These organizations allow you to network with other ESL professionals and learn more about the career. More importantly, they will allow you to meet people who may be able to provide you with job opportunities, references, or advice on finding a job. Some of these groups are:  TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) is a global organization that holds annual conventions, maintains online forums and blogs, and provides access to TESOL resource centers. AAAL (The American Association for Applied Linguistics) is the American branch of IAAL and offers access to peer-reviewed journals, holds annual conferences, and grants student travel awards. IAWE (The International Association of Worldwide Englishes) is another global group that brings ESL teachers together, runs a journal, and hold various conferences throughout the year. ILTA (The International Language Testing Association) is an organization that runs newsletters, holds online discussions, and hosts annual conferences for people interested in developing testing to gauge how individuals learn languages. You will need a Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) certificate to work as an ESL teacher. The certificate provides you with additional ESL training and is offered online or through community colleges and language institutes. States require all teachers to obtain a license to teach at public schools and adult education programs run by the government. Qualifying to take the exam for the license usually requires obtaining a bachelor's degree and finishing a teaching training program. You are now ready to get your career as an ESL teacher started. You can obtain employment through networking, help from college advisers or online employment websites.  You may find that work for ESL teachers is more readily available outside of the United States. If you plan to work abroad, you will want to apply for or renew your passport and look into getting a visa, if one is needed for where you are going. There are a number of websites and online resources for ESL teachers looking to work abroad. Some of those sites are: Dave's ESL Cafe provides a list of jobs available around the globe for people looking to teach ESL abroad. Teacher Port gives a listing of ESL opportunities across Asia and the Middle East. Go Abroad is a website that provides a number of suggestions for finding employment abroad to fund traveling abroad. There are many ESL opportunities on this site as well. There are also plenty of opportunities to work as an ESL teacher domestically as well. Some websites that provide opportunities to to teach ESL in the United States are: ESL 101 is a searchable database of ESL teaching jobs that allows the user to look for opportunities by country or region. The TESOL website maintains a job listing database that can help you find an ESL job in the U.S. Remember, ESL goes by a number of different acronyms (EFL, TEFL, ESOL, EAL), so be sure to search for all the associated acronyms when looking for employment. This will expand your job pool quite a bit. University and college departmental webpages often maintain links to relevant job search sites. So be sure to scour English, teacher-training, and education departmental websites. Many of the teaching opportunities for ESL teachers are found in public schools across the U.S. As such, you will want to look at state government and local school district webpages as well to see if there are any ESL job openings in your area.
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One-sentence summary -- Join ESL organizations. Earn a TESOL certificate. Pass the state teaching examination. Work as an ESL teacher.


Once you have observed situations involving sharing, you should be able to determine which issues seem to cause trouble for particular toddlers. Is one child especially protective of a particular toy? Consider letting him or her put that toy away somewhere, off limits, during a play date. Plan to let toddlers play together when they are rested and when they have been fed. Hungry, tired, cranky toddlers are guaranteed to fight over toys. Limit play time to one to two hours for toddlers; anything longer is expecting too much from a young child. Whenever toddlers are playing together, it is best to have clear, simple rules in place. Any toys that are not meant to be shared should be put away elsewhere. All remaining toys should then be shared, with no exceptions. Consider setting a timer for popular toys, and enforce consistent limits. When a child has to give up his or her favorite toy temporarily, offer interesting replacements. If you give a toddler something fun to do, he or she may be too distracted to argue about the original toy. Generally, it's best to have lots of choices available. Have enough options around to have multiple alternatives for each toddler. Instead of grabbing toys from other children, toddlers should be taught to ask for them. Model appropriate language for toddlers: “may I have a turn, please?” If toddlers play a game that requires more than one person, whether it's a ball game or a board game, they will be less likely to fight.
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One-sentence summary -- Avoid unnecessarily stressful situations. Choose your play time wisely. Set clear rules. Offer alternatives. Teach toddlers to discuss sharing verbally. Encourage cooperative play.


The simplest way to find out exactly how long your top piece needs to be is to subtract 2” (5cm) from the sill length. That way, you can ensure that the rest of the trim will be proportional to the sill. A window that’s 28" (71cm) wide might therefore have a head casing that’s between 30-33” long.  It’s common for the upper casing to be about an inch (roughly 2.5cm) shorter than the sill on either side. If you’re using the same casing for the top and sides of the window, the distance that the top piece extends on either side should be equal to the width of the trim. Draw a line with a pencil to indicate the appropriate length of the top piece. Make a perpendicular cut straight across the casing. Mark the length of the top piece from the end of the casing to save yourself an unnecessary cut. For windows with a uniform trim on the top and sides, you’ll need to cut the edges of the top piece at a 45 degree angle. This can be accomplished using a miter saw. Cut the casing one one side, then turn it over and make a second cut in the opposite direction.  Before you cut your sloped casing, mark your window measurements on your trim piece. Then, cut your 45 degree angle moving away from the measurement lines on both sides of your trim. The shorter part of your head casing piece needs to match your window measurement. The edges of the finished top piece should now fit together perfectly with those of the side casing. If you don’t have access to a miter saw, you can also use a miter box and a normal handsaw to achieve a precise angle. Rather than aligning the top piece flush with the upper edge of the window opening, raise it up by ⅛” (.32cm) to leave a subtle reveal line. Fasten the head casing using finishing nails, remembering to space them out every few inches across the length of the board.  Use a level to confirm that the top piece is even before nailing it down.  The reveal line will lend the appearance of added depth to the finished window. If your side and head cases look a little misaligned, you can fix this with a long finish nail. Drive the long finish nail into the top of the side casing and into the head casing, which should straighten them.
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One-sentence summary --
Determine a length for the head casing. Cut the head casing. Use a miter saw to cut sloped casing. Nail down the head casing.