uniform's design, although the name should be up to equal predominance as the "neutral athlete/team" designation. russia can appeal the decision. on 19 february 2021, it was announced that russia would compete under the acronym "roc", after the name of the russian olympic committee. on aftermatch, the ioc announced that the russian national flag would be substituted by the flag of the russian olympic committee. it would also be allowed to use team uniforms bearing the words "russian olympic committee", or the acronym "roc" would be added. on 15 april 2021, the uniforms for the russian olympic committee athletes were unveiled, featuring the colours of the russian flag. on 22 april 2021, the replacement for russia's anthem was approved by the ioc, after an earlier choice of the patriotic russian war song "katyusha" was rejected. a fragment of pyotr tchaikovsky's piano concerto no. 1 is used. united states the united states has had eight olympic medals stripped for doping violations. in all cases, the us government or the united states olympic committee (usoc) had nothing to do with it, and sanctioned athletes acted on their own. in the case of swimmer rick demont, the usoc recognized his gold-medal performance in the 1972 summer olympics in 2001, but only the ioc has the power to restore his medal, and it has as of 2017 refused to do so. demont originally won the gold medal in 4:00.26. following the race, the ioc stripped him of his gold medal after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication, marax. the positive test following the 400 meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was not permitted to swim in any other events at the 1972 olympics, including the 1,500-meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder. before the olympics, demont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the usoc had not cleared them with the ioc's medical committee. in 2003, wade exum, the united states olympic committee's director of drug-control administration from 1991 to 2000, gave copies of documents to sports illustrated that revealed that some 100 american athletes failed drug tests from 1988 to 2000, arguing that they should have been prevented from competing in the olympics but were nevertheless cleared to compete; those athletes included carl lewis, joe deloach and floyd heard. before showing the documents to sports illustrated, exum tried to use them in a lawsuit against usoc, accusing the organization of racial discrimination and wrongful termination against him and cover-up over the failed tests. the denver federal court summarily dismissed his case for lack of evidence. the usoc labelled his case "baseless" as he himself was the one in charge of screening the anti-doping test program of the organization and clarifying that the athletes were cleared according to the rules. carl lewis broke his silence on allegations that he was the beneficiary of a drugs cover-up, admitting he had failed tests for banned substances, but claiming he was just one of "hundreds" of american athletes who were allowed to escape bans, concealed by the usoc. lewis has acknowledged that he failed three tests during the 1988 us olympic trials, which under international rules at the time should have prevented him from competing in the 1988 summer olympics. former athletes and officials came out against the usoc cover-up. "for so many years i lived it. i knew this was going on, but there's absolutely nothing you can do as an athlete. you have to believe governing bodies are doing what they are supposed to do. and it is obvious they did not," said former american sprinter and 1984 olympic champion, evelyn ashford. exum's documents revealed that carl lewis had tested positive three times at the 1988 olympics trials for minimum amounts of pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, which were banned stimulants. bronchodilators are also found in cold medication. due to the rules, his case could have led to disqualification from the seoul olympics and suspension from competition for six months. the levels of the combined stimulants registered in the separate tests were 2 ppm, 4 ppm and 6 ppm. lewis defended himself, claiming that he had accidentally consumed the banned substances. after the supplements that he had taken were analyzed to prove his claims, the usoc accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "ma huang", the chinese name for ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight-loss). fellow santa monica track club teammates joe deloach and floyd heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for the same reason. the highest level of the stimulants lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as negative test. the acceptable level has been raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances. according to the ioc rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. neal benowitz, a professor of medicine at uc san francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "these are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance." following exum's revelations the iaaf acknowledged that at the 1988 olympic trials the usoc indeed followed the correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration. the federation also reviewed in 1988 the relevant documents with the athletes' names undisclosed and stated that "the medical committee felt satisfied, however, on the basis of the information received that the cases had been properly concluded by the usoc as 'negative cases' in accordance with the rules and regulations in place at the time and no further action was taken". association football there have been few incidents of doping in football, mainly due to fifa's belief that education and prevention with constant in and out-of-competition controls play a key role in making high-profile competitions free of performance-enhancing drugs. the fifa administration work alongside team physicians to fight for dope free competitions, having them sign a joint declaration that states they agree with having routine blood testing to check for blood doping before any fifa world cup. in 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the 2014 fifa world cup; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per match are analysed by the swiss laboratory for doping analyses. world cups a study titled "doping in germany from 1950 to today", published in august 2013, stated that some members of the germany national team received injections during their successful world cup 1954. erik eggers, who wrote about the preanabolic period in the study, was sure that the injections didn't contain vitamin c ("they could have just eaten an orange") but assumed that they contained pervitin. it also stated that pervitin (an upper, also used massively by soldiers in world war 2) was widespread in german football in the 1940s. the study, 800 pages in length and costing 450.000 euro, was done by berlin’s humboldt university and financed by the institute of sports science. mohammed kaci saïd, djamel menad, tedj bensaoula, medi cerbah, mohamed chaib, salah larbès, abdelkader tlemçani, members of algerias national side in the 1980s, claim that they were given performance enhancing drugs. they suspect this to be the reason why they all fathered disabled children. chaib, father of three disabled children, demanded the medical records and was told they didn't exist anymore. rashid hanafi, team doctor back then, also suspected there were suspicious practices going on. he told cnn that he was "not allowed to take a look at the medical records of the players any more when rogov took over as coach in 1981". alexander tabartschuk, main doctor of the team, said he only handed vitamins. algeria fell victim to the disgrace of gijón in 1982 and won the african cup eight years later. 1987 toni schumacher recounted a huge amount of hormons, pills and injections (liesen, head of the doctor team, injected 3000 himself) being used by national players during the world cup 1986 in mexico (see next chapter). argentina took "speedy coffee" before the qualifier for the world cup 1994 against australia, at least this is what maradona said in may 2011. it should make them run faster, but also caused sleeping problems. he also found it suspicious that only the deciding match (against australia) had no anti-doping control. grondona, chairman of afa back then, responded that there were no tests because maradona, who already had a drug history, might not have passed. maradona tested positive in the world cup. right after the world cup 1998, all of the drug testing samples were destroyed. if the same would have happened in the tour de france, armstrong wouldn't have been caught, former wada director dr. alain garnier argued. marie-georges buffet, sports minister at that time, also recalls that she felt pressurised when she initiated an unannounced test in december 1997. there were no more unannounced tests after that. jean-pierre paclet, physician of les bleus in 1998, mentions "abnormal haematocrit values" in his book. gary neville, former english international, recalled that "some of the players started taking injections from (...) a frenchman called dr rougier". after some felt an energy boost, there was "a queue to see the doctor before the argentina match". football clubs in the 1960s, inter milan has its greatest period of success known as grande inter ("great inter"), achieved when helenio herrera was their manager. he won seven trophies with the club. in 2004, ferruccio mazzola, inter player during that period, accused him of distributing performance enhancing drugs, including amphetamines, among the team players, especially the substitute players "who often served as guinea pigs for trying new pills and see if they worked." when he found out that some in the team were spitting them out, he dissolved them in coffee to make sure they were consumed, a practice known as caffè di herrera ("herrera's coffee"). in 2010, inter sued mazzola but lost the case, the court believed him. one of the reasons he spoke up were the serious medical conditions and/or deaths of some of his former members: giuliano taccola, then team's captain armando picchi (died aged 36 due to cancer), marcello giusti, carlo tagnin, mauro bicicli, ferdinando miniussi, enea masiero and pino longoni. he suspected the drugs to be the cause of their sufferings. in 2015, his brother sandro, who denied everything at the beginning, admitted that the incidents happened. in the 1970s performance enhancing drugs were used on a regular basis according to witnesses of that period, mostly in ajax, feyenoord and az alkmaar during competitive matches, including the 1970 and 1972 intercontinental cups won by the first two cited clubs. jan peters recounted drug use before the big games. they seemed to work as he felt energy boosts and euphoria. johnny rep, former ajax player, claimed that "everyone was on something". he recounted injections for everyone on 1 november 1979, ahead of a match of his team, saint-etienne, against psv eindhoven. pierre poty, who was physician of the club at that time, also revealed that he worked with uppers and reasoned it with the fantastic effects. fritz kessel, also physician, worked for the dutch national side for 30 years and revealed that drugs were common in the 1974 and 1978 fifa world cups. he said that to guido derksen, writer of voetbal myseries, who wrote that players "consumed tons of amphetamines." an investigative commission of sports medicine in freiburg claims that in the late 1970s and in the 1980s stuttgart and freiburg football clubs were operating with anabolika. vfb stuttgart reordered anabolika at least once. in 1987, toni schumacher wrote about a long-running tradition of doping in the bundesliga, claiming that lots of players were taking captagon. he himself experimented with it and the effects were: increased aggression, lower pain threshold, increased focus, confidence and endurance. the by effect was sleeping problems. in köln he was chauffeuring his colleagues to the