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Image copyright G Borgonie Image caption The researchers dated some of the deep water to between one and 2.5bn years old 
  
 The world's oldest water, which is locked deep within the Earth's crust, is present at a far greater volume than was thought, scientists report. 
  
 The liquid, some of which is billions of years old, is found many kilometres beneath the ground. 
  
 Researchers estimate there is about 11m cubic kilometres (2.5m cu miles) of it - more water than all the world's rivers, swamps and lakes put together. 
  
 The study was presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting. 
  
 It has also been published in the journal Nature. 
  
 The team found that the water was reacting with the rock to release hydrogen: a potential food source. 
  
 It means that great swathes of the deep crust could be harbouring life. 
  
 'Sleeping giant' 
  
 Prof Barbara Sherwood Lollar, from the University of Toronto, in Canada, said: "This is a vast quantity of rock that we've sometimes overlooked both in terms of its ability to tell us about past processes - the rocks are so ancient they contain records of fluid and the atmosphere from the earliest parts of Earth's history. 
  
 "But simultaneously, they also provide us with information about the chemistry that can support life. 
  
 "And that's why we refer to it as 'the sleeping giant' that has been rumbling away but hasn't really been characterised until this point." 
  
 The crust that forms the continents contains some of the oldest rocks on our planet. 
  
 But as scientists probe ever deeper - through boreholes and mines - they're discovering water that is almost as ancient. 
  
 The oldest water, discovered 2.4km down in a deep mine in Canada, has been dated to between one billion and 2.5bn years old. 
  
 Deep surprises 
  
 Prof Chris Ballentine, from the University of Oxford, UK, said: "The biggest surprise for me was how old this water is. 
  
 Image copyright b.sherwood lollar 
  
 "That water is down there is no surprise - water will percolate down into the rock porosity. 
  
 "But for it to be preserved and kept there for so long is a surprise. 
  
 "So when you think about what's down beneath your feet, it's more exciting than just some rock." 
  
 As well as the new estimates for the volume of the ancient water, the researchers used data from 19 different mine sites, studied as part of the Deep Carbon Observatory programme, to assess how much hydrogen was being produced through the underground chemical reactions. 
  
 Life's limits 
  
 Prof Ballentine said: "Until our most recent work, the hydrogen production in the continental crust was calculated to be negligible: close to zero. 
  
 "This was very wrong and our work shows the hydrogen production in the continental crust to be the equal to that produced in the oceanic crust. This doubles the estimate of hydrogen produced on Earth." 
  
 Prof Sherwood Lollar said the hunt for life in the deep crust was now a priority. 
  
 "It gives us a quantum change in our understanding of how much of the Earth's crust might indeed be habitable and have enough energy to sustain subsurface life. 
  
 "We want to now follow this 'treasure map', to go to these sites to characterise just how broad this deep hydrosphere is, to characterise the extent of ages, and then to try to understand the differences in the kinds of life we might find in one fracture versus another. 
  
 "And even more exciting is if we can understand the limit to life, understand where we don't see life in the subsurface, and understand what it is about some of these fractures that makes them inhospitable for life." 
  
 Follow Rebecca on Twitter ||||| A team of scientists, led by the University of Toronto's Barbara Sherwood Lollar, has mapped the location of hydrogen-rich waters found trapped kilometres beneath Earth's surface in rock fractures in Canada, South Africa and Scandinavia. 
  
 Common in Precambrian Shield rocks -- the oldest rocks on Earth -- the ancient waters have a chemistry similar to that found near deep sea vents, suggesting these waters can support microbes living in isolation from the surface. 
  
 The study, to be published in Nature on December 18, includes data from 19 different mine sites that were explored by Sherwood Lollar, a geoscientist at U of T's Department of Earth Sciences, U of T senior research associate Georges Lacrampe-Couloume, and colleagues at Oxford and Princeton universities. 
  
 The scientists also explain how two chemical reactions combine to produce substantial quantities of hydrogen, doubling estimates of global production from these processes which had previously been based only on hydrogen coming out of the ocean floor. 
  
 "This represents a quantum change in our understanding of the total volume of Earth's crust that may be habitable," said Sherwood Lollar. 
  
 "Until now, none of the estimates of global hydrogen production sustaining deep microbial populations had included a contribution from the ancient continents. Since Precambrian rocks make up more than 70 per cent of the surface of Earth's crust, Sherwood Lollar likens these terrains to a "sleeping giant," a huge area that has now been discovered to be a source of possible energy for life," she said. 
  
 One process, known as radiolytic decomposition of water, involves water undergoing a breakdown into hydrogen when exposed to radiation. The other is a chemical reaction called serpentization, a mineral alteration reaction that is common in such ancient rocks. 
  
 This study has important implications for the search for deep microbial life. Quantifying the global hydrogen budget is key to understanding the amount of Earth's biomass that is in the subsurface, as many deep ecosystems contain chemolithotrophic -- so-called "rock-eating" -- organisms that consume hydrogen. In the deep gold mines of South Africa, and under the sea, at hydrothermal vents where breaks in the fissure of Earth's surface that release geothermally heated waters -- hydrogen-rich fluids host complex microbial communities that are nurtured by the chemicals dissolved in the fluids. This study identifies a global network of sites with hydrogen-rich waters that will be targeted for exploration for deep life over the coming years. 
  
 Further, because Mars -- like the Precambrian crust -- consists of billions-of-year-old rocks with hydrogen-producing potential, this finding has ramifications for astrobiology. "If the ancient rocks of Earth are producing this much hydrogen, it may be that similar processes are taking place on Mars," said Sherwood Lollar. 
  
 Other key members of the research team are Chris Ballentine of Oxford University, Tulis Onstott at Princeton University and Georges Lacrampe-Couloume of the University of Toronto. The research was funded by the Canada Research Chairs program, the Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council, the Sloan Foundation Deep Carbon Observatory, the Canadian Space Agency and the National Science Foundation. |||||
Output:
Much like on Earth's surface, water and rock reside deep within its crust, and they date to the earliest parts of the planet's history—leaving researchers fascinated by the secrets they may hold. In a new study published in Nature, they explain that not only is there more water miles below Earth's surface than in all its rivers, swamps, and lakes put together, but it may actually contain life. After compiling data from 19 mine sites in Canada, South Africa, and Scandinavia, researchers discovered the 2.5 cubic miles of water was reacting with ancient rocks to release hydrogen gas, reports the BBC, a possible food source. In fact, the evidence they gathered "doubles the estimate of hydrogen produced on Earth." In some areas, they found hydrogen production "equal to that produced in the oceanic crust," a researcher says, suggesting complex microbial communities could be sheltered deep below, just as they are around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. "Until our most recent work, the hydrogen production in the continental crust was calculated to be negligible: close to zero," he adds. The research team next hopes to search for evidence of life and discover "the differences in the kinds of life we might find in one fracture versus another." The study may give hope to those searching for life on Mars, which also hosts billions-of-years-old rocks that may produce hydrogen, adds Science Daily. (Just found on the Red Planet: methane.)