Detailed Instructions: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Problem:Bent Christensen 
  
 Tiny amounts of a common anti-anxiety medication — which ends up in wastewater after patients pass it into their urine — significantly alters fish behaviour, according to a new study. The drug makes timid fish bold, antisocial and voracious, researchers have found. 
  
 Oxazepam belongs to the class of drugs called benzodiazepines, the most widely prescribed anxiety drugs, and is thought to be highly stable in aquatic environments. It acts by enhancing neuron signals that damp down the brain's activity, helping patients to relax. 
  
 An article in Science this week now places the drug on a growing list of pharmaceutical products that escape wastewater treatment unscathed and may be affecting freshwater communities1. A chemical found in contraceptive pills, known as 17-β-estradiol, and the antidepressant drug fluoxetine (Prozac) have been shown to alter behaviour in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and the popular anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen reduces courtship behaviour in male zebrafish (Danio rerio). 
  
 Taken together, the evidence suggests that tests of possible pollutants must go beyond merely cataloguing fatal or highly toxic doses, says Todd Royer, an ecologist at Indiana University in Bloomington. “This study really highlights the importance of non-lethal effects,” he says. Even if a drug doesn't kill or cause acute toxicity, it could be altering “community structure and other ecosystem processes”, he explains. 
  
 River work 
  
 To track down the effects of oxazepam, Tomas Brodin of Umeå University in Sweden and his colleagues began by measuring the drug’s concentration in the Fyris River, a small watercourse in a densely populated region of Sweden. They found that perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the stream accumulated the drug in their muscles at concentrations more than six times higher than those found in the water. Similar concentrations have been detected in water bodies near populated areas around the world, says Micael Jonsson, an ecologist at Umeå University and a co-author of the study. 
  
 Juvenile perch were exposed to two concentrations of oxazepam: one roughly twice the concentration found in the Fyris River, the other nearly 1,000-fold higher. Even the lower concentration dramatically altered their behaviour, says Jonsson. Non-medicated perch are timid, preferring to stick to familiar territory and occasionally peeking out into the wider tank. The medicated fish, however, embraced the unknown, readily swimming into uncharted territory. 
  
 And whereas non-medicated perch swim towards other fish of the same species, the medicated perch turned away from their compatriots. Fish exposed to oxazepam were also quicker to feast on zooplankton introduced into the tanks. 
  
 At first, Jonsson, says, the researchers were surprised. “Anti-anxiety drugs are viewed as calming and soothing, but in fish it was the opposite,” he says. But they now speculate that the drug causes the fish to be less inhibited by fear. “If the fish were anxious to begin with, perhaps the drug reduces anxiety and allows the fish to become more active,” says Jonsson. 
  
 Altered ecosystem 
  
 If the drug has the same effects in the wild, it could affect the surrounding ecosystem, says Jonsson. Young perch feed on zooplankton, which, in turn, eat algae. If drugged fish gobble more zooplankton, algae may thrive — and perhaps also bloom. 
  
 But Jonsson warns that it is difficult to extrapolate from the laboratory to a natural setting. The ecological effects of oxazepam’s effects on appetite may be offset if the emboldened perch then find themselves easier prey, for example. 
  
 “How this laboratory work would translate to effects in wild populations is a big guess,” agrees Charles Tyler, an ecotoxicologist at the University of Exeter, UK. “We have no idea of the resilience of those populations in the wild.” 
  
 Meanwhile, prospects for solving the problem of pharmaceuticals in wastewater look dim. Removing or treating the chemicals before they get into rivers would be prohibitively expensive with current technology, Tyler says, and could carry a high carbon footprint. ||||| A school of sardines in Italy. Credit: Wikimedia / Alessandro Duci A drug that is commonly used to treat anxiety in humans and which regularly finds its way into surface waters through wastewater effluence has been shown to reduce mortality rates in fish. 
  
 The results, which have been published today, 8 August, in IOP Publishing's journal Environmental Research Letters, may have significant implications for existing standard ecotoxicological tests, which predominantly focus on harmful effects of water contaminants and ignore the potential benefits. 
  
 By improving the health of an aquatic organism, a certain pharmaceutical drug may alter the balance of species in an environment and have serious, cascading ecological consequences, according to the researchers from Umeå University in Sweden. 
  
 Lead author of the paper Dr Jonatan Klaminder, said: "Ecotoxicological tests were designed with traditional toxic contaminants in mind, such as heavy metals and dioxins, which have historically been the major apparent threat against aquatic organisms in surface waters. 
  
 "Pharmaceuticals, which are designed to improve health, are a new group of contaminants that do not necessarily fit into the traditional view. 
  
 "I think there is a 'bandwagon effect' within the research community where the old test and the traditional view of a contaminant is routinely used without reflection about the conceptual flaw implicit in the methods." 
  
 In their study, the researchers retrieved two-year-old Eurasian perch from a lake in Sweden and randomly exposed them to high and low concentrations of Oxazepam. 
  
 Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine which is commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia in humans and regularly contaminates surface waters via treated wastewater effluent. The researchers have previously shown that the drug can increase the activity and boldness of Eurasian perch. 
  
 In this study, the low concentration of Oxazepam was below that measured in treated effluent water in Europe. 
  
 The researchers also collected eggs, or roe strings, from a separate population of perch and exposed them during the first nine days of embryonic development to three different concentrations of Oxazepam. After hatching, a random group of the fry were collected and analysed. 
  
 Results showed that mortality rates were high among hatched fry—corresponding to mortality rates found among perch fry in natural populations—and relatively high among the two-year-old perch, but were significantly reduced by Oxazepam exposure in comparison to the control group of fish who were not exposed. 
  
 In the hatched fry, mortality was lower in the high concentration treatment than in the control and low concentration treatments. In the two-year-old perch, mortality was lower in both the low and high concentrations compared to the control. 
  
 Co-author of the study Tomas Brodin, who was the ecologist in the research team, said: "A therapeutic effect leading to increased survival of one species may generate a proportional increase in mortality of that species' prey, which may have cascading ecological consequences that need consideration. 
  
 "A new, conceptual view of ecotoxicological testing should include the possibility that a substance can improve the health of an organism and make individuals affected by contamination more competitive than non-affected individuals." 
  
 "Even though our study focused on one single pharmaceutical contaminant, it is possible that similar effects could be induced by exposure to a whole range of pharmaceuticals that find their way into surface waters, such as antibiotics, painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones and antidepressants. Our conceptual view of a pollutant has, up until now, blocked us from testing for similar effects at environmentally relevant concentrations." 
  
 Explore further: Fish become bolder and more gluttonous from drug residue 
  
 More information: The conceptual imperfection of aquatic risk assessment tests: highlighting the need for tests designed to detect therapeutic effects of pharmaceutical contaminants, J Klaminder, M Jonsson, J Fick, A Sundelin and T Brodin 2014. Environ. Res. Lett. 9 084003. iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/8/084003/article 
  
  ||||| Anxiety-reducing drug is extending lifespan of certain fish populations, a new study has found. Such drastic changes in fish mortality rates can have a cascading effect on other species. 
  
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 The drug Oxazepam is used to treat anxiety and insomnia in adults. The medication finds its way into rivers and other water bodies via wastewater discharge. Previous research has shown that the drug makes fish aggressive and even alters their reproduction. 
  
 Standard tests that are used to detect water quality check for only toxic chemicals and their potential harms. The current study, which is published in the journal Environmental Research Letters, shows that these tests must also account for the "benefits" of certain chemicals on fish population. 
  
 "Ecotoxicological tests were designed with traditional toxic contaminants in mind, such as heavy metals and dioxins, which have historically been the major apparent threat against aquatic organisms in surface waters," said Dr Jonatan Klaminder from the Umeå University in Sweden. 
  
 "Pharmaceuticals, which are designed to improve health, are a new group of contaminants that do not necessarily fit into the traditional view," said Klaminder in a news release. "I think there is a 'bandwagon effect' within the research community where the old test and the traditional view of a contaminant is routinely used without reflection about the conceptual flaw implicit in the methods." 
  
 The team first checked concentration of the drug in a two-year-old Eurasian perch, caught in a lake in Sweden. The researchers found that the level of the drug was low in this fish population 
  
 They also collected fish eggs from a different perch population and exposed them to varying concentration of the chemical. The team found that eggs, exposed to high levels of the drug, had reduced mortality rates than other fish. 
  
 The increase in lifespan in certain populations of fish is problematic because any change in mortality rates affects the other species in the food chain. 
  
 "A new, conceptual view of ecotoxicological testing should include the possibility that a substance can improve the health of an organism and make individuals affected by contamination more competitive than non-affected individuals," said Tomas Brodin, who was the ecologist in the research team. 
  
 According to Brodin, other pharmaceutical agents as well as chemicals might also be influencing fish behavior. |||||
Solution:
On the one hand, fish exposed to the tranquilizer oxazepam when it seeps into their waters kind of become jerks, reports a study in Nature. On the other hand, this same drug, a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety and insomnia in human adults, apparently helps them live longer, reports Nature World News, citing a study published in the journal Environmental Research Letters. This news may be, from a longevity standpoint, terrific for the tainted fish—but it's not ideal for keeping the entire ecosystem's mortality rates balanced and the food chain intact. Swedish researchers gathered eggs from a population of lake perch and exposed them to varying levels of oxazepam as the embryos grew, notes Phys.org. When the fish finally hatched, scientists found that perch subjected to higher doses of the benzo had lower mortality rates than ones that received lower concentrations or none at all. The team says these results could simply be scratching the surface in exposing how pollutants affect marine creatures. "Even though our study focused on one single pharmaceutical contaminant, it is possible that similar effects could be induced by exposure to a whole range of pharmaceuticals that find their way into surface waters, such as antibiotics, painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones, and antidepressants."