question: The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as "Germania", thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered. The victory of the Germanic tribes in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) prevented annexation by the Roman Empire, although the Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior were established along the Rhine. Following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Franks conquered the other West Germanic tribes. When the Frankish Empire was divided among Charlemagne's heirs in 843, the eastern part became East Francia. In 962, Otto I became the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval German state. 

In the High Middle Ages, the regional dukes, princes and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern states became Protestant, while the southern states remained Catholic. The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians living in both parts. The Thirty Years' War brought tremendous destruction to Germany; more than 1/4 of the population and 1/2 of the male population in the German states were killed by the catastrophic war. 1648 marked the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern nation-state system, with Germany divided into numerous independent states, such as Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony.
1. when was the Frankish empire divided among Charlemange's heirs?
2. where did the two parts of the holy roman empire clash?
3. when did that happen?
4. what did it mark the end of?
5. how was germany divided after that?
6. how far back can the concept of Germany be traced?
7. what did he refer to the area as?
8. is it different than Gaul?
9. list some of the independent German states
10. are there any others?
11. what?
12. what battle prevented annexation of the Germanic tribes
13. when did it happen?
14. who was the first emperor of the holy roman empire?
15. what year?
16. who led the Protestant reformation?
17. did the norhtern states remain catholic?
18. did the southern states?
19. what country was destroyed in the 30 years war?
20. how much of the male population died?
****
answer: 1. 843
2. Thirty Years' War
3. 1618–1648
4. Holy Roman Empire
5. numerous independent states
6. to Julius Caesar
7. Germania
8. yes
9. Prussia & Bavaria
10. yes
11. Saxony
12. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
13. AD 9
14. Otto I
15. 962
16. Luther
17. no
18. yes
19. Germany
20. 1/2

Many Americans have been leaving their cars at home and riding to work on bicycles. Andy Clark is the leader of the League of American Bicyclists. His group supports bicycling for fun, fitness and transportation. 

Clark says this is good news for the environment. He says riding a bicycle to work does not burn fossil fuel or creates dangerous pollutions. Experts say the effects are the most important on short trips. The Department of Transportation says fifty percent of Americans drive eight kilometers or fewer to work. Shorter car trips set out more pollution into the air for each kilometer drive. This is because the car engine will set out the harmful air when it warms up before it can work well. 

James, a members of Congress , is a strong supporter of bicycle use. He says cities, counties, state governments and state highway transportation agencies are planning the roadways of the future. They are creating roads and paths for bicycles in cities and between communities. 

Last year, Portland, the Pacific Northwest city in the state of Oregon, had the highest percentage of bicycle users in the United States. Portland has been doing progressive city planning for many years to create special paths for bike riders. What are the answers to this following set of questions: 1. What have many people swapped out cars for?
2. What is the role of Andy Clark?
3. What percentage of Americans drive less than 8 kilometers to work?
4. What do these trips do the environment?
5. Does Congress mentioned support bicycle use?
6. What city has the most bicycle uSers in the U.S.?
7. Are transportation agencies doing anything to encourage more bicycle uers?
8. Besides transportation, what does the group support bicycling for?
9. How long did it take Portland to setup for bicyclists?
10. What type of fuel is avoided with bicycle use?
Answer: 1. bicycles
2. Andy Clark is the leader of the League of American Bicyclists
3. fifty
4. does not burn fossil fuel or creates dangerous pollutions
5. strong supporter of bicycle use
6. Portland
7. They are creating roads and paths for bicycles in cities and between communities
8. fun, fitness
9. many years
10. fossil

input: Make use of the article to answer the questions. "Indeed," George Washington wrote in his diary in 1785, " some kind of fly, or bug, had begun to eat the leaves before I left home. " But the father of America was not the father of bug. When Washington wrote that, Englishmen had been referring to insects as bugs for more than a century,and Americans had already created lightning-bug .But the English were soon to stop using the bugs in their language, leaving it to the Americans to call a bug a bug in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 

The American bug could also be a person, referring to someone who was crazy about a particular activity. Although fan became the usual term, sports fans used to be called racing bugs, baseball bugs, and the like. 

Or the bug could be a small machine or object, for example, a bug-shaped car. The bug could also be a burglar alarm, from which comes the expression to bug,that is,"to install an alarm". Now it means a small piece of equipment that people use for listening secretly to others' conversations. Since the 1840s,to bug has long meant" to cheat" , and since the 1940s it has been annoying. 

We also know the bug as a _ in a computer program or other design. That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison. In 1878 he explained bugs as"little problems and difficulties" that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product. In 1889 it was recorded that Edison" had been up the two previous nights discovering' a bug' in his invented record player." 1. what is the article mostly about?
2. what can a bug refer to?
3. who wrote bugs in his diary?
4. what year?
5. Do Englishmen still use the word?
6. what other things can a bug be besides a person or an insect?
7. like what for example?
8. what is a small eaves-dropping instrument called?
9. what are bugs in the context of computers?
10. what inventor explained it that way?
numbered_answers:
1. bugs
2. it could be a person
3. George Washington
4. 1785
5. no
6. a machine or an object
7. a bug-shaped car.
8. a bug!
9. little problems and difficulties
10. Thomas Edison