the campaign. those closely involved in the campaign were awarded the "order of the bifurcated needle". this, a personal initiative by donald henderson, was a lapel badge, designed and made by his daughter, formed from the needle shaped to form an "o". this represented "target zero", the objective of the campaign. eradication of smallpox smallpox eradication promotional poster main article: smallpox § eradication smallpox was eradicated by a massive international search for outbreaks, backed up with a vaccination program, starting in 1967. it was organised and co-ordinated by a world health organization (who) unit, set up and headed by donald henderson. the last case in the americas occurred in 1971 (brazil), south-east asia (indonesia) in 1972, and on the indian subcontinent in 1975 (bangladesh). after two years of intensive searches, what proved to be the last endemic case anywhere in the world occurred in somalia, in october 1977.: 526–37 a global commission for the certification of smallpox eradication chaired by frank fenner examined the evidence from, and visited where necessary, all countries where smallpox had been endemic. in december 1979 they concluded that smallpox had been eradicated; a conclusion endorsed by the who general assembly in may 1980.: 1261–62 however, even as the disease was being eradicated there still remained stocks of smallpox virus in many laboratories. accelerated by two cases of smallpox in 1978, one fatal (janet parker), caused by an accidental and unexplained containment breach at a laboratory at the university of birmingham medical school, the who ensured that known stocks of smallpox virus were either destroyed or moved to safer laboratories. by 1979, only four laboratories were known to have smallpox virus. all english stocks held at st mary's hospital, london were transferred to more secure facilities at porton down and then to the u.s. at the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) in atlanta, georgia in 1982, and all south african stocks were destroyed in 1983. by 1984, the only known stocks were kept at the cdc in the u.s. and the state research center of virology and biotechnology (vector) in koltsovo, russia.: 1273–76 these states report that their repositories are for possible anti-bioweaponry research and insurance if some obscure reservoir of natural smallpox is discovered in the future. anti-terrorism preparation among more than 270,000 us military service members vaccinated with smallpox vaccine between december 2002, and march 2003, eighteen cases of probable myopericarditis were reported (all in first-time vaccinees who received the nycboh strain of vaccinia virus), an incidence of 7.8 per 100,000 during the 30 days they were observed. all cases were in young, otherwise healthy adult white men and all survived. in 2002, the united states government started a program to vaccinate 500,000 volunteer health care professionals throughout the country. recipients were healthcare workers who would be first-line responders in the event of a bioterrorist attack. many healthcare workers refused or did not pursue vaccination, worried about vaccine side effects, compensation and liability. most did not see an immediate need for the vaccine. some healthcare systems refused to participate, worried about becoming a destination for smallpox patients in the event of an epidemic. fewer than 40,000 actually received the vaccine. on april 21, 2022, public services and procurement canada published a notice of tender seeking to stockpile 500,000 doses of smallpox vaccine in order to protect against a potential accidental or intentional release of the eradicated virus. on may 6, the contract was awarded to bavarian nordic for their imvamune vaccine. these were deployed by the public health agency of canada for targeted vaccination in response to the 2022 monkeypox outbreak. origin the origin of the modern smallpox vaccine has long been unclear, but horsepox was identified in the 2010s as the most likely ancestor.: 9 edward jenner had obtained his vaccine from a cow, so he named the virus vaccinia, after the latin word for cow. jenner believed that both cowpox and smallpox were viruses that originated in the horse and passed to the cow,: 52–53 and some doctors followed his reasoning by inoculating their patients directly with horsepox. the situation was further muddied when louis pasteur developed techniques for creating vaccines in the laboratory in the late 19th century. as medical researchers subjected viruses to serial passage, inadequate recordkeeping resulted in the creation of laboratory strains with unclear origins.: 4 by the late 19th century, it was unknown whether the vaccine originated from cowpox, horsepox, or an attenuated strain of smallpox. in 1939, allan watt downie showed that the vaccinia virus was serologically distinct from the "spontaneous" cowpox virus. this work established vaccinia and cowpox as two separate viral species. the term vaccinia now refers only to the smallpox vaccine, while cowpox no longer has a latin name. the development of whole genome sequencing in the 1990s made it possible to compare orthopoxvirus genomes and identify their relationships with each other. the horsepox virus was sequenced in 2006 and found to be most closely related to vaccinia. in a phylogenetic tree of the orthopoxviruses, horsepox forms a clade with vaccinia strains, and cowpox strains form a different clade. horsepox is extinct in the wild, and the only known sample was collected in 1976. because the sample was collected at the end of the smallpox eradication campaign, scientists considered the possibility that horsepox is a strain of vaccinia that had escaped into the wild. however, as more smallpox vaccines were sequenced, older vaccines were found to be more similar to horsepox than modern vaccinia strains. a smallpox vaccine manufactured by mulford in 1902 is 99.7% similar to horsepox, closer than any previously known strain of vaccinia. modern brazilian vaccines with a documented introduction date of 1887, made from material collected in an 1866 outbreak of "cowpox" in france, are more similar to horsepox than other strains of vaccinia. five smallpox vaccines manufactured in the united states in 1859–1873 are most similar to each other and horsepox, as well as the 1902 mulford vaccine. one of the 1859–1873 vaccines was identified as a novel strain of horsepox, containing a complete gene from the 1976 horsepox sample that has deletions in vaccinia. terminology the word "vaccine" is derived from variolae vaccinae (i.e. smallpox of the cow), the term devised by jenner to denote cowpox and used in the long title of his an enquiry into the causes and effects of variolae vaccinae, known by the name of cow pox. vaccination, the term which soon replaced cowpox inoculation and vaccine inoculation, was first used in print by jenner's friend, richard dunning in 1800. initially, the terms vaccine/vaccination referred only to smallpox, but in 1881 louis pasteur proposed at the 7th international congress of medicine that to honour jenner the terms be widened to cover the new protective inoculations being introduced. according to some sources the term was first introduced by jenner's friend richard dunning in 1800.