that the benefits outweighed the risks, and that the procedure may be done for families who choose it. the danish college of general practitioners has defined non-medical circumcision as mutilation. foreskin restoration main article: foreskin restoration foreskin restoration is the partial recreation of the foreskin after its removal by circumcision. surgical restoration involves grafting skin taken from the scrotum onto a portion of the penile shaft. nonsurgical methods involve tissue expansion by stretching the penile skin forward over the glans penis with the aid of tension. nonsurgical restoration is the preferred method as it is less costly and typically yields better results than surgical restoration. a foreskin restoration device may be of help to men pursuing nonsurgical foreskin restoration. while restoration cannot recreate the nerves or tissues lost to circumcision, it can recreate the appearance and some of the function of a natural foreskin. infibulation main article: infibulation the greek poet anacreon (582–485 bce), showing kynodesmē infibulation literally means "to close with a clasp or a pin". the word is used to include suturing of the foreskin over the head of the penis. early greek infibulation consisted of piercing the foreskin and applying a gold, silver or bronze ring (annulus), a metal clasp (fibula) or pin. this was done for aesthetic reasons. the greeks also used a nonsurgical form of infibulation by wearing a kynodesme. in modern times, male infibulation may be performed for personal preferences or as part of bdsm. emasculation main article: emasculation emasculation is the removal of both the penis and the testicles, the external male sex organs. it differs from castration, which is the removal of the testicles only, although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably due to the high risk of death from bleeding and infection, it was often considered a punishment equivalent to a death sentence. it was part of the eunuch-making of the chinese court, and it was widespread in the arab slave trade. a castrated slave was worth more, and this offset the losses from death. nullification is the term used by the modern body modification community to describe the procedure of emasculation. "nullo" is the term used to describe those who have undergone nullification. in modern-day south asia, some members of hijra communities reportedly undergo emasculation. it is called nirwaan and seen as a rite of passage. pearling pearling or genital beading is a form of body modification, the practice of permanently inserting small beads made of various materials beneath the skin of the genitals—of the labia, or of the shaft or foreskin of the penis. as well as being an aesthetic practice, this is usually intended to enhance the sexual pleasure of the receptive partner(s) during vaginal or anal intercourse. penectomy main articles: penectomy and penis removal penectomy involves the partial or total amputation of penis. sometimes, the removal of the entire penis was done in conjunction with castration, or incorrectly referred to as castration. removing the penis was often performed on eunuchs and high ranking men who would frequently be in contact with women, such as those belonging to a harem. the hijra of india may remove their penis as an expression of their gender identity. in the medical field, removal of the penis may be performed for reasons of gangrene or cancer. penis removal may occur through unintentional genital injury, such as during routine neonatal circumcision mishaps. in the ulwaluko circumcision ceremony, which is performed by spear, accidental penectomy is a serious risk. penis removal for purposes of assault or revenge is overwhelmingly a female-on-male crime, particularly in thailand. in the united states in 1907 bertha boronda sliced off her husband's penis with a straight razor. lorena bobbit infamously removed her husband's penis in 1993. in some circumstances it may be possible to reattach the penis. penile subincision main article: penile subincision penile subincision is a form of genital modification involves a urethrotomy and vertically slitting the underside of the penis from the meatus towards to the base. it was performed by people of some cultures, such as the indigenous australians, the arrente, the luritja, the samburu, the samoans, and the native hawaiians. it may also be performed for personal preference. penile subincision may leave a man with an increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases, issues with fertility (due to lack of control over what direction the sperm goes after ejaculation), and may require a man to sit down while urinating. when the surgery is not performed in a hospital or by a licensed medical professional, complications such as infection, exsanguination, or permanent damage are major concerns. penile superincision a rectal slit (also known as superincision) is an incision made along the upper length of the foreskin with the intention to expose the glans penis without removing skin or tissue. the practice appears to have occurred in ancient egypt, though not commonly: a few examples of old kingdom ... statuary present some adult males—usually priests, functionaries, or low-status workers—as having undergone a vertical slit on the dorsal aspect of the prepuce, although no flesh has been removed. it may be performed as a part of traditional customs, such as those in the pacific islands and the philippines. in the medical field, it may be performed for as an alternative to circumcision when circumcision is undesired or impractical. it remains a rare surgery and practice overall.