are proposed to describe the reductive genomic evolution, which is observed in these host-dependent bacterial lineages, such as the streamlining hypothesis, the black queen hypothesis and the increase of protein multifunctionality. endosymbiont metabolisms follow inverse evolutionary pathways during genome reduction where some enzymes have relaxed specificity to compensate for gene number reduction. transcriptomics and metabolomics transcriptomic data allows analysis and comparisons of gene expressions, profiles of secreted molecules, gene functions and products which are important for successfully establishing a symbiotic relationship. transcriptomic data shows that about 340 genes in xh001 are differentially regulated under coculture conditions. approximately 70 genes belonging to xh001 genes are up-regulated when xh001 is physically associated with tm7x. these include genes that encode functions related to general stress related responses such as stress related proteins and transcriptional regulators, induced turgor stress-related response, a ribosomal subunit interface protein that binds to machinery of the ribosomes, inhibiting protein biosynthesis, cys-trna-pro deacylase which prevents addition of amino acids to the trna molecule, inhibiting protein translation, ta-encoding systems which include toxin component gnat family, prevent-host death family protein, yefm ta system and addiction module toxin-rele family; potassium efflux system kefa homolog, biosynthesis of essential amino acids and transporters. apart from this, studies also suggest that when tm7x is associated with xh001, the gene encoding the lsrb ortholog which functions as a receptor for the ai-2 signalling molecule is highly upregulated. comparatively, the genes encoding potassium uptake, putative membrane proteins, and ompa expression, known to encode an immunogenic protein were down-regulated. the tm7x cells are capable of several common metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, the tca cycle, nucleotide biosynthesis and some amino acid biosynthesis and salvage pathways. genes coding for glycosyl hydrolase family enzymes have been observed, suggesting that these cells may use oligosaccharides as growth substrates, as well as arginine, which is another potential growth substrate (arginine deiminase pathway). genes for abc transporters are also identified that are likely to be responsible for oligopeptide uptake, indicating that tm7 cells are capable of using other amino acids also. there is evidence of a base substitution in the 16s rrna genes, which is highly atypical, and is associated with antibiotic resistance against streptomycin. on the consensus 16s rrna, on position 912, c is substituted with u and this is linked to resistance against streptomycin. pathogenesis when periodontal disease is initiated due to the pathogens present in microbial biofilms, certain harmful by-products and enzymes are produced that break down the collagen or host cell membranes to allow invasion. certain inflammatory cytokines induce inflammation when the macrophages detect pathogens as part of its defence mechanism, such as the tumour necrosis factor (α-tnf). tm7x can be considered a potential pathogen since it is associated with inflammatory mucosal disease and detected more frequently at these sites. studies conducted on j2 immortalized bone marrow macrophages (bmms) have shown that the host xh001 induces the α-tnf gene expression, however when associated with tm7x cells, this expression is greatly reduced. this indicates that tm7x can suppress the α-tnf gene expression in the macrophages or prevent the detection of its host by macrophages. tm7x is established as an organism that produces toxins and virulence factors, and encodes membrane associated virulence proteins such as ompa and lema, type iv secretion systems, and proteins that bind choline. it is also capable of inducing resistance to streptomycin in its host xh001 and thus pose potential threat to humans, as they are involved in various human systemic diseases. including but not limited to vaginal diseases and chronic inflammation in the digestive tract. actinomyces species are one of the early microbial colonizers in the oral cavity and the relationship between xh001 with tm7x may influence the composition and pathogenesis of oral microbiota, since a homeostatic balance must be maintained between the host and bacteria. the tm7x genome contains several open reading frames that encode an abortive infection protein homolog that limits replication of the phage within a bacterial population, also promoting cell death and also encode predicted proteins with toxin-antitoxin (ta) domains, such as vapb, vapc, and xenobiotic response element. these proteins may play roles in the maintenance of the parasitic status of tm7x against xh001.