cameron prize for therapeutics of the university of edinburgh cameron prize for therapeutics of the university of edinburgh the cameron prize for therapeutics of the university of edinburgh is awarded by the college of medicine and veterinary medicine to a person who has made any highly important and valuable addition to practical therapeutics in the previous five years. the prize, which may be awarded biennially, was founded in 1878 by dr andrew robertson cameron of richmond, new south wales, with a sum of £2,000. the university's senatus academicus may require the prizewinner to deliver one or more lectures or to publish an account on the addition made to practical therapeutics. a list of recipients of the prize dates back to 1879. cameron prize recipients date image name institution interest ref 1879 paul bert faculty of sciences, paris the sorbonne decompression sickness, toxicity of high concentrations of oxygen 1880 william roberts owens college, manchester discovered the antibacterial effects of penicillium moulds, coined the word "enzyme" 1889 louis pasteur pasteur institute principles of vaccination, first vaccines for rabies and anthrax, microbial fermentation, pasteurization first resolution of optical isomers 1890 joseph lister king's college hospital, london pioneer of antiseptic surgery 1891 david ferrier king's college hospital, london cortical localisation 1893 victor horsley national hospital for paralysis and epilepsy developed the horsley–clarke apparatus, stereotactic neurosurgery, epilepsy 1894 emil von behring university of marburg, marburg, germany diphtheria antitoxin 1896 william macewen university of glasgow aseptic procedures in the operating theatre, a pioneer of brain surgery and for the development of a number of successful operating techniques and procedures in bone surgery 1897 thomas fraser department of materia medica edinburgh introduced strophanthus and physostigmine 1898 sydney copeman ministry of health. uk authority on vaccination 1899 avid bruce netley hospital at netley, uk investigated brucellosis and trypanosomes, identifying the cause of african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) 1900 waldemar haffkine pasteur institute in paris vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague 1901 patrick manson the london school of hygiene & tropical medicine discoveries in parasitology and a founder of the field of tropical medicine 1902 ronald ross university college, liverpool, united kingdom malaria, by which he showed how it enters the organism. won nobel prize in 1902 1904 niels ryberg finsen copenhagen university hospital treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation. won nobel prize in 1903 1910 august bier charité - universitätsmedizin, berlin spinal anesthesia using cocaine and intravenous regional anesthesia 1911 simon flexner rockefeller institute for medical research studies into poliomyelitis and the development of serum treatment for meningitis 1914 paul ehrlich frankfurt university, germany hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy, discovered arsphenamine (salvarsan), the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis, concept of a silver bullet. nobel prize in 1908 1915 thomas lauder brunton st. bartholomew's hospital, london use of amyl nitrite to treat angina pectoris, dissertation on digitalis 1920 robert jones military orthopaedic hospital at liverpool radiography in orthopaedics, described the jones fracture. 1921 jules bordet université libre de bruxelles development of serological tests for syphilis, isolated bordetella pertussis in pure culture in 1906 and posited it as the cause of whooping cough. nobel prize 1921. 1922 frederick hopkins university of cambridge discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins, the amino acid tryptophan and the discovery and characterization of glutathione. nobel prize 1929. 1923 j j r macleod university of toronto isolation of insulin, nobel prize 1923 1924 harvey cushing harvard medical school cushing's disease 1925 rudolf magnus university medical center utrecht diuretic effect of the excretions of the pituitary gland, the reflexes involved in mammal posture, studied the effects of narcotics and poison gasses on the lungs 1926 henry hallett dale national institute for medical research study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. nobel prize 1936 1927 frederick banting university of toronto treated dogs so that they no longer produced trypsin, insulin could then be extracted and used to treat diabetes. nobel prize 1923 1928 constantin levaditi carol davila university of medicine and pharmacy discovered in the presence of the polio virus in tissues other than nervous and this was the basis for the development of vaccine (by jonas salk and albert sabin) 1929 leonard rogers hospital for tropical diseases effects of hæmostatic and other drugs on the intravascular coagulability of the blood and treatment of cholera with hypertonic saline, worked on entamoeba histolytica, which he correctly associated with both dysentery and hepatic abscess 1930 george r minot harvard university discovered an effective treatment for pernicious anemia. nobel prize 1934 william p. murphy brigham hospital, boston shared the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 1934 with george minot and george whipple combined work in devising and treating macrocytic anemia (specifically, pernicious anemia). :iver had been tried on people with pernicious anemia and later were able to isolate vitamin b12 1931 marie curie école normale supérieure first woman to win a nobel prize with her husband, coined the word "radioactivity", and isolated radium chloride and pure radium. nobel prizes 1903 and 1911 1932 edward mellanby university of sheffield determined that cause of rickets is lack of vitamin d 1933 gladys rowena henry dick university of chicago isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the dick test george frederick dick university of chicago isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the dick test 1935 edward albert sharpey schafer university of edinburgh founder of endocrinology, coined the word "insulin" after theorising that a single substance from the pancreas was responsible for diabetes mellitus. schafer's method of artificial respiration, introduced the use of suprarenal extract (containing adrenaline as well as other active substances) 1936 julius wagner-jauregg clinic for psychiatry and nervous diseases in vienna introduced malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica (neurosyphilis) and research on goiter, cretinism, and iodine. nobel prize 1927 1937 carl hamilton browning university of glasgow worked in germany with paul ehrlich, discovered the therapeutic qualities of acridine dyes 1938 james b collip mcgill university in montreal working with the toronto group that isolated insulin he prepared a pancreatic extract pure enough to be used in clinical trials, pioneering work with parathyroid hormone. nobel prize 1923 1938 karl landsteiner university of vienna rockefeller institute for medical research discovered three human blood groups (o, a, and b), the rhesus factor, and isolated the polio virus. nobel prize 1930 1939 gerhard johannes paul domagk bayer laboratories at wuppertal discoverer of sulfonamidochrysoidine (prontosil) effective against streptococci, eventually led to the development of the antituberculosis drugs thiosemicarbazone and isoniazid. nobel prize 1939, lectured in 1954 (forced until then to decline nobel prize) 1940 charles dodds courtauld institute of biochemistry pentose phosphate pathway which generates nadph, the discovery of stilboestrol, a synthetic and powerfully active non-steroid analogue of the naturally occurring oestrogenic hormone 1944 otto loewi new york university college of medicine showed acetylcholine to be released by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and augmentation of adrenaline release by cocaine, a connection between digitalis and the action of calcium. invented the mydriatic test in which an experimental form of diabetes in dogs led a change in the response of the eye to adrenaline. nobel prize 1936 1945 alexander fleming st mary's hospital, london discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (penicillin g) from the mould penicillium notatum in 1928. nobel prize 1945 with florey 1945 howard florey university of oxford carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1941. nobel prize 1945 shared with fleming 1946 albert szent-györgyi national institutes of health, bethesda, maryland discovering vitamin c and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what became known as the krebs cycle. nobel prize 1937 1947 neil hamilton fairley london school of hygiene and tropical medicine saved thousands of allied lives from malaria and other diseases during world war ii, researched quinine, sulphonamides, atebrin, plasmoquine, and paludrine 1948 edwin b. astwood tufts university school of medicine, boston hormonal control of the mammary gland, the initial rise in uterine weight in response to estrogen could be suppressed by progesterone and the basic mechanisms of thyroid physiology and assessment of relative potency of antithyroid drugs in man, established rational therapeutic regimens for most thyroid diseases, identification of a third pituitary gonadotropin, which he named luteotrophin. 1949 daniel bovet university of rome la sapienza. antihistamines discovered succinylcholine to be a depolarizing muscle relaxant. he also synthesized gallamine, the first completely artificial curariform drug to be clinically useful, work on synthetic analogs of bioactive amines and antihistamines. nobel prize 1957. 1950 rudolph albert peters institute of animal physiology, babraham british anti-lewisite (dimercaprol) and treatment of post-arsphenamine jaundice researched pyruvate metabolism, focussing particularly on the toxicity of fluoroacetate 1951 tadeus reichstein pharmaceutical institute of the university of basel synthesized vitamin c by what is now called the reichstein process, isolated aldosterone, a hormone of the adrenal cortex. nobel prize 1950 jointly with kendall e c kendall princeton university isolation of thyroxine, the active principle of the thyroid gland, the crystallization of glutathione, the hormones of the cortex of the adrenal glands and the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisone. nobel prize 1950 1954 russell claude brock guy's and the brompton hospitals cardiac surgeon, operated on fallot's tetralogy patients with pulmonary stenosis and mitral stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever, introduced new developments, notably hypothermia and the heart-lung machine 1956 william d.m. paton university of oxford interest in hyperbaric physiology, cholinergic transmission in particular decamethonium and hexamethonium, histamine release by licheniform and other basic substances, mechanism of action of gaseous anaesthetic agents, pharmacology of cannabis, the rate theory of drug action eleanor j zaimis the royal free hospital, london muscle relaxants and ganglionic blockers, the structure-activity relationships of methonium compounds 1958 charles b huggins university of chicago discovered in 1941 that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers, specializing in prostate cancer, castration or estrogen administration led to glandular atrophy, androgen ablation of metastases, development of biomarker based on serum phosphatase. nobel prize 1966 1960 john f enders children's hospital boston in vitro culture of poliovirus, isolated measles virus and began development of measles vaccine and conducted trials on 1,500 mentally retarded children in new york city and 4,000 children in nigeria. nobel prize 1954 1962 alan sterling parkes university college, london reproductive biology, research in low-temperature biology leading to the discovery that glycerol protected spermatozoa against damage during freezing and storage at very low temperatures 1964 willem j kolff university of utah pioneer of hemodialysis for kidney failure and the development of artificial organs, in particular the artificial heart 1966 gregory pincus worcester foundation for experimental biology in shrewsbury, massachusetts confirmed earlier research that progesterone would act as an inhibitor to ovulation, co-inventor the combined oral contraceptive pill, in vitro fertilization in rabbits 1968 robert gwyn macfarlane oxford university deciphered the enzymic cascade of blood coagulation and the treatment of haemophilia, studied the venom of many different snakes and isolated the poison of the russell's viper 1970 georges mathé hôpital paul-brousse performed the first bone marrow graft and first successful kidney grafts between unrelated donors, the development of several important immunosuppressant molecules such as acriflavine, bestatine, ellipticine, oxaliplatin, triptoreline and vinorelbine 1972 george h hitchings wellcome research laboratories, tuckahoe, new york work included 2,6-diaminopurine (a compound to treat leukemia) and p-chlorophenoxy-2,4-diaminopyrimidine (a folic acid antagonist), new drug therapies for malaria (pyrimethamine), leukemia (6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine), gout (allopurinol), organ transplantation (azathioprine) and bacterial infections (co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim) pointed the way that led to major antiviral drugs for herpes infections (acyclovir) and aids (zidovudine). nobel prize 1988 shared with black 1974 john charnley wrightington hospital, lancashire british orthopaedic surgeon pioneered hip replacement, development of the low friction arthroplasty concept, use of bone cement that acted as a grout rather than glue 1976 norman shumway stanford university human heart transplant operation, pioneered the use of cyclosporine to prevent rejection. 1978 sune k bergstrom karolinska institute, stockholm succeeded in producing pure prostaglandins and determining the chemical structures of two important examples, pge and pgf, showed that these are formed through the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids, used to trigger contractions during childbirth, induce abortions, or reduce the risk of gastric ulcer. nobel prize 1982 shared with john vane 1980 james black king's college hospital medical school, london developed propranolol, a beta-blocker that