house was the foreign policy advisor to president woodrow wilson until removed from that post in 1919. in that year he suffered through a painful kidney stone, and he had recurrences in 1928 and 1930. in 1959, indian prime minister indira gandhi began to suffering from severe pain in the stomach and back. she was diagnosed with a kidney stone and underwent successful surgery in february 1960 to have it removed. sukarno, the first president of indonesia, suffered from recurrent kidney stones. he was twice forced to seek medical treatment in vienna; the second time for removal of a kidney stone. u.s. president lyndon b. johnson suffered from kidney stones at various times in his life. he was reluctant to seek treatment because of the effect it may have on his political image. the perjury trial of deputy white house chief of staff michael deaver was twice delayed because he was suffering from kidney stones. bosnian serb military commander ratko mladić underwent surgery in belgrade for a kidney stone in 1995, during the final year of the serbian conflict with bosnia. he was later indicted by the un war crimes tribunal for genocide and other crimes. former speaker of the united states house of representatives, dennis hastert, has had a number of kidney stones, necessitating kidney stone removal surgery. senator john mccain has had four small kidney stones and he took the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide to prevent their formation. other congress members who have experienced kidney stones include representatives tom price and mike simpson, and senator ted kennedy. former white house deputy chief of staff karl rove under u.s. president george w. bush was hospitalized in september 2005 due to kidney stones. former deputy prime minister of the united kingdom john prescott was hospitalized on christmas day, 2006 for a kidney stone. senior cia lawyer john rizzo had a number of kidney stone attacks, beginning in 1968. other political figures who have had a kidney stone include u.s. treasury secretary timothy geithner and british labour politician peter mandelson. religious figures pope vigilius, whose papacy began in 537, died in sicily while suffering from kidney stones, 555. saint ailred of rievaulx took frequent baths and consumed wine to alleviate the severe pain from his kidney stones. the german monk martin luther periodically suffered from kidney stones, and he almost died in 1537 from being unable to urinate. during his lengthy journey home, the jostling motion of the carriage released the stone and so spared his life. during his life, the french protestant john calvin would suffer from a variety of physical ailments, including kidney stones, arthritis, a bleeding stomach, gout and nephritis. cardinal mazarin, the successor to cardinal richelieu as the french king's chief minister, began to suffer from kidney stones in 1659. he died two years later while also suffering from gout and deteriorating health. to treat his kidney stones, john wilkins was fed, "four red-hot oyster shells in a quart of cider and blistering with cantharides." after surviving the plague year of 1665, english clergyman, author and chief founder of the royal society john wilkins became ill from kidney stones and he was unable to pass urine. he most likely died from the opiates or other medications that were used to treat his condition. pope innocent xi survived primitive surgery for the extraction of kidney stones. after his death in 1689, he was found to have a "stone weighing nine ounces in the left kidney and another weighing six ounces in the right side." mary baker eddy was the founder of christian science, a movement that discouraged its members from seeking help from doctors for their illnesses. in 1903 she began to suffer from extreme pain and consented to a visit by a doctor. after a diagnosis of kidney stones, she agreed to injections of morphine to alleviate the pain. in 1954, when billy graham was preparing to preach at berlin's olympic stadium, he began to suffer pain from a kidney stone. wondering whether the devil might be mounting a vengeful attack against him, he chose to continue the public service without painkillers, rather than appearing groggy or undergoing hospitalization. after praying to mother teresa, a 1⁄2-inch-diameter (13 mm) kidney stone disappeared from the lower ureter of father v. m. thomas in guwahati, india. this occurred a day before the priest was scheduled to undergo surgery for the stone's removal. the surgeon said that, "the disappearance of the calculus (stone) was beyond medical explanation." this alleged miracle was used to support the case for sainthood of mother teresa. in 2010, david zubik, bishop of the catholic diocese of pittsburgh, was hospitalized with kidney stones. scholars, scientists and philosophers thomas sydenham began to suffer from kidney stones at the age of 25. in 271 or 270 bc, the greek philosopher epicurus died from a stone blockage of his urinary tract lasting a fortnight, according to his successor hermarchus and reported by his biographer diogenes laërtius. the dutch humanist and theologian desiderius erasmus suffered from gout, kidney stone and hypochondria. in describing his kidney stones, the physician thomas sydenham said, "the pain is like that of a dislocation and yet parts feel as if cold water had been poured over them... now it is a gnawing pain and now it is a pressure and tightening. so exquisite and lively meanwhile is the feeling of the part affected, that it cannot bear the weight of the bedclothes nor the jar of a person walking in the room." robert boyle, regarded as the first modern chemist, was troubled for much of his adult life by kidney stones. after retiring from the lumleian lectureship at cambridge university in 1655, the aging physician william harvey was known to suffer from gout and kidney stones. he is noted for his correct description of blood and the circulatory system. in 1686, danish anatomist and geologist nicholas steno became gravely ill from kidney stones. he suffered great pain and his stomach became distended. shortly before he died, he prayed that, "my god i beg you not to take the pains from me, but to give me the patience to bear them." georges-louis leclerc, comte de buffon, french naturalist, suffered from kidney stones in 1771 and their "passing caused him very sharp pains". he had 57 stones at time of autopsy in 1788. during sir isaac newton's later life, he was troubled by painful urinary incontinence, probably due to uric acid stones in the bladder. the distinguished mathematician and philosopher gottfried leibniz died from a combination of gout and the stone. although he was a member of several distinguished societies, he had fallen into such disfavor that only one man came to his funeral. in the final years of his life, benjamin franklin is known to have used laudanum, an alcoholic herbal preparation of opium, to alleviate the pain of recurrent kidney stones. the eminent italian anatomist and surgeon antonio scarpa suffered severely from a stone for several years. this caused a bladder inflammation which led to his demise in 1832. sports figures nearing the end of his life, in 1985 the father of competitive weightlifting, bob hoffman, suffered from a number of physical ailments, including kidney stones. new york giants football coach bill parcells underwent medical treatment for a kidney stone in 1990. against his doctor's advice, bill parcels attempted to coach the next game against the minnesota vikings, but a reporter noted he "appeared drawn and in pain". during a 1996 attempt to cross antarctica, explorer and endurance record holder sir ranulph fiennes was forced to turn back because of kidney stones. he lists it as his most painful experience. los angeles lakers head coach phil jackson underwent a lithotripsy procedure to treat a kidney stone in 2003. it was the first time he missed a game as coach. he had experienced symptoms for two years prior to the surgery. professional golfer davis love iii had to withdraw from the 2007 wyndham championship to undergo surgery for a kidney stone. afterward he said that, "except for feeling like i've been punched in the side, i feel fine." bernhard langer had to pull out of the 2007 deutsche bank players' championship to undergo an operation for kidney stone removal. blackpool f.c. boss ian holloway was taken to hospital in august 2007 with a kidney stone. in june 2003 at the texas state skeet shooting championships (waco, texas), houston area skeet shooter michael fox began experiencing severe discomfort and pain of a kidney stone upon beginning the doubles event. somehow, throughout the one hour event he was not only able to complete the 100 target competition, but also maintained his focus by shooting a perfect score - breaking all 100 targets. he finished second out of 174 competitors, losing the tie-breaking shootoff to eventual champion jason ward. in march 2009, driver martin truex jr. was hospitalized before the atlanta's cup race with a kidney stone. because of the nascar drug regulations, he decided to forgo medications while passing the stone so that he could compete in the race. during the 2009 national hockey league playoffs, all-star right winger mark recchi underwent surgery to have a kidney stone removed. he said of the pain, "i don't wish it on anybody." in december 2011, marcus thornton of the sacramento kings suffered a kidney stone. in november 2017, vince carter of the sacramento kings suffered a kidney stone winner of the 2003 grand national, jockey barry geraghty was hospitalized with a kidney stone in 2015. he said, "i was in a lot of pain and had to have plenty of morphine." at the age of 50, olympic gold medalist caitlyn jenner (then bruce) discovered that she had a kidney stone after undergoing a full body ebct scan. during 2016, fc barcelona forward lionel messi apparently played three games with a stone in his kidney. he used tranquillizers during the games, then underwent a lithotripsy to break up the stone. golfer bubba watson passed two kidney stones in five years. baseball baseball hall of famer tony gwynn had a kidney stone removed arthroscopically in 1997. new york mets' relief pitcher dennis cook began to suffer from a kidney stone just as his team reached the world series in 2000. however, he was able to pitch during the first game. in 2004, minnesota twins catcher joe mauer had surgery for kidney stones. a stent was used to allow two stones to successfully pass. chicago white sox manager ozzie guillén was hospitalized while passing a kidney stone in 2004. he said, "that was something i don't wish anybody has, even my worst enemy." rich aurilia, an infielder for the san francisco giants, was rushed to a hospital in 2008 because of a kidney stone. he said, "it felt like somebody stuck a knife in my rib cage". other current or former baseball players who have had kidney stones include mike cameron, derek bell, tony fernández, bobby jenks, whitey kurowski, bill mazeroski, tom niedenfuer, miguel olivo, jay payton, brian roberts, tim salmon, joe saunders, james shields, josh willingham and robin yount. others the soap lady, a mysterious mummified female on exhibit at the mütter museum, may have suffered from a kidney stone or gallstone. this illustration displays the stone that jan de doot claims he removed from his own bladder. dutch blacksmith jan de doot is remembered for having his portrait painted with the "four ounce palpable stone" that he supposedly removed from his perineum using a kitchen knife in 1651. in 1981, bart giamatti, the president of yale university and future commissioner of baseball, had a kidney stone removed. socialite lydia hearst-shaw, granddaughter of william randolph hearst, suffers from kidney stones. the cia believes that terrorist osama bin laden may have had kidney stones, an enlarged heart, low blood pressure and two missing toes. between 2001 and 2006, 14 american astronauts developed kidney stones during space missions. during long-duration space flights, astronauts are at higher risk for kidney stones because of an increase in the amount of calcium in their blood. this is caused by a loss of bone density in zero gravity. in january 2014, jeff bezos, the founder and ceo of amazon.com suffered a kidney stone. in september 2017, linux creator linus torvalds passed a kidney stone over an interval he described