injuries among younger patients occur in the hands, wrists, knees, and ankles. environmental modification grab rails on a longer-distance commuter train catering for mainly seated passengers a staircase with metal handrails front-wheeled walker. grab bar mounted in a bathroom forearm crutch/cane the home environment can present many hazards. common places for injurious falls include the bathtub and stairs. changes to the home environment are aimed at reducing hazards and help support a person in daily activities; they include minimizing clutter, installing grab bars in the bathroom, and installing non-slip decals to slippery surfaces. stairs can be improved by installing handrails on both sides, improving lighting, and adding colour contrast between steps. improvement in lighting and luminance levels can aid elderly people in assessing and negotiating hazards. occupational therapists can help clients improve fall prevention behaviours. in addition, they can instruct clients and their family members on factors that contribute to falls, and implement environmental modifications and strategies to decrease the risk of falls. there is currently insufficient scientific evidence to ensure the effectiveness of modification of the home environment to reduce injuries. evidence suggests that pre-discharge home assessments are associated with a reduced risk of falling. safety technology important improvements to prevent falls include handrails and grab bars, which should be easy to grip or grasp and should be near any stairs or change in floor level. floors should always be flat and level, with no exposed corners or edges. patterned floors can be dangerous if they create misleading or distorted images of the floor surface, and should be avoided. there are special handles and closed handgrips available in bathrooms and lavatories to help users bend down or over. for example, extra support for users when moving include walking sticks, crutches, and support frames, such as a walker. flexible handles such as hanging straps can also be useful supports. eyeglasses selection and usage bifocal spectacles and trifocal eyeglasses are used to provide refractory correction ideal for reading (12–24 inches (30–60 cm) when the wearer looks downward through them. reading glasses are not ideal for safe walking, where correction for 4.5–5 feet (137–152 cm) would be more appropriate. occupational and physical therapy studies show that balance, flexibility, strength, and motor-cognitive training not only improve mobility but also reduce the risk of falling. this may be achieved through group and home-based exercise programs or engagement with physical therapy clinics with the appropriate equipment. the majority of older adults do not exercise regularly and 35% of people over the age of 65 do not participate in any leisurely physical activities. older adults in older adults, physical training and perturbation therapy is directed to improving balance recovery responses and preventing falls. gait-related changes in the elderly provide a greater chance of stability during walking due to slower speed and greater base of support, but they also increase the chance of slipping or tripping and falling. appropriate joint moment generation is required to create sufficient push-off for balance recovery. age-related changes in muscles, tendons, and neural structures may contribute to slower reactive responses. interventions involving resistance training along with perturbation training may prove to be beneficial in improving muscle strength and balance recovery. stroke recovery stroke exercises help patients regain mobility and strength in their bodies, and must be done regularly in order to regain muscle tone that helps prevent falls. exercises for prevention one of the most important things for fall prevention in elderly populations is to stay physically fit. specialized facilities and programs like seniors' parks are a good place to keep the elderly in shape and increase their resistance to falling. these facilities contain specialized equipment and training stations where elderly people can exercise. the parks usually have an extended amount of space and different stages reserved for different body exercises. research suggests that participation in such programs successfully mitigates fall risk in the majority of attendees.