In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

Laplaces rule may be used to compute a version of this quantity for its namesake tensor in order to prove the Alon-Tarsi conjecture for Latin squares of even order; that proof uses Cayleys version of this operator. The Cauchy-Binet rule generalizes it to commutative rings, while Leibnizs formula uses permutations of elements to compute it. Setting to zero the result of this operation on lambda I minus A allows us to calculate As eigenvalues. Cramers rule uses ratios of these to solve systems of linear equations. For ten points, name this quantity that is a d minus c b for a 2 by 2 matrix a b c d.
Science

In 2007, this city began a controversial underground rail project called the Crossrail. In 2009, its mayor, Boris Johnson, saved a woman from a mugging while biking to work. In 2005, this city was rocked by a series of coordinated terrorist attacks on July 7. This city is in the process of constructing an Aquatics Centre, a Velopark (VELL-oh-park), and a Handball Arena as it is hosting the 2012 Summer Olympics. For 10 points, name this capital of the United Kingdom.
Fine Arts

A 2005 study at the SLAC showed the lessening strength of this entity at longer distances. Val Fitch and James Cronin received the Nobel Prize using kaon decay to demonstrate its property of CP violation, and an early theory of it was attempted by Fermi, whose name is sometimes given to its coupling constant. Yang and Lee built upon the experiments of C.S. Wu to show that it violates parity, and the Glashow-Weinberg-Salaam theory unifies it with the electromagnetic force. Mediated by the heavy W and Z gauge bosons, it is capable of changing flavour, and affects all quarks and left-handed leptons. Causing the production of a proton, electron, and anti-neutrino in beta-minus decay, this is, FTP, which fundamental interaction, ten to the fourteenth power less in strength than the strong force

Science

