based on work from the 1970s by david dunner, elliot gershon, frederick goodwin, ronald fieve, and joseph fleiss. society and culture singer rosemary clooney's public revelation of bipolar disorder made her an early celebrity spokesperson for mental illness. cost the united states spent approximately $202.1 billion on people diagnosed with bipolar i disorder (excluding other subtypes of bipolar disorder and undiagnosed people) in 2015. one analysis estimated that the united kingdom spent approximately £5.2 billion on the disorder in 2007. in addition to the economic costs, bipolar disorder is a leading cause of disability and lost productivity worldwide. people with bipolar disorder are generally more disabled, have a lower level of functioning, longer duration of illness, and increased rates of work absenteeism and decreased productivity when compared to people experiencing other mental health disorders. the decrease in the productivity seen in those who care for people with bipolar disorder also significantly contributes to these costs. advocacy there are widespread issues with social stigma, stereotypes, and prejudice against individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. in 2000, actress carrie fisher went public with her bipolar disorder diagnosis. she became one of the most well-recognized advocates for people with bipolar disorder in the public eye and fiercely advocated to eliminate the stigma surrounding mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder. stephen fried, who has written extensively on the topic, noted that fisher helped to draw attention to the disorder's chronicity, relapsing nature, and that bipolar disorder relapses do not indicate a lack of discipline or moral shortcomings. since being diagnosed at age 37, actor stephen fry has pushed to raise awareness of the condition, with his 2006 documentary stephen fry: the secret life of the manic depressive. in an effort to ease the social stigma associated with bipolar disorder, the orchestra conductor ronald braunstein cofounded the me/2 orchestra with his wife caroline whiddon in 2011. braunstein was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1985 and his concerts with the me/2 orchestra were conceived in order to create a welcoming performance environment for his musical colleagues, while also raising public awareness about mental illness. notable cases numerous authors have written about bipolar disorder and many successful people have openly discussed their experience with it. kay redfield jamison, a clinical psychologist and professor of psychiatry at the johns hopkins university school of medicine, profiled her own bipolar disorder in her memoir an unquiet mind (1995). several celebrities have also publicly shared that they have bipolar disorder; in addition to carrie fisher and stephen fry these include catherine zeta-jones, mariah carey, kanye west, jane pauley, demi lovato, selena gomez, and russell brand. media portrayals several dramatic works have portrayed characters with traits suggestive of the diagnosis which have been the subject of discussion by psychiatrists and film experts alike. in mr. jones (1993), (richard gere) swings from a manic episode into a depressive phase and back again, spending time in a psychiatric hospital and displaying many of the features of the syndrome. in the mosquito coast (1986), allie fox (harrison ford) displays some features including recklessness, grandiosity, increased goal-directed activity and mood lability, as well as some paranoia. psychiatrists have suggested that willy loman, the main character in arthur miller's classic play death of a salesman, has bipolar disorder. the 2009 drama 90210 featured a character, silver, who was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. stacey slater, a character from the bbc soap eastenders, has been diagnosed with the disorder. the storyline was developed as part of the bbc's headroom campaign. the channel 4 soap brookside had earlier featured a story about bipolar disorder when the character jimmy corkhill was diagnosed with the condition. 2011 showtime's political thriller drama homeland protagonist carrie mathison has bipolar disorder, which she has kept secret since her school days. the 2014 abc medical drama, black box, featured a world-renowned neuroscientist with bipolar disorder. in the tv series dave, the eponymous main character, played by lil dicky as a fictionalized version of himself, is an aspiring rapper. lil dicky's real-life hype man gata also plays himself. in one episode, after being off his medication and having an episode, gata tearfully confesses to having bipolar disorder. gata has bipolar disorder in real life but, like his character in the show, he is able to manage it with medication. creativity main article: creativity and mental illness § bipolar disorder a link between mental illness and professional success or creativity has been suggested, including in accounts by socrates, seneca the younger, and cesare lombroso. despite prominence in popular culture, the link between creativity and bipolar has not been rigorously studied. this area of study also is likely affected by confirmation bias. some evidence suggests that some heritable component of bipolar disorder overlaps with heritable components of creativity. probands of people with bipolar disorder are more likely to be professionally successful, as well as to demonstrate temperamental traits similar to bipolar disorder. furthermore, while studies of the frequency of bipolar disorder in creative population samples have been conflicting, full-blown bipolar disorder in creative samples is rare. research research directions for bipolar disorder in children include optimizing treatments, increasing the knowledge of the genetic and neurobiological basis of the pediatric disorder and improving diagnostic criteria. some treatment research suggests that psychosocial interventions that involve the family, psychoeducation, and skills building (through therapies such as cbt, dbt, and ipsrt) can benefit in addition to pharmacotherapy.