semicircular canals semicircular canals the semicircular canals or semicircular ducts are three semicircular, interconnected tubes located in the innermost part of each ear, the inner ear. the three canals are the horizontal, superior and posterior semicircular canals. semicircular canalsthe internal ear, with "semicircular ducts" at leftinner ear illustration showing semicircular canal, hair cells, ampulla, cupula, vestibular nerve, & fluiddetailsarterystylomastoid artery, labyrinthine arteryidentifierslatincanalis semicircularismeshd012665ta98a15.3.03.015ta26954fma60186anatomical terminology this article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of thehuman ear outer ear auricle ear canal middle ear tympanic membrane ossicles malleus incus stapes inner ear vestibules utricle saccule cochlea semicircular canals structure the semicircular canals are a component of the bony labyrinth that are at right angles from each other. at one end of each of the semicircular canals is a dilated sac called an osseous ampulla, which is more than twice the diameter of the canal. each ampulla contains an ampullary crest, the crista ampullaris which consists of a thick gelatinous cap called a cupula and many hair cells. the superior and posterior semicircular canals are oriented vertically at right angles to each other. the lateral semicircular canal is about a 30-degree angle from the horizontal plane. the orientations of the canals cause a different canal to be stimulated by movement of the head in different planes, and more than one canal is stimulated at once if the movement is off those planes. the lateral canal detects angular acceleration of the head when the head is turned and the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements when the head is moved up or down. when the head changes position, the endolymph in the canals lags behind due to inertia and this acts on the cupula which bends the cilia of the hair cells. the stimulation of the hair cells sends the message to the brain that acceleration is taking place. the ampullae open into the vestibule by five orifices, one of the apertures being common to two of the canals. among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously. horizontal semicircular canal the lateral or horizontal canal (external semicircular canal) is the shortest of the three canals. movement of fluid within this canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis (i.e. the neck), or in other words, rotation in the transverse plane. this occurs, for example, when one turns the head from side to side. it measures from 12 to 15 mm (0.47 to 0.59 in), and its arch is directed horizontally backward and laterally; thus each semicircular canal stands at right angles to the other two. its ampullated end corresponds to the upper and lateral angle of the vestibule, just above the oval window, where it opens close to the ampullated end of the superior canal; its opposite end opens at the upper and back part of the vestibule. the lateral canal of one ear is very nearly in the same plane as that of the other. superior semicircular canal the superior or anterior semicircular canal is a part of the vestibular system and detects rotations of the head in around the lateral axis, that is, rotation in the sagittal plane. this occurs, for example, when nodding one's head. it is 15 to 20 mm (0.59 to 0.79 in) in length, is vertical in direction, and is placed transversely to the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal bone, on the anterior surface of which its arch forms a round projection. it describes about two-thirds of a circle. its lateral extremity is ampullated, and opens into the upper part of the vestibule; the opposite end joins with the upper part of the posterior canal to form the crus commune, which opens into the upper and medial part of the vestibule. posterior semicircular canal the posterior semicircular canal is a part of the vestibular system that detects rotation of the head around the antero-posterior (sagittal) axis, or in other words, rotation in the coronal plane. this occurs, for example, when one moves the head to touch the shoulders, or when doing a cartwheel. it is directed superiorly, as per its nomenclature, and posteriorly, nearly parallel to the posterior surface of the petrous bone. the vestibular aqueduct is immediately medial to it. the posterior canal is part of the bony labyrinth and is used by the vestibular system to detect rotations of the head in the coronal plane. it is the longest of the three canals, measuring from 18 to 22 mm (0.71 to 0.87 in). its lower or ampullated end opens into the lower and back part of the vestibule, its upper into the crus commune. development findings from a 2009 study demonstrated a critical late role for bmp-2b in the morphogenesis of semicircular canals in the zebrafish inner ear. it is suspected that the role of bmp-2 in semicircular canal duct outgrowth is likely to be conserved between different vertebrate species. additionally, it has been found that the two semicircular canals found in the lamprey inner ear are developmentally similar to the superior and posterior canals found in humans, as the canals of both organisms arise from two depressions in the otic vesicle during early development. these depressions first form in lampreys between the 11 and 42 millimeter larval stages and form in zebrafish 57 hours post-fertilization function cochlea and vestibular system