Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

This study used dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) knockout (KO) mice to investigate the role of D2R activity in the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). Sulpiride, a D2R antagonist, was administered systemically into wild-type (WT) mice to validate the involvement of D2R in FDM development.', 'The D2R KO and WT C57BL/6 mice were subjected to FDM. Wild-type mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of sulpiride, 8 μg/g body weight, for a period of 4 weeks. The body weight, refraction, corneal radius of curvature, and ocular axial components were measured at week 4 of the experiment. Differences in all ocular parameters between the experimental and control groups were compared statistically.', 'Form-deprivation myopia in D2R KO mice (FD-KO) was significantly reduced compared with their WT littermates (interocular difference, -2.12 ± 0.91 diopter [D] in FD-KO versus -5.35 ± 0.83 D in FD-WT, P = 0.014), with a smaller vitreous chamber depth (0.008 ± 0.006 vs. 0.026 ± 0.006 mm, P = 0.044) and axial length (-0.001 ± 0.007 vs. 0.027 ± 0.008 mm, P = 0.007). Furthermore, FDM was attenuated in animals treated with sulpiride (-2.01 ± 0.31 D in FD-sulpiride versus -4.06 ± 0.30 D in FD-DMSO, P < 0.001) compared with those treated with vehicle, with a retardation in growth of vitreous chamber depth (-0.001 ± 0.006 vs. 0.022 ± 0.004 mm, P = 0.003) and axial length (-0.004 ± 0.007 vs. 0.027 ± 0.005 mm, P = 0.001).
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Morbidly obese patients usually present vitamin D deficiency or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Low vitamin D levels have been recently related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between vitamin D, bone turnover markers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome in severely obese patients.', 'One hundred and ten patients who underwent bariatric surgery were included. Liver biopsy was taken during surgery. Two univariate analyses were carried out in order to i) analyse the relationship between liver histology and vitamin D-bone turnover markers (intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin and Carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks) and ii) establish the association between metabolic syndrome components-insulin resistance (HOMA) and vitamin D-bone turnover markers.', '70% of the patients had lower levels of vitamin D or secondary hyperparathyroidism. None of the components of liver histology were associated with levels of vitamin D or with bone turnover parameters. Patients with metabolic syndrome showed lower levels of PTH and osteocalcin (72,42 (29,47) vs 61.25(19.59) p-Value: 0.022; 19.79 (10.43) vs 16.87(10.25) p-Value: 0,028, respectively). HOMA was not related to Vitamin D or bone turnover markers.
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The present study examined the effects of intraportal infusion of L-arginine on ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) in pig livers, by observing changes in the liver function, liver cell morphology, and changes in the mitochondrial ultrastructure.', 'The involvement of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway in the reperfusion-ischemic phenomenon is complex and not fully understood. Likewise, little is known about the possible benefit of intraportal infusion of L-arginine (substrate for the NO synthesis) on liver I/RI.', 'A pig model consisting of 90 min of hepatic ischemia and 180 min of reperfusion was employed. Eighteen female hybrid pigs were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated, non-preconditioned, and pharmacologically preconditioned group (intraportal infusion of L-arginine 400 mg/kg) 10 min before being subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the bile flow were measured. Liver biopsies were taken 180 min after reperfusion for histology, caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural examination of mitochondria.', 'In the pharmacologically preconditioned group, we observed increased bile flow (P < 0.01) and improved serum AST levels (P < 0.01) relative to the non-preconditioned group. Serum concentrations of TBARS did not differ between the groups. Sinusoidal congestion (P = 0.02) was more evident in the non-preconditioned group than in the sham operated group. Infiltrating PMNs (P = 0.01) were more evident in the non-preconditioned group than in the sham and pharmacologically preconditioned group. The pharmacologically preconditioned group showed an approximately 2.5-fold decrease in caspase-3 activity relative to the non-preconditioned group (P < 0.01). Notably, damage to the mitochondrial ultrastructure in the pharmacologically preconditioned group was reduced relative to the other groups (P < 0.01).

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