TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: For plasmas suspended in tokamaks, this process is commonly modeled by the Hasegawa-Mima equation. It can be numerically simulated by two-equation k-epsilon or k-omega models, while simpler models include the algebraic Johnson-King and Cebeci-Smith models. A Lagrangian formulation of this process requires using a substantive derivative as a tracer and finding hyperbolic fixed points. Atmospheric instances of this phenomenon can be modeled using the von Karman constant, while like convection, analyzing it often requires averaging the stress tensor over time, a strategy known as the Boussinesq approximation. The rate of energy dissipation to the  power is inversely proportional to its length scale according to the Kolmogorov theory, and the transition to it is characterized by an increased ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. Characterized by eddies and vortices, for 10 points, name this type of flow that occurs at high Reynolds numbers.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: One reactant for this reaction is best prepared by an S N 2 nucleophilic addition of a triphenyl compound, followed by elimination of the hydrogen halide by an organolithium reagent. This reaction itself proceeds through a rather unique intermediate formed when the pi electron from the reagents carbon-oxygen double bond migrates to the positively charged pole of one reactant; this intermediate is called a an oxaphosphetane, from which a triphenyl oxide is eliminated to complete the reaction. The aforementioned positively charged pole is on phosphorous because the aforementioned prepared reactant is a phosphorous ylide. For ten points, name this reaction that produces selectively double-bonded alkenes from aldehydes and phosphorous ylides and that is named for the German 1979 Chemistry Nobel winner.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: This molecule facilitates the Griesbaum reaction and cleaves an alkene to forms an aldehyde or a ketone in a 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition, the Criegee mechanism. In the Chapman Cycle, this diamagnetic compound with a bent geometry is replenished by a paramagnetic, diatomic molecule. In that reaction, this molecule is formed by the absorption of a photon with a wavelength of less than 280 nanometers. It can be depleted by chlorofluorocarbons, making the Earth more susceptible to ultraviolet radiation. For 10 points, name this molecule found in a namesake atmospheric "layer", a triatomic allotrope of oxygen.

SOLUTION:
Science

