Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
No one likes to make mistakes. But a new study says organizations learn more from their failures than from their successes, and keep that knowledge longer. 

One of the researchers was Vinit Desai, an assistant professor at the University of Colorado Denver Business School. He worked with Peter Madsen from the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University in Utah. 

They did not find much long-term "organizational learning" from success. It is possible, they say. But Professor Desai says they found that knowledge gained from failure lasts for years. He says organizations should treat failures as a learning opportunity and not try to ignore them. 

The study looked at companies and organizations that launch satellites--and other space vehicles. Professor Desai compared two shuttle flights. 

In two thousand two, a piece of insulating material broke off during launch and damaged a rocket on the Atlantis. Still, the flight was considered a success. 

Then, in early two thousand three, a piece of insulation struck the Columbia during launch. This time, the shuttle broke apart on re-entry and the seven crew members died. NASA officials suspended all flights and an investigation led to suggested changes. 

Professor Desai says the search for solutions after a failure can make leaders more open-minded. He points to airlines as an example of an industry that has learned from failures in the past. 

He advises organizations to look for useful information in small failures and failures they avoided. He also urges leaders to encourage the open sharing of information. The study appeared in the Academy of Management Journal. 

The mistakes we learn from do not have to be our own. We recently asked people on our Facebook page to tell us a time they had done something really silly. 

Fabricio Cmino wrote: Not long ago I wanted to watch TV, but it wouldn't turn on, so I did everything I could to start it. Thirty minutes later my mum showed up and, passing by, said to me "Did you try plugging it'? I'm just dusting, Mum!"So she wouldn't notice how dumb I am sometimes! 

Bruno Kanieski da Silva told about a time he looked everywhere for his key. It was in hispocket. He wrote: I always promise I will never do it again, but after-a few weeks,where is mywallet? For sure it will be in a very logical place.
1. Who headed the study?
2. What does he want to prove?
3. How long does this type of learning last?

Numbered answers:
1. Vinit Desai
2. He says organizations should treat failures as a learning opportunity and not try to ignore them.
3. lasts for years.


Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
Baseball statistics play an important role in evaluating a player's and/or team's progress. 

Since the flow of a baseball game has natural breaks to it, and normally players act individually rather than performing in clusters, the sport lends itself to easy record-keeping and statistics. Statistics have been kept for professional baseball since the creation of the National League and American League, now part of Major League Baseball. 

Many statistics are also available from outside of Major League Baseball, from leagues such as the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players and the Negro Leagues, although the consistency of whether these records were kept, of the standards with respect to which they were calculated, and of their accuracy varied. 

The practice of keeping records of player achievements was started in the 19th century by Henry Chadwick. Based on his experience with the sport of cricket, Chadwick devised the predecessors to modern-day statistics including batting average, runs scored, and runs allowed. 

Traditionally, statistics such as batting average (the number of hits divided by the number of at bats) and earned run average (the average number of earned runs allowed by a pitcher per nine innings) have dominated attention in the statistical world of baseball. However, the recent advent of sabermetrics has created statistics drawing from a greater breadth of player performance measures and playing field variables. Sabermetrics and comparative statistics attempt to provide an improved measure of a player's performance and contributions to his team from year to year, frequently against a statistical performance average.
1. When did the record keeping for players first start?
2. By who?
3. What sport was he familiar with?
4. Did he keep track of batting averages and runs scored?
5. What else?
6. What is the number of hits divided by the number of at bats?
7. And the average number of earned runs allowed by who per nine innings is the earned run average?
8. Are those stats the most popular?
9. Of which sport?
10. What's the new way to get statistics from more player measures?
11. Is that a more accurate way to judge a player's abilities?
12. Does baseball have built in breaks to it?
13. Are the players individually acting or in groups?
14. Does that make it harder or easier for record keeping?
15. Can you get records of the Negro Leagues?
16. Are they completely accurate?
17. Was the way they were calculated a problem?
18. Name one league that is now part of the Major League.
19. And another?

Numbered answers:
1. in the 19th century
2. Henry Chadwick
3. cricket
4. yes
5. runs allowed
6. batting average
7. yes
8. yes
9. baseball
10. sabermetrics
11. yes
12. yes
13. individually
14. easier
15. yes
16. no
17. yes
18. American League
19. the National League


Question:
Read the text and answer the questions.
(CNN) -- Somalia's capital Mogadishu now has its first-ever ATM bank machine -- and it dispenses U.S. dollars. 

The machine was installed in late September in the upscale Jazeera Palace Hotel, which is located 300 meters from Aden Adde International Airport in the south-west of the city 

Justus Mulinge Kisaulu, the hotel's general manager, said that he had seen people using the new machine but it had not been widely adopted. "Most of the customers were not aware there is an ATM in Somalia," Kisaulu explained. "Local residents, most of them don't have a debit credit or a credit card to use the ATM." 

The U.S. dollar is "widely accepted" in Mogadishu and is used in local trading, according to the African Development Bank. The country's official currency, the Somali shilling, has seen a sustained decline in value following decades of conflict in the war-torn nation. 

Said Moallim Abukar, marketing manager of Salaam Somali Bank, which operates the ATM, said that other currencies would be available from the machine "in the near future." 

But Michael Walls, senior lecturer at the Development Planning Unit at University College London, says that it's unlikely the bank is aiming for local Somali people at this stage. "Diaspora Somalis will use it for sure," he explains, referring to people of Somali origin who will probably have a bank account overseas. "It is likely to be a bit longer before locally based Somalis start using it." 

This is the first ATM in Somalia proper, but cash withdrawal machines already exist in the city of Hargeisa in the breakaway state of Somaliland, according to Salaam Somali Bank's Abukar. Somaliland remains internationally unrecognized despite unilaterally declaring independence in 1991. According to local media outlet Somalilandsun, ATM facilities were available in the city from March. 
1. What is the capital of Somalia?
2. Who is the manager of the hotel discussed?
3. Does he consider the ATM to be popular and well-known?
4. Why don't most people use the ATM?
5. Which financial institution operates the ATM?
6. Are they planning to make the machine dispense other types of money?
7. When?
8. What state is not officially recognized as independent?
9. True or False: Hargeisa is in Somaliland.
10. When did Somaliland announce its autonomy?
11. Did Somalia have any ATMs before the one discussed in the article?
12. Where?
13. For how long?
14. According to Walls, who is likely to use the ATM?
15. What does he say these Somalis are likely to posess?
16. What is Somalia's official coinage?
17. True or False: The Somali shilling is gaining value.
18. Why is it losing value?
19. How much is a Somali shilling worth in U.S. dollars?
20. Where does Michael Wells work?


Numbered answers:
1. Mogadishu
2. Justus Mulinge Kisaulu
3. No
4. Most of the customers were not aware there is an ATM in Somalia
5. Salaam Somali Bank
6. Yes
7. In the near future
8. Somaliland
9. True
10. 1991
11. Yes
12. Hargeisa
13. from March
14. Diaspora Somalis
15. a bank account overseas
16. the Somali shilling
17. False
18. decades of conflict in the war-torn nation
19. unknown
20. University College London