erythroid dysplasia erythroid dysplasia erythroid dysplasia is a condition in which immature red blood cells (erythroid cells) in the bone marrow are abnormal in size and/or number. erythroid dysplasia may be caused by vitamin deficiency or chemotherapy, or it may be a sign of refractory anemia, which is a myelodysplastic syndrome. also called erythrodysplasia. erythroid dysplasiaspecialtyhematology