Q: Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented. Propaganda is often associated with material prepared by governments, but activist groups, companies and the media can also produce propaganda. 

In the twentieth century, the term propaganda has been associated with a manipulative approach, but propaganda historically was a neutral descriptive term. A wide range of materials and media are used for conveying propaganda messages, which changed as new technologies were invented, including paintings, cartoons, posters, pamphlets, films, radio shows, TV shows, and websites. 

In a 1929 literary debate with Edward Bernays, Everett Dean Martin argues that, “Propaganda is making puppets of us. We are moved by hidden strings which the propagandist manipulates.” 

"Propaganda" is a modern Latin word, the gerundive form of "propagare", meaning "to spread" or "to propagate", thus "propaganda" means "that which is to be propagated". Originally this word derived from a new administrative body of the Catholic church (congregation) created in 1622, called the "Congregatio de Propaganda Fide" ("Congregation for Propagating the Faith"), or informally simply "Propaganda". Its activity was aimed at "propagating" the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is this article about?
2. What does the word literally mean?
3. When was the word coined?
4. Referring to what?
5. Which religion created the word?
6. Is propaganda objective?
7. Is it recently considered to be manipulative?
8. How about in the past?
9. Who generally makes propaganda?
10. What other organizations make it sometimes?
11. What did Everett Dean Martin say propaganda does?
12. When did he say that?
13. Who was he debating with?
14. Has propaganda's materials changed over time?
15. Have cartoons been used for propaganda?
16. What is the purpose of propaganda?
17. How?
18. What kind of response does the propaganda creator want?
19. Do they want an emotional or a rational response?
20. What kind of language do they use?
A: 1. Propaganda
2. to spread
3. 1622
4. that which is to be propagated
5. Catholic
6. no
7. yes
8. no
9. governments
10. activist groups
11. making puppets of us
12. 1929
13. Edward Bernays
14. yes
15. yes
16. influence an audience
17. presenting facts selectively
18. manipulative
19. emotional
20. loaded
Q: An antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. 

Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.

Answer the following questions:
1. What is the main topic?
2. Does it have another name?
3. What would that be?
4. What does it do?
5. Is it used alone?
6. What else needs to be present for radio waves?
7. Anything else?
8. What type of electricity does it use?
9. What is it made of?
10. What frequency is used?
11. is it low?
A: 1. An antenna
2. yes
3. aerial
4. converts electric power into radio waves
5. No
6. radio transmitter
7. radio receiver
8. alternating current
9. metallic conductors
10. unknown
11. no
Q: A genus (,  genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. 

The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: 

Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. 

The term comes from the Latin ' ("origin; type; group; race"), a noun form cognate with ' ("to bear; to give birth to"). Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 "Species Plantarum", but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". 

The scientific name of a genus may be called the generic name or generic epithet: it is always capitalized. It plays a pivotal role in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms.

Answer the following questions:
1. What should genera be composed of?
2. Are they of the same kind as something else?
3. What type of rank is a genus?
4. Is it used for mineral classification?
5. What type of classification then?
6. Is that biological?
7. Is genus above or below species in the hierarchy?
8. What's it position relative to family?
9. Who determines its composition?
10. Is it known whether aliens would fit within these classifications?
11. Are the standards for classification strictly codified?
12. How many criteria should a newly defined genus fulfill to be useful?
13. What language does the term Genus come from?
14. What's one of the things it means in that language?
15. Who popularized its use?
16. When?
A:
1. phylogenetic units
2. yes
3. A taxonomic rank
4. No
5. Living and fossil organisms
6. Yes
7. Above
8. Below
9. A taxonomist.
10. No
11. No
12. Three
13. Latin
14. Origin
15. Linnaeus book.
16. 1753