remain resistant to the various anticonvulsants, a patient most likely will be considered for epilepsy surgery. but, while performing it, there is the need for identifying or pinpointing the exact location of the seizure in the brain. this, in recent times have been aided by some of the modern techniques such as, siscom i.e., subtraction ictal spect co registered to mri, spect i.e. single-photon emission computerized tomography, brain mapping performed before the surgery and functional mri (fmri), especially for the language area mapping. surgeries include, a frontal lobectomy. this procedure involves the removal of focal regions of the frontal lobes that have been identified as being problematic for the patient. it has been found that around 30% to 50% of patients that undergo a frontal lobectomy will forever be free from seizures that cause a loss of consciousness or cause abnormal movements. however, frontal lobectomy and mcd contribute to lower seizure controls. but, in children with conditions like sturge–weber syndrome (sws) or tumors, there is report of greater seizure control rates. if on the other hand, the seizures occur in an area that is too vital to remove (such as areas that control motor, sensory or language functions), then the surgeon will perform a procedure known as a multiple subpial transection. this procedure involves making a series of cuts that surround the focal region where the seizures have originated. by making cuts surrounding the focal region, the surgeon is able to isolate that specific section of the brain and prevent electrical impulses from being able to travel horizontally to other areas of the brain. neuromodulation vagus nerve stimulation (vns) is a procedure that can be performed to help prevent the reoccurrence of frontal lobe seizures. it involves the implanting of a stimulator on the vagus nerve. the stimulator is a device that is inserted directly under the skin, and can be controlled directly by the user. when the onset of an aura is felt, the stimulator can be activated which provides stimulation to the left vagus nerve (the left vagus nerve is used because the right nerve plays a role in cardiac function). although little is understood about the exact mechanism for vagal nerve stimulation, it has been proven to be a successful treatment that can often terminate seizures before they begin. it has the potential of being helpful in patients with resistance to medications. deep brain stimulation (dbs) is another procedure that can be used that utilizes a mechanism similar to that of a cardiac pacemaker. the electrode is implanted into the brain, while a neuro-stimulator machine is placed beneath the skin of the chest. the stimulator sends an indication to the electrode in the brain to prevent any signal that may trigger a seizure. surgeries have been used as a treatment for fle, however, meta-analyses have shown that proper etiological studies are important to give best postoperative results, with children <3 years of age showing pathology and location of the surgery as important factors. it also showed the malformation of cortical development (mcd) induced fle traced down to worst postoperative conditions, hence, poor accuracy and efficacy. diet the use of a ketogenic diet is recommended for those with intractable epilepsy. a ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet recommended to be followed when appropriate, along with prescribed anticonvulsants. this diet was designed in order to mimic many of the effects that starvation has on the metabolic functioning of the body. by limiting the amount of carbohydrates and increasing the amount of exogenous fats available to the metabolism, the body will create an excess of water-soluble compounds known as ketone bodies. although the mechanism of action is still unknown, it is believed that these excessive amounts of ketone bodies become the brain's main source of energy and in turn are able to suppress the frequency of seizure occurrence. epidemiology epilepsy is a relatively common disorder, affecting between 0.5-1% of the population, and frontal lobe epilepsy accounts for about 1-2% of all epilepsies. the most common subdivision of epilepsy is symptomatic partial epilepsy, which causes simple partial seizures, and can be further divided into temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy. although the exact number of cases of frontal lobe epilepsy is not currently known, it is known that fle is the less common type of partial epilepsy, accounting for 20-30% of operative procedures involving intractable epilepsy. patients with medically refractive epilepsy, over a fraction of one-fourth have been diagnosed with fle, only one-third of which have been found to get relief from seizures by surgical interventions. the disorder also has no gender or age bias, affecting males and females of all ages. in a recent study, the mean subject age with frontal lobe epilepsy was 28.5 years old, and the average age of epilepsy onset for left frontal epilepsy was 9.3 years old whereas for right frontal epilepsy it was 11.1 years old. research over the past decade or so, researchers have been attempting to discover less invasive, safer and more efficient technologies that enable surgeons to remove epileptogenic focal zones without causing any damage to neighboring cortical areas. one such technology that has emerged and has great promise, is the use of gamma knife radiosurgery to either excise a brain tumor or repair a vascular malformation. in gamma knife radiosurgery, intersecting gamma radiation beams are applied directly to the tumor site or vascular malformation site that had been established using neuroimaging. although each beam itself is not strong enough to damage brain tissue, when the beams intersect they are strong enough to destroy the specific brain tissue that is to be excised. this process is extremely efficient and entirely non-invasive and is therefore much safer than actual neurosurgery itself. recently researchers and surgeons alike have begun to use gamma knife radiosurgery to treat cases of epilepsy by removing tumors responsible for causing the seizures. the early success rates in being able to alleviate seizures seem to be similar to those of temporal resective surgery however gamma knife radiosurgery has less associated risk factors. current research on this topic is aimed at improving the technique in order to increase success rates as well as developing non-invasive forms of physiologic monitoring in order to determine the epileptogenic focus conclusively. another way of understanding or studying fle, highly under study is the network approach. when conventional imaging does not show the structural lesions, high frequency oscillation (hfo) analysis shows the pathophysiology, locally at the neural circuit level. genetic analysis along with neuroimaging like fmri, eeg, meg, and in-depth semiological analysis, aids in the network approach study of fle, both at micro and macro levels, giving it a comprehensive view.