Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Making Connections: Cosmology and Particle Physics There are many connections of cosmology—by definition involving physics on the largest scale—with particle physics—by definition physics on the smallest scale. Among these are the dominance of matter over antimatter, the nearly perfect uniformity of the cosmic microwave background, and the mere existence of galaxies. Matter versus antimatter We know from direct observation that antimatter is rare. The Earth and the solar system are nearly pure matter. Space probes and cosmic rays give direct evidence—the landing of the Viking probes on Mars would have been spectacular explosions of mutual annihilation energy if Mars were antimatter. We also know that most of the universe is dominated by matter. This is proven by the lack of annihilation radiation coming to us from space, particularly the relative absence of 0.511-MeV γ rays created by the mutual annihilation of electrons and positrons. It seemed possible that there could be entire solar systems or galaxies made of antimatter in perfect symmetry with our matter-dominated systems. But the interactions between stars and galaxies would sometimes bring matter and antimatter together in large amounts. The annihilation + radiation they would produce is simply not observed. Antimatter in nature is created in particle collisions and in β decays, but only in small amounts that quickly annihilate, leaving almost pure matter surviving. Particle physics seems symmetric in matter and antimatter. Why isn’t the cosmos? The answer is that particle physics is not quite perfectly symmetric in this regard. The decay of one of the neutral K -mesons, for example, preferentially creates more matter than antimatter. This is caused by a fundamental small asymmetry in the basic forces. This small asymmetry produced slightly.   Q: The lack of annihilation radiation coming to us from space proves that the universe is dominated by what?   A:
OPTIONS:
- vacuum
- energy
- space
- matter
matter

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Superposition refers to the position of rock layers and their relative ages ( Figure below ). Relative age means age in comparison with other rocks, either younger or older. The relative ages of rocks are important for understanding Earth’s history. New rock layers are always deposited on top of existing rock layers. Therefore, deeper layers must be older than layers closer to the surface. This is the law of superposition.   Q: Deeper layers of rock must be older than layers closer to the surface, this is the law of what?   A:
OPTIONS:
- erosion
- diffraction
- flux
- superposition

Answer: superposition

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Like the stem, the leaf contains vascular bundles composed of xylem and phloem (Figure 30.27). The xylem consists of tracheids and vessels, which transport water and minerals to the leaves. The phloem transports the photosynthetic products from the leaf to the other parts of the plant. A single vascular bundle, no matter how large or small, always contains both xylem and phloem tissues.   Q: Like the stem, what basic plant structure contains vascular bundles composed of xylem and phloem?   A:
OPTIONS:
- root
- flower
- bark
- leaf
Answer: leaf

input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Nearly 95% of all earthquakes take place along one of the three types of plate boundaries. As you learned in the Plate Tectonics chapter, scientists use the location of earthquakes to draw plate boundaries.   Q: The vast majority of what phenomena occurs along one of three types of plate boundaries?   A:
OPTIONS:
- tornados
- hurricane
- volcanoes
- earthquake
output: earthquake

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from a male to female cone. If sperm then travel from the pollen to an egg so fertilization can occur, a diploid zygote results. The zygote develops into an embryo within a seed, which forms from the ovule inside the female cone. If the seed germinates, it may grow into a mature sporophyte tree, which repeats the cycle.   Q: If pollination occurs, what does the zygote develop into?   A:

OPTIONS:
- an ovum
- a sperm
- an egg
- an embryo

A: an embryo

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Volume is a measure of the amount of space that a substance or an object takes up. The basic SI unit for volume is the cubic meter (m 3 ), but smaller volumes may be measured in cm 3 , and liquids may be measured in liters (L) or milliliters (mL). How the volume of matter is measured depends on its state.   Q: What is a measure of the amount of space that a substance or an object occupies?   A:
OPTIONS:
- mass
- density
- power
- volume

volume