Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Inadequate response of the innate immune system to bacterial antigens present in the intestinal flora may play a role in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Pattern recognition receptors such as CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and caspase-recruitment domain (CARD) 15 bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, and their activation leads to production of inflammatory cytokines. Our aim was to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CD14, TLR4, and CARD15 are associated with the risk of NEC in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.', 'We determined the CD14 C-260T, TLR4 A +896G, C +1196T, and CARD15 G +2722C, C +2104T, 3020insC functional SNPs in dried blood samples from 118 VLBW infants (of those, 41 developed NEC) and from 146 healthy term newborns using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. We tested the association between genotype and risk of NEC.', 'No significant differences were found in the prevalence of CD14 -260T, TLR4 +896G, +1196T, and CARD15 +2722C, +2104T, 3020insC alleles between VLBW infants and healthy term newborns (P = NS). The frequencies of investigated genotypes were similar in infants with and without NEC (P = NS). Furthermore, we did not find any association between genotype and prematurity or sepsis, which are important risk factors of NEC.
Are genetic polymorphisms of CD14 , toll-like receptor 4 , and caspase-recruitment domain 15 associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants?

To correlate cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) disease aggressiveness with peripheral blood biomarkers hypothesized mechanistically.', 'A prospective case-control study enrolled 43 CCM patients, where 25-(OH) vitamin D, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol, CRP plasma levels and leukocyte ROCK activity were correlated with parameters of disease aggressiveness reflecting chronic and acute domains.', 'Patients with one or more features of chronically aggressive disease (early age at symptom onset, two or more symptomatic bleeds, high lesion burden) had significantly lower 25-(OH) vitamin D and non-HDL cholesterol levels in comparison to patients without these features.
Do peripheral plasma vitamin D and non-HDL cholesterol reflect the severity of cerebral cavernous malformation disease?

There is evidence that patients with bipolar disorder have working memory deficits even during periods of euthymia. The neural basis of such deficits and its relationship with genetic risk remain unclear. We utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neural activity in samples of bipolar disorder patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives while performing working memory tasks of increasing difficulty.', 'Twenty remitted bipolar I disorder patients, 20 of their unaffected first-degree relatives, and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited and successfully completed scanning. Subjects participated in fMRI scans consisting of an n-back working memory task with three stages of increasing difficulty (1-back, 2-back, and 3-back), alternating with a baseline attention task. Groups were analyzed separately to produce brain activation maps, and a group-by-task analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc comparisons was completed.', 'Patients performed more poorly online than control subjects and relatives on the 2-back and 3-back tasks. The group-by-task ANOVA demonstrated a significantly altered region of neural activity involving a cluster located in the left frontal pole/ventrolateral gyrus. Post hoc analyses demonstrated that this cluster was accounted for by significantly greater activation in relatives compared with control subjects for the 2-back task. Patients demonstrated a trend to significantly greater activation than control subjects in the same cluster during 1-back performance.

Is genetic liability for bipolar disorder characterized by excess frontal activation in response to a working memory task?

