach in individuals who have a high risk of type 2 diabetes and/or symptoms of cardiovascular disease, and that a weight-inclusive approach focusing on health biomarkers, instead of weight-normative approaches focusing on weight loss alone, provides greater health improvements. proponents have indicated that haes does not propose that people are automatically healthy at any size, but rather proposes that people should seek to adopt healthy behaviors regardless of their body weight. amanda sainsbury-salis, an australian medical researcher, calls for a rethink of the haes concept, arguing it is not possible to be and remain truly healthy at every size, and suggests that a haes focus may encourage people to ignore increasing weight, which her research states is easiest to lose soon after gaining. she does, however, note that it is possible to have healthy behaviours that provide health benefits at a wide variety of body sizes. others similarly argue that the haes focus may encourage people to delay attempts at weight loss indefinitely. there is some evidence haes interventions can lead to positive psychological, physical, and behavioral outcomes, including short-term decreased body weight, bmi and body fat mass. there were also some inconsistent findings suggesting an effect on blood pressure, fasting glucose, and triglycerides levels.