Read the text and answer the questions.

The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India. 

Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilization collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha propagated their Shramanic philosophies during the fifth and sixth century BCE.

1. How far back can humans be traced in Indian Subcontinent?
2. What civilization flourished along the northwestern region?
3. What cultures blended to make the Vedic Civilization?
4. Which five initiatory traditions were born?
5. What caused British rule to establish?
6. Which civilization had a collapse in the beginning of the second millenium?
7. What happened during the fifth and sixth century BCE?
8. What does Mahajanapadas refer to?
9. For how long did the  Indus Valley Civilization rule?
10. What was Hinduism created as?
11. From when to when was the Indus Valley Civilization?
12. What about the Mature Harappan period?

Numbered answers:
1. 75,000 years ago
2. the Indus Valley Civilization
3. the Indus Valley Civilization and the  Indo-Aryan culture
4. Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism
5. the advent of European traders
6. unknown
7. Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha propagated their Shramanic philosophies
8. major polities
9. 1900 years
10. a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions
11. c. 3200 to 1300 BCE
12. 600 to 1900 BCE.