point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines. a microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses "pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin". an experimental needle-free vaccine delivery system is undergoing animal testing. a stamp-size patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20,000 microscopic projections per square cm. this dermal administration potentially increases the effectiveness of vaccination, while requiring less vaccine than injection. in veterinary medicine