Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.
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Question: This is the science of spectroanalysis and the scientists can detect not only the star’s color, but what the star is actually made up of. The elements of a star will help as we classify the solar systems and galaxies that we discover. Useful Websites. Star Colors and Temperatures. Why are the stars different colors? Color is a result of the way gemstones absorb light. Light is an electromagnetic vibration at certain wavelengths. The human eye can only perceive wavelengths between 380 and 750 nm. The colors of the spectrum that are visible to us are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. If all the different wavelengths of light pass through a gemstone, it will appear colorless. On the other hand, if the gem material absorbs all light, it will be appear black. There is another important factor that can alter a stars color. If the star has any elements in its atmosphere it can change the light wavelength and that will cause a change in the color that we measure or observe. This may explain why there are so many different colors in the stars that are being studied. The coolest stars are the red stars and their temperature is around 3,000 degrees C. Articles >> Why are stars different colors? Throughout history mankind has gazed up at the stars in awe and wonder. To the naked eye, most of the stars appear white. As the light from the stars comes through the earth’s atmosphere, they appear to be twinkling. Until about two hundred years ago, everyone that studied the stars thought that all stars were white. This makes the cooler stars appear red and the stars with the higher temperatures appear blue or white. From cool to hot, the colors can appear red, orange, yellow, green and blue. If you remember the colors of the rainbow, you will see that these are in the same order. Red giants such as Betelgeuse are not actually that red in colour. If you look at the colour in table 4.3 above you can see that its actual colour would be more orange than true red. A small group of stars do, however, appear deep red. These are the carbon stars such as 19 or TX Piscium. A starfield in the region of Sagittarius showing stars of different colours. 1  Stellar Colours Human Vision. Interstellar Reddening and Extinction. 2  Measuring Colour - Colour Index Colour Index Problems. 3  Filters in Astronomy. However, idiochromatic gemstones are rare. Most gemstones are allochromatic, meaning that they are colored by impurities or trace elements in their crystal structure. For example, pure corundum is colorless. But corundum is typically red when traces of chromium are present and blue when there are traces of titanium. One thing you will notice from this list is that the relationship between chemical impurity and gemstone color is not a simple one. In some cases, a similar color can result from different trace elements; the green of an emerald can be the result of chromium or vanadium (or both). In other cases, a single trace element can produce different colors in different gem varieties. Thus chromium will produce a green color in emerald, but result in a red color in corundum. The colour of a star is primarily a function of its effective temperature. You should recall that a star approximates the behaviour of a black body radiator. As a black body gets hotter its colour changes. If you were to heat a solid shot put it would first emit radiation in the infrared region. Query: how do stars get their color

Answer: The colour of a star is primarily a function of its effective temperature. You should recall that a star approximates the behaviour of a black body radiator. As a black body gets hotter its colour changes.


Question: Average charitable donations by income. The short answer is that the average itemized tax return includes $4,790 in charitable deductions, but that doesn't tell the entire story. First, not everyone who donates to charity can use the charitable deduction. To get the tax break, you need to itemize deductions on your tax return. The IRS has long required taxpayers to subtract the value of anything they receive in return for a charitable contribution before taking a deduction, so someone who gets a $5 tote bag for a $50 donation to a public TV station, for example, can only deduct $45. The national average in 2015 for deductions for state and local taxes, or SALT, was $12,471, and sponsors of the new tax law said the $10,000 cap combined with lower rates should protect most Americans from facing a higher tax bill. As a result, nonprofits are pushing Republicans to include something else in their tax plan that they say would increase charitable donations, but keep taxes simple: They want something called a universal charitable deduction, which taxpayers would get on top of the standard deduction. De Leon is proposing that California provide a credit on its state income tax for amounts given to a state charitable fund as a way to get around the part of the new federal tax law that limits deductions for state income taxes but not for charitable contributions. You may deduct charitable contributions of money or property made to qualified organizations if you itemize your deductions. Generally, you may deduct up to 50 percent of your adjusted gross income, but 20 percent and 30 percent limitations apply in some cases. Nonprofits Fear House Republican Tax Bill Would Hurt Charitable Giving Even though Republicans promise to preserve the deduction for charitable donations, nonprofits say other proposed changes in the bill could discourage as much as $13 billion in annual giving. Accessibility links Charitable Contribution Deductions. This article generally explains the rules covering income tax deductions for charitable contributions by individuals. You can find a more comprehensive discussion of these rules in Publication 526, Charitable Contributions, and Publication 561, Determining the Value of Donated Property. For information about the substantiation and disclosure requirements for charitable contributions, see Publication 1771. “The tax benefit of a federal or state charitable contribution is not regarded as a return benefit that negates the charitable intent,” the IRS memo said, citing federal tax court rulings in 1985, 1989, and 1991. Deductions for charitable gifts do not face the same limit as deductions for state and local taxes, a fact California and New Jersey want to exploit. Query: average charitable deduction

Answer: The average itemized tax return includes $4,790 in charitable deductions


Question: Other important facts. 1  Both colds and flu are caused by a virus but the symptoms of influenza are usually more severe. 2  Antibiotics have no effect against influenza. 3  Damp or cold cannot cause influenza. 4  People are seldom infected by the same type of influenza twice because resistance develops within two or four weeks. Pain relief lasts 8-12 hours, about twice as long as other painkillers. May irritate stomach, so take with food. Antihistamines (e.g Benadryl, Chlortrimeton, Tavist-1, Claritin, and Zyrtec) dry mucous membranes and make breathing easier: If you have a cough and a sore throat, it's more likely that you either have a cold or the flu. You'll need to see a doctor for diagnosis of strep throat — they can perform a quick test to determine if it is, in fact, the cause of your illness. If it is strep, they'll prescribe antibiotics to help kill the bacteria. When to See a Doctor Few common illnesses are more unpleasant than the flu. The aches and pains, chills, fever, and cough are bad enough; add in the other potential symptoms of flu, including runny nose, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, or sore throat, and you'll want the illness to be over as soon as possible. How long does the flu last? And does treating flu help make it go away faster? How long will the influenza last? Usually, influenza lasts three to five days. If it goes on for more than a week or if the symptoms are very severe, you are advised to consult your doctor. A bad case of influenza has the potential to develop into a more serious condition like pneumonia or sinus trouble, and in rare cases it can be life-threatening. Flu symptoms usually start within one to four days after infection. Unlike a common cold, the effects of an influenza virus infection can come on very suddenly. The first signs of the flu are often a fever or chills, accompanied by headache, sore throat, dry cough, runny nose, muscle aches, and fatigue. As the illness progresses, a person may have warm, flushed skin, watery or bloodshot eyes, a severe cough that produces phlegm, and nasal congestion. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. The flu is different from a cold. The flu usually comes on suddenly. People who have the flu often feel some or all of these symptoms: Fever* or feeling feverish/chills; Cough; Sore throat; Runny or stuffy nose; Muscle or body aches; Headaches; Fatigue (tiredness) Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults. * It’s important to note that not everyone with flu will have a ... Bird flu is spread to people from birds and causes fever, cough, sore throat and muscle aches. Endocarditis Signs of endocarditis, an infection of the heart, include swelling, rash, sinus congestion, nausea, and more. Virus: Viral upper respiratory infections usually start in the throat and chills and flu like body aches are common. At this stage rest, fluids and tylenol (acetaminophen) are all that's needed. A head cold and mild cough may follow. 1 doctor agreed: 1  Virus illness: Greetings. The cough, throat pain, fever and chills typically last ~5days. 2  It is Flu season: Sounds to me like the beginning of influenza or the flu. Stay hydrated, rest, advil, tylenol (acetaminophen) for fever and warm liquid to soothe your throat. Query: how long does flu last with chills sore throat

Answer:
Flu lasts 5 days with chills sore throat.


