INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Turn the fabric over and avoid touching the WD-40 with your fingers. Lay the fabric back on the paper towels and spray the back of the spray. Spraying the back of the fabric will help the WD-40 lift the crayon stain. This gives the solvent time to dissolve the wax stain so it's easier to wash out. If you're short on time, you could skip this step but the stain may not lift completely. Wash your hands well with soapy water after spraying the WD-40.

SUMMARY: Flip the fabric over and spray the back of the stain with WD-40. Let the WD-40 sit on the fabric for 10 minutes.


INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Hyperpigmentation can take a variety of forms and have a number of different potential causes. If you want to try and prevent it, it's important to have a clear understanding of the different ways it might appear to see for which form you are most at risk. Depending on what form of hyperpigmentation you are concerned about, you may not be able to do much to prevent it. The three main types are:  Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation Lentigines Melasma This type of hyperpigmentation can be caused by any inflammatory skin condition which involves the junction between epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin and the dermis is the layer beneath that. The kind of inflammation or injury that can cause PIH includes acne, burns, and psoriasis. A professional skin treatment can also result in PIH.  If PIH is a reaction to a specific inflammation or trauma it can resolve itself without treatment, but this can sometimes take months. It is possible that epidermal pigmentation can last for six months or a year. Dermal pigmentation can last for even longer, persisting for years. There are a wide variety of different instances of lentigines recorded in medicine. Some of these develop when you are very young and some as you get older. Solar lentigines are those which are most often caused by excessive exposure to the sun. Sometimes these are known as liver spots, and have been associated with aging. Although they do multiply and become more prominent with age, evidence has shown them to be much more prominent in older people who have had high exposure to UV light.  Solar lentigines most frequently occur on the face and the back of the hands. There is no proven link between lentigines and melanoma (a serious form of skin cancer), but they are considered an independent risk factor for melanoma. One other common type of hyperpigmentation is known as melasma (sometimes referred to as chloasma). Unlike the PIH and lentigines, melasma is not caused by exposure to the sun or a trauma or inflammation experienced by the skin. Melasma is understood to result from hormonal fluctuations, most commonly during pregnancy.  Melasma takes the appearance of dark brown, roughly symmetrical patches on the face, which have clear distinct edges. Melasma can be a side-effect of oral contraceptives for women. It is often aggravated by thyroid complaints. It is more prevalent and tends to persist for longer in people with darker skin, and is sometimes experienced by dark-skinned men. For women, melasma often fades slowly after pregnancy, when hormonal fluctuations desist; however, it may never completely disappear without treatment.

SUMMARY: Identify the different types. Understand post-inflammatory hyperpig­mentation (PIH). Identify lentigines. Determine melasma hyperpigmentation.


INPUT ARTICLE: Article: It's important to give your Cavalier new experiences, especially while he's still very young (before 18 weeks old). He'll consider the new sights and sounds to be normal which can help build his confidence. This socialization will also prevent over-anxious behavior as he gets older. Make sure your Cavalier meets a wide range of people, dogs, and experiences. You can take your dog to a socialization class run by your vet or a reputable trainer in the area. Train your Cavalier in small doses and often. Keep the sessions to five minutes at a time and do them three times a day. Your dog will respond better to this than if you do one long half-hour session. Choose a time when your dog isn't hungry or tired, so he pays attention. Stop the session if he looses interest. Always try to end on a positive note, with a command you know your dog can do. Use a clicker to teach your dog to associate a click-clack sound with receiving a reward when he obeys a command. Practice by throwing a treat on the floor and let your Cavalier eat it. As soon as he goes to the treat, press the clicker. Repeat this till he associates the click-clack sound with looking for a treat. Start giving commands and when he obeys, press the clicker as his reward. For example, when your Cavalier toilets outside, immediately press the clicker so he knows he's being rewarded for toileting in the right place. When you use the clicker training, always start with a verbal command word. For example, say "Sit" and click once he follows the command. Once he's comfortable following verbal commands with the clicker reward, stop using the clicker, but continue to use verbal commands. For example, you could run a few steps away from your Cavalier while slapping your leg and calling his name. He'll instinctively want to keep close to you, so this is good practice in responding to his name. Your Cavalier will only associate punishment with you instead of the action you dislike. This can damage your relationship, actually making it harder to train him. Instead, use positive reinforcement with verbal praise and rewards like treats or exercise.  If your dog misbehaves, you can firmly say "No." Avoid giving him a lot of attention or telling him off. Any attention is a reward for your dog. If your Cavalier grabs something he shouldn't and you haven't trained him to give it back, distract him with a toy or some food. Take the object while he's distracted.

SUMMARY:
Expose your dog to others. Choose good times to train. Clicker train your dog. Use verbal commands. Never hit or yell at your dog.