Process:  - A photovoltaic cell is created with two layers of semiconductor material - The top layer are &#x27;doped&#x27; with impurities to allow a negative charge - The bottom layer are &#x27;doped&#x27; to allow for a positive charge - This produces an electric field that allows electrons to flow from negative to positve - Sunlight enters the cell - Energy from sunlight knocks electrons loose in both fields - This prevents the flow of electrons from negative to positive - Adding an external circuit allows the exchange to continue - Give the cells owner a flow of electricity.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose Food is not available happens, how will it affect less sunlight enters the cell.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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Answer: no


Q: Process:  - When water freezes it becomes 10% bigger, or takes up 10% more space - As water expands it puts great pressure on the walls of anything containing it, including any rocks which happen to be surrounding it - The force of the pressure exerted on the rock surrounding it is enough to wedge the walls of the crack farther apart, thus expanding and deepening the crack - Clay expends when wet like ice does - This causes rock to break apart - Some plants like mosses and lichens are capable of growing without soil on bare rock - When they do this their roots penetrate pores and crevices and cause rocks to split apart as the roots force their way down through the rocks -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less reindeer eat the moss happens, how will it affect MORE or FASTER erosion of rocks.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
A: yes


Question: Process:  - Human industry produces chemical compounds - Chemical compounds rise into the air - Chemical compounds mix with elements in clouds - The affected rain falls to the earth - The affected rain can harm natural and man-made objects because of its acidic content.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose testing a new product happens, how will it affect less chemical compounds rise.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
Answer: yes


[Q]: Process:  - Gather the ingredients for the cake - Mix the flour, sugar, egg, and water to make batter - Pour the mixture into a cake pan - Place the cake in the oven to cook - Take the cake out when it is cooked through - Let the cake cool - Serve the cake -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less sugar is used happens, how will it affect a BIGGER cake.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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[A]: yes


input: Please answer the following: Process:  - The carafe is filled with water - The water is poured into the machine at the back - Coffee beans are put into a grinder - The grinder is activated - A filter is put into the coffee maker - The ground coffee is put into the filter - Sometimes a bit of salt is added to the grounds to bring out flavor - The top of the machine is closed - The power is turned on - The water passes through the grounds and becomes coffee.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose coffee being poured into the pot happens, how will it affect LESS coffee being made.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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output: yes


Process:  - Bacteria enter the body - Bacteria start to divide and grow - The uncontrolled growth takes away resources from other cells - Other cells cannot function properly - We feel unwell - The growth and division of bacteria produce toxins - Toxins harm the body - The body tries to react to the toxins - The body&#x27;s natural defenses can sometimes cause us to feel unwell.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose a large amount of bacteria on a surface happens, how will it affect more bacteria enters the body.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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Answer:
yes