in 5 years with sub- specialization in either orthoptics, contact lenses, ocular photography or ocular neurology. 2- diploma in ophthalmic technology in 3 years. 3- diploma in optical dispensary in 3 years. fovs also offers msc and phd degrees in optometry. fovs is the only of its kind in sudan and is the first in middle east and africa . in 2010, alneelain university eye hospital was established as part of fovs to expand training capacity and to serve community. sweden karolinska institutet - 3-year bachelor's degree in optometry and a one-year master program in clinical optometry. linnaeus university, kalmar - 3-year bachelor's degree in optometry switzerland university of applied sciences northwestern switzerland - institute of optometry (to practice optometry in switzerland required an approval from regulatory board) swiss american international academy - geneva, switzerland (to practice optometry in switzerland required an approval from regulatory board) taiwan there are currently seven universities offering a bachelor's degree in optometry and four educational institutions offering an associate degree in optometry: asia university university of kang ning central taiwan university of science and technology chung hwa university of medical technology dayeh university yuanpei university of medical technology chung shan medical university mackay junior college of medicine, nursing and management hsin sheng college of medical care and management jen-teh junior college of medicine, nursing, and management shu-zen college of medicine and management thailand naresuan university ramkhamhaeng university rangsit university thammasart university trinidad & tobago university of the west indies, st. augustine campus united kingdom there are 12 educational institutions in the united kingdom offering degrees in optometry. nine are located in england with one optometry school in each of northern ireland, wales and scotland. additionally, in england, the institute of optometry offers a post-graduate professional doctorate (doctor of optometry degree) in partnership with london south bank university. the doctor of optometry postgraduate degree is also offered at aston university, birmingham. the aston doctor of optometry includes academic modules in independent pharmaceutical prescribing, alongside advanced optometry modules in glaucoma, retinal/macular disease, myopia and many others. england anglia ruskin university, cambridge city, university of london university of aston, birmingham university of bradford university of hertfordshire university of manchester university of plymouth university of portsmouth university of the west of england, bristol university of huddersfield wales cardiff university scotland glasgow caledonian university northern ireland university of ulster, coleraine campus united states twenty-three american educational institutions offer the doctor of optometry degree. al: university of alabama at birmingham az: midwestern university arizona college of optometry, glendale ca: southern california college of optometry at marshall b. ketchum university ca: university of california, berkeley ca: western university of health sciences fl: nova southeastern university il: illinois college of optometry il: midwestern university chicago college of optometry, downers grove in: indiana university ky: university of pikeville - kentucky college of optometry ma: massachusetts college of pharmacy and health sciences ma: new england college of optometry mi: michigan college of optometry at ferris state university mo: university of missouri at st. louis ny: state university of new york in new york city oh: ohio state university ok: northeastern state university oklahoma college of optometry or: pacific university, forest grove pa: salus university, pennsylvania college of optometry pr: interamerican university of puerto rico, school of optometry tn: southern college of optometry tx: university of houston tx: university of the incarnate word