Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.

[Q]: In botany, a stoma (plural stomata), also called a stomate (plural stomates)[1] (from Greek στόμα, mouth[2]), is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange. Does Leaf Surface Area Affect the Rate of Transpiration in a Plant? Aim: The aim of my investigation is to find out if the leaf surface area affects the rate of transpiration in a plant. Variables: The variables of this experiment are;- * The leaf surface area * Temperature of the surrounding air * The speed and amount of wind * The amount of light Environmental Factors: Temperature of air The temperature of the air affects the rate of transpiration. Where S=the number of stomata, E=total number of epidermal cells in a unit area of the leaf. Oats contain 54,000 per one square inch, but cucumber contains 428,000 per square inch. A study on stomatal index of leaves at different positions and different areas in the same leaf and plant provides very interesting information about the structure, frequency, distribution and ultimately their function. Water is transpired through stomata, but carbon dioxide also must pass through stomata into a leaf for. photosynthesis to occur. There is evidence that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has not. always been the same over the history of life on Earth. How to Calculate Leaf Surface Area. The rate of transpiration is measured as the amount of water lost/ square meter/ minute. Because water evaporates through the many stomata on the leaf surface, the rate of transpiration is directly related to the surface area. To arrive at the rate of transpiration, therefore, you must calculate the leaf surface area of each plant: Because most stomata are found in the lower epidermis, you will determine that surface area. 1  Lay the leaves to be measured on a 1-cm grid and trace their outlines. 2  Count the number of square centimeters. To investigate the relationship among leaf surface area, number of stomata, and the rate of transpiration learning objective 2: To design and conduct an experiment to explore other factors, including different environmental variables, on the rate of transpiration Perhaps there are the same number of stomata on a small leaf as on a large leaf and the space between the stomata increases as the leaf grows. Perhaps larger leaves have more stomata and more stomata are formed in the spaces as a leaf gets bigger. Each of these hypotheses could lead you to a different prediction of the rate of transpiration per cm2 in large compared with small leaves. We would be interested to know how your experiments go. This is an adaptation to check excessive transpiration in these plants. Number of Stomata (Stomatal Frequency): The number of stomata in a definite area of leaf varies from plant to plant. Xerophytes possess larger number of stomata than mesophytes. Number of stomata/sq cm. is 1000 — 60,000 in different plant species. The number of stomta per unit area of leaf is called Stomatal Frequency. Stomata frequency of trees and shrubs is higher than herbs. Stomata nearly occupy one to two percent of total leaf area when fully open. Is there any relationship between the number of stomata and the environment in which the plant species evolved? • Are leaf surface area and the number of stomata related to the rate of transpiration? What might happen to the rate of transpiration if the number of leaves or the size of leaves is reduced? • Do all parts of a plant transpire? Transpiration is a physiological phenomenon in which water is lost from certain surfaces of the plant body in the form of water vapors. This process is essential for the upward movement of water and mineral nutrients. Query: how does the number of stomata in a leaf relate to the rate of transpiration
[A]: The rate of transpiration is measured as the amount of water lost/ square meter/ minute. Because water evaporates through the many stomata on the leaf surface, the rate of transpiration is directly related to the surface area.


[Q]: If you want to get your tax refund as soon as possible, forget about paper. The best way to get your money moving in your direction pronto is to e-file your return. But if you don't do it right, electronic tax filing can cause some big problems. Not to worry: DailyFinance is here to help you avoid those pitfalls. If criminals are able to get your name and Social Security number, then they can forge other documents necessary to e-file a tax return and arrange to have your refund sent to them on a prepaid debit card, which can easily be converted into cash for a clean getaway. The best way to get your tax refund fast is to e-file your return. However, if you don't do it right, electronic tax filing can cause some big problems -- problems we want to help you avoid. Here's how e-filing works, and how to get it done right. Refund Processing Time. E-filed tax returns with direct deposit – E-file with direct deposit is the fastest way to get your federal tax refund. The IRS states that 9 out of 10 e-filed tax returns with direct deposit will be processed within 21 days of IRS e-file acceptance. Here is a breakdown of IRS processing times, how your tax return will progress through 3 stages with the IRS (“Return Received”, “Return Approved”, and “Refund Sent” once you e-file), and where you can go to check your refund status. The delay has been bad news for those who've come to rely on early e-filing to speed up their refunds. According to the IRS, nearly 100 million taxpayers chose to e-file their tax returns in 2011, and many of them did so in the hopes of reducing tax-return processing and turnaround time. Refund Processing Time. 1  E-filed tax returns with direct deposit – E-file with direct deposit is the fastest way to get your federal tax refund. 2  Mailed paper returns – Refund processing time is 6 to 8 weeks from the date the IRS receives your tax return. Refund Processing Time. 1  E-filed tax returns with direct deposit – E-file with direct deposit is the fastest way to get your federal tax refund. The IRS states that 9 out of 10 e-filed tax returns with direct deposit will be processed within 21 days of IRS e-file acceptance. Mailed paper returns – Refund processing time is 6 to 8 weeks from the date the IRS receives your tax return. Refund Process. Start checking status 24 – 48 hours after e-file – Once you have e-filed your tax return, you can check status using IRS Where’s My Refund? You will not be able to start checking the status of your tax refund for 4 weeks if you mail a paper tax return. The difference can be huge, with refunds available in as little as seven days in some cases through direct deposit into your bank account, compared to several weeks for paper returns in many cases. Apart from letting you get your refund faster, e-filing can help you avoid common mistakes on your tax returns. Query: how long to get refund after e-file
[A]: It takes 21 days to get refund after e-file.


[Q]: Ilex x attenuata‘East Palatka’ Figure 1. Middle-aged ‘East Palatka’ Holly. ‘East Palatka’ Holly1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Discovered in 1927 growing near East Palatka, Florida, this Holly is one of a group of hybrids between Ilex cassine x Ilex opaca (Fig. 1). The broad, dull green, rounded leaves have one spine at the tip and few, if any, along the blade edge. The 30 to 45-foot-tall trees take on a moderately tight, pyramidal shape. A female Holly plant, East Palatka Holly is heavily laden with bright red berries in fall and winter, Holly, East Palatka. The East Palatka Holly is an excellent urban tree with fleshy red berries that attract wildlife. East Palatka Hollies are popular in landscapes because of their uniformity and excellent performance under harsh urban conditions. Growth habit: A pyramid-shaped evergreen tree growing to 30 feet tall and 15 feet wide. The leaves are bright green, oval and up to 3 inches long with a pointed tip. Feedings: Apply a general garden fertilizer to new trees in March and June for the first three years after planting. Fringe tree, beautiful white blooms, great alternative to the Crape Myrtle, does well in the south. Fringe Tree, oh how I want one in my front yard. Although if I had the skill a weeping cherry would be most desirable, but this tree stays smaller and it's native! Small trees can pack a big punch into your landscape. Holly, East Palatka The East Palatka Holly is an excellent urban tree with fleshy red berries that attract wildlife. East Palatka Hollies are popular in landscapes because of their uniformity and excellent performance under harsh urban conditions. Discovered in 1927 growing near East Palatka, Florida, this Holly is one of a group of hybrids between Ilex cassine x Ilex opaca . The broad, dull green, rounded leaves have one spine at the tip and few, if any, along the blade edge. The 30 to 45-foot-tall trees take on a moderately tight, pyramidal shape. A female Holly plant, East Palatka Holly is heavily laden with bright red berries in fall and winter, especially toward the top of the tree. A row of East Palatka Hollies will look quite uniform, adding to the popularity of the tree among landscape architects and designers. East Palatka holly grows 35 to 40 feet tall, according to the University of Florida, and is a hybrid of Ilex cassine -- the Dahoon holly -- and Ilex opaca, American holly. Both trees grow 1 to 3 feet per season. Both holly species take well to pruning and adapt well to life in containers or as bonsai. Ilex x attenuata‘East Palatka’. Figure 1. Middle-aged ‘East Palatka’ Holly. ‘East Palatka’ Holly1. Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2. INTRODUCTION. Discovered in 1927 growing near East Palatka, Florida, this Holly is one of a group of hybrids. between Ilex cassine x Ilex opaca (Fig. Training the tree into a single-trunked tree will increase its durability and resistance to storm-damage, although many nurseries offer multi-trunked specimens. The tree grows well even in small tree pits carved out of downtown sidewalks. East Palatka Holly grows quickly in full sun or partial shade on moist, acid soils. Growth is poor and foliage chlorotic on alkaline soil. Another hybrid, `Savannah', is a fast-growing female plant which also produces abundant red berries. The foliage is light green and variably-spined. Read Why Our Customers Bought... The Holly shrub, botanically known as Ilex, has a long connection with Christmas. Some of the first Christians decorated their homes with ‘Boughs of Holly’. Today, hollies are widely used as ornamental plants and have been developed for gardens. Hollies range in size from less than 1 foot, to plants over 70 feet tall. Query: how fast does a east palatka holly tree grow in shade
[A]:
East Palatka Holly grows quickly in full sun or partial shade on moist, acid soils.


