leukapheresisii kidney transplantation antibody-mediated rejectionplasmapheresisi desensitization (medicine) in living donor in positive crossmatch due to donor specific hla antibodyii high pra and cadaveric donoriii lambert–eaton myasthenic syndrome plasmapheresisii lung transplantation allograft rejectionplasmapheresisii malaria severeerythrocytapheresisii multiple sclerosis acute inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, unresponsive to steroidsplasmapheresisii chronic progressiveiii myasthenia gravis moderate to severeplasmapheresisi pre-thymectomyi myeloma cast nephropathy plasmapheresisii nephrogenic systemic fibrosisphotopheresis or plasmapheresisiii neuromyelitis optica plasmapheresisii venoms, poisoning and overdose mushroom poisoningplasmapheresisii otheriii paraneoplastic syndromeneurologicplasmapheresis or immunoadsorptioniii pancreatitissecondary to hypertriglyceridemiaplasmapheresisiii polyneuropathy due to monoclonal gammopathy igg, iga or igmplasmapheresisi multiple myelomaiii igg/iga or igmimmunoadsorptioniii pandas and sydenham's chorea plasmapheresisi pemphigus vulgarisplasmapheresisiv photopheresisiii refsum disease plasmapheresisii polycythemia vera or erythrocytosiserythrocytapheresisiii poems syndromeplasmapheresisiv post-transfusion purpuraplasmapheresisiii psoriasisplasmapheresisiv rheumatoid arthritis refractoryimmunoadsorptionii schizophreniaplasmapheresisiv systemic scleroderma plasmapheresisiii photopheresisiv sepsis with multi-organ failureplasmapheresisiii sickle cell disease acute strokeerythrocytapheresisi acute chest syndromeii prophylaxis of stroke or transfusional iron overloadii multi-organ failureiii stiff-person syndromeplasmapheresisiv systemic lupus erythematosus severe, such as cerebritis or diffuse alveolar hemorrhageplasmapheresisii nephritisiv thrombocytosis symptomaticplateletpheresisii prophylacticiii thrombotic microangiopathy, drug-associated ticlopidine clopidogrel plasmapheresisi cyclosporine tacrolimus iii gemcitabine quinine iv thrombotic microangiopathy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-related plasmapheresisiii thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasmapheresisi thyroid stormplasmapheresisiii wilson's disease fulminant hepatic failure with hemolysisplasmapheresisi fluid replacement during apheresis when an apheresis system is used for therapy, the system is removing relatively small amounts of fluid (not more than 10.5 ml/kg body weight). that fluid must be replaced to keep correct intravascular volume. the fluid replaced is different at different institutions. if a crystalloid like normal saline (ns) is used, the infusion amount should be triple what is removed as the 3:1 ratio of normal saline for plasma is needed to keep up oncotic pressure. some institutions use human serum albumin, but it is costly and can be difficult to find. some advocate using fresh frozen plasma (ffp) or a similar blood product, but there are dangers including citrate toxicity (from the anticoagulant), abo incompatibility, infection, and cellular antigen