In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Q: How pandas got their patches 
  
 Giant pandas’ patches are among the most striking of any mammal: black ears and eye spots set against a white face, with dark limbs and shoulders abutting a white neck and torso. Scientists have proposed dozens of reasons for the animals’ piebald appearance. They could be warnings, like the black and white stripes on skunks. Or they could be used for camouflage, communication, eye protection, or regulating body heat. To find out which ideas were on the mark, scientists compared panda pelage to the dark and light coloring of 195 other terrestrial carnivore species and 39 bear subspecies, and then matched their patterns against environmental conditions and social behaviors. The scientists did not find a link between temperature and coat color; nor did they find an association between black eye markings and daytime glare. But they did find a connection between lighter colors and snow cover, suggesting that the giant panda’s white markings help hide the animal in snowy habitats, they report today in Behavioral Ecology . Meanwhile, their darker markings likely hide them in the forest, where they are preyed on by predators like leopards. Pandas evolved both colors as a kind of compromise, the scientists argue, because they are active year-round in both habitats. But what about the face patches? The analysis indicates that markings on carnivores’ heads are not used for camouflage, but to communicate. Species with strongly contrasting hues between ears and face tended to be fierce, and they suggest pandas may also use their ears to signal warnings to predators. The eye patches may help them recognize one another. Other studies have shown that pandas remember these patches, which vary greatly in size and shape. They can also enlarge them when staring at a competitor. As lovable as we may find those patches, pandas don’t: They cover their eyes with their paws when they don’t want to look aggressive. ||||| The distinct black and white stripes of zebras capture people’s attention and imagination from an early age. But rarely are we told why zebras have those stripes to begin with. 
  
 The question has intrigued UC Davis wildlife biology professor Tim Caro for more than a decade. 
  
 In his new book, Zebra Stripes, Caro takes readers through his scientific and personal journey to get to the bottom of this mysterious and beautiful coloration. 
  
 Since biologists Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin first debated the issue more than 130 years ago, many theories have been put forth as to why zebras have stripes: A form of camouflage? To confuse predators? Heat management? To repel biting flies? 
  
 Dressing up like a zebra, for science 
  
 Chapter by chapter, the book shows Caro’s process of elimination as he systematically tested each of these hypotheses at his research site in Tanzania. 
  
 His methods were creative: He took long walks wearing custom-made striped suits and then counted all the biting flies that landed on him. He created life-size plywood models of equine species painted with different patterns to study camouflage. He approached zebras on foot and recorded their flight behavior. He set up fly traps that were savaged by hyenas. He used thermographic cameras to measure the heat of different species. 
  
 Professor Tim Caro dressed as a zebra as part of experiments to determine why zebras have black and white stripes. Credit: Maurice Weiss 
  
 “Eventually, we got the answer at Shields Library,” Caro said. “I really didn’t have to go far at all.” 
  
 A comparative review of literature at UC Davis’ main library showed him that striped equid species and subspecies occur where biting flies are numerous. No other hypotheses stood up to scrutiny. He determined that zebras have stripes to deter biting flies, like horseflies and tsetse flies. He later confirmed the findings, published in the journal Nature Communications in 2014, with additional field experiments in Tanzania. 
  
 Art and zebras in the family 
  
 The book, published Dec. 5 by University of Chicago Press, is the first on this topic. It features drawings by Caro’s mother, Sheila Girling, images of Caro’s experiments, photos of zebras, and a wealth of new and previously unpublished data. 
  
 Caro said there are many benefits to tracking down answers about what animals do or look like, not just for science but for appreciation of nature, particularly for children. 
  
 “When we’re children, we’re told, ‘This is a panda,’ or ‘This is a zebra,’” he said. “But we’re never told why they’re colored that way. I think one can increase children’s appreciation of the natural world and commitment to it by trying to understand animal coloration.” 
  
 It may be unsurprising, then, to learn that Caro is also at work on a children’s book about zebra stripes, with illustrations by his grown son. ||||| The scientists who uncovered why zebras have black-and-white stripes (to repel biting flies), took the coloration question to giant pandas in a study published this week in the journal Behavioral Ecology. 
  
 The study, a collaboration between the University of California, Davis, and California State University, Long Beach, determined that the giant panda’s distinct black-and-white markings have two functions: camouflage and communication. 
  
 Deconstructing a giant panda 
  
 “Understanding why the giant panda has such striking coloration has been a long-standing problem in biology that has been difficult to tackle because virtually no other mammal has this appearance, making analogies difficult,” said lead author Tim Caro, a professor in the UC Davis Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology. “The breakthrough in the study was treating each part of the body as an independent area.” 
  
 Credit: Ricky Patel 
  
 This enabled the team to compare different regions of fur across the giant panda’s body to the dark and light coloring of 195 other carnivore species and 39 bear subspecies, to which it's related. Then they tried to match the darkness of these regions to various ecological and behavioral variables to determine their function. 
  
 Hiding in snow or forest 
  
 Through these comparisons, the study found that most of the panda — its face, neck, belly, rump — is white to help it hide in snowy habitats. The arms and legs are black, helping it to hide in shade. 
  
 The scientists suggest that this dual coloration stems from its poor diet of bamboo and inability to digest a broader variety of plants. This means pandas can never store enough fat to go dormant during the winter, as do some bears. So it has to be active year-round, traveling across long distances and habitat types that range from snowy mountains to tropical forests. 
  
 The markings on the panda's head, however, are not used to hide from predators, but rather to communicate. Dark ears may help convey a sense of ferocity, a warning to predators. Their dark eye patches may help them recognize each other or signal aggression toward panda competitors. 
  
 “This really was a Herculean effort by our team, finding and scoring thousands of images and scoring more than 10 areas per picture from over 20 possible colors,” said co-author Ted Stankowich, an assistant professor at CSU Long Beach. “Sometimes it takes hundreds of hours of hard work to answer what seems like the simplest of questions: Why is the panda black and white?” 
  
 Additional co-authors include Hannah Walker from CalState, Long Beach, and Zoe Rossman and Megan Hendrix from UC Davis. |||||
A: 
It's a question that has bedeviled kindergartners, and now apparently PhDs have the answer: Why do giant pandas have spots? To find out, a team of California researchers compared the black and white regions of the panda's fur to more than 200 other species, and then analyzed those findings in relation to environmental and behavioral conditions, Science reports. Since pandas don't hibernate like their bear cousins, the team ruled out that color helps regulate body temperature. Writing in the journal Behavioral Ecology, the researchers theorize that white patches on the panda's face, rump, and belly provide camouflage from predators in snowy habitats, while dark limbs help the panda hide in forests. And those black ears that you might think are adorable are meant to help the panda communicate "ferocity" to predators. Dark eye patches aren't meant to resist glare, as the experts thought, but instead probably help the panda recognize friends and ward off competitors. Piebald patches evolved as a sort of compromise since the bamboo eaters are active year-round, per Science. Lead author Tim Caro says in a statement that the panda's unique coloring posed "a long-standing problem in biology that has been difficult to tackle because virtually no other mammal has this appearance." The "breakthrough" came, he explains, when researchers treated "each part of the body as an independent area." The panda question wasn't Caro's first bicolor-related puzzle. He once donned a zebra costume as part of a quest to figure out why the animals have stripes, per UC Davis. The answer? To stop pesky horseflies from biting them. (Pandas are off the endangered list.)