Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: The biliary cast syndrome (BCS) is a frequent problem following liver transplantation. The pathogenesis of this complication is not well understood. Previous research has demonstrated that the soluble form of MICA (sMICA) is significantly higher in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than in healthy volunteers. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible involvement of sMICA in the formation of BCS after liver transplantation.', 'Serum soluble MICA was retrospectively evaluated in pre- and post-transplant sera from 133 consecutive primary liver transplant patients and in sera from 88 healthy volunteers using sandwich ELISA. Normal distribution of serum sMICA was described by the data obtained from healthy population and sMICA concentration that was greater than the upper bound 95% normal range was considered as high levels of sMICA. Patient records were reviewed to identify patients who developed BCS.', 'The results demonstrated that 37.6% of patients with end-stage liver diseases had significantly higher pre-transplant serum sMICA than in healthy population. 34.4% of recipients with post-transplant high levels of sMICA developed BCS. In contrast, 17.3% of patients with post-transplant normal levels of sMICA developed BCS. The risk of BCS development is significantly associated with the presence of post-transplant high levels of sMICA (P=0.0365). Further analysis disclosed that patients with decreased post-transplant sMICA following liver transplantation had a lower incidence rate of BCS than those with remained high levels of sMICA after transplantation (10.5% vs. 38.7%, P=0.0302). Furthermore, log-rank test showed that BCS occurrence was significantly associated with dynamic changes of sMICA among different groups (P=0.0188).
[A]: Are high levels of soluble Major Histocompatibility Complex class I related chain A ( MICA ) associated with biliary cast syndrome after liver transplantation?


[Q]: Severe malaria (SM) is classically associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Little information is available on the contribution of P. vivax to severe disease. There are some epidemiological indications that P. vivax or mixed infections protect against complications and deaths. A large morbidity surveillance conducted in an area where the four species coexist allowed us to estimate rates of SM among patients infected with one or several species.', 'This was a prospective cohort study conducted within the framework of the Malaria Vaccine Epidemiology and Evaluation Project. All presumptive malaria cases presenting at two rural health facilities over an 8-y period were investigated with history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory assessment. Case definition of SM was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria adapted for the setting (i.e., clinical diagnosis of malaria associated with asexual blood stage parasitaemia and recent history of fits, or coma, or respiratory distress, or anaemia [haemoglobin < 5 g/dl]). Out of 17,201 presumptive malaria cases, 9,537 (55%) had a confirmed Plasmodium parasitaemia. Among those, 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.7%-6.8%) fulfilled the case definition of SM, most of them in children <5 y. In this age group, the proportion of SM was 11.7% (10.4%-13.2%) for P. falciparum, 8.8% (7.1%-10.7%) for P. vivax, and 17.3% (11.7%-24.2%) for mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. P. vivax SM presented more often with respiratory distress than did P. falciparum (60% versus 41%, p = 0.002), but less often with anaemia (19% versus 41%, p = 0.0001).
[A]: Are plasmodium vivax and mixed infections associated with severe malaria in children : a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea?


[Q]: The purpose of this study was to determine whether cycling time trial (TT) performance differs between hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) at the same ambient PO2 (93\xa0mmHg, 4,300-m altitude equivalent).', 'Two groups of healthy fit men were matched on physical performance and demographic characteristics and completed a 720-kJ time trial on a cycle ergometer at sea level (SL) and following approximately 2\xa0h of resting exposure to either HH (n\u2009=\u20096, 20\u2009±\u20092\xa0years, 75.2\u2009±\u200911.8\xa0kg, mean\u2009±\u2009SD) or NH (n\u2009=\u20096, 21\u2009±\u20093\xa0years, 77.4\u2009±\u20098.8\xa0kg). Volunteers were free to manually increase or decrease the work rate on the cycle ergometer. Heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected every 5\xa0min during the TT, and the mean was calculated.', 'Both groups exhibited similar TT performance (min) at SL (73.9\u2009±\u20097.6 vs. 73.2\u2009±\u20098.2), but TT performance was longer (P\u2009<\u20090.05) in HH (121.0\u2009±\u200912.1) compared to NH (99.5\u2009±\u200918.1). The percent decrement in TT performance from SL to HH (65.1\u2009±\u200923.6%) was greater (P\u2009<\u20090.05) than that from SL to NH (35.5\u2009±\u200913.7%). The mean exercise SaO2, HR, and RPE during the TT were not different in HH compared to NH.
[A]:
Is cycling performance decrement greater in hypobaric versus normobaric hypoxia?


