input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. Geophysics is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term "geophysics" sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets. 

Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins date back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 AD. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox; and instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics. 1. What is the main topic of this article?
2. When was this term recognized as a separate discipline in the sciences?
3. When was it first studied, though without a name?
4. Do modern geophysics include the water cycle as part of this science?
5. Did earlier ones?
6. What was an important part of earlier versions of the compass?
7. Do modern geophysics include the oceans as part of this science?
8. Do modern geophysics include volcanoes as part of this science?
9. What was one type of scientist that was important in the development of the theory of plate tectonic?
10. Do geophysics include magnetic fields as part of this science?
numbered_answers: 1. Geophysics
2. 19th century
3. unknown
4. Yes
5. No
6. unknown
7. Yes
8. Yes
9. Isaac Newton
10. Yes

input: Voice of America (VOA) is a U.S. government-funded international news source that serves as the United States federal government's official institution for non-military, external broadcasting. As the largest U.S. international broadcaster, VOA produces digital, TV, and radio content in over 45 languages which it distributes to affiliate stations around the globe. Primarily viewed by foreign audiences, VOA programming has an influence on public opinion abroad regarding the United States and its leaders. 

Originally established in 1942, the VOA charter (Public Laws 94-350 and 103-415) was signed into law in 1976 by former President Gerald Ford. The charter contains its mission, "to broadcast accurate, balanced, and comprehensive news and information to an international audience", and defines the legally mandated standards in the VOA journalistic code. 

VOA is headquartered in Washington, DC and overseen by the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), an independent agency of the U.S. government. Funds are appropriated annually by Congress under the budget for embassies and consulates. In 2016, VOA broadcast an estimated 1,800 hours of radio and TV programming each week to approximately 236.6 million people worldwide with about 1,050 employees and a taxpayer-funded annual budget of . 

Some scholars and commentators consider Voice of America to be a form of propaganda, although this label is disputed by others. 1. Who is the main audience for VOA?
2. Is it provided in different languages?
3. How many?
4. How many hours of radio and TV do they provide weekly?
5. To how many people, roughly?
6. Is it the biggest American international broadcaster?
7. Where is it based out of?
8. Who watches over it?
9. Is it run by a governmental or public agency?
10. Does the US military operate it?
11. How many people work there?
12. Do taxes pay for it to operate?
13. From which budget do their funds come out of?
14. Is it the federal government's official broadcasting service?
15. When was it created?
16. When was it signed into law?
17. By who?
18. Who is he?
19. Who says it's propaganda?
20. Is that argued against by other people? Return numbered answers in your output.

output: 1. An international audience.
2. Yes.
3. Over 45 languages.
4. 1,800 hours
5. 236.6 million
6. Yes.
7. Washington, DC.
8. Foreign audiences.
9. government
10. No.
11. about 1,050.
12. Yes.
13. The budget for embassies and consulates.
14. Yes.
15. 1942
16. 1976
17. Gerald Ford
18. A former President.
19. Some scholars and commentators.
20. Yes.

Q: A telescope is an optical instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. They found use in both terrestrial applications and astronomy. 

Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors to collect and focus the light. In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s. The word "telescope" now refers to a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors. 

The word "telescope" (from the Ancient Greek , "tele" "far" and , "skopein" "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, "teleskopos" "far-seeing") was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei's instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei. In the "Starry Messenger", Galileo had used the term "perspicillum". 

The earliest existing record of a telescope was a 1608 patent submitted to the government in the Netherlands by Middelburg spectacle maker Hans Lippershey for a refracting telescope. The actual inventor is unknown but word of it spread through Europe. Galileo heard about it and, in 1609, built his own version, and made his telescopic observations of celestial objects.

Answer the following questions:
1. When was it invented?
2. What year?
3. By whom?
4. Who asked for government recognition?
5. Who also made one?
6. Are they only used for looking at stars?
7. How are they used?
8. Where does the name come from?
9. What words?
10. Who first called it that?
11. When?
12. How is it used today?
13. Where was it first made?
14. What were used inside them?
15. What were later added?
16. Why?
17. Is this the only type available?
18. What kind came to be in the 1930s?
19. What kind came later?
20. Where was the term first used?
A:
1. at the beginning of the 17th century,
2. 1608
3. The actual inventor is unknown
4. Hans Lippershey
5. Galileo
6. no
7. in both terrestrial applications and astronomy
8. the Ancient Greek
9. "tele" "far" and , "skopein" "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, "teleskopos" "far-seeing"
10. Giovanni Demisiani
11. 1611
12. as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.
13. the Netherlands
14. glass lenses
15. mirrors
16. to collect and focus the light
17. no
18. radio telescopes
19. infrared
20. at a banquet