Instructions: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Input: Barnard’s star is a red dwarf, and has the largest proper motion (apparent motion across the sky) of all known stars. At a distance of 1.8 parsecs1, it is the closest single star to the Sun; only the three stars in the α Centauri system are closer. Barnard’s star is also among the least magnetically active red dwarfs known2,3 and has an estimated age older than the Solar System. Its properties make it a prime target for planetary searches; various techniques with different sensitivity limits have been used previously, including radial-velocity imaging4,5,6, astrometry7,8 and direct imaging9, but all ultimately led to negative or null results. Here we combine numerous measurements from high-precision radial-velocity instruments, revealing the presence of a low-amplitude periodic signal with a period of 233 days. Independent photometric and spectroscopic monitoring, as well as an analysis of instrumental systematic effects, suggest that this signal is best explained as arising from a planetary companion. The candidate planet around Barnard’s star is a cold super-Earth, with a minimum mass of 3.2 times that of Earth, orbiting near its snow line (the minimum distance from the star at which volatile compounds could condense). The combination of all radial-velocity datasets spanning 20 years of measurements additionally reveals a long-term modulation that could arise from a stellar magnetic-activity cycle or from a more distant planetary object. Because of its proximity to the Sun, the candidate planet has a maximum angular separation of 220 milliarcseconds from Barnard’s star, making it an excellent target for direct imaging and astrometric observations in the future. ||||| CLOSE 30 trillion miles from Earth, scientists have identified a possible new and very large planet orbiting the closest single star to our solar system. Wochit 
  
 An artist’s conception of the planet that's in orbit around Barnard’s Star. (Photo: IEEC/Science-Wave - Guillem Ramisa) 
  
 A "Super Earth" – a planet much bigger and colder than our world – was discovered in orbit around a nearby star, scientists announced in a study published Wednesday. 
  
 How big? More than three times the mass of the Earth. How cold? A chilly temperature of about 238 degrees below zero. 
  
 Super-Earths are planets with masses larger than the Earth but not as big as the ice giants in our solar system, such as Neptune and Uranus. 
  
 The planet and its star are nearby in cosmic terms only: At 30 trillion miles from Earth, Barnard's Star is the closest single star to our solar system. For decades, astronomers have looked for planets around the star. 
  
 The newly discovered planet, dubbed Barnard's Star b, is the second-closest known exoplanet to the Earth and orbits the fastest-moving star in the night sky. Exoplanets are planets outside our solar system. 
  
 "After a very careful analysis, we are 99 percent confident that the planet is there," said a statement by the study's lead scientist, Ignasi Ribas of Spain's Institute of Space Sciences. 
  
 Data from a worldwide array of telescopes revealed the frozen, dimly lit world. "We used observations from seven different instruments, spanning 20 years of measurements, making this one of the largest and most extensive data sets ever used," Ribas said. 
  
 An artist’s impression of the surface of the planet that's orbiting Barnard's Star, the nearest single star to the sun. Data from a worldwide array of telescopes have revealed this frozen, dimly lit world. (Photo: ESO/M. Kornmesser) 
  
 The planet lies well beyond the star's habitable zone in which liquid water, and possibly life, could exist. 
  
 It's a barren, frigid world because light from Barnard's Star provides it with only 2 percent of the energy the Earth receives from the sun. 
  
 “This is an extremely exciting new planet candidate,” Sarah Ballard, an MIT scientist not involved with the research, told Sky and Telescope. She cautioned that "I wouldn't buy a ticket to Barnard's Star just yet, knowing that there's a 1 percent chance the planet isn't there.” 
  
 The star's nearby status has made it a long-running candidate in the hunt for exoplanets. None of the previous searches led to a discovery. 
  
 "This remarkable planet gives us a key piece in the puzzle of planetary formation and evolution," Rodrigo Díaz, an astronomer at the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina, said in an article accompanying the study. 
  
 The study was published Wednesday in the peer-reviewed British journal Nature. 
  
 The distances to the nearest stars from the sun. Barnard’s star is the second closest star system, and the nearest single star to us. (Photo: IEEC/Science-Wave - Guillem Ramisa) 
  
 Read or Share this story: https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/science/2018/11/14/super-earth-discovered-orbiting-nearby-star/2000136002/ ||||| Astronomers have indirectly detected the second nearest known extrasolar planet --- a putative super-earth --- around Barnard’s Star, a dim red dwarf some six light years away. 
  
 Located in the northern constellation of Ophiuchus, Barnard’s Star has long fascinated astronomers both due to its proximity to Earth and the fact that it has the largest apparent motion across our line of sight as any known stellar object. 
  
 The newfound planet candidate dubbed Barnard’s Star b is thought to be a rocky planet some 3.2 times the mass of Earth and to orbit its parent star every 233 days. But temperatures on the surface are expected to be mighty frigid, since the planet is only expected to receive about two percent of the solar radiation that Earth receives from our own Sun. 
  
 Even so, its detection marks a breakthrough in extrasolar planet-hunting . 
  
 It also marks the first time that astronomers have used the indirect method of extrasolar planet detection known as doppler spectroscopy to detect a rocky planet around a sunlike star. 
  
 The team combined twenty years of data from seven different telescopic instruments to detect the planet. Doppler spectroscopy uses measurements of a star’s radial velocity to determine how the star’s light is either redshifting away from us, or blueshifting towards us along our line of sight. In doing so, astronomers look for a pattern, or periodicity, in the star’s movements around its barycenter (or geometric center of mass) that can indirectly signal the gravitational pull of a planet in orbit around its star. 
  
 After years of honing this method on large gas giants in much shorter orbits around their parent stars, an international team of astronomers was able to with high confidence indirectly detect a super-earth. But it’s no earth analog. 
  
 In a paper appearing in the journal Nature, the team writes that the candidate planet around Barnard’s Star is out at its solar system’s snow-line or the region where volatile compounds such as water can condense into solid ice. 
  
 The planet is located at only 40 percent of an Earth-Sun distance from its star, while its tiny habitable zone only extends to 12 percent of an Earth-Sun distance, Ignasi Ribas, the paper’s lead author and an astronomer at Spain’s Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia and the Institute of Space Sciences, told me. 
  
 “So, the planet should be way too cold to sustain liquid water on its surface,” said Ribas. 
  
 “We estimate an equilibrium temperature of -170 Celsius and it is quite unlikely that the actual surface temperature is much hotter.” 
  
 But could there be life beneath a frozen ocean there? 
  
 Wondering whether Barnard’s Star b could have an ocean underneath a frozen layer is just speculation at this point, says Ribas. That’s because at this stage, he says, we simply know so little about this putative planet. 
  
 Ribas is most surprised that they didn’t find more planets around Barnard’s Star, which is relatively stable and thought to be about twice the age of our own Sun. 
  
 Planets around red dwarf stars are very common, with an average of something like two planets per star in close-in orbits, says Ribas. But he says the team has already ruled out planets more massive than about one earth-mass in orbits close to the star’s habitable zone. |||||
Output:
Barnard’s Star, a red dwarf star located in a solar system about six light-years away from Earth, may have some company. Researchers of the “exoplanet-hunting” group Red Dots have detected a planet—some 3.2 times the Earth’s mass and very cold—orbiting the star, Smithsonian reports. Their findings were published in Nature on Wednesday. “We firmly believe the object is there,” says lead researcher Ignasi Ribas. “We always have to remain a bit cautious … but we were sure enough that we were willing to go forward with publication.” The planet, Barnard’s Star b, is the second-closest exoplanet (a planet outside of our solar system) to Earth, per USA Today. Researchers looked at two decades worth of data from seven different telescopes to pick up the planet, according to Forbes. As for the possibility of life on Bernard’s Star b, the planet is "way too cold” to sustain liquid water, Ribas says, and whether life may be frozen beneath an ocean is just speculation at this point. During the course of their study, Smithsonian notes, researchers found faint evidence of another planet, which would be Barnard’s Star c. Several decades ago, scientists believed that they had detected planets around the star. However, those ended up being the result of an instrument problem. (Last year, scientists found the smallest possible star.)