Ques & Ans: The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics. Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine, seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle (Romans 5: 12 -- 21 and 1 Corinthians 15: 22) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51: 5. Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence (or "hurtful desire"), affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom. The Jansenist movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will.

Answer this question based on the passage: when did the doctrine of original sin begin?
the 2nd century
Stream of consciousness: This is the relevant information: The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics.

Ques & Ans: John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto, Venetian: Zuan Chabotto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of the mainland of North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed.

Answer this question: who was the first english explorer to reach north america in 1497?
John Cabot
Stream of consciousness: This is the relevant information: John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto, Venetian: Zuan Chabotto; c. 1450 -- c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of the mainland of North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century.

Ques & Ans: Passage: Van Mahotsav festival was started in 1950 by Kulapati Dr. KM Munshi, then the Union Minister for Agriculture and Food to create enthusiasm among masses for forest conservation and planting trees. It is now a week-long festival, celebrated on different days in different parts of India, but usually between 1 July to 7 July. It began after a flourishing tree planting drive which was undertaken in Delhi, in which national leaders participated. The festival was simultaneously celebrated in a number of states in India. Since then, millions of saplings of diverse species have been planted with energetic participation of local people and various agencies like the forest department. Awareness spread as the chipko movement rose in popularity as a crusade to save mother earth..

Question: Based on this passage, when do we celebrate van mahotsav in india?
on different days in different parts of India , but usually between 1 July to 7 July
Stream of consciousness: This is the relevant information: It is now a week-long festival, celebrated on different days in different parts of India, but usually between 1 July to 7 July.

Ques & Ans: A votive candle or prayer candle is a small candle, typically white or beeswax yellow, intended to be burnt as a votive offering in an act of Christian prayer, especially within the Anglican and Roman Catholic Christian denominations, among others. In Christianity, votive candles are commonplace in many churches, as well as home altars, and symbolize the "prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself, or for other people." The size of a votive candle is often two inches tall by one and a half inches diameter, although other votive candles can be significantly taller and wider. In other religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, similar offerings exist, which include diyas and butter lamps.

Answer this question based on the passage: what do candles symbolize in the catholic church?
the `` prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself , or for other people . ''
Stream of consciousness:
This is the relevant information: In Christianity, votive candles are commonplace in many churches, as well as home altars, and symbolize the "prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself, or for other people."