Definition: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Input: Image copyright University of East Anglia Image caption Scientists released robotic detectors in the remote southern ocean to detect warm waters 
  
 Robots roaming the Southern Ocean, controlled from Norfolk by satellite, are collecting information on how warm water is melting the Antarctic ice cap. 
  
 Researchers at Norwich-based University of East Anglia (UEA) and California Institute of Technology have found warm water travels via swirling currents. 
  
 This could help refine data on ocean currents and climate change. 
  
 Scientists hope to predict more accurately the rate at which ice sheets retreat and sea levels rise. 
  
 Image copyright UEA Image caption Robotic gliders roam the seas to detect changes in ocean temperature to track movement of warm waters 
  
 The findings from three robotic underwater gliders, deployed to explore waters on the Antarctic continental shelf, have been published in Nature Geoscience. 
  
 This warmer water is normally found hundreds of metres down throughout the Southern Ocean but how it reaches the shallow water around Antarctica has not been observed before. 
  
 The gliders were remotely controlled from Norwich, more than 10,000 miles away, sending data back via satellite mobile phone technology, every few hours, for two months. 
  
 Image copyright University of East Anglia Image caption The crew and research team aboard the ship patrolling the Southern Ocean collecting data 
  
 Prof Karen Heywood, from UEA's Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, said data was collected on water salinity, temperature, and oxygen levels. 
  
 "The results have identified ocean features that could not feasibly have been studied by any other means. 
  
 "Seawater quickly freezes to form ice and can trap the gliders, just like Shackleton's ship Endurance was trapped in the same area, 100 years ago," she said. 
  
 Predicting ice changes 
  
 The research team found warm salty water was reaching the Antarctic continental shelf, transported by eddies - swirling underwater storms caused by ocean currents. 
  
 "Physical processes in the Antarctic are important for global climate and chemical cycles," she said. 
  
 "The use of ocean gliders is beginning to revolutionise our understanding of polar ocean processes. 
  
 "We hope it will help refine ocean and climate models, and predict future rates of retreat for Antarctic ice shelves." ||||| Scientists using robotic ocean gliders to wander frigid Antarctic waters say they may have discovered a mechanism behind the melting of polar ice shelves – miniature submarine "storms" that are lobbing packets of warmer water toward the continent. 
  
 The findings, published in the journal Nature Geoscience, shed light on the complicated currents that could potentially be contributing to the loss of West Antarctic ice. 
  
 Thawing ice in Antarctica has contributed to the rising ocean levels that are a signature of climate change, and it’s thought that warm water reaching the ice shelf has played a key role in melting it. But it’s not clear how warm water has managed to get past the continental shelf break to start the process, and an international team of researchers wanted to find out. 
  
 “Polar regions are areas where changes are being amplified,” said lead author Andrew Thompson, a Caltech physical oceanographer. “They also tend to be regions where we don’t have as many observations, because they’re very difficult to get to.” 
  
 Expeditions to the Antarctic can run about $30,000 or more per day, Thompson pointed out – and it costs precious time as well as money. 
  
 “One of the challenges of using ship-based oceanography is that it’s difficult to stay out for long periods of time,” Thompson said. “Life gets in the way, sometimes.” 
  
 Caltech scientists had a workaround: Deploy underwater robots to explore the Weddell Sea. These drones consume very little energy; rather than using a propeller, they move up and down through the water using a pump that adjusts their internal density relative to the water around them, causing the vehicles to either rise like a balloon or to sink like a rock. A pair of wings converts this vertical movement into horizontal movement – much in the same way that a gliders’ wings help it travel forward. 
  
 As the roughly 6-foot-long, bullet-shaped glider changes its internal density and shifts its center of mass to help angle its nose upward or downward, it makes a repeated V-pattern through the water. The rovers completed a total of 750 dives, often descending to 1,000 meters below the surface, and took measurements every five seconds (roughly every 0.5 meters). Each time a rover came to the surface, it would place a satellite "call" home, typically around five or six times a day, Thompson said. 
  
 Given that one of these calls costs about a dollar a minute, the cost of operating each robot was around $100 per day, Thompson said – a fraction of what it cost to run a human-staffed seaborne experiment. Spaced between 2 to 5 kilometers apart, the gliders covered an area of ocean with a resolution that was roughly 10 times better than traditional ship surveys, the scientists said. 
  
 Of course, it also meant that the scientists had to check on the robots a couple of times a night to make sure they were on course and not about to, say, run into a giant iceberg, Thompson said – which was a little like being on baby-time. 
  
 “I often compare it to having a small child – it needs your attention every few hours,” Thompson said. 
  
 For about 10 weeks, the rovers sampled a number of features of the water, including temperature, salinity, oxygen levels and fluorescence. Taking these measurements at different depths was key, because in Antarctica, the warmest water doesn’t always end up on top. Instead, it can get stuck between two colder layers, because the combined effects of salinity and temperature affect the density of the water in complex ways. 
  
 Scientists often refer to ocean currents driving water around the globe as a "conveyor belt" – which implies that the flows are smooth, Thompson said. 
  
 But as it turned out, the flows the robots were measuring were anything but smooth. The scientists discovered that warm water was reaching the ice shelf because of eddies – swirling vortexes of water with heat trapped in their centers. 
  
 These eddies, which can range in size from around a kilometer to 10 kilometers, look like miniature, liquid versions of the storm systems in our atmosphere, Thompson added. But, just like the weather, they're the result of complicated processes and thus far, hard to predict. 
  
 “This is our first glimpse at just how variable these currents are,” Thompson said. 
  
 Next up? In a couple of weeks, the team will be heading back to Antarctica, to deploy their gliders in the Drake Passage. 
  
 Love Antarctica? Follow @aminawrite for more science news. ||||| Warm waters are melting Antarctica's ice sheet at an unprecedented rate, but scientists have been unsure how such warm water is finding its way to one of the coldest regions of the planet. Until now. 
  
 Oceanographers Liz Creed of Kongsberg, Inc. and Andy Thompson of the California Institute of Technology run through a series of tests in preparation for the release of a Seaglider into the Weddell Sea in January 2012. 
  
 In recent years, environmental scientists have warily watched as the ice sheet on the coast of West Antarctica has begun melting at unprecedented rates. In May, NASA glaciologists declared that the catastrophic melt of the ice sheet to be “unstoppable.” Researchers have long believed that warm waters were somehow whittling away at the ice sheet, but little was understood about how such warm water made it to one of the coldest regions of the world. 
  
 With the help of some underwater robots, researchers at California Institute of Technology have pieced together the most detailed picture to date of what might be happening beneath the surface of the Southern Ocean . The team published their findings online Monday in the journal Nature Geoscience. 
  
 Typically, oceanic temperature measurements are gathered via satellite or from temperature buoys towed by ships. Neither are particularly viable methods around Antarctica. 
  
 “Observationally, it’s a very hard place to get to with ships,” lead author Andrew Thompson said in a press release. “Also, the warm water is not at the surface, making satellite observations ineffective.” 
  
 That’s where robotic ocean gliders come in. 
  
 These six-foot-long torpedo shaped drones, which resemble robotic dolphins, use very little energy and can traverse the ocean depths for long periods of time, bobbing to the surface every few hours to “call home” and transmit data to researchers. 
  
 In recent years, corporations, research institutions, and even the military have used similar underwater drones to explore the ocean. Fossil fuel companies use autonomous subs to map the ocean floor in search of hidden oil and gas reserves. Researchers at the University of Delaware and Delaware State University have employed remote-controlled, underwater gliders to study elusive sand tiger sharks in the Delaware Bay . And earlier this year, the US Navy sent an American-made underwater drone to aid in the search for the missing Malaysian airliner that is believed to have crashed into the Indian Ocean in March. 
  
 Professor Thompson’s gliders spent two months traversing the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula collecting temperature and salinity data beginning in January 2012. While the ultimate goal of the mission was to study thermal transport, salinity levels play a major role in the way waters of differing temperatures flow, the Caltech professor of environmental science and engineering explained. 
  
 In fresh water, warm water always rises to the top of the water column, just as heat rises in the atmosphere. However, the presence of salt in the water can alter the stratification of the water column, especially along the coast where fresh melt water mixes with saline ocean water. The melt water coming off the coastal shelf is very cold, just above freezing, but has a much lower salt content than the ocean water so it remains suspended at the surface. 
  
 In this region, the warmest waters actually float suspended in a middle layer of the water column. “That’s the layer that is actually moving toward the ice shelf,” Thompson said. 
  
 By analyzing data gathered by the gliders, the researchers determined that warm layer was being transported from warmer latitudes by swirling eddies. Eddies behave similarly to atmospheric storms, but whip water instead of winds. They serve a vital function of helping to churn nutrients from the bottom of the ocean up to the surface. In this case, they also deliver warm water from warm latitudes toward the pole. 
  
 While ships frequently observe eddies – oceanographers actually name each one just as meteorologists name hurricanes – they typically only glimpse them briefly because the Southern Ocean is treacherous: The weather is fierce and expeditions are extremely costly. However, Caltech’s gliders were able to spend much longer monitoring the eddies at work than a ship typically could. 
  
 “Ocean currents are variable, and so if you go just one time, what you measure might not be what the current looks like a day later. It’s sort of like the weather – you know it’s going to be warm in the summer and cold in the winter, but on a day to day basis it could be cold in the summer just because a storm came in,” Thompson said. “Eddies do the same thing in the ocean, so unless you understand how the temperature of currents is changing from day to day – information we can actually collect with the gliders – then you can’t understand what the long-term heat transport is.” 
  
 Thompson hopes that future missions that gather both oceanic and atmospheric data will provide clues into the transfer of carbon dioxide between the sea and air. |||||
Output:
Storms aren't just a result of global warming, they may actually be causing the unstoppable Antarctic ice melt. Robots patrolling more than 3,250 feet below the Weddell Sea have discovered underwater storms are helping thaw Antarctic ice as they drive warm water toward polar ice shelves. Essentially, researchers knew warm waters were melting the ice but hadn't a clue how they were getting to it; warmer water is typically found far below the ocean's surface, reports the BBC. Now researchers have zeroed in on the storms, which are made mostly of cold water but carry trapped water from warmer latitudes at their center, the Christian Science Monitor reports. Dolphin-like drones made 750 dives to sample water temperature, salinity, oxygen levels, and fluorescence over two months in 2012 to find the storms, or "swirling eddies." But the storms are hard to predict. In fact, "this is our first glimpse at just how variable these currents are," a researcher explains. "Unless you understand how the temperature of currents is changing from day to day ... then you can't understand what the long-term heat transport is." The team will set the robots loose on the Drake Passage in the coming weeks to learn more about the Antarctic ice melt, the Los Angeles Times reports. (Mysteriously, Antarctic ice is also growing.)