and an infant at a maternity ward on niodior island, sine saloum, senegal (january 2006). health care utilization in senegal has been shaped by a variety of factors. women have a greater likelihood of using care than men by 1.4 percentage points. at the individual level, the likelihood of seeking treatment is influenced by the relationship to the head of the household, employment status, gender, and age. it has been found that wealthier people are also more likely to use care by 8 percentage points than the poorest. moreover, workers who belong to households that require a high load of farm work are less likely to seek care by 7.5 percentage points than the non-workers of households with a low agricultural work requirement. barriers to healthcare and medicine the implementation and spread of healthcare and medicine in senegal is slow and faces barriers. some of the greatest barriers to health care utilization include lack of information, lack of communication, low number of health care workers, social and religious barriers, and overreliance on traditional medicine. according to a study done in 2017, 97.7% of households were not visiting a dentist annually. only 25% of households consult a dentist when in pain, compared to 37% using traditional medicine as their first response to oral illnesses; the study found that bigger households (> 5 members) tended to rely more on traditional medicine when facing oral pain. there is currently, there is a strong need for strategies to empower and better support the knowledge role of health coordinators and supervisors. additionally, the lack of access to current, relevant information by health professionals and decision-makers in senegal has been problematic. moreover, health workers desire information on ways to motivate men's involvement in reproductive health and to address rumors and religious barriers to family planning, which have hindered women's health care utilization. healthcare providers are trying to raise the awareness of the population on modern medicine and its implication. research has focused on the relationship between doctors and patients in senegal, and its impact on medical outcomes. an anthropological study seeking to identify barriers to an effective tb control in senegal showed that one of the main reasons why tb is underdiagnosed is because of poor-quality information given by healthcare providers to their patients. another study seeking for ways to improve adherence to tb treatment in the country showed that "improving patients counseling and communication, and reinforcement of supervision activities led to improvement in patient outcomes." thus, a good communication between doctors and patients is needed. researchers examine how the role and actions of patients impacts the quality of care they receive. after analyzing tb patients and the way healthcare providers consulted them, the study found that doctors were 27% more likely to diagnose the disease correctly when patients shared more information. healthcare providers should also be trained on how to present medicine to a person who has never been in contact with modern medicine. better health outcomes in senegal, research suggests, is obtained when the relationship between healthcare providers and patients is based on the sharing of information, care, and trust. this relationship will make patients more active during consultations and allow them to receive better treatments. some senegalese people, particularly in rural areas, face inadequate access to medicines and prescriptions. improving access to medicine is a priority in developing nations like senegal. in 2001, senegal had only 520 pharmacies (1 per 18,320 people) and 731 health centers (1 per 13,032 people). most of the population rely on traditional medicine without the use of modern drugs and access to medicine in senegal may be limited in three main areas: inadequate supply of drugs, including critical drugs missing in health centers and pharmacies; insufficient health infrastructures to cover needs of the entire population; and high costs of drugs, which are sometimes higher than the minimum price, which can be problematic for the poorest of the poor. disparities between rural and urban areas major disparities exist in health care access for those living in urban versus rural areas. approximately 70% of doctors and 80% of pharmacists and dentists are located in dakar, the capital city. however, only 42% of the senegalese population lives in urban areas, such as dakar, which means that few doctors are available to rural residents. of every 10,000 women who give birth, 24 will die in urban areas, but nearly 100 will die in rural areas. additionally, there are major disparities in children's nutrition in urban versus rural areas, with those in rural areas being more heavily disadvantaged. therefore, great attention may be placed on narrowing the gap between urban and rural healthcare access. narrowing the gap between rural and urban areas is done by training and attracting health professionals to remote areas. physicians, nurses, and midwives require special training on how to work with patients who have never been in contact with modern medicine and have not learned modern health-seeking behaviors. health workers would endure better and for longer periods in remote areas of the country if they were offered permanent contracts and better equipment. the "plan cobra" project was launched in 2006, and was a government effort to attract health professionals to underserved areas by hiring them under annual government contracts which offer them greater stability. research also suggest that annual contracts may not be as effective in the long run, because workers do not stay in those regions after the end of their contract. transportation to health facilities ambulance in agnam-goly, 2006 first local hospital ambulance with driver, ziguinchor, 1973 often, distance from health care facilities, rough roads, and improper means of transportation limit healthcare access in senegal. for 80.5% of households, the poorly equipped health post is the only accessible health facility in an average distance of 4.3 kilometers. the closest high-level provider (i.e. a hospital) is located, on average, 20& km away from the village of the household. the improvement in the accessibility of health facilities through better road quality and better means of transport will have a positive effect on health care utilization. because of extreme distances and environmental conditions, such as muddy roads, only 32% of rural households have regular access to a health center and thereby access to a medical doctor. there are two times more unpaved roads in senegal than there are paved roads. often, there is trouble with transportation and vehicles in that non-governmental organizations, or ngos, may not have a large enough fleet, or vehicles are inappropriate for terrain and dirt roads. some health centers have ambulances, but there is no plan for vehicle maintenance and replacement. additionally, there are issues with the transportation of sick, pregnant women; if ambulances are not available, horse-drawn trailers may also be effective. the most effective avenue is to improve the mobility of health care providers rather than solely focusing on improving the mobility of rural populations, which requires far less structural support and funding than does providing transportation for every household. maternal mortality midwife and birthing bed at an island in the sine saloum in senegal, 2006. maternal mortality rates in senegal remain high relative to those of more developed countries. in 2008, the world health organization estimated a maternal mortality rate of 450 deaths per 100,000 live births in senegal. maternal deaths are typically clustered around labor, delivery, and the immediate postpartum period. one of the most prevalent issues is the regional imbalance in the distribution of health personnel and health indicators, with a disproportionate burden of disease in eastern senegal. expanding coverage of healthcare workers present at birth, in particular midwifery care, can lessen delays, thus minimizing the risk of severe complications and even death. increased numbers of health workers in a given region is associated with improved outcomes in maternal mortality. additionally, extreme conservative practices and fundamentalism can limit dispersal of health personnel, especially that of midwives and other female health workers. women and structural changes in senegal, gender relations have been largely ignored in processes of decentralization and implementation of community management strategies. one of the key problems resulting in changes to the health sector is that elected officials and health sector personnel have failed to engage with women as potential leaders and participants in community health structures, instead viewing them in some cases as family health managers and targets of health education messages. as household health managers and primary consumers of public health care, women are intimately connected with realities of managing illness and seeking medical treatment. however, in spite of their marginalization, women are not completely passive in the face of disease. as an example, some women have created networks of service providers in the informal sector for the majority of health care needs in the region of pikine. women's health services and activism social opposition to women's rights and agency have, as some have argued, barred women from receiving necessary choice and capabilities in regard to family planning, abortions, and sexual health. health services targeted at women primarily concern childbearing. as a result, diseases like cancer or infertility, or those linked to menopause or violence, may be ignored. in senegal, a large number of health care providers believe unmarried women should not be given information on family planning methods. moreover, the senegalese government has in some cases failed to enforce international human rights treaties it has already signed, some of which protect women's health services and rights. also, women's groups in senegal have not made sexual health a priority, as some believe they should. approaching healthcare inadequacies community-based health insurance plans (cbhi) one of the major proposed solutions to solving issues within the realm of maternal health care is the inclusion of membership in community-based health insurance plans (cbhi). chbi schemes are voluntary, non-profit health insurance schemes organized and managed at the community level. in developing nations, cbhi plans are seen as a mechanism to meet health-financing needs of rural informal sector households. chbi has been incorporated into the national health financing strategy in senegal. cbhi increases facility-based maternal health services by reducing direct payments, thus facilitating timely use of healthcare. it is beneficial in guarding households against unpredictable and potentially catastrophic medical fees associated with pregnancy-related complications. it can also increase women's interaction with the formal health care sector through its coverage of non-maternal health services. the most important element is the inclusion of maternal health care in any cbhi benefits package, which makes the most significant difference. cbhi plans can increase the demand for and quality of maternal care though requiring certain standards in contracts with health facilities. however, membership in a cbhi scheme is not always sufficient in influencing maternal health behaviors. community health workers (chws) in senegal community health workers, or chws, act as a bridge between the health care delivery system and the community, and ensure that people receive adequate primary health care. during the coronavirus pandemic, these workers became a point of contact for many senegalese citizens with limited access to other healthcare professionals. chws are part of a larger goal to find appropriate strategies to improve the attraction and retention of health workers in remote and rural areas, which is particularly important in senegal. chws may also empower the community to identify its needs. in senegalese villages, chws are often unable to leave their home community for training and education, which has been a major obstacle for developing effective chw schemes. other obstacles include poor transportation, poverty, the need to run families, and the absence of an economic plan for chw training. in particular, village populations in senegal do not necessarily recognize in the chw the skills necessary for outreach activities. mental health the majority of senegal's healthcare budget goes to physical health needs; mental health remains an area of concern. the senegalese government spends 9% of its total health budget on mental health. senegal has no national mental health program, but mental health issues are prevalent. in 2005, nearly 17% of children had emotional, behavioral or neuropsychiatric disorders. additionally, 16% of adults had psychiatric illness. primary sources of mental health financing include, in descending order, private insurance, social insurance, out of pocket expenditures by patient or family, and taxes. mental health is part of primary health care system, with the treatment of severe mental disorders available at the primary level. ngos are involved with advocacy, prevention, treatment, and