women’s issues (from the first world largely promoting sexual liberation) versus women focused on political issues (from the third world often opposing dictatorships and policies). in latin america, this is complicated as feminists tend to align with first world ideals of feminism (sexual/reproductive rights, violence against women, domestic violence) and reject religious institutions such as the catholic church and evangelicals, which attempt to control women’s reproduction. on the other side, human rights advocates are often aligned with religious institutions that are specifically combating political violence, instead of focusing on issues of individual bodily autonomy. the debate regarding whether women should have complete autonomous control over their bodies has been espoused by the united nations and individual countries, but many of those same countries fail to implement these human rights for their female citizens. this shortfall may be partly due to the delay of including women-specific issues in the human rights framework. however, multiple human rights documents and declarations specifically proclaim reproductive rights of women, including the ability to make their own reproductive healthcare decisions regarding family planning, including: the un declaration of human rights (1948), the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (1979), the u.n.’s millennium development goals, and the new sustainable development goals, which are focused on integrating universal reproductive healthcare access into national family planning programs. unfortunately, the 2007 declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, did not address indigenous women’s reproductive or maternal healthcare rights or access. since most existing legally binding international human rights instruments do not explicitly mention sexual and reproductive rights, a broad coalition of ngos, civil servants, and experts working in international organizations have been promoting a reinterpretation of those instruments to link the realization of the already internationally recognized human rights with the realization of reproductive rights. an example of this linkage is provided by the 1994 cairo programme of action: reproductive rights embrace certain human rights that are already recognized in national laws, international human rights documents and other relevant united nations consensus documents. these rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. it also includes the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence as expressed in human rights documents. in the exercise of this right, they should take into account the needs of their living and future children and their responsibilities towards the community. similarly, amnesty international has argued that the realisation of reproductive rights is linked with the realisation of a series of recognised human rights, including the right to health, the right to freedom from discrimination, the right to privacy, and the right not to be subjected to torture or ill-treatment. the world health organization states that: sexual and reproductive health and rights encompass efforts to eliminate preventable maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, to ensure quality sexual and reproductive health services, including contraceptive services, and to address sexually transmitted infections (sti) and cervical cancer, violence against women and girls, and sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents. universal access to sexual and reproductive health is essential not only to achieve sustainable development but also to ensure that this new framework speaks to the needs and aspirations of people around the world and leads to realisation of their health and human rights. however, not all states have accepted the inclusion of reproductive rights in the body of internationally recognized human rights. at the cairo conference, several states made formal reservations either to the concept of reproductive rights or to its specific content. ecuador, for instance, stated that: with regard to the programme of action of the cairo international conference on population and development and in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and laws of ecuador and the norms of international law, the delegation of ecuador reaffirms, inter alia, the following principles embodied in its constitution: the inviolability of life, the protection of children from the moment of conception, freedom of conscience and religion, the protection of the family as the fundamental unit of society, responsible paternity, the right of parents to bring up their children and the formulation of population and development plans by the government in accordance with the principles of respect for sovereignty. accordingly, the delegation of ecuador enters a reservation with respect to all terms such as "regulation of fertility", "interruption of pregnancy", "reproductive health", "reproductive rights" and "unwanted children", which in one way or another, within the context of the programme of action, could involve abortion. similar reservations were made by argentina, dominican republic, el salvador, honduras, malta, nicaragua, paraguay, peru and the holy see. islamic countries, such as brunei, djibouti, iran, jordan, kuwait, libya, syria, united arab emirates, and yemen made broad reservations against any element of the programme that could be interpreted as contrary to the sharia. guatemala even questioned whether the conference could legally proclaim new human rights. women's rights part of a series onfeminism history feminist history history of feminism women's history 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women's studies journals women's suffrage organizations categories women's rights by country feminists by nationality feminism portal the united nations population fund (unfpa) and the world health organization (who) advocate for reproductive rights with a primary emphasis on women's rights. in this respect the un and who focus on a range of issues from access to family planning services, sex education, menopause, and the reduction of obstetric fistula, to the relationship between reproductive health and economic status. the reproductive rights of women are advanced in the context of the right to freedom from discrimination and the social and economic status of women. the group development alternatives with women for a new era (dawn) explained the link in the following statement: control over reproduction is a basic need and a basic right for all women. linked as it is to women's health and social status, as well as the powerful social structures of religion, state control and administrative inertia, and private profit, it is from the perspective of poor women that this right can best be understood and affirmed. women know that childbearing is a social, not a purely personal, phenomenon; nor do we deny that world population trends are likely to exert considerable pressure on resources and institutions by the end of this century. but our bodies have become a pawn in the struggles among states, religions, male heads of households, and private corporations. programs that do not take the interests of women into account are unlikely to succeed... women's reproductive rights have long retained key issue status in the debate on overpopulation. "the only ray of hope i can see – and it's not much – is that wherever women are put in control of their lives, both politically and socially; where medical facilities allow them to deal with birth control and where their husbands allow them to make those decisions, birth rate falls. women don't want to have 12 kids of whom nine will die." david attenborough according to ohchr: "women’s sexual and reproductive health is related to multiple human rights, including the right to life, the right to be free from torture, the right to health, the right to privacy, the right to education, and the prohibition of discrimination". attempts have been made to analyse the socioeconomic conditions that affect the realisation of a woman's reproductive rights. the term reproductive justice has been used to describe these broader social and economic issues. proponents of reproductive justice argue that while the right to legalized abortion and contraception applies to everyone, these choices are only meaningful to those with resources and that there is a growing gap between access and affordability. this more nuanced framework of reproductive justice that recognizes that even with the necessary access to reproductive health, there are other influences beyond choice that determine a women's ability to control her bodily autonomy is discussed in battles over abortion and reproductive rights (2017) by suzanne staggenborg and marie b. skoczylas. they define this concept as detailed below. reproductive justice: interrelationships among issues, linking reproductive health and rights to other social issues (broader human rights framework) "white-dominated sectors of the pro-choice movement that focused solely on abortion and downplayed the reality that reproduction is encouraged for some women and discouraged for others" (221) men's rights part of a series onmasculism movements fathers' rights movement intactivism himtoo movement men's movement mythopoetic men's movement men's liberation movement men's rights movement topics and issues topics sex differences in humans human male sexuality gender equality misandry hegemonic masculinity effeminacy gender roles machismo gender neutrality men in feminism (pro-feminism anti-feminism) issues violence against men male expendability circumcision controversies (genital mutilation forced circumcision) rape (prison rape false accusation of rape rape of males) domestic violence (against men) violence against lgbt people (homophobia gayphobia gay bashing transphobia) conscription reproductive rights paternal rights and abortion no-fault divorce sperm theft reverse sexism toxic masculinity by country men's rights india fathers' rights australia italy united kingdom united states lists and categories index of masculism topics category:masculism category:masculists category:men's movement category:men's organizations