Please answer this: Process:  - The kidneys receive blood through the renal artery - The blood is passed through the nephrons in the kidneys - The kidneys filter the waste from the blood - The clean blood is circulated out of the kidneys - Excess water and waste is expelled from the kidneys in the form of urine.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose a person has a very strong immune system happens, how will it affect kidneys receive more blood.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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Answer: no


Please answer this: Process:  - Fuel mixes with air - Mix gets inducted into cylinder - Piston compresses the mix - Spark plug emits a spark that ignites it causing combustion - Combustion gases expand - Pushes piston during power stroke - Exhaust valve opens to vent exhaust out tail pipe.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose The human heart rate increases happens, how will it affect increase in the strength of a spark.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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Answer: no


Please answer this: Process:  - Blood carried into kidney by the renal artery - Nephrons in the kidney filter the blood - The waste that is filtered out mixes with water - Become urine - Ureters carry urine out of the kidneys.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less pancake mix used happens, how will it affect MORE waste being removed from the body.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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Answer:
no