diagnoses (39%) when compared to those with non-cardiac admission diagnoses (11%). children rates of survival are 3 to 16% in north america. for ihca, survival to discharge is around 22%. those who survive to rosc and hospital admission frequently present with post-cardiac arrest syndrome, which usually presents with neurological injury that can range from mild memory problems to coma. hypoxic ischemic brain injury is the most detrimental outcome for people suffering a cardiac arrest. poor neurological outcomes following cardiac arrest are much more prevalent in countries that do not use withdrawal of life support (≈50%) as compared to those that do (less than 10%). most improvements in cognition occur during the first three months following cardiac arrest, with some individuals reporting improvement up to one year post-cardiac arrest. 50 – 70% of cardiac arrest survivors report fatigue as a symptom, making fatigue the most prevalent patient-reported symptom. prognosis is typically assessed 72 hours or more after cardiac arrest. rates of survival are better in those who had someone witness their collapse, received bystander cpr, and/or had either v-fib or v-tach when assessed. survival among those with v-fib or v-tach is 15 to 23%. women are more likely to survive cardiac arrest and leave the hospital than men. a 1997 review found rates of survival to discharge of 14%, although different studies varied from 0 to 28%. in those over the age of 70 who have a cardiac arrest while in hospital, survival to hospital discharge is less than 20%. how well these individuals manage after leaving the hospital is not clear. the global rate of people who were able to recover from ohca after receiving cpr has been found to be approximately 30%, and the rate of survival to discharge from the hospital has been estimated at 9%. survival to discharge from the hospital is more likely among people whose cardiac arrest was witnessed by a bystander or emergency medical services, who received bystander cpr, and who live in europe and north america. relatively lower survival to hospital discharge rates have been observed in asian countries. epidemiology the risk of cardiac arrest varies with geographical region, age, and gender. the lifetime risk is three times greater in men (12.3%) than women (4.2%) based on analysis of the framingham heart study. this gender difference disappeared beyond 85 years of age. around half of these individuals are younger than 65 years of age. north america based on death certificates, sudden cardiac death accounts for about 20% of all deaths in the united states. in the united states, approximately 326,000 cases of out-of-hospital and 209,000 cases of ihca occur among adults annually, which works out to be an incidence of approximately 110.8 per 100,000 adults per year. in the united states, during-pregnancy cardiac arrest occurs in about one in twelve-thousand deliveries or 1.8 per 10,000 live births. rates are lower in canada. other regions non-western regions of the world have differing incidences. the incidence of sudden cardiac death in china is 41.8 per 100,000 and in south india is 39.7 per 100,000. society and culture names in many publications, the stated or implicit meaning of "sudden cardiac death" is sudden death from cardiac causes. some physicians call cardiac arrest "sudden cardiac death" even if the person survives. thus one can hear mentions of "prior episodes of sudden cardiac death" in a living person. in 2021, the american heart association clarified that "heart attack" is often mistakenly used to describe cardiac arrest. while a heart attack refers to death of heart muscle tissue as a result of blood supply loss, cardiac arrest is caused when the heart's electrical system malfunctions. furthermore, the american heart association explains that "if corrective measures are not taken rapidly, this condition progresses to sudden death. cardiac arrest should be used to signify an event as described above, that is reversed, usually by cpr and/or defibrillation or cardioversion, or cardiac pacing. sudden cardiac death should not be used to describe events that are not fatal". slow code a "slow code" is a slang term for the practice of deceptively delivering sub-optimal cpr to a person in cardiac arrest, when cpr is considered to have no medical benefit. a "show code" is the practice of faking the response altogether for the sake of the person's family. such practices are ethically controversial and are banned in some jurisdictions. the european resuscitation council guidelines released a statement in 2021 that clinicians are not suggested to participate/take part in "slow codes". according to the american college of physicians, half-hearted resuscitation efforts are deceptive and should not be performed by physicians or nurses.