frühkindliche autismus: eine klinische und phänomenologisch-anthropologische untersuchung am leitfaden der sprache(early childhood autism: a clinical and phenomenological-anthropological study using language as a guide). among other things, it briefly compared the work of asperger and kanner and suggested both were variants of the same condition. in 1965, kanner said he had read this book. bruno bettleheim cited it substantially in his later work. the book would be translated into english in 1970. united states in the 1960s rosemary kennedy, sister of us president john f kennedy, was autistic. her sister eunice kennedy shriver made the public aware of this through an article in the new york post in september 1962. rosemary's treatment with brain surgery severely impacted her. the us community mental health act (cmha) of 1963 prompted the closure of most of the country's residential institutions for the mentally unwell. the intent was that as many people as possible would be enabled to live freely in homes without full time professional supervision, but could draw on support from community mental health centres. the introduction of medicaid in 1965 increased the rate of institutional closure. bernard rimland refuted the refrigerator mother theory and co-founded the autism society of america. in 1964, bernard rimland published the book infantile autism: the syndrome and its implications for a neural theory of behavior, which refuted the refrigerator theory. instead, rimland suggested, autism was a result of biochemical defects "triggered by environmental assaults". it included a foreword by leo kanner. the book challenged the medical establishment's perceptions of autism. rimland's message resonated with parents, who wanted to share their stories with him and ask for advice. (the book also includes a reference to "asperger syndrome".) philip k. dick published the science fiction book martian time-slip in 1964, which features an autistic boy with special powers. in february 1965, american tv aired an episode of the series directions entitled "conall", the story of a boy with autism told by his family. in may that year, life magazine published an article on the work led by norwegian-american behaviourist psychologist ivar lovaas at ucla's young autism project. "screams, slaps and love" showed how the adults working with autistic children hit them as part of their training. both this tv episode and magazine article led to further awareness of the condition in the united states. later in 1965, this newfound awareness coalesced as rimland, lovaas, nurse ruth c. sullivan and others founded the national society for autistic children (nsac). leo kanner and carl fenichel soon joined its professional advisory board. austrian-american psychologist bruno bettelheim at the university of chicago countered rimland's assertions about the causes of autism in his 1967 book empty fortress: infantile autism and the birth of the self. it greatly popularised the refrigerator theory. bettelheim subsequently appeared multiple times on the dick cavett show in the 70s to discuss theories of autism and psychoanalysis. (refrigerator theory has since been refuted in the scientific literature, including a 2015 systematic review which showed absolutely no association between caregiver interaction and language outcomes in asd patients.) another notable book of 1967 was the siege: the first eight years of an autistic child by american teacher clara claiborne park. it told the story of clara's daughter and clara's efforts to help her. (an updated version was released in 1982). bernard rimland left his central role at the nsac in 1967, founding the autism research institute. however, he remained attached to the nsac. starting in the late 1960s, "autism" started to be considered as a separate syndrome from "schizophrenia", just as bleuler had separated schizophrenia from dementia. sensory processing disorder, hyperlexia, and alexithymia sensory processing disorder is a condition in which multisensory input is not adequately processed in order to provide appropriate responses to the demands of the environment. the concept was developed by american occupational therapist anna jean ayres in the 1960s. the disorder continues to be recognised by some major occupational therapy bodies. studies by the star institute suggest that at least three-quarters of autistic children have significant symptoms of the condition. hyperlexia is when a child can read at an early age. this can be a symptom of autism, particularly when their reading ability is much better than their speaking ability. the term was coined by norman e. silberberg and margaret c. silberberg in 1967. the term alexithymia was conceptualised by american psychiatrists peter sifneos and john case nemiah in 1973. it refers to people having difficulties in understanding the emotions experienced by themselves or others. this is common in people with autism, but is not always the case. asperger's 1968 paper in april 1968, hans asperger wrote about the similarities and differences of his and kanner's concepts of autism in the paper "zur differentialdiagnose des kindlichen autismus" (on the differential diagnosis of childhood autism), noting:as different as both types are in their intellectual and personality level, there is an astonishing similarity in central features as well as in small details; it was undoubtedly these that made both authors independently choose the same name to express the nature of the disorder.highlighting his broad use of the term autism, he also remarked:yes, it seems to us that a dash of "autism" is absolutely necessary for certain top scientific or artistic achievements: a certain turning away from the concrete, simple and practical; a narrowing down to a specific, dynamically and highly original special field, sometimes to the point of eccentricity; a narrowing or abnormality of emotional relationships with other people.leo kanner republished a copy of his 1934 paper in the same journal edition. michael rutter british psychiatrist michael rutter's extensive research in the 1960s provided statistically robust evidence that the syndrome of "early infantile autism" existed. his most cited paper of the period was published in october 1968. kanner's continued work on childhood psychosis and autism (1971-1976) the journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia was established in january 1971, with leo kanner as the editor. this was the first scientific journal devoted to autism. kanner wrote a paper called "childhood psychosis: a historical overview" for the first issue. it acknowledges the work of a broader range of people than kanner had previously, but not that of asperger or frankl; according to dirk van krevelen, kanner and asperger were mutually unaware of each others' work. another paper in the first edition however compares kanner's syndrome (early infantile autism) with asperger's syndrome (autistic psychosis). it also differentiates the two conditions through a list of seven differences. for the second edition, kanner traced the eleven children in his 1943 paper, and determined how they had grown up. the results were published in follow-up study of eleven autistic children originally reported in 1943, but the results were inconclusive. leo kanner published the book childhood psychosis: initial studies and new insights in 1973, which reviewed 30 years of research into early infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia. in it he bemoaned the diagnosing of intellectually disabled children with a few autistic features as singularly having autism. the "first international leo kanner colloquium on child development, deviations, and treatment" was held in october 1973. the papers tabled were published as the popular academic book psychopathology and child development: research and treatment in april 1976. many of the papers were about autism. it was edited by eric schopler and american physiatrist robert j. reichler. eric schopler would become the second editor of the journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia in 1974, staying in that role until 1997. other scientific research and theoretical developments in the 1970s 1970 saw the release of the english translation of gerhard bosch's 1962 book as infantile autism: a clinical and phenomenological-anthropological investigation taking language as the guide. it was translated by derek and inge jordan, and included an introduction from bruno bettelheim. the english language edition included a large appendix about asperger and kanner not included in the german one. it used the term asperger's syndrome to describe the symptoms of asperger's patients. american psychiatrist stella chess conducted studies on the potential link between rubella and autism. in 1971, she found that children with congenital rubella syndrome developed autism at rates 200 times higher than the general population at the time. she followed this up with a 1977 study. south african-british psychiatrist israel kolvin provided much evidence that "early infantile autism" was a very different condition to later onset schizophrenia through two studies published in 1971. american psychiatrist susan folstein and british psychiatrist micheal rutter published a significant twin study establishing the genetic basis of autism in september 1977. the opioid excess theory hypothesis of autism was first proposed by jaak panksepp in a 1979 paper. in 1975, american-british psychologist donald meltzer released his book explorations in autism: a psychoanalytic study, documenting the treatment of childhood autism following the thinking of melanie klein. the popular academic book language of autistic children was published in 1978, and was written by american psychiatrist don w. churchill. hans asperger gave a lecture in fribourg in 1977, of which a translation in english titled "problems of infantile autism" was published in 1979. the autism spectrum considering the wide difference of autistic traits in different people, wing and judith gould coined the term autism spectrum in their march 1979 paper severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. applied behavior analysis and related techniques in 1960-1980 charles ferster was a pioneer of what would become known as applied behavior analysis. while serving as an assistant professor of psychology at indiana university from 1957 to 1962, charles ferster employed errorless learning to instruct young autistic children how to speak. this was an early example of what would later be known as applied behaviour analysis. from the late 1950s, ferster and others used the new science of behaviorism to teach people with autism and other mental conditions. this led researchers at the university of kansas to start the journal of applied behavior analysis in the northern spring of 1968, establishing the concept of applied behavior analysis (aba). a concise definition of the concept, still used today, was given in the first issue of the journal. aba soon came to be used extensively with autistic children in the united states and elsewhere. in the us, aba became the only autism-specific teaching method insurance companies would typically pay for, thus most autism-specialist teachers there became aba trained and qualified. (two major american professional associations would later be founded for aba practitioners.) the behavior research institute was founded by matthew israel in the united states in 1971. it would later become known as the judge rosenberg educational centre. six residents have died of preventable causes at the center since it opened. various bodies have accused the centre of repeatedly torturing autistic people in the name of aba. matthew israel invented the graduated electronic decelerator to provide electric shocks as punishment for residents. this includes shocks nine times as powerful as a cattle prod. the midwestern association for behavior analysis was founded in the united states in 1974. it later became the association for behavior analysis international (abai). other treatment programmes and newly published parents' guides british researcher lorna wing of the institute of psychiatry, london published the book autistic children - a guide for parents in 1971. louise despert endorsed the book, and provided its forewords. in 1972, german-american wolf wolfensberger released his book normalisation. it advocated that society should provide opportunities to people with disabilities so that they can do what people without those disabilities can do. the popular book a child called noah: a family journey was written about the autistic boy noah greenfield by his father the playwright josh greenfeld, and was published in 1972. josh greenfield was to write two other books about noah, and noah's brother would write an additional one. the "developmental, individual-difference, relationship-based model" (dir) of autism diagnosis and treatment was developed by american psychiatrist stanley greenspan in 1979. this was later further developed into the floortime program. the home-based autism treatment program son-rise, was developed by american couple barry kaufman and samahria kaufman in the early 1970s. barry published a book on the method in 1976, (son-rise), claiming that it cured his son of autism. an american tv movie based on the book, son-rise: a miracle of love, was released in 1979. it was influential in brazil, and was