an 8-step group treatment within a classic cognitive-behavioral framework. the latter is a psychoeducational-based treatment improved with cognitive remediation techniques to promote awareness of body image difficulties and to reduce cognitive inflexibility and body dissatisfaction. of perception common vr research setting compared to the classic cognitive-behavioral therapeutic paradigms, since the early 2000s, new treatments for body image disturbance have been developed focusing on the disorder's perceptual component. mirror exposure is a new cognitive-behavioral technique that aims to reduce experiential avoidance, reduce bodily dissatisfaction, and improve one's misperception of one's body. during the exposure therapy, patients are invited to observe themselves in front of a large full-length mirror. there are different types of mirror exposure: guided exposure; unguided exposure; exposure with mindfulness exercises; and cognitive dissonance-based mirror exposure. to date, few studies have investigated the effects of mirror exposure in patients with body image disturbance. in the international journal of eating disorders, key et al (2002) conducted a non-randomized trial in a clinical sample and compared a body image group therapy with or without mirror exposure. they found a significant improvement in body dissatisfaction only in the mirror exposure therapy group. despite the positive evidence, in 2018, a review in clinical psychology review suggests that mirror exposure has a low-to-medium effect in reducing body image disturbance and further studies are needed to improve it. another treatment for body image disturbance is virtual reality (vr) body swapping. vr-body swapping is a technique that allows generating a body illusion during a virtual reality experience. specifically, after building a virtual avatar using 3d modeling software, it is possible to generate the illusion that the avatar's body is one's own body. the avatar is a 3d human body model that simulates the actual size of the patient and can be modified directly. some studies have found that applying this technique to those with anorexia nervosa reduces their misperception of their bodies but provides, at the moment, only a short-term effect. hoop training session. in the lower right corner: the perceived circumference of the hips is compared to the real one. however, other treatments have also been developed to integrate tactile, proprioceptive, and interoceptive perception into one's overall body perception. hoop training is a short-term 8-week intervention (10 minutes per session) designed to become aware of and reduce body misperception. during the exercise, several flexible circles of different sizes are placed in front of the patient. first, the patients indicate which of the different circles best fits the circumference of their hips. once indicated, patients are invited to enter the circle and, raising it, underestimating whether their estimate was accurate or not. the exercise takes place until the patient identifies the correct circumference for her hips. the circle chosen initially can be compared with the one that can coincide with the actual size of the patient. hoop training is meant to work on the components cognitive, affective, and perceptive of body image disturbance and the first efficacy data were published in 2019. another perceptive treatment is the body perception treatment (bpt) whose first efficacy data were published in 2021. bpt is a specific group intervention for body image disturbance focused on tactile, proprioceptive, and interoceptive self-perceptions during a body-focused experience. during the exercise, patients lie down on their backs in the supine position with closed eyes. then the therapist guide patients to selectively focus attention on the different body parts in contact with the floor. in order: feet, calves, thighs, back, shoulders, hands, arms, head and the body in its entirety. in addition, patients are invited to pay attention to skin temperature, heart beat and flow of breath. the treatment is consistent with the hypothesized role of interoception in developing body image disturbance by badoud and tsakiris in 2017. both hoop training and body perception treatment showed effective results in pilot studies and were designed to work within a multisensory integration framework. however, they complement, not replace, current standard therapies for eating disorders. however, both are also novelty treatments, and the results have not been replicated in independent studies. thus, their actual effectiveness will have to be confirmed/disconfirmed by future research. as of the end of 2021 they have not yet been replicated.