Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition

  
Additional information. The pre-tax stock-based compensation expense and related deferred income tax benefits recognized during the last three fiscal years were as follows:

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |
| Pre-tax compensation expense | $ | 11  |  |  | $ | 12  |  |  | $ | 15  |  |
| Deferred tax benefit | 2  |  |  | 2  |  |  | 2  |  |
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As of April 30, 2022, there was $9 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock-based awards. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years. Further information related to our stock-based awards for the last three years is as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |
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| Intrinsic value of SSARs exercised | $ | 89  |  |  | $ | 47  |  |  | $ | 23  |  |
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| Fair value of shares vested | 14  |  |  | 13  |  |  | 7  |  |
| Excess tax benefit from exercise / vesting of awards | 20  |  |  | 10  |  |  | 6  |  |
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11. Income TaxesWe incur income taxes on the earnings of our U.S. and foreign operations. The following table, based on the locations of the taxable entities from which sales were derived (rather than the location of customers), presents the U.S. and foreign components of our income before income taxes:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |
| United States | $ | 849  |  |  | $ | 832  |  |  | $ | 954  |  |
| Foreign | 160  |  |  | 249  |  |  | 160  |  |
|  | $ | 1,009  |  |  | $ | 1,081  |  |  | $ | 1,114  |  |

The income shown above was determined according to GAAP. Because those standards sometimes differ from the tax rules used to calculate taxable income, there are differences between: (a) the amount of taxable income and pretax financial income for a year and (b) the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their amounts as recorded in our financial statements. As a result, we recognize a current tax liability for the estimated income tax payable on the current tax return, and deferred tax liabilities (tax on income that will be recognized on future tax returns) and deferred tax assets (tax from deductions that will be recognized on future tax returns) for the estimated effects of the differences mentioned above.Total income tax expense for a year includes the tax associated with the current tax return (current tax expense) and the change in the net deferred tax asset or liability (deferred tax expense). Our total income tax expense for each of the last three years was as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |
| Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. federal | $ | 95  |  |  | $ | 146  |  |  | $ | 205  |  |
| Foreign | 29  |  |  | 50  |  |  | 64  |  |
| State and local | 19  |  |  | 35  |  |  | 18  |  |
|  | 143  |  |  | 231  |  |  | 287  |  |
| Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. federal | 34  |  |  | (4) |  |  | 1  |  |
| Foreign | 7  |  |  | (47) |  |  | (9) |  |
| State and local | (2) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |  |
|  | 39  |  |  | (53) |  |  | (11) |  |
|  | $ | 182  |  |  | $ | 178  |  |  | $ | 276  |  |

  
73
