working (2007). in 1997, a survey almost 900 tapstands found that more than 50% of them were not supplying water. this indicated a significant decline since the early 1980s when surveys showed fewer than 10% not functioning. mali in four municipalities, non-functionality of “modern” water points ranged from 14 to 41% (2011). mozambique the percent of non-functioning water points remains around 20% (2008). multiple countries data for 126,251 water points across 37 countries that are being monitored with akvo flow in 2015 show that 20% are not functional, and 10% are functional but have problems. nepal the national management information project (2013) shows that of 40,000 gravity flow schemes, 82% are not fully functional. of a sample of 192 water points across the country, 26% were found to be non-functional (2012). in 2010 nepal functionality thematic working group found that out of 38,000 gravity flow water supply systems, about half are partly or totally defunct. a 2008 national survey of households in 36,038 wards found only 18% of the population with a water supply are served by well functioning water points/ systems; 39% are served by points that need minor repair, 12% by points that need major repair, 21% by points that need rehabilitation, 9% by points that need reconstruction, and 1.6% by points that cannot be rehabilitated. nigeria about 80% of all government owned water systems in small towns are non-operational (2000). pakistan in public schools nationally, 39% of the water supply systems need extensive repair or replacement (2010). a 2009 study of asian development bank independent evaluation group’s assistance to rural water supply in the punjab province identified, among others, these major concerns: 20% of the subprojects are nonfunctional only 43% of community based organizations responsible for subprojects are functional and their capacity remains weak. peru in loreto region, it is estimated that 34% of water systems do not function (2004). in a 2003 study of 104 rural water systems, only 32% were deemed “sustainable”; 66% were deteriorated and 2% were broken down. a 2001 study by the national water and sanitation programme revealed only 34.7% of rural water supply systems in rural areas was in good or fair condition. rwanda in a 2011 baseline survey of 126 water points in the district of kicukiro, 50% of the water points had been down for more than 1 day in the last month, and 55% of the communities reported that they had no spare parts on hand for the water system. an estimated one-third of the rural water infrastructure requires urgent rehabilitation (2006). scotland out of 1750 samples taken from private water supplies in scotland between 1992 and 1998, 41% failed compliance for total coliforms, 30% failed for e. coli and 15% failed for nitrate. the combined failure rate was 48%. sierra leone a comprehensive water point mapping exercise (28,845 water points) in 2012 showed the rate of damage of public water points is high and rises rapidly with point age: 14.4% were functional but partly damaged, and 17.8% are broken down. furthermore, up to 40% of protected in-use points providing insufficient water during the dry season. a 2010 survey of all existing water access points across three districts (2,859 structures) found only 30% of the structures in place were found to be capable of delivering access to safe water throughout the year. south africa in a sample of water and sanitation projects conducted by csir in 2007 in all nine provinces, the compliance level for 1067 completed household water projects was only 2.6% – more than 97% of the projects did not comply with policy requirements, norms and standards. the compliance level for 517 completed household sanitation projects was 0% – that is, none of the completed household sanitation projects complied with policy requirements, norms and standards. at any time, approximately 50% of handpumps are not working (2000). south asia the 2004 world development report estimates that more than one-third of existing rural water infrastructure is not functional. (world bank, 2004). south sudan 400 of 578 boreholes built between 2006 and 2012 under the basic services fund were surveyed. 23.2% of surveyed boreholes were not fully functional. the main reasons for reduced functionality were difficulties with pumping and an objectionable taste or color. the 31% of the boreholes for which no information was received were mainly the inaccessible boreholes, or the boreholes constructed by ngos that had withdrawn from the area. these may also have been the boreholes with a higher occurrence of breakdowns or reduced functionality. the water policy indicated in 2007 that 30-50% of the water points are non-operational at any time in the different states. eswatini a 2012 pilot water point mapping effort in 8 tinkhundlas (sub-districts) beginning nov 2010 showed that out of 2,689 water points, 58.6% are functional, 11.5% are partially functional, and 29.9% are non-functional. 22.9% (national) and 27.9% (lubombo region, the study area) of the water schemes were non-functional (2005). tanzania national mapping shows 38% of 74,331 water points are not functional, and 7% are functional but need repair (2013). a 2013 survey of 43 taps and 4 cattle troughs showed that 11% were not functional on the day of the visit. one in four public kiosks were not functional at the time of an interview of 324 residents of dar es salaam (2012). according to wateraid (2009): nearly half (46%) of 65,000 public improved water points in rural areas are not functioning. two years after installation, already 25% of public improved water points are non-functional. up to 7.5 million rural tanzanians lack access to clean and safe water due to functionality problems. mapping 55 of the 132 district showed that 43% of the water points were no longer working, and that 25% of the water schemes had become non-functional within two years of installation (2008). timor-leste a 2008 assessment of all (134) rural water supply systems in covalima district found: of 54 piped systems, 44% were fully functional, 30% partially functional, and 26% not functioning. of the 80 hand pumps, 11 were under construction, 41% of completed systems were fully functional and 59% not functioning. a borehole in rwebisengo, uganda located far from households. this may lead to failure. uganda 36% of 45 surveyed community managed well sites were not functional; another 24% were either semi-functional needing minor repairs or minimally functional needing major repairs (2013). 16% of rural improved water points were non-functional (2013). in bundibugyo, 21% of water points are not functional on average. some subcounties have functionality rates well above 90%, but others like kanara and bubandi have functionality rates as low as 33%. these non-functioning systems lead to dry tap stands, resulting in about 45,000 bundibugyo residents who are reported to be covered but in reality have to walk long distances to the nearest alternative, often an unprotected water source. bundibugyo has registered an outbreak of either cholera or typhoid fever or both every year for the past 3 years (2013). only about 7% of 377 surveyed households reported that their village hand pumps had never failed, while the rest reported that their pumps failed nearly every month (14.5%), about twice or more in a year (54%) or once a year (15.6%). some of the non-functional water sources were considered ‘landmarks’ by the village residents (2013). a 2013 survey of 151 water schemes showed that 21.2% were not functional on the day of visit. 19% of 79,413 water points are not working. shallow wells have the highest non-functionality rates (approximately 30%), while protected springs have the lowest non-functionality rate (approximately 88%). as many as 2,303 point water sources (2.9%) are considered abandoned, having been non-functional for five or more years (2012). on average, close to 70% of all households surveyed in all the eight districts access low or substandard water services (2012). 19% of water points across the country are non-functional based on the national water supply atlas (2010). non-functional rural improved water points for the years 2003 to 2006 were 30%, 20%,18% and 17%, respectively. in 1980, unicef funded a national inventory of boreholes and found that, out of a national stock of 5,089, 75% were not working. an extensive rehabilitation program was undertaken, but three years later the percentage of non-working pumps had only decreased to 67.8%. zimbabwe a 2009 study in mt darwin district found 38% of the boreholes studied not functioning. average downtime for the boreholes was 3 weeks. out of 817 deep boreholes, 65% were estimated to be out of order (2005). failures of sanitation systems afghanistan nationally, 45% of toilets in public schools needed extensive repair or replacement in 2012. cambodia in areas where community-led total sanitation (clts) methods were used to promote latrine use, only about 15% of households with a latrine use the toilet regularly, while the rest continue to defecate in the open (results from 2012). china there was a "dry ecosan" pilot project (i.e. with using dry toilets) using urine-diverting dry toilets (uddts) in multi-story buildings together with other technologies to allow resource recovery from excreta. this project was called the erdos eco-town project in a town called erdos in the inner mongolia autonomous region of china. it was a collaboration between the dongsheng district government in erdos and the stockholm environment institute and aimed to save water and provide sanitation services in this drought-stricken and rapidly urbanizing area of northern china. for a variety of technical, social and institutional reasons, the uddts were removed in 2011 after only a few years and the project failed to deliver in the area of nutrient recovery. ethiopia, kenya, sierra leone, uganda collapsed pit latrine block around narok, kenya, where unlined pit latrines easily collapse in the sandy and instable soil after heavy rainfalls in a study commissioned by plan in 2013, nearly 5000 households in 116 villages were re-assessed according to the original open defecation free (odf) verification criteria of community-led total sanitation. if all five criteria listed below are applied, the overall slippage rate across the study was 92%. in all countries each household was expected to have: a functioning latrine with a superstructure a means of keeping flies from the pit absence of excreta in the vicinity of the house hand washing facilities with water and soap or soap-substitute such as ash evidence that the latrine and hand washing facilities were being used india in bihar, a common practice once the pit was full was to revert to the practice of open defecation. the percentage of the population going back to open defecation was close to 90% (an educated guess in 2013 as there is no monitoring of latrine usage). madagascar 43% of villages that had been declared open defecation free (odf) now are considered by the community as odf, while only 25% of all villages were odf at the time of the survey in 2014 (75% failure). south africa an informal survey of toilets at schools that fall within four of the national health insurance pilot districts found that at all 17 schools the toilets were in a shocking condition in 2013. zambia wash factors have been found to be one of the causes of 11.4% of deaths in zambia. over half of zambia's population has access to improved drinking water and less than half of the population has access to adequate sanitation. peri-urban statistics reveal that majority of the peri-urban population has no access to safe water and sanitation facilities.