human body temperature human body temperature normal human body-temperature (normothermia, euthermia) is the typical temperature range found in humans. the normal human body temperature range is typically stated as 36.5–37.5 °c (97.7–99.5 °f). temperature classification core (rectal, esophageal, etc.) hypothermia <35.0 °c (95.0 °f) normal 36.5–37.5 °c (97.7–99.5 °f) fever >37.5 or 38.3 °c (99.5 or 100.9 °f) hyperthermia >37.5 or 38.3 °c (99.5 or 100.9 °f) hyperpyrexia >40.0 or 41.0 °c (104.0 or 105.8 °f) note: the difference between fever and hyperthermia is the underlying mechanism. different sources have different cut-offs for fever, hyperthermia and hyperpyrexia. human body temperature varies. it depends on sex, age, time of day, exertion level, health status (such as illness and menstruation), what part of the body the measurement is taken at, state of consciousness (waking, sleeping, sedated), and emotions. body temperature is kept in the normal range by a homeostatic function known as thermoregulation, in which adjustment of temperature is triggered by the central nervous system. methods of measurement a medical thermometer showing a temperature reading of 38.7 °c (101.7 °f) taking a human's temperature is an initial part of a full clinical examination. there are various types of medical thermometers, as well as sites used for measurement, including: in the rectum (rectal temperature) in the mouth (oral temperature) under the arm (axillary temperature) in the ear (tympanic temperature) on the skin of the forehead over the temporal artery using heat flux sensors variations diurnal variation in body temperature, ranging from about 37.5 °c (99.5 °f) from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and falling to about 36.4 °c (97.5 °f) from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. (based on figure in entry for 'animal heat' in 11th edition of the encyclopædia britannica, 1910) temperature control (thermoregulation) is a homeostatic mechanism that keeps the organism at optimum operating temperature, as the temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions. in humans, the average internal temperature is widely accepted to be 37 °c (98.6 °f), a "normal" temperature established in the 1800s. but newer studies show that average internal temperature for men and women is 36.4 °c (97.5 °f). no person always has exactly the same temperature at every moment of the day. temperatures cycle regularly up and down through the day, as controlled by the person's circadian rhythm. the lowest temperature occurs about two hours before the person normally wakes up. additionally, temperatures change according to activities and external factors. in addition to varying throughout the day, normal body temperature may also differ as much as 0.5 °c (0.9 °f) from one day to the next, so that the highest or lowest temperatures on one day will not always exactly match the highest or lowest temperatures on the next day. normal human body temperature varies slightly from person to person and by the time of day. consequently, each type of measurement has a range of normal temperatures. the range for normal human body temperatures, taken orally, is 36.8 ± 0.5 °c (98.2 ± 0.9 °f). this means that any oral temperature between 36.3 and 37.3 °c (97.3 and 99.1 °f) is likely to be normal. the normal human body temperature is often stated as 36.5–37.5 °c (97.7–99.5 °f). in adults a review of the literature has found a wider range of 33.2–38.2 °c (91.8–100.8 °f) for normal temperatures, depending on the gender and location measured. reported values vary depending on how it is measured: oral (under the tongue): 36.8±0.4 °c (98.2±0.72 °f), internal (rectal, vaginal): 37.0 °c (98.6 °f). a rectal or vaginal measurement taken directly inside the body cavity is typically slightly higher than oral measurement, and oral measurement is somewhat higher than skin measurement. other places, such as under the arm or in the ear, produce different typical temperatures. while some people think of these averages as representing normal or ideal measurements, a wide range of temperatures has been found in healthy people. the body temperature of a healthy person varies during the day by about 0.5 °c (0.9 °f) with lower temperatures in the morning and higher temperatures in the late afternoon and evening, as the body's needs and activities change. other circumstances also affect the body's temperature. the core body temperature of an individual tends to have the lowest value in the second half of the sleep cycle; the lowest point, called the nadir, is one of the primary markers for circadian rhythms. the body temperature also changes when a person is hungry, sleepy, sick, or cold. natural rhythms body temperature normally fluctuates over the day following circadian rhythms, with the lowest levels around 4 a.m. and the highest in the late afternoon, between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. (assuming the person sleeps at night and stays awake during the day). therefore, an oral temperature of 37.3 °c (99.1 °f) would, strictly speaking, be a normal, healthy temperature in the afternoon but not in the early morning. an individual's body temperature typically changes by about 0.5 °c (0.9 °f) between its highest and lowest points each day. body temperature is sensitive to many hormones, so women have a temperature rhythm that varies with the menstrual cycle, called a circamensal rhythm. a woman's basal body temperature rises sharply after ovulation, as estrogen production decreases and progesterone increases. fertility awareness programs use this change to identify when a woman has ovulated to achieve or avoid pregnancy. during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, both the lowest and the average temperatures are slightly higher than during other parts of the cycle. however, the amount that the temperature rises during each day is slightly lower than typical, so the highest temperature of the day is not very much higher than usual. hormonal contraceptives both suppress the circamensal rhythm and raise the typical body temperature by about 0.6 °c (1.1 °f). temperature also may vary with the change of seasons during each year. this pattern is called a circannual rhythm. studies of seasonal variations have produced inconsistent results. people living in different climates may have different seasonal patterns. increased physical fitness increases the amount of daily variation in temperature. with increased age, both average body temperature and the amount of daily variability in the body temperature tend to decrease. elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a somewhat elevated temperature can indicate a serious underlying cause in geriatrics. one study suggested that the average body temperature has also decreased since the 1850s. the study's authors believe the most likely explanation for the change is a reduction in inflammation at the population level due to decreased chronic infections and improved hygiene. measurement methods temperature by measurement technique methodwomenmen oral33.2–38.1 °c (91.8–100.6 °f)35.7–37.7 °c (96.3–99.9 °f) rectal36.8–37.1 °c (98.2–98.8 °f)36.7–37.5 °c (98.1–99.5 °f) tympanic35.7–37.5 °c (96.3–99.5 °f)35.5–37.5 °c (95.9–99.5 °f) axillary35.5–37.0 °c (95.9–98.6 °f) different methods used for measuring temperature produce different results. the temperature reading depends on which part of the body is being measured. the typical daytime temperatures among healthy adults are as follows: temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal), vagina, or in the ear (tympanic) is about 37.5 °c (99.5 °f) temperature in the mouth (oral) is about 36.8 °c (98.2 °f) temperature under the arm (axillary) is about 36.5 °c (97.7 °f) generally, oral, rectal, gut, and core body temperatures, although slightly different, are well-correlated. oral temperatures are influenced by drinking, chewing, smoking, and breathing with the mouth open. mouth breathing, cold drinks or food, reduce oral temperatures; hot drinks, hot food, chewing, and smoking raise oral temperatures. each measurement method also has different normal ranges depending on sex. infrared thermometer as of 2016 reviews of infrared thermometers have found them to be of variable accuracy. this includes tympanic infrared thermometers in children. variations due to outside factors sleep disturbances also affect temperatures. normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime and throughout the night. short-term sleep deprivation produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures. insomnia and poor sleep quality are associated with smaller and later drops in body temperature. similarly, waking up unusually early, sleeping in, jet lag and changes to shift work schedules may affect body temperature. concept fever main article: fever a temperature setpoint is the level at which the body attempts to maintain its temperature. when the setpoint is raised, the result is a fever. most fevers are caused by infectious disease and can be lowered, if desired, with antipyretic medications. an early morning temperature higher than 37.2 °c (99.0 °f) or a late afternoon temperature higher than 37.7 °c (99.9 °f) is normally considered a fever, assuming that the temperature is elevated due to a change in the hypothalamus's setpoint. lower thresholds are sometimes appropriate for elderly people. the normal daily temperature variation is typically 0.5 °c (0.90 °f), but can be greater among people recovering from a fever. an organism at optimum temperature is considered afebrile, meaning "without fever". if temperature is raised, but the setpoint is not raised, then the result is hyperthermia. hyperthermia main article: hyperthermia hyperthermia occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. it is usually caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. the heat-regulating mechanisms of the body eventually become overwhelmed and unable to deal effectively with the heat, causing the body temperature to climb uncontrollably. hyperthermia at or above about 40 °c (104 °f) is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. common symptoms include headache, confusion, and fatigue. if sweating has resulted in dehydration, then the affected person may have dry, red skin. in a medical setting, mild hyperthermia is commonly called heat exhaustion or heat prostration; severe hyperthermia is called heat stroke. heatstroke may come on suddenly, but it usually follows the untreated milder stages. treatment involves cooling and rehydrating the body; fever-reducing drugs are useless for this condition. this may be done by moving out of direct sunlight to a cooler and shaded environment, drinking water, removing clothing that might keep heat close to the body, or sitting in front of a fan. bathing in tepid or cool water, or even just washing the face and other exposed areas of the skin, can be helpful. with fever, the body's core temperature rises to a higher temperature through the action of the part of the brain that controls the body temperature; with hyperthermia, the body temperature is raised without the influence of the heat control centers. hypothermia main article: hypothermia in hypothermia, body temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and bodily functions. in humans, this is usually due to excessive exposure to cold air or water, but it can be deliberately induced as a medical treatment. symptoms usually appear when the body's core temperature drops by 1–2 °c (1.8–3.6 °f) below normal temperature. basal body temperature main article: basal body temperature basal body temperature is the lowest temperature attained by the body during rest (usually during sleep). it is generally measured immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken, although the temperature measured at that time is somewhat higher than the true basal body temperature. in women, temperature differs at various points in the menstrual cycle, and this can be used in the long term to track ovulation both to aid conception or avoid pregnancy. this process is called fertility awareness. core temperature core temperature, also called core body temperature, is the operating temperature of an organism, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the liver, in comparison to temperatures of peripheral tissues. core temperature is normally maintained within a narrow range so that essential enzymatic reactions can occur. significant core temperature elevation (hyperthermia) or depression (hypothermia) over more than a brief period of time is incompatible with human life. temperature examination in the heart, using a catheter, is the traditional gold standard measurement used to estimate core temperature (oral temperature is affected by hot or cold drinks, ambient temperature fluctuations as well as mouth-breathing). since catheters are highly invasive, the generally accepted alternative for measuring core body temperature is through rectal measurements. rectal temperature is expected to be approximately 1 fahrenheit (or 0.55 celsius) degree higher than an oral temperature taken on the same person at the same time. ear thermometers measure temperature from the tympanic