fatty acid ratio in food fatty acid ratio in food only two essential fatty acids are known to be essential for humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). the biological effects of the ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are mediated by their mutual interactions. closely related, these fatty acids act as competing substrates for the same enzymes. the biological effects of the ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are largely mediated by essential fatty acid interactions. the proportion of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in a diet may have metabolic consequences. unlike omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids, omega-9 fatty acids are not classed as essential fatty acids because they can be created by the human body from monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids, and are therefore not essential in the diet. ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fats in the diets of hunter-gatherers it has been claimed that among hunter-gatherer populations, omega-6 fats and omega-3 fats are typically consumed in roughly a 1:1 ratio. at one extreme of the spectrum of hunter-gatherer diets, the greenland inuit, prior to the late twentieth century, consumed a diet in which omega-6s and omega-3s were consumed in a 1:2 ratio, thanks to a diet rich in cold-water fish (which are a rich source of omega-3s) and completely devoid of omega-6-rich seed oils. optimal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fats to date, "no one knows what the optimal ratio in the diet is for these two families of fats." science writer susan allport writes that the current ratio in japan is associated with a very low incidence of heart and other diseases. a dietary ratio of 4:1 produces almost a 1:1 ratio of highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas) in cell membranes." in a study with rats, a dietary ratio of 4:1 showed significant favorable effects on learning performance and pain tolerance. andrew stoll, m.d., director of the psycho-pharmacology research laboratory at harvard's mclean hospital, who advocates the consumption of the two fats in a 1:1 ratio, states, "once in the body, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids follow parallel pathways, continually competing with each other for chemical conversion to various structures and molecules inside and outside the cells. given this mechanism, it makes sense that the two fats might be required in approximately equal amounts." both stoll and allport assert that present-day diets in the developed world have departed dramatically from this ratio. it has been estimated that in developed countries, the ratio of omega-6s to omega-3s is closer to 15:1 another estimate is that "he diet consumed by the typical american tends to contain 14–25 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids." according to a 2009 review by the american heart association, instead of avoiding ω-6 fats, the ω-6:ω-3 ratio should be decreased by consuming more ω-3 fats. the conversion rate of linoleic acid (la) into arachidonic acid is very low with a diet high in linolenic acid. the maximum ω-6:ω-3 ratio allowed in dog food by the aafco is 30:1. fish foodcitationserving size (g)omega-6 fatty acids (mg)omega-3 fatty acids (mg)omega-6 : omega-3 ratio salmon, wild, raw 100 172 2018 1 : 11 sardines, canned in oil 1 can(92 g) 3260 1362 2 : 1 sardines, canned in water 1 can(92 g) 655 1457 1 : 2 tuna, canned in water 1 can(165 g) 14 460 1 : 31 tuna, canned in oil 1 can(171 g) 4588 345 13 : 1 mackerel, canned 1 can(361 g) 357 4970 1 : 13 herring 100 g 246 2418 1 : 10 nuts and seeds foodcitationserving size (g)omega-6 (mg)omega-3 (mg)omega-6 : omega-3 ratio almonds, dry roasted 100 12065 6 2010 : 1 cashews 100 7782 62 125 : 1 chia seeds 100 5785 17552 1 : 3 coconut, raw 100 366 - - flax seeds 100 5911 22813 1 : 4 hazelnuts, filberts 100 7832 87 90 : 1 pecans 100 20630 986 21 : 1 pistachios, raw 100 13200 254 52 : 1 poppy seed 100 28291 273 103 : 1 pumpkin seeds, whole, roasted 100 8759 77 114 : 1 sesame seeds, whole, dried 100 21372 376 57 : 1 sunflower seeds, kernels, dried 100 23048 74 311 : 1 walnuts 100 38092 9079 4 : 1 lentils, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, without salt 100 137 37 4 : 1