of alveolar fluid in the lungs. it commonly occurs in infants who are delivered via caesarean section without the onset of labor because absorption of amniotic fluid in the lungs has not yet commenced. other risk factors are male sex, macrosomia, multiple gestations, and maternal asthma. it usually presents with tachypnea and increased work of breathing. on an x-ray diffuse infiltrates, interlobar fissures, and sometimes pleural effusions can be seen. it is a diagnosis of exclusion because of its similarity to other diseases and frequently cpap is used to help push the lung fluid into the pulmonary vasculature. pulmonary interstitial emphysema is the condition of air escaping overdistended alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium. it is a rare disease that occurs most often in premature infants, even though it is possible to appear in adults. it often presents as a slow deterioration with the need for increased ventilatory support. chest x-ray is the standard for diagnosis where it is seen as linear or cystic translucencies extending to the edges of the lungs. bronchiolitis is the swelling and buildup of mucus in the bronchioles. it is usually caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), which is spread when an infant touches the nose or throat fluids of someone infected. the virus infects the cells causing ciliary dysfunction and death. the debris, edema, and inflammation eventually leads to the symptoms. it is the most common reason for admission of children under the age of one year. it can present widely from a mild respiratory infection to respiratory failure. since there is no medication to treat the disease, it is only managed supportively with fluids and oxygen. diagnosis respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests: biopsy of the lung or pleura blood test bronchoscopy chest x-ray ct scan, including high-resolution computed tomography culture of microorganisms from secretions such as sputum ultrasound scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as pleural effusion pulmonary function test ventilation–perfusion scan epidemiology deaths from respiratory diseases per million persons in 2012 19–125 126–169 170–196 197–225 226-–75 276–308 309–365 366–440 441–593 594–1,227 respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world. in the us, approximately one billion common colds occur each year. a study found that in 2010, there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the u.s. for patients under the age of 18. in 2012, respiratory conditions were the most frequent reasons for hospital stays among children. in the uk, approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease, most commonly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) are responsible for over 10% of hospitalizations and over 16% of deaths in canada. in 2011, respiratory disease with ventilator support accounted for 93.3% of icu utilization in the united states.