Process:  - The pancreas detects chemical changes in the stomach - The pancreas creates juices that help digest food - The pancreas releases the juices into the stomach - Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest protein - Insulin is produced to move glucose from the blood - The enzymes begin producing again.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose eating more than usual happens, how will it affect pancreas releases more juices.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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Answer: yes


Process:  - Bats and other animals produce a high-pitched tone - The sound travels in waves, as sound does - The sound 'bounces' off of a nearby object - The sound wave returns to the bat - The bat hears the echoed sound - Folds in the bat's ear and adaptations in the bat's brain enable it to determine the size, shape, and position of the other object via the properties of the returned sound waves - Other animals use echolocation in generally similar ways -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose the bat will not be able to locate where it is happens, how will it affect WEAKER echolocation.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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Answer: yes


Process:  - Food is put into mouth - Food is chewed and mixed with saliva (spit) - Food travels down the esophagus (throat) - Food travels into the stomach - Acid in the stomach breaks the food down further - Food travels into the small intestine - Nutrients from food are absorbed into the blood stream - Food travels into the large intestine - Most of the remaining material is now waste - The waste is eventually removed from the body.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less food is put into the mouth happens, how will it affect less food travels to the small intestine.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?
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Answer:
yes