list of fentanyl analogues list of fentanyl analogues this is a list of fentanyl analogues (sometimes referred to as fentalogs), including both compounds developed by pharmaceutical companies for legitimate medical use, and those which have been sold as designer drugs and reported to national drug control agencies such as the dea, or transnational agencies such as the emcdda and unodc. this is not a comprehensive listing of fentanyl analogues, as more than 1400 compounds from this family have been described in the scientific and patent literature, but it includes all notable compounds that have reached late-stage human clinical trials, or which have been identified as having been sold as designer drugs, as well as representative examples of significant structural variations reported in the scientific and patent literature. in the united states, the drug enforcement administration placed the broadly defined class of "fentanyl-related substances" on the list of schedule i drugs in 2018, making it illegal to manufacture, distribute, or possess fentanyl analogs. the chemical structure of fentanyl has been used as a basis in modern chemistry for the discovey and nomenclature of many new fentanyl analogues, sometimes called fentalogs. chemical structures of various fentanyl analogues chemical structure common name chemical name cas number 2,5-dimethylfentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide 42045-97-6 2,2'-difluorofentanyl n-(2-fluorophenyl)-n-ethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide 2748343-87-3 3-allylfentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide 82208-84-2 3-fluorofentanyl (nfepp) n-(3-fluoro-1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylpropionamide 1422952-84-8 3-furanylfentanyl (3fuf) n-phenyl-n-furan-3-carboxamide 101343-82-2 3-methylbutyrfentanyl n--n-phenylbutanamide 97605-09-9 3-methylcrotonylfentanyl n-phenyl-n--2-butenamide p-methylcrotonylfentanyl n-(4-methylphenyl)-n--2-butenamide 3-methylfentanyl (3-mf) n-(3-methyl-1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-phenyl-propanamide 42045-86-3 3-methylfuranylfentanyl (3mfuf, tmfuf) n-phenyl-n-furan-2-carboxamide 3-methylthiofentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide 86052-04-2 3-phenylpropanoylfentanyl n-phenyl-n--3-phenylpropanamide 79279-02-0 4-fluorobutyrfentanyl (4-fbf) n-(4-fluorophenyl)-n--butanamide 244195-31-1 4-chloroisobutyrylfentanyl (4-cibf) 2-methyl-n-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-propanamide 244195-34-4 4-fluoroisobutyrfentanyl (4-fibf) n-(4-fluorophenyl)-n--isobutanamide 244195-32-2 4-fluorofentanyl n-(4-fluorophenyl)-n-propanamide 90736-23-5 para-fluorofuranylfentanyl (p-f-fu-f) n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-(4-fluorophenyl)furan-2-carboxamide 1802489-71-9 para-chlorofuranylfentanyl (p-cl-fu-f) n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-carboxamide ortho-methylfuranylfentanyl (o-me-fu-f) n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-(o-tolyl)furan-2-carboxamide 2309383-07-9 ortho-methoxyfuranylfentanyl (o-meo-fu-f) n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-(2-methoxyphenyl)furan-2-carboxamide 101343-50-4 ortho-isopropylfuranylfentanyl (o-ipr-fu-f) n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-(2-isopropylphenyl)furan-2-carboxamide 4-phenylfentanyl n-phenyl-n-propanamide 120448-97-7 4-methoxybutyrfentanyl n-(4-methoxyphenyl)-n--butanamide 2088842-68-4 para-hydroxy‐butyrylfentanyl n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-n--butanamide 4-methylphenethylacetylfentanyl n--4-piperidinyl]-n-phenylacetamide 1071703-95-1 acrylfentanyl n-phenyl-n-prop-2-enamide 82003-75-6 α-methylacetylfentanyl n-phenyl-n-acetamide 101860-00-8 α-methylbutyrfentanyl n-phenyl-n-butanamide 244195-36-6 α-methylfentanyl (amf) n-phenyl-n-propanamide 79704-88-4 α-methylthiofentanyl n-phenyl-n-propanamide 103963-66-2 α-methyl-β-hydroxyfentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide acetylfentanyl n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylacetamide 3258-84-2 alfentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide 71195-58-9 benzodioxolefentanyl n-phenyl-n--2h-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxamide 2306823-01-6 benzoylfentanyl n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylbenzamide 2309383-15-9 benzylfentanyl n-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylpropanamide 1474-02-8 bdbm50223545 (berger fentanyl) 1-indol-5-yl]propan-1-one β-hydroxyfentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide 78995-10-5 β-hydroxythiofentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide 1474-34-6 β-hydroxy-4-methylfentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide β-methylfentanyl n-phenyl-n-propanamide 79146-56-8 brorphine 1--1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one 2244737-98-0 butyrfentanyl (bu-f, buf) n-(1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-n-phenylbutyramide 1169-70-6 brifentanyl n- -3-methylpiperidin-4-yl]-n-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-methoxyacetamide 101345-71-5 carfentanyl methyl 1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidine-4-carboxylate 59708-52-0 crotonylfentanyl n-phenyl-n--2-butenamide 760930-59-4 cyclopentylfentanyl n-phenyl-n-cyclopentanecarboxamide 2088918-01-6 cyclobutylfentanyl n--n-phenylcyclobutanecarboxamide 2306827-55-2 cyclopropylfentanyl n--n-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamide 1169-68-2 eaz-91-05 (quinuclidin-3-yl) 4--1-piperidine-4-carboxylate isobutyrylfentanyl 2-methyl-n-phenyl-n-propanamide 119618-70-1 isofentanyl n-(1-benzyl-3-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylpropanamide 79278-40-3 homofentanyl (n-phenylpropylnorfentanyl) n-phenyl-n-propanamide 59708-54-2 r-4173 n-phenyl-n-propanamide 2413-90-3 trans-phenylcyclopropyl-norfentanyl 1-(trans-2-phenylcyclopropyl)-4-(n-propionylanilino)piperidine. 102504-49-4 fentanyl carbamate ethyl n-phenyl-n-carbamate 1465-20-9 pyridylfentany n-phenyl-n-propanamide 1443-41-0 furanylbenzylfentanyl n-phenyl-n-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide 497240-21-8 furanylfentanyl (fu-f, fuf) n-phenyl-n-furan-2-carboxamide 101345-66-8 furanylethylfentanyl (fuef) n--4-piperidinyl]-n-phenyl-propanamide 802544-02-1 fentanyl 4-methylene analogue (wo 2007/093603) n-phenyl-n-propanamide 947139-57-3 iqmf-4 n--n-(1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl)prop-2-enamide 497100-48-8 lofentanyl methyl (3s,4r)-3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidine-4-carboxylate 61380-40-3 n-methylnorcarfentanyl methyl 1-methyl-4-(n-phenylpropanamido)piperidine-4-carboxylate 59708-50-8 methoxyacetylfentanyl (maf) 2-methoxy-n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylacetamide 101345-67-9 meta-fluorofentanyl n-(3-fluorophenyl)-n--propanamide 90736-22-4 mirfentanyl n--n-pyrazin-2-yl-2-furamide 117523-47-4 mp102 n-cycloheptyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-(n-propanoylanilino)piperidine-4-carboxamide mp135 n-carboxamido}-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-n-benzylpropanamide 2677687-49-7 n-(mda)-fentanyl n-(1-(1-(benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylpropionamide n-(2c-b)-fentanyl n-(1-(2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylpropionamide ocfentanyl n-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-methoxy-n-acetamide 101343-69-5 ohmefentanyl n--n-phenylpropanamide 78995-14-9 ohmecarfentanil methyl 1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-3-methyl-4-(n-propanoylanilino)piperidine-4-carboxylate 4"-fluoroohmefentanyl methyl 1--3-methyl-4-(n-propanoylanilino)piperidine-4-carboxylate orthofluorofentanyl n-(2-fluorophenyl)-n--propanamide 910616-29-4 ortho-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl n-(2-fluorophenyl)-n--2-methylpropanamide 2351142-33-9 parafluoroisobutyrylbenzylfentanyl n--n-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methylpropanamide 4-fluorocyclopropylbenzylfentanyl n-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide 2344231-47-4 pyrrole-fentanyl n--n-pyrrol-1-ylpropanamide r-30490 n--n-phenylpropanamide 60618-49-7 remifentanyl methyl 1-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-4-(n-phenylpropanamido)piperidine-4-carboxylate 132875-61-7 rr49 n--n-phenylpropanamide 2376328-79-7 sr-16412 1-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-3h-indol-2-one 16223-24-8 secofentanyl n-phenyl-n-propanamide 253342-66-4 senecioylfentanyl n-phenyl-n--3-methylbut-2-enamide 2630378-28-6 sufentanil n--n-phenylpropanamide 56030-54-7 tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl n-phenyl-n-oxolane-2-carboxamide 2142571-01-3 tetramethylcyclopropylfentanyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxamide 2309383-11-5 thenylfentanyl n-phenyl-n-propanamide 117332-93-1 thiafentanil methyl 4-(n-(2-methoxyacetyl)anilino)-1-(2-thiophen-2-ylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate 101345-60-2 thiofentanyl n-phenyl-n-propanamide 1165-22-6 trefentanyl n--n-(2-fluorophenyl)propanamide 120656-93-1 trifluorofentanyl n-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-n-ethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide tropafentanyl (tropane-fentanyl) n-phenyl-n-octan-3-yl]propanamide 3,4-dichloro-4''-methoxyfentanyl n-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-n-ethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide 1161705-29-8 valerylfentanyl (vf) n-(1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-n-phenylpentylamide 122882-90-0 analogue controls several jurisdictions have implemented analogue law controls of fentanyl analogues in an attempt to pre-emptively ban novel derivatives before they appear on the market. one representative example is the new zealand provisions enacted in 1988 in response to the first wave of fentanyl derivatives. this bans a set of structures as follows; "fentanyl analogues, in which the n-aniline nucleus has additional radicals, either alone or in combination, attached as follows: (a) an acetyl, propionyl, butenoyl or butanoyl radical, attached to the aniline nitrogen atom: (b) 1 or more alkyl radicals, with up to 10 carbon atoms in total, attached to the ethyl moiety: (c) any combination of up to 5 alkyl radicals and/or alkoxy radicals (each with up to 6 carbon atoms, including cyclic radicals) and/or halogen radicals, attached to each of the benzene rings." a more recent and somewhat broader example was introduced into us federal legislation in 2018, covering the following structures; "...fentanyl-related substances includes any substance not otherwise controlled in any schedule...that is structurally related to fentanyl by one or more of the following modifications: replacement of the phenyl portion of the phenethyl group by any monocycle, whether or not further substituted in or on the monocycle; substitution in or on the phenethyl group with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyl, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino or nitro groups; substitution in or on the piperidine ring with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyl, ester, ether, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino or nitro groups; replacement of the aniline ring with any aromatic monocycle whether or not further substituted in or on the aromatic monocycle; and/or replacement of the n-propionyl group by another acyl group." organic chemistry because there are so many analogues of fentanyl, the naming for them tends to follow classical or iupac nomenclature conventions. this section is written to help illustrate the basic ring structure of fentanyl and what popular analogues reference on the carbon skeleton, helping a chemist working with fentanyl analogues quickly and consistently navigate the nomenclature system. part i the synthesis of fentanyl and its analogues are illustrated in this skeletal diagram. the synthesis of fentanyl and its analogues are illustrated in these skeletal diagrams. the synthesis of fentalogs is done by reacting the ring structure as a base, 4-anpp also called 4-anilino-n-phenethylpiperidine and despropionylfentanyl. 4-anpp acts as a base because of its two amine nitrogens, the secondary amine acts as a base to react with an organic acid which condenses into an amide. depending on the organic acid used in the amide condensation, different analogues of fentanyl will be produced. to help align this phenomenon in the eyes of chemists, we have numerated the precursor 4-anpp with a , and then the reactions synthesizing fentanyl, acetylfentanyl, butyrylfentanyl, and benzoylfentanyl with a , , , and respectively. to further aid in the chemical pedagogy we have aligned each number with a reaction number -> precursor -> product system that follows the following scheme: example: reaction number -> precursor -> product 1 -> α -> a 2 -> β -> b 3 -> γ -> c 4 -> δ -> d using the above scheme, a chemist can quickly extrapolate the reactions necessary for other fentanyl analogues with more complex organic acids, such as cyclopropryl fentanyl or cyclopentyl fentanyl, or any other fentanyl analogue derived from a reaction of 4-anpp with a novel organic acid. part ii the synthesis of fentanyl and its analogues are illustrated in this skeletal diagram. part ii the modifications covered in this diagram have to do with carbon skeleton modifications of the original fentanyl molecular structure. these are organized into methyl acetate additions, which are most known for the fentanyl -> carfentanil conversion. many analogues of great potency, such as ohmfentanyl and lofentanyl posses methyl acetate groups added to the 4-carbon (of the piperidine ring, in the para- position relative to the annular nitrogen). the methyl acetate is added here from the α-carbon of the acetate moiety as it is with ohm- and lofentanyl. the 4-carbon is not a chiral center in carfetnanil because of a lack of piperidinyl subsitutuents, but this same carbon is a chiral center in both ohm- and lofentanyl because both of those analogues have piperidinyl substituents. the second group are organized into methyl additions, which are known for the fentanyl analogues such as α-methylfentanyl and cis-3-methylfentanyl. these analogues can posses a wide variety of modified pharmacological properties, including increased and decreased potency (receptor binding efficiency), increased or decreased half-life (metabolic binding efficiency) or other side effects on human physiology. other substituents such as hydroxy, chloro, fluoro, and a wide variety of alkyl groups, are also substituted in place of these methylations to produce psychoactive analogues of fentanyl, but because they often use the same skeletal naming conventions as the simple methyl analogues, we did not reproduce them all in the image here. part iii the synthesis of fentanyl and its analogues are illustrated in this skeletal diagram. part iii the modifications described here cover alterations to the ring structure donated by the fentanyl precursor 4-anpp. although another series covered substitutions of hydrogen atoms on the original carbon ring structure, sometimes called functional group additions, this series focuses on the three main modifications to the phenethyl moiety. the first modifications is the removal of the phenthyl moeity from the piperidinyl nitrogen, depicted here as hydrolysis yielding phenethanol. this changes the parent skeletal name to norfentanyl. the second and third modifications are the removal and addition of a methylene moiety internally in the ethyl chain within the greater phenethyl moiety. the removal of a methylene, which shortens the chain by one carbon length, creates the benzylfentanyl structure. the addition of a methylene, which lengthens the chain by one length, creates homofentanyl. part iv the synthesis of fentanyl and its analogues are illustrated in this skeletal diagram. part iv the modifications covered in this diagram have to do with stereochemistry and the assignment of unique cahn-ingold-prelog r/s assignments to complex analogues of fentanyl. the stereochemistry of fentanyl analgoues can seem at first counter-intuitive, because of the complex and unique nature of the reasoning organic chemists must develop to internalize complex three dimensional geometries such as those needed to comprehend stereochemistry. thankfully these images follow a simple procedure for organizing a potential analogue of fentanyl into the total number of unique stereoisomers, the number of true stereocenters on the molecule, and the number of cahn-ingold-prelog r/s assignments that are appropriate for that analogue. the procedure used in the analysis of stereochemistry in these series of images is the following: first the image is drawn out. second asterisks are placed by potential stereocenters as indicators (*). third the pairs of each stereocenters r and s orientations are combined through all possible permutations of stereocenters. fourth the permutations are checked for super-imposability, indicating that they are varying around what is not a true stereocenter and therefore the permutations are truly the self-same stereoisomer. this procedure will be used when making an assessment of the number of valid stereoisomers that an analogue of fentanyl will be predicted to have. because the analogues of fentanyl are so large, and the moieities (sub-regions) of the molecule that are relevant to its chirality are so small, that we often reproduce the fentanyl analogue as a smaller, simpler molecule with the same number of, and dynamics between its, stereocenters. this saves significant space allowing us not to reproduce redundant material that consumes a lot of space on the image. the first case studied here is fentanyl itself, or propionyl-4-anilino-n-phenethylpiperidine, the most well known of the fentanyl analogues and the eponymous molecule (namesake) for the whole chemical categorey. the only identified stereocenter is found at the 4-carbon, opposite the piperidine nitrogen but adjacent to the aniline nitrogen. this seems to be a stereocenter because of the apparent 4 unique substituents. we transfer this stereocenter to the equivalent molecule cyclohexanol, with an analogous apparent stereocenter. once we draw out the potential stereoisomers, we see that the two structures are super-imposable in three dimensions, and therefore are the self-same molecule. for this reason fentanyl does not have r/s assignments. the second case studied here is of 3-methylfentanyl. there are two potential stereocenters, at the 4-carbon and also at the 3-carbon, where there is additionally a methyl group. now, we mark both 3 and 4 carbon as potential stereocenters with an asterisk (*), and see how many potential stereoisomers we can eliminate. we see that of the four permutations of stereoisomers, none are super-imposable in three dimensions, meaning each is a unique stereoisomer and that both potential stereocenters were true. this gives 4 potential r/s assignments, 1r3s, 1r3r, 1s3s, 1s3r. what is particularly interesting and quite a contrast from the previous example of cyclohexanol, is the stereocenter at c-4 is indeed a true stereocenter here, whereas in the pervious example of cyclohexanol as an analogy to fentanyl, the c-4 was not a true stereocenter. this changed because the modification of the c-3 carbon without an equivalent change on the c-2 carbon created an imbalance between two formerly identical substituents, creating a novel stereocenter where there was not one previously. this is why it is so important to follow the 4 steps in the above procedure every time, as