In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

Q: under an estoppel theory, ""[a] nonsignatory is estopped from refusing to comply with an arbitration clause when it receives a 'direct benefit' from a contract containing an arbitration clause.""

A: non-overruling
****
Q: although white testified that gladys herself called him to discuss the preparation of her 2008 will, clara disputed whether her mother could have looked up the number in the phone book. according to clara, gladys's eyesight had become so poor that gladys had difficulty reading or even seeing a glass of water in front of her. clara further testified that gladys needed help dialing phone numbers and would ask clara to dial the numbers for her. 33.

A: non-overruling
****
Q: walker process, 382 u.s. at 174.

A:
non-overruling
****
