Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. 

Historically, manganese is named for pyrolusite and other black minerals from the region of Magnesia in Greece, which also gave its name to magnesium and the iron ore magnetite. By the mid-18th century, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used pyrolusite to produce chlorine. Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (now known to be manganese dioxide) contained a new element, but they were unable to isolate it. Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by reducing the dioxide with carbon. 

Manganese phosphating is used for rust and corrosion prevention on steel. Ionized manganese is used industrially as pigments of various colors, which depend on the oxidation state of the ions. The permanganates of alkali and alkaline earth metals are powerful oxidizers. Manganese dioxide is used as the cathode (electron acceptor) material in zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries. 

In biology, manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a large variety of enzymes with many functions. Manganese enzymes are particularly essential in detoxification of superoxide free radicals in organisms that must deal with elemental oxygen. Manganese also functions in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosynthetic plants. While the element is a required trace mineral for all known living organisms, it also acts as a neurotoxin in larger amounts. Especially through inhalation, it can cause manganism, a condition in mammals leading to neurological damage that is sometimes irreversible. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. Will the world be destroyed in a nuclear holocaust with Manganese as the catalyst?
2. What's the symbol for Manganese?
3. What about its atomic number?
4. Is it found just floating about there in the wild?
5. What's it usually found in minerals with?
6. Is it more useful for industry or farming?
7. What depends on the oxidation state of the ions?
8. What type of Manganese ion is used as a cathode?
9. Is it used in batteries?
10. What is one of the uses of manganese phosphating?
11. What region did it historically originate in?
12. What country was that?
13. What color is it?
14. Who used it to produce chlorine?
15. Where was he from?
16. When was he messing about with pyrolusite?
17. Did he know there was a new element somewhere in there?
18. Who was the first to actually isolate an impure sample of manganese?
19. When?
20. What did he use to reduce the dioxide?
Answer: 1. No
2. Mn
3. 25
4. No
5. Iron.
6. Industry
7. Pigments of various colors
8. Manganese Dioxide
9. Yes
10. rust and corrosion prevention on steel
11. Greece
12. Greece
13. Black
14. Carl Wilhelm Scheele
15. Sweden
16. mid-18th century
17. Yes
18. Johan Gottlieb Gahn
19. 1774
20. Carbon

Problem: Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", and compared it with artificial selection. 

Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment. Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants; therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, including sexual selection (now often included in natural selection) and fecundity selection. 

Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population. Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in speciation (the emergence of new species, macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits, whereas in natural selection there is no intentional choice.
1. What is key to evolution?
2. What is natural selection?
3. Who made that wording popular?
4. What did he compare it to?
5. Is variation common in organisms?
6. Why does this happen?
7. What happens to the offspring?
8. Do genomes interact often?
9. What type of biology is involved?
10. Do cells play a factor?
11. In what type of environments?
12. Is reproductive success or failure important, which?
13. Is selection important too?
Answer: 1. Natural selection
2. differential survival due to differences in phenotype
3. Charles Darwin
4. artificial selection
5. yes
6. because random mutations arise
7. they can inherit mutations.
8. yes
9. molecular biology
10. yes
11. in biotic as well as the abiotic environment
12. reproductive success is important
13. yes

question: (CNN) -- Rafael Nadal remains on course for a record seventh French Open title after he dismissed the challenge of fellow Spaniard Nicolas Almagro to notch up his 50th Roland Garros victory. 

The world No.2 triumphed 7-6 6-2 6-3 over the 12th seed as he goes in search of the 11th grand slam title in his illustrious career. 

Standing between Nadal and a seventh Paris final is another Spaniard, David Ferrer, after the No. 6 seed beat Britain's Andy Murray 6-4 6-7 6-3 6-2. 

The former world No. 1 has lost only once at the French Open since making his debut as an 18-year-old in 2005. He is yet to lose a set in this year's tournament. 

"It was a tough one, but I am through and I am very happy," Nadal told the ATP Tour's official website. "You cannot expect to win an easy match in the quarterfinals of a grand slam. 

On his semi-final against Ferrer, Nadal added: "We played each other a lot of times. His game bothers everybody because he's one of the best players in the world on every surface -- on clay especially. 

"He's a complete player. It's very difficult to play against him, because his movement is probably the best in the world and he's able to hit the ball very early a lot of the time." 

Should Nadal secure his seventh title he will go one better than legendary Swede Bjorn Borg, who has six. He will also match Bjorg's record of 11 career grand slam titles. 
1. Who is the article about?
2. How many titles has he won so far?
3. Who is he up against for his seventh final?
4. Who did he just beat?
5. Is he happy?
6. Who's record will he match if he wins a seventh time?
7. How many times has he lost at the French Open?
8. Have him and his opponent in the semi final played together before?
9. Who does he consider to be one of the best players in the world?
10. How many grand slams does Bjorg have?
****
answer:
1. Rafael Nadal
2. 11 career grand slam titles.
3. David Ferrer
4. Nicolas Almagro
5. yes
6. unknown
7. once
8. Yes
9. Ferrer,
10. 11