Definition: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Input: The algae that produced the toxins that closed Toledo's taps are found in bodies of fresh water throughout the US. Contributing factors to Lake Erie's bloom: nutrients, climate, and invasive species. 
  
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 A couple paddle surfs as algae surfaces on the shore line of Maumee Bay State Park public beach along Lake Erie in Oregon, Ohio, on August 3, 2014. Health officials sent samples to several laboratories for testing after finding Lake Erie may have been affected by a 'harmful algal bloom,' Ohio Environmental Protection Agency spokeswoman Heidi Griesmer said. The lake provides the bulk of the area's drinking water. 
  
 Once again, Lake Erie has vaulted itself into the national conversation about the environment – this time over the disruptive effects blooms of harmful algae can have on lakeside residents. 
  
 On Monday, Toledo Mayor D. Michael Collins pronounced the Ohio city's water fit for human consumption following two days in which levels of algae-based toxins in the city's lake-derived water supply were too high. The readings prompted a ban on using the water for drinking, cooking, even bathing, until the toxin levels fell back to acceptable levels. 
  
 These algae – bacteria known as micosystis – are found in bodies of freshwater to varying degrees throughout the United States, researchers say. And while it's unclear if there are any long-term trends in outbreaks, researchers say they are concerned that the conditions that contributed to the tap-closing Lake Erie bloom could eventually raise the stakes for people who rely on other lakes and reservoirs for municipal water supplies and for recreation. 
  
 "There is a perception that the frequency of occurrences has been increasing over the last several decades, but there's insufficient data to support that," says Keith Loftin, a research chemist with the US Geological Survey office in Lawrence, Kan., who works on the freshwater-bloom question. 
  
 Still, based on several national assessments conducted with the US Environmental Protection Agency, it's not a matter of if, but when surveyors will find toxin-producing blooms, he says. 
  
 The main driver for the blooms is available food – mainly nitrogen and phosphorus. But sources matter, explains Wayne Carmichael, a retired professor emeritus of biology at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, whose research focused on harmful algae blooms involving cyanobacteria and who still consults on the issue. 
  
 Into the early 2000s, Lake Erie blooms largely involved cyanobacteria that didn't produce toxins. They drew their nitrogen from the air and their phosphorus from a range of human sources – from factories to untreated or poorly treated sewage – which included phosphorous from laundry detergents as well as human waste. The Clean Water Act triggered a clean-up of these so-called point sources. 
  
 For a long time, the lake's cyanobacteria tended to be dominated by species that didn't produce toxins, Dr. Carmichael explains. 
  
 That changed, thanks in no small part to the arrival of invasive zebra and quagga mussels. They are filter feeders that thrive on plankton and algae. But they find micosystis singularly unpalatable, and so eject them. Over time, this changed the mix of cyanobacteria in Lake Erie waters, even as phosphorus and nitrogen from urban and agricultural run-off began to increase. Since micosystis doesn't extract nitrogen from the air, the run-off provided the bacteria with the nitrogen it needed. 
  
 Climate change also has played a roll, notes Gary Fahnenstiel, a research scientist at the University of Michigan's Graham Sustainability Institute in Ann Arbor and scientist emeritus at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Great Lakes Research Laboratory, also in Ann Arbor. 
  
 Spring storms are becoming more intense, yet are occurring less frequently on average than they have in the past, he explains. Microcystis tends to settle on the bottom of the relatively shallow Erie. The storms stir up the lake, bringing the algae to the surface. 
  
 "That basically becomes the seed bank for the bloom, and during the calm period they bloom and grow," he says. Meanwhile, the rain provides the nutrient-laden run-off to feed the algae. Climate change also is extending the growing season, which can affect algae. 
  
 To be sure, conditions aren't replicated elsewhere to the same degree, and the amount of food available in some areas is dominated more by natural sources as from human sources. 
  
 Still, the greater the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus, the more conditions favor toxin-producing cyanobacteria, notes the USGS's Dr. Loftin. Moreover, the invasive mussels that tipped the scales in favor of toxin-producers in Lake Erie are spreading. 
  
 "We have zebra mussels in Kansas," he says. "They have moved down through many of the reservoirs through the Midwest." 
  
 One of the challenges to controlling blooms in most locations around the US is that one can cut off the current flow of nutrients from human sources "and there would still be enough nutrients to keep the issue going," Loftin says. 
  
 And while for relatively small bodies of water chemical controls can be applied to deal with a bloom – alum, for instance, can bind to phosphorus, fall to the bottom, and lock it in the sediment, although it too can be toxic – biological approaches seem to have the best long-term prospects for reducing the risk of toxic blooms, Loftin says. For instance, the risk of blooms can be reduced by using aquatic plants in surrounding wetlands to take up the nutrients. 
  
 Chemicals for blooms the size of the event Toledo endured would be far too expensive to contemplate, researchers say. Instead, the supply of nutrients to Lake Erie remains the main lever for reducing the risk of harmful algae blooms. 
  
 In February, for instance, the International Joint Commission issued a report recommending a range of measures, including significant reductions in dissolved phosphorous coming into Lake Erie from the US and Canada. The IJC was set up under a 1909 treaty between the two countries to advise them on ways to resolve issues involving the Great Lakes and other waters they share. In addition, the recommendations call for a 10 percent expansion of coastal wetlands at the lake's western end as one approach to reducing nutrients entering the lake. 
  
 The harmful-bloom issue in the nation's freshwater lakes and reservoirs "is something we need to address," Carmichael says. "We have the means. But these things cost money. Until people decide it's a high-enough priority, it's not going to get done." ||||| Lake Erie’s travails — and now, Toledo’s — are but the most visible manifestation of a pollution problem that has grown as easily as it has defied solution. Once the shining success of the environmental movement — Lake Erie was mocked as dead in the 1960s, then revived by clean-water rules — it has sunk into crisis again as urbanization and industrial agriculture have spawned new and potent sources of phosphorus runoff. 
  
 In Lake Erie’s case, the phosphorus feeds a poisonous algae whose toxin, called microcystin, causes diarrhea, vomiting and liver-function problems, and readily kills dogs and other small animals that drink contaminated water. Toledo was unlucky: A small bloom of toxic algae happened to form directly over the city’s water-intake pipe in Lake Erie, miles offshore. 
  
 Beyond the dangers to people and animals, the algae wreak tens of billions of dollars of damage on commercial fishing and on the recreational and vacation trades. With conservationists and utility officials like Mr. Moline, representatives of those industries have for years called for some way to limit the phosphorus flowing into waterways. 
  
 There are practical and political reasons, environmental activists and other say, why it has not happened. The biggest, perhaps, is that the government has few legal options to impose limits — and voluntary limits so far have barely dented the problem. 
  
 The federal Clean Water Act is intended to limit pollution from fixed points like industrial outfalls and sewer pipes, but most of the troublesome phosphorus carried into waterways like Lake Erie is spread over thousands of square miles. Addressing so-called nonpoint pollution is mostly left to the states, and in many cases, the states have chosen not to act. 
  
 Beyond that, the Supreme Court has questioned the scope of the Clean Water Act in recent years, limiting regulators’ ability to protect wetlands and other watery areas that are not directly connected to streams, or that do not flow year-round. |||||
Output:
Tap water has been declared safe to drink and bathe in again in Toledo, Ohio, but scientists warn that toxic algae blooms could be here to stay. Fertilizer from farms and cattle feedlots are partly to blame for the thick layer of algae choking Lake Erie, the most developed of the Great Lakes, reports the New York Times, which calls summertime swimming bans "so routine" in the state. But it's not just nitrogen and phosphorus feeding the algae, which is made up of bacteria called micosystis—it's also the introduction of invasive zebra and quagga mussels that eat the algae and then eject the micosystis, which builds over time, according to the Christian Science Monitor. And as the climate changes, leading to fewer but stronger spring storms, those toxins have longer periods of calm in which they grow, only to be stirred to the surface by the storms. Because the algae are found in bodies of freshwater through the US, it's unlikely that the 11 million people who live along the lake are the only ones in the country afflicted by safe water concerns. Still, experts seem to think the problem is solvable: "We have the means," one biologist tells the Monitor. "But these things cost money. Until people decide it's a high-enough priority, it's not going to get done." Meanwhile, poisonous algae have been found in lakes from California to Minnesota and even Cape Cod in Massachusetts. (In other bad water news, flesh-eating bacteria have hit a number of Southern beachgoers.)