thirdly, miscellaneous subjects, such as law, political economy and modern languages, which were not related to any systematic course of study at the time and depended for their continuance on the supply of occasional students. in 1833 the general course was reorganised leading to the award of the associate of king's college (akc), the first qualification issued by king's. the course, which concerns questions of ethics and theology, is still awarded today to students and staff who take an optional three-year course alongside their studies. the embankment terrace entrance to the strand campus overlooking the river thames, originally designed by sir william chambers, was completed by sir robert smirke in 1835 following a further appeal for funds in 1832, the river frontage was completed in april 1835 at a cost of £7,100, its completion a condition of king's college london securing the site from the crown. unlike those in the school, student numbers in the senior department remained almost stationary during king's first five years of existence. during this time the medical school was blighted by inefficiency and the divided loyalties of the staff leading to a steady decline in attendance. one of the most important appointments was that of charles wheatstone as professor of experimental philosophy. at this time, neither king's, nor "london university", had the ability to confer degrees, nor did the medical schools at the london hospitals. henry brougham, chairman of the governors of "london university", became lord chancellor in 1830, in which position he automatically became a governor of king's. "london university" applied for a royal charter in 1830 that would (unlike king's charter as a college) recognise it as a university, thus giving it the right to grant degrees. this charter was approved by the government lawyers, but blocked by oxford and cambridge before it could receive the great seal. the application was renewed in 1833 and debated by the privy council in 1834. king's did not join oxford, cambridge and the medical schools in objecting to the charter, but it was clear that if "london university" received degree awarding powers and official status as a university, the same would be expected for king's. however, before the issue could be resolved the whig government fell, removing brougham from office. in 1835, following a "prayer" to the king from the house of commons to grant "london university" their charter, the government announced that it would establish a separate examining board to grant degrees, with "london university" and king's both being affiliated colleges in arts and laws. this became the university of london in 1836, the former "london university" becoming university college, london (ucl). the governors at king's were offended at the exclusion of divinity from the syllabus of the university, and advised students to take the oxford or cambridge examinations. however, the power of the university to confer degrees marked a period of limited expansion at king's. in early 1836, bishop van mildert of durham died. the new bishop of durham was edward maltby, one of the founders of ucl and then bishop of chichester. william otter was appointed bishop of chichester in his place, leaving a vacancy as principal of king's that was filled by hugh james rose, who had been professor of divinity at durham. both maltby and otter were named to the senate of the new university of london in late 1836. maltby had resigned as preacher of lincoln's inn in 1835, his replacement there was john lonsdale, a member of king's college's council who had been offered, but refused, the post of principal at the foundation of the college. when rose's health failed in 1838, lonsdale stepped in as acting principal of king's, taking the job on a permanent basis in 1839 when news of rose's death in italy reached england. he held the post until 1843, when he was appointed bishop of lichfield. his successor as principal was richard william jelf, a canon of oxford cathedral, who held the post until 1868. in 1838, king's set up only the second engineering course in britain, which was (as the course established at durham closed after only a few years) the oldest department of engineering in the country until its closure in 2013. the study of english literature as a distinct subject was also pioneered by king's. also in 1838, the pluralities act was passed, making it illegal for church of england clergy to live outside of their parish. an exemption was, however, made for the "principal of king's college, london, during the time for which he may be required to reside and shall actually reside therein", allowing the principal to hold a benefice elsewhere yet reside in the college. mid 19th century development in 1839, the first degrees of the university of london were awarded to king's and ucl students. the principal, john lonsdale, stated publicly at the college prizegiving that year that "it was probable that the greater number of pupils educated in king's college for the three learned professions might proceed from that place to the universities of oxford and cambridge, and that therefore it would not be a matter of surprise of but a few degrees were conferred by the london university upon their pupils". throughout the 19th century, the calendar of king's college listed "university distinctions" gained at oxford and cambridge (and later durham) before those gained at london. by 1845, king's had reached an agreement with the university of edinburgh whereby medical students could spend three of the four years necessary for the degree of md at the college, only having to pass one year in residence in edinburgh. in 1840, king's opened its own hospital on portugal street near lincoln's inn fields, an area composed of overcrowded rookeries characterised by poverty and disease. the governance of king's college hospital was later transferred to the corporation of the hospital established by the king's college hospital act 1851, and eventually moved to new premises in denmark hill, camberwell in 1913. the appointment in 1877 of joseph lister as professor of clinical surgery greatly benefited the medical school, and the introduction of lister's antiseptic surgical methods gained the hospital an international reputation. in 1845, the military department was established following the identification of a need for more educated officers, the army being "the only profession excluded from collegiate advantages". the department was advertised as "intended for the benefit of the numerous class of gentlemen who may be expecting commissions in the army, or direct appointments in the honourable east india company's service". king's established a theological department to train anglican priests in 1846, predating those at oxford or cambridge. this recognised degrees from oxford, cambridge and durham, and the akc, but did not recognise london degrees. the theological akc, awarded by the king's theological department until 1976, was from 1862 marked by a silk hood lined with mauve silk by special permission of the archbishop of canterbury (john sumner). this was very similar to the durham ma hood, leading to protests. following representations to the archbishop of canterbury (edward white benson) in 1884 by the durham university association, the hood was revised to conform with the pattern approved for theological colleges, with the change backdated to 1882. the new hood was poplin, rather than silk, with a 1-inch edging of mauve silk, rather than fully lined. in 1851 f. d. maurice, professor of theology and of english literature and history at king's, was accused of heterodoxy over his support of christian socialism. jelfs suggested he should resign his professorships, but accepted maurice's denial of some of the charges. with lonsdale supporting maurice, committee of investigation found in his favour. in 1853, maurice published his theological essays, and once again was placed under investigation. this time, with lonsdale having failed to receive an invitation to attend the meeting, council agreed with blomfield's motion that "the continuance of professor maurice's connection with the college … would be seriously detrimental to its usefulness". maurice asked the council to say which of the 39 articles his teaching contradicted, bit they declined to answer and he was forced to leave immediately, without completing the courses he was then teaching. lonsdale was very critical of the proceedings, saying there was no authority for the council's condemnation of maurice as heretical, and maurice's treatment was regarded by many as "a gross injustice". in 1855, king's pioneered evening classes in london. that king's granted students at the evening classes certificates of college attendance to enable them to sit university of london degree exams was cited as an example of the worthlessness of these certificates in the decision by the university of london to end the affiliated colleges system in 1858 and open their examinations to everyone. the controversy over the hoods did not stop the theological department becoming affiliated to durham university in 1876, allowing holders of the theological akc to take durham bas with only a year of residence in durham. this and the addition of evening classes to the theological department enabled it to recover from only 24 students in 1876 to 79 in 1881, overtaking the general department, which fell to 39 students in 1884. government funding in 1874 the fifth report of the royal commission on scientific instruction and the advancement of science found that the pay for teaching staff at king's was inadequate and that the main obstacle to figure success was "that it is so extremely poor". the commissioners concluded that " have established a claim to the aid of government that ought to be admitted", recommending that both colleges should receive an annual grant to cover their running costs and capital grants to cover buildings and equipment. they also recommended that before king's received such a grant, the college should apply for a new charter or an act of parliament to remove the proprietary rights of the shareholders and to remove religious restrictions on professors of science and on privileges granted to students. in 1882 the king's college london act amended the constitution. the act removed the proprietorial nature of the college, changing the name of the corporation from "the governors and proprietors of king's college london" to "king's college london" and annulling the 1829 charter (although the college remained incorporated under that charter). the act also changing the college from a (technically) for-profit corporation to a non-profit one (no dividends had ever been paid in over 50 years of operation) and extended the objects of king's to include the education of women. the ladies' department of king's college london was opened in kensington square in 1885, which later in 1902 became king's college women's department.. the 1882 act did not, however, remove the religious restrictions on the staff, as recommended by the royal commission. despite this, in 1889 king's became one of 11 university colleges to be awarded funding through the "grant to university colleges in great britain". king's received £1,700, the same as ucl and more than any other institution except owens college, manchester. reform of the university of london in 1884, king's allied with ucl and the london medical schools to launch the association for promotion of a teaching university for london. after attempts to reform the university of london failed, the idea was proposed that king's, ucl and the medical schools would join to form a federal university, to be known as the albert university. a royal commission was established in 1888 to look into the matter. this reported in 1889, recommending reform of the university of london, with a minority report favouring the granting of a charter to the albert university. it was agreed that if reform of the existing university failed, the new university should be established. a complicated scheme for reform of the university was drawn up in 1891 but was rejected by convocation, leading to a renewal of the petition to form the albert university. this was approved by the privy council later in 1891 and was (in accordance with an 1871 law) laid in the houses of parliament for comment, with the name now changed to the gresham university after gresham college joined the scheme. in response to opposition to the charter, a second royal commission was established in 1892. the new commission recommended another attempt at reform of the university of london rather than establishment of a new