In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.
Q: CLEVELAND, Ohio -- Most of us can employ our nerves and muscles to nibble a snack or swig a latte without much effort. But for Bill Kochevar, who is paralyzed below the shoulders, being able to do these things for the first time in years was mind-blowing. 
  
 Experimental implants called BrainGate2 allowed Kochevar to grasp a cup for the first time since he suffered a major spinal cord injury in a 2006 bike accident. He was able to take a bite of mashed potatoes and eat a pretzel without help from a caregiver. 
  
 "I didn't know what to expect. I hadn't moved my arm in about nine years," said Kochevar, 56, a Navy veteran from Cleveland. "I thought, 'Wow, amazing. I can move my arm again'." 
  
 Kochevar's breakthrough was led by several Cleveland institutions. BrainGate2 is a pilot clinical trial being conducted by a consortium of academic and VA institutions to look into the feasibility of using implanted brain-computer interfaces to help people with paralysis. 
  
 This research was led by Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center at the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, according to a press release issued by CWRU. 
  
 During the experimental therapy, electrodes implanted under Kochevar's skull were connected via cables to electrodes implanted in the muscles of his arm. The two technologies worked together to allow Kochevar's brain to send signals to his paralyzed muscles, enabling them to move. 
  
 "He thinks about reaching out and that's what he does," said Bob Kirsch, chair of Case Western Reserve's Department of Biomedical Engineering, executive director of the FES Center (functional electrical stimulation) and senior author of the research. 
  
 The study demonstrates that two separate technologies could work together to bypass damaged nerves and send signals from the brain to muscles in order to produce movement, Kirsch said. 
  
 "That's the big contribution of the study," Kirsch said, which was published Tuesday in the journal Lancet. 
  
 When the spinal cord is intact, the brain tells the body to move millions of times a day, usually without our realizing it. Kochevar's severe spinal cord injury severed the connection between his brain and body, and robbed him of the use of his arms and legs. There is no cure for spinal cord injuries, Kirsch explained. 
  
 Kochevar learned about the research trial from his doctors at the VA hospital in 2013; he's a resident of the Long Term SCI (Spinal Cord Injury) Skilled Nursing Facility at the Cleveland VA Medical Center. He was eager to participate in the study. 
  
 "Somebody's got to do research, or research won't get done," Kochevar explained. 
  
 In late 2014, surgeons implanted two electrodes - each about the size of a baby aspirin - on the surface of his brain's motor cortex. That's a part of the brain that we use to control and perform voluntary movements. 
  
 Jonathan Miller, assistant professor of neurosurgery at Case's School of Medicine and director of the Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery Center at UH, led a team of surgeons who performed the implantation. 
  
 The following year, Miller and his surgical team implanted 36 electrodes in Kochevar's right arm. 
  
 Kochevar's muscles had atrophied after years of disuse. The implants allowed him to exercise his paralyzed arm, and he noticed an improvement in strength, endurance and range of motion. Kochevar uses a mobile arm support, because his paralyzed shoulder isn't strong enough to lift his arm. His implants also allow him to move the mobile arm support. 
  
 Right now, Kochevar can only use the technology in a VA Center lab for a few hours each week. He looks forward to a time when the experimental technology that's helped him is small enough to fit into a backpack on his motorized wheelchair, so he can use it on the go. 
  
 Researchers are working to make his dream happen. 
  
 "There are lots of endless possibilities," he said. "It's been wonderful and I'm really happy to do this." ||||| Bill Kochevar grabbed a mug of water, drew it to his lips and drank through the straw. 
  
 His motions were slow and deliberate, but then Kochevar hadn't moved his right arm or hand for eight years. 
  
 And it took some practice to reach and grasp just by thinking about it. 
  
 Kochevar, who was paralyzed below his shoulders in a bicycling accident, is believed to be the first person with quadriplegia in the world to have arm and hand movements restored with the help of two temporarily implanted technologies. 
  
 A brain-computer interface with recording electrodes under his skull, and a functional electrical stimulation (FES) system* activating his arm and hand, reconnect his brain to paralyzed muscles. 
  
 Holding a makeshift handle pierced through a dry sponge, Kochevar scratched the side of his nose with the sponge. He scooped forkfuls of mashed potatoes from a bowl -- perhaps his top goal -- and savored each mouthful. 
  
 "For somebody who's been injured eight years and couldn't move, being able to move just that little bit is awesome to me," said Kochevar, 56, of Cleveland. "It's better than I thought it would be." 
  
 A video of Kochevar can be found at: https://youtu.be/OHsFkqSM7-A 
  
 Kochevar is the focal point of research led by Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) Center at the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (UH). A study of the work will be published in the The Lancet March 28 at 6:30 p.m. U.S. Eastern time. 
  
 "He's really breaking ground for the spinal cord injury community," said Bob Kirsch, chair of Case Western Reserve's Department of Biomedical Engineering, executive director of the FES Center and principal investigator (PI) and senior author of the research. "This is a major step toward restoring some independence." 
  
 When asked, people with quadriplegia say their first priority is to scratch an itch, feed themselves or perform other simple functions with their arm and hand, instead of relying on caregivers. 
  
 "By taking the brain signals generated when Bill attempts to move, and using them to control the stimulation of his arm and hand, he was able to perform personal functions that were important to him," said Bolu Ajiboye, assistant professor of biomedical engineering and lead study author. 
  
 Technology and training 
  
 The research with Kochevar is part of the ongoing BrainGate2* pilot clinical trial being conducted by a consortium of academic and VA institutions assessing the safety and feasibility of the implanted brain-computer interface (BCI) system in people with paralysis. Other investigational BrainGate research has shown that people with paralysis can control a cursor on a computer screen or a robotic arm. 
  
 "Every day, most of us take for granted that when we will to move, we can move any part of our body with precision and control in multiple directions and those with traumatic spinal cord injury or any other form of paralysis cannot," said Benjamin Walter, associate professor of Neurology at Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Clinical PI of the Cleveland BrainGate2 trial and medical director of the Deep Brain Stimulation Program at UH Cleveland Medical Center. 
  
 "The ultimate hope of any of these individuals is to restore this function," Walter said. "By restoring the communication of the will to move from the brain directly to the body this work will hopefully begin to restore the hope of millions of paralyzed individuals that someday they will be able to move freely again." 
  
 Jonathan Miller, assistant professor of neurosurgery at Case Western Reserve School of Medicine and director of the Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery Center at UH, led a team of surgeons who implanted two 96-channel electrode arrays -- each about the size of a baby aspirin -- in Kochevar's motor cortex, on the surface of the brain. 
  
 The arrays record brain signals created when Kochevar imagines movement of his own arm and hand. The brain-computer interface extracts information from the brain signals about what movements he intends to make, then passes the information to command the electrical stimulation system. 
  
 To prepare him to use his arm again, Kochevar first learned how to use his brain signals to move a virtual-reality arm on a computer screen. 
  
 "He was able to do it within a few minutes," Kirsch said. "The code was still in his brain." 
  
 As Kochevar's ability to move the virtual arm improved through four months of training, the researchers believed he would be capable of controlling his own arm and hand. 
  
 Miller then led a team that implanted the FES systems' 36 electrodes that animate muscles in the upper and lower arm. 
  
 The BCI decodes the recorded brain signals into the intended movement command, which is then converted by the FES system into patterns of electrical pulses. 
  
 The pulses sent through the FES electrodes trigger the muscles controlling Kochevar's hand, wrist, arm, elbow and shoulder. To overcome gravity that would otherwise prevent him from raising his arm and reaching, Kochevar uses a mobile arm support, which is also under his brain's control. 
  
 New Capabilities 
  
 Eight years of muscle atrophy required rehabilitation. The researchers exercised Kochevar's arm and hand with cyclical electrical stimulation patterns. Over 45 weeks, his strength, range of motion and endurance improved. As he practiced movements, the researchers adjusted stimulation patterns to further his abilities. 
  
 Kochevar can make each joint in his right arm move individually. Or, just by thinking about a task such as feeding himself or getting a drink, the muscles are activated in a coordinated fashion. 
  
 When asked to describe how he commanded the arm movements, Kochevar told investigators, "I'm making it move without having to really concentrate hard at it...I just think 'out'...and it goes." 
  
 Kocehvar is fitted with temporarily implanted FES technology that has a track record of reliable use in people. The BCI and FES system together represent early feasibility that gives the research team insights into the potential future benefit of the combined system. 
  
 Advances needed to make the combined technology usable outside of a lab are not far from reality, the researchers say. Work is underway to make the brain implant wireless, and the investigators are improving decoding and stimulation patterns needed to make movements more precise. Fully implantable FES systems have already been developed and are also being tested in separate clinical research. 
  
 Kochevar welcomes new technology -- even if it requires more surgery -- that will enable him to move better. "This won't replace caregivers," he said. "But, in the long term, people will be able, in a limited way, to do more for themselves." 
  
 The investigational BrainGate technology was initially developed in the Brown University laboratory of John Donoghue, now the founding director of the Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering in Geneva, Switzerland. The implanted recording electrodes are known as the Utah array, originally designed by Richard Normann, Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Bioengineering at the University of Utah. 
  
 The report in today's Lancet is the result of a long-running collaboration between Kirsch, Ajiboye and the multi-institutional BrainGate consortium. Leigh Hochberg, MD, PhD, a neurologist and neuroengineer at Massachusetts General Hospital, Brown University and the VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology in Providence, Rhode Island, directs the pilot clinical trial of the BrainGate system and is a study co-author. 
  
 "It's been so inspiring to watch Mr. Kochevar move his own arm and hand just by thinking about it," Hochberg said. "As an extraordinary participant in this research, he's teaching us how to design a new generation of neurotechnologies that we all hope will one day restore mobility and independence for people with paralysis." 
  
 Other researchers involved with the study include: Francis R. Willett, Daniel Young, William Memberg, Brian Murphy, PhD, and P. Hunter Peckham, PhD, from Case Western Reserve; Jennifer Sweet, MD, from UH; Harry Hoyen, MD,and Michael Keith, MD, from MetroHealth Medical Center and CWRU School of Medicine; and John Simeral, PhD from Brown University and Providence VA Medical Center. 
  
 *CAUTION: Investigational Device. Limited by Federal Law to Investigational Use. |||||
A: 
Recent advances in brain-spine interface technology have so excited the scientists working to restore the abilities of quadriplegics and others that they've actually screamed at the results. Now, the team working on a device known as BrainGate2 at Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center is celebrating another milestone, reports Cleveland.com: For the first time since being paralyzed in a bike accident in 2006, Navy veteran Bill Kochevar has been able to feed himself, scratch his nose, and give himself a sip of coffee, the latter task being at the top of his wish list. "Amazing," he says. "I can move my arm again." The experimental neural interface system is being studied in clinical trials throughout the US. In Kochevar's case, researchers implanted electrodes in his skull, which relayed signals from his brain to electrodes in his right arm. It took a lot of practice, including 45 weeks of physical rehabilitation to rebuild muscles in his arm and learning how to use his own thoughts to move a virtual-reality arm on a screen, but the successful results can be seen in this YouTube video. "The code was still in his brain," a researcher says in a Science Daily news release. They hope the veteran can some day take a more sophisticated device home. (These patients can finally talk again.)