Problem: Process:  - A sperm and egg meet inside a woman&#x27;s fallopian tube - The fertilized egg, now a zygote, travels to the uterus - The zygote implants in the uterus - The zygote becomes an embryo - The embryo becomes a fetus - The fetus grows for approximately 9 months - The woman gives birth to a baby - The baby grows into a child - The child becomes an adult - The adult mates with another adult -   Perturbation hypothesis: suppose failing to withdraw the penis at ejaculation happens, how will it affect LESS babies.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: yes


Problem: Process:  - A virus enters a host body - The virus has receptors that lock onto a target cell - The virus enters the cell - The virus uses the cell like a factory to make new copies of the virus - The new copies of the virus leave the cell - Infect other cells - The host gets sick as its cells are damaged.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose the virus is a weak one happens, how will it affect less new copies of the virus will be made.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: yes


Problem: Process:  - A person takes in oxygen through their nose or mouth - The oxygen travels into the body - Breaks down into glucose - Carbon dioxide is produced by the glucose breakdown - The carbon dioxide is exhaled out of the body through the nose or mouth.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose less oxygen is inhaled happens, how will it affect less oxygen travels into the body.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A: yes


Problem: Process:  - A dam is built in an area prone to flooding - A large amount of rain occurs - The water builds up behind the dam - The dam opens its floodgates when it starts to get full - The water flows into a river below the dam - The dam closes its gates - The dam will occasionally open its gates again to gradually release more water - Eventually all of the floodwater will be slowly released into the river without causing any flood damage.  Perturbation hypothesis: suppose the person has just run a mile without stopping happens, how will it affect a larger dam is built along a waterway.  Does the supposed perturbation have an effect (direct or indirect) on the process?

A:
no