mood disorder mood disorder a mood disorder, also known as an affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder where a disturbance in the person's mood is the main underlying feature. the classification is in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm) and international classification of diseases (icd). mood disorderother namesaffective disordera depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring rainspecialtypsychiatrytypesbipolar disorder, cyclothymia, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, dysthymia, major depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, seasonal affective disordercausesfamily history, previous diagnosis of a mood disorder, trauma, stress or major life changes in the case of depression, physical illness or use of certain medications. depression has been linked to major diseases such as cancer, diabetes, parkinson’s disease and heart disease, brain structure and function in the case of bipolar disorder.medicationantidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics mood disorders fall into seven groups, including; abnormally elevated mood, such as mania or hypomania; depressed mood, of which the best-known and most researched is major depressive disorder (mdd) (alternatively known as clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression); and moods which cycle between mania and depression, known as bipolar disorder (bd) (formerly known as manic depression). there are several sub-types of depressive disorders or psychiatric syndromes featuring less severe symptoms such as dysthymic disorder (similar to mdd, but longer lasting and more persistent, though often milder) and cyclothymic disorder (similar to but milder than bd). in some cases, more than one mood disorder can be present in an individual, like bipolar disorder and depressive disorder. if a mood disorder and schizophrenia are both present in an individual, this is known as schizoaffective disorder. mood disorders may also be substance induced, or occur in response to a medical condition. english psychiatrist henry maudsley proposed an overarching category of affective disorder. the term was then replaced by mood disorder, as the latter term refers to the underlying or longitudinal emotional state, whereas the former refers to the external expression observed by others. classification depressive disorders major depressive disorder (mdd), commonly called major depression, unipolar depression, or clinical depression, wherein a person has one or more major depressive episodes. after a single episode, major depressive disorder (single episode) would be diagnosed. after more than one episode, the diagnosis becomes major depressive disorder (recurrent). depression without periods of mania is sometimes referred to as unipolar depression because the mood remains at the bottom "pole" and does not climb to the higher, manic "pole" as in bipolar disorder. individuals with a major depressive episode or major depressive disorder are at increased risk for suicide. seeking help and treatment from a health professional dramatically reduces the individual's risk for suicide. studies have demonstrated that asking if a depressed friend or family member has thought of committing suicide is an effective way of identifying those at risk, and it does not "plant" the idea or increase an individual's risk for suicide in any way. epidemiological studies carried out in europe suggest that, at this moment, roughly 8.5 percent of the world's population have a depressive disorder. no age group seems to be exempt from depression, and studies have found that depression appears in infants as young as 6 months old who have been separated from their mothers. depressive disorder is frequent in primary care and general hospital practice but is often undetected. unrecognized depressive disorder may slow recovery and worsen prognosis in physical illness, therefore it is important that all doctors be able to recognize the condition, treat the less severe cases, and identify those requiring specialist care. diagnosticians recognize several subtypes or course specifiers: atypical depression (ad) is characterized by mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant weight gain or increased appetite ("comfort eating"), excessive sleep or somnolence (hypersomnia), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection. difficulties in measuring this subtype have led to questions of its validity and prevalence. melancholic depression is characterized by a loss of pleasure (anhedonia) in most or all activities, a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early-morning waking, psychomotor retardation, excessive weight loss (not to be confused with anorexia nervosa), or excessive guilt. psychotic major depression (pmd), or simply psychotic depression, is the term for a major depressive episode, in particular of melancholic nature, wherein the patient experiences psychotic symptoms such as delusions or, less commonly, hallucinations. these are most commonly mood-congruent (content coincident with depressive themes). catatonic depression is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. here, the person is mute and almost stuporous, and either is immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. catatonic symptoms can also occur in schizophrenia or a manic episode, or can be due to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. postpartum depression (ppd) is listed as a course specifier in dsm-iv-tr; it refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. postpartum depression, which affects 10–15% of women, typically sets in within three months of labor, and lasts as long as three months. it is quite common for women to experience a short-term feeling of tiredness and sadness in the first few weeks after giving birth; however, postpartum depression is different because it can cause significant hardship and impaired functioning at home, work, or school as well as, possibly, difficulty in relationships with family members, spouses, or friends, or even problems bonding with the newborn. in the treatment of postpartum major depressive disorders and other unipolar depressions in women who are breastfeeding, nortriptyline, paroxetine (paxil), and sertraline (zoloft) are in general considered to be the preferred medications. women with personal or family histories of mood disorders are at particularly high risk of developing postpartum depression. premenstrual dysphoric disorder (pmdd) is a severe and disabling form of premenstrual syndrome affecting 3–8% of menstruating women. the disorder consists of a "cluster of affective, behavioral and somatic symptoms" that recur monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. pmdd was added to the list of depressive disorders in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in 2013. the exact pathogenesis of the disorder is still unclear and is an active research topic. treatment of pmdd relies largely on antidepressants that modulate serotonin levels in the brain via serotonin reuptake inhibitors as well as ovulation suppression using contraception. seasonal affective disorder (sad), also known as "winter depression" or "winter blues", is a specifier. some people have a seasonal pattern, with depressive episodes coming on in the autumn or winter, and resolving in spring. the diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times over a two-year period or longer. it is commonly hypothesised that people who live at higher latitudes tend to have less sunlight exposure in the winter and therefore experience higher rates of sad, but the epidemiological support for this proposition is not strong (and latitude is not the only determinant of the amount of sunlight reaching the eyes in winter). it is said that this disorder can be treated by light therapy. sad is also more prevalent in people who are younger and typically affects more females than males. dysthymia is a condition related to unipolar depression, where the same physical and cognitive problems are evident, but they are not as severe and tend to last longer (usually at least 2 years). the treatment of dysthymia is largely the same as for major depression, including antidepressant medications and psychotherapy. double depression can be defined as a fairly depressed mood (dysthymia) that lasts for at least two years and is punctuated by periods of major depression. unspecified depressive disorder is designated by the code 311 for depressive disorders. in the dsm-5, unspecified depressive disorder encompasses symptoms that are characteristic of depressive disorders and cause significant impairment in functioning, but do not meet the criteria for the diagnosis of any specified depressive disorders. in the dsm-iv, this was called depressive disorder not otherwise specified. depressive personality disorder (dpd) is a controversial psychiatric diagnosis that denotes a personality disorder with depressive features. originally included in the dsm-ii, depressive personality disorder was removed from the dsm-iii and dsm-iii-r. recently, it has been reconsidered for reinstatement as a diagnosis. depressive personality disorder is currently described in appendix b in the dsm-iv-tr as worthy of further study. recurrent brief depression (rbd), distinguished from major depressive disorder primarily by differences in duration. people with rbd have depressive episodes about once per month, with individual episodes lasting less than two weeks and typically less than 2–3 days. diagnosis of rbd requires that the episodes occur over the span of at least one year and, in female patients, independently of the menstrual cycle. people with clinical depression can develop rbd, and vice versa and both illnesses have similar risks. minor depressive disorder, or simply minor depression, which refers to a depression that does not meet full criteria for major depression but in which at least two symptoms are present for two weeks. bipolar disorders bipolar disorder (bd) (also called "manic depression" or "manic-depressive disorder"), an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression), which was formerly known as "manic depression" (and in some cases rapid cycling, mixed states, and psychotic symptoms). subtypes include: bipolar i is distinguished by the presence or history of one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes with or without major depressive episodes. a depressive episode is not required for the diagnosis of bipolar i disorder, but depressive episodes are usually part of the course of the illness. bipolar ii consisting of recurrent intermittent hypomanic and depressive episodes or mixed episodes. cyclothymia is a form of bipolar disorder, consisting of recurrent hypomanic and dysthymic episodes, but no full manic episodes or full major depressive episodes. bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (bd-nos), sometimes called "sub-threshold" bipolar, indicates that the patient has some symptoms in the bipolar spectrum (e.g., manic and depressive symptoms) but does not fully qualify for any of the three formal bipolar dsm-iv diagnoses mentioned above. it is estimated that roughly 1% of the adult population has bipolar i, a further 1% has bipolar ii or cyclothymia, and somewhere between 2% and 5% percent have "sub-threshold" forms of bipolar disorder. furthermore, the possibility of getting bipolar disorder when one parent is diagnosed with it is 15–30%. risk, when both parents have it, is 50–75%. also, while with bipolar siblings the risk is 15–25%, with identical twins it is about 70%. substance-induced a mood disorder can be classified as substance-induced if its etiology can be traced to the direct physiologic effects of a psychoactive drug or other chemical substance, or if the development of the mood disorder occurred contemporaneously with substance intoxication or withdrawal. also, an individual may have a mood disorder coexisting with a substance abuse disorder. substance-induced mood disorders can have features of a manic, hypomanic, mixed, or depressive episode. most substances can induce a variety of mood disorders. for example, stimulants such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine can cause manic, hypomanic, mixed, and depressive episodes. alcohol-induced high rates of major depressive disorder occur in heavy drinkers and those with alcoholism. controversy has previously surrounded whether those who abused alcohol and developed depression were self-medicating their pre-existing depression. recent research has concluded that, while this may be true in some cases, alcohol misuse directly causes the development of depression in a significant number of heavy drinkers. participants studied were also assessed during stressful events in their lives and measured on a feeling bad scale. likewise, they were also assessed on their affiliation with deviant peers, unemployment, and their partner's substance use and criminal offending. high rates of suicide also occur in those who have alcohol-related problems. it is usually possible to differentiate between alcohol-related depression and depression that is not related to alcohol intake by taking a careful history of the patient. depression and other mental health problems associated with alcohol misuse may be due to distortion of brain chemistry, as they tend to improve on their own after a period of abstinence. benzodiazepine-induced