comparison of md and do in the united states comparison of md and do in the united states most physicians in the united states hold either the doctor of medicine degree (md) or the doctor of osteopathic medicine degree (do). institutions awarding the md are accredited by the liaison committee on medical education (lcme). institutions awarding the do are accredited by the commission on osteopathic college accreditation (coca). the world directory of medical schools lists both lcme accredited md programs and coca accredited do programs as us medical schools. foreign-trained osteopaths do not hold do degrees and are not recognized as physicians in the united states or in other jurisdictions. osteopathic medicine in the united states andrew taylor still (founder) doctor of osteopathic medicine (do) medicine us medical education schools physicians osteopathic manipulative medicine aoa aacom aao comlex md & do comparison specialty colleges aoa bos the curriculum and coursework at md- and do-granting schools is virtually indistinguishable other than the addition of osteopathic manipulative medicine (omm), which is taught at do-granting schools only. one omm practice, cranial therapy, has received criticism regarding its efficacy and therapeutic value. both md and do degree holders must complete graduate medical education (gme) via residency and optional fellowship in any medical specialty of choice after medical school in order to practice medicine and surgery in the united states. since 2020, all do and md graduates complete gme training at a program approved by the accreditation council for graduate medical education (acgme). before 2020, practicing physicians holding the do could have completed gme training at a program approved by either the american osteopathic association (aoa) or acgme. historically aoa-approved gme programs either gained approval by the acgme or were dissolved with the 2020 merger between the aoa and the acgme. physicians who bear an md or do can be licensed to practice medicine and surgery in all states. the history of the md and do degrees differ significantly. history and background while md schools have followed the development of society, osteopathic medicine is a more recent development. the first md school in the united states opened in 1807 in new york. in 1845, the american medical association was formed, and standards were put into place, with a three-year program including lectures, dissection, and hospital experience. in 1892, frontier physician andrew taylor still founded the american school of osteopathy (now a.t. still university) in kirksville, missouri, as a protest against the present medical system. still believed that the conventional medical system lacked credible efficacy, was morally corrupt, and treated effects rather than causes of disease. throughout the 1900s, dos gained practice rights and government recognition. the first state to pass regulations allowing dos medical practice rights was california in 1901, the last was nebraska in 1989. up through the 1960s, osteopathic medicine was labeled a cult by the american medical association, and collaboration by physicians with osteopathic practitioners was considered to be unethical. the american medical association's current definition of a physician is "an individual who has received a 'doctor of medicine' or a 'doctor of osteopathic medicine' degree or an equivalent degree following successful completion of a prescribed course of study from a school of medicine or osteopathic medicine." in a 2005 editorial about mitigating the impending shortage of physicians in the united states, jordan cohen, md, then-president of the association of american medical colleges (aamc) stated: after more than a century of often bitterly contentious relationships between the osteopathic and allopathic medical professions, we now find ourselves living at a time when osteopathic and allopathic graduates are both sought after by many of the same residency programs; are in most instances both licensed by the same licensing boards; are both privileged by many of the same hospitals; and are found in appreciable numbers on the faculties of each other's medical schools. demographics medical training of the 860,917 physicians actively practicing in the united states in 2015, 67.1% hold an md degree granted in the u.s., 24.3% are international medical graduates, and 7.6% hold a do degree. the percentage of physicians that hold a do degree varies by specialty, with the greatest representation in family medicine/general practice (16.5% of general practitioners), physical medicine & rehabilitation (13.8%), and emergency medicine (11.2%). img physicians are more likely to enter primary care specialties than us md physicians. as of 2007, img physicians represented 36% of internal medicine physicians, 29% of anesthesiologists, 31.4% of psychiatrists, 28% of pediatricians, 17.8% of family physicians, 17.8% of ob/gyns, 18.8% of radiologists and 20% of general surgeons. as of 2015, 9.0% of residents and fellows in medical training programs accredited by the accreditation council for graduate medical education (acgme), which accredits all md residency programs, hold a do degree. 65.1% of the 19,302 do graduates enrolled in post-doctoral training are in acgme-accredited programs, with the remainder in aoa programs. since 2020, the acgme accredits all residency programs in the united states for both mds and dos. trends there are significantly more mds than dos. however, the number of dos is increasing at a rate faster than mds. a 2012 survey of students applying to both u.s. md and do schools found that 9% of applicants were admitted only to an md school, 46% were admitted only to a do school, 26% were admitted to both, and 19% were not admitted to any medical schools. geographic location was the top reason given by both do and md students for choosing the school in which they enrolled. of first-year medical students matriculating in 2016, 25.9% (7,369 students) entered us-do schools and 74.1% (21,030 students) entered us-md schools. the association of american medical colleges projects that from 2016 to 2021, first-year do student enrollment will increase by 19.4% versus a 5.7% increase in md students. between 1980 and 2005, the annual number of new mds remained stable at around 16,000. during the same period, the number of new dos increased by more than 150% (from about 1,000 to about 2,800). the number of new mds per 100,000 people fell from 7.5 to 5.6, while the number of new dos per 100,000 rose from 0.4 to 0.8. geographic distribution the geographic distribution of md and do physicians is not uniform. as of 2012, the states with the greatest ratio of active physicians holding a do degree versus active physicians holding an md degree were oklahoma (20.7% of physicians), iowa, michigan, maine, and west virginia. during that same year, the states with the greatest ratio of active physicians holding an md degree versus a do degree were louisiana, washington, d.c., massachusetts, maryland, and connecticut. the states with the greatest per capita number of md physicians are washington, d.c., massachusetts, maryland, new york, and connecticut. the sex and racial distribution of dos and mds are similar. research and scholarly activity while the number of md students and md schools is significantly greater than the number of do students and do schools, md schools have applied for and received 800 times more funding for scientific and clinical research from the national institutes of health than do schools. in 2011, do schools ranked last out of 17 types of educational institutions, including veterinary medicine, optometry, social work, and dentistry. in 2014, an article in the journal of the american osteopathic association stated that research from osteopathic schools amounted to "fewer than 15 publications per year per school, and more than a quarter of these publications had never been cited. clearly, scholarly contributions from osteopathic medical schools are unacceptably low in both quantity and quality." about sixteen percent of img md physicians hold academic positions, whereas eighty percent practice medicine in community settings. cultural differences patient interactions several studies have investigated whether there is a difference in the approach to patients by mds and dos. a study of patient visits to general and family medicine physicians in the u.s., including 277 million visits to mds and 65 million visits to dos, found that there was no significant difference between dos and mds with regard to time spent with patients and preventive medicine services. the study of approximately 341 million healthcare visits founds that there was no difference on the rate that doctors provided to patients diet or nutrition counseling, weight reduction counseling, exercise counseling, tobacco use or exposure counseling, and mental health or stress reduction counseling. some authors describe subjective distinctions in patient interactions, but avery hurt writes, "in actual practice, the variations between the two types of physicians are often so slight as to be unnoticeable to patients, and a day in the life of each can appear indistinguishable. the differences are there—subtle, but deep." self-characterization and identification a study published by the journal of general internal medicine found significant differences in the attitudes of dos and mds. the study found that 40.1% of md students and physicians described themselves as "socioemotionally" oriented over "technoscientific" orientation. in comparison, 63.8% of their do counterparts self-identified as socioemotional. one study of dos attempted to investigate their perceptions of differences in philosophy and practice between themselves and their md counterparts: "59 percent of the respondents believed they practiced differently from allopathic physicians, and 72 percent of the follow-up responses indicated that the osteopathic approach to treatment was a primary distinguishing feature, mainly incorporating the application of omt, a caring doctor–patient relationship, and a hands-on style." as the training of dos and mds became less distinct, some expressed concern that the unique characteristics of osteopathic medicine would be lost. others welcomed the rapprochement and already considered modern medicine to be the type of medicine practiced by both "md and do type doctors". one persistent difference is the respective acceptance of the terms "allopathic" and "osteopathic." do medical schools and organizations all include the word osteopathic in their names, and such groups actively promote an "osteopathic approach" to medicine. while "osteopathy" was a term used by its founder at still in the 19th century to describe his new philosophy of medicine, "allopathic medicine" was originally a derogatory term coined by samuel hahnemann to contrast the conventional medicine of his day with his alternative system of homeopathic medicine. some authors argue that the terms "osteopathic" and "allopathic" should be dropped altogether, since their original meanings bear little relevance to the current practice of modern medicine. medical education and training medical schools the liaison committee on medical education (lcme) accredits the 144 u.s. medical schools that award the md degree, while the american osteopathic association (aoa)'s commission on osteopathic college accreditation (coca) accredits the 38 osteopathic medical schools that award the do degree. osteopathic medical schools tend to be affiliated with smaller universities. michigan state university, rowan university, and nova southeastern university offer both md and do accredited programs. in 2009, kansas city university proposed starting a dual md/do program in addition to the existing do program, and the university of north texas explored the possibility of starting an md program that would be offered alongside the do program. both proposals were met with controversy. proponents argued that adding an md program would lead to the creation of more local residency programs and improve the university's ability to acquire research funding and state funding, while opponents wanted to protect the discipline of osteopathy. 61% of graduating seniors at osteopathic medical schools evaluated that over half of their required in-hospital training was delivered by md physicians. overall, osteopathic medical schools have more modest research programs compared to md schools, and fewer do schools are part of universities that own a hospital. osteopathic medical schools tend to have a stronger focus on primary care medicine than md schools. do schools have developed various strategies to encourage their graduates to pursue primary care, such as offering accelerated three-year programs for primary care, focusing clinical education in community health centers, and selecting rural or under-served urban areas for the location of new campuses.