Detailed Instructions: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
See one example below:
Problem: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Solution: 1
Explanation: There is a line in the passage which say 'The aim of this study was...' which suggests that it is talking about a specific aim. Hence, the output should be 1 as this passage has a definite aim.

Problem: Although general agreement exists on internal mammary graft as the first conduit, the second choice is still questioned. Despite radial artery (RA) grafting has been suggested, saphenous veins (SV) continue to be extensively used.', 'A prospective series of isolated RA-CABG (150 patients) or SV-CABG (180 patients), performed either off-pump (OP-CABG) and on-pump (CPB-CABG), in diabetics and non-diabetics, in elderly and young patients, during the last 5-years at a single institution were evaluated. RA was harvested with harmonic scalpel, flowmetry was performed with a transit-time flowmeter (TTF). Graft flow reserve (GFR) was calculated with intra-aortic balloon-pump. Follow-up was collected by outpatient clinic database or by telephone interview with general practitioners.', 'The 2 groups showed comparable preoperative and intraoperative variables. Mortality, morbidity, myocardial infarction, troponin I leakage, and echocardiographic parameters were comparable (p=NS). RA-CABG demonstrated significantly higher TTF maximum, mean and minimum flow (p<.001) with lower Pulsatility Index (p<.001), either in the circumflex and the right coronaries. Compared to SVG-grafting, significantly higher GFR was found in RA-CABG on the circumflex (p=.001) and right (p=.028) coronaries. 38.1+/-0.9 SE months follow-up resulted in higher survival and freedom from cardiac events in RA-CABG. Better TTF and GFR were demonstrated in OP-CABG, CPB-CABG, diabetics, non-diabetics, either on the circumflex and right coronary systems (p<.05). Better mean flow was detected in RA-CABG on the circumflex in the elderly (p=.04) and the young (p=.05).
Solution:
0