horses. the speed of introduction was varied, so that in 1906 the predominantly working class town of rochdale had 750 water closets for a population of 10,000. the working-class home had transitioned from the rural cottage, to the urban back-to-back terraces with external rows of privies, to the through terraced houses of the 1880 with their sculleries and individual external wc. it was the tudor walters report of 1918 that recommended that semi-skilled workers should be housed in suburban cottages with kitchens and internal wc. as recommended floor standards waxed and waned in the building standards and codes, the bathroom with a water closet and later the low-level suite, became more prominent in the home. before the introduction of indoor toilets, it was common to use the chamber pot under one's bed at night and then to dispose of its contents in the morning. during the victorian era, british housemaids collected all of the household's chamber pots and carried them to a room known as the housemaids' cupboard. this room contained a "slop sink", made of wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping china chamber pots, for washing the "bedroom ware" or "chamber utensils". once running water and flush toilets were plumbed into british houses, servants were sometimes given their own lavatory downstairs, separate from the family lavatory. the practice of emptying one's own chamber pot, known as slopping out, continued in british prisons until as recently as 2014 and was still in use in 85 cells in the republic of ireland in july 2017. with rare exceptions, chamber pots are no longer used. modern related implements are bedpans and commodes, used in hospitals and the homes of invalids. long-established sanitary wear manufacturers in the united kingdom include adamsez, founded in newcastle-upon-tyne in 1880, by m.j. and s.h. adams, and twyfords, founded in hanley, stoke-on-trent in 1849, by thomas twyford and his son thomas william twyford. development of dry earth closets further information: dry toilet § history henry moule's earth closet design, c. 1909 before the widespread adoption of the flush toilet, there were inventors, scientists, and public health officials who supported the use of "dry earth closets" – nowadays known either as dry toilets or composting toilets. development of flush toilets further information: flush toilet § history although a precursor to the flush toilet system which is widely used nowadays was designed in 1596 by john harington, such systems did not come into widespread use until the late nineteenth century. with the onset of the industrial revolution and related advances in technology, the flush toilet began to emerge into its modern form. a crucial advance in plumbing, was the s-trap, invented by the scottish mechanic alexander cummings in 1775, and still in use today. this device uses the standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. it was only in the mid-19th century, with growing levels of urbanisation and industrial prosperity, that the flush toilet became a widely used and marketed invention. this period coincided with the dramatic growth in the sewage system, especially in london, which made the flush toilet particularly attractive for health and sanitation reasons. flush toilets were also known as "water closets", as opposed to the earth closets described above. wcs first appeared in britain in the 1880s, and soon spread to continental europe. in america, the chain-pull indoor toilet was introduced in the homes of the wealthy and in hotels in the 1890s. william elvis sloan invented the flushometer in 1906, which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes. high-tech toilet