Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.

Ex Input:
In botany, a stoma (plural stomata), also called a stomate (plural stomates)[1] (from Greek στόμα, mouth[2]), is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange. Does Leaf Surface Area Affect the Rate of Transpiration in a Plant? Aim: The aim of my investigation is to find out if the leaf surface area affects the rate of transpiration in a plant. Variables: The variables of this experiment are;- * The leaf surface area * Temperature of the surrounding air * The speed and amount of wind * The amount of light Environmental Factors: Temperature of air The temperature of the air affects the rate of transpiration. Where S=the number of stomata, E=total number of epidermal cells in a unit area of the leaf. Oats contain 54,000 per one square inch, but cucumber contains 428,000 per square inch. A study on stomatal index of leaves at different positions and different areas in the same leaf and plant provides very interesting information about the structure, frequency, distribution and ultimately their function. Water is transpired through stomata, but carbon dioxide also must pass through stomata into a leaf for. photosynthesis to occur. There is evidence that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has not. always been the same over the history of life on Earth. How to Calculate Leaf Surface Area. The rate of transpiration is measured as the amount of water lost/ square meter/ minute. Because water evaporates through the many stomata on the leaf surface, the rate of transpiration is directly related to the surface area. To arrive at the rate of transpiration, therefore, you must calculate the leaf surface area of each plant: Because most stomata are found in the lower epidermis, you will determine that surface area. 1  Lay the leaves to be measured on a 1-cm grid and trace their outlines. 2  Count the number of square centimeters. To investigate the relationship among leaf surface area, number of stomata, and the rate of transpiration learning objective 2: To design and conduct an experiment to explore other factors, including different environmental variables, on the rate of transpiration Perhaps there are the same number of stomata on a small leaf as on a large leaf and the space between the stomata increases as the leaf grows. Perhaps larger leaves have more stomata and more stomata are formed in the spaces as a leaf gets bigger. Each of these hypotheses could lead you to a different prediction of the rate of transpiration per cm2 in large compared with small leaves. We would be interested to know how your experiments go. This is an adaptation to check excessive transpiration in these plants. Number of Stomata (Stomatal Frequency): The number of stomata in a definite area of leaf varies from plant to plant. Xerophytes possess larger number of stomata than mesophytes. Number of stomata/sq cm. is 1000 — 60,000 in different plant species. The number of stomta per unit area of leaf is called Stomatal Frequency. Stomata frequency of trees and shrubs is higher than herbs. Stomata nearly occupy one to two percent of total leaf area when fully open. Is there any relationship between the number of stomata and the environment in which the plant species evolved? • Are leaf surface area and the number of stomata related to the rate of transpiration? What might happen to the rate of transpiration if the number of leaves or the size of leaves is reduced? • Do all parts of a plant transpire? Transpiration is a physiological phenomenon in which water is lost from certain surfaces of the plant body in the form of water vapors. This process is essential for the upward movement of water and mineral nutrients. Query: how does the number of stomata in a leaf relate to the rate of transpiration

Ex Output:
The rate of transpiration is measured as the amount of water lost/ square meter/ minute. Because water evaporates through the many stomata on the leaf surface, the rate of transpiration is directly related to the surface area.


Ex Input:
Less serious side effects may include: 1  warmth, pain, stiffness, swelling, or puffiness where the medicine was injected; 2  nausea, stomach pain; 3  headache; 4  back pain; 5  numbness or tingly feeling; 6  cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat; 7  tired feeling; or. 8  itching or skin irritation around the knee. Supartz Fx Side Effects Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as: 1  severe pain or swelling around the knee after the injection; 2  fast heart rate, sweating, chills or shaking; or. 3  heavy feeling, anxiety, confusion. This fluid acts as a lubricant and shock absorber for the joints. Sodium hyaluronate is used to treat knee pain caused by osteoarthritis. Sodium hyaluronate is usually given after other arthritis medications have been tried without successful treatment of symptoms. Sodium hyaluronate may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Pregnancy injections: usually specialty medications for injection or infusion in women. These drugs can be given for many reasons including to prevent pregnancy, pre-term labor, or autoimmune reactions. Most of these medications are given in a health care setting such as your doctor’s office or hospital. Examples: Depo-Provera, Makena, RhoGAM; There are also a handful of drugs where your first dose must be given under supervision at your doctor’s office, but you can then fill a prescription to self-administer maintenance doses. Intravitreal injections: specialty medications for the eye. These drugs are given by intravitreal injection, meaning they are injected into the jelly-like substance of the eye. Examples: Lucentis, Macugen, Eylea. Chemotherapy: usually intravenous, specialty medication used to treat various forms of cancer. These drugs are given as an intra-articular injection, meaning they are injected directly into the joint space, either as a one-time injection or at weekly intervals depending on the medication. Examples: Synvisc, Synvisc One, Euflexxa, Kenalog, dexamethasone Supartz (Sodium Hyaluronate) Supartz - is a solution of hyaluronate, a natural substance that acts like oil to cushion and lubricate your knee joint. Supartz is injected directly into the knee. Just a single course of treatment (five injections given weekly) can provide long-lasting pain relief. SUPARTZ has been in use since 1987 and approximately 143 million injections given. SUPARTZ is the most prescribed Joint Fluid Therapy in the world. Supartz is a natural chemical of highly purified Sodium Hyaluronate that comes from rooster combs. It is in the classification of medications that are referred to as visco supplements. In osteoarthritis there is usually a reduction in hyaluronate in the tissues and the joint. and there may be a change in the quality of the hyaluronate itself. Supartz is used to relieve the pain due to osteoarthritis in the knee joint. Like other visco supplements, it is only used if the patient has not obtained adequate relief from simple pain medication, exercise, or possibly physical therapy. Supartz contains natural Sodium Hyaluronate and is not chemically modified in any way. Acute inflammatory Since this medication is given by a healthcare professional in a medical setting, an overdose is unlikely to occur. Call your doctor for instructions if you miss an appointment for your sodium hyaluronate injection. Page 1 of 8. Supartz (Sodium Hyaluronate) Supartz -. is a solution of hyaluronate, a natural substance that acts like oil to cushion. and lubricate your knee joint. Supartz is injected directly into the knee. Just a single course of treatment (five. injections given weekly) can provide long-lasting pain relief. SUPARTZ has been in use since 1987 and approximately 143 million injections given. SUPARTZ is the most prescribed Joint Fluid Therapy in the world. Supartz is a natural chemical of highly purified Sodium Hyaluronate that comes from rooster combs. Query: how is supartz medication given

Ex Output:
Supartz medication is directly injected into the knee.


Ex Input:
How long can a Salamander live without water? A salamander can only live 2 or 3 days without water. However, they can go without food for approximately 5 days. The larvae are aquatic, tan to black, less than 2 inches long, and have three pairs of external gills extending from the base of the head. Habitat. Long-toed salamanders live in moist habitats, from timbered valley floors to alpine meadows and alpine lake shorelines. They are usually found near a pond, lake, or stream, often under logs. Adults are dormant during winter and emerge from ground or log burrows in early spring. In the wild, the average life span of a barred tiger salamander is around 3 years. In captivity, however, it is very common for a barred tiger salamander to live for aro…und 20 years. Of course this is dependent upon their diet, habitat, and upkeep. The colors and patterns on tiger salamanders vary between individuals and change throughout their life cycle. Adults are usually black with yellow spots or stripes all over their body. How long does a spotted salamander live? National Geographic reports that they can live for up to 20 years in the wild. Opinions differ about its lifespan in captivity, ranging between 5-30 years. Adults mature at age two to three and can live up to seven years or more. Ecology and status Like all amphibians, the long-toed salamander absorbs water and oxygen through its skin and lives on land and water at various stages of its life. Once they have bred, these amphibians move to upland areas. Food. Adult long-toed salamanders eat a variety of invertebrates, including slugs, worms, and insects. Smaller larvae eat tiny water crustaceans (zooplankton), but as they grow they eat invertebrates, frog tadpoles, and often other smaller salamander larvae. In captivity, however, it is very common for a barred tiger salamander to live for aro … und 20 years. Of course this is dependent upon their diet, habitat, and upkeep. For more information regaurding any species of salamander or newt, you may want to check out this website... How big do tiger salamanders get? Tiger salamanders are the largest land-dwelling salamanders. They can grow up to a foot long, though most are between 6-8 inches. How long do tiger salamanders live? Tiger salamanders can live up to 25 years, though most do not reach that age in the wild due to predation and other hazards. Where do tiger salamanders live? Tiger salamanders can be found throughout the state of Minnesota. They live in or near wetlands like marshes, lakes, and ponds. They spend most of their time burrowing under the leaf litter or underground looking for food. In human populated areas, tiger salamanders can sometimes be found in window-wells and waterlines. Confidence votes 23.8K. That all depends on the type of salamander, most live 8-10 years, some live for approx 20 years, the Chinese giant salamander can live for 50 years. Query: how long salamanders live

Ex Output:

Salamanders live up to 20 years.


