Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects. 

All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter", and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.

1. What did the term matter include prior to the 20th century?
2. And excluded?
3. What does science consider these particles to be?
4. What is a type of massless particle?
5. Is it matter?
6. What is one example of fundamental particles?
7. What's another?
8. What are they considered?
9. What is the term matter loosely used to refer to?
10. What is the effective size of point particles?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. ordinary matter composed of atoms
2. other energy phenomena
3. massless particles
4. photons
5. no
6. leptons
7. quarks
8. they are considered "point particles"
9. composite particles
10. no size or volume.

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

(CNN) -- Nicklas Bendtner scored a hat-trick as a rampant Arsenal side thrashed Porto 5-0 at The Emirates to reach the quarterfinals of the Champions League on Tuesday. 

Danish international Bendtner had been widely criticized for missing a host of chances in Arsenal's 3-1 Premier League win over Burnley on Saturday -- however, he was in the right place at the right time twice in the first-half as the Londonders comfortably overturned their 2-1 first leg deficit. 

The opening goal came in the 10th minute when Bendtner was on hand to fire into an empty net after goalkeeper Helton had rushed out to block the on-coming Andrey Arshavin. 

And he doubled the lead 15 minutes later after more good work from Russian Arshavin, who evaded two challenges on the edge of the area before crossing for the striker to comfortably slot home. 

Porto came out with more determination after the break but were hit by two goals in the space of three minutes around the hour mark. 

First, Frenchman Samir Nasir produced a moment of breathtaking skill and fast foot-work to dance around three Porto challenges before firing past Helton from an acute angle. 

Then, with their Portuguese opponents chasing the game, Arshavin collected the ball on the break after a Porto corner was cleared. 

He had Emmanuel Eboue overlapping in support -- and the pass was perfect for the Ivorian to round the goalkeeper before stroking the ball home. 

And a superb night for Arsenal -- and Bendtner in particular -- was completed in the final minute when Eboue was fouled in the penalty area, and the Dane stepped up to fire his penalty wide of Helton's despairing dive. 

1. who is Ivorian?
2. who was fouled in the penalty area?
3. who reached the quarter finals?
4. who did they beat?
5. who was russian?
6. what day was the match?
7. after how long was the opening goal?
8. who was the goalkeeper of the other team?
9. why had he left the net open?
10. who scored then?
11. what tournament is being played?

Numbered answers:

A: 1. Arshavin
2. Eboue
3. Arsenal
4. Arsenal side thrashed Porto
5. Arshavin
6. Saturday
7. in the 10th minute
8. Helton
9. he rushed out to block
10. Bendtner
11. the Champions League

Answer the questions at the end based on the text.

CHAPTER VI: FIRKET 



June 7, 1896 

Since the end of 1895 the Dervish force in Firket had been under the command of the Emir Hammuda, and it was through the indolence and neglect of this dissipated Arab that the Egyptian army had been able to make good its position at Akasha without any fighting. Week after week the convoys had straggled unmolested through the difficult country between Sarras and the advanced base. No attack had been made upon the brigade at Akasha. No enterprise was directed against its communications. This fatal inactivity did not pass unnoticed by Wad Bishara, the Governor of Dongola; but although he was nominally in supreme command of all the Dervish forces in the province he had hardly any means of enforcing his authority. His rebukes and exhortations, however, gradually roused Hammuda, and during May two or three minor raids were planned and executed, and the Egyptian position at Akasha was several times reconnoitred. 

Bishara remained unsatisfied, and at length, despairing of infusing energy into Hammuda, he ordered his subordinate Osman Azrak to supersede him. Osman was a Dervish of very different type. He was a fanatical and devoted believer in the Mahdi and a loyal follower of the Khalifa. For many years he had served on the northern frontier of the Dervish Empire, and his name was well known to the Egyptian Government as the contriver of the most daring and the most brutal raids. His cruelty to the wretched inhabitants of the border villages had excluded him from all hope of mercy should he ever fall into the hands of the enemy. His crafty skill, however, protected him, and among the Emirs gathered at Firket there was none whose death would have given greater satisfaction to the military authorities than the man who was now to replace Hammuda. 

1. Who was in command?
2. who was neglected?
3. when was he in command from?
4. was akasha attacked?
5. was the inactivity go unnoticed?
6. how often was convoys deployed?
7. who was in supreme command?
8. what was his other occupation?
9. of where?
10. did any one have the ability to enforce his rule?
11. when were the raids?\
12. how many raids?
13. what position was changed?
14. was he satisfied?
15. Who superseded him?
16. was he a normal dervish?
17. what was he a follower of?
18. was he a kind ruler?
19. what protected him?
20. who was wanted dead?

Numbered answers:

A:
1. the Emir Hammuda
2. the Dervish force
3. Since the end of 1895
4. no
5. yes
6. Week after week
7. Wad Bishara
8. Governor
9. Dongola
10. no
11. May
12. two or three
13. the one at Akasha
14. no
15. Osman Azrak
16. no
17. the Khalifa
18. no
19. His crafty skill
20. Osman