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Q: By Marianna SpringSpecialist disinformation reporter, BBC News The adverts show the Democratic Party challenger with an earpiece, and say that he refused to have his ears checked for devices prior to the debate. The Biden campaign rejected the claims. The Trump campaign adverts ask: "Why won't Sleepy Joe commit to an ear test?" and "Who is in Joe's ear?" Accusations that presidential candidates have received debate help via hidden hearing devices are familiar, albeit unproven. Such allegations have been levelled against both Republican and Democratic candidates in the past. Prior to Tuesday's debate, the rumour about Mr Biden's supposed earpiece was circulating on several social networks, and was being promoted by the Trump campaign. At least 15 versions The advertising campaign was launched after the debate, and also promotes two other baseless but widely shared rumours about Mr Biden. One suggested he asked for breaks during the debate, and another accused him of refusing a "drug test". The photo featured in the advert is not from Tuesday's debate. It was first shared online in September 2019. In a number of the adverts, it has been doctored to show Mr Biden wearing wireless Apple headphones. This was not the case in the original image. Some versions circle the ear featuring the headphone. By Wednesday evening, there were at least 15 different versions of the advert, and according to Facebook's Ad Library, they had reached at least 10 million users. Facebook has pledged to label posts containing voting misinformation and point users towards accurate information ahead of the election. However its policy does not involve fact-checking political speech, including in advertisements. The company declined to comment about the latest Trump ad campaign. Rumour origins Hours before the debate, the claims went viral on Facebook and YouTube. Identical memes were pushed by a number of popular Facebook pages with names such as US Conservative and Unhinged Left. They claimed "Joe Biden should be inspected for a hidden earpiece as well as submit to a drug test before the debate". These memes are subject to fact-checks - and some have had warning labels applied to them on Facebook. The claims were picked up by Fox News and other conservative news outlets. They were further amplified by supporters of QAnon, an unfounded a conspiracy theory that claims President Trump is fighting a secret war against elite Satan-worshipping paedophiles. Those who believe in QAnon are known for promoting political disinformation on social media which targets opponents of the president. They shared close-up pictures of Mr Biden's ears, alleging a listening device was visible. During the debate, some also shared photos of a fold in Mr Biden's shirt, claiming it was caused by a wire, and of a supposed device on his wrist, where he wears a rosary in memory of his late son Beau. Nothing new Conspiracy theories about secret listening devices have been recycled in presidential election campaigns for the past two decades. Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton faced similar unfounded claims ahead of the 2016 presidential election. In 2004, rumours circulated among left-wing sites and blogs that President George W Bush was being aided by a secret earpiece. None of those allegations were found to be true. Even if a candidate did wear an earpiece, any advantage would be questionable. As TV and radio presenters can attest, listening to someone while simultaneously talking during the back-and-forth of a live event is a difficult skill to master.
A: US President Donald Trump's re-election campaign is running hundreds of Facebook advertisements pushing an unfounded conspiracy theory that Joe Biden cheated during the first US presidential debate.
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Q: By Sam FrancisBBC News, London There have been 89 violent deaths in London since January and violent crime has risen by 40% since 2010. Gang-related violent crime has nearly halved over the same period, according to Met Police figures obtained by the BBC. But some experts are unconvinced the statistics really show gangs have gone. The Met Police has put the drop down to the implementation of the Gang Violence Matrix. The database, set up in the wake of the 2011 riots, holds information on about 3,800 people of interest. All officers "are highly-trained and experienced in working with, and recognising the signs of, gang affiliation and gang membership", a Met spokesman said. "By identifying high-harm gang members and targeting them through intelligence-led enforcement, the number of violent offences committed by gang members has been reduced." Police claim various types of intelligence, including history of violent crime, entries on social media and information from bodies including local councils to identify gang members, are used in the matrix. But many believe the matrix is flawed. In May, Amnesty International labelled the tool "not fit for purpose", claiming it tracked a disproportionate number of people from ethnic minorities. Retired Met Police Superintendent Leroy Logan claimed the matrix was "criminalising youngsters on a flawed algorithm". An overemphasis on gang crime by politicians and the media was "fake news", he said. "After the 2011 riots everyone blamed gangs and the feral youth. This narrative prospered under Boris Johnson and David Cameron, who hijacked the agenda which led to stereotyping," Mr Logan added. "But if middle class kids did what those on the gang matrix did, it wouldn't be considered gang crime." Last year, just one in every 500 violent crimes recorded by the Met Police was tagged as gang-related. Gangs have been found to be responsible for 15% of London's murders since 2010. Met Police definition of a gang A gang is defined as "a relatively durable, predominantly street-based group of young people who see themselves [and are seen by others] as a discernible group, and engage in a range of criminal activity and violence". They may also have any or all of the following features: Identify with or lay claim over territory; have some form of identifying structure feature and are in conflict with other similar gangs. Dez Brown, who was convicted of manslaughter at the age of 17, said like many others he was classed as a gangster. But Mr Brown, who is now an ordained minister running a project which tackles youth crime called Spark2Life, believes the "definition of gangs is too loose". "This allows anyone to label you as a gang member," he said. "I wasn't in a gang. There was an affiliation in the area and I had friends, but we weren't working as a collective and I hadn't pledged allegiance to any group. "It's unfair to say all people involved in organised crime are a gang, lots are being exploited, some are just trying to get by. But in court they are labelled as part of the gang and tarnished with the same brush." Simon Harding, an expert on gangs at the University of West London, said he believed the Met's definition of gang crime was insufficient. "The new figures do not match what I'm seeing in Accident and Emergency departments, or on the street," the criminologist said. "If the perpetrator and victim are affiliated then it's a gang crime, it doesn't matter if they were carrying out organised crimes. "It's done within the context of building street capital though violence, which is related to gang crime." The background issues around gang crime are a product of inequality, he believes. "If we don't tackle these, they will crystallize, deepen and get worse in a way where investment wont shift them." Another criminologist pointed to the way gangs are evolving as a potential cause of the statistical change. "Although there is a decrease in reported gangland crime in London it doesn't necessarily mean an actual decrease," Mohammed Rahman, of Birmingham University, said. Gangs are moving from "the analogue world to the digital world", which could mask the true scale of gang crimes, according to Dr Rahman. While he believes the Met Police are doing a good job of tackling organised criminal aspects in London, he said people "are also moving out of London, through the county lines system". Patrick Green, of the Ben Kinsella Trust, said despite debate over what constitutes a gang, "the bottom line is there has been an increase in the number of young people being murdered". "There are vulnerable people walking around London in an heightened state of fear, and we are not having the level of success we should be," he added. "The challenge is rectifying what is happening on the ground."
A:
Gang-related violence has plummeted in London since the 2011 riots despite a recent spike in violent crime, according to new figures.