on dermal penetration to estimate the internal dose of aluminium following cosmetic uses, risk assessment cannot be performed." in the light of new data in 2020 the sccs considered aluminium compounds safe up to 6.25% in non-spray deodorants or non-spray antiperspirants and 10.60% in spray deodorants or spray antiperspirants. natural deodorant - aluminium free myths and claims related to aluminium compounds in deodorants common myths and marketing claims for aluminium in deodorants (including aluminum in alum products) include claims: that aluminium in deodorants applied to the skin is a risk factor for some cancers (notably breast cancer) and some forms of dementia that aluminium in antiperspirants can enter the body (possibly through shaving cuts) that aluminium in alum "natural deodorant" products is "safer" because it is "too large" to enter the body of note, the parts of the body which are commonly shaved and also commonly treated with deodorants, such as the armpits, contain substantial deposits of subcutaneous fat. shaving cuts would be extremely unlikely to penetrate sufficiently beyond the very outer layers of the skin, for much if any product to enter the bloodstream. alzheimer's disease a 2014 review of 469 peer-reviewed studies examining the effect of exposure to aluminum products concluded "that health risks posed by exposure to inorganic al depend on its physical and chemical forms and that the response varies with route of administration, magnitude, duration and frequency of exposure. these results support previous conclusions that there is little evidence that exposure to metallic al, the al oxides or its salts increases risk for alzheimer's disease, genetic damage or cancer". breast cancer the claim that breast cancer is believed to be linked with deodorant use has been widely circulated and appears to originate from a spam email sent in 1999; however, there is no evidence to support the existence of such a link. the myth circulates in two forms: antiperspirants block the "purging" of toxins which build up in the body and cause breast cancer: as sweat glands simply do not have this function, the claim is scientifically implausible. perspiration from the eccrine sweat glands is 99% water, with some salt (sodium chloride) and only trace amounts of lactic acid (almost entirely processed in the liver), urea (almost entirely excreted by the kidneys), and only very small amounts of all other components. perspiration from the apocrine sweat glands (those in the armpits and groin, which are more responsible for body odor) also include waste proteins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids which would otherwise be processed by other organs such as the liver. it is possible that there has been confusion between sweat glands, and the lymph nodes deep within the armpits which form part of the immune system and help filter toxins, but if so, there is no evidence at all of such "blocking" of lymph nodes, nor any scientifically plausible route by which this could result from deodorant use. aluminum in antiperspirants can enter the body (possibly through cuts) and cause breast cancer: there is no current evidence to support this claim, nor any convincing evidence that it is true. a fact often cited to back up this claim is that more breast cancers occur in the part of the breast near the armpits. however, breast tissue is not evenly spread out, and the part of the breast near the armpit (the tail of spence) simply contains much more breast tissue than the other quadrants, making it much more likely that any cancer would occur in that location. see above for current scientific knowledge regarding aluminum in deodorants. the national cancer institute states that "no scientific evidence links the use of these products to the development of breast cancer" and that "no clear evidence show that the use of aluminum-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of breast cancer", but also concludes that "ecause studies of antiperspirants and deodorants and breast cancer have provided conflicting results, additional research would be needed to determine whether a relationship exists". another constituent of deodorant products that has given cause for concern are parabens, a chemical additive. according to the american cancer society, "studies have not shown any direct link between parabens and any health problems, including breast cancer". kidney dysfunction the fda has "acknowledge that small amounts of aluminium can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin", leading to a warning "that people with kidney disease may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminium may put them at a higher risk because of exposure to aluminium in the product." the agency warns people with kidney dysfunction to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants containing aluminum. aerosol burns and frostbite if aerosol deodorant is held close to the skin for long enough, it can cause an aerosol burn—a form of frostbite. in controlled tests, spray deodorants have been shown to cause temperature drops of over 60 °c in a short period of time. clothing aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create yellow stains on clothing. underarm liners are an antiperspirant alternative that does not leave stains.