with no pharmaceutical help fasting (mmol/l) ≤ 1.7 non-fasting (mmol/l) ≤ 2.1 high-density lipoprotein measured as follows, with no pharmaceutical help men (mmol/l) > 1.03 women (mmol/l) > 1.3 no diagnosis of any cardiovascular disease to come up with these criteria, bioshare controlled for age and tobacco use, researching how both may effect the metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, but not found to exist in the metabolically healthy obese. other definitions of metabolically healthy obesity exist, including ones based on waist circumference rather than bmi, which is unreliable in certain individuals. another identification metric for health in obese people is calf strength, which is positively correlated with physical fitness in obese people. body composition in general is hypothesized to help explain the existence of metabolically healthy obesity—the metabolically healthy obese are often found to have low amounts of ectopic fat (fat stored in tissues other than adipose tissue) despite having overall fat mass equivalent in weight to obese people with metabolic syndrome.: 1282 survival paradox