doctor who gave them pills and injections, presumably anabolics and stimulants. in the national team he mentioned a "walking chemist" and hormone use. despite being supported by paul breitner he had to leave köln after 544 games. later on, his statements about doping in the bundesliga were supported by per roentved, hans werner moors, dieter schatzscheider, hans-josef kapellmann, peter neururer, benno möhlmann, uwe nester, peter geyer (who talked about procedure, quantity and side effects), jürgen röber, jürgen stumm and peter harms (both medics). juventus won the 1996 uefa champions league final, but the victory remains controversial because of accusations of doping. the juventus team has been accused of using erythropoietin (epo) and the matter went to trial in 2004. in november 2004, club doctor riccardo agricola was given a 22-month prison sentence and fined €2,000 for sporting fraud by providing performance enhancing drugs, specifically epo, to players between 1994 and 1998, leading hematologist giuseppe d'onofrio said that it was "practically certain" that midfielders antonio conte and alessio tacchinardi had taken epo to overcome brief bouts of anemia, and that it was "very probable" that seven other players – alessandro birindelli, alessandro del piero, didier deschamps, dimas, paolo montero, gianluca pessotto and moreno torricelli – had taken epo in small doses. in april 2005, the court of arbitration for sport gave the following advisory opinion, in part: "the use of pharmaceutical substances which are not expressly prohibited by sports law, and which cannot be considered as substances similar or related to those expressly prohibited, is not to be sanctioned by disciplinary measures. however, regardless of the existence or not of any judgement rendered by a state court, sports authorities are under the obligation to prosecute the use of pharmaceutical substances which are prohibited by sports law or any other anti-doping rule violation in order to adopt disciplinary measures." in december 2005, agricola was acquitted of the charges by turin's court of appeal. in march 2007, in the final verdict by the supreme court of cassation, stated: "that in the years of 1994 to 1998 there was no ascertained positive case of doping substances by juventus players, that the purchase of erythropoietin or its administration to the athletes of the club does not emerge from any act of the trial, and that the same expert had identified the possibility of an administration of erythropoietin in distant terms from the sure evidence ("very probable" and in two cases "practically certain"): it is that there fore, the judgement of probability and not of certainty, did not allow for a statement of responsibility." the verdict also went on to say: "in response to the conclusion taken, the territorial court notes that there were no deferred values higher than the limits set in the various antidoping protocols and that the situation of the juventus players, both with reference to the average hematological values, and in relation to that of material balance, did not differ from the national average population. at olympique marseille, doping also took place according to marcel desailly, jean-jaques eydelie, chris waddle and tony cascarino. they told about stimulants taken prior to their big games, which made them more energetic and keen. according to eydelie, "all (of them) took a series of injections" in the champions league final 1993, except rudi völler. all this was no surprise for arsene wenger, who said everyone in france assumed something like that going on. additionally, desailly and cascarino claimed that bernard tapie, the president himself, distributed pills and injections. author mondenard also mentioned "injections for everyone". tapie only admitted that some players took captagon. 2013 it had been announced that fuentes received up to €327,000 annually from real sociedad. this was detected by auditors from ernst & young at the behest of iñaki badiola, president of the club in 2008. the documentation of the doctor also contained the inscriptions "rsoc" a couple of times and "cuentas asti" which most probably stands for astiazarán, president of the club from 2000 to 2005. in 2003 real sociedad finished second in the spanish league, missing the title by two points. the well-known medic was hired by real madrid and fc barcelona, too, according to le monde. they had access to confidential documents like training schedules. ultimate fighting championship (ufc) in december 2013, the ufc began a campaign to drug test their entire roster randomly all year-round. random testing, however, became problematic for the promotion as it began to affect revenue, as fighters who had tested positive would need to be taken out of fights, which adversely affected fight cards, and therefore pay-per-view sales. if the ufc were not able to find a replacement fighter fights would have to be cancelled. according to steven marrocco of mmajunkie.com, about 31% of ufc fighters subjected to random testing since the program first started have failed due to using performance-enhancing drugs. that is approximately five failed tests for every sixteen random screenings. from july 2015, the ufc has advocated to all commissions that every fighter be tested in competition for every card. lorenzo feritta, who at the time was one of the presidents of the ufc, said, "we want 100 percent of the fighters tested the night they compete". also, in addition to the drug testing protocols in place for competitors on fight night, the ufc conducts additional testing for main event fighters or any fighters that are due to compete in championship matches. this includes enhanced, random 'out of competition' testing for performance-enhancing drugs, with both urine and blood samples being taken. the ufc also announced that all potential ufc signees would be subject to mandatory pre-contract screening for performance-enhancing drugs prior to being offered a contract with the promotion. endurance sports the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport has become an increasing problem across a wide range of sports. it is defined as any substance or drug that, when taken, gives an athlete an unfair advantage relative to a "clean" athlete. the banning of these drugs promotes a level playing field and equality among athletes. the use of 'the suit' in swimming, which gives athletes an advantage in the way of hydrodynamics, has been banned from international competition due to the unfair advantage it delivered. the drugs taken by athletes differ widely based on the performance needs of the sport. erythropoietin (epo) is largely taken by endurance athletes who seek a higher level of red blood cells, which leads to more oxygenated blood, and a higher vo2 max. an athlete's vo2 max is highly correlated with success within endurance sports such as swimming, long-distance running, cycling, rowing, and cross-country skiing. epo has recently become prevalent amongst endurance athletes due to its potency and low degree of detectability when compared to other methods of doping such as blood transfusion. while epo is believed to have been widely used by athletes in the 1990s, there was not a way to directly test for the drug until 2002 as there was no specific screening process to test athletes . athletes at the olympic games are tested for epo through blood and urine tests. stringent guidelines and regulations can lessen the danger of doping that has existed within some endurance sports. the convicts of the road in 1924, a journalist albert londres followed the tour de france for the french newspaper le petit parisien. at coutances he heard that the previous year's winner, henri pélissier, his brother francis and a third rider, maurice ville, had resigned from the competition after an argument with the organiser henri desgrange. pélissier explained the problem—whether or not he had the right to take off a jersey—and went on to talk of drugs, reported in londres' race diary, in which he invented the phrase les forçats de la route (the convicts of the road): "you have no idea what the tour de france is," henri said. "it's a calvary. worse than that, because the road to the cross has only 14 stations and ours has 15. we suffer from the start to the end. you want to know how we keep going? here..." he pulled a phial from his bag. "that's cocaine, for our eyes. this is chloroform, for our gums." "this," ville said, emptying his shoulder bag "is liniment to put warmth back into our knees." "and pills. do you want to see pills? have a look, here are the pills." each pulled out three boxes. "the truth is," francis said, "that we keep going on dynamite." henri spoke of being as white as shrouds once the dirt of the day had been washed off, then of their bodies being drained by diarrhea, before continuing: "at night, in our rooms, we can't sleep. we twitch and dance and jig about as though we were doing st vitus's dance..." "there's less flesh on our bodies than on a skeleton," francis said. francis pélissier said much later: "londres was a famous reporter but he didn't know about cycling. we kidded him a bit with our cocaine and our pills. even so, the tour de france in 1924 was no picnic." the acceptance of drug-taking in the tour de france was so complete by 1930, when the race changed to national teams that were to be paid for by the organisers, that the rule book distributed to riders by the organiser, henri desgrange, reminded them that drugs were not among items with which they would be provided. the use of pot belge by road cyclists in continental europe exemplifies a cross-over between recreational and performance-enhancing abuse of drugs by sportsman. festina affair in 1998, the entire festina team were excluded from the tour de france following the discovery of a team car containing large amounts of various performance-enhancing drugs. the team director later admitted that some of the cyclists were routinely given banned substances. six other teams pulled out in protest including dutch team tvm who left the tour still being questioned by the police. the festina scandal overshadowed cyclist marco pantani's tour win, but he himself later failed a test. the infamous "pot belge" or "belgian mix" has a decades-long history in pro cycling, among both riders and support staff. david millar, the 2003 world-time trial champion, admitted using epo, and was stripped of his title and suspended for two years. roberto heras was stripped of his victory in the 2005 vuelta a españa and suspended for two years after testing positive for epo. floyd landis controversial athlete floyd landis, shown here at the 2006 tour of california, triggered a public scandal when caught doping to help his cycling. floyd landis was the initial winner of the 2006 tour de france. but a urine sample taken from landis immediately after his stage 17 win has twice tested positive for banned synthetic testosterone as well as a ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone nearly three times the limit allowed by world anti-doping agency rules. the international cycling union stripped him of his 2006 tour de france title. second place finisher óscar pereiro was officially declared the winner. lance armstrong case lance armstrong was world number one in 1996. in the same year he recovered from severe testicular cancer and continued to break records and win his seventh tour de france in 2005. after beating cancer and breaking records he was accused of doping. teammates of lance had been caught taking epo (erythropoietin), which made the accusations against armstrong stronger. on 22 october 2012 lance armstrong was officially stripped of his tour de france titles since 1 august 1998. as a response to the decisions of the usada and uci, armstrong resigned from the lance armstrong foundation. he later admitted to doping in an interview with oprah winfrey. other endurance sports in triathlon, 2004 hawaii ironman winner nina kraft, was disqualified for a positive test to epo. she remains the only hawaii ironman winner to be disqualified for doping offences. sports lawyer michelle gallen has said that the pursuit of doping athletes has turned into a modern-day witch-hunt. non-endurance sports in sports where physical strength is favored, athletes have used anabolic steroids, known for their ability to increase physical strength and muscle mass. the drugs mimic the effect of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the body. they were developed after eastern bloc countries demonstrated success in weightlifting during the 1940s. at the time they