cameras placed beside each other two metres behind the participant's head. the image from the left video camera is presented on the left-eye display and the image from the right camera on the right-eye display. the participant sees these as one "stereoscopic" (3d) image, so they see their own back displayed from the perspective of someone sitting behind them. the researcher then stands just beside the participant (in their view) and uses two plastic rods to simultaneously touch the participant's actual chest out-of-view and the chest of the illusory body, moving this second rod towards where the illusory chest would be located, just below the camera's view. the participants confirmed that they had experienced sitting behind their physical body and looking at it from that location. both critics and the experimenter himself note that the study fell short of replicating "full-blown" obes. as with previous experiments which induced sensations of floating outside of the body, ehrsson's work does not explain how a brain malfunction might cause an obe. essentially, ehrsson created an illusion that fits a definition of an obe in which "a person who is awake sees his or her body from a location outside the physical body." awareness during resuscitation study in 2001, sam parnia and colleagues investigated out of body claims by placing figures on suspended boards facing the ceiling, not visible from the floor. parnia wrote "anybody who claimed to have left their body and be near the ceiling during resuscitation attempts would be expected to identify those targets. if, however, such perceptions are psychological, then one would obviously not expect the targets to be identified." the philosopher keith augustine, who examined parnia's study, has written that all target identification experiments have produced negative results. psychologist chris french wrote regarding the study "unfortunately, and somewhat atypically, none of the survivors in this sample experienced an obe." in the autumn of 2008, 25 uk and us hospitals began participation in a study, coordinated by sam parnia and southampton university known as the aware study (awareness during resuscitation). following on from the work of pim van lommel in the netherlands, the study aims to examine near-death experiences in 1,500 cardiac arrest survivors and so determine whether people without a heartbeat or brain activity can have documentable out-of-body experiences. as part of the study parnia and colleagues have investigated out of body claims by using hidden targets placed on shelves that could only be seen from above. parnia has written "if no one sees the pictures, it shows these experiences are illusions or false memories". in 2014 parnia issued a statement indicating that the first phase of the project has been completed and the results are undergoing peer review for publication in a medical journal. no subjects saw the images mounted out of sight according to parnia's early report of the results of the study at an american heart association meeting in november 2013. only two out of the 152 patients reported any visual experiences, and one of them described events that could be verified (as the other one's condition worsened before the detailed interview). the two ndes occurred in an area where "no visual targets had been placed". on october 6, 2014, the results of the study were published in the journal resuscitation. less than 20% of cardiac arrest patients were able to be interviewed, as most of them died or were too sick even after successful resuscitation. among those who reported a perception of awareness and completed further interviews, 46% experienced a broad range of mental recollections in relation to death that were not compatible with the commonly used term of ndes. these included fearful and persecutory experiences. only 9% had experiences compatible with ndes and 2% exhibited full awareness compatible with obes with explicit recall of 'seeing' and 'hearing' events. one case was validated and timed using auditory stimuli during cardiac arrest. according to caroline watt "the one 'verifiable period of conscious awareness' that parnia was able to report did not relate to this objective test. rather, it was a patient giving a supposedly accurate report of events during his resuscitation. he didn't identify the pictures, he described the defibrillator machine noise. but that's not very impressive since many people know what goes on in an emergency room setting from seeing recreations on television." however, it was impossible for him to describe any hidden targets, as there were none in the room where his obe occurred, and the rest of his description was also very precise, including the description and later correct identification of a doctor who took part in his resuscitation. aware study ii as of may 2016, a posting at the uk clinical trials gateway website describes plans for aware ii, a two-year multicenter observational study of 900-1500 patients experiencing cardiac arrest, with subjects being recruited starting on 1 august 2014 and that the scheduled end date was 31 may 2017. the study was extended, continuing until 2020. smith & messier in 2014, a functional imaging study reported the case of a woman who could experience out of body experience at will. she reported developing the ability as a child and associated it with difficulties in falling sleep. her obes continued into adulthood but became less frequent. she was able to see herself rotating in the air above her body, lying flat, and rolling in the horizontal plane. she reported sometimes watching herself move from above but remained aware of her unmoving "real" body. the participant reported no particular emotions linked to the experience. "he brain functional changes associated with the reported extra-corporeal experience (ece) were different than those observed in motor imagery. activations were mainly left-sided and involved the left supplementary motor area and supramarginal and posterior superior temporal gyri, the last two overlapping with the temporal parietal junction that has been associated with out-of-body experiences. the cerebellum also showed activation that is consistent with the participant's report of the impression of movement during the ece. there was also left middle and superior orbital frontal gyri activity, regions often associated with action monitoring." obe training and research facilities the monroe institute's nancy penn center is a facility specializing in out-of-body experience induction. the center for higher studies of the consciousness in brazil is another large obe training facility. olaf blanke's laboratory of cognitive neuroscience has become a well-known laboratory for obe research.