Detailed Instructions: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Q: A new frog mating position, only the seventh type ever observed, has been discovered in the monsoonal forests of India. 
  
 Bombay night frogs (Nyctibatrachus humayuni) mate by having the male straddle the female without grasping her, and releasing sperm over her back. The female then lays her eggs, allowing the sperm to run down her back and fertilize the eggs. 
  
 "Species such as the Bombay night frog, which are endemic to small regions (most often outside protected areas and threatened with anthropogenic activities), definitely require conservation prioritization," study leader Sathyabhama Das Biju, an amphibian researcher at the University of Delhi, told Live Science in an email. "Therefore, natural history studies not only provide necessary information for planning effective conservation strategies, but also highlight unique frogs, such as the ancient night frogs that exhibit highly diverse reproductive behaviors." [See Photos of the Bombay Night Frogs in Mating Positions] 
  
 Bombay night frogs mate only during monsoon season nights, and only in the vegetation overhanging flooded forest streams in India's Western Ghats. This made fieldwork a "very challenging experience," Biju said. Researchers had to find the male frogs by listening for their calls and then standing in the fast-flowing streams with infrared camera equipment, trying to keep the electronics from getting rained on while they documented the frog sex. 
  
 Often, the frogs' attempts would end with the amphibians falling into the water. They usually returned to their original spots to finish mating, Biju said, but these interruptions stretch out the mating encounter by several wet, uncomfortable hours. "Various venomous snakes" share habitat with the frogs as well, Biju said. 
  
 The research team spent 8 hours a night for about 40 nights between 2010 and 2012 documenting the Bombay night frog nightlife. They successfully recorded 13 complete breeding sequences and multiple partial sequences to reveal the new mating position. 
  
 The newfound mating position in Bombay night frogs is dubbed the dorsal straddle; scientists aren't sure what benefits the position may impart. Credit: SD Biju 
  
 Before these observations, researchers knew of six types of amplexus, the name for frog mating behavior. Very few frog species reproduce via internal fertilization; rather, most use the amplexus position (a male-female embrace) to release sperm and egg in close proximity for external fertilization. Most species use either inguinal amplexus (the male grasping in front of the female's back legs with his front legs) or axillary amplexus (the male grasping behind the female's front legs with his front legs). 
  
 Other options include "straddle" (the male's pelvis over the female's head), "glued" (the male stuck to the female's rump with abdominal excretions), "cloacal apposition" (male and female rear-to-rear, facing away from one another) and "cephalic" (male on top of female, front feet grasping her throat). 
  
 Researchers dubbed the new position the "dorsal straddle." It isn't clear whether this mating position offers advantages over any others; fertilization rates of inguinal amplexus (which evolved very early in frogs) and axillary amplexus are similar, Biju said, and more research is needed to determine the pros and cons of various positions. 
  
 "Since genus Nyctibatrachus represents an ancient group of frogs with [the] presence of several interesting forms of reproductive behavior, it would be all the more interesting to study how such diversity may have evolved within this group," Biju said. 
  
 In another first, the researchers videotaped snakes eating frog eggs — a phenomenon not before observed in India. 
  
 The researchers reported their findings today (June 14) in the open-access journal PeerJ. 
  
 Original article on Live Science. ||||| Together the available data indicates a wide range of breeding-associated behaviours in Nyctibatrachus , with a new form of amplexus and an intrageneric variation in amplexus types previously unreported in anurans. To better understand the reproductive behaviour of Nyctibatrachus frogs, we observed breeding and associated vocalizations in a wild population of N. humayuni . Here, we describe both the male advertisement call and a female call, and discuss the different behavioural steps involved in reproduction based on field observations. 
  
 We used Raven Pro 1.4 ( Charif, Waack & Strickman, 2010 ) to measure 32 acoustic properties for each of the 160 advertisement calls recorded from the eight males. Raven’s waveform display was used to measure 21 temporal properties, while 11 spectral properties were measured using the spectrogram slice view (1024pt. FFT, Hanning window). A description of the measured properties is provided in Table S1A . Properties are analyzed after Bee, Suyesh & Biju (2013a) and Bee, Suyesh & Biju (2013b) . Coefficients of variation (CV = standard deviation/mean) were computed to describe patterns of both within-individual (CV w ) and between-individual (CV b ) variation in call parameters and are expressed her as percentages ( Gerhardt, 1991 ). Correlation of any of the acoustic parameters with physical characteristics (SVL, body mass and body condition) and temperature was explored by performing Spearman rank correlations using the software package Statistica v7.1 (Statsoft). Due to the low sample size, these correlation analyses should be considered exploratory and are not intended to test any specific hypotheses. Five temporal and four spectral properties were measured for the 20 calls recorded from one female ( Table S1B ). Since we only recorded the call of a single female, descriptive statistics and correlations with other parameters could not be carried out. 
  
 This study was conducted with permissions and guidelines from the responsible authorities in the State Forest Department of Maharashtra. Study permit: D-22 (8)/Research/4543/2012-13, dated 1-03-2012. This study did not sample animals for any captive or laboratory studies. All observations were made in the wild. Recorded frogs were released back at their calling site immediately after measuring the body size and body mass. 
  
 The advertisement calls of eight males and the calls of one female were recorded on a solid-state digital recorder (Marantz PMD620, 44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16-bit resolution) using a directional shotgun microphone (Sennheiser ME 66). A minimum of 20 calls were recorded per individual. Microphones were handheld and positioned at a distance of approximately 75 cm from the target animal. Sounds were monitored in real time using headphones (Sony MDR-V500). At the end of each recording, the calling individual was captured and its SVL was measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using digital callipers. A portable digital balance was used to measure body mass to the nearest 0.01 g. These two measures of body size were used to compute a measure of body condition (i.e., length independent mass) following Baker (1992) . Condition was estimated as the residuals from a regression of the cube root of mass on SVL divided by SVL.We used these measures of SVL body mass and body condition to assess whether any call properties were correlated with body size and condition. Recorded frogs were released at their calling site immediately after obtaining body size measurements. To avoid recording the same individual twice, we only recorded animals that were widely spaced (> 15 m). Since the study area was large (ca. 250 m × 30 m) and males of this species are territorial, being found sitting next to or on previously deposited egg clutches on subsequent nights, the chance of recording the same individual multiple times was negligible ( Gramapurohit, Gosavi & Phuge, 2011 ). As call properties can vary with temperatures in anurans ( Gerhardt & Huber, 2002 ), we recorded both dry bulb and wet bulb air temperatures (± 0.2 °C) at the animal’s calling site using a thermometer (Jennson Delux). 
  
 We spent a total of 40 nights in the field during July and August 2010 and 2012 studying a population of Nyctibatrachus humayuni . The population was located in a dense forest near Humbarli village, Koyna, Satara District, Maharashtra (coordinates 17°24′10.8″N, 73°44′13.2″E, 827 m asl) ( Fig. S1A ). Males were easily located by their calls while females, which were harder to find, were more often encountered by chance. Sex was determined by the presence of femoral glands in males and their absence in females ( Biju et al., 2011 ). The moment a female was observed approaching a male, we started filming the event using a camera with infrared function (Sony HDR-XR 550VE). In most such instances, we used infrared light to avoid disturbing the animals and affecting their behaviour. Movies were analysed with iMovie 8.0.6 (Apple Inc.) to determine the duration of different steps of reproduction. In order to test the assumption that fertilization happens after the female has left the oviposition site ( Gramapurohit, Gosavi & Phuge, 2011 ), Ziploc® bags were placed around egg clutches directly after deposition on five occasions to hinder male contact with the eggs. To determine the duration of embryo development, deposited and fertilised clutches were monitored every evening until hatching occurred. 
  
 Results ||||| This undated photo provided S.D. Biju on June 7, 2016 shows Bombay night frogs in the newly-discovered dorsal straddle during mating in a forest in the Maharashtra state of India. For years, scientists... (Associated Press) 
  
 This undated photo provided S.D. Biju on June 7, 2016 shows Bombay night frogs in the newly-discovered dorsal straddle during mating in a forest in the Maharashtra state of India. For years, scientists have thought that frogs and toads used only six positions to mate. In a paper published Tuesday, June... (Associated Press) 
  
 This undated photo provided S.D. Biju on June 7, 2016 shows Bombay night frogs in the newly-discovered dorsal straddle during mating in a forest in the Maharashtra state of India. For years, scientists have thought that frogs and toads used only six positions to mate. In a paper published Tuesday, June... (Associated Press) This undated photo provided S.D. Biju on June 7, 2016 shows Bombay night frogs in the newly-discovered dorsal straddle during mating in a forest in the Maharashtra state of India. For years, scientists... (Associated Press) 
  
 NEW YORK (AP) — This just in from the Department of Amphibian Philandering: 
  
 For years, scientists have thought frogs and toads used only six positions to mate. It turns out they may be wrong. In a forest in India, researchers say, they've documented a seventh. 
  
 This latest entry in the Kermit Sutra is called the dorsal straddle. Like other positions — but unlike mammal sex — it's aimed at letting the male fertilize eggs outside the female's body. 
  
 Researchers spent 40 nights in a dense forest, finding male Bombay night frogs by listening for their mating calls and filming the action when a female showed up. 
  
 In a paper released Tuesday by the journal PeerJ, S. D. Biju of the University of Delhi and co-authors report what they saw: 
  
 Once the female makes physical contact, the male climbs onto her back. But instead of grasping her at the armpits or head, as frogs of other species do, he puts his hands on the leaf, branch or tree trunk the pair was sitting on. After an average of 13 minutes, she repeatedly arches her back, and he takes the hint and dismounts. 
  
 She lays her eggs after that and remains motionless with her hind legs stretched around the clutch for several minutes. Then she leaves. 
  
 The researchers suspect that during the straddle, he deposits sperm on her back. The sperm then trickles down to fertilize the eggs while she encloses them with her legs, the researchers suggest. 
  
 But a scientist unconnected to the work questions its conclusions. Narahari Gramapurohit of the Savitribai Phule Pune University in India, who studies the same frog species, said he doesn't believe the report documents a new mating position. In an email, he also said he doubts the sperm is delivered to eggs from the female's back. 
  
 In any case, all the frog work can come to naught. Of the 15 egg clutches the researchers monitored for the new paper, 12 were eaten by predators before hatching. 
  
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 Online: 
  
 Video: https://youtu.be/0Zc8USiH1pE 
  
 Journal: http://peerj.com 
  
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 Follow Malcolm Ritter at http://twitter.com/malcolmritter His recent work can be found at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/malcolm-ritter |||||
A:
A group of dedicated researchers have discovered a seventh position used by mating frogs and toads, and it's—in scientific terms—super gross. A study published Tuesday in PeerJ describes the new position, the dorsal straddle, as “a loose form of contact in which the male sits on the dorsum of the female prior to oviposition but without clasping her." Basically, the male frog gets on the female's back without putting his front limbs on her, according to the AP. The male releases his sperm onto the female's back after 13 or so minutes and leaves. She lays her eggs then lets the male's sperm run down her back to fertilize them. The dorsal straddle was observed in Bombay night frogs, and it was a "very challenging experience," researcher Sathyabhama Das Biju tells Live Science. Bombay night frogs only mate in India's Western Ghats over flooded streams during monsoon season. So researchers spent eight hours a night for 40 nights standing in streams, filming frog sex, and trying to keep their infrared cameras dry. It could take hours for just one frog couple to mate, as they repeatedly fell into the water and would have to climb back to their original position to continue mating. All that work—and sexual innovation—was largely for naught, as 12 of the 15 fertilized egg clutches recorded by researchers were promptly eaten by other animals. At least the Bombay night frog and its dorsal straddle might get an Urban Dictionary entry out of it. (Meet the world's first known venomous frog.)