control of ambulance services for military purposes, and interrogated wounded patients. in addition, panamanian physicians were kidnapped, beaten, and tortured for speaking out against government policies which prevented them from providing their patients with adequate care. pakistan (1971) in april 1971, pakistan's military targeted ethnic bengalis at the lalmonirhat railway hospital, located in the northern tip of what was then called east pakistan (now bangladesh). approximately thirty-seven bengali civilians or non-combatants, including patients, doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals or medical personnel were summarily executed by the pakistani military. ukraine (2022) as of march 12, 2022 at least nine medical facilities, including mariupol maternity hospital, most being located to the north and the south-east of ukraine, were attacked by russian military forces. the deadliest one happening on february 24, 2022, at the central city hospital in vuhledar when a russian ballistic missile full of cluster munitions fell just outside of the hospital, killing four and injuring ten. the russian ministry of defense claimed that some of hospitals were used for military purposes and denied attacking mariupol maternity hospital alleging it was a "staged provocation". between february 24 and march 21, 2022, sixty-four medical facilities and their personnel were targeted by russian forces in ukraine, the world health organization (who) reported. the facilities were being hit at rate of two to three a day, inflicting 15 deaths and 37 injuries. all sixty-four attacks were verified and said to be violations of international law breaching medical neutrality. it was reported that some of hospitals were converted into military strongholds and that most of damages inflicted were caused by heavy weaponry. by april 8, 2022, who had confirmed 91 attacks. organizations with a specific focus on medical neutrality physicians for human rights (us) physicians for human rights-israel doctors for human rights (uk) physicians for human rights (denmark) medical neutrality protection act of 2011 (h.r. 2643) the medical neutrality protection act of 2011, (h.r. 2643), is a bipartisan bill introduced by representatives jim mcdermott (d-wa), and walter b. jones, jr. (r-nc) that intends to make the protection of medical professionals and access to medical services a global policy priority for the us government. the bill calls for the creation of the position of a united nations special rapporteur on the protection and promotion of medical neutrality and calls for investigations of violations of medical neutrality. it also limits military aid from the us to countries that have engaged in violating medical neutrality, and as well bans their government officials from attaining visas to the united states. as codified in the medical neutrality protection act of 2011, violations of medical neutrality are: militarized attacks on health care facilities, health care service providers, or individuals in the course of receiving medical treatment wanton destruction of medical supplies, facilities, records, or transportation services willful obstruction of medical ethics as specified in the world medical association's international code of medical ethics, including preventing medical professionals from administering ethical medical care to individuals in need coercion of medical personnel to commit acts in violation of their ethical responsibilities deliberate misuse of health care facilities, transportation services, uniforms, or other insignia deliberate blocking of access to health care facilities and health care professionals arbitrary arrest or detention of health care service providers or individuals seeking medical care