result of these concerns, the home office commissioned successive research studies to look into the matter, and in 2005, presented the question of khat's legal status before the advisory council on the misuse of drugs. the study concluded that most of the participants who were using khat were using it moderately in terms of both the quantity used and the frequency and duration of chewing sessions, and that khat use was typically a social activity. only a small minority of the study participants' khat use was judged to be excessive. after a careful review of the evidence, the advisory council on the misuse of drugs recommended in january 2006 that the status of khat as a legal substance should remain for the time being. in 2008, conservative politician sayeeda warsi stated that a future conservative government would ban khat. the website of the conservative party, which in 2010 became the larger party in a uk coalition government, previously stated that a conservative government would "tackle unacceptable cultural practices by", amongst other measures, "classifying khat". in 2009, the home office commissioned two new studies in the effects of khat use and in june 2010, a home office spokesperson stated: "the government is committed to addressing any form of substance misuse and will keep the issue of khat use under close scrutiny". during a parliamentary debate on the legality issue on 11 january 2012, mark lancaster, the conservative member of parliament for milton keynes, stated that the importation of khat into the uk stands at 10 tonnes every week. on 23 january 2013, the advisory council on the misuse of drugs (acmd) said there was "insufficient evidence" that khat caused health problems. the acmd said there was "no evidence" khat was directly linked with serious or organised crime, and was chewed to obtain a "mild stimulant effect much less potent than stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine". on 3 july 2013, the british home secretary theresa may announced that khat was to be banned in britain, designating it a class c substance under the misuse of drugs act 1971. alex miller, a journalist from the montreal, canada-based magazine and television channel vice, looked into the use of the substance and the potential impact of the ban for bbc nightly current affairs programme newsnight and for a vice documentary. kenyan mps appealed to the uk not to "condemn people" by banning the herbal stimulant khat in march 2014, the united kingdom house of commons' home affairs select committee announced that it would continue to lobby for the uk government not to go through with its intended ban on khat. the committee had shortly before also completed an inquiry and a report recommending that the british authorities refrain from banning the plant. on 12 may 2014, the house of lords passed a motion to approve the misuse of drugs act 1971 (designation)(amendment) (no. 2)(england, wales and scotland) order 2014, in order to control catha edulis as a class c drug. an amendment was proposed stating that, "this house regrets that her majesty’s government’s plans for the introduction of the order do not include provisions for a 12-month review of the impact of the reclassification of khat in view of the highly unusual community focus of its use, for putting a detailed policing strategy in place before a ban takes effect, or for a health strategy to prevent a transfer of addiction to other substances; and do not commit the department for international development to do more work with the government of kenya to alleviate the effect of the reclassification on the kenyan economy." however, the amendment was defeated by vote. the prohibition came into effect on 24 june 2014. in january 2015, the bristol post reported that most khat houses in the city had closed down, "forcing users to take the drug in their homes instead". the local police had initially not sought to enforce the ban, giving users a grace period, but according to the bristol post had recently started to take action against khat use and had issued three warnings and a caution. additionally, in september 2014 the police had seized 24 bags of dried khat from a property in easton, but no arrests were made. additionally, the somali resource centre indicated that the ban seemed to have been effective, and that the prohibition had all but destroyed the import market since the plant has to be fresh in order to be consumed. a consultation with somalis in glasgow undertaken by the national voluntary organisation fast forward at the request of the somali association in glasgow in october 2014 suggested that khat continues to be used in both fresh and dried forms by some somalis in the city, and that the ban has also led some users to seek out other substances. the ban has reportedly served to increase the price of khat in the uk. channel 4 news reported in september 2014 that before the ban, 20 tonnes of khat arrived at heathrow airport daily, and it would sell for £3 per bundle. after the ban, it was reportedly selling at £30 per bundle. canada in canada, khat is a controlled substance under schedule iv of the controlled drugs and substances act (cdsa), meaning it is illegal to seek or obtain unless approved by a medical practitioner. possession of khat for personal use is not an arraignable offence in canada. the maximum punishment for trafficking or possession with the intent of trafficking is ten years in prison. in 2008, canadian authorities reported that khat is the most common illegal drug being smuggled at airports. however, in 2012 the ontario court of appeal upheld a 2011 absolute discharge of a young woman who brought 34 kilograms of khat into canada in 2009. according to the defence, the ruling recognises that there is no empirical evidence that khat is harmful. the courts in quebec and ontario continued to discharge the accused for bringing khat into canada for the same reason (no evidence of harmfulness of khat) in 2014 and 2016. united states bundles of khat, seized by the dea in july 2006 in the united states, cathinone is a schedule i drug, according to the us controlled substance act. the 1993 dea rule placing cathinone in schedule i noted that it was effectively also banning khat: "cathinone is the major psychoactive component of the plant catha edulis (khat). the young leaves of khat are chewed for a stimulant effect. enactment of this rule results in the placement of any material that contains cathinone into schedule i." catha edulis (khat) is a stimulant similar to that of amphetamine and its congeners, not a drug as categorised by us fda (united states food & drug administration) and fda import alert #66-23 (published date 03/18/2011) states that "districts may detain, without physical examination, all entries of khat", based on section 801(a) (3) of the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act on the grounds that "its labeling fails to bear adequate directions for use." as federal and local khat raids have often targeted immigrants from countries where khat is legal, issues of cultural misunderstanding have sometimes been raised. the plant itself is specifically banned in missouri: "khat, to include all parts of the plant presently classified botanically as catha edulis, whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; any extract from any part of such plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seed or extracts." in california, both the plant itself as well as cathinone, its active component, are illegal. australia in australia, the importation of khat is controlled under the customs (prohibited imports) regulations 1956. it is illegal to import khat into australia for personal use. khat can be imported only for medical or scientific use. importing khat without a permit is subject to fines or prosecution. in 2003, the total number of khat annual permits was 294 and the total number of individual khat permits was 202 however as of 1 december 2013, permits for the use of khat by individuals for recreational/cultural purposes are no longer issued. there are currently no plans by the australian government to amend the regulations to allow the importation of khat for personal use. khat is listed as a schedule 2 dangerous drug in queensland, in the same category as cannabis. legality in new south wales is not clear. the importation of khat (catha edulis) material (includes material that is fresh, dried, powdered, capsules or tablets) is prohibited under the customs (prohibited import) regulations 1956 unless the person importing the material is the holder of both a license to import and a permit to import granted by the therapeutic goods administration (tga). biosecurity act 2015 new zealand in new zealand, khat is listed as a class c drug, in the same category as cannabis and codeine. south america in south america, there is no legislation regarding khat; the active ingredients in the plant can be found in several weight control compounds sold in the continent. research programs in 2009, the university of minnesota launched the khat research program (krp), a multidisciplinary research and training program focusing on the neurobehavioral and health effects of khat, led by prof. dr. mustafa al'absi. the program was funded by the national institutes of health and the national institute for drug abuse of the united states. the inaugural event for the krp was held in sharm el-sheik, egypt, in december, 2009 in collaboration with the international brain research organization (ibro) and its local affiliates.