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Q: Pocket Sharks are Among the World’s Rarest Finds 
  
 NOAA and Tulane researchers identify second possible specimen ever found 
  
 A very small and rare species of shark is swimming its way through scientific literature. But don’t worry, the chances of this inches-long vertebrate biting through your swimsuit is extremely slim, because if you ever spotted one you’d be the third person to ever do so. 
  
 This species common name is the “pocket shark,” though those in the field of classifying animals refer to it by its scientific name Mollisquama sp., according to a new study published in the international journal of taxonomy Zootaxa. While it is small enough to, yes, fit in your pocket, it’s dubbed “pocket” because of the distinctive orifice above the pectoral fin--one of many physiological features scientists hope to better understand. 
  
 “The pocket shark we found was only 5 and a half inches long, and was a recently born male,” said Mark Grace of NOAA Fisheries’ Pascagoula, Miss., Laboratory, lead author of the new study, who noted the shark displayed an unhealed umbilical scar. “Discovering him has us thinking about where mom and dad may be, and how they got to the Gulf. The only other known specimen was found very far away, off Peru, 36 years ago.” 
  
 Interestingly, the specimen Grace discovered wasn’t found it the ocean, per se; rather in the holdings of NOAA’s lab in Pascagoula. It was collected in the deep sea about 190 miles offshore Louisiana during a 2010 mission by the NOAA Ship Pisces to study sperm whale feeding. Grace, who was part of that mission after the rare shark was collected, and upon uncovering the sample at the lab years later, recruited Tulane University researchers Michael Doosey and Henry Bart, and NOAA Ocean Service genetics expert Gavin Naylor, to give the specimen an up-close examination. 
  
 A tissue sample was collected, and by tapping into the robust specimen collection of Tulane University’s Biodiversity Research Institute, scientists were able to place the specimen into the genus Mollisquama. Further genetic analysis from Naylor indicate that pocket sharks are closely related to the kitefin and cookie cutter species, fellow members of the shark family Dalatiidae. Like other Dalatiidae shark species it is possible that pocket sharks when hungry may remove an oval plug of flesh from their prey (various marine mammals, large fishes and squid). 
  
 The specimen is part of the Royal D. Suttkus Fish Collection at Tulane University’s Biodiversity Research Institute in Belle Chasse, La., and it is hoped that further study of the specimen will lead to many new discoveries. Already, the specimen--when compared to the 1979 specimen taxonomic description--is found to have a series of glands along the abdomen not previously noted. Partners at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., and American Natural History Museum in New York City have also contributed to the study of this shark. 
  
 “This record of such an unusual and extremely rare fish is exciting, but its also an important reminder that we still have much to learn about the species that inhabit our oceans,” Grace added. ||||| WASHINGTON (AP) — Think Jaws meets a kangaroo, with maybe a touch of cute kitten, and you've got the aptly named pocket shark — the newest and rarest species found off the U.S. coast. 
  
 This image provided by National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center shows a 5.5-inch long rare pocket shark. It was fished out of the... (Associated Press) 
  
 This photo provided by Michael H. Doosey at Tulane University, shows a photo of a rare pocket shark in October 2013 in Belle Chasse, La., taken out of the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, and discovered in a National... (Associated Press) 
  
 Surprised scientists found a tiny, young version of the extraordinarily rare shark that was fished out of the deep Gulf of Mexico in 2010 with lots of other creatures in a government research trip. The dead specimen spent more than three years in a giant freezer waiting to be identified. 
  
 It turned out to be only the second of its species ever seen. The first pocket shark was found 36 years ago in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Peru and it's been sitting in a Russian museum since. 
  
 This pocket shark was a male, maybe a few weeks old, about 5.5 inches long. Strangely, this type of shark has two pockets next to its front fins; their purpose is not known. It's not quite like a kangaroo, which uses its pouch to carry young, but few species have pockets this large — about 4 percent of the shark's body. 
  
 "It's cute," said Tulane University biologist Michael Doosey, who co-authored a study in a zoological journal identifying the shark. "It almost looks like a little whale." 
  
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fisheries biologist Mark Grace has spent more than 30 years going through bags upon bags of fish to identify them. It took him more than three years to get to near the end of the freezer, when he plopped a bag on the table and let it thaw. 
  
 "I wasn't really sure what it was," Grace said. "That pocket over on the pectoral fin, I had never seen anything like that on a shark." 
  
 It's a small miracle that he was not thrown away. A couple of times, the lab with the freezer lost power. 
  
 Once identified, the shark was shipped to New York and France for high-tech examinations that wouldn't puncture the specimen. 
  
 The shark also has unusual belly patches not seen in most sharks. The only other pocket shark was a female adult about 17 inches long; it is believed that adult females may be larger than males. 
  
 But the truly strange thing about this species strange is its twin pockets. While no one knows what they are for, based on the Russian specimen Grace and Doosey speculated that they may secrete some kind of glowing fluid or pheromones. 
  
 The Gulf specimen has umbilical scars, showing he's probably a few weeks old, Grace said. Because of that they think he was born in the Gulf. He was captured in February 2010 by the ship Pisces about 190 miles off the Louisiana coast. 
  
 "There's others" out there, Grace said. "We just haven't caught them yet." 
  
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 Online: 
  
 NOAA Fisheries: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ 
  
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 Seth Borenstein can be followed at http://twitter.com/borenbears |||||
A:
Scientists know very little about the pocket shark—they're not even sure what it keeps in its pockets—but a Gulf of Mexico catch has doubled the number of known specimens. At 5.5 inches, the species is small enough to fit in your pocket, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says, but it got its name from the two deep pockets it has next to its front fins. The only previous specimen was caught off the coast of Peru 36 years ago and is now in a Russian museum, reports the AP. The new catch was a recently born male, and it "has us thinking about where mom and dad may be, and how they got to the Gulf," NOAA biologist Mark Grace says. The rare creature was caught in the Gulf on a 2010 research trip and spent three years sitting in Grace's freezer waiting to be identified, reports the AP. Scientists have classified the species as the only member of the genus Mollisquama in the family Dalatiidae. That family includes "cookiecutter sharks," and researchers believe the pocket shark may feed in the same way: by removing plugs of flesh from larger creatures, the NOAA says. The pockets are still a mystery, but Grace suspects they may secrete a glowing fluid, the AP notes.