sex hormones of an organism. in the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells, and in the male the reproductive cells are the sperm. the male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa. the female gonad, the ovary, produces egg cells. both of these gametes are haploid cells. some hermaphroditic animals have a type of gonad called an ovotestis. gout – is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint. pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensity in less than 12 hours. the joint at the base of the big toe is affected in about half of cases. it may also result in tophi, kidney stones, or urate nephropathy. gracilis muscle – is the most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. it is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. great saphenous vein – (gsv, alternately "long saphenous vein"; /səˈfiːnəs/) is a large, subcutaneous, superficial vein of the leg. it is the longest vein in the body, running along the length of the lower limb, returning blood from the foot, leg and thigh to the deep femoral vein at the femoral triangle. the guarding reflex in the urinary system is the gradual tightening of the external urethral sphincter, which prevents urine from exiting the bladder as the bladder fills and pressure on the sphincter increases. at low levels of pressure this occurs unconsciously. gynaecology – or gynecology (see spelling differences) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive system. almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians (see obstetrics and gynaecology). in many areas, the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap. the term means "the science of women". its counterpart is andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system. h hand – a hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates. the human hand normally has five digits: four fingers plus one thumb; these are often referred to collectively as five fingers, however, whereby the thumb is included as one of the fingers. it has 27 bones, not including sesmoid bones, the number of which varies between people, 14 of which are the phalanges (proximal, intermediate and distal) of the fingers and thumb. the metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist. each human hand has five metacarpals and eight carpal bones. hand surgery – deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or upper extremity (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder) including injury and infection. hand surgery may be practiced by graduates of general surgery, orthopedic surgery and plastic surgery. chiroplasty, or cheiroplasty, is plastic surgery of the hands. head – in human anatomy, the head is at the top of the human body. it supports the face and is maintained by the skull, which itself encloses the brain. the human head consists of a fleshy outer portion, which surrounds the bony skull. the brain is enclosed within the skull. there are 22 bones in the human head. the head rests on the neck, and the seven cervical vertebrae support it. the human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb) the face is the anterior part of the head, containing the eyes, nose, and mouth. on either side of the mouth, the cheeks provide a fleshy border to the oral cavity. the ears sit to either side of the head. health – as defined by the world health organization (who), is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." this definition has been subject to controversy, as it may have limited value for implementation. health may be defined as the ability to adapt and manage physical, mental and social challenges throughout life. health care – health care, health-care, or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, recovery, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. health care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields. physicians and physician associates are a part of these health professionals. dentistry, pharmacy, midwifery, nursing, medicine, optometry, audiology, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, athletic training and other health professions are all part of health care. it includes work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health. hearing – heart – heel – hematemesis- hematology – hematoma- hematuria- hemodialysis- hemolysis- hemopathy- hemoperfusion- hemophilia- hemoptysis- hemorrhoid- hyperhydrosis- high blood pressure – hyperkalemia- hip bone – histology – homeostasis – hormone – hospice – hospital – hospital medicine – human back – human body – human brain – human digestive system – human eye – human head – human mouth – human musculoskeletal system – human nose – human reproductive system – human skeleton – humerus – hydrocele – hypersalivation – hypertension – i iliac artery, common – the common iliac arteries are two large arteries that originate from the aortic bifurcation at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. they end in front of the sacroiliac joint, one on either side, and each bifurcates into the external and internal iliac arteries. iliac artery, external – the external iliac arteries are two major arteries which bifurcate off the common iliac arteries anterior to the sacroiliac joint of the pelvis. they proceed anterior and inferior along the medial border of the psoas major muscles. they exit the pelvic girdle posterior and inferior to the inguinal ligament about one third laterally from the insertion point of the inguinal ligament on the pubic tubercle at which point they are referred to as the femoral arteries. the external iliac artery is usually the artery used to attach the renal artery to the recipient of a kidney transplant. ilium – (plural ilia), is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish. all reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium. the ilium of the human is divisible into two parts, the body and the wing; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum. immune system – is a network of biological processes that protects an organism against disease. it detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. many species have two major subsystems of the immune system. the innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. the adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. both use molecules and cells to perform their functions. immunohistochemistry – immunology – is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology. iliac vein, common – in human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins. the left and right common iliac veins come together in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra, forming the inferior vena cava. they drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. iliac vein, deep circumflex – iliac vein, external – iliac vein, internal – index finger – infectious diseases (medical specialty) – inferior oblique muscle – inferior thyroid artery – inferior vena cava – influenza – inspection (medicine) – integumentary system – intensive care medicine – internal carotid artery – internal iliac vein – internal jugular vein – internal medicine – internship (medicine) – interventional cardiology – interventional radiology – ischium – j jaundice- also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels. it is commonly associated with itchiness. the feces may be pale and the urine dark. jaundice in babies occurs in over half in the first week following birth and does not pose a serious threat in most. if bilirubin levels in babies are very high for too long, a type of brain damage, known as kernicterus, may occur. jaw – the jaw is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food. the term jaws is also broadly applied to the whole of the structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serving to open and close it and is part of the body plan of humans and most animals. jejunum- is the second part of the small intestine in humans and most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. its lining is specialised for the absorption by enterocytes of small nutrient molecules which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. joint – a joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. they are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. some joints, such as the knee, elbow, and shoulder, are self-lubricating, almost frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads while still executing smooth and precise movements. other joints such as sutures between the bones of the skull permit very little movement (only during birth) in order to protect the brain and the sense organs. the connection between a tooth and the jawbone is also called a joint, and is described as a fibrous joint known as a gomphosis. joints are classified both structurally and functionally. jugular vein – the jugular veins are veins that take deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. k keratogenesis– the production of horny cells in the epidermis. keratopathy- kidney – the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. they are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 12 centimetres (4+1⁄2 inches) in length. they receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood exits into the paired renal veins. each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder. knee – in humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). it is the largest joint in the human body. the knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. the knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis. korsakoff syndrome- (ks) is an amnestic disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin b1) deficiency typically associated with prolonged use of alcohol. the syndrome and psychosis are named after sergei korsakoff, the russian neuropsychiatrist who discovered it during the late 19th century. this neurological disorder is caused by a lack of thiamine in the brain, and is also exacerbated by the neurotoxic effects of alcohol. when wernicke encephalopathy accompanies korsakoff syndrome the combination is called wernicke–korsakoff syndrome; however, a recognized episode of wernicke encephalopathy is not always obvious. l large intestine –the large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates. water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored