protamine and insulin mixture 1950 nordisk markets nph insulin 1953 novo formulates lente porcine and bovine insulins by adding zinc for longer-lasting insulin 1978 genentech develop biosynthesis of recombinant human insulin in escherichia coli bacteria using recombinant dna technology 1981 novo nordisk chemically and enzymatically converts porcine insulin to 'human' insulin (actrapid hm) 1982 genentech synthetic 'human' insulin approved, in partnership with eli lilly and company, who shepherded the product through the u.s. food and drug administration (fda) approval process 1983 lilly produces biosynthetic recombinant "rdna insulin human inn" (humulin) 1985 axel ullrich sequences the human insulin receptor 1988 novo nordisk produces synthetic, recombinant insulin ("insulin human inn") 1996 lilly humalog "insulin lispro inn" approved by the u.s. food and drug administration 2003 aventis lantus "glargine" insulin analogue approved in usa 2004 sanofi aventis apidra insulin "glulisine" analogue approved in the usa. 2006 novo nordisk's levemir "insulin detemir inn" analogue approved in the usa- 2013 novo nordisk's tresiba "insulin degludec inn" analogue approved in europe (ema with additional monitoring]