Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.

Ex Input:
Total bilirubin is now often measured by the 2,5-dichlorophenyldiazonium (DPD) method, and direct bilirubin is often measured by the method of Jendrassik and Grof. Blood levels. The bilirubin level found in the body reflects the balance between production and excretion. Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test, but typical [0.3 to 1.9 mg/dL]s for adults and [340 µmol/L] for new borns: Jaundice occurs as a result of excess bilirubin in. the blood. It is a hallmark of liver disease but. not always present in liver disease. Jaundice. occurs when the liver fails to adequately. secrete bilirubin from the blood into the bile. Bilirubin: Bilirubin,, a brownish yellow pigment of bile, secreted by the liver in vertebrates, which gives to solid waste products (feces) their characteristic colour. It is produced in bone marrow cells and in the liver as the end product of red-blood-cell (hemoglobin) breakdown. Normally the body produces a total of about 260 mg of bilirubin per day. Almost 99 per cent of this is excreted in the feces; the remaining 1 per cent is excreted in the urine as urobilinogen. Bilirubin is a pigment in bile created during the breakdown of haemoglobin, which is then excreted from the body in bile. It is bilirubin which gives people the characte…ristic yellow colour in jaundice (whether that be caused by liver failure, obstruction or an increased breakdown of haemoglobin). the liver. To be transported in blood, bilirubin must be solubilized. By the very nature of being reversible, noncovalent binding to albumin the Unconjugated bilirubin bound to albumin is transported to the liver, where it is taken up by hepatocytes through carrier-mediated membrane transport and solubilised. Bilirubin metabolism: Applied physiology Xia Wang, Jayanta Roy Chowdhury , Namita Roy Chowdhury Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA KEYWORDS Bilirubin; Bilirubin glucuro-nides; UGT1A1; ABCC2 Summary Bilirubin is the breakdown product of the haem moiety of haemoglobin and other haemoproteins. Because of internal hydrogen bonding, bilirubin is water-insoluble and requires enzyme-mediated glucuronidation in the liver for biliary excretion. In normal circumstances, plasma bilirubin is mostly unconjugated and is tightly bound to circulating albumin. Urine bilirubin may also be clinically significant. Bilirubin is not normally detectable in the urine of healthy people. If the blood level of conjugated bilirubin becomes elevated, e.g. due to liver disease, excess conjugated bilirubin is excreted in the urine, indicating a pathological process. Unconjugated bilirubin is not water-soluble and so is not excreted in the urine. Biliary Excretion of Waste Products: Elimination of Bilirubin The liver is well known to metabolize and excrete into bile many compounds and toxins, thus eliminating them (usually) from the body. Examples can be found among both endogenous molecules (steroid hormones, calcium) and exogenous compounds (many antibiotics and metabolities of drugs). Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver and excreted in the bile, giving the stools their characteristic colour. When it cannot escape freely into the bowel it accumulates in the blood, staining the skin to cause JAUNDICE. Query: how is bilirubin excreted from the body

Ex Output:
Bilirubin is a brownish yellow pigment of bile, secreted by the liver in vertebrates, which gives to solid waste products their characteristic colour. It is produced in bone marrow cells and in the liver as the end product of red-blood-cell (hemoglobin) breakdown.


Ex Input:
CDL Training & Truck Driving Schools The CDL training offered at truck driving schools can help you get a career that offers freedom, flexibility, and the potential to earn a good salary. As a commercial driver in the trucking industry, you may never have to sit behind a desk. A: Yes, they are free to you as long as you drive for the sponsoring company for a few months. The cost is covered by a big trucking company. They need new drivers and you need a new driving career, so it's a win-win situation. Here is a list of most not-company-sponsored truck driving schools. Most people who want to become commercial drivers choose to get their training at local truck driving schools. But another option exists—one that allows you to get paid while you learn. Through company-sponsored CDL training, you can learn how to drive commercial vehicles at no cost to you. Below is a basic breakdown of the difference between the three levels. 1  A CDL-A allows you to operate a commercial vehicle with a trailer where the trailer weighs more than 10,000 lbs. and the combined weight of the vehicle and trailer exceeds 26,001 lbs. when fully loaded. Note that most truck drivers are paid by the mile, and regulations only allow for 70 hours of driving within an eight-day period. There are also additional regulations for how those 70 hours are used (such as requirements for rest breaks, etc).**. Q: Is there any difference between truck driving school and CDL training? A: Yes, there is a big difference. In school, you pretty much learn some very basic maneuvers and get your commercial driver’s license Class A (or CDL Class A). In training, you go out on the road with a driver trainer (or mentor) and learn all the ins and outs of the trucking business. Q: How long is truck driving school and how long is CDL training? A: Most of these truck driving schools are three weeks. Driver training is about four to eight weeks. Q: What are the minimum requirements to get into a company-sponsored driving school? How Long Is Truck Driving School? Programs vary significantly in length. At some schools, CDL training takes only three to five weeks. But at others, it can take eight to ten weeks or as long as 20 to 24 weeks. How long a program lasts is often determined by the depth and breadth of the in-classroom curriculum as well as the amount of on-the-road training. Instructors do not need certification to start working as a truck driving instructor. Most schools require new instructors to have a valid commercial driver's license and two to three years of truck driving experience. After you gain enough teaching experience and pass enough tests to meet certification requirements, you pay a $50 fee to become certified. This fee applies to all certification levels. From one CDL truck driving school to another, training programs can vary quite a bit. Some of the differences that you might encounter include: What is included with your tuition—Some CDL driving schools offer inclusive tuition, meaning that most of the expenses related to becoming a licensed truck driver are covered. The field portion of your truck driver training can familiarize you with the following: 1  Pre- and post-trip inspections. 2  Trip planning and mapping. 3  In-cab instruments and controls. 4  Safe driving practices. 5  Backing up. 6  Shifting. 7  And much more. Query: how long between truck driving school and certification?

Ex Output:
Three weeks


Ex Input:
The difference between civil rights and civil liberties is fairly well defined and distinct based on how each term is used. Civil rights are rights granted and protected by a government for its people with regard to ensuring fairness and preventing discrimination with regard to a particular attribute of its people, such as gender or age. noun, Usually, civil liberties. 1. the freedom of a citizen to exercise customary rights, as of speech or assembly, without unwarranted or arbitrary interference by the government. Definition of civil liberty for English Language Learners. : the right of people to do or say things that are not illegal without being stopped or interrupted by the government. Definition of civil liberty. : freedom from arbitrary governmental interference (as with the right of free speech) specifically by denial of governmental power and in the U.S. especially as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights —usually used in plural. On the other hand, civil liberties are basic rights typically granted to all people in a country by the constitution or other founding document of that country and are extended to all citizens without further specificity, such as freedom of speech or religion in the US. Legal Definition of civil liberty. : freedom from arbitrary interference in one's pursuits (as in expressing thoughts, practicing a religion, or pursuing a living) by individuals or especially by the government and especially as constitutionally guaranteed —usually used in plural — see also civil right. Freedom of religion is an example of a civil liberty. In the US, many civil liberties are guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. A civil rights issue may include the denial of educational opportunities to certain people based on ethnicity. Civil rights vs. civil liberties really became a distinction with the civil rights movements. Up until the civil rights movement we had “Separate but equal” schools in which black children had to go to schools with only black children. They are often used together when discussing a particularly complicated issue. Civil rights and civil liberties are both legal issues and can both require the efforts of courts, legislators, and attorneys to define and protect these freedoms. In general, they can be more easily distinguished by considering that civil rights are usually fought for by various groups within a populace, while civil liberties pertain to the actual rights people are fighting to secure. civil liberty. 1  the freedom of a citizen to exercise customary rights, as of speech or assembly, without unwarranted or arbitrary interference by the government. 2  such a right as guaranteed by the laws of a country, as in the U.S. by the Bill of Rights. Query: how does the term civil liberties differ from the term civil rights?

Ex Output:

Civil rights are rights granted and protected by a government for its people with regard to ensuring fairness and preventing discrimination with regard to a particular attribute of its people, such as gender or age. Where as civil liberty is the right of people to do or say things that are not illegal without being stopped or interrupted by the government.


