Detailed Instructions: Given a passage and a query based on the passage, generate an unambiguous, concise and simple answer to the query from information in the passage. Note that the answer may not be present in exact form.
Q: We offer a wide range of clinical trials of new treatments for all stages of bladder cancer. The clinical trials conducted at DF/BWCC have had a profound impact on the type of care administered worldwide. For some patients with advanced bladder cancer, taking part in a clinical trial is the best treatment option. If you need surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, you will see experts in each area who deal specifically with bladder cancer. Bladder cancer patients from all across the nation seek treatment at Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center. With stage II bladder cancer (muscle-invasive and localized), surgery is generally the first line of treatment. Radiation is also considered if the tumor has not spread or you cannot have surgery. Chemotherapy may be suggested in some cases. In addition to how deeply the cancer penetrates in the bladder wall, the grade of the bladder cancer provides important information and can help guide treatment. The tumor grade is based on the degree of abnormality observed in a microscopic evaluation of the tumor. Treatment for stage IV (metastatic) bladder cancer will generally consist of chemotherapy, clinical trials, or a combination the two. Surgery may be performed to remove the affected lymph nodes or relieve late-stage symptoms of the disease. Often, after transurethral resection, additional treatment is given (for example, intravesical therapy) to help treat the bladder cancer, depending on the grade and stage of the bladder cancer. Radical cystectomy: In this operation, the entire bladder is removed, as well as its surrounding lymph nodes and other structures adjacent to the bladder that may contain cancer. If a bladder cancer cell metastasizes -- that is, spreads to the lungs through the bloodstream it is still called, and is treated as metastatic bladder cancer, not as lung cancer. Cells which transform in a less dangerous fashion may still multiply and form masses or tumors. Read about bladder cancer symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, stages, survival risk, prognosis, and prevention. The staging of bladder cancer is determined by how far the cancer has penetrated the bladder wall. Learn more about the symptoms of bladder cancer and how it is prevented. Stages T a, T 1, and CIS bladder cancer can be treated with intravesical chemotherapy, which means the placement of treatments directly into the bladder. After removal of the tumor, one or more liquid drugs are introduced into the bladder via a thin, plastic tube called a catheter. If you are diagnosed with stage III bladder cancer (muscle-invasive and advanced), surgery and chemotherapy are the primary forms of treatment. Chemotherapy may be suggested before or after surgery, and radiation therapy is used on occasion. Query: how is bladder cancer treated
A:
With stage II bladder cancer (muscle-invasive and localized), surgery is generally the first line of treatment. Radiation is also considered if the tumor has not spread or you cannot have surgery. If you are diagnosed with stage III bladder cancer, surgery and chemotherapy are the primary forms of treatment. Chemotherapy may be suggested before or after surgery, and radiation therapy is used on occasion. Chemotherapy may be suggested in some cases.Treatment for stage IV bladder cancer will generally consist of chemotherapy, clinical trials, or a combination the two. Surgery may be performed to remove the affected lymph nodes or relieve late-stage symptoms of the disease.