costs.: 17 compared to the uk, the us now uses more partnerships with universities and the private sector to provide healthcare to prison populations.: 125 cutting costs from public health crises, like mental health, aids, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases within american prisons is a primary motivation. these partnerships are supported for the improvements they make to public health and the training opportunities they provide for medical students, although specialized medical training in prison settings is rare.: 2 the outsourcing of prison healthcare has led to controversies with companies like corizon or prison health services providing substandard or negligent care to prisoners. prison is often the first place that people in the usa are able to receive medical treatment that they couldn't afford outside. inmates often receive more medical treatment in prison than they do in the outside world, largely because many ex-prisoners lose federal benefits such as medicaid after incarceration. however, upon release, inmates do not continue to receive the treatment they need and oftentimes their condition reverts to pre-incarceration level severity. although us prisoners are entitled to medical care and receive more treatment than they do in the outside world, the marginal nature of prison healthcare and us mass incarceration means that many prisoners also go untreated . : 17 following the mass closure of mental health hospitals in the 1960s, mental health services in us prisons often aren't available for criminals; most prisoners have an untreated mental disorder and psychiatric care or treatment is expensive for the mentally ill.: 2 64 percent of jail inmates, 54 percent of state prisoners, and 45 percent of federal prisoners in the us report having mental health concerns. health care in american women's prisons often does not meet the needs of women prisoners, such as in the areas of pregnancy and prenatal care, menstrual hygiene and gynecological services, and mental health, especially associated with past trauma or sexual abuse. despite offering quality medical assistance to certain prisoners with specific illnesses, prison clinics do not meet the needs of all and often presume the continuation of the us prison–industrial complex.: 4 the society of correctional physicians is a non-profit physician organization founded in august, 1992 as national educational and scientific society for the advancement of correctional medicine, and became the american college of correctional physicians in 2015.