question: John von Neumann (/vɒn ˈnɔɪmən/; Hungarian: Neumann János Lajos, pronounced [ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ]; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath. He made major contributions to a number of fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. 

He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, in the development of functional analysis, a principal member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (as one of the few originally appointed), and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer. He published 150 papers in his life; 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while in the hospital, was later published in book form as The Computer and the Brain.
1. What is the nationality of John von Neumann
2. When was he born
3. What does he do?
4. Was he member of Manhattan Project?
5. Did he publish any book?
6. Which book?
7. When did he die?
8. Where did he write his last work?
9. Did he write any book on maths
10. How many paper did he write then?
11. How about physics then?
12. Who develop the game theory?
13. How many paper did he publish in applied maths
14. What are the field at which he has a major contribution?
****
answer: 1. Hungarian-American
2. 1903
3. Mathematician
4. yes
5. Yes
6. The Computer and the Brain.
7. 1957
8. In the hospital
9. No, only papers
10. 150
11. 20 in physics
12. von Neumann
13. 60
14. a number of fields


question: Digital rights management (DRM) is a set of access control technologies for restricting the use of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. DRM technologies try to control the use, modification, and distribution of copyrighted works (such as software and multimedia content), as well as systems within devices that enforce these policies. 

The use of digital rights management is not universally accepted. Proponents of DRM argue that it is necessary to prevent intellectual property from being copied freely, just as physical locks are needed to prevent personal property from being stolen, that it can help the copyright holder maintain artistic control, and that it can ensure continued revenue streams. Those opposed to DRM contend there is no evidence that DRM helps prevent copyright infringement, arguing instead that it serves only to inconvenience legitimate customers, and that DRM helps big business stifle innovation and competition. Furthermore, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if the service is discontinued. DRM can also restrict users from exercising their legal rights under the copyright law, such as backing up copies of CDs or DVDs (instead having to buy another copy, if it can still be purchased), lending materials out through a library, accessing works in the public domain, or using copyrighted materials for research and education under the fair use doctrine, and under French law. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) consider the use of DRM systems to be an anti-competitive practice.
1. what does DRM stand for?
2. does it control access to technology?
3. what kind of works does it control access to?
4. does this include software?
5. can it affect the device itself?
6. is it widely accepted?
7. what do those who dislike it say there is no evidence of?
8. has it been compared to physical locks?
9. can it stop people from making copies of their cds?
10. what would happen if it goes away?
11. does it try to control how people use content?
12. what does it help businesses do?
****
answer: 1. Digital rights management
2. yes
3. copyrighted
4. yes
5. yes
6. no
7. that it helps prevent copyright infringement
8. yes
9. yes
10. works can become permanently inaccessible
11. yes
12. stifle innovation and competition


question: CHAPTER TEN. 

DANGERS, JOYS, TRIALS, AND MULTIPLICATION. 

"I'm going to the cliffs to-day, Williams," said Young one morning. "Will you come?" 

Williams was busy at the forge under the pleasant shade of the great banyan-tree. Resting his hammer on the anvil, he looked up. 

"No," he answered. "I can't go till I've finished this spade. It's the last bit of iron we have left that'll serve for such a purpose." 

"That's no reason why you should not let it lie till the afternoon or to-morrow." 

"True, but I've got another reason for pushing through with it. Isaac Martin says the want of a spade keeps him idle, and you know it's a pity to encourage idleness in a lazy fellow." 

"You are right. What is Martin about just now?" 

"Working at the big water-tank. It suits him, a heavy quiet sort of job with the pick, requiring no energy or thought,--only a sleepy sort o' perseverance, of which long-legged Isaac has plenty." 

"Come, now," returned Young, with a laugh. "I see you are getting jealous of Martin's superior intellect. But where are Quintal and McCoy?" 

"Diggin' in their gardens, I suppose. Leastwise, I heerd Mr Christian say to Mainmast he'd seen 'em go off in that direction. Mr Christian himself has gone to his old outlook aloft on the mountains. If he don't see a sail at last it won't be for want o' keepin' a bright look-out." 

The armourer smiled grimly as he thrust the edge of the half-formed spade into the fire, and began to blow his bellows. 
1. Who was at the forge?
2. Who came to see him?
3. What did he want?
4. to where?
5. Did he go?
6. Why not?
7. For who?
8. Why?
9. Who was digging?
10. Where was the forge?
11. Was it sunny there?
12. What did Young ask Williams to do?
13. Where did The other man go?
14. Who was he?
15. Where was it?
16. What was he looking for?
17. Where was Martin working?
18. Was he very smart?
19. Was he lazy?
20. Is Isaac short?
****
answer:
1. Williams
2. Young
3. Williams to go with him
4. to the cliffs
5. No
6. He had to finish the spade
7. Isaac Martin
8. So he wouldn't be idle
9. Quintal and McCoy
10. under the great banyan-tree
11. no
12. let it lie till the afternoon
13. to his old outlook
14. Mr Christian
15. on the mountains
16. a sail
17. the big water-tank
18. no
19. yes
20. No