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Q: By Marianna SpringSpecialist disinformation reporter, BBC News The adverts show the Democratic Party challenger with an earpiece, and say that he refused to have his ears checked for devices prior to the debate. The Biden campaign rejected the claims. The Trump campaign adverts ask: "Why won't Sleepy Joe commit to an ear test?" and "Who is in Joe's ear?" Accusations that presidential candidates have received debate help via hidden hearing devices are familiar, albeit unproven. Such allegations have been levelled against both Republican and Democratic candidates in the past. Prior to Tuesday's debate, the rumour about Mr Biden's supposed earpiece was circulating on several social networks, and was being promoted by the Trump campaign. At least 15 versions The advertising campaign was launched after the debate, and also promotes two other baseless but widely shared rumours about Mr Biden. One suggested he asked for breaks during the debate, and another accused him of refusing a "drug test". The photo featured in the advert is not from Tuesday's debate. It was first shared online in September 2019. In a number of the adverts, it has been doctored to show Mr Biden wearing wireless Apple headphones. This was not the case in the original image. Some versions circle the ear featuring the headphone. By Wednesday evening, there were at least 15 different versions of the advert, and according to Facebook's Ad Library, they had reached at least 10 million users. Facebook has pledged to label posts containing voting misinformation and point users towards accurate information ahead of the election. However its policy does not involve fact-checking political speech, including in advertisements. The company declined to comment about the latest Trump ad campaign. Rumour origins Hours before the debate, the claims went viral on Facebook and YouTube. Identical memes were pushed by a number of popular Facebook pages with names such as US Conservative and Unhinged Left. They claimed "Joe Biden should be inspected for a hidden earpiece as well as submit to a drug test before the debate". These memes are subject to fact-checks - and some have had warning labels applied to them on Facebook. The claims were picked up by Fox News and other conservative news outlets. They were further amplified by supporters of QAnon, an unfounded a conspiracy theory that claims President Trump is fighting a secret war against elite Satan-worshipping paedophiles. Those who believe in QAnon are known for promoting political disinformation on social media which targets opponents of the president. They shared close-up pictures of Mr Biden's ears, alleging a listening device was visible. During the debate, some also shared photos of a fold in Mr Biden's shirt, claiming it was caused by a wire, and of a supposed device on his wrist, where he wears a rosary in memory of his late son Beau. Nothing new Conspiracy theories about secret listening devices have been recycled in presidential election campaigns for the past two decades. Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton faced similar unfounded claims ahead of the 2016 presidential election. In 2004, rumours circulated among left-wing sites and blogs that President George W Bush was being aided by a secret earpiece. None of those allegations were found to be true. Even if a candidate did wear an earpiece, any advantage would be questionable. As TV and radio presenters can attest, listening to someone while simultaneously talking during the back-and-forth of a live event is a difficult skill to master.
A: US President Donald Trump's re-election campaign is running hundreds of Facebook advertisements pushing an unfounded conspiracy theory that Joe Biden cheated during the first US presidential debate.
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Q: Almost 100 separate demonstrations were staged in towns and cities on Saturday, over charges introduced last month. The controversial austerity measure is a key part of the government's plan to pay back the international financial bailout the state had to seek in 2010. It was one of the largest ever mass protests over Irish government policy. 'Had enough' Irish police said they were not able to provide official estimates of the numbers attending rallies and marches across the state. However, Irish state broadcaster, RTÉ, reported that more than 120,000 people attended demonstrations throughout the day. About 20 protests were staged in Dublin, culminating in a crowd of about 10,000 who gathered outside the General Post Office (GPO) building in the city centre. RTÉ estimated that another 10,000 protesters took to the streets of Cork city, while in excess of 8,000 people marched in both Letterkenny and Drogheda. Demonstrations in Limerick, Waterford, and Dundalk were estimated to have attracted about 5,000 people each. 'Already free' Thousands of people also took part in smaller protests in Sligo, Navan, Wicklow, Galway, Kilkenny, Wexford, Ashbourne, and Longford, as well as other towns and villages. Some of the hundreds of people attending a protest in Ringsend, Dublin, told the BBC they do not believe they should pay charges for something that is already free and paid for out of general taxation. Other protesters said they were opposed to the bonus culture in Irish Water - the company established last month to provide the service. In Dublin, Martin Kennedy said he was taking part in the protests because he wanted to send a message to the government. "Primarily, people are here today about water charges, but really it's about austerity. "We've simply had enough," he said. Worried Anita Stanley, who attended a demonstration in the capital with her mother, also expressed her frustration at the government's policy. "I'm a young widow, like my mum Ann, and we're here just to say we've had enough," she said. "We can't afford to give any more." Éamonn Campbell, renowned as a guitarist with Irish folk music group The Dubliners, was also among the protesters. "It is not just about water charges, it is about all these taxes that have been forced by the greedy, both in Ireland and Europe, and paid for on the backs of the needy," he said. 'Serious mistakes' Campaigners who organised some of the demonstrations disagreed with the state broadcaster's estimates and claimed the total number of people who protested was actually closer to 133,000. Despite the absence of official figures, the Fine Gael/Labour coalition government is clearly worried about the scale of opposition. A junior minister at the Irish Department of Jobs Enterprise and Innovation, Ged Nash, told RTÉ radio that "some serious mistakes" had been made in the establishment of Irish Water. "I think if we were starting again we would have a much longer timeframe to establish what is a very important public utility," Mr Nash said. The minister added that the government would respond the public concern over water charges. "We acknowledge people's anxieties right across the country about issues regarding affordability for water charges and we're prepared to address those," Mr Nash added. Meanwhile, Irish Deputy Prime Minister (Tánaiste), Joan Burton, said the charges will be modest and capped. Households are due to receive their first water bills in January 2015. It is the second time in weeks that members of the public have staged mass protests over the controversial government policy. Last month, tens of thousands of people marched through Dublin to show their opposition.
A:
Tens of thousands of people have taken part in nationwide protests against the introduction of water charges in the Republic of Ireland.