of scent signals, which enables them to avoid mating with close relatives and minimizes deleterious inbreeding. jiménez et al. showed that inbred mice had significantly reduced survival when they were reintroduced into a natural habitat. in addition to mice, two species of bumblebee, in particular bombus bifarius and bombus frigidus, have been observed to use pheromones as a means of kin recognition to avoid inbreeding. for example, b. bifarius males display "patrolling" behavior in which they mark specific paths outside their nests with pheromones and subsequently "patrol" these paths. unrelated reproductive females are attracted to the pheromones deposited by males on these paths, and males that encounter these females while patrolling can mate with them. other bees of the bombus species are found to emit pheromones as precopulatory signals, such as bombus lapidarius. applications pheromone trapping pheromones of certain pest insect species, such as the japanese beetle, acrobat ant, and the gypsy moth, can be used to trap the respective insect for monitoring purposes, to control the population by creating confusion, to disrupt mating, and to prevent further egg laying. animal husbandry pheromones are used in the detection of oestrus in sows. boar pheromones are sprayed into the sty, and those sows that exhibit sexual arousal are known to be currently available for breeding. human sex pheromone controversies further information: human sex pheromones