Q: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Skip Ad Ad Loading... x Embed x Share British scientists launched a study Wednesday into the regional accents of cod. Listen to the differences. By Isabella Lucy and Ramon Padilla, USA TODAY 
  
 A picture of a cod. (Photo: Natural Environment Research Council.) 
  
 You say potato and I say potahto. You say tomato and I say tomahto — potato, potahto, tomato, tomahto — and so do cod, kind of, according to British scientists who launched a study Wednesday into the regional accents of the cold-water fish species. 
  
 "Recordings of American cod are very different to those from their European cousins, so there is a precedent," said Steve Simpson, a professor of marine biology at the University of Exeter, who is leading the research. "This species is highly vocal with traditional breeding grounds established over hundreds or even thousands of years, so the potential for regionalism is there." 
  
 Simpson, who specializes in bioacoustics — sounds produced by living organisms — said previous underwater recordings of cod have shown they make different sounds in different regional spawning grounds just like birds, bears and other animals. "They have have quite a diverse range," he said. Cod found in U.S. waters display a deep thumping sound while those taped in Norway have a higher-pitched sound, with a long growl. 
  
 "These sounds are key for the cod because it is effectively the love song of the male trying to persuade the female to release her eggs. It carries a lot of information about who he is, what condition he is in and how big he is, and it's only if he gets those things right that the female will decide to release her eggs," Simpson said. 
  
 The research is being funded because the British government is concerned about how noise effects the ocean and other seascapes, he said. "Because we know that cod and other fish have very important acoustic behaviors, we want to know how maritime noise pollution (such as ships and wind farms) drown out their sounds." 
  
 Steve Simpson, right, drops equipment into waters off Britain to record the sounds of cod. (Photo: Natural Environment Research Council) 
  
 Simpson thinks it is likely British cod have their own distinct dialect but more research needs to be done to establish its particular qualities — if it prefers tomahto to tomato. 
  
 "Genetic studies have demonstrated that the different spawning groups in the United Kingdom are pretty isolated from one another from a reproductive standpoint," he said. 
  
 Translation? Just as Britons from inner London sound vastly different to those from Liverpool, so might cod populations around the British Isles have different "accents." 
  
 (For further instruction on that point, compare the actor and London native Michael Caine's "cockney" accent to the Liverpudlian "scouse" cadence of the Beatles' John Lennon.) 
  
 Fish can sing. In different accents. Kind of. Listen to American versus European cod on my Tumblr: https://t.co/Sg8uQJWKIl (Photo: AP) pic.twitter.com/Vki9CZUlFV — Kim Hjelmgaard (@khjelmgaard) October 6, 2016 
  
  
  
  
  
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 Steve Simpson has been listening to fish for 15 years. The marine biologist from the University of Exeter wants to find out what they sound like when they are hunting, when they are breeding, and what happens when fish with different “dialects” collide, as warming seas drive species north. 
  
 “Initially I wanted to understand how fish can use sound to navigate at night and select habitat to live in,” Simpson tells WIRED. “But my group and I have now been identifying animals that make the sounds and decoding the meaning of different kinds of sounds. For example, we find the sounds of a reef indicate the quality of the habitat and the composition of the local community.” 
  
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 His fascinating new study into Britain’s marine soundscape and fish accents has been launched today, October 5, with Simpson presenting the work at science showcase Into The Blue in Liverpool. To coincide with the launch, Simpson and his team will be making live recordings using hydrophones dunked in the Liverpool waters. 
  
 They expect to largely pick up sounds of passing ships, ferries and motorboats. “This is now a dominant component of many marine soundscapes, and much of the work of my group and I looks at how human noise is drowning out natural sounds, and even causing stress and behavioural changes in fish. I have one student (Harry Harding) exploring impacts of noise on salmon, and another (Tim Gordon) exploring impacts of motorboat noise on coral reefs.” 
  
 Read next Dredge up your nightmares with these scary deep-sea creatures from the Australian Abyss Dredge up your nightmares with these scary deep-sea creatures from the Australian Abyss 
  
 “Seawater is hundreds of times denser than air, so sounds travel much faster and further. We have found that fish on coral reefs are susceptible to noise pollution but we are yet to study the effects in our own waters, which are some of the busiest in the world.” 
  
 There has already been some work into regional fish accents - Simpson points to studies carried out by Eric Parmentier into coral fish. They found clownfish can have distinct accents. Now, Simpson's team is listening closely to wild cod, and has already found distinct differences between the American and European species. 
  
 “We are interested in cod, partly because they are an iconic European species; partly because they have elaborate mechanisms of making sounds through vibrating their swim bladder,” Simpson tells WIRED. “And partly because they have a wide vocal repertoire with opportunity to diversify their song." 
  
 “The American sounds are deeper, short thumping sounds, while the European ones are higher in frequency and the growls are more prolonged. This suggests that regional dialects may exist, such as are seen in birds and mammals - including humans!” 
  
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 Cod are incredibly vocal, says the professor, and have enjoyed established breeding grounds for hundreds and sometimes thousands of years. As sea temperatures rise, however, the dialects are starting to collide as cod migrate further north. 
  
 Rather than tracking the complex consequences of these extreme changes by “counting dead fish on a boat”, Simpson and his team plan to “listen to fish while they perform key tasks including hunting, guarding territories and breeding”. The ultimate plan is to build an extensive sound library to record the British marine soundscape - he and his team have begun with the waters around Newcastle and the Clyde. 
  
 “Cod produce a variety of sounds using their swim bladders, to establish territories, raise the alarm and attract mates. We may find that the ‘gossip’ essential to their society is being drowned out. If we value our fish stocks – or our Friday night fish supper – we need to understand this.” ||||| If different regional populations coming into contact for the first time do not share the same vocal repertoire, they could struggle to integrate, share territory and breed, the experts suggest. 
  
 Prof Simpson has studied fish on coral reefs and found they are susceptible to noise pollution, and new research aims to see what is going on in the UK's seas among fish such as cod and haddock, which also use vocalisations. 
  
 "Listening to fish is a really good way of surveying what is there, and what their behaviour is," he said. 
  
 Given that cod produce a variety of sounds for establishing territories, raising the alarm and attracting mates, "we may find that the 'gossip' essential to their society is being drowned out", he said. 
  
 "If we value our fish stocks - or our Friday night fish supper - we need to understand this," he said. 
  
 But noise pollution can be tackled more easily than other forms of environmental damage, he suggested. 
  
 Boats can avoid cod spawning grounds at key times, and research vessels such as the David Attenborough - which shot to fame when a naming competition attracted the suggestion Boaty McBoatface - are being designed to be quiet. 
  
 Prof Simpson is discussing soundscapes, fish dialects and his team's research at the "Into the Blue" science showcase in Liverpool run by the National Environment Research Council (Nerc). ||||| A new study of Britain’s seas is attempting to determine whether man-made aquatic noise is affecting the communication and breeding of cod. 
  
 Led by Steve Simpson, associate professor in marine biology and global change at the University of Exeter, the study will look at how unnatural noise — from shipping, wind farm construction, and oil and gas drilling — has affected the reproductive behavior of fish. 
  
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 Cod and haddock, for instance, are known to use certain sounds to attract mates. 
  
 “We’re interested in whether the human noise we’re making is drowning this out,” Simpson said. 
  
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 Additionally, the two-year study will seek to determine whether fish — not unlike killer whales and songbirds — have “regional accents,” or mating calls particular to certain areas. Climate change has sent some fish migrating north in search of cooler waters, and the result could be a sort of underwater language barrier, according to the British scientists. (On this side of the Atlantic, warming waters have coincided with a dramatic drop in cod stocks.) 
  
 “Different regional populations coming into contact for the first time may not share the same vocal repertoire and could struggle to integrate, share territory and breed,” according to a press release on the study. 
  
 Says Simpson, in an e-mail: “We know fish use sound during reproduction, that human noise has altered marine soundscapes, that regionally segregated fish may have divergent calls, and that they are being remixed due to warming. We are (exploring) this, particularly to advise on how to manage human noise in the ocean.” 
  
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 The good news? 
  
 “With sound, we can control exactly when and where we make it,” Simpson says. “. . .It’s a very controllable pollutant.” |||||
A:
Not only do cod "speak" to each other, but they have "regional fish accents"—kind of like the aquatic version of a southern drawl—and that could be bad news for fish-and-chips lovers, Wired reports. According to the Boston Globe, marine biologist Steve Simpson recently started a two-year project to study the sounds surrounding cod. Cod "speak" by vibrating their swim bladders, but the noises they make vary based on where their breeding grounds are located. For example, US cod make a "deep thumping sound," while cod in Norway make a "higher-pitched sound, with a long growl," USA Today reports. Similar "regional dialects" have been detected in birds and various mammals, including, obviously, humans. The problem is that rising ocean temperatures are forcing cod north, and they're bumping up against groups with different accents. Simpson says this could hurt their ability to successfully breed, the Telegraph reports. Male cod use sounds to convince females to release their eggs. That process would be difficult if they can't understand each other. But that's not the only problem. Noise from boats and other man-made sources could be making it harder for the cod to hear each other. "We may find that the ‘gossip’ essential to their society is being drowned out," Wired quotes Simpson as saying. "If we value our fish stocks—or our Friday night fish supper—we need to understand this.” (The "holy grail" of ornamental fish is disappearing.)