brachii (latin for "two-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. both heads of the muscle arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper forearm. while the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm. both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion). bile duct – is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. bile, required for the digestion of food, is secreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine. biliary tract – the biliary tract, (biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile. bile consists of water, electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and conjugated bilirubin. some components are synthesised by hepatocytes (liver cells), the rest are extracted from the blood by the liver. binge eating disorder – (bed), is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems, but without subsequent purging episodes (e.g. vomiting). bed is a recently described condition, which was required to distinguish binge eating similar to that seen in bulimia nervosa but without characteristic purging. individuals who are diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder exhibit similar patterns of compulsive overeating, neurobiological features of dysfunctional cognitive control and food addiction, and biological and environmental risk factors. indeed, some consider bed a milder version of bulimia, and that the conditions are on the same spectrum. biological engineering – or bioengineering, or bio-engineering, is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products. biological engineering employs knowledge and expertise from a number of pure and applied sciences, such as mass and heat transfer, kinetics, biocatalysts, biomechanics, bioinformatics, separation and purification processes, bioreactor design, surface science, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and polymer science. it is used in the design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, renewable bioenergy, ecological engineering, agricultural engineering, and other areas that improve the living standards of societies. biology – is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution. biochemistry – sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. bioinformatics – is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data. as an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines biology, computer science, information engineering, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data. biopsy – is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. biostatistics – are the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology. it encompasses the design of biological experiments, especially in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and fishery; the collection, summarization, and analysis of data from those experiments; and the interpretation of, and inference from, the results. a major branch is medical biostatistics, which is exclusively concerned with medicine and health. bipolar disorder – is a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood birth control – also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy. bladder cancer – is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder. it is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination, and low back pain. blood pressure – is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation. blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum during one heartbeat) over diastolic pressure (minimum in between two heartbeats) and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmhg), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure. blood vessel – the blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body. bone – is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton. bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. they are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions. bone marrow – is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones. bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis. it is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells. in adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis. on average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass (143 lb), bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb). brachial artery – is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. it is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. it continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. it then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. in some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. the pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. brachial plexus – is a network of nerves formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve (c5, c6, c7, c8, and t1). this plexus extends from the spinal cord, through the cervicoaxillary canal in the neck, over the first rib, and into the armpit. it supplies afferent and efferent nerve fibers to the chest, shoulder, arm and hand. brachial veins – in human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). they end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. at this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. the brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. brachioradialis – is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow. it is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm. it is attached to the distal styloid process of the radius by way of the brachioradialis tendon, and to the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. bradycardia –is a condition typically defined wherein an individual has a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute (bpm) in adults. brain – the human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. the brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. it controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. the brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head. brain tumor – occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. there are two main types of tumors: malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors. brain metastasis – is a cancer that has metastasized (spread) to the brain from another location in the body and is therefore considered a secondary brain tumor. the metastasis typically shares a cancer cell type with the original site of the cancer. breast – the breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of primates. in females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk to feed infants. both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. at puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause breast development in female humans and to a much lesser extent in other primates. breast development in other primate females generally only occurs with pregnancy. breast cancer – is cancer that develops from breast tissue. signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. in those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin. broca's area – or the broca area, is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production. bronchiole – the bronchioles or bronchioli are the passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa. they are branches of the bronchi, and are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system. the bronchioles divide further into smaller terminal bronchioles which are still in the conducting zone and these then divide into the smaller respiratory bronchioles which mark the beginning of the respiratory region. bronchus – a bronchi is a passage of airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lungs. the first bronchi to branch from the trachea are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus. these are the widest and enter the lungs at each hilum, where they branch into narrower secondary bronchi known as lobar bronchi, and these branch into narrower tertiary bronchi known as segmental bronchi. further divisions of the segmental bronchi are known as 4th order, 5th order, and 6th order segmental bronchi, or grouped together as subsegmental bronchi. the bronchi when too narrow to be supported by cartilage are known as bronchioles. no gas exchange takes place in the bronchi. bruit – also called vascular murmur, is the abnormal sound generated by turbulent flow of blood in an artery due to either an area of partial obstruction or a localized high rate of blood flow through an unobstructed artery. bulimia nervosa – also known as simply bulimia, is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging. binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed. buttocks – are two rounded portions of the anatomy, located on the posterior of the pelvic region and comprise a layer of fat superimposed on the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles. physiologically, the buttocks enable weight to be taken off the feet while sitting. c calcium – calcium ions (ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell. they play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization. many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, those of the blood-clotting cascade being notable examples. extracellular