and behaviors of the whole individual", while for a patient with did, the switches between identities and behavior patterns is the personality. it is, for this reason, the dsm-iv-tr referred to "distinct identities or personality states" instead of personalities. the diagnostic criteria also changed to indicate that while the patient may name and personalize alters, they lack independent, objective existence. the changes also included the addition of amnesia as a symptom, which was not included in the dsm-iii-r because despite being a core symptom of the condition, patients may experience "amnesia for the amnesia" and fail to report it. amnesia was replaced when it became clear that the risk of false negative diagnoses was low because amnesia was central to did. the icd-10 places the diagnosis in the category of "dissociative disorders", within the subcategory of "other dissociative (conversion) disorders", but continues to list the condition as multiple personality disorder. the dsm-iv-tr criteria for did have been criticized for failing to capture the clinical complexity of did, lacking usefulness in diagnosing individuals with did (for instance, by focusing on the two least frequent and most subtle symptoms of did) producing a high rate of false negatives and an excessive number of ddnos diagnoses, for excluding possession (seen as a cross-cultural form of did), and for including only two "core" symptoms of did (amnesia and self-alteration) while failing to discuss hallucinations, trance-like states, somatoform, depersonalization, and derealization symptoms. arguments have been made for allowing diagnosis through the presence of some, but not all of the characteristics of did rather than the current exclusive focus on the two least common and noticeable features. the dsm-iv-tr criteria have also been criticized for being tautological, using imprecise and undefined language and for the use of instruments that give a false sense of validity and empirical certainty to the diagnosis. the dsm-5 updated the definition of did in 2013, summarizing the changes as: several changes to the criteria for dissociative identity disorder have been made in dsm-5. first, criterion a has been expanded to include certain possession-form phenomena and functional neurological symptoms to account for more diverse presentations of the disorder. second, criterion a now specifically states that transitions in identity may be observable by others or self-reported. third, according to criterion b, individuals with dissociative identity disorder may have recurrent gaps in recall for everyday events, not just for traumatic experiences. other text modifications clarify the nature and course of identity disruptions. between 1968 and 1980, the term that was used for dissociative identity disorder was "hysterical neurosis, dissociative type". the apa wrote in the second edition of the dsm: "in the dissociative type, alterations may occur in the patient's state of consciousness or in his identity, to produce such symptoms as amnesia, somnambulism, fugue, and multiple personality." the number of cases sharply increased in the late 1970s and throughout the 80s, and the first scholarly monographs on the topic appeared in 1986. book and film sybil in 1974, the highly influential book sybil was published, and later made into a miniseries in 1976 and again in 2007. describing what robert rieber called "the third most famous of multiple personality cases," it presented a detailed discussion of the problems of treatment of "sybil isabel dorsett", a pseudonym for shirley ardell mason. though the book and subsequent films helped popularize the diagnosis and trigger an epidemic of the diagnosis, later analysis of the case suggested different interpretations, ranging from mason's problems having been caused by the therapeutic methods and sodium pentathol injections used by her psychiatrist, c. b. wilbur, or an inadvertent hoax due in part to the lucrative publishing rights, though this conclusion has itself been challenged. david spiegel, a stanford psychiatrist whose father treated shirley ardell mason on occasion, says that his father described mason as "a brilliant hysteric. he felt that wilbur tended to pressure her to exaggerate on the dissociation she already had." as media attention on did increased, so too did the controversy surrounding the diagnosis. re-classifications with the publication of the dsm-iii, which omitted the terms "hysteria" and "neurosis" (and thus the former categories for dissociative disorders). there was no category eliminated, it was renamed to anxiety disorders. the dsm-iii also created the controversial ptsd diagnosis -controversial due to vietnam vets.}} dissociative diagnoses became "orphans" with their own categories with dissociative identity disorder appearing as "multiple personality disorder". in the opinion of mcgill university psychiatrist joel paris, this inadvertently legitimized them by forcing textbooks, which mimicked the structure of the dsm, to include a separate chapter on them and resulted in an increase in diagnosis of dissociative conditions. once a rarely occurring spontaneous phenomenon (research in 1944 showed only 76 cases), the diagnosis became "an artifact of bad (or naïve) psychotherapy" as patients capable of dissociating were accidentally encouraged to express their symptoms by "overly fascinated" therapists. in a 1986 book chapter (later reprinted in another volume), philosopher of science ian hacking focused on multiple personality disorder as an example of "making up people" through the untoward effects on individuals of the "dynamic nominalism" in medicine and psychiatry. with the invention of new terms, entire new categories of "natural kinds" of people are assumed to be created, and those thus diagnosed respond by re-creating their identity in light of the new cultural, medical, scientific, political and moral expectations. hacking argued that the process of "making up people" is historically contingent, hence it is not surprising to find the rise, fall, and resurrection of such categories over time. hacking revisited his concept of "making up people" in a 2006. "interpersonality amnesia" was removed as a diagnostic feature from the dsm iii in 1987, which may have contributed to the increasing frequency of the diagnosis. there were 200 reported cases of did as of 1980, and 20,000 from 1980 to 1990. joan acocella reports that 40,000 cases were diagnosed from 1985 to 1995. scientific publications regarding did peaked in the mid-1990s then rapidly declined. there were several contributing factors to the rapid decline of reports of multiple personality disorder/dissociative identity disorder. one was the discontinuation in december 1997 of dissociation: progress in the dissociative disorders, the journal of the international society for the study of multiple personality and dissociation. the society and its journal were perceived as uncritical sources of legitimacy for the extraordinary claims of the existence of intergenerational satanic cults responsible for a "hidden holocaust" of satanic ritual abuse that was linked to the rise of mpd reports. in an effort to distance itself from the increasing skepticism regarding the clinical validity of mpd, the organization dropped "multiple personality" from its official name in 1993, and then in 1997 changed its name again to the international society for the study of trauma and dissociation. in 1994, the fourth edition of the dsm replaced the criteria again and changed the name of the condition from "multiple personality disorder" to the current "dissociative identity disorder" to emphasize the importance of changes to consciousness and identity rather than personality. the inclusion of interpersonality amnesia helped to distinguish did from dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (ddnos), but the condition retains an inherent subjectivity due to difficulty in defining terms such as personality, identity, ego-state, and even amnesia. the icd-10 classified did as a "dissociative disorder" and used the name "multiple personality disorder" with the classification number of f44.81. in the icd-11, the world health organization have classified did under the name "dissociative identity disorder" (code 6b64), and most cases formerly diagnosed as ddnos are classified as "partial dissociative identity disorder" (code 6b65). 21st century a 2006 study compared scholarly research and publications on did and dissociative amnesia to other mental health conditions, such as anorexia nervosa, alcohol use disorder, and schizophrenia from 1984 to 2003. the results were found to be unusually distributed, with a very low level of publications in the 1980s followed by a significant rise that peaked in the mid-1990s and subsequently rapidly declined in the decade following. compared to 25 other diagnosis, the mid-1990s "bubble" of publications regarding did was unique. in the opinion of the authors of the review, the publication results suggest a period of "fashion" that waned, and that the two diagnoses " not command widespread scientific acceptance." society and culture general the public's long fascination with did has led to a number of different books and films,(p 169) with many representations described as increasing stigma by perpetuating the myth that people with mental illness are usually dangerous. movies about did have been also criticized for poor representation of both did and its treatment, including "greatly overrepresenting" the role of hypnosis in therapy, showing a significantly smaller number of personalities than many people with did have, and misrepresenting people with did as having flamboyant and obvious personalities. some movies are parodies and ridicule did, for instance me, myself & irene, which also incorrectly states that did is schizophrenia. in some stories did is used as a plot device, e.g. in fight club, and in whodunnit stories like secret window. united states of tara was reported to be the first us television series with did as its focus, and a professional commentary on each episode was published by the international society for the study of trauma and dissociation. more recently, the award winning korean tv series kill me, heal me (korean: 킬미, 힐미; rr: kilmi, hilmi) featured a wealthy young man with seven identities, one of whom falls in love with the beautiful psychiatry resident who tries to help him. in a dissociative identity disorder documentary by a&e named, many sides of jane, it follows a young mom struggling to be a single mom with dissociative identity disorder. jane wants to bring awareness to the disorder. most people with did are believed to downplay or minimize their symptoms rather than seeking fame, often due to shame or fear of the effects of stigma. therapists may discourage people with did from media work due to concerns that they may feel exploited or traumatized, for example as a result of demonstrating switching between personality states to entertain others.(p 169) however, a number of people with did have publicly spoken about their experiences, including comedian and talk show host roseanne barr, who interviewed truddi chase, author of when rabbit howls; chris costner sizemore, the subject of the three faces of eve, cameron west, author of first person plural: my life as a multiple, and nfl player herschel walker, author of breaking free: my life with dissociative identity disorder. in the three faces of eve (1957) hypnosis is used to identify a childhood trauma which then allows her to fuse from three identities into just one. however, sizemore's own books i'm eve and a mind of my own revealed that this did not last; she later attempted suicide, sought further treatment, and actually had twenty-two personalities rather than three. sizemore re-entered therapy and by 1974 had achieved a lasting recovery. voices within: the lives of truddi chase portrays many of the 92 personalities chase described in her book when rabbit howls, and is unusual in breaking away from the typical ending of integrating into one. frankie & alice (2010), starring halle berry; and the tv mini-series sybil were also based on real people with did. in popular culture dissociative identity disorder is often confused with schizophrenia, and some movies advertised as representing dissociative identity disorder may be more representative of psychosis or schizophrenia, for example psycho (1960). in his book the c.i.a. doctors: human rights violations by american psychiatrists, psychiatrist colin a. ross states that based on documents obtained through freedom of information legislation, a psychiatrist linked to project mkultra reported being able to deliberately induce dissociative identity disorder using a variety of aversive or abusive techniques, creating a manchurian candidate for military purposes. a did community exists on social media, including youtube, reddit, discord, and tiktok. however, numerous high-profile members of this community have been criticized for faking their condition for views, or for portraying the disorder lightheartedly. conversely, psychologist naomi torres-mackie, head of research at the mental health coalition, has stated "all of a sudden, all of my adolescent patients think that they have this, and they don't ... folks start attaching clinical meaning and feeling like, 'i should be diagnosed with this. i need medication for