extensions to the international phonetic alphabet extensions to the international phonetic alphabet the extensions to the international phonetic alphabet for disordered speech, commonly abbreviated extipa /ɛkˈstaɪpə/, are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the international clinical phonetics and linguistics association to augment the international phonetic alphabet for the phonetic transcription of disordered speech. some of the symbols are used for transcribing features of normal speech in ipa transcription, and are accepted as such by the international phonetic association. extended ipa chart for disordered speech, as of 2015 many sounds found only in disordered speech are indicated with diacritics, though an increasing number of dedicated letters are used as well. special letters are included to transcribe the speech of people with lisps and cleft palates. the extipa repeats several standard-ipa diacritics that are unfamiliar to most people but transcribe features that are common in disordered speech. these include preaspiration ⟨ʰ◌⟩, linguolabial ⟨◌̼⟩, laminal fricatives and ⟨*⟩ for a sound (segment or feature) with no available symbol (letter or diacritic). the novel transcription ⟨ɹ̈⟩ is used for an english molar-r, as opposed to ⟨ɹ̺⟩ for an apical r; these articulations are indistinguishable in sound and so are rarely identified in non-disordered speech. sounds restricted to disordered speech include velopharyngeals, nasal fricatives (a.k.a. nareal fricatives) and some of the percussive consonants. sounds sometimes found in the world's languages that do not have symbols in the basic ipa include denasals, the sublaminal percussive, post-alveolar lateral fricatives, and fricatives that are simultaneously lateral and sibilant. extipa was revised and expanded in 2015; the new symbols were added to unicode in 2021. letters the non-ipa letters found in the extipa are listed in the following table. voqs letters may also be used, as in ⟨ↀ͡r̪͆⟩ for a buccal interdental trill (a raspberry). several letters and superscript forms were added to unicode 14 and 15. they had been added to the free gentium plus and andika fonts by version 6.2 in february 2023. categorylettersuper-scriptunicodedescription lateral ʪ 𐞙 u+02aa, u+10799 voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative, (a laterally lisped /s/, with simultaneous airflow through the sibilant groove in the tongue and across the side of the tongue), intended for a lateral lisp ʫ 𐞚 u+02ab, u+1079a voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative, (a laterally lisped /z/) ꞎ 𐞝 u+a78e, u+1079d voiceless retroflex lateral fricative, implicit in standard ipa. 𝼅 𐞟 u+1df05, u+1079f voiced retroflex lateral fricative, implicit in standard ipa. 𝼆 𐞡 u+1df06, u+107a1 voiceless palatal lateral fricative. the voiced fricative may be ⟨𝼆̬⟩ or, in standard ipa, ⟨ʎ̝⟩. 𝼄 𐞜 u+1df04, u+1079c voiceless velar lateral fricative. the voiced fricative may be ⟨𝼄̬⟩ or, in standard ipa, ⟨ʟ̝⟩. velo­pharyngeal ʩ 𐞐 u+02a9, u+10790 voiceless velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a cleft palate). the voiced fricative is ⟨ʩ̬⟩. 𝼀 𐞐𐞪 u+1df00, (u+10790+107aa) voiceless velopharyngeal trill or 'snort'. (velopharyngeal fricative accompanied by uvular trill. may be equivalent to ʩ𐞪.) velo­dorsal 𝼃 u+1df03 voiceless velodorsal plosive. (the old ipa letter for a velar click, ⟨ʞ⟩, was used for a voiceless velodorsal plosive from 2008 to 2015.) 𝼁 u+1df01 voiced velodorsal plosive 𝼇 u+1df07 velodorsal nasal pharyn­geal ꞯ u+a7af voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive 𝼂 u+1df02 voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive percussive ʬ u+02ac bilabial percussive (smacking lips) ʭ u+02ad bidental percussive (gnashing teeth) ¡ ꜞ u+00a1, u+a71e sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive (tongue slap). this letter is used with the alveolar click for , an alveolar click with percussive release, a "cluck". diacritics the extipa has widened the use of some of the regular ipa symbols, such as for pre-aspiration and for uvularization, and has added some new ones. some of these extipa diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of damin. one modification of regular ipa is the use of parentheses around the phonation diacritics to indicate partial phonation; a single parenthesis at the left or right of the voicing indicates that it is partially phonated at the beginning or end of the segment. these conventions may be convenient for representing various voice onset times. phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed to represent relative timing beyond the segment (pre- and post-voicing etc.). the following are examples; in principle, any ipa or extipa diacritic may be parenthesized or displaced in this manner. partial phonation (examples) s̬᪽ partial/central voicing of z̥᪽ ʒ̊᪻ partial/central devoicing of , subscript: u+1abd; superscript: 1abb s̬᫃ initial voicing z̥᫃ initial devoicing subscript: u+1ac3; superscript: 1ac1 s̬᫄ final voicing z̥᫄ final devoicing subscript: u+1ac4; superscript: 1ac2 z̤᪽ partial murmuring of n͊᪻ partially denasalized displaced timing (examples) ˬz pre-voiced zˬ post-voiced u+02ec a˷ with a creaky offglide p˳ with extended voicelessness u+02f7, u+02f3 the transcriptions for partial voicing and devoicing may be used in either the sense of degrees of voicing or in the sense that the voicing is discontinuous. for the former, both parentheses indicate the sound is mildly (partially) voiced throughout, and single parentheses mean a partial degree of voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. for the latter, both parentheses mean the sound is (de)voiced in the middle, while the single parentheses mean complete (de)voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. the implication is that such voicing or devoicing is atypical of the language being spoken. for example, ⟨z̥⟩ would be used for the usual devoicing or partial devoicing of the language, while ⟨z̥᪽⟩ would indicate that the transcriber found the devoicing to be atypical, as in pathological speech. similarly, ⟨z̥᫃⟩ would indicate atypical devoicing at the beginning of the segment. altering the position of a diacritic relative to the letter indicates that the phonation begins before the consonant or vowel does or continues beyond it. the voiceless ring and other phonation diacritics can be used in the same way if needed. for example, ⟨p˳a⟩ indicates that voicelessness continues past the , equivalent to ⟨pʰa⟩. other extipa diacritics are: airstream mechanism s↓, ↓ u+2193 (after a letter) ingressive airstream ʘ↑, ↑ u+2191 (after a letter) egressive airstream (in isolation) inhalation (in isolation) exhalation phonation p˭ u+02ed unaspirated ʰp u+02b0 pre-aspiration nasalization n͋ v͋ u+034b (on a nasal letter) nareal fricative s͌ s𐞐 u+034c, u+10790 velopharyngeal friction (especially noisy nasal airstream caused by turbulent airflow through the velopharyngeal port) (on an oral letter) nasal fricative escape (audible turbulent airflow through the nostrils, as with a nasal lisp) m͊ u+034a denasal (as with a headcold; complements the nasal diacritic) articulatory strength f͈ u+0348 strong articulation (not necessarily fortis) v͉ u+0349 weak articulation (not necessarily lenis) articulation v͆ t͆ u+0346 (on a labial letter) dentolabial n̪͆ h̪͆ u+0346 +032a (on a coronal letter) interdental (on a coronal letter) class-3 occlusion (tongue protrudes past upper teeth, as with a severe underbite) (on a glottal letter) bidental s͇ f͇ u+0347 (on a coronal letter) alveolar s͍ u+034d labial spreading (complements the diacritics for rounding – see rounded vowel) (on a labial letter) labioalveolar (class-2 occlusion, as with a severe overbite) s͎ u+034e whistled s̻ z̻ u+033b laminal fricatives (including lowered tongue tip) ɹ̈ ɹ̺ (as ipa) bunched-r (molar-r) and apical-r, respectively s͕ s͔ u+0355,u+0354 offset to the left and right, respectively timing s͢θ x͢ɕ u+0362 slurred/sliding articulation (a consonantal diphthong, moving from one articulation to another within the time of a single segment) p\p\p u+005c stutter (reiterated articulation) diacritics may be placed within parentheses as the voicing diacritics are above. for example, ⟨m͊᪻⟩ indicates a partially denasalized . following a longstanding tradition of the ipa not specified on the regular ipa chart, any ipa or extipa letter may be used in superscript form as a diacritic, to indicate the onset, release or 'flavor' of another letter. in extipa, this is provided specifically for the fricative release of a plosive. for example, ⟨k𐞜⟩ is with a lateral-fricative release (similar to the velar lateral affricate , but with less frication); ⟨d𐞚⟩ is with lateral-plus-central release. combining diacritics can be added to superscript diacritics, such as ⟨tʰ̪͆⟩ for with bidental aspiration. the voqs (voice-quality symbols) take ipa and extended-ipa diacritics, as well as several additional diacritics that are potentially available for extipa transcription. the subscript dot for 'whisper' is sometimes found in ipa transcription, though that diacritic is also commonly used for apical-retroflex articulation. prosodic notation and indeterminate sounds the extended ipa has adopted bracket notation from conventions transcribing discourse. parentheses are used to indicate mouthing (silent articulation), as in the common silent sign to hush (ʃːː). parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...); the length of the pause may be indicated, as in (2.3 sec). a very short (.) may be used to indicate an absence of co-articulation between adjacent segments, for instance rather than . double parentheses indicate that transcription is uncertain because of extraneous noise or speech, as when one person talks over another. as much detail as possible may be included, as in ⸨2 syll.⸩ or ⸨2σ⸩ for two obscured syllables. this is also ipa usage. sometimes the obscuring noise will be indicated instead, as in ⸨cough⸩ or ⸨knock⸩, as in the illustrative transcription below; this notation may be used for extraneous noise that does not obscure speech, but which the transcriber nonetheless wishes to notate (e.g. because someone says 'excuse me' after coughing, or verbally responds to the knock on the door, and the noise is thus required to understand the speech). in the extipa, indistinguishable/unidentifiable sounds are circled rather than placed in single parentheses as in ipa. an empty circle, ◯, is used for an indeterminate segment, ◯ σ an indeterminate syllable, ⓒ a segment identifiable only as a consonant, etc. full capital letters, such as c in ⓒ, are used as wild-cards for certain categories of sounds, and may combine with ipa and extipa diacritics. for example, ◯ p̥ indicates an undetermined or indeterminate voiceless plosive. regular ipa and extipa letters may also be circled to indicate that their identification is uncertain. for example, ⓚ indicates that the segment is judged to probably be . at least in handwriting, the circle may be elongated into an oval for longer strings of symbols. curly brackets with italian musical terms are used for phonation and prosodic notation, such as and terms for the tempo and dynamics of connected speech. these are subscripted within a notation to indicate that they are comments on the intervening text. the voqs conventions use similar notation for voice quality. these may be combined, for example with voqs ⟨f⟩ for 'falsetto': know that f} allegro} or silence ( )silent articulation: (ʃːː) a silent shhh! (.)short pause(..)medium pause(...)long pause(1.2)1.2-second pause prosody 𝆑loud speech('forte')𝆑𝆑louder speech('fortissimo') 𝆏quiet speech('piano')𝆏𝆏quieter speech('pianissimo') allegrofast speechlentoslow speech crescendo, rallentando, and other musical terms may also be used. extraneous noise; speech obscured by extraneous noise ⸨ ⸩⸨2σ⸩ two syllables obscured; ⸨cough⸩ a cough unidentified and partially identified sounds in recordings ◯segmentⓒconsonantⓕfricativeⓖglide/approximant ⓚclickⓛliquid (or lateral)ⓝnasalⓟplosive ⓡrhotic (or resonant)ⓢsibilantⓣtone/accent/stressⓥvowel chart three rows appear in the extipa chart that do not occur in the ipa chart: "fricative lateral + median" (simultaneous grooved and lateral frication), "fricative nasal" (a.k.a. nareal fricative) and "percussive". a denasal row is added here. several new columns appear as well, though the linguolabial column is the result of a standard-ipa diacritic. dorso-velar and velo-dorsal are combined here, as are upper and lower alveolar. consonants not appearing on the standard ipa chart bi-labiallabio-dentallabio-alveolardento-labialbi-dentallinguo-labialinter-dentalalveolar(loweralveolar)retro-flexpal-atalvelar(velo-dorsal)velo-phary-ngealupperphary-ngeal plosive p̪ b̪p͇ b͇p͆ b͆ t̼ d̼t̪͆ d̪͆(𝼃 𝼁) ꞯ 𝼂 denasal m͊n͊ɳ͊ɲ͊ŋ͊ nasal m̪m͇m͆n̼n̪͆(𝼇) fricative nasal m̥͋ m͋ n̥͋ n͋ɳ̥͋ ɳ͋ɲ̥͋ ɲ͋ŋ̥͋ ŋ͋ trill r̼r̪͆ 𝼀 (ʩ𐞪) median fricative f͇ v͇f͆ v͆h̪͆ ɦ̪͆θ̼ ð̼θ̪͆ ð̪͆θ͇ ð͇ʩ ʩ̬ lateral fricative ɬ̼ ɮ̼ɬ̪͆ ɮ̪͆ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 𝼆̬𝼄 𝼄̬ median+lateral fricative ʪ ʫ lateral approximant l̼l̪͆ percussive ʬʭ(¡) superscript variants the customary use of superscript ipa letters is formalized in the extipa, specifically for fricative releases of plosives, as can be seen in the lower-left of the full chart. speech pathologists also often use superscripting to indicate that a target sound has not been reached – for example, for an instance of the word 'chicken' where the /k/ is incompletely articulated. however, due to the ambiguous meaning of superscripting in the ipa, this is not a convention supported by the icpla. an unambiguous transcription would mark the consonant more specifically as weakened () or silent (). sample text a sample transcription of a written text read aloud, using extipa and voice quality symbols: original text: "the world cup finals of