panamanian side of the border in the darién region also practice fgm, but the extent to which this is happening was unknown as of 2010 due to a lack of data. it has been speculated that members of the small emberá community living in ecuador's northwestern esmeraldas province bordering colombia might also be practicing fgm, but as of 2010 there was no evidence of that.: 111 peru a 2004 anthropological study by christine fielder and chris king provides a detailed account of a girl's initiation ceremony involving clitoral subincision amongst the shipibo people, claiming the conibo and amahuaca tribes had a similar practice. they concluded that it was used as a means to control women's sexuality by depriving them of sexual pleasure and having an interest in taking lovers, and keeping women obedient to their husbands. a 2010 oecd report claimed that one unnamed indigenous community appeared to 'use this type of mutilation to mark girls' entry into puberty'.: 129 in 2017, doctor john chua claimed that the shipibo people living in peruvian amazonia practiced fgm to make girls 'real' women, as superstition held that uncut girls could become lesbians. oceania australia in 1994 there were several anecdotal reports of fgm being practiced amongst migrant communities in australia. by 1997, all australian states and territories had made fgm a criminal offence. it is also a criminal offence to take, or propose to take, a child outside australia to have a fgm procedure performed. the incidence of fgm in australia is unknown as it is often only uncovered when women and girls are taken to hospital due to complications with the procedure. in 2015 two unnamed women became the first people in australia to be convicted of carrying out fgm; their case was also the first time such an offense had come to trial in australia. in 2017 the first national study by researches at the westmead children's hospital in sydney found 59 girls having attended medical staff since 2010, with many having had the most extreme form of the procedure done to them. a fifth of those had infibulation, the removal of the clitoris and external genitalia with the opening sewed up. the number was deemed to strongly underestimate the true number of cases. most of the procedures had been done overseas, but two children born in australia had the procedure done in new south wales and a third child born in australia had been taken to indonesia to have the procedure done. of the 59 girls, only 13 had been in contact with child protection services. most (about 90%) were identified during refugee screening and had african origin. the report also stated that there was no fgm registry in australia and even when detected is not routinely reported. the two most common countries of birth for the girls were somalia (24) and eritrea (12). new zealand under a 1995 amendment to the crimes act, it is illegal to perform "any medical or surgical procedure or mutilation of the vagina or clitoris of any person" for reasons of "culture, religion, custom or practice". it is also illegal to send or make any arrangement for a child to be sent out of new zealand for fgm to be performed, assist or encourage any person in new zealand to perform fgm on a new zealand citizen or resident outside new zealand convince or encourage any other new zealand citizen or resident to go outside new zealand to have fgm performed.