significant reduction of ghg emissions compared to fossil fuel alternatives; however the energy input is double and the contribution to eutrophication is significantly higher the lca for the integration of butanol from prehydrolysate in a canadian kraft dissolving pulp mill shows that the carbon footprint of this butanol may be 5% lower compare to gasoline; but is not as low as corn butanol (23% lower than that of gasoline). the majority of the lca studies for the valorization of food waste have been focused on the environmental impacts on biogas or energy production, with only few on the synthesis of high value-added chemicals; hydroxymethylfurfural (hmf) has been listed as one of the top 10 bio-based chemicals by the us department of energy; the lca of eight food waste valorization routes for the production of hmf shows that the most environmentally favorable option uses less polluting catalyst (alcl3) and co-solvent (acetone), and provides the highest yield of hmf (27.9 cmol%), metal depletion and toxicity impacts (marine ecotoxicity, freshwater toxicity, and human toxicity) were the categories with the highest values. biorefinery in the pulp and paper industry the pulp and paper industry is considered as the first industrialized biorefinery system; in this industrial process other co-products are produced including tall oil, rosin, vanillin, and lignosulfonates. apart from these co-products; the system includes energy generation (in for of steam and electricity) to cover its internal energy demand; and it has the potential to feed heat and electricity to the grid. this industry has consolidated as the highest consumer of biomass; and uses not only wood as feedstock, it is capable of processing agricultural waste as bagasse, rice straw and corn stover. other important features of this industry are a well-established logistic for biomass production, avoiding competition with food production for fertile land, and presenting higher biomass yields. examples the fully operational blue marble energy company has multiple biorefineries located in odessa, wa and missoula, mt. canada's first integrated biorefinery, developed on anaerobic digestion technology by himark biogas is located in alberta. the biorefinery utilizes source separated organics from the metro edmonton region, open pen feedlot manure, and food processing waste. chemrec's technology for black liquor gasification and production of second-generation biofuels such as biomethanol or biodme is integrated with a host pulp mill and utilizes a major sulfate or sulfite process waste product as feedstock. novamont has converted old petrochemical factories into biorefineries, producing protein, plastics, animal feed, lubricants, herbicides and elastomers from cardoon. c16 biosciences produces synthetic palm oil from carbon-containing waste (i.e. food waste, glycerol) by means of yeast. macrocascade aims to refine seaweed into food and fodder, and then products for healthcare, cosmetics, and fine chemicals industries. the side streams will be used for the production of fertilizer and biogas. other seaweed biorefinery projects include macroalgaebiorefinery (mab4), searefinery and seafarm. fumi ingredients produces foaming agents, heat-set gels and emulsifiers from micro-algae with the help of micro-organisms such as brewer's yeast and baker's yeast. the biocon platform is researching the processing of wood into various products. more precisely, their researchers are looking at transforming lignin and cellulose into various products. lignin for example can be transformed into phenolic components which can be used to make glue, plastics and agricultural products (e.g. crop protection). cellulose can be transformed into clothes and packaging. in south africa, numbitrax llc bought a blume biorefinery system for producing bioethanol as well as additional high-return offtake products from local and readily available resources such as the prickly pear cactus. circular organics (part of kempen insect valley) grows black soldier fly larvae on waste from the agricultural and food industry (i.e. fruit and vegetable surplus, remaining waste from fruit juice and jam production). these larvae are used to produce protein, grease, and chitin. the grease is usable in the pharmaceutical industry (cosmetics, surfactants for shower gel), replacing other vegetable oils such as palm oil, or it can be used in fodder. biteback insect makes insect cooking oil, insect butter, fatty alcohols, insect frass protein and chitin from superworm (zophobas morio).