Problem: Process:  - A mushroom gives off gills lined with basidia - The basidia gives off spores - The spores germinate - The spores create Hyphae - Multiple Hyphae meet and converge - They join with Mycelium - A hyphal knot forms in the ground - A primordia shoots out of the ground - A mushroom cap is formed.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less Hyphae is created happens, how will it affect LESS or SMALLER mushrooms.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: yes


Problem: Process:  - You breathe in - Air goes through all the little branches in your lungs to fill up the air sacs, or alveoli - Oxygen goes through the walls of the alveoli and into the capillaries - The oxygen goes into the bloodstream - Oxygen is left and carbon dioxide is picked up - You breathe it out through your lungs -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less air is breathed in happens, how will it affect less oxygen goes into the capillaries.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: yes


Problem: Process:  - Prophase is the first and longest stage of mitosis - In this stage the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell - In prophase the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell - In metaphase the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere - In anaphase the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart - During telophase the chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct rod-like shapes - Two new nuclear membranes then form around each of the two regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose if during metaphase the cells become connected happens, how will it affect HURTING mitosis to proceed normally.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: yes


Problem: Process:  - You find an empty ice cube tray - You fill the tray with warm water - You carefully place the tray on an even surface in a freezer that is at least 32 degree Farhenheit, the freezing point of water - The water begins to get colder until it starts to freeze solid - The water expands as it freezes, one of the few liquids that has greater volume as a solid - Because you used warm water, the gasses in the water had evaporated out, so you will have nice clear ice cubes without cracks from the trapped gasses -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose there are no more trays filled happens, how will it affect LESS ice cubes being made.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A:
yes