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With cases of diabetes growing each year, many adults are getting caught in a potentially dangerous situation: they are diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes when they actually have Type 1 diabetes, a substantially different condition. 
  
 Enlarge Image Close Bryan Derballa for The Wall Street Journal Alissa Kaplan Michaels, who has Type 1 diabetes, struggled for 3½ years before her disease was diagnosed correctly. 
  
 Both types of diabetes make it difficult for patients to control blood-sugar levels, which can lead to complications that include blindness, kidney failure and death. But Type 1 and Type 2 require different forms of treatment. 
  
 Alissa Kaplan Michaels, who has Type 1 diabetes, lived for 3½ years with the wrong diagnosis. The New York public-relations consultant says she complained to her doctor in 2008 of blurry vision and was told she had Type 2 diabetes after a blood test showed high sugar levels. She changed her diet and exercised more, but her blood-sugar levels kept rising. She started taking several oral diabetes medications. She stopped eating bread and pasta. She changed doctors—three times. And she still felt terrible. 
  
 Don't Confuse These Despite the similar sounding names, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are substantially different conditions. Type 1 is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the body's ability to make insulin. In Type 2, brought on by inactivity and obesity, the body can't make efficient use of insulin to control blood sugar. Type 1 Diabetes The condition begins mainly in childhood and adolescence, but increasingly in adults. 
  
 People with Type 1 are often thin or normal weight. 
  
 Patients are prone to ketoacidosis, a dangerous buildup of acids in the blood. 
  
 Regular insulin injections are required treatment. Source: National Institutes of Health Type 2 Diabetes Onset is primarily in people over 40 years old, but increasingly in younger patients. 
  
 People with Type 2 are often obese. 
  
 There is no ketoacidosis. 
  
 Treatment involves healthy diet and exercise, diabetes medications, and sometimes insulin injections. 
  
 Last fall, a covering doctor at her endocrinologist's practice started asking about her health history, childhood weight patterns, her recent struggles with her blood sugar and family history of Type 2 diabetes, of which there was none. That day, Ms. Kaplan Michaels got a new diagnosis. She didn't have Type 2 diabetes, she had Type 1. 
  
 Ms. Kaplan Michaels, 44 years old, immediately dropped the oral medications that had upset her stomach. Instead, she increased her daily insulin injections. She also resumed eating carbohydrates. Within weeks, her energy was back. "At first I was relieved and then I was very angry," she says. "Nobody should have to go to four doctors to get a diagnosis for something that isn't that difficult to diagnose." 
  
 Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the body's ability to make insulin, which allows the body to properly process glucose. The disorder, once called juvenile diabetes, begins mainly in children and adolescents, but is increasingly occurring in adults. Type 1 diabetics need daily insulin injections to survive. If patients manage their blood-sugar levels well, they can live for decades without encountering the dangerous complications associated with the disease. 
  
 Type 2 diabetes, by contrast, is brought on by inactivity and obesity, mainly in adults, and is characterized by the body's inability to make efficient use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes, which is beginning to occur in teenagers, can be kept at bay in some cases with lifestyle changes and is widely treated with oral medications to improve insulin absorption. Type 2 diabetics also can require insulin injections. 
  
 "Most of my [adult Type 1 patients] have been misdiagnosed as having Type 2," says Robin Goland, co-director of the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center at Columbia University Medical Center in New York. "Once the right diagnosis is made the patient feels much, much better, but they are distrustful of doctors and who could blame them?" 
  
 Enlarge Image Close Bryan Derballa for The Wall Street Journal Ms. Kaplan Michaels, pictured with her son, Leo, was able to resume an active life after her Type 1 diabetes was correctly diagnosed and she began proper treatment. 
  
 Estimates of the number of people with Type 1 diabetes in the U.S. range from 1.3 million to 2.6 million people, accounting for 5% to 10% of the total diabetic population. Incidence of Type 1 has been rising in the U.S. and in parts of Europe by about 2.5% to 4% a year for reasons scientists can't explain, according to several large-scale studies published in peer-reviewed medical journals. Scientists say Type 1 diabetes is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors but they don't know what the trigger is. 
  
 An incorrect diagnosis usually occurs in the offices of primary-care doctors, many of whom haven't received adequate education in medical school about rising rates of Type 1 in adults and how to diagnose it. "It is not on their radar because they see so much diabetes and it is by far mostly Type 2," said Irl B. Hirsch, professor of medicine at the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle. 
  
 After elevated blood sugars are detected, diagnosing which diabetes a person has usually is done by looking at the patient, assessing family history, weight and age, doctors say. "It's not a good way to make a diagnosis. You'd like to measure something that represents the disease process," says Jerry Palmer, director of endocrinology at VA Puget Sound Health Care System. To properly diagnose Type 1, doctors need to test for antibodies that indicate the presence of the autoimmune disorder. But few order such tests. 
  
 Cherie Serota, 48, was told by her primary-care doctor in early 2009 that she was on the brink of having Type 2 diabetes. Weighing just 120 pounds, Ms. Serota, of Brookville, N.Y., didn't fit the profile of a typical Type 2 patient. She revved up her exercise regime and watched her diet. One night after Chinese takeout sent her blood-sugar levels high, she called her doctor who told her this was normal and not to eat Chinese food anymore. Eventually she stopped eating carbohydrates. "That really did me in," says the mother of three. "I had no energy." 
  
 Six months later, feeling drained and now down to 113 pounds, the former fashion executive sought out an endocrinologist at New York University who told her she had Type 1. When she told her primary-care doctor, he was so surprised she made him call the specialist, she says. 
  
 "I understand why I was misdiagnosed; it is a very small amount of people who are diagnosed as an adult," Ms. Serota says. 
  
 In some adults with Type 1, the loss of insulin-producing cells, located in the pancreas, is much slower than for children, making the onset of the disease more gradual. Some researchers consider the slow onset a distinct form of Type 1 called latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, or Lada. Because the disease progresses more slowly, it can be more easily confused with Type 2, researchers say. 
  
 Benjamin Jones, a 63-year-old retired probation officer, likely had the slow-onset form of the disease. For six years, Mr. Jones treated what had been diagnosed as Type 2 diabetes. He changed his diet and took three oral medications daily. An avid exerciser, Mr. Jones says for several years he was able to keep his blood-sugar levels in check in part by Rollerblading, swimming, playing tennis and basketball, and cycling. Still, rarely did his blood-sugar level dip below 120, which is high for a non-diabetic person. 
  
 After a bad reaction to a flu shot earlier this year, Mr. Jones says his sugar levels surged to 500. He says he asked to be put on insulin, but his primary-care doctor refused, fearing that Mr. Jones could risk hypoglycemia, a condition in which blood sugars go too low. That was when Mr. Jones sought out a specialist at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston. He was immediately put on insulin, given an antibody test and told he had Type 1. 
  
 "When your sugar is high you don't feel right. You feel on edge," Mr. Jones says. "I feel like a new person, like I should feel." 
  
 Write to Kate Linebaugh at kate.linebaugh@wsj.com ||||| A tuberculosis vaccine in use for 90 years may help reverse Type 1 diabetes and eliminate the life- long need for insulin injections, say Harvard University researchers raising money to conduct large, human studies. 
  
 Patients with Type 1 diabetes must inject insulin daily to control their blood sugar because their bodies don’t produce the hormone, the result of an errant immune system that destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The vaccine, called bacillus Calmette-Guérin, or BCG, stimulated production of a protein that killed the insulin-attacking cells, according to the findings of an early-stage study published yesterday in the journal PLOS One. 
  
 Insulin injections help control Type 1 diabetes for the 3 million Americans with the disease, though there is no cure for the condition usually diagnosed in childhood. Results of the trial showed that two of the three patients given BCG had signs of renewed insulin production. The researchers now plan a larger study that could yield results in three to five years. 
  
 “We think this can be taken all the way to the market and that is what we are trying to do.” said Denise Faustman, director of Harvard-affiliated Massachusetts General Hospital’s immunobiology laboratory, who led the study. 
  
 The vaccine, a weakened form of the tuberculosis bacteria, stimulates production of TNF, a cell-signaling protein that plays a role in cell death. With more TNF, the body can attack those harmful immune cells while leaving the rest of the body’s defenses intact. The vaccine is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for tuberculosis though it isn’t generally recommended for use in the U.S. The vaccine also is approved to fight bladder cancer. 
  
 Study Results 
  
 In the study, researchers administered two doses of the BCG vaccine to three patients who had been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. The patients were followed for 20 weeks and two of the three were found to have an increase in the death of the insulin-harming cells and a rise in elevation in C-peptide levels, suggesting the production of insulin. 
  
 “These patients have been told their pancreases were dead,” Faustman said. “We can take those people, give them a very low dose twice and see their pancreases kick in and start to make small amounts of insulin.” 
  
 To Market 
  
 Faustman and her colleagues at Massachusetts General in Boston are working to get the vaccine to market. After their early findings in studies with mice, she said they tried to interest every major drugmaker in developing the vaccine as a possible cure for diabetes. All told her there wasn’t enough money to be made in a cure that used an inexpensive, generically available vaccine, Faustman said. 
  
 So now, she is trying to raise money to pay for the expensive larger human trials. Her lab so far has received $11 million of the $25 million needed to pay for the next stage of testing. All of the money is coming from private donors, the largest of which is the Iacocca Family Foundation. 
  
 “It’s a cheap man’s approach in how to get in the clinic,” she said. 
  
 The vaccine’s ability to raise levels of cell-killing TNF also is being studied as a way to treat multiple sclerosis. In a study in Italy, researchers found the vaccine may prevent progressions of brain lesions in patients with advanced stages of MS, Faustman said. 
  
 To contact the reporter on this story: Shannon Pettypiece in New York at spettypiece@bloomberg.net; 
  
 To contact the editor responsible for this story: Reg Gale at rgale5@bloomberg.net |||||
Output:
A potentially life-changing development for those who suffer from type 1 diabetes, the more serious form of the disease: A vaccine used for decades to treat tuberculosis might not only reduce the need for daily insulin shots but actually reverse the disease itself, reports Bloomberg. Type 1 diabetics need daily injections because their own immune system goes haywire and kills pancreatic cells that produce insulin. The TB vaccine, it turns out, kills those insulin-attacking cells, according to a small-scale study. “These patients have been told their pancreases were dead,” says the chief of Mass General's immunobiology lab. “We can take those people, give them a very low dose twice and see their pancreases kick in and start to make small amounts of insulin.” The first study of the BCG vaccine involved only three patients, but researchers are planning a bigger one that could take up to five years. An estimated 3 million Americans have type 1 diabetes, though the Wall Street Journal reports that more and more patients with type 1 are being misdiagnosed with the more common type 2.