Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.

Example Input: Two known chemotherapy agents effectively target breast cancer stem cells Date: May 2, 2016 Source: Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University Summary: Two existing chemotherapy drugs appear to be a powerful pair in targeting errant stem cells that are making breast cancer and enabling its spread and recurrence, scientists report. Share: Chemotherapy targets cancer cells through similar biological processes. For instance, early chemotherapy drugs attacked folate, which is a key component of cellular division. Since cancer cells divide more than normal cells, they are more greatly harmed by this drug. Newer chemotherapy agents target specific mutations in certain cancer cells, making their effects very specific to only the tumor. To your last point, radiation and chemo both can induce future cancers. Radiation therapy targets cancer cells in two ways. First, we shape the beam of radiation such that it conforms as closely as possible to the shape of the tumor. We also treat from multiple different angles, with all beams converging on the tumor. Best Answer: The short answer is that they don't differentiate between cell types. This is why there are side effects. There are a variety of different mechanisms that the chemo meds employ, down-regulating certain proteins from being made, binding certain receptors to trigger cell death, etc. You hit it when you said the chemo meds mostly target rapidly dividing cells (or highly metabolically active cells.) And we're able to be relatively tissue specific too, so different drugs have affinities for different tissues. (That's why chemo for lung cancer and chemo for prostate cancer, for example, are very different protocols.) And the more we learn about how cancer cells work in the body, the more we're able to develop new tools to address them. How Cancer Stem Cells Thrive When Oxygen Is Scarce. 1  Mar. 28, 2016 — Working with human breast cancer cells and mice, scientists say new experiments explain how certain cancer stem cells thrive in low oxygen conditions. Proliferation of such cells, which tend to ... Two known chemotherapy agents effectively target breast cancer stem cells. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160502131417.htm. Two existing chemotherapy drugs appear to be a powerful pair in targeting errant stem cells that are making breast cancer and enabling its spread and recurrence, scientists report. Your source for the latest research news Most current chemotherapy does not kill the stem cells, which are the cells of origin, only the tumor mass, said Dr. Muthusamy Thangaraju, biochemist in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Medical College of Georgia and Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University. Features. 1  Book List. 2  Mods' Choice: Outstanding posts recognized by the mod team. 3  Weekly Features: Archives of AskAnything Wednesday, FAQ Fridays, and more! 4  FAQ: In-depth answers to many popular questions. 5  New and gilded posts. / 6 r/AskScienceDiscussion: For open-ended and hypothetical questions. Their work was done in mouse models of breast cancer, and findings held up in a human breast cancer cell line. The studies also provided more evidence -- at least in their animal models -- of why the stem cells are an important target. Normally, stem cells make progenitor cells, which make specific cells that comprise the breast. In this sense, the tumor is targeted geometrically - the radiation is aimed at the tumor, and not normal tissue. Secondly, cancer cells are more sensitive to radiation damage. Since they move through the cell cycle so rapidly, they are more likely to be in a specific, radiosensitive phase of cellular activity. Query: how does chemotherapy target cancer cells
Example Output: Chemotherapy targets cancer cells through similar biological processes. For instance, early chemotherapy drugs attacked folate, which is a key component of cellular division. Since cancer cells divide more than normal cells, they are more greatly harmed by this drug.

Example Input: Learn if you should buy theme park tickets in advance for Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. You may book your dining reservations up to 180 days in advance, and I highly recommend that you do so if you want to dine at any particular restaurants. There are a few that actually book up 180 days in advance and people flood the phone lines to book. Cinderella's Royal table is a Prime example. Share the Magic: 1  Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) 2  Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window) 3  Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window) 4  Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window) 5  Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window) 6  Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window) Important Dates to Remember When Booking Your Walt Disney World Vacation Package. 1  With a Walt Disney World vacation on your horizon, keeping track of important booking windows, reservations and customization deadlines may at times feel like a full-time job. On the other hand those going in Fall of 2017 will be able to jump in early and book their holiday a generous 16 months in advance. Those hoping to book airfare as part of their Walt Disney World package should also take note that flights aren’t bookable through Disney until 330 days in advance. Guests do have the option of booking their hotel and tickets and adding on flights at the 330 day mark. For assistance with your Walt Disney World visit, please call (407) 939-5277. 7:00 AM to 11:00 PM Eastern Time. Guests under 18 years of age must have parent or guardian permission to call. How far in advance should I book a Disney Cruise Line vacation? Advance booking is the best way to get a great price and your choice of available staterooms. A. Yes. While you can purchase theme park tickets once you arrive at Walt Disney World Resort, we do recommend that you buy tickets in advance. To make your vacation planning as easy as possible, we suggest one of our Magic Your Way vacation packages, which include both your Disney Resort hotel stay and theme park admission. You can also customize these flexible packages to include airfare, transportation options and a Disney dining plan. Question: How far in advance can I book my trip to Disney World? Answer: Is there a Walt Disney World Holiday in your slightly distant future? Are you waiting eagerly to book your holiday for 2017 onward? If you’re a forward planner like me, its good to know how soon in advance you can actually start planning your trip to the Mouse. Here are the ins and outs of making advance reservations at Disney World. When it comes to Walt Disney World resort rooms they can be purchased up to 499 days in advance. This is good news for those who plan on staying on property but who don’t want to commit to booking a whole package. Walt Disney World vacation packages are also available 499 days in advance technically. The only catch is that Disney doesn’t always release them within that window for instance, packages for 2017 are due to go on sale June 21, 2016. If you have little kids and want them to go to the character breakfasts and stuff then I would say 6 months is a good amount of time. Also where you want to stay is another factor. If you want to stay on Disney property then I would book a room around 6 months in advance to make sure you get exactly what you want. Query: how long in advance should you book disney world
Example Output: You should book disney world 16 months in advance.

Example Input: The IRS states that returns can take up to 21 days to be approved from the date the return is accepted. At this point it's just a waiting game. Now it doesn't mean your return can't be approved earlier but there's no way to know as the process is not very transparent. If, and only if, it isn't approved by February 21st, then call the IRS. echang426 Filing a return through the mail is, of course, the slower of the two processes. For those who mail their federal return, the IRS will remit a tax refund within six weeks after they have been received the completed return. If you file electronically, you should receive your tax refund within three weeks. By eliminating mistakes, consumers can ensure that their refund is received in as timely a fashion as possible. 1  The most common mistakes, which can cause delays in receiving a refund, are listed below: 2  Social security number missing or incorrect. 3  Incorrect tax result, given reported income and filing status, was entered. The system provides personalized daily updates for taxpayers 24 hours after a return is e-filed or four weeks after the IRS has received a paper return. It tracks each refund’s progress through three stages: Return Received; Refund Approved; Refund Sent My ny state tax says my taxes are done being processed and i will recieve correspondence in 10 days about my refund does that mean i did not get approved Reply admin says: Hello, I submitted my refund via TurboTax on 01/28/13 at approximately 6 PM CST. It was accepted the next day by the IRS. Currently, Where's my refund says that the tax return was received and is processing. My question is, how long (many days) does it take for the status to go from Received/Accepted... show more Hello, I submitted my refund via TurboTax on 01/28/13 at approximately 6 PM CST. It was accepted the next day by the IRS. Currently, Where's my refund says that the tax return was received and is processing. My question is, how long (many days) does it take for the status to go from Received/Accepted... I submitted my refund via TurboTax on 01/28/13 at approximately 6 PM CST. Refunds take up to 30 days to be direct deposited and up to 60 days to be mailed. Mississippi: Check your refund status on the Mississippi Taxpayer Access Point Refund Search page. Their 24 hour refund number is 601-923-7801. E-filed refunds are issued within 14 business days while paper filed may take 8-10 weeks. After my taxes are approved how long does it take to get my refund. I filed my taxes on feb 13th and they were accepted on feb 15th, still not approved and no refund as of yet or no expected refund date? Irs website said refund was approved and sent and should be in bank on the 4th. i went through turbotax. will my refund be there on the 4th? Depending the on the filing you have done if e-filing and direct deposit IRS will receive it within 24 hours and the processing will take less than 21 days. You can check you refund status on the link above. For products purchased online: Depending on your bank, it may take 3 - 5 business days after a refund has been processed for it to post to your account. For products purchased from a retail store: 3 - 4 weeks after iolo receives the returned product. Note: For a detailed overview of iolo's terms and conditions for retail store returns, click here. iolo Knowledge Base Order/Sales Questions Query: how long after a refund is received does it get approved
Example Output:
The IRS will remit a tax refund within six weeks after they have been received the completed return.

