forces in the crimea, where forced labour, including child labour, was used to harvest tobacco. forced labour was used in cigarette manufacture, with prison camps set up at some locations. more cigarettes were made with less tobacco, to stretch the supply. demand was also controlled; "undeserving" groups were forbidden to enter tobacconists, and later from buying tobacco. an ordinance enacted on 3 november 1941 raised tobacco taxes by approximately 80–95% of the retail price. it would be the highest rise in tobacco taxes in germany until more than 25 years after the collapse of the nazi regime. by 1941, tobacco taxes made up about a twelfth of state income, and antismoking efforts were being discouraged. despite these efforts, in 1942 there was a shortage of tobacco, and 2/3 of all german tobacco factories were shut down, some to be converted into armaments factories. tobacco went on the ration: smokers were not allowed to buy more than a limited amount. cigarette consumption stopped rising rapidly and fell rapidly, although the number of smokers continued to rise. effectiveness the early anti-smoking campaign was considered a failure, and from 1933 to 1937 there was a rapid increase in tobacco consumption in germany. the rate of smoking in the nation increased faster even than in neighboring france, where the anti-tobacco movement was tiny and far less influential. between 1932 and 1939, per capita cigarette consumption in germany increased from 570 to 900 per year, while the corresponding numbers for france were from 570 to 630. after 1938, the war prevented the publication of sales figures. tobacco consumption rose until 1942, when tobacco went on the ration, due to supply shortages. the number of smokers continued to rise, but smokers could not buy as many cigarettes, so total tobacco consumption fell. free and subsidized branded cigarettes were distributed to soldiers on both sides during world war ii, as part of rations. smoking rates rose more rapidly during war than in peacetime, including among women. serving in the military, participating in military deployments, and physical and mental disability all make people more likely to smoke. generally, people who are already stressed, anxious, depressed, or otherwise suffering from poor moods become addicted more easily and find quitting more difficult. this is thought to be because nicotine withdrawal worsens mood in smokers, with a nicotine hit briefly bringing mood back to baseline; if, due to pre-existing mood problems, the baseline is lower, then the withdrawal is worse still. cigarette consumption per capitaper year in germany & the us year 1930 1935 1940 1944 germany4905101,022743 united states1,4851,5641,9763,039 smoking was common in the wehrmacht; a 1944 survey found that 87% of servicemen smoked. 10% of servicemen had begun smoking while in the military, and only seven servicemen of the thousand surveyed (0.7%) had given it up. however, as in the general population, the number of smokers rose while the number of cigarettes smoked fell. as a result of the anti-tobacco measures implemented in the wehrmacht (supply restriction, taxes, and propaganda), the total tobacco consumption by soldiers decreased between 1939 and 1945. average tobacco consumption per person among military personnel declined by 23.4% compared to the immediate pre-world war ii years. the number of servicemen who smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day (well above the theoretical maximum military ration of 7.7 cigarettes per day) declined from 4.4% to 0.3%. association with antisemitism and racism apart from public health concerns, the nazis were heavily influenced by ideology; specifically, the movement was influenced by concepts of "racial hygiene" and bodily purity. some nazi leaders believed that it was wrong for the "master race" to smoke and that tobacco consumption was equal to "racial degeneracy". tobacco-caused infertility and hereditary damage (described in now-obsolete terms as "corrupt" of the "germ plasm") were considered problematic by the nazis on the grounds that they harmed german "racial hygiene". nazi anti-tobacco activists often tried to depict tobacco as a vice of "the degenerate negroes". the nazis claimed that jews were responsible for introducing tobacco and its harmful effects. the seventh-day adventist church in germany announced that smoking was an unhealthy vice spread by jews. during the opening ceremony of the aforementioned wissenschaftliches institut zur erforschung der tabakgefahren in 1941, johann von leers, editor of the nordische welt (nordic world), proclaimed that "jewish capitalism" was responsible for the spread of tobacco use across europe. he said that the first tobacco on german soil was brought by the jews and that they controlled the tobacco industry in amsterdam, the principal european entry point of nicotiana. after world war ii at the end of wwii, a dutch child celebrates liberation by smoking a cigarette after the collapse of nazi germany at the end of world war ii, illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent, and the anti-smoking campaign started by the nazis ceased to exist. in 1949, approximately 400 million cigarettes manufactured in the united states entered germany illegally every month. in 1954, nearly two billion swiss cigarettes were smuggled into germany and italy. as part of the marshall plan, the united states paid to send tobacco to germany free of charge; the amount of tobacco shipped into germany in 1948 was 24,000 tons and was as high as 69,000 tons in 1949. post-war consumption in germany remained initially low, due to poverty. as this poverty gave way to the wirtschaftswunder, per capita yearly cigarette consumption in post-war germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. nazi-related rhetoric associating anti-smoking measures with fascism has been fairly widely used in nicotine marketing (except in germany, where such comparisons have brought strong reactions). historical research has been quoted in a selective manner, which has been criticized by the quoted historians. in the early 21st century, this nazi rhetoric may be being supplanted by taliban-related rhetoric associating anti-smoking measures with theocracy. it has been argued that the nazi anti-tobacco campaigns delayed effective nicotine addiction reduction measures by decades. at the end of the 20th century, the anti-tobacco campaign in germany was unable to approach the level of the nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41, and german tobacco health research was described by robert n. proctor as "muted". modern germany has some of europe's least restrictive tobacco control policies, and more germans both smoke and die of it in consequence, which also leads to higher public health costs.