is no method for intraoperative monitoring of bbb disruption. for strategies that use magnetic resonance guidance, the need for pre-procedural removal of hair, substantial operating time, and use of stereotactic frame may limit the widespread use of fus for intracranial drug delivery. treatment protocols and dosing schedules for many therapeutic molecules still need to be better understood to ensure off-target toxicities are limited. finally, many studies investigating fus for intracranial drug delivery use animals with healthy bbbs, but several neurological diseases break down the bbb, so current animal models may not be very representative. despite the limitations, fus is a promising tool for improving the treatment of many disorders. fus is currently being studied to facilitate intracranial gene delivery for the treatment of alzheimer's disease. a similar approach is also being studied for parkinson's disease. the ability to disrupt the bbb could also allow for delivery of therapeutics to the motor cortex to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. there may also be applications of fus for both neuromodulation and targeted drug delivery in epilepsy, alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, depression, and traumatic brain injury. in the future, research efforts will focus on addressing the challenges and limitations of fus to develop safe and effective therapies for the most challenging brain conditions.