Question: The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains. 

The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy. 1. What was demonstrated in 1943?
2. By what?
3. What has been less effective?
4. What kind?
5. What is dependent on several factors?
6. What does that include?
7. What might depend on the growth phase?
8. What does it require?
9. Anything else?
10. What might get rid of infections? Provide a numbered list of answers.
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A numbered of answers: 1. antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes
2. the Luria–Delbrück experiment.
3. . Antibiotics
4. penicillin and erythromycin
5. The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy
6. host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial.
7. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials
8. ongoing metabolic activity
9. division of bacterial cells.
10. antibacterials

Q: On Saturday, Amy and Joe baked a whole chicken for their family's dinner. They rinsed it in cold water, rubbed it with spices, and put it into a pan. After they had heated up the oven, they put the chicken and the pan on the center oven rack and set the timer. Then, as they peeled potatoes and carrots to go with the chicken, Amy, Joe and Cindy talked about dinner. 

Amy said, "Joe, this is too much food for you, me and little Cindy to eat in one night. We'll have leftovers. What can we do with the leftover chicken?" 

Joe said, "We could make chicken sandwiches or chicken and rice." 

Amy said, "How about chicken soup?" 

Cindy said, "I like chicken with Thai noodles with red peppers. We haven't made those in a long time." 

"That sounds good," said Amy. "We'll make that for dinner tomorrow." 

"Yum!" said Joe. "That's a great idea. I love Thai noodles." 

Later, Joe, Amy and Cindy had finished eating dinner, and Cindy asked Amy for help with her homework. "I don't understand how to do these math problems!" 

Joe said, "You two go ahead. I'll do the dishes and put away the leftovers." 

Soon, Cindy went into the kitchen to get a glass of water. Joe was eating the chicken. It was almost gone! 

"Dad!" said Cindy, "You have eaten almost all of the leftover chicken. We can't have Thai noodles with chicken tomorrow." 

Joe looked very sad. He said "I'm sorry. I have been a bad dad. I have to buy more chicken so that we can still have noodles. Would you like a piece of chicken?"

1. Saturday
2. one
3. center
4. potatoes and carrots
5. dinner
6. yes
7. chicken sandwiches or chicken and rice
8. yes
9. yes
10. homework
11. math
12. yes
13. chicken
14. almost
15. yes
16. sad
17. he felt like a bad one
18. chicken

Numbered questions:
1. On what day did Amy and Joe bake chicken?
2. how many chickens did they make?
3. which rack did they put it on
4. did they add any vegetables to it?
5. what did they talk about?
6. did Amy think there would be leftovers?
7. what did Joe suggest they make with it?
8. does Cindy like Thai noodles?
9. how about Amy?
10. After dinner, what did Cindy want help with?
11. which subject?
12. did Joe say he would do the dishes?
13. what did he end up eating more of?
14. did he finish it?
15. Was Cindy disappointed?
16. how did Joe feel?
17. was he a good dad?
18. what does he say he will buy more of?

input: Jack is an 11-year-old boy. One day he was playing with a ball. The ball went into the street, and Jack ran for the ball. A car hit him. Jack's parents took him to the hospital. The doctors told them, "Jack's head is hurt. Maybe he will wake up very soon. Maybe he will never wake up." Every day Jack's parents went to see him and talked to him. But Jack never talked to them. He just slept. One day Jack's father said, "Wake up, Jack. Let's go home and play with Cody." Cody is Jack's dog. When Jack's father said "Cody", Jack moved his arm. Then Jack's parents had an idea. They told the nurse, "We want to bring Jack's dog to the hospital. Is it OK?" "A dog in the hospital?" the nurse said. "That's very unusual. But. yes, it's OK." The next day, Jack's parents brought Cody to the hospital. When they put the dog on Jack's bed, Jack opened his eyes. Jack's parents brought Cody to the hospital every day. Cody jumped on Jack's bed and touched Jack's arm. Jack said his first words, "Bad dog!" After seven weeks Jack was well. He left the hospital and went home with Cody. 1. Where did Jack spend most of this story?
2. Why was he there?
3. Where was he when the auto hit him?
4. Why did he go there?
5. were the MDs optimistic about his chances?
6. Not sure that he would do what?
7. did his mom and dad visit him?
8. how often?
9. did he know they were there at first?
10. what word finally made him respond?
11. who is that?
12. who said the word?
13. what did they ask the nurse?
14. did the nurse think that was normal?
15. were they allowed to bring the canine?
16. where did they put the dog?
17. did Jack respond?
18. Did the dog ever jump?
19. where?
20. did jack finally wake up fully? Return numbered answers in your output.

output:
1. hospital
2. He was hit by a car
3. in the street
4. to get a ball
5. They weren't sure
6. If he would wake up.
7. yes
8. every day
9. no
10. Cody
11. his dog
12. his father
13. if they could bring the dog
14. no
15. yes
16. on his bed
17. He opened his eyes
18. yes
19. on the bed
20. yes