repeatedly aired there during the 1980s. in 1990, the bbc in the uk would air a documentary about one boy's treatment using the son-rise program, titled i want my little boy back, as part of the series q.e.d.: challenging children. an updated and expanded son-rise book, son-rise: the miracle continues was released in 1994. children's rights in the united states (1975) the united states passed the education for all handicapped children act (eha) in november 1975. in 1970, us schools educated only one in five children with disabilities. many states had laws excluding emotionally disturbed and intellectual disabled children from public education. the eha guaranteed each disabled child a free and appropriate public education. (the act became the individuals with disabilities education act (idea) in 1990). establishment of new organizations 1960-1979 in addition to new scientific and cultural developments, these decades also saw the establishment of various new associations, foundations, and other organizations related to autism. the first french national autism organisation, the asitp (association au service des inadaptés présentant des troubles de la personnalité), was founded in paris in 1963. (since 1990, it has been known as sésame autisme (ffsa)). kfar tikva was established in israel as a village for people with "cognitive, developmental and emotional disabilities" in 1964. this includes autistic people. (the similar kishorit community opened in 1997.) in 1964–7, australian autistic people and their parents founded what is now autism sa (1964), the autistic children's association of new south wales (now aspect, 1966), victorian autistic children's and adult's association (now amaze, 1967), autistic children's association of queensland (now autism queensland, 1967), and what is now the autism association of western australia (1967). these organisations continue today. (later, autism tasmania (1992) and autism nt (2002) would be founded.) in brazil, the comunidade terapêutica leo kanner (leo kanner therapeutic community) was founded in porto alegre in 1965. 40 parents of autistic children met in tokyo in december 1966. in february 1967, they and others formed the association of autistic children's parents. a national body was established in 1968. in time, this would become autism society japan (日本自閉症協会). in 1970, nsac launched an ongoing national autism awareness campaign in the us. in 1972, it started the first national autistic children's week, which later evolved into autism awareness month. in italy, l'associazione italiana per l'assistenza ai bambini autistici (aiaba, the italian association for assistance to autistic children) was founded by parents of children with autism in 1970. in germany, what is now autismus deutschland (autism germany) was founded in 1970. the university of north carolina's teacch autism program was founded by german-american psychologist eric schopler in 1971, building on work started by schopler and a colleague in 1964. it recognizes autism as a lifelong condition and does not aim to cure but to respond to autism as a culture. it uses behaviourism in a small group setting. its methods have been adopted by many practitioners. in canada's most populous province, the ontario society for autistic children was founded by parents in 1973. (after a number of name changes, it became autism ontario in 2006.) the israeli society for children and adults with autism (alut) was founded in 1974. as of 2023 it has over 2,500 employees, providing services to over 15,000 families. in january 1975, autismus deutsche schweiz (autism german switzerland) began in german-speaking switzerland. (this was followed with an allied body in french-speaking switzerland in 1985, and one in italian-speaking switzerland in 1989. the three groups now form a confederation called autism switzerland.) autism society canada was established in 1976. autism support group apafac was founded in catalonia in 1976. it was joined by aspanaes in galacia in 1979, and similar bodies in other parts of spain after that. the nederlandse vereniging voor autisme (nva) (dutch association for autism) was founded in 1978 by parents of children with autism. the sensory processing disorder foundation was founded in america in 1979 by occupational therapist lucy jane miller. it is now known as the star institute. dsm-ii (1968) in the dsm-ii, published in 1968, the concept of autism was used to describe the symptoms of three different conditions: childhood schizophrenia (295.8), withdrawing reaction of childhood (308.1), and schizoid personality (301.2). compared to the dsm-i, the description of childhood schizophrenia was more detailed. icd-9 (1978) the international medical condition classification system, the icd, greatly changed the way it categorised autism-related conditions in 1978, with the release of the icd-9. "infantile autism" (299.0) was now recognised as a condition, with separate sub-categories for it having a "current or active state" or "residual state". its definition of this condition was based on the criteria devised by mildred creak for "childhood schizophrenia" in the early 1960s. in the category of "disturbance of emotions specific to childhood and adolescence", the icd now included "sensitivity, shyness and social withdrawal disorder" (313.2), which included the subcategories "shyness disorder of childhood", "introverted disorder of childhood" and "elective mutism". "schizoid personality disorder" (301.2) now had two varieties, a general one, and "introverted personality". 1980-1990 the dsm-iii, the third version of the dsm, was released in 1980. with the release of this manual, autism became formally recognized as a developmental disorder distinct from schizophrenia for the first time. this was a major milestone in enabling research into autism, since researchers now had a unified definition of the disorder. asperger's work became known to a wider audience, thanks in part to new publications by lorna wing. awareness of autism in the public culture increased with the release of rain man and other media productions, and stronger self-advocacy by autistic people laid the foundations of the neurodiversity movement and helped secure better legal rights for autistic people. dsm-iii and dsm-iii-r (1980, 1987) under advisement from the nsac, the dsm-iii (1980) turned what was previously defined as childhood schizophrenia into three kinds of "pervasive developmental disorder" (pdd). "infantile autism" began before a child was 30 months old, and "childhood onset pervasive developmental disorder" began between 30 months and 12 years. a third variety, "atypical pervasive developmental disorder" was similar but lesser than the other two, and could begin at any time. "elective mutism" was now categorised as in independent condition. "withdrawing reaction of childhood (or adolescence)" became "schizoid disorder of childhood or adolescence". "schizoid personality" in adults was split into "schizoid personality disorder", "avoidant personality disorder" and "schizotypal personality disorder". the first two differed by the motivation of diagnosed person - "avoidant" people had social difficulties but wanted to be social, while "schizoid" people had social difficulties and were happy to stay that way. "schizotypal" people were on the schizophrenia spectrum - the condition was not well aligned with conceptions of autism. the dsm-iii gave much more detail for its conditions than previous editions had done, providing comprehensive diagnostic criteria for the first time in 1987, the revised dsm-iii-r was released. in this edition of the dsm, "infantile autism" was merged with "childhood onset pervasive developmental disorder" to create the new "autistic disorder". the new definition broadened the range of neurotypes that were considered "autistic" by clinicians. the dsm's third pdd category became "pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified" (pddnos, later pdd-nos). "schizoid disorder of childhood or adolescence" was absorbed by the pdd category as a whole. "schizoid personality disorder" in adults, "avoidant personality disorder" and "elective mutism" continued to exist. the dsm-iii-r noted that "the evidence suggests, however, that is merely the most severe and prototypical form of the general category pervasive developmental disorders … whereas in clinical settings autistic disorder is more commonly seen than pddnos, studies in england and the united states, using criteria similar to those in this manual, suggest that pddnos is more common than autistic disorder in the general population." lorna wing on asperger's syndrome (1981) lorna wing's february 1981 publication of the paper asperger's syndrome: a clinical account greatly increased awareness of the existence of hans asperger's autism work. wing summarised asperger's autism syndrome, and made two challenges to points he had made. she also provided six case studies of her own, and much additional analysis. the paper brought the concept of "asperger's syndrome" into the spotlight, leading to it being recognised by many psychological practitioners. regarding the breadth of people with the condition, wing notes:all the features that characterize asperger's syndrome can be found in varying degrees in the normal population … even though asperger's syndrome does appear to merge into the normal continuum, there are many cases in whom the problems are so marked that the suggestion of a distinct pathology seems a more plausible explanation than a variant of normality.as to the relationship between schizoid personality disorder and asperger's syndrome, wing writes:the lack of empathy, single-mindedness, odd communication, social isolation and oversensitivity of people with asperger's syndrome are features that are also included in the definitions of schizoid personality … there is no question that asperger's syndrome can be regarded as a form of schizoid personality. the question is whether this grouping is of any value … scientific developments in 1981, jakob lutz published the paper "hans asperger und leo kanner zum gedenken" (hans asperger and leo kanner in memoriam). in 1983, swiss-american neurologist isabelle rapin and psycholinguist doris a allen suggested the term semantic pragmatic disorder to describe the communicative behavior of children who presented traits such as pathological talkativeness, deficient access to vocabulary and discourse comprehension, atypical choice of terms and inappropriate conversational skills. they referred to a group of children who presented with mild autistic features and specific semantic pragmatic language problems. (in the late 1990s, the term "pragmatic language impairment" (pli) was proposed to cover this situation.) in september 1985, felix f. de la cruz outlined extensively the physical, psychological, and cytogenetic characteristics of people with fragile x syndrome in addition to their prospects for therapy. multiplex developmental disorder was conceptualised by american yale university researchers donald j. cohen (psychiatrist), rhea paul (speech pathologist) and fred volkmar (psychiatrist) in march 1986. they proposed that it be recognised as a variety of autism in the dsm, however this did not occur. mind-blindness is a term first published in early 1990 by british psychologist simon baron-cohen at the university of cambridge. it refers to the idea that "people with autism are impaired in their ability to attribute mental states (such as beliefs, knowledge states, etc.) to themselves and other people". this is otherwise known as an impaired theory of mind (tom). baron-cohen believed that a lack of ability to read eyes was a particularly important deficit, and developed a training program to develop this. it is now thought that all autistic people have some tom ability. the book mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind was released in 1995. the popular academic book educating and understanding autistic children was edited by americans robert l. koegel (psychiatrist), arnold rincover and andrew l. egel (educationalist), and released in 1983. the handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders is a popular academic book about autism that was first released in 1987. the first edition was edited by americans donald j. cohen (psychiatrist), anne m. donnellan (educational psychologist) and rhea paul (speech pathologist). new editions were published in 1997, 2005 and 2014. additional editors included the americans fred volkmar (psychiatrist), ami klin (psychologist), sally j. rogers (psychologist) and kevin a. pelphrey (neuroscientist). a controversial claim suggested that watching extensive amounts of television may cause autism. this hypothesis was largely based on research suggesting that the increasing rates of autism in the 1970s and 1980s were linked to the growth of cable television at the time. new diagnostic tools: ados and adi (1989) the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ados) was developed in 1989 by catherine lord, michael rutter, susan goode, jacquelyn heemsbergen, heather jordan, lynn mawhood and eric schopler. it became commercially available in 2001. (a revised version, ados-2, was released in 2012). the autism diagnostic interview (adi) was also developed in 1989 by ann le couteur, michael rutter, catherine lord, patricia rios, sarah robertson, mary holdgrafer and john mclennan. an updated version, the adi-r, was commercially released in 2003. start of the neurodiversity movement main article: autism rights movement § history american jim sinclair is credited as the first person to communicate the "anti-cure" or "autism rights" perspective in the late 1980s. in 1992, sinclair co-founded the autism network international (ani) with