of tissue engineering applications. tissue engineering is the process of putting together scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules to make functional tissues. it is possible to make meter-long core-shell hydrogel microfibers that contain ecm proteins and mature cells or somatic stem cells in a microfluidic device. and these microfibers have the morphologies and functions of live tissues. the fibers also have the potential to be reeled and spin or weave electrospinning can produce nanofibers with a range of desired fine microns that is usable to make nano- and submicron-sized fibrous scaffolds from polymer solutions that could be used as cell and tissue substrates. biomedical scaffolds hydrogel fibers are used to construct scaffolds for the development of cells and the release of drugs. antimicrobial dressing chitosan may function as an inhibitor of bacterial and fungal development. in 2003, the united states food and drug administration approved chitosan-based wound dressings for medical use. combat medics use hemcon dressings, which is a dressing with chitosan, to treat wounds because it stops the blood flow with its hemostasis properties. chitosan hemostatic agents are salts formed when chitosan is combined with an organic acid (lactic acid, or succinic acid). the hemostatic agent operates by interacting with the erythrocytes' (negatively charged) cell membrane and the protonated chitosan (positively charged), resulting in platelet involvement and fast thrombus formation. when the bandage comes into contact with blood, it becomes sticky, creating an adhesive-like effect that seals the cut. surgical suture thread materials in surgical sutures are textile based products. suture material is frequently subdivided into absorbable thread and non-absorbable thread, and then into synthetic fibers and natural fibers. whether a suture material is monofilament or polyfilament is an additional critical distinction. bandages a bandage is a piece of fabric used to cover, dress, and bind wounds. bandages are typically manufactured from various textile materials. the dressing or splint is held in place using a bandage. bandages are also used for medical purposes (strengthening and compressing) to support and restrict specific body parts.: 142 compression bandages compression bandages are used to apply pressure while directed pressure is used to treat lymphatic disease or venous disease,: 111, 241 such as in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.: 142 the most common classifications for compression bandages are inelastic and elastic. antimicrobial textiles antimicrobial textiles are the textile materials (fibers, yarns and fabrics) treated with antimicrobial agents, they are used in hygiene care. antimicrobial treated textiles either kill the bacteria or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. the exemplary products are wipes, gowns, odorless clothes, etc. antimicrobial scrubs are hospital garments treated with anti bacterial chemicals. their primary objective is to prevent the spread of hazardous microorganisms between healthcare staff and between patients. the applied chemicals work differently, for example, chemical binds to the microbe's dna, effectively rendering reproduction impossible. some antimicrobial chemicals dissolve the protein necessary for their growth, there are antimicrobials which attack specific bacteria such as staphylococcus, salmonella, and escherichia coli. antiviral textiles antiviral textiles are an extension of antimicrobial surfaces. these surfaces, which have antiviral capabilities, may be able to inactivate lipid-coated viruses. polyhexamethylene biguanide (phmb) treated cvc fabric (fabric with chief value cotton) kills 94% of the coronavirus in two hours. henceforth, it is suitable for ppe for health workers. chitosan, a natural polymer that is biocompatible, non-allergenic, biodegradable, and non-toxic, was also looked at for its antiviral properties. the chitosan-based compound also shows efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and cotton fabrics treated with copper along with chitosan and citric acid. the treated material sustains the antiviral properties five to ten home laundry washes. medical gowns surgeons wearing medical gowns medical gowns are a kind of ppe for medical professionals. gowns are a component of a comprehensive infection-control approach. they protect the wearer from getting sick or getting infected if they come into contact with liquids or solids that could be contagious or harmful. operating room gowns, surgical gowns, isolation gowns, nonsurgical gowns, and procedural gowns are all terms used to describe different gowns used in health care settings. the names of products are not standardized. the specifications of the products are important. ansi/aami pb70 specifies a classification system for protective gear used in healthcare facilities in the united states based on its liquid barrier performance. quality requirements for various gowns include seam strength, lint generation, tear resistance, evaporative resistance, and breathability. astm international guidelines include a list of them which are approved by fda. these gowns are either impermeable or made of a densely woven, water-resistant fabric. 510(k) is a premarket submission made to the food and drug administration in order to demonstrate that the device to be sold is safe and effective. surgical and surgical isolation gowns are regulated by the fda as class ii medical devices that require a 510(k). non-surgical gowns are class i medical devices that do not need a 510(k) clearance. the different levels are categorized as follows: level risk exposure product usable as/at protection levels tests one minimum standard isolation, basic care visitor gown allows small amount of fluid penetration. slight barrier to fluids. only one test of water impacting the gown material's surface is conducted to determine barrier protection. two low surgical suturing, and during blood draw pathology lab, intensive care unit protection from fluids for longer period than level one gowns. two tests water impact on gown's surface for barrier protection. pressure test of the material. three moderate intravenous therapy, and to draw arterial blood in trauma cases, or at emergency protection from fluids for longer period than level two gowns. two tests water impact on gown's surface for barrier protection. pressure test of the material. four high surgery, and where pathogen transmission suspected operating theater protection against fluids and virus for one hour. three tests water impact on gown's surface for barrier protection. pressure test of the material. barrier protection level against simulated blood containing virus some more examples of medical textile applications in the medical environment include the following: surgical mask is a mouth and nose cover against bacterial aerosols, these are often used for a particular purpose. n95 respirators masks were one of the most effective means of protection against the coronavirus. personal protective equipment or ppe protects the wearer from health hazards. for example, viral barrier gowns can protect against viruses of nanometer size. implants, textile based implants, surgical meshes, hernia repair, and regenerative medicines.: 135–139 odor control materials for medical purposes.: 163 drug loaded and drug releasing materials.: 177, 182 bandages: 113 compression garments.: 119 gallery a surgical face mask, meant for single use. it is a type of the face masks often used to prevent the spread of coronavirus. they are used in countries with coronavirus disease (covid-19) outbreaks and are worn in hospitals as well as in public. they are not designed to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne bacteria or virus particles and are less effective than respirators, such as n95 or ffp masks. health workers in ppe and people standing in row with surgical masks .