question: Iraq (, , or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's /1e6 round 0 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish. 

Iraq has a coastline measuring on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain, the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert. Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf. These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land. 

The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation. It was here that mankind first began to read, write, create laws, and live in cities under an organised government—notably Uruk, from which "Iraq" is derived. The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC. Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires. It was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires.
1. What is a river in Iraq?
2. Where is it?
3. What is another river?
4. Where does that one run?
5. Where do they feed into?
6. What mountain range is on part of Iraq's coast?
7. What is the country's official name?
8. What continent is it in?
9. What countries is it next to?
10. What else?
11. And to the southeast?
12. To the south?
13. Any others?
14. What are the primary ethnicities?
15. Is Athens the capital?
16. What is?
17. What is the main religion?
18. What is the official language?
****
answer: 1. the Tigris
2. it runs south through Iraq
3. Euphrates,
4. also south
5. he Persian Gulf.
6. the Zagros mountain range
7. the Republic of Iraq
8. Western Asia
9. Turkey
10. Iran
11. Kuwait \
12. Saudi Arabia
13. Jordan to the southwest
14. Arabs and Kurds;
15. no
16. Baghdad
17. Islam
18. Arabic and Kurdish


question: Young women are more adventurous than young men when travelling abroad in gap years.One in three female backpackers visits more than three countries during a year out and travels alone, according to new research. 

By contrast, the majority of their male counterparts visit only one country and tend to travel in groups, says a survey by the Gap Year company, which provides information and services for students considering taking a year out. 

More women than men say that their prime reason for taking time off is to see the world and experience different cultures.Men are more likely to rank "having fun" higher on their list of _ .Women are more likely to value the challenge of a foreign trip, and many cited reasons such as learning a language and meeting new people. 

The more adventurous gap years taken by women seem to work to their benefit; more than three quarters of those surveyed have reported increased confidence, self-reliance and independence, whereas only half of the men had that experience. 

The research also shows that women are more likely to do voluntary work while travelling, with more than one in ten helping with teaching or development projects.One of the reasons given for this is a wish to see the country in an authentic light. 

A greater proportion of women than men face objections or criticism from their families over their gapyear plans.Among the men surveyed, lack of money is the main barrier to travel. 

Carolyn Martin, a doctor from London,is a typically confident female traveller.Starting in Cape Town, she travelled around southern Africa and Australia with a string of unusual and sometimes dangerous jobs. 

"I had one job chasing elephants off the runway in Africa by banging a stick against a pan," she recalled."It was OK but one day I did get chased by one." 

She said that she had travelled alone because "you meet more people".
1. Why does Carolyn Martin prefer to travel by herself?
2. Did she work with lions in Africa?
3. Was she chased by an elephant?
4. Where is she from?
5. Who does the article argue is more adventurous when traveling out of the country?
6. How many different countries do most men visit on their travels?
7. Who is most likely to travel by themselves, men or women?
8. How many countries does an average woman visit in a year of traveling?
9. Do most men say that seeing different cultures is the main reason for traveling?
10. What is their main goal?
11. Do women state that learning a new language is a reason to travel?
12. Who is more likely to gain self esteem from traveling?
13. What else do women gain on these excursions?
14. Did any men experience those things as well?
15. Who would be most likely to do unpaid work while traveling?
16. What do they achieve themselves from that?
17. Out of ten women, how many on average will teach or help with projects while traveling?
18. What is the main reason a man may not travel?
19. What about for women?
20. What is the year between college and a working career often called?
****
answer:
1. Because you meet more people.
2. No
3. Yes
4. London
5. Young women
6. One
7. Women
8. One in three female backpackers visits more than three countries
9. No
10. Having fun
11. Yes
12. Women
13. self-reliance and independence
14. Yes
15. Women
16. to see the country in an authentic light.
17. more than one
18. lack of money
19. objections or criticism from their families
20. Gap year