causes of sexual violence causes of sexual violence there are many theories explaining the causes of sexual violence. these theories include military conquest, socioeconomics, anger, power, sadism, traits, ethical standards, laws, and evolutionary pressures that lend some explanation to the causes of sexual violence (such as rape, molestation, sexual harassment, stalking, etc.). most of the research on the causes of sexual violence has only been done on male offenders (and has largely ignored female perpetrated sexual violence due to lack of data) and has been target of criticism. rape types acquaintance rape campus rape corrective rape lgbt victims date rape gang rape genocidal rape gray rape live streaming rape marital rape prison rape rape chant serial rape statutory rape unacknowledged rape rape by deception effects and motivations effects and aftermath pregnancy from rape rape trauma syndrome causes post-assault mistreatment weinstein effect sociobiological theories rape culture 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types of rape and types of rapists clinical psychologist nicholas groth has described several different types of rape. a detailed conceptual analysis shows that objectification might underlie denial of agency and personhood that leads to rape. anger rapists the goal of these rapists is to humiliate, debase and hurt their victims. they use an excessive amount of force, whether or not victims resist. also, they express their contempt for their victims through physical violence and profane language. for these rapists, sex is a weapon to defile and degrade the victim, rape constitutes the ultimate expression of their anger. this rapist considers rape the ultimate offense they can commit against the victim. friends and acquaintances of anger rapists may report a dark side to their personalities or lifestyles. anger rape is characterized by physical brutality: much more physical force is used during the assault than would be necessary if the intent were simply to overpower the victim and achieve penetration. this type of offender attacks their victim by grabbing, striking and knocking the victim to the ground, beating them, tearing their clothes, and raping them. the experience for the offender is one of conscious anger and rage. power assertive rapist for these rapists, rape becomes a way to compensate for their underlying feelings of inadequacy and feeds their issues of mastery, control, dominance, strength, intimidation, authority and capability. the intent of the power rapist is to assert their competency. the power rapist relies upon verbal threats, intimidation with a weapon, and only uses the amount of force necessary to subdue the victims. rapes committed by this perpetrator are more impulsive, spontaneous, and unplanned. victims are frequently encountered by coincidence, such as at pubs, clubs, or parties. their attack is characterized by a modest level of force applied over a brief period of time. unlike the power reassurance rapist, the power assertive rapist sees himself as a "macho man" who wants to prove his and virility to women. his language is abrasive and laced with profanities. the power rapist often will assume that the assault was not an assault because of their rape supportive attitudes. power rapists are often in a mind set that they are entitled to their own pleasure regardless of the victims feelings or lack of desire. in the article, "sexual perpetrators' justifications for their actions", it says, "one perpetrator who forced his steady dating partner to have sex after she willingly touched his penis, said 'i felt as if i had gotten something that i was entitled to. and i felt like i was repaying her for sexually arousing me'." there is a clear tendency for a rapist to have fantasies about sexual experiences and assume that they are enjoying it or grateful for it even when they resist. because this is only a fantasy, the rapist does not feel reassured for long by either their own performance or the victim's response. the rapist feels that they must find another victim, convinced that this victim will be "the right one". hence, their offenses may become repetitive and compulsive. they may commit a series of rapes over a short period of time. sadistic rapists these rapists have a sexual association with anger and power so that aggression and the infliction of pain itself are eroticized. for this rapist, sexual excitement is associated with the inflicting of pain upon their victim. the offender finds the intentional maltreatment of their victim intensely gratifying and takes pleasure in the victim's torment, pain, anguish, distress, helplessness, and suffering; they find the victim's struggling with them to be an erotic experience. the sadistic rapist's assaults are deliberate, calculated, and preplanned. they will often wear a disguise or will blindfold their victims. prostitutes or other people whom they perceive to be vulnerable are often the sadistic rapist's targets. the victims of a sadistic rapist may not survive the attack. for some offenders, the ultimate satisfaction is gained from murdering the victim. the propensity models of sexual aggression the propensity approach to sexual aggression focuses on the traits (features that are stable and fixed over time) that can increase the probability that someone will commit an act of sexual violence. cognitive and attitudinal biases. the cognitive traits and attitudinal biases associated with a propensity to commit acts of sexual aggression come from socio-cultural research and says that forms of sexual aggression come from false beliefs of gender relations, misdirected objectives (i.e. only dating to have sex), and erroneous impressions of social interactions (linked to gender relations). research focusing specifically on gender relations within the context of sexual assault have found that conformance to notions of male entitlement, suspicion of the opposite sex, perceiving violence as a reasonable method for solving problems, and holding the traditional patriarchal attitudes that specific societal roles belong to specific genders are found to adhere to the concept of male entitlement/superiority (in the context of gender relations). the cognitive biases that add to one's propensity to commit acts of sexual violence include a feeling of entitlement (entitlement to sex), and the beliefs that women are sex objects, men's sexual drive is uncontrollable, society is dangerous, and women are unpredictable and dangerous. neuropsychological processes the neuropsychological deficits that may contribute to a propensity for sexual assault include difficulties in self-regulation, executive functioning problems, perception/memory system problems, arousal/motivation system deficits, and problems in the action selection system. the difficulties arise when sexual aggressors are not able to understand their emotional states so that when confronted with a situation that trigger their arousal/motivation systems, they become confused and may have issues controlling their behavior. an inability to adapt plans to deal with unforeseen situations or having limited problem-solving skills (the action selection system) and maintaining maladaptive beliefs categorized by erroneous interpretations of social encounters (perception/memory systems) can also contribute to a greater tendency to commit acts of sexual violence. deviant sexual preferences research focusing on the deviant sexual preferences propensity model suggests that people who perpetrate acts of sexual violence are sexually aroused by non-consensual sexual interactions more than consensual sexual interactions. the research that seeks to support this model (penile plethysmography) has not been able to reliably find differences in the two different groups of males (those who have committed acts of sexual aggression and those who have not). instead, the studies are providing more evidence for the cognitive, attitudinal, neuropsychological, and lifestyle differences that impact sexual arousal in certain situations, rather than a deviant sexual preference leading to a higher propensity for sexual violence. personality disorders and traits the last propensity model of sexual violence views the perpetrators of sexual violence through three lenses of different personality traits, with interpersonal functioning being the most important factor in whether a person will have a higher propensity for sexual violence. this model is based on the idea that sexual aggression is indicative of problems starting and managing enjoyable intimate relationships. insecure attachment lens the insecure attachment style lens stems from research done on sexual aggressors that characterized them as people who had insecure attachment styles (as a result of child abuse, parental divorce, etc.) manifested as low self-esteem, an inability to develop relationships with others, and significant emotional loneliness. through the lens of this model, sexual aggression is used as a faulty means of fulfilling intimacy needs. antisocial personality traits/quadripartite lens the antisocial personality lens stems from a study done by hall and hirschman (1991) and emphasizes the subsequent consequences of experiencing adversities/abuses in childhood, which can lead to the development of antisocial personality traits in adulthood. the antisocial personality traits combine with contextual, emotional (rage/anger), cognitive (irrational thoughts that influence emotions), and physiological (deviant sexual arousal) factors that increase the probability of committing sexual violence. narcissistic personality lens lastly, the narcissistic lens emphasizes the assumption that individuals with narcissistic personality traits are more likely to interpret refusal of sexual advances as insults, and in turn will have an adverse reaction to such insults (narcissistic injury). this lens is best used when describing sexual violence that includes known victims (such as incest, date rape, domestic abuse, etc.) because it is not able to adequately explain sexual violence such as stranger rape. individual factors known victim data on sexually violent individuals show that most direct their acts at individuals whom they already know. drug-facilitated sexual assault drug-facilitated sexual assault (dfsa), also known as predator rape, is a sexual assault carried out after the victim has become incapacitated due to having consumed alcoholic beverages or other drugs. alcohol has been shown to play a disinhibiting role in certain types of sexual assault, as have some other drugs, notably cocaine. alcohol has a psychopharmacological effect of reducing inhibitions, clouding judgements and impairing the ability to interpret cues. the biological links between alcohol and violence are, however, complex. research on the social anthropology of alcohol consumption suggests that connections between violence, drinking and drunkenness are socially learned rather than universal. some researchers have noted that alcohol may act as a cultural break time, providing the opportunity for antisocial behavior. judgments are more likely to act violently when drunk because they do not consider that they will be held accountable for their behavior. some forms of group sexual violence are also associated with drinking. in these settings, consuming alcohol is an act of group bonding, where inhibitions are collectively reduced and individual judgment ceded in favor of the group. sexual gratification in 1994, richard felson and james tedeschi coauthored the controversial book aggression and coercive actions: a social-interactionist perspective, which argues that rapists are motivated by sexual entitlement, rather than the aggressive desire to dominate the victim. felson believes that rape is an aggressive form of sexual coercion and the goals of rape are sexual entitlement and gaining a sense of power. meta-analyses indicate that convicted rapists demonstrate greater sexual arousal to scenes of sexual coercion involving force than do non-rapists. in one study, male rapists evaluated with penile plethysmography demonstrated more arousal to forced sex and less discrimination between forced and consensual sex than non-rapist control subjects, though both groups responded more strongly to consensual sex scenarios. psychological factors there has been considerable research in recent times on the role of cognitive variables among the set of factors that can lead to rape. a detailed conceptual analysis shows that objectification might underlie denial of agency and personhood that leads to rape. sexually violent men have been shown to be more likely to consider victims responsible for the rape and less knowledgeable about the impact of rape on victims. such men may misread cues