In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: To test the hypothesis that effective pulmonary capillary blood flow can be a useful indicator for estimating appropriate oxygenation and ventilation during one-lung ventilation in lung surgery.', 'Prospective data analysis.', 'A 770-bed general teaching hospital.', '15 ASA physical status II and III patients undergoing elective lung surgery.', 'Patients received general and thoracic epidural anesthesia and underwent lung operation with one-lung ventilation.', 'We measured effective pulmonary capillary blood flow by a partial CO2 rebreathing method and oxygenation parameters during two-lung ventilation before surgery, during one-lung ventilation, and during two-lung ventilation after lung surgery.', 'The effective pulmonary capillary blood flow index significantly decreased by 31.6%, which was associated with a significant decrease in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). The pulmonary shunt fraction increased to 46.3% during one-lung ventilation. During two-lung ventilation, after chest closure, effective pulmonary capillary blood flow index divided by heart rate (i.e., effective pulmonary blood stroke flow index) was still significantly lower than that seen during two-lung ventilation before thoracotomy. There were significant correlations between effective pulmonary capillary blood flow, pulmonary blood stroke flow index, and PaO2.\Question: Is a noninvasive partial carbon dioxide rebreathing technique for measurement of pulmonary capillary blood flow also a useful oxygenation monitor during one-lung ventilation?

Output: Effective pulmonary capillary blood flow index and effective pulmonary blood stroke flow index are useful indicators for determining appropriate oxygenation therapy during one-lung ventilation.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Although home renovation exposure during childhood has been identified as a risk factor for the development of allergy, there is limited information on the association between prenatal exposure to home renovation and cord blood (CB) IgE response. The aims of this study were to identify the effect of prenatal exposure to home renovation on CB IgE levels, and to investigate whether this exposure interacts with neonatal genes and whether the effect can be modified by maternal atopy.', 'This study included 1,002 mother-neonate pairs from the COhort for Childhood Origin of Asthma and allergic diseases (COCOA). Prenatal environmental factors were collected using a questionnaire. The levels of CB IgE were measured by the ImmunoCAP system, and DNA was extracted from CB.', 'Exposure to home renovation during the prenatal period was associated with significantly higher levels of CB IgE only in neonates from atopic mothers, and the effect of renovation exposure on CB IgE levels persisted from 31 months before birth. Furthermore, prenatal exposure to home renovation increased the risk of CB IgE response interacting with polymorphisms of NRF2 and GSTP1 genes only in neonates from atopic mothers.\Question: Is the Interaction Between Prenatal Exposure to Home Renovation and Reactive Oxygen Species Genes in Cord Blood IgE Response Modified by Maternal Atopy?

Output: Maternal atopy modified the effect of prenatal exposure to home renovation on CB serum IgE response as well as the interaction between the exposure and neonatal genes involved in the oxidative stress pathway. These findings suggest that the genetically susceptible offspring of atopic mothers may be more vulnerable to the effect of prenatal exposure to home renovation on the development of allergy.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by severe joint erosion and systemic osteoporosis. Chronic T cell activation is a hallmark of RA, and agents that target the CD28 receptor on T cells, which is required for T cell activation, are being increasingly used as therapies for RA and other inflammatory diseases. Lymphocytes play complex roles in the regulation of the skeleton, and although activated T cells and B cells secrete cytokines that promote skeletal decline, under physiologic conditions lymphocytes also have key protective roles in the stabilization of skeletal mass. Consequently, disruption of T cell costimulation may have unforeseen consequences for physiologic bone turnover. This study was undertaken to investigate the impact of pharmacologic CD28 T cell costimulation blockade on physiologic bone turnover and structure.', 'C57BL6 mice were treated with CTLA-4Ig, a pharmacologic CD28 antagonist or with irrelevant control antibody (Ig), and serum biochemical markers of bone turnover were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone mineral density and indices of bone structure were further measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography, respectively, and static and dynamic indices of bone formation were quantified using bone histomorphometry.', 'Pharmacologic disruption of CD28 T cell costimulation in mice significantly increased bone mass and enhanced indices of bone structure, a consequence of enhanced bone formation, concurrent with enhanced secretion of the bone anabolic factor Wnt-10b by T cells.\Question: Does cTLA-4Ig-induced T cell anergy promote Wnt-10b production and bone formation in a mouse model?


Output: Inhibition of CD28 costimulation by CTLA-4Ig promotes T cell Wnt-10b production and bone formation and may represent a novel anabolic strategy for increasing bone mass in osteoporotic conditions.


