Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.

These crawls are part of an effort to archive pages as they are created and archive the pages that they refer to. That way, as the pages that are referenced are changed or taken from the web, a link to the version that was live when the page was written will be preserved.Then the Internet Archive hopes that references to these archived pages will be put in place of a link that would be otherwise be broken, or a companion link to allow people to see what was originally intended by a page's authors.The goal is to fix all broken links on the web . Crawls of supported "No More 404" sites. ||||| Damage in northern Chile caused by the tsunami associated with the magnitude-8.2 earthquake that struck in April 2014. 
  
 Shaking a smartphone can help you pinpoint your parked car, discover a good diner and then pay for your meal. Now, scientists have shown that a jiggling, GPS-equipped phone could someday deliver an early warning of earthquakes. 
  
 Earthquake early warning systems depend on the time delay between two sets of seismic waves. The first set, called P waves, often delivers a sharp jolt. The most damaging shaking comes from slower surface waves, called S waves. For cities built far from powerful faults, distant seismic instruments stationed on the hazardous faults can detect the P waves and send an alert before the S waves arrive. The warning may be only a few seconds to a minute, but that's enough time to stop trains and surgeries and for people to find cover. 
  
 "A few seconds can be enormously helpful," said lead study author Sarah Minson, a geophysicist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California. 
  
 For major earthquakes, those of magnitude-7 and larger, GPS sensors in smartphones can also provide up to several seconds of warning, according to a study published today (April 10) in the journal Science Advances. 
  
 The researchers tested the system with computer modeling, not in the real world, though they plan to launch a pilot project in Chile this year. 
  
 The GPS warning system is deceptively simple: If the GPS receivers from just a few phones suddenly lurched in one direction, that's probably not an earthquake. But if a few thousand phones all move at once, then the motion is likely from a sudden seismic jolt. (During a major earthquake, the earth may jump horizontally and/or vertically by several feet.) [The 10 Biggest Earthquakes in History] 
  
 The phones can determine the location and magnitude of the earthquake from the amount of surface movement and then send out a warning. 
  
 The computer models simulated what actual GPS data might look like from a magnitude-7 earthquake along California's Hayward fault, and also tested GPS data from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan. The team ran the models using the sensitivity of a Google Nexus 5 smartphone. The phone picked up geologic shifts as small as 0.5 inches (1 centimeter). 
  
 Minson hopes that if enough volunteers joined in, a smartphone network could provide an early warning in remote areas of the world where smartphones are popular but earthquake warnings are nonexistent. Scientists at the U.S Geological Survey are already monitoring Twitter for earthquake keywords, which provide early confirmation of their instrumental data. 
  
 "Probably the biggest impact would be in parts of the world that don't have networks and can't afford to build them," Minson said. "We have high hopes that this could make a huge impact, because the vast majority of the world has no form of early warning or even rapid response to an earthquake. What people do increasingly have are these devices." 
  
 However, there's one big hurdle before any smartphone warning system becomes a reality. The researchers need access to raw GPS data, which smartphone manufacturers currently prevent. The processing that provides a good GPS position to smartphone users also masks earthquake signals, Minson said. It's likely that both phone software and chip firmware would need to be reprogrammed for the earthquake early warning idea to work. 
  
 Also, at least a few hundred people will need to be near the earthquake's epicenter so their phones can send out alerts to others. 
  
 For the test project in Chile, the scientists will hack about 250 smartphones so they can get the GPS data they need. 
  
 The research team is also involved in the West Coast’s $145 million ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system, which uses both GPS and seismometers. 
  
 Follow Becky Oskin @beckyoskin. Follow Live Science @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Originally published on Live Science. ||||| Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science Advances. 
  
 NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. ||||| MENLO PARK, Calif.-- Smartphones and other personal electronic devices could, in regions where they are in widespread use, function as early warning systems for large earthquakes according to newly reported research. This technology could serve regions of the world that cannot afford higher quality, but more expensive, conventional earthquake early warning systems, or could contribute to those systems. 
  
 The study, led by scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey and published April 10 in the inaugural volume of the new AAAS journal Science Advances, found that the sensors in smartphones and similar devices could be used to build earthquake warning systems. Despite being less accurate than scientific-grade equipment, the GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers in a smartphone can detect the permanent ground movement (displacement) caused by fault motion in a large earthquake. 
  
 Using crowd-sourced observations from participating users' smartphones, earthquakes could be detected and analyzed, and customized earthquake warnings could be transmitted back to users. "Crowd-sourced alerting means that the community will benefit by data generated from the community," said Sarah Minson, USGS geophysicist and lead author of the study. Minson was a post-doctoral researcher at Caltech while working on this study. 
  
 Earthquake early warning systems detect the start of an earthquake and rapidly transmit warnings to people and automated systems before they experience shaking at their location. While much of the world's population is susceptible to damaging earthquakes, EEW systems are currently operating in only a few regions around the globe, including Japan and Mexico. "Most of the world does not receive earthquake warnings mainly due to the cost of building the necessary scientific monitoring networks," said USGS geophysicist and project lead Benjamin Brooks. 
  
 Researchers tested the feasibility of crowd-sourced EEW with a simulation of a hypothetical magnitude 7 earthquake, and with real data from the 2011 magnitude 9 Tohoku-oki, Japan earthquake. The results show that crowd-sourced EEW could be achieved with only a tiny percentage of people in a given area contributing information from their smartphones. For example, if phones from fewer than 5000 people in a large metropolitan area responded, the earthquake could be detected and analyzed fast enough to issue a warning to areas farther away before the onset of strong shaking. "The speed of an electronic warning travels faster than the earthquake shaking does," explained Craig Glennie, a report author and professor at the University of Houston. 
  
 The authors found that the sensors in smartphones and similar devices could be used to issue earthquake warnings for earthquakes of approximately magnitude 7 or larger, but not for smaller, yet potentially damaging earthquakes. Comprehensive EEW requires a dense network of scientific instruments. Scientific-grade EEW, such as the U.S. Geological Survey's ShakeAlert system that is currently being implemented on the west coast of the United States, will be able to help minimize the impact of earthquakes over a wide range of magnitudes. However, in many parts of the world where there are insufficient resources to build and maintain scientific networks, but consumer electronics are increasingly common, crowd-sourced EEW has significant potential. 
  
 "The U.S. earthquake early warning system is being built on our high-quality scientific earthquake networks, but crowd-sourced approaches can augment our system and have real potential to make warnings possible in places that don't have high-quality networks," said Douglas Given, USGS coordinator of the ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System. The U.S. Agency for International Development has already agreed to fund a pilot project, in collaboration with the Chilean Centro Sismologico Nacional, to test a pilot hybrid earthquake warning system comprising stand-alone smartphone sensors and scientific-grade sensors along the Chilean coast. 
  
 "The use of mobile phone fleets as a distributed sensor network -- and the statistical insight that many imprecise instruments can contribute to the creation of more precise measurements -- has broad applicability including great potential to benefit communities where there isn't an existing network of scientific instruments," said Bob Iannucci of Carnegie Mellon University, Silicon Valley. 
  
 "Thirty years ago it took months to assemble a crude picture of the deformations from an earthquake. This new technology promises to provide a near-instantaneous picture with much greater resolution," said Thomas Heaton, a coauthor of the study and professor of Engineering Seismology at Caltech. 
  
 "Crowd-sourced data are less precise, but for larger earthquakes that cause large shifts in the ground surface, they contain enough information to detect that an earthquake has occurred, information necessary for early warning," said study co-author Susan Owen of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. 
  
 ### 
  
 This research was a collaboration among scientists from the USGS, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), the University of Houston, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Carnegie Mellon University-Silicon Valley, and included support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. 
  
 http://www. usgs. gov 
  
 Caltech is a world-renowned research and education institution focused on science and engineering, where faculty and students pursue new knowledge about our world and search for the kinds of bold and innovative advances that will transform our future. 
  
 The University of Houston is a Carnegie-designated Tier One public research university recognized by The Princeton Review as one of the nation's best colleges for undergraduate education. 
  
 Carnegie Mellon is a private, internationally ranked university with programs in areas ranging from science, technology and business to public policy, the humanities and the arts. 
  
 Managed for NASA by the California Institute of Technology, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has active programs in Earth science, space-based astronomy and technology development, and manages NASA's worldwide Deep Space Network. 
  
 USGS provides science for a changing world. Visit USGS.gov, and follow us on Twitter @USGS, and our other social media channels. |||||

Ah, the buzzing smartphone: It's a call, a tweet, a funny photo—or an earthquake? Yep, scientists say crowd-sourced data may one day relay warnings about impending quakes that have already begun elsewhere, LiveScience reports. In a computer-model study led by the US Geological Survey, researchers found that smartphones could send information about quakes of magnitude 7 or greater, giving several seconds of warning to areas the quake hadn't yet reached. The phones would automatically detect a temblor with an app using GPS technology and transmit information some distance away. Information from fewer than 5,000 phones would be enough to send a helpful alert, Eureka Alert reports—giving people time to halt trains, stop surgeries, take cover, you name it. "A few seconds can be enormously helpful," says lead author Sarah Minson. This could bolster early warning systems that already exist (in Japan and Mexico, say) or curb the need for such pricey projects: "We have high hopes that this could make a huge impact," says Minson. Scientists are currently planning a pilot project in Chile with 250 smartphones, and will also work with the West Coast's $145 million ShakeAlert plan, which mixes seismometers with GPS data. One little problem: Phone manufacturers don't allow access to raw GPS data, so smartphones will have to be reprogrammed down the road for the system to work. And, of course, the system will have to work in the real world for the first time, the LA Times reports. "I'm a little skeptical it will work," says a San Diego scientist. "I think a system like that would false-alarm more than they claim in the paper." (See why the odds of a strong California earthquake have just gone up.)