Detailed Instructions: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
See one example below:
Problem: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Solution: 1
Explanation: There is a line in the passage which say 'The aim of this study was...' which suggests that it is talking about a specific aim. Hence, the output should be 1 as this passage has a definite aim.

Problem: Data on serum soluble Klotho levels in chronic kidney disease are contradictory and even less is known after renal transplantation. Experimental studies demonstrated that recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) treatment mitigates Klotho reduction caused by renal damage. Therefore, this study aimed to determine serum Klotho levels in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients (KTR) and to evaluate whether rhEPO treatment can modulate, in vivo and in vitro, soluble Klotho.', '117 KTR and 22 healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled. In 17 KTR, rhEPO was discontinued for 5 weeks and Klotho levels were compared to 34 propensity score-matched controls. Moreover, we evaluated Klotho mRNA expression and protein secretion in HK-2 tubular cells treated with cyclosporin A (CyA) and rhEPO, alone or in combination.', 'Serum Klotho levels in KTR were significantly higher than in HS (0.68 vs. 0.37, p = 0.002) and significantly associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.378, p = 0.003) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (r = -0.307, p < 0.0001). After 5 weeks of rhEPO discontinuation, treated KTR showed a sharper reduction of Klotho levels than controls (-0.56 vs. -0.11 ng/ml, p < 0.0001). In HK-2 cells CyA treatment induced a Klotho down-regulation that was mitigated by rhEPO pre-treatment. In the same experimental conditions, our results revealed that cells treated with CyA + rhEPO secreted higher soluble Klotho levels than those exposed to CyA or rhEPO alone.
Solution:
0