Question: Process:  - To bake a cake you first need to gather your ingredients - Preheat the oven to desired baking temperature - Grease your preferred cake pan with crisco or butter or other non-stick spray - Add eggs and vegetable oil to the dry ingredients - Stir or whisk until all the dry flour has been absorbed - Pour the batter into the greased cake pan - Place cake pan into the oven for the required time - When a toothpick inserted into the cake comes out clean, the cake is done baking -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose the eggs are accidently forgotten on the counter and do not get put in the batter happens, how will it affect the batter will rise less.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
Answer: yes

Question: Process:  - Coal is heated in the boiler - The water tank over the boiler is heated - Creates steam - The steam is funneled to the piston - Piston uses the steam as energy - The piston causes the crankshaft to move.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less waste captured by filters happens, how will it affect LESS power produced by the steam engine.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
Answer: no

Question: Process:  - Coal is burned - Sulfur in the coal combines with oxygen to form sulfur oxides - The sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere - The sulfides combine with oxygen in the atmosphere to form sulfur trioxide - The sulfur trioxide reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid, a very strong acid - The sulfuric acid makes the rain acidic -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose higher coal prices happens, how will it affect more coal is burned.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
Answer:
no