associations involved in the welfare of all children in europe. in 1988, twelve of the member associations of each met in leiden and created a charter, based on the recommendations of the platt report and the charter created in 1984 by the action for sick children charity, the new name of the nawch. the nawch changed names in 1990. the leiden charter, as it was colloquially named, became a working framework for the national associations that were part of the each. the leiden charter consisted of 10 points. and was eventually ratified by 16 european countries and japan. other events were taking place at the same frame as leiden charter. the united nations convention on the rights of the child was ratified by the uk 16 december 1991, and most of the rest of the world as well, except the united states. somalia was the last state to finally ratify it in january 2015. the convention not only dealt with the specific needs and rights of children, but also decided that states must act under the principle of best interests of the child, specifically in this context of not being separated from their parents. signers are bound under international law. that is defined under article 3 of the convention. 2010-2021 during the first two decades of the 21st century, the re-framing of the idea of family centred care to a child-centred care (ccc) approach was taking place. the child centred approach is an evolution of family centred care, but neither approach can exclude the other, with ccc recognising the critical importance of parents. the recognition of the idea of the child as active member and equal, meant the child was to be included in the care partnership, defining a conceptual relationship as "child in family" rather than "child and family". the relationship was not "either/or" but "either/and". the child-centred approach is cognizant of the fact that the child has their own ideas and can make choices, that are in the best interest of the themselves, i.e. being an active member in the partnership. recent research has shown that children are capable of learning skills as healthcare members, the ability to effectively communicate with both health professionals and parents, defining goals, and using decisions to get the best possible outcome. although agreement on the definition of child centred care has proven elusive, some principles of the approach have been defined consider the "whole child", not simply the illness or condition. treat children as children and young people as young people. be concerned with the overall experience of the child and the family treat children, young people and parents as partners in care. integrate and coordinate services around the child's and families particular needs. graduate smoothly into adult service at the right time work in partnership with children, young people and parents to plan and shape service and develop the workforce. for much of the 20th century, healthcare has been one of the many contexts in which the child has been disenfranchised, and denied their right to participation in their own care. with the release of the platt report, this slowly changed, until family centred and later child centred care became well understood. however, even now the full recommendations of the platt report have not been implemented. for example, where similar standards are in place, the co-location of children within adult wards is common. bibliography thornes, rosemary (1983). 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