In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a 
. You have to answer the question based on the context.

Proposed Fusion Techniques ::: Step-Wise Decoder Fusion
Our first proposed technique is the step-wise decoder fusion of visual features during every prediction step i.e. we concatenate the visual encoding as context at each step of the decoding process. Proposed Fusion Techniques ::: Multimodal Attention Modulation
Similar to general attention BIBREF8, wherein a variable-length alignment vector $a_{th}(s)$, whose size equals the number of time steps on the source side, is derived by comparing the current target hidden state $h_{t}$ with each source hidden state $\overline{h_{s}}$; we consider a variant wherein the visual encoding $v_{t}$ is used to calculate an attention distribution $a_{tv}(s)$ over the source encodings as well. Proposed Fusion Techniques ::: Visual-Semantic (VS) Regularizer
In terms of leveraging the visual modality for supervision, BIBREF1 use multi-task learning to learn grounded representations through image representation prediction. 
 Question: What are 3 novel fusion techniques that are proposed?
Step-Wise Decoder Fusion Multimodal Attention Modulation Visual-Semantic (VS) Regularizer

To collect a diverse training dataset, we have randomly sampled 1000 posts each from the subreddits politics, business, science, and AskReddit, and 1000 additional posts from the Reddit frontpage. 
 Question: what are the topics pulled from Reddit?
politics, business, science, and AskReddit, and 1000 additional posts from the Reddit frontpage. 

Dialogue Collection: before the formal data collection starts, we required the workers to make a small number of dialogues and gave them feedback about the dialogue quality. Then, well-trained workers were paired to converse according to the given goals. The workers were also asked to annotate both user states and system states.

Dialogue Annotation: we used some rules to automatically annotate dialogue acts according to user states, system states, and dialogue histories. To evaluate the quality of the annotation of dialogue acts and states, three experts were employed to manually annotate dialogue acts and states for 50 dialogues. The results show that our annotations are of high quality. Finally, each dialogue contains a structured goal, a task description, user states, system states, dialogue acts, and utterances. 
 Question: How was the corpus annotated?

The workers were also asked to annotate both user states and system states we used some rules to automatically annotate dialogue acts according to user states, system states, and dialogue histories

