In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.

The amount of gun violence in top-grossing PG-13 movies, which can be seen by children of all ages, has continued to exceed the gun violence in the biggest box-office R-rated films, a new analysis published in the journal Pediatrics shows. 
  
 The analysis of movies from 1985-2015 by researchers at the Annenberg Public Policy Center (APPC) of the University of Pennsylvania updates an earlier APPC study which found that gun violence in top-grossing PG-13 movies began to exceed that in comparable R-rated movies in 2012. The earlier study also found that portrayals of gun violence in top-grossing PG-13 movies had more than doubled from 1985 through 2012. 
  
 The new analysis extends the earlier finding by including movies from 2013-2015. 
  
 "The increasing trend of gun violence in PG-13 movies that we detected in 2012 continues unabated," said Dan Romer, research director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center and lead author of the article. "We were interested in seeing if the trend might have stalled or even reversed. Our findings suggest that Hollywood continues to rely on gun violence as a prominent feature in its highly popular PG-13 action-oriented films." 
  
 Gun violence without visible consequences 
  
 The researchers state: "What increasingly differentiates the instances of gun violence in PG-13 films from those rated R is not only the higher frequency in the PG-13 category but also those films' erasure of the consequences (e.g., blood and suffering) and greater likelihood that the violence will be perpetrated by or on comic book-inspired heroes and antiheroes (e.g., Batman, Avengers, and X-Men)." The director of the ratings board of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) told the Associated Press that violence by comic-book characters represents "a less realistic kind of violence that's neither graphic nor brutal," and so, by implication, is less harmful to children than R-rated movie violence. 
  
 Consistent with that philosophy, PG-13 movies may feature extensive though largely bloodless violence. The 2016 movie "Suicide Squad," rated PG-13, includes "lots of action violence, from close-up execution-style murders to large-scale battles and widespread destruction that leads to the deaths of innocent bystanders," Common Sense Media told parents in its review. 
  
 PG-13 movies lead the box office 
  
 Unlike R-rated movies, which are restricted to viewers 17 or older unless accompanied by an adult, PG-13 movies are open to all. A PG-13 rating says that parents are "strongly cautioned" that "some material may be inappropriate for children under 13." 
  
 Even as gun violence within PG-13 movies is growing, PG-13 movies have come to lead the box office. The MPAA created the PG-13 rating in 1984 following the parental outcry over disturbing content in PG-rated movies such as "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom." In the first three full years of the rating (1985-87), less than a third of the 30 top-grossing movies were PG-13, but more than half were PG-13 by 2013-15. Over that same period, movies with an R rating declined from 40 percent to 23 percent among the top 30, "paralleling a gradual shift of violent content in top-grossing movies from the R to PG-13 category," the researchers said. 
  
 "As a result, movie-going families are now undergoing an experiment in which children of any age can enter a theater to watch a PG-13 film in which the protagonists gain power, settle conflicts, and kill or are killed by lethal weapons," the APPC researchers said. 
  
 The American Academy of Pediatrics has noted the large body of research showing that repeatedly viewing violent media content can influence some youth to become more aggressive. Nevertheless, we know less about the potential effects of films that glorify the use of guns. 
  
 The researchers concluded until we know more about the effects of repeated exposure to gun violence, pediatricians "should consider advising parents to be cautious about exposing their children to the gun violence in PG-13 movies." The article authors also called for research into the MPAA's apparent belief that bloodless gun violence perpetrated by comic book characters is less harmful than gun violence that shows blood and other impacts on more realistic characters. 
  
 The analysis included a half-sample of the 30 top-grossing movies at the domestic box office as tracked annually by Variety. Those included PG-13 movies such as "G.I. Joe: Retaliation" (2013), "Fast & Furious 6" (2013), "Divergent" (2014), "Mission Impossible -- Rogue Nation" (2015), and "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" (2015), as well as R-rated movies such as "Lone Survivor" (2014), "The Equalizer" (2014), and "American Sniper" (2015). 
  
 For the full list: http://www.youthmediarisk.org/movies/gun-violence-in-movies/. 
  
 Coders observed the number of five-minute segments in each film in which a character fires a gun and hits a character. Each five-minute segment with gun violence was counted once, no matter how many times violence occurred in it. For example, "G.I. Joe: Retaliation" (1 hour, 50 minutes), has 22 five-minute segments, and gun violence occurred in nine of those. ||||| There is more gun violence in popular PG-13 movies than in the biggest R-rated movies, according to a new study published in the journal Pediatrics. The study, which continues from a 2013 study on the same subject, found that gun violence continues to grow in movies deemed suitable for kids. 
  
 "The increasing trend of gun violence in PG-13 movies that we detected in 2012 continues unabated," said lead author Dan Romer. "We were interested in seeing if the trend might have stalled or even reversed. Our findings suggest that Hollywood continues to rely on gun violence as a prominent feature in its highly popular PG-13 action-oriented films." 
  
 As you can see from the chart, the rate of gun violence per hour in PG-13 movies equaled that of R-rated movies in 2012, and has shown no signs of stopping since. The reason that so much shooting and killing is allowed in movies aimed at a wider audience is that the consequences have been removed. Characters get shot, but there is no blood, and no suffering. One might wonder whether this protects children from the effects of seeing death on screen, or if it teaches them that shooting people isn't really so bad. 
  
 "As a result, movie-going families are now undergoing an experiment in which children of any age can enter a theater to watch a PG-13 film in which the protagonists gain power, settle conflicts, and kill or are killed by lethal weapons," says the report. "At the same time, tolerance for such fare is being heightened. The more parents watch these violent movies, the more they become desensitized to them and the less likely they are to prevent their children from watching them." 
  
 The authors compare violence in movies with smoking and drinking. Research shows, they say, that showing smoking or drinking without also showing its consequences leads some adolescents to imitate the behaviors. Like it or not, there's a reason that few movies these days show smoking. "Why would acceptance of gun violence be any different?," say the authors. 
  
 In a 2014 study, also led by Romer, researchers looked at sex in movies, was well as violence. Specifically, they studied parental sensitization, and found that the more sexy or violent scenes a parent watched, the more likely they were to deem those scenes acceptable for kids. In fact, as they became more desensitized, they agreed that younger and younger kids should be able to see those movies. 
  
 Not that we ever see sex in kids movies, any more than we see smoking, drinking, or anything else that may upset or freak out the kids. Only violence is allowed, which makes one wonder about the priorities we have for our kids, and what kinds of behavior we are normalizing. It seems that guns continue to be acceptable anywhere in American life, no matter what the consequences may be. |||||
If you thought PG-13 movies were less violent than R-rated flicks, think again. More gun violence plays out on the big screen in movies open to all ages than in R-rated box office blockbusters, reports FastCo.Exist. Researchers found that gun violence in PG-13 action movies is on the rise with Hollywood increasingly relying on shoot-'em-up scenes to fill seats. Building on an earlier study, they sampled 30 top-grossing films between 2012 and 2015 to determine the number of five-minute segments in which a character fires a gun at someone. Writing in the journal Pediatrics, they report the rate of gun violence in PG-13 movies in 2012 equaled that of R-rated films, restricted to 17 and older, and outpaced those films in later years. Kids of all ages are allowed into cinemas showing PG-13 movies, though parents are "strongly cautioned." Some of the most violent PG-13 films were some of the most popular like 2015's Star Wars: the Force Awakens." (See the full list here.) Of note: The authors say films often remove the consequences of gunplay. Thus, children and their parents are being "desensitized" to these effects, they contend, comparing on-screen bloodshed to behaviors like smoking and drinking that can young people often imitate. Previous research has shown that repeated exposure to violence on screen can make kids more aggressive. "We know less about the potential effects of films that glorify the use of guns," the authors write. Until more is known, they say, pediatricians should advise parents "to be cautious about exposing their children" to violent films. (Violent superheroes can make kids more aggressive.)