orange colonies p. atrinae wp2, kacc 17473, jcm 19202 30.4 rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile. form circular, convex, yellow-orange colonies. p. butkevichii kmm 3938, kctc 12100, ccug 48005 32.4 rod-shaped, mesophillic cells. p. dokdonensis dsw-5, dsm 17204, kctc 12392 30.0 straight or curved rod-shaped. form smooth, convex, orange colonies. p. filamentus 215, atcc 700397, cip 106479 32.0 filamentous or rod-shaped. form gas vesicles. form orange, flat-convex colonies. p. franzmannii 301, atcc 700399, cip 106480. 32.5 filamentous or rod-shaped. psychrophilic or psychrotolerant. form gas vesicles. p. gangjinensis k17-16, jcm 16152, kctc 22729 34.6 gliding motility. mesophillic. form smooth, convex, and circular colonies. p. glomeratus atcc 43844, cip 103112, lmg 13858 33.0 curved or coiled. psychrophilic or psychrotolerant. p. haliotis ra4-7, kctc 52418, nbrc 112383 29.9 ovoid or rod-shaped. form smooth, glistening, convex, and light yellow colonies. p. huanghezhanensis sm1202, cctcc ab 2013148, kctc 32516 36.4 rod-shaped. form glistening, circular, and orange colonies. p. insulae oitf-22, kctc 52658, nbrc 112706 32.3 ovoid or rod-shaped. form smooth, glistening, circular, and light orange-yellow colonies. p. irgensii 23-p, atcc 700398, cip 106478 34.5 filamentous or rod-shaped. form gas vescicles. psychrophilic or psychrotolerant. form translucent, circular, and orange colonies. p. lacunae hmf2268, kctc 42191, cect 8862 34.3 rod-shaped. form smooth, circular, and yellow colonies. p. litorisediminis oitf-11, kctc 52500, nbrc 112457 32.2 filamentous, ovoid, or rod-shaped. form smooth, glistening, circular, and light orange-yellow colonies. p. marinaquae rzw3-2, jcm 30825, kctc 42664, mccc1k00696 30.5 rod-shaped. form circular, convex, and yellow colonies. p. marinivivus gysw-15, cect 8655, kctc 42156 31.2 rod-shaped. form smooth, glistening, circular, and yellow colonies. p. pacificus hra130-1, kctc 52370, mccc 1k03199, jcm31460, cgmcc 1.15763 35.9 rod-shaped. form circular, nontransparent, and yellow colonies. p. porphyrae lnm-20, lmg 26671, nbrc 108759 28.6 rod-shaped with pointy ends. lack gas vesicles and polar flagella. form circular, convex, and pale yellow colonies. p. reichenbachii 6alg 8, kctc 23969, lmg 26443 29.1–29.5 rod-shaped. form shiny, circular, and yellow colonies. p. sejongensis kopri 21160, kctc 23670, jcm 18092 29.8 rod-shaped. form circular, convex, and light yellow colonies. p. septentrionalilitoris anord1, dsm 110039, ncimb 15081, mtcc 12685 30.6 cocci or rod-shaped. form translucent, circular, and bright yellow colonies. p. staleyi 10alg 139, kctc 5277, kmm 6729 31.8 rod-shaped. form shiny, circular, and yellow colonies. p. tangerinus s2-14, kctc 52275, mccc 1h00163 31.2 ovoid or rod-shaped. form smooth, circular, and orange colonies. p. undariae w-ba7, kctc 42175, cect 8670 31.9 ovoid or rod-shapted. form smooth, glistening, circular, and pale yellow colonies. p. vadi lpb0003, kacc 18704, jcm 31217 29.6 curved and rod-shaped. form circular, convex, and yellow colonies. viral pathogens phylogenetic tree of different viruses infecting flavobacteriia. siphoviruses of class caudoviricetes infecting polari­bacter strains: species incheonv­irus p12002l (polari­bacter phage p12002l, a) and species incheon­virus p12002s (polari­bacter phage p12002s, b). capsids are round and dark, tails can be seen extending out from the capsids. only two species of lytic phage are known to infect members of this genus, and both have double stranded dna with virions that include isometric heads and non-contractile tails (class caudoviricetes, morphotype: siphoviruses). viral lysis has been implicated as a major driver of changes in genus-level composition of microbial communities. applications/uses cold water enzymes contained in psychrophilic bacteria like polaribacter are valuable for biotechnology applications since they do not require high temperatures that may other enzyme systems do. psychrophilic enzymes polaribacter is a psychrophilic bacterium that lends itself to a variety of applications in both academic and industrial settings. these cold dwelling bacteria are an abundant source of psychrophilic enzymes which have an interesting ability to retain higher catalytic activity at temperatures below 25 °c. this is due to the highly malleable nature of these enzymes as this allows for better substrate - active site binding at colder temperatures. this is important as enzymes that operate at lower temperatures not only make the industrial processes more efficient, but they also minimize the chance of side reactions occurring. more of the substrate can directly be converted into the desired product all the while requiring less energy to do so. psychrophilic enzymes can also aid with heat labile or volatile compounds, allowing reactions to occur without significant product loss. another unique application for these enzymes is the ability to be inhibited without the need of external reagents. usually to stop enzyme activity, chemical inhibitors are required which then require subsequent purification steps. with psychrophilic enzymes you can add slight heat to prevent any further reaction from occurring. psychrophilic proteases derived from polaribacter can be added to detergents allowing the washing of fabric at room temperature. an example of this is the enzyme carrageenase, which has been shown to have anti-tumor, antiviral, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. however, carrageenase isolated from bacteria has historically had low enzyme activity and poor stability. recently researchers have isolated and cloned the carrageenase gene from the polaribacter sp. njdz03, which shows better thermostability, and the ability to be active at lower temperatures, making it a better choice for industrial uses. exopolysaccharide eps is a secreted exopolysaccharide which protects the cells, stabilizes membranes, and serve and carbon stores. most eps is similar but it is found that in extremophiles, the composition may be distinct. specifically in polaribacter sp. sm1127, where the eps has antioxidant activity and has shown to protect human fibroblast cells at lower temperatures. studies by sun et al. were done to determine whether this can be utilized to protect and repair damage caused by frostbite. it was found that polaribacter derived eps helps facilitate the dermal fibroblast cell movement to the site of injury. this not only promotes healing during frostbite injury but other cutaneous wounds as well/