It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide. 

In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia, as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east. His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe. In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical "Ashkenaz" with Khazaria. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. What is Ashkenaz linked to?
2. What was it seen as the cradle of?
3. How early in time?
4. When was it associated with Armenia?
5. Who identified it with Khazaria?
6. What percentage did Ashkenazi Jews make up of the world's Jewish population in the 11th century?
7. By 1931, were there more of them or fewer of them?
8. What percentage did they make up?
9. How many were there before the Holocaust>
10. And what about today>
Answer: 1. Scandza/Scanzia
2. the cradle of Germanic tribes,
3. 6th cnetury
4. 10th century
5. Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i
6. 3 percent
7. more
8. 92 percent
9. 16.7 million
10. 10 to 11.2 million

Problem: Alfred Alder, a famous psychiatrist, had an interesting experience. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic, and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn't it too bad that Alfred can't do arithmetic?" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, feeling that it was useless to try, and that he was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected. 

One day he became very angry at the teacher and the other students because they laughed when he said he saw how to do a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. 

Adler succeeded in solving the problem. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn't do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His anger and his new found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic. He not only proved that he could do arithmetic, but he learned early in life from his own experience that, if a person goes at a job with determination and purpose, he may astonish himself as well as others by his ability. 

This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have, and that lack of success is as often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one's ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it is the result of lack of ability.
1. Is Alfred Alder good at math?
2. Was he always?
3. Did the teacher encourage him?
4. Did she have a talk with his parents?
5. About what?
6. Then did they give up on his future in math?
7. Did this effect him?
8. Try what?
9. What ending up boosting his ego?
10. Was he mad?
11. At who?
12. Why?
13. did he approach math in a new way?
14. Wny?
15. Did he learn a lesson from this?
16. What does he think people are missing when they don't succeed?
17. What did he do for a living?
18. Was the teacher wrong about his math ability?
19. What about his parents?
20. did he complete the problem that he was laughed at for?
Answer: 1. Yes
2. no
3. No
4. yes
5. that they should not expect too much of his math abilities
6. Yes
7. he felt that it was useless to try
8. To try and excel at arithmetic
9. Adler succeeded in solving a problem that none of the other student had been able to
10. Yes
11. at the teacher and the other students
12. because they laughed when he said he saw how to do the problem
13. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose
14. Because he was determined to show them that he could do arithmetic
15. He learned that if a person goes at a job with determination and purpose, he may astonish himself as well as others by his ability.
16. a lack of knowledge of how to apply one's ability, a lack of confidence, and a lack of determination
17. He was a famous psychiatrist
18. Yes
19. Also yes
20. Yes

question: CHAPTER LVI. Ariadne 

My Lord Castlewood had a house in Kensington Square spacious enough to accommodate the several members of his noble family, and convenient for their service at the palace hard by, when his Majesty dwelt there. Her ladyship had her evenings, and gave her card-parties here for such as would come; but Kensington was a long way from London a hundred years since, and George Selwyn said he for one was afraid to go, for fear of being robbed of a night,--whether by footpads with crape over their faces, or by ladies in rouge at the quadrille-table, we have no means of saying. About noon on the day after Harry had made his reappearance at White's, it chanced that all his virtuous kinsfolks partook of breakfast together, even Mr. Will being present, who was to go into waiting in the afternoon. 

The ladies came first to their chocolate: them Mr. Will joined in his court suit; finally, my lord appeared, languid, in his bedgown and nightcap, having not yet assumed his wig for the day. Here was news which Will had brought home from the Star and Garter last night, when he supped in company with some men who had heard it at White's and seen it at Ranelagh! 

"Heard what? seen what?" asked the head of the house, taking up his Daily Advertiser. 

"Ask Maria!" says Lady Fanny. My lord turns to his elder sister, who wears a face of portentous sadness, and looks as pale as a tablecloth. 
1. Where was the Lord's house?
2. What was his name?
3. Was the building small?
4. What did Will bring home?
5. From where?
6. When?
7. How did he come across this information?
8. Where did they hear it?
9. And see it?
10. Was Kensington close to London?
****
answer:
1. Kensington Square
2. Lord Castlewood
3. no
4. news
5. Star and Garter
6. \last night
7. when he supped in company with some men
8. White's
9. Ranelagh
10. no