Problem: Given the question: Process:  - A photovoltaic cell is created with two layers of semiconductor material - The top layer are &#x27;doped&#x27; with impurities to allow a negative charge - The bottom layer are &#x27;doped&#x27; to allow for a positive charge - This produces an electric field that allows electrons to flow from negative to positve - Sunlight enters the cell - Energy from sunlight knocks electrons loose in both fields - This prevents the flow of electrons from negative to positive - Adding an external circuit allows the exchange to continue - Give the cells owner a flow of electricity.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose there are more animals in the sea happens, how will it affect more sunlight enters the cell.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The answer is:
no


Problem: Given the question: Process:  - Mix flour, baking powder, sugar, and salt into a bowl - Mix in milk, eggs, and melted butter - Mix until smooth - Heat a griddle or frying pan to medium high - Pour batter onto the griddle -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose more sugar is used happens, how will it affect there will be less mixture.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The answer is:
yes


Problem: Given the question: Process:  - Coal is loaded into the firebox - The boiler produces steam under high pressure - The steam generated in the boiler flows down into a cylinder - Just ahead of the wheels, pushing a tight-fitting plunger, the piston - The piston is connected to one or more of the locomotive&#x27;s wheels through a kind of arm-elbow-shoulder joint called a crank and connecting rod - As the piston pushes, the crank and connecting rod turn the locomotive&#x27;s wheels and power the train along - An outlet valve opens and the piston pushes the steam back through the cylinder and out up the locomotive&#x27;s chimney -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose "the steam engine cant take coal" happens, how will it affect there is no coal available.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The answer is:

yes