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Math Bee: Honeybees Seem To Understand The Notion Of Zero 
  
 Enlarge this image toggle caption Don Farrall/Getty Images Don Farrall/Getty Images 
  
 Honeybees understand that "nothing" can be "something" that has numerical meaning, showing that they have a primitive grasp of the concept of zero. 
  
 That's according to a newly published study in Science, which shows that bees possess a mathematical ability once thought to exist only in dolphins, primates, birds and humans who are beyond the preschool years. 
  
 "This is quite amazing, in my view, that bees can really do it," says Andreas Nieder, a scientist who studies how animals' process the idea of "nothing" and was not part of the research team. 
  
 He says zero was discovered relatively recently in human history, and was essential in the development of both mathematics and science. "It's a hard and very abstract concept," Nieder says. "It is a sort of eccentric uncle in the number family." 
  
 Previous experiments have shown that honeybees have some facility with numbers, because they were able to count landmarks as they foraged around for a sweet reward. But in these tests, the insects couldn't count very high — only to about four. 
  
 Still, that made a team of researchers in Australia and France want to explore what else the bees could do with numbers. Scarlett Howard at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia, lured bees to a wall where they were presented with two square cards. Each card had a different number of black symbols, such as dots or triangles. 
  
 Howard trained one group of bees to understand that sugar water would always be located under the card with the least number of symbols. "They could come and see two circles versus three circles, or four triangles versus one triangle, or something like that," she explains. 
  
 The bees quickly learned to fly to the card with the fewest symbols, an impressive feat. 
  
 But then they got another test: The researchers presented the bees with a card that had a single symbol — and a blank card that had nothing on it. 
  
 The bees seemed to understand that "zero" was less than one, because they flew toward the blank card more often than you'd expect if they were choosing at random — although they weren't that good at distinguishing between the two. 
  
 It got easier for them when they had to compare zero with a larger number. "When we showed them zero versus six, they did that at a much higher level than zero versus one," Howard says. "So what tells us is that they consider zero as an actual quantity along the number line. They're actually better at doing zero versus six because those two numbers are further apart." 
  
 "We were very surprised and happy, excited, to see that actually the bees were choosing the empty paper," says Aurore Avargues-Weber, a CNRS researcher with the University of Toulouse. 
  
 Even very young children, she points out, have trouble understanding that zero is a number. "It's easy for them to count 'one, two, three, four,' but zero, it's nothing, it's not something to count. So it's not the same category," she explains. 
  
 She had expected that the bees would see a blank paper as something irrelevant that was completely different than what they had been trained on, because to understand zero, "brains need to represent something out of nothing. It's not trivial." 
  
 What's more, the brains of bees are incredibly tiny brains compared with the brains of humans, Nieder notes. "Bees really have a mini-brain with fewer than one million brain cells," he says, "compared to 86 billion nerve cells in our brain." 
  
 Even so, the bees can understand the abstract concept of an empty set — the precursor or prerequisite to understanding the symbolic number zero — and he says he found that very surprising. ||||| Trained to pick the lowest number out of a series of options, a honeybee chooses a blank image, revealing an understanding of the concept of zero. Credit: RMIT University Scientists have discovered honeybees can understand the concept of zero, putting them in an elite club of clever animals that can grasp the abstract mathematical notion of nothing. 
  
 By demonstrating that even tiny brains can comprehend complex, abstract concepts, the surprise finding opens possibilities for new, simpler approaches to developing Artificial Intelligence. 
  
 In research published in the journal Science, Australian and French researchers tested whether honey bees can rank numerical quantities and understand that zero belongs at the lower end of a sequence of numbers. 
  
 Associate Professor Adrian Dyer, from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia, said the number zero was the backbone of modern maths and technological advancements. 
  
 "Zero is a difficult concept to understand and a mathematical skill that doesn't come easily—it takes children a few years to learn," Dyer said. 
  
 "We've long believed only humans had the intelligence to get the concept, but recent research has shown monkeys and birds have the brains for it as well. 
  
 "What we haven't known—until now—is whether insects can also understand zero." 
  
 As well as being a critical pollinator, the honeybee is an exceptional model species for investigating insect cognition, with previous research showing they can learn intricate skills from other bees and even understand abstract concepts like sameness and difference. 
  
 Trained to pick the lowest number out of a series of options, a honeybee chooses a blank image, revealing an understanding of the concept of zero. Credit: RMIT University 
  
 But bee brains have fewer than 1 million neurons—compared with the 86,000 million neurons of a human brain—and little was known about how insect brains would cope with being tested on such an important numeric skill. 
  
 RMIT Ph.D. researcher Scarlett Howard set out to test the honeybee on its understanding, marking individual honeybees for easy identification and luring them to a specially-designed testing apparatus. 
  
 The bees were trained to choose an image with the lowest number of elements in order to receive a reward of sugar solution. 
  
 For example, the bees learned to choose three elements when presented with three vs. four; or two elements when presented with two vs. three. 
  
 When Howard periodically tested the bees with an image that contained no elements versus an image that had one or more, the bees understood that the set of zero was the lower number—despite never having been exposed to an "empty set". 
  
 Schematic representation of how over a period of time bees learn to choose between combinations of numbers such that the lower number is correct, and then when presented with a problem of zero elements versus the higher numbers bees understand that zero is at the lower end of a numerical sequence. Credit: Composite image by Scarlett Howard, Jair Garcia and Adrian Dyer 
  
 Dyer, a researcher in the Bio Inspired Digital Sensing-Lab (BIDS-Lab) in RMIT's Digital Ethnography Research Centre, said the findings opened the door to new understandings of how different brains could represent zero. 
  
 "This is a tricky neuroscience problem," he said. 
  
 "It is relatively easy for neurons to respond to stimuli such as light or the presence of an object but how do we, or even an insect, understand what nothing is? 
  
 "How does a brain represent nothing? Could bees and other animals that collect lots of food items, have evolved special neural mechanisms to enable the perception of zero? 
  
 "If bees can learn such a seemingly advanced maths skill that we don't even find in some ancient human cultures, perhaps this opens the door to considering the mechanism that allows animals and ourselves to understand the concept of nothing." 
  
 An individually marked honeybee inspects stimuli with either 3 or 4 elements before choosing to land on the correct “lower” number. After learning this type of rule with many combinations, bees understand that an unfamiliar presentation of an empty set is less than any other number of elements presented. Credit: Scarlett Howard 
  
 One of the problems in the development of artificial intelligence is enabling robots to operate in very complex environments, Dyer said. 
  
 "Crossing a road is simple for adult humans, we understand if there are no approaching cars, no bikes or trams, then it is probably ok to cross," he said. 
  
 "But what is zero, how do we represent this for so many complex object classes to make decisions in complex environments? 
  
 "If bees can perceive zero with a brain of less than a million neurons, it suggests there are simple efficient ways to teach AI new tricks." 
  
 The research was conducted in both Australia and France and involved many control experiments to validate the findings. 
  
 Study co-author, Dr. Aurore Avarguès-Weber from the University of Toulouse in France, said: "The discovery that bees can show such elaborated understanding of numbers was really surprising given their tiny brain." 
  
 "Large brains are thus not necessary to play with numbers. This capacity is therefore probably shared by many other animals." 
  
 The paper "Numerical ordering of zero in honeybees" is published in Science today. 
  
 Explore further: Inside the brains of killer bees 
  
 More information: S.R. Howard el al., "Numerical ordering of zero in honey bees," Science (2018). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aar4975 
  
  ||||| Understanding zero 
  
 It has been said that the development of an understanding of zero by society initiated a major intellectual advance in humans, and we have been thought to be unique in this understanding. Although recent research has shown that some other vertebrates understand the concept of the “empty set,” Howard et al. now show that an understanding of this concept is present in untrained honey bees (see the Perspective by Nieder). This finding suggests that such an understanding has evolved independently in distantly related species that deal with complexity in their environments, and that it may be more widespread than previously appreciated. 
  
 Science, this issue p. 1124; see also p. 1069 ||||| Humans aren't the only species that can ponder abstract mathematical concepts like nonexistence. In addition to some other animals, honeybees understand that the number zero is less than 1, according to a new study. 
  
 Dolphins, African gray parrots and nonhuman primates also understand the idea of "zero," but researchers were surprised to find that honeybees also comprehend this concept, considering the insects' tiny brains, according to a statement from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. 
  
 Honeybees have fewer than 1 million neurons, compared with the 86 billion neurons in humans — and yet, they grasp a concept that humans, by some measures, don't start to understand before preschool, according to NPR. 
  
 The researchers set up two cards, each of which had a set of symbols on them, like triangles or circles. Then, they trained a group of the bees to fly to the card with the lower number of symbols. (The bees quickly learned what the humans wanted them to do to get their delicious, sugary rewards). 
  
 The trained bees were then shown a card that was empty versus one that had symbols on it. Without any prior training, the bees flew more often to the empty card — thereby demonstrating that they understood that "zero" was a number less than the others, according to the study, which was published Thursday (June 7) in the journal Science. 
  
 Although they flew more often to an empty card than to one that had one symbol on it, it became easier for them to differentiate when the symbols' card increased in number. For example, they more often flew to the zero when the other card had four symbols than when it had one, according to NPR. 
  
 Perhaps these findings will shed light on the brain mechanism behind what allows us to understand the concept of "nothing," Adrian Dyer, a researcher at RMIT University and senior author of the study, said in the RMIT statement. This understanding, in turn, could help in the development of artificial intelligence that also understands this concept. 
  
 "If bees can perceive zero with a brain of less than a million neurons, it suggests there are simple, efficient ways to teach AI new tricks," Dyer said in the statement. 
  
 Originally published on Live Science. |||||
Output:
Dolphins, monkeys, birds, and homo sapiens have a shared understanding of a quite difficult concept, and now honeybees are joining the party. Per a release, that concept is "zero," an abstract mathematical construct that scientists say stumps humans until at least preschool, but which they now note is apparently grasped by these small-brained insects. Australian and French researchers published their findings in the journal Science, noting that their flying subjects were able to prioritize numerical quantities using a reward system, and that the results could have implications for artificial intelligence down the road. Per LiveScience, the scientists used a rotating set of two cards with symbols on them, with one card having a higher number of symbols than the other. The bees were given a sugar solution if they picked the card with the lower number. Not only did the bees fly more often to the cards with the least number of symbols on them, they also, when presented with a card that had nothing on it and a card with symbols, flew more often to the blank card. Interestingly, they also flew more often to the zero card when the opposing card had a higher number of symbols—meaning it seemed easier for them to know zero's low place in the hierarchy if the opposing number was a high one. Scientists are mostly amazed because a human brain boasts 86 million neurons; a bee brain gets by with one million. "Large brains are thus not necessary to play with numbers," study co-author Aurore Avargues-Weber says in the release. Not much brain power being needed to get "nothing" also suggests "there are simple, efficient ways to teach AI new tricks," study co-author Adrian Dyer adds. (There's a US honeybee crisis, but it seems to be getting better.)