question: Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870. Its origins are often attributed to the philosophers William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce. Peirce later described it in his pragmatic maxim: "Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object." 

Pragmatism considers thought an instrument or tool for prediction, problem solving and action, and rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes. The philosophy of pragmatism "emphasizes the practical application of ideas by acting on them to actually test them in human experiences". Pragmatism focuses on a "changing universe rather than an unchanging one as the Idealists, Realists and Thomists had claimed". 

Pragmatism as a philosophical movement began in the United States in the 1870s. Charles Sanders Peirce (and his Pragmatic Maxim) is given credit for its development, along with later twentieth century contributors, William James and John Dewey. Its direction was determined by The Metaphysical Club members Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Chauncey Wright, as well as John Dewey and George Herbert Mead.
1. What is an instrument for prediction?
2. What uses these ideas?
3. Who used this school of thought?
4. who else?
5. and?
6. What is a philosophical topic?
7. Another?
8. And?
9. How about another?
10. When did this movement start?
****
answer: 1. Thought.
2. Pragmatists
3. Charles Sanders Peirce
4. William James
5. John Dewey.
6. The nature of knowledge.
7. Language.
8. Concepts.
9. Meaning.
10. 1870s.


question: One of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws. It has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's campaigns for independence from the British Empire), in Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution and in East Germany to oust their communist governments, In South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, among other various movements worldwide. 

One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law. She is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with (and eventually carries out), but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this.
1. what revolution happened in 2003?
2. what is the general article topic?
3. what is one of the oldest depictions of it?
4. what old play has tells a story about disobedience?
5. what is her relationship to the king?
6. when was the orange revolution?
7. who does Oedipus defy?
8. who is Antigone's brother?
****
answer: 1. Rose Revolution in Georgia
2. Civil disobedience
3. the 1919 Revolution
4. Antigone
5. daughter'
6. 2004
7. Creon
8. Polynices


question: Washington (CNN)Hillary Clinton's most vocal critics have long tried to tie the former secretary of state to President Barack Obama, hoping that her 2016 run would be dragged down by the somewhat unpopular president. 

But ahead of Tuesday's State of the Union address, critics say Clinton is making their job easy. 

Tim Miller, the executive director of America Rising, an anti-Clinton communications and research super PAC, argues in talking points to other Republicans that Clinton is tying herself to Obama by working with and hiring many of his staffers ahead of her all-but-certain 2016 run. 

"By hiring his key political and policy staff and making no public moves to place clear distance between herself and the President on issues likely to be front and center in the coming Congress, Clinton is signaling that she's not just from the same party as the President, but that she's an Obama Democrat, who will back his policies, pursue his agenda, and represent a Third Term of the Obama Administration," Miller argues in a memo to the group's supporters. 

Since last year, Clinton has been meeting with a broad array of Democratic operatives and possible campaign staffers ahead of a possible 2016 run. But in the last month, Clinton has reportedly began to tap certain Democratic operatives -- many with ties to Obama's two successful presidential runs -- for certain jobs on her nascent campaign. 

John Podesta, a top aide on the Obama White House, has said a number of times that he plans to leave the White House in early February and would happily work for Clinton is she runs. 
1. Who was tied to the president?
2. How did her critics feel?
3. which run were they thinking of?
4. Who was Tim Miller?
5. What was that?
6. What did they believe?
7. how?
8. Did she make a clear distance between them?
9. Is she the same party?
10. Has she met with anyone?
****
answer:
1. Hillary Clinton.
2. Clinton is making their job easy.
3. 2016 Run for president.
4. Executive director of America Rising
5. A suiper-PAC.
6. Clinton was tying herself to Obama.
7. working with and hiring many of his staffers
8. No.
9. Yes she is.
10. Yes she has.