coapted to the median nerve. this technique has been dubbed “transfer sensation”, and it has the potential of providing useful sensory feedback, such as pressure sensing, to help the patient judge the amount of force to be exerted. assessment and results after surgery, the patient was asked to identify the chest areas with most prominent sensation of individual digits, which were then mapped onto a diagram. the characteristic of the sensory reinnervation was quantified. light touch is quantified by a threshold determined with semmes-weinstein monofilaments (a sensation measurement instrument). a neurotip neurometer was used to determine the sensibility of sharpness and dullness at 20 sites distributed throughout the targeted muscle (the chest). a tuning fork was pressed against the points on the chest to assess patient's ability to detect vibration. a tsa ii neurosensory analyzer was used to assess temperature thresholds at two points on the chest. the patient's other (normal) pectoral muscle, normal arm and hand are used as controls. the patient was able to perceive all modalities of cutaneous sensation. however, instead of normal pressure sensing, she perceived tingling in response to touch on the targeted chest skin. the lowest threshold above which light touch could be sensed in the target muscle was 0•4 g, while the control chest muscle had a light-touch threshold of 0•16 g; the thresholds were under 4 g at most points in the area while the control chest had a threshold of 0.4 g at its counterpart locations. the control chest demonstrated a much lower threshold hence higher sensibility. the patient was able to discern increasing, graded pressure. she felt more tingling as the test pressure increased. the patient also demonstrated perception of temperature. the mean threshold for coldness perception was 29•1 °c in the target muscle, and 29•9 °c in the control chest muscle. the mean threshold for warmth perception was 35•2 °c in the target muscle, and 34•7 °c in the control chest muscle. the patient was able to discern between sharp and dull stimuli and detect vibration at 19 of the 20 points selected for testing. all the above sensations perceived by the patient were described by the patient as occurring in her phantom hand. risks and complications with extraordinary successes came certain risks and failures. the general risks of the surgery, in addition to standard risks of surgery, include permanent paralysis of the target muscle, recurrence of phantom limb pain, and development of painful neuromas. with the first patient, the ulnar nerve transfer was not successful. the muscle region was not reinnervated as expected, but instead turned bluish after mobilization, possibly due to a congestion of vascular supply. with the left-arm amputation woman mentioned above, her phantom limb pain returned after surgery. though at a lesser degree and resolved within 4 weeks, it still presented a serious risk because it is unclear whether it will resolve in other future patients. additionally, surgery was unsuccessful with a patient because severe nerve injuries were not detectable until during the surgery. it also remains in speculation whether the transferred nerves would survive permanently. future research and development the team has now moved onto a trial with transhumeral amputees (amputation above the elbow), with the hope that median nerve transfer in transradial amputation could potentially provide thumb control. with all previous patients being upper limb amputees, the team also hopes to move on to lower limb amputees eventually. the nerves could also be further split to provide even more independent signals, so that more functions can be controlled simultaneously and more degrees of freedom can be gained in prosthesis control. this could also prompt the production of more sophisticated prosthetic devices with more degrees of freedom, such as the six-motor experimental prosthesis mentioned above. targeted reinnervation could also utilize implantable electrodes to record more localized signals from the target muscle, so that crosstalk can be further mitigated. much work is still to be done to translocate the sensory feedback from the reinnervated target muscle to the actual prosthesis, or to construct prostheses that are capable of providing appropriate stimuli to the reinnervated target muscle according to the external stimuli received, so that the sensory feedback of the arm comes from its native physical position. beginning in 2016, the applied physics laboratory at johns hopkins began working with a patient having undergone both targeted muscle reinnervation and osseointegration of a titanium port to test and perfect their design for the modular prosthetic limb funded by darpa