In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
One example is below.
Q: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
A: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Rationale: The output says that ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP and that they may drive nasal polyp formtion in CRS. The output also says that ILC2s are linked with blood eosinophilia and hence, it completely answers the question on the basis of the information in the context.
Q: Context: Little is known about the potentiating effect of propofol on neuromuscular blocking drugs. However, some animal studies indicate a dose-dependent increase of the potency of neuromuscular blocking drugs by propofol. This study compared mivacurium potency after five minutes and after 20 min of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol (TIVA propofol).', 'Twenty-eight patients were randomized into two groups, after approval of the Ethics Committee and written consent. Anesthesia was induced, in all patients, using remifentanil 0.5 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) for two minutes, after which: 3 mg.kg(-1) of propofol was injected; a laryngeal mask airway was inserted; and intermittent, positive pressure ventilation was initiated. Anesthesia was maintained using TIVA propofol (titrated using bispectral index monitoring to 40-45). Neuromuscular monitoring consisted of phonomyography at the adductor pollicis muscle. In Groups 5 min and 20 min, a tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve commenced after four minutes and after 19 min of TIVA, respectively, followed by controlled, single twitch stimulation at 1 Hz for one minute. Boli of 60, 30, 30, and 30 microg.kg(-1) mivacurium, respectively, were administered (each drug increment was administered after the effect of the previous dose had caused a stable response), and single twitch stimulation continued at 0.1 Hz. The dose-response curve was determined for both groups; potency was calculated using log-probit analysis. Data were presented as mean (SD) and were compared using two-sided analysis of variance, P < 0.05.', 'Patient characteristics were similar in the two groups. The corresponding ED(50) and ED(95) values were greater, at 76.7 +/- 12.4 microg.kg(-1) and 146.6 +/- 27.6 microg.kg(-1) for Group 5 min, vs 46.7 +/- 12.2 microg.kg(-1) and 101.1 +/- 20.2 microg.kg(-1) for Group 20 min, respectively.\Question: Does total intravenous anesthesia with propofol augment the potency of mivacurium?
A:
After 20 min of TIVA propofol, the potency of mivacurium is approximately 50% greater than after five minutes of TIVA propofol. For clinical purposes, it is important, therefore, to consider the duration of TIVA propofol before determining the dose of neuromuscular blocking drug.