for covid testing, doctors and hospitals were hesitant to use the newly set up labs in favor of major commercial laboratories like labcorp and quest. economic impact unemployment as in other parts of california and the united states, the bay area has experienced a dramatic increase in unemployment as a result of voluntary and mandatory social distancing measures. in april 2020, unemployment in the bay area increased by 555,100 residents or 13.7% month over month, including a 15.1% increase in private-sector job losses. unemployment has affected the bay area unevenly from one area or industry to another. despite layoffs by startups in march and april, job losses in the technology industry increased by only 4.1%, compared to an increase by more than 50% in the hospitality industry. due to the technology industry's dominance in santa clara county known as silicon valley, unemployment increased by only 11.2% there in april, compared to 14.6% in the east bay and 14.4% in san francisco and san mateo county. in san francisco, which is relatively dependent on tourism, over 100,000 residents, or about one-ninth of the city's population, filed for unemployment benefits during the pandemic. as of may 13, 2020, large bay area employers have collectively sent the state employment development department about 24,700 warn notices about proposed mass layoffs, furloughs, or facility closures. construction signs of community support in front of the popular sushi sam's restaurant in san mateo posted in may 2020 bay area counties' strict interpretations of shelter-in-place orders halted most residential and commercial construction projects. some construction projects resumed in mid-may. government san francisco has tentatively projected that its deficit will double to between $1.1 billion and $1.7 billion over fiscal years 2020 and 2021. redwood city expects to have a balanced budget in 2020 but a $10 million deficit in 2021. as of may 2020, san jose projects a $45 million deficit for fiscal year 2019–20 and a $71.6 million deficit for 2020–21, revised downward from a $500,000 surplus projected in 2019. the impact will be significantly worse than either the dot-com bust or the great recession. palo alto projected a $40 million loss in revenue. oakland projected a $80 million deficit over 14 months and has laid off part-time employees. berkeley projected a $2.6 million deficit in 2020 and a $25.2 million deficit in 2021. richmond projected a $7 million deficit in 2020 and a $27 million deficit in 2021. walnut creek closed a $13 million budget gap in 2020 but expects a $12 million deficit in 2021. vallejo projected a $13 million deficit. napa projected a $10 million deficit in 2020 and a deficit from $15 million to $20 million in 2021. santa rosa tapped its reserves to close a $12 million budget gap in 2020 but expects a $20 million deficit in 2021. sausalito expects a $1.6 million deficit for fiscal year 2019–20 and a $4.9 million deficit for 2020–21. manufacturing some major bay area manufacturers, such as lockheed martin in sunnyvale and chevron corporation in san ramon, have been exempted from shelter-in-place orders as essential businesses. however, the tesla factory in fremont was not exempted and was forced to halt production, resulting in the furlough of nearly 11,100 employees. on may 11, tesla resumed manufacturing operations at the factory despite an alameda county order allowing only minimum basic operations. retail and foodservice empty shelves at a san francisco safeway on march 17, the day after the shelter-in-place order took effect the march 13 announcement of a shelter-in-place order triggered a wave of panic buying throughout the region. by april, the consumer price index for the san francisco area (alameda, contra costa, and marin counties and san francisco) fell by 0.5% compared to february, a 1.1% rise year over year. by category, retail prices rose by 14.5% year over year for meat, 9.6% for dairy, 6.7% for food at home (bought in stores), and 0.6% for alcohol. retail prices fell by 28.4% for regular unleaded gas, 27.6% year over year for motor fuel in general, 12% for clothing, and 7.8% for transportation. of the san jose downtown association's more than 1,600 member businesses, 83% are temporarily or permanently closed, 9% are operating with reduced service, and 8% are fully operational as of mid-may. due to the pandemic, the pleasanton-based specialty's bakery-café chain, which specialized in corporate catering, permanently closed its more than 50 locations on may 19, 2020, after 33 years in business. san jose–based fry's electronics also blamed the pandemic for its closure on february 24, 2021. technology the technology industry was not as heavily impacted by stay-at-home orders as the leisure and hospitality industries. demand for bay area–based teleconferencing and e-commerce services increased significantly during the pandemic. according to san jose–based zoom video communications, usage of its zoom software rose to 300 million active users, compared to about 10 million per day in december 2019. by early march, many large technology companies began encouraging or requiring employees to remote work. these social distancing measures, which predated mandatory shelter-in-place orders, are credited with helping to lessen the initial impact of the pandemic. on may 15, the bay area council released a survey finding that 17.9% of companies planned to keep their employees remote working on a permanent basis, while 89.3% planned to remain a partially remote workforce. facebook, square, inc., google and twitter announced permanent or extended remote work policies. as of june 2020, lyft, yelp, ibm, and lendingclub disclosed a combined total of 1,000 planned layoffs in the bay area. technology conferences that are normally held in bay area cities have been canceled, postponed, or replaced by internet streaming events, including: apple worldwide developers conference – moved online dreamforce (san francisco's largest conference) – moved online facebook f8 – canceled game developers conference – postponed google cloud next – canceled google i/o – canceled gpu technology conference – moved online vmworld – moved online the rsa conference was held in february as scheduled, but verizon, at&t, and ibm pulled out of the conference on february 21, as concerns began to grow about the pandemic. tourism a deserted pier 39 in san francisco san francisco's economy is heavily dependent on tourism, which normally employs 90,000 people and generates more tax revenue than any other industry in the city. international tourism normally accounts for 64% of san francisco's tourism spending but has largely disappeared during the pandemic. san francisco's destination marketing organization is projecting visitor volume to recover to 18.4 million for 2021, still down 30 percent to 2019. gradual improvement will be driven primarily by domestic visitation. international tourism will take much longer to recover. social impact education further information: covid-19 pandemic in california § effects on education a closed elementary school in san jose on april 1, school superintendents in santa clara and san mateo counties announced that in-person classes would not resume during the 2019–20 school year. many bay area colleges and universities have announced plans for instruction in response to the pandemic: educational institutions by 2020–21 school year reopening plans institution fall 2020 spring 2021 berkeley city college most classes online unknown california college of the arts mixture of online and in-person classes with distance learning options for some first-year undergraduates unknown california state university, east bay most classes online unknown california state university maritime academy most classes online unknown california state university, monterey bay most classes online unknown cañada college most classes online unknown city college of san francisco online unknown college of alameda most classes online unknown college of san mateo most classes online unknown contra costa college online unknown the culinary institute of america at greystone in person unknown de anza college most classes online unknown diablo valley college online unknown dominican university of california in person unknown evergreen valley college online unknown foothill college online unknown holy names university in person unknown laney college most classes online unknown los medanos college online unknown menlo college in person, but start of fall semester delayed unknown merritt college most classes online unknown notre dame de namur university new undergraduate admissions suspended unknown pacific school of religion in person, but introducing distance learning options unknown presidio graduate school resuming online instruction with monthly in-person residencies unknown saint mary's college of california in person unknown san francisco state university most classes online unknown san jose city college online unknown san jose state university most classes online unknown santa clara university mixture of in-person and online classes unknown santa rosa junior college most classes online unknown skyline college most classes online unknown sonoma state university most classes online unknown stanford university most classes online, all single dormitory rooms unknown starr king school for the ministry most classes online unknown university of california, berkeley some or all classes online unknown university of the pacific in person unknown university of san francisco most classes online most classes online william jessup university in person unknown on february 15, 2022, three commissioners of the san francisco board of education were recalled in the city's first recall election in 39 years. the school board's decision to keep schools closed longer than other major school districts was cited as a factor in the successful recall effort. hunger over the first 10 weeks since the shelter-in-place order was issued, bay area food banks have seen demand double and calls increase a thousandfold. according to second harvest of silicon valley, the number of residents needing food distribution increased 40% from 270,000 in february to 370,000 in april. the alameda county community food bank has distributed over a million of pounds of food a week and seen lines stretching more than 1,000 cars in a day. housing a "safe sleeping village" at san francisco's civic center organized tents into an evenly spaced grid as a safer alternative to the city's usual homeless encampments. an ongoing housing shortage in california has increased housing costs dramatically and contributed to the bay area's high rates of homelessness. homeless shelters have been major sites of community transmission. on april 10, 70 of 144 occupants of one homeless shelter in san francisco were confirmed to have covid-19. by april, the number of tents and makeshift structures increased by 71% over the previous quarter in san francisco and by 285% in the tenderloin neighborhood specifically. as of may 3, 2020, san francisco has leased 2,700 hotel rooms as emergency housing for at-risk homeless people and first responders. although the state government has reserved hotel rooms throughout the state for similar purposes, homeless people have come to the city from other areas looking for hotel rooms, prompting mayor london breed to focus the city's emergency housing resources on local homeless people. there are nearly 6,200 homeless people in san jose, most of them hispanic or african american. at least 2,500 are considered at high risk for infection due to underlying health conditions. the city added more than 400 temporary beds at homeless shelters, including a temporary shelter near the san jose convention center. in mid-march, shortly after the shelter-in-place order took effect, the governor's office of emergency services delivered 104 trailers to a property near happy hollow park & zoo to use as emergency housing. after repairs, 90 trailers began accepting occupants on may 14. on march 17, san jose became one of the first jurisdictions in the u.s. to place a moratorium on evictions, followed by surrounding santa clara county, san francisco, oakland, and cities across the country. the following bay area jurisdictions have placed moratoria on evictions: alameda county – until december 31 or until the local health emergency expires, whichever comes later fremont – until 30 days after the local health emergency expires hayward – until september 30 oakland – until august 31 contra costa county – until september 30 concord – until september 30 richmond – until september 30 san francisco – until august 31 san mateo county – until august 31 san mateo – for commercial tenants until the local health emergency expires santa clara county – until august 31 mountain view – until august 31 palo alto – until the local health emergency expires san jose – until august 31 sunnyvale – until the local health emergency expires san jose temporarily modified its rent control ordinance to place a moratorium on rent increases through the end of 2020, affecting tens of