TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Fatty acid synthase has been shown to be over expressed in a wide range of cancers and it has emerged as a therapeutic target. We examined whether fatty acid synthase could be a novel therapeutic target for renal cell carcinoma using the pharmacological fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, Michigan).', 'The effects of C75 on cell viability and proliferation in human renal cancer 769P (ATCC(R)), Caki-1 and KU20-01 cells were examined by MTS assay and cell counts. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry and cell invasiveness was assessed by wound healing and Matrigel(trade mark) invasion assays. Fatty acid synthase expression and the effects of C75 on intracellular signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. The antitumor efficacy of C75 was examined using Caki-1 cell xenografts.', 'All renal cancer cell lines expressed detectable fatty acid synthase. C75 (10 mug/ml) significantly inhibited cell viability and growth by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and inducing apoptosis (p <0.01). The covered area in the wound and the number of cells invading through a Matrigel chamber were significantly smaller for cells treated with C75 than they were for control cells treated with vehicle (p <0.001). C75 suppressed Her2 and epidermal growth factor receptor expression as well as STAT3 phosphorylation, while increasing p53 and p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. Intraperitoneal administration of C75 at doses of 20 mg/kg per week for 28 days significantly reduced the tumor volume of Caki-1 xenografts (p <0.05).
Answer: Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase could be an effective strategy for treating renal cell carcinoma.

SOLUTION: Does pharmacological inhibitor of fatty acid synthase suppress growth and invasiveness of renal cancer cells?

PROBLEM: Context: Accumulating evidences indicated that lncRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in oncogenesis and progression of cancers. BRAF activated non-coding RNA (BANCR) has been identified to contribute to the progression of some human cancers. However, the relationship between BANCR and bladder cancer (BC) is largely unclear.', 'BANCR expression levels in BC, paired non-cancer tissues and BC cell lines were detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The relationships between BANCR expression levels and the clinical characteristics were evaluated. BANCR expression was enhanced by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. We used both CCK-8 assay and Edu assay to detect cell proliferation. We also detect cell apoptosis and migration by using ELISA assay, Flow cytometry and transwell assay, respectively. All statistical analyses were executed by using the SPSS 20.0 software.', 'BANCR expression levels were remarkably decreased in BC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. BANCR expression levels in two BC cell lines were also significantly down-regulated. Clinicopathologic analysis revealed that low BANCR expression was positively correlated with TNM stage, but not associated with other clinicopathological characteristics. BANCR has been successfully overexpressed in BC cell lines (T24 and SW780) by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. Cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and migration suppression were also observed in pCDNA-BANCR-transfected T24 and SW780 cells.
Answer: These data suggested that BANCR represents a tumor suppressor player in bladder cancer, contributes to tumor proliferation, apoptosis and migration, and may serve as a new candidate biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for patients with BC.

SOLUTION: Does over-expression of long noncoding RNA BANCR inhibit malignant phenotypes of human bladder cancer?

PROBLEM: Context: The prognostic relevance of bacterial DNA (bactDNA) detection in ascitic fluid of patients with cirrhosis is still under debate. Using quantitative real-time PCR with broad-range primers targeting the V3 and V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene, we measured bactDNA concentrations in patients with and without leukocytic ascites and evaluated the impact on short-term survival.', 'Ascites samples from 173 patients with decompensated cirrhosis were consecutively collected between February 2011 and December 2012. BactDNA-positive ascites samples were sequenced and chromatograms were identified using RipSeq. Clinical data collection and survival analyses were carried out retrospectively and correlated with ascites bactDNA levels.', "BactDNA was detected qualitatively with a similar frequency in both nonleukocytic and leukocytic ascites [40% (57/144) and 43.5% (10/23), respectively; P=0.724]. However, the median bactDNA level was significantly higher in leukocytic ascites than in nonleukocytic ascites (1.2×10 vs. 5.7×10\u2009copies/ml; P=0.008). Patients' survival was associated significantly with bactDNA level. The 30-day and 180-day survival was reduced if bactDNA was above the quantification limit of 520\u2009copies/ml (84 and 63% vs. 72 and 43%, respectively; P<0.05) and worst if bactDNA was above 5000\u2009copies/ml. The bacterial spectrum was dominated by Gram-positive strains as shown by direct sequencing.
Answer: BactDNA quantification in ascitic fluid samples using culture-independent 16S rRNA gene-based methods seems to be an interesting approach to identify patients at risk of reduced survival. Our study warrants further evaluation of antibiotic treatment in patients with molecular bacterascites.

SOLUTION:
Does detection of molecular bacterascites in decompensated cirrhosis define a risk with decreased survival?

