input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure "p" = 10 Pa. Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state. For example, as discussed below, the standard state of a gas is conventionally chosen to be unit pressure (usually in bar) ideal gas, regardless of the temperature. However, most tables of thermodynamic quantities are compiled at specific temperatures, most commonly or, somewhat less commonly, . 

The standard state should not be confused with standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases, nor with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry. 

For a given material or substance, the standard state is the reference state for the material's thermodynamic state properties such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and for many other material standards. The standard enthalpy change of formation for an element in its standard state is zero, and this convention allows a wide range of other thermodynamic quantities to be calculated and tabulated. The standard state of a substance does not have to exist in nature: for example, it is possible to calculate values for steam at 298.15 K and 10 Pa, although steam does not exist (as a gas) under these conditions. The advantage of this practice is that tables of thermodynamic properties prepared in this way are self-consistent. 1. what is the standard state of a material?
numbered_answers: 1. a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. CHAPTER III 

The brig sailed on a Monday morning in spring; but Joanna did not witness its departure. She could not bear the sight that she had been the means of bringing about. Knowing this, her husband told her overnight that they were to sail some time before noon next day hence when, awakening at five the next morning, she heard them bustling about downstairs, she did not hasten to descend, but lay trying to nerve herself for the parting, imagining they would leave about nine, as her husband had done on his previous voyage. When she did descend she beheld words chalked upon the sloping face of the bureau; but no husband or sons. In the hastily-scrawled lines Shadrach said they had gone off thus not to pain her by a leave-taking; and the sons had chalked under his words: 'Good- bye, mother!' 

She rushed to the quay, and looked down the harbour towards the blue rim of the sea, but she could only see the masts and bulging sails of the _Joanna_; no human figures. ''Tis I have sent them!' she said wildly, and burst into tears. In the house the chalked 'Good-bye' nearly broke her heart. But when she had re-entered the front room, and looked across at Emily's, a gleam of triumph lit her thin face at her anticipated release from the thraldom of subservience. 

To do Emily Lester justice, her assumption of superiority was mainly a figment of Joanna's brain. That the circumstances of the merchant's wife were more luxurious than Joanna's, the former could not conceal; though whenever the two met, which was not very often now, Emily endeavoured to subdue the difference by every means in her power.  1. Did Jane see the departure?
2. What was departing?
3. Was the brig on water?
4. Who was leaving?
5. When did she awake?
6. Did she get up when she awoke?
7. Why?
8. Did she expect to see them before they left?
9. Was she wrong?
10. What did she see instead?
11. Who wrote them?
12. What did they say?
13. Was she happy or sad about this?
14. Who was Emily?
15. Why was she triumphant?
16. What was Emily's last name?
17. Did Joanna feel inferior?
18. To whom?
19. What it reality?
20. What type of wife was Emily?
numbered_answers: 1. no
2. The brig
3. yes
4. the husband or sons
5. five in the morning
6. no
7. her nerves
8. yes
9. yes
10. words chalked
11. the sons
12. 'Good- bye, mother!'
13. sad
14. her neighbor
15. from anticipation
16. Lester
17. yes
18. Emily Lester
19. no
20. a merchant's wife

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. St. John's (/ˌseɪntˈdʒɒnz/, local /ˌseɪntˈdʒɑːnz/) is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. St. John's was incorporated as a city in 1888, yet is considered by some to be the oldest English-founded city in North America. It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland. With a population of 214,285 as of July 1, 2015, the St. John's Metropolitan Area is the second largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Atlantic Canada after Halifax and the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada. It is one of the world's top ten oceanside destinations, according to National Geographic Magazine. Its name has been attributed to the feast day of John the Baptist, when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497, and also to a Basque fishing town with the same name. 

St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1610, and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace, founded in 1618. In fact, although English fishermen had begun setting up seasonal camps in Newfoundland in the 16th Century, they were expressly forbidden by the British government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast, hence the town of St. John's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s at the earliest. Other permanent English settlements in the Americas that predate St. John's include: St. George's, Bermuda (1612) and Jamestown, Virginia (1607). 1. Which is the largest Newfoundland city?
2. In what other part of Canada is it also the largest city?
3. When was it incorporated?
4. What was its population in 2015?
5. What's its size ranking in the Census Metropolitan Area?
6. What's the ranking in the Canadian metro area in size?
7. What's its name attributed to?
8. In what continent is it located?
9. When did Cabot arrive?
10. When did seasonal camps in Newfoundland beging?
11. Who founded it?
12. Aside from largest city, what else is it to Labrador?
13. And where else?
14. What is CMA stand for?
numbered_answers:
1. St. John's
2. Labrador
3. 1888
4. 214,285
5. 20th
6. 20th
7. feast day of John the Baptist
8. North America
9. 1497
10. Long before 1630
11. English
12. capital
13. Newfoundland
14. Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)