Detailed Instructions: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
See one example below:
Problem: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Solution: 1
Explanation: There is a line in the passage which say 'The aim of this study was...' which suggests that it is talking about a specific aim. Hence, the output should be 1 as this passage has a definite aim.

Problem: The cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes (DM1). Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) has been approved as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the relationship between baseline diabetic knowledge after five-day teaching program and IMT in patients with (DM1) treated with intensive functional insulin therapy (IFIT) from the onset of the disease.', 'The analysis included 79 subjects aged 23.4 ± 5.1 years with newly diagnosed DM1, participating in Poznan Prospective Study (PoProStu). The patients attended a five-day structured training program in IFIT at diagnosis, followed by a test consisting of 20 questions. After follow-up period of 11 years we evaluated the presence of microangiopathy and subclinical macroangiopathy. IMT of the right common carotid artery was determined using high resolution ultrasonography and calculated automatically with the Carotid Analyzer for Research program.', 'After 11-year follow-up median intima-media thickness was 560 (IQR: 520-630) μm. We found a negative correlation between diabetes knowledge at baseline and IMT at the end of follow-up (r=-0.27, p=0.017). In multivariate linear regression model baseline diabetic knowledge test result was associated with IMT at follow-up, independently from sex, age, smoking status, presence of hypertension and diabetic kidney disease (all at follow-up) and from mean follow-up LDL-cholesterol concentrations and HbA1c results (β=-8, 95% CI -16, -1, p=0.037).
Solution:
1