encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) patients, or disseminated herpes zoster. the original compounds used were 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, aka idoxuridine, iudr, or(idu) and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-c, later marketed under the name cytosar or cytarabine. the usage expanded to include topical treatment of herpes simplex, zoster, and varicella. some trials combined different antivirals with differing results. the introduction of 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine, (ara-a or vidarabine), considerably less toxic than ara-c, in the mid-1970s, heralded the way for the beginning of regular neonatal antiviral treatment. vidarabine was the first systemically administered antiviral medication with activity against hsv for which therapeutic efficacy outweighed toxicity for the management of life-threatening hsv disease. intravenous vidarabine was licensed for use by the u.s. food and drug administration in 1977. other experimental antivirals of that period included: heparin, trifluorothymidine (tft), ribivarin, interferon, virazole, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (mmudr). the introduction of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine, aka aciclovir, in the late 1970s raised antiviral treatment another notch and led to vidarabine vs. aciclovir trials in the late 1980s. the lower toxicity and ease of administration over vidarabine has led to aciclovir becoming the drug of choice for herpes treatment after it was licensed by the fda in 1998. another advantage in the treatment of neonatal herpes included greater reductions in mortality and morbidity with increased dosages, which did not occur when compared with increased dosages of vidarabine. however, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine. society and culture some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis, in particular, if they have acquired the genital form of the disease. feelings can include depression, fear of rejection, feelings of isolation, fear of being found out, and self-destructive feelings. herpes support groups have been formed in the united states and the united kingdom, providing information about herpes and running message forums and dating websites for affected people. people with the herpes virus are often hesitant to divulge to other people, including friends and family, that they are infected. this is especially true of new or potential sexual partners whom they consider casual. in a 2007 study, 1,900 people (25% of which had herpes) ranked genital herpes second for social stigma, out of all sexually transmitted diseases (hiv took the top spot for std stigma). united states a source of support is the national herpes resource center which arose from the work of the american sexual health association (asha). the asha was created in 1914 in response to the increase in sexually transmitted diseases that had spread during world war i. during the 1970s, there was an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. one of the diseases that increased dramatically was genital herpes. in response, asha created the national herpes resource center in 1979. the herpes resource center (hrc) was designed to meet the growing need for education and awareness about the virus. one of the projects of the hrc was to create a network of local support (help) groups. the goal of these help groups was to provide a safe, confidential environment where participants can get accurate information and share experiences, fears, and feelings with others who are concerned about herpes. uk in the uk, the herpes association (now the herpes viruses association) was started in 1982, becoming a registered charity with a dept of health grant in 1985. the charity started as a string of local group meetings before acquiring an office and a national spread. research main article: herpes simplex research research has gone into vaccines for both prevention and treatment of herpes infections. as of october 2022, the u.s. fda have not approved a vaccine for herpes. however, there are herpes vaccines currently in clinical trials, such as moderna mrna-1608. unsuccessful clinical trials have been conducted for some glycoprotein subunit vaccines. as of 2017, the future pipeline includes several promising replication-incompetent vaccine proposals while two replication-competent (live-attenuated) hsv vaccine are undergoing human testing. a genomic study of the herpes simplex type 1 virus confirmed the human migration pattern theory known as the out-of-africa hypothesis.