food, drug, and cosmetic act authorized the fda to seize defective products; the first month the act took effect in 1940, the fda seized 864,000 condoms. while these actions improved the quality of condoms in the united states, american condom manufacturers continued to export their rejects for sale in foreign markets.: 223–5 world war ii to 1980 during world war ii condoms were not only distributed to male u.s. military members, but enlisted men were also subject to significant contraception propaganda in the form of films, posters, and lectures.: 236–8, 259 a number of slogans were coined by the military, with one film exhorting "don't forget — put it on before you put it in." african-american soldiers, who served in segregated units, were exposed to less of the condom promotion programs, had lower rates of condom usage, and much higher rates of stds.: 246 america's female military units, the wacs and waacs, were still engaged with abstinence programs.: 240 european and asian militaries on both sides of the conflict also provided condoms to their troops throughout the war, even germany which outlawed all civilian use of condoms in 1941.: 252–4, 257–8 despite the rubber shortages that occurred during this period, condom manufacturing was never restricted.: 231–3 in part because condoms were readily available, soldiers found a number of non-sexual uses for the devices, many of which continue to be utilized to this day. post-war american troops in germany continued to receive condoms and materials promoting their use. nevertheless, rates of stds in this population began to rise, reaching the highest levels since world war i. one explanation is that the success of newer penicillin treatments led soldiers to take syphilis and gonorrhea much less seriously. a similar casual attitude toward stds appeared in the general american population; one historian states that condoms "were almost obsolete as prophylaxis by 1960".: 234, 259–61 by 1947, the u.s. military was again promoting abstinence as the only method of disease control for its members, a policy that continued through the vietnam war.: 261–2, 281–4 but condom sales continued to grow. from 1955 to 1965, 42% of americans of reproductive age relied on condoms for birth control. in britain from 1950 to 1960, 60% of married couples used condoms. for the more economical-minded, cement-dipped condoms continued to be available long after the war. in 1957, durex introduced the world's first lubricated condom. beginning in the 1960s, the japanese used more condoms per capita than any other nation in the world. the birth control pill became the world's most popular method of birth control in the years after its 1960 debut, but condoms remained a strong second. a survey of british women between 1966 and 1970 found that the condom was the most popular birth control method with single women. new manufacturers appeared in the soviet union, which had never restricted condom sales. the u.s. agency for international development pushed condom use in developing countries to help solve the "world population crises": by 1970 hundreds of millions of condoms were being used each year in india alone.: 267–9, 272–5 in the 1960s and 1970s quality regulations tightened,: 267, 285 and legal barriers to condom use were removed. in 1965, the u.s. supreme court case griswold v. connecticut struck down one of the remaining comstock laws, the bans of contraception in connecticut and massachusetts. france repealed its anti-birth control laws in 1967. similar laws in italy were declared unconstitutional in 1971. captain beate uhse in germany founded a birth control business, and fought a series of legal battles continue her sales.: 276–9 in ireland, legal condom sales (only to people over 18, and only in clinics and pharmacies) were allowed for the first time in 1978. (all restrictions on irish condom sales were lifted in 1993.): 329–30 advertising was one area that continued to have legal restrictions. in the late 1950s, the american national association of broadcasters banned condom advertisements from national television. this policy remained in place until 1979, when the u.s. justice department had it overturned in court.: 273–4, 285 in the u.s., advertisements for condoms were mostly limited to men's magazines such as penthouse.: 285–6 the first television ad, on the california station kntv, aired in 1975: it was quickly pulled after it attracted national attention.: 274 and in over 30 states, advertising condoms as birth control devices was still illegal.: 266 after the discovery of aids the first new york times story on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) was published on july 3, 1981.: 294 in 1982 it was first suggested that the disease was sexually transmitted. in response to these findings, and to fight the spread of aids, the u.s. surgeon general dr. c. everett koop supported condom promotion programs. however, president ronald reagan preferred an approach of concentrating only on abstinence programs. some opponents of condom programs stated that aids was a disease of homosexuals and illicit drug users, who were just getting what they deserved. in 1990, north carolina senator jesse helms argued that the best way to fight aids would be to enforce state sodomy laws.: 296–7 nevertheless, major advertising campaigns were put in print media, promoting condoms as a way to protect against aids.: 299, 301 youngs rubber mailed educational pamphlets to american households, although the postal service forced them to go to court to do so, citing a section of title 39 that "prohibits the mailing of unsolicited advertisements for contraceptives." in 1983 the u.s. supreme court held that the postal service's actions violated the free speech clause of the first amendment.: 303 beginning in 1985 through 1987, national condom promotion campaigns occurred in u.s. and europe.: 299, 301, 306–7, 312–8 over the 10 years of the swiss campaign, swiss condom use increased by 80%.: 314–7 the year after the british campaign began, condom sales in the uk increased by 20%.: 309 in 1988 britain, condoms were the most popular birth control choice for married couples, for the first time since the introduction of the pill.: 311 the first condom commercial on u.s. television aired during an episode of herman's head on november 17, 1991. in the u.s. in the 1990s, condoms ranked third in popularity among married couples, and were a strong second among single women.: 305 condoms began to be sold in a wider variety of retail outlets, including in supermarkets and in discount department stores such as wal-mart.: 305 in this environment of more open sales, the british euphemism of "a little something for the weekend" fell out of use.: 322 in june 1991 america's first condom store, condomania, opened on bleecker street in new york city. condomania was the first store of its kind in north america dedicated to the sale and promotion of condoms in an upbeat, upscale and fun atmosphere. condomania was also one of the first retailers to offer condoms online when it launched its website in december 1995. condom sales increased every year until 1994, when media attention to the aids pandemic began to decline. in response, manufacturers have changed the tone of their advertisements from scary to humorous.: 303–4 new developments continue to occur in the condom market, with the first polyurethane condom—branded avanti and produced by the manufacturer of durex—introduced in the 1990s.: 324–5 durex was also the first condom brand to have a website, launched in 1997.: 319 worldwide condom use is expected to continue to grow: one study predicted that developing nations would need 18.6 billion condoms in 2015.: 342 etymology and other terms etymological theories for the word "condom" abound. by the early 18th century, the invention and naming of the condom was attributed to an associate of england's king charles ii, and this explanation persisted for several centuries. however, the "dr. condom" or "earl of condom" described in these stories has never been proved to exist, and condoms had been used for over one hundred years before king charles ii acceded to the throne.: 54, 68 a variety of latin etymologies have been proposed, including condon (receptacle), condamina (house), and cumdum (scabbard or case).: 70–1 it has also been speculated to be from the italian word guantone, derived from guanto, meaning glove. william e. kruck wrote an article in 1981 concluding that, "as for the word 'condom', i need state only that its origin remains completely unknown, and there ends this search for an etymology." modern dictionaries may also list the etymology as "unknown". other terms are also commonly used to describe condoms. in north america condoms are also commonly known as prophylactics, or rubbers. in britain they may be called french letters. additionally, condoms may be referred to using the manufacturer's name. the insult term scumbag was originally a slang word for condom. major manufacturers one analyst described the size of the condom market as something that "boggles the mind". numerous small manufacturers, nonprofit groups, and government-run manufacturing plants exist around the world.: 322, 328 within the condom market, there are several major contributors, among them both for-profit businesses and philanthropic organizations. in 1882, german immigrant julius schmid founded one of the largest and longest-lasting condom businesses, julius schmid, inc., based in new york city. the condom lines manufactured by schmid included sheiks and ramses.: 154–6 in 1932, the london rubber company (which had previously been a wholesale business importing german condoms) began to produce latex condoms, under the durex brand.: 199, 201, 218 in 1963 schmid was purchased by london rubber. in 1987, london rubber began acquiring other condom manufacturers, and within a few years became an important international company. in the late 1990s, london rubber (by then london international limited) merged all the schmid brands into its european brand, durex.: 324–6 soon after, london international was purchased by seton scholl healthcare (manufacturer of dr. scholl's footcare products), forming seton scholl limited.: 327 youngs rubber company, founded by merle youngs in late-19th-century america, introduced the trojan line of condoms.: 191 in 1985, youngs rubber company was sold to carter-wallace. the trojan name switched hands yet again in 2000 when carter-wallace was sold to church and dwight.: 323–4 the australian division of dunlop rubber began manufacturing condoms in the 1890s. in 1905, dunlop sold its condom-making equipment to one of its employees, eric ansell, who founded ansell rubber. in 1969, ansell was sold back to dunlop.: 327 in 1987, english business magnate richard branson contracted with ansell to help in a campaign against hiv and aids. ansell agreed to manufacture the mates brand of condom, to be sold at little or no profit in order to encourage condom use. branson soon sold the mates brand to ansell, with royalty payments made annually to the charity virgin unite.: 309, 311 in addition to its mates brand, ansell currently manufactures lifestyles and lifesan for the u.s. market.: 333 in 1934 the kokusia rubber company was founded in japan. it is now known as the okamoto rubber manufacturing company.: 257 in 1970 tim black and philip harvey founded population planning associates (now known as adam & eve). population planning associates was a mail-order business that marketed condoms to american college students, despite u.s. laws against sending contraceptives through the mail. black and harvey used the profits from their company to start a non-profit organization population services international. by 1975, psi was marketing condoms in kenya and bangladesh,: 286–7, 337–9 and today operates programs in over sixty countries. harvey left his position as psi's director in the late 1970s, but in the late 1980s again founded a nonprofit company, dkt international.: 286–7, 337–9 named after d.k. tyagi (a leader of family planning programs in india), dkt international annually sells millions of condoms at discounted rates in developing countries around the world. by selling the condoms instead of giving them away, dkt intends to make its customers invested in using the devices. one of dkt's more notable programs is its work in ethiopia, where soldiers are required to carry a condom every time they leave base. the rate of hiv infection in the ethiopian military, about 5%, is believed to be the lowest among african militaries.: 286–7, 337–9 in 1987, tufts university students davin wedel and adam glickman started global protection corp. in response to c. everett koop's statement that "a condoms can save your life." since that time, global protection corp. has become known for