temporal gyrus are very dependent on previous stimuli being of similar size, and somewhat dependent on previous stimuli being of a similar shape. adaptations in the prefrontal cortex are less dependent on previous stimuli being of similar size and shape. long-term adaptations some rhythmic movements, such as respiratory movements, are essential for survival. because these movements must be used over the course of the entire lifetime, it is important for them to function optimally. neural adaptation has been observed in these movements in response to training or altered external conditions. animals have been shown to have reduced breathing rates in response to better fitness levels. since breathing rates were not conscious changes made by the animal, it is presumed that neural adaptations occur for the body to maintain a slower breathing rate. transcranial magnetic stimulation transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is an important technique in modern cognitive neuropsychology that is used to investigate the perceptual and behavioral effects of temporary interference of neural processing. studies have shown that when a subject's visual cortex is disrupted by tms, the subject views colorless flashes of light, or phosphenes. when a subjects’ vision was subjected to the constant stimulus of a single color, neural adaptations occurred that made the subjects used to the color. once this adaptation had occurred, tms was used to disrupt the subjects’ visual cortex again, and the flashes of light viewed by the subject were the same color as the constant stimulus before the disruption. drug induced neural adaptation can occur for other than natural means. antidepressant drugs, such as those that cause down regulation of β-adrenergic receptors, can cause rapid neural adaptations in the brain. by creating a quick adaptation in the regulation of these receptors, it is possible for drugs to reduce the effects of stress on those taking the medication. post-injury neural adaptation is often critical for an animal's survival after an injury. in the short-term, it may alter an animal's movements so as to prevent worsening the injury. in the long-term, it may enable the animal's full or partial recovery from the injury. brain injury studies in children with early childhood brain injuries have shown that neural adaptations slowly occur after the injury. children with early injuries to the linguistics, spatial cognition and affective development areas of the brain showed deficits in those areas as compared to those without injury. due to neural adaptations, however, by early school-age, considerable development to those areas was observed. leg injury after the amputation of a front leg, the fruit fly (drosophila melanogaster) shows immediate changes in body position and walking kinematics that enable it to continue walking. the fruit fly exhibits longer-term adaptations as well. researchers found that immediately after amputating a hind leg, flies favored turning away from the side of the injury, but that after several days this bias went away, and the flies turned left and right evenly, as they had before the injury. these researchers compared flies with functioning versus impaired proprioception — the body's sense of where it is in space — and found that without proprioception, flies did not exhibit the same recovery from a turning bias after injury. this result indicates that proprioceptive information is necessary for some of the neural adaptation that occurs in drosophila after a leg injury.