In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
One example is below.
Q: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
A: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Rationale: The output says that ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP and that they may drive nasal polyp formtion in CRS. The output also says that ILC2s are linked with blood eosinophilia and hence, it completely answers the question on the basis of the information in the context.
Q: Context: To establish a non-invasive model for the assessment of portal venous pressure (PVP) based on the magnetic resonance (MR) parameters.', 'In this prospective study, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed in 109 patients indicated for upper abdominal surgeries after their written consents were obtained, and intraoperative PVP measurements were completed in 92 patients. Altogether 17 patients were excluded for not undergoing surgery or unsuccessful catheterization. A linear model was constructed for estimating PVP levels in 56 patients and further validation was conducted in the other 36 patients.', "The PVP levels were significantly correlated with MR parameters, including splenic volume (SV), splenic venous diameter (SVD), liver/splenic volume ratio, portal venous diameter, hepatic diameter, portal venous cross-sectional area, ascites, varices and arterial portal shunts. A linear model was established as follows: PVP (mmHg) = 2.529 + 1.572 × SVD (mm) + 0.231 × SV/body mass index (× 10(4) cm(5) /kg) + 3.44\u2009×\u2009aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index. This model showed excellent accuracy in the detection of portal hypertension, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.945 (95% CI 0.867-1.000), with the sensitivity and specificity of 91.7% and 93.7%, respectively. The agreement analysis revealed that the predictive value using this formula closely reflected the patients' actual PVP level. Moreover, the validation confirmed the accuracy of this model for the assessment of portal hypertension [AUROC 0.935 (95% CI 0.856-1.000)].\Question: Does a non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging-based model predict portal venous pressure?
A:
The MRI-based formula has great potential for detecting portal hypertension. As a non-invasive measurement, it may be clinically accepted for the replacement of invasive modalities after further refinement.