office called this comparison "hysterically funny" and "desperate". republican senator johnny isakson, who co-sponsored a 2007 end-of-life counseling provision, called the euthanasia claim "nuts". analysts who examined the end-of-life provision palin cited agreed that it merely authorized medicare reimbursement for physicians who provide voluntary counseling for advance health care directives (including living wills). according to time and abc, palin and mccaughey made false euthanasia claims. the page 425 legislation began as a separate bill that was co-sponsored by republicans charles boustany, patrick tiberi and geoff davis. boustany, a heart surgeon, said the end-of-life legislation was a "good medical practice". 204 gop house members and 42 gop senators voted for a 2003 medicare prescription drug bill that included end-of-life counseling. the 2003 legislation only covered end-of-life counseling for terminally ill patients, which the republican charles grassley supported. grassley said that the 2009 end-of-life counseling would "pull the plug on grandma" and that "you shouldn't have counseling at the end of life, you should have done that 20 years before," which is what the 2009 legislation would allow. republican newt gingrich defended the death panel claim, but previously praised the gundersen lutheran health system for encouraging the widespread use of advance directives. the federal requirement that hospitals help patients with things like living wills began when republican george h. w. bush was president. section 1233 merely allows doctors to be paid for their time. however, between 30 percent and 45 percent of americans believed in the death panel story. according to politifact, private health insurance companies already ration health care by income, by denying health insurance to those with pre-existing conditions and by caps on health insurance payments. rationing exists now, and will continue to exist with or without health care reform. the "death panel" argument was endorsed by an erroneous editorial in the investor's business daily, which analogized the bill to the national health service (nhs) in the united kingdom and editorialized: "people such as scientist stephen hawking wouldn't have a chance in the u.k., where the national health service would say the life of this brilliant man, because of his physical handicaps, is essentially worthless." the investor's business daily editorialists had to beat a retreat and quickly retracted its claim after it was pointed out that hawking was in fact british, and had lived his entire life in the united kingdom with treatment from the nhs. stephen hawking responded, "i wouldn't be here today if it were not for the nhs. i have received a large amount of high-quality treatment without which i would not have survived." on a separate issue, physician and conservative commentator charles krauthammer has criticized what he sees as a naive focus on living wills by the policymakers over other types of medical advice. he has written: when my father was dying, my mother and brother and i had to decide how much treatment to pursue. what was a better way to ascertain my father's wishes: what he checked off on a form... or what we, who had known him intimately for decades, thought he would want? competition a cnn report has stated that the proposed public option is a 'lightning rod' in american public opinion about healthcare reform. republicans, people with the insurance industry, and employer groups have discussed the concern that the availability of a public plan would make it difficult for private insurers to compete. this may then lead to a situation where most people end up being covered by the public insurance option. the congressional budget office's analysis in late july stated that this would not be the case for the "public option" included in h.r. 3200, projecting that only about 11 to 12 million people would enroll in the public option. the lewin group, a research firm that is part of a subsidiary of unitedhealth group but is run independently, has estimated that over 100 million people would join the public plan if it were structured like medicare, which would then make it the dominant insurer. a model similar to one proposed by the late senator ted kennedy would bring in between 21.5 million and 67.5 million according to the group. a 2008 report by the urban institute stated the public option would probably settle into a 'niche' in the insurance market with other firms still able to compete. the bill bases the publicly authorized insurance plan fees on industry averages, so there is no clear economic competitive advantage versus existing private insurance. the health insurance subsidy is available to anyone with a qualifying level of income buying insurance from the exchange regardless of whether they choose a public or private plan. a poll done by penn, schoen and berland associates for the aarp stated that only 37% of americans correctly identified the definition of the 'public option' being proposed, numbers very close to respondents guessing randomly among answers. in a june 2009 nbc news/the wall street journal survey, 76% said it was either "extremely" or "quite" important to "give people a choice of both a public plan administered by the federal government and a private plan for their health insurance." a july survey by rasmussen reports found 50% of americans opposed the idea of a public option and 35% expressed support. an august 2009 nbc news/wall street journal poll found 47% of americans opposed and 43% expressing support. cnn polling director keating holland has stated that partisan affiliations drive people's opinions on the issue. town halls a number of town hall meetings held by members of congress during the august 2009 congressional recess were the site of protests and disruptions by opponents of this health care reform legislation. steven pearlstein of the washington post wrote that the concerns raised in most of these town hall disruptions are factually incorrect claims made by some conservative members of congress and some in the right-wing media in opposition of the reform bill. wendell potter, who has been an executive of cigna, a for-profit health insurer, stated that health insurance companies "are very much behind the town hall disruptions that you see and a lot of the deception that's going on in terms of disinformation that many americans, apparently, are believing." many proponents of the reform bill have accused organizations such as freedomworks, a corporate and individual funded activist group, of organizing these protests to look like grassroots opposition. freedomworks representatives have stated that they represent grassroots dissatisfaction and disputed the allegations. the chairman of freedomworks is former republican house majority leader and healthcare lobbyist dick armey. health care for america now (hcan), a union and individual-funded liberal activist group, organized and co-ordinated health care reform proponents in the town hall meetings. freedomworks has accused them of astroturfing, which hcan disputes. the service employees international union (seiu), a labor union, has been accused by opponents of the reform bill of busing paid operatives into town halls to demonstrate in support of the measure. the group denies the accusation. rasmussen reports found in a late-august survey that a 49% plurality of americans believe that protesters genuinely express their own views while 37% consider them to be a creation of special interest groups and lobbyists. an early-august survey stated that 35% viewed the protests unfavorably and 41% viewed them favorably. both polls showed highly partisan differences in people's view of the town halls. medicare issues ezra klein has written in the washington post'' in late august that, in his opinion, polls now indicate that senior citizens are becoming fearful of healthcare reform, due to concerns that funding subsidies for the uninsured would require cuts to the popular medicare program. he said that the specific changes "don't involve anything of the kind (most of the savings would come from reducing overpayments to the private insurers that participate in the medicare advantage program)". he argued that, as a result, an odd but potent political alliance has emerged with republicans arguing to protect the existing medicare program despite its position historically which has been to oppose medicare as an entitlement. peter r. orszag, the then director of the cbo, argued in june 2008 that the medicare program as currently structured is unsustainable without significant reform, as tax revenues dedicated to the program are not sufficient to cover its rapidly increasing expenditures. according to the cbo, spending on medicare will grow from $485 billion during 2009 to $879 billion by 2018. president obama said at a white house news conference on july 22 that, without changes, the system is guaranteed "to basically break the federal budget". he argued that it is necessary to cut wasteful spending which is known to exist (over-testing, no it, lack of co-ordination, hospital re-admissions) in order to cut costs in order to protect medicare in the future and cut the projected national deficit. the act, as currently structured, does not cut present medicare benefits. it reduces projected future increases in medicare spending such as inpatient hospital service payments and ambulatory care payments that would otherwise undergo annual re-adjustments. these changes would save $196 billion from medicare over 10 years and removing wasteful subsidies to insurers for medicare advantage plan would save a further $156 billion according to the cbo. gail wilensky, a deputy assistant to president bush snr advising him on health and welfare issues from 1992 to 1993 and previously a director of medicare and medicaid has expressed concern that this might affect seniors access to health care if the changes are made too quickly, while other activists such as stuart guterman of the commonwealth fund argue that medicare advantage plans cost the taxpayer $1,000 per policyholder more than if the person had been insured through traditional fee for services. illegal immigrants hr 3200 states that illegal immigrants are not eligible for the proposed taxpayer-funded affordable premium credits. republicans have stated that there is nothing in the bill to enforce this. a group of 21 house democrats, led by rep. michael m. honda, are trying to change those requirements. he has argued that the restriction "will only add to uncompensated care costs and costly emergency room visits. costs due to such visits will be shifted and distributed among all those who have been mandated to carry insurance. with skyrocketing health care costs, legislators should do all that we can to contain costs for working american families". the center for immigration studies has also commented on the issue. abortion funding the hyde amendment prohibits federal funding for abortions in government related health programs unless they are performed in cases of rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother. a political controversy has broken out about whether or not the 'public plan' in hr 3200 will cover abortions, which, if done, would be funded by premiums paid by individuals to that agency and not by outside payments. after rejecting democratic rep. lois capps's amendment to segregate abortion funding, the house or representatives voted for tighter restrictions on federal funding for elective abortions via the stupak amendment. ad campaign funding "america's health insurance plans", a lobbyist group, opposed the bill. 'americans for stable quality care' is an activist group that has devised television ads in support of this type of healthcare reform. although the group gets funding from the drug lobby phrma as well as from the service employees international union, it does not disclose this fact in the ads themselves. the head of the public relations society of america, michael cherenson, has accused the group of dishonest 'front group' manipulations (his group does not use the exact term 'astroturfing' since it respects the trademark). the vice chairperson of phrma has disputed the allegation and referred to the campaign as completely "transparent".