Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Behavioral studies of spatial navigation in aging indicate that orientation using an allocentric reference frame (object-centered orientation) is impaired, whereas orientation using egocentric processes (self-centered orientation) is not. It has been proposed that navigational deficits may result from more general alterations of perception and attention or executive functions. The purpose of this study is to assess allocentric and egocentric representation in elderly individuals, and to determine if age-related deficits in spatial navigation are related to an attentional decline.', 'We assessed encoding of the position of geometrical shapes, depending specifically on an allocentric or egocentric reference frame, during ERP recording in young and old subjects.', 'Aging was associated with a performance decline in allocentric, but not egocentric, encoding. Both allocentric and egocentric conditions elicited parietal early components P1 and N1, reflecting top-down modulation, and components P2 and N2, reflecting selective attention and stimulus categorization. We observed age-associated effects on N1 and N2 amplitudes and on N2 latency in both spatial conditions. Moreover, impaired allocentric performance in older subjects was associated with a greater P2 amplitude and delayed P2 latency compared with younger subjects.
Answer: These results suggest that elderly individuals present with deficits when spatial orientation relies on allocentric representation, and are associated with age-related deficits in spatial attention.
[A]: Is allocentric but not egocentric orientation impaired during normal aging : an ERP study?


[Q]: Context: We hypothesized that self-reported pad use per day (PPD) after pubovaginal sling (PVS) correlated with postoperative quality of life (QOL) scores.', 'Two hundred fifteen women completed the incontinence impact questionnaire 7 (IIQ-7) and urogenital distress inventory 6 (UDI-6) before PVS and during follow-up. Starting 3 days before a visit, women recorded the number of protective urinary pad changes per day. Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation tests were used to determine if women reporting zero, one, or greater than or equal to two urinary pads per day after PVS had significantly different changes in baseline QOL scores.', 'Over a mean 8.5 months follow-up after PVS, 131, 56, and 28 women reported zero, one, and greater than or equal to two pad changes/day. Each pad group showed progressively less improvement from baseline IIQ-7 and UDI-6 scores after PVS. Change in IIQ-7 and UDI-6 scores negatively correlated with PPD (p < 0.0001).
Answer: Self-reported PPD after PVS reflects patient perception of urinary-specific QOL.
[A]: Does self-reported pad use per day reflect patient quality of life after pubovaginal sling surgery?


[Q]: Context: To identify the indications and outcomes of total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease in a North American cohort.", "Prospective database of 297 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy in a tertiary care center identified 49 patients with Graves'.", "There were 37 women and 12 men (mean age, 37.9 years). Common indications for surgery were: refusal of radioactive iodine (20%), thyroid storm (18%), a thyroid nodule (16%), failure of I131(14%), and ophthalmopathy (14%). Complications included: symptomatic hypocalcemia (14%), permanent hypoparathyroidism (0%), and symptoms of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (0%). Graves' patients had more bleeding (117 mL versus 48 mL, P<0.05). Clinical nodules were malignant in 38%. Papillary thyroid carcinoma occurred in 10% of patients, with 60% multifocal, and 60% lymph node metastases.
Answer: Total thyroidectomy for Graves' has minimal morbidity. Patients with Graves' and a thyroid nodule are at an increased risk for malignancy and should be treated with a total thyroidectomy.
[A]:
Is total thyroidectomy the preferred treatment for patients with Graves ' disease and a thyroid nodule?


