Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

To assess the impact of an audiovisual (AV) biofeedback on intra- and interfraction tumor motion for lung cancer patients.', 'Lung tumor motion was investigated in 9 lung cancer patients who underwent a breathing training session with AV biofeedback before 2 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sessions. The breathing training session was performed to allow patients to become familiar with AV biofeedback, which uses a guiding wave customized for each patient according to a reference breathing pattern. In the first MRI session (pretreatment), 2-dimensional cine-MR images with (1) free breathing (FB) and (2) AV biofeedback were obtained, and the second MRI session was repeated within 3-6 weeks (mid-treatment). Lung tumors were directly measured from cine-MR images using an auto-segmentation technique; the centroid and outlier motions of the lung tumors were measured from the segmented tumors. Free breathing and AV biofeedback were compared using several metrics: intra- and interfraction tumor motion consistency in displacement and period, and the outlier motion ratio.', 'Compared with FB, AV biofeedback improved intrafraction tumor motion consistency by 34% in displacement (P=.019) and by 73% in period (P<.001). Compared with FB, AV biofeedback improved interfraction tumor motion consistency by 42% in displacement (P<.046) and by 74% in period (P=.005). Compared with FB, AV biofeedback reduced the outlier motion ratio by 21% (P<.001).
1

Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is the main mechanism for gastroesophageal reflux. Although there is evidence that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are neurally mediated, another school of thought is that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations result from gastric distention, which shortens the sphincter to the point where it opens and the pressure decreases. We assessed the relationship of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation to gastroesophageal junction opening in an unsedated human model.', 'Seven healthy volunteers (6 men and 1 woman, aged 18-53 years) were studied while they were sitting. Manometry was performed by using a sleeve catheter passed through 1 nostril. A 5.3-mm endoscope was placed through the other nostril to obtain a retroflexed view of the cardia. The biopsy channel was connected to a barostat to distend the stomach with air at 15 mm Hg for 30 minutes. Manometric and endoscopic video-recording times were synchronized but scored independently.', 'The transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation onset invariably preceded gastroesophageal junction opening (median, 5.0 seconds; range, 0.5-20.7 seconds; P < .001). The transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation nadir also typically occurred before gastroesophageal junction opening (median, 2.1 seconds; range, -4.2 to +19.5 seconds; P < .001). Once open, the gastroesophageal junction moved proximally for the duration of the transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Termination of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations occurred about the time the time of gastroesophageal junction closure.
1

Most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are associated with cirrhosis. Portal hypertension (PHT) and esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB) can limit the patient's treatment options. Surgical therapy in such patients is challenging. We performed devascularization plus liver resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to treat HCC patients with concomitant EVB resulting from PHT secondary to cirrhosis. Such combined operations have never been reported for the management of HCC patients with variceal esophageal bleeding.", 'To evaluate two different treatment regimens for patients with HCC and EVB.', 'We evaluated 35 BCLC stage 0/A patients with HCC and EVB who underwent either devascularization plus liver resection (Group A) or devascularization plus RFA (Group B). We reviewed the safety and outcomes of the two groups and assessed risk factors for patient survival and tumor recurrence.', 'Significant factors for overall survival were surgical approach and Child-Pugh classification. Child-Pugh classification was the only independent risk factor for overall postoperative survival [hazard ratio (HR) 8.320, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.739-39.799, P = 0.008]. Age was the only independent risk factor for tumor recurrence (HR 4.025, 95 % CI 1.343-12.062, P = 0.013).

1

