what is the net change in the balance of total liabilities for litigation settlements during 2008?
we recorded liabilities for certain litigation settlements in prior periods . total liabilities for litigation settlements changed from december 31 , 2006 , as follows : ( in millions ) .

| Balance as of December 31, 2006 | $477 |
| :--- | :--- |
| Provision for litigation settlements (Note 20) | 3 |
| Interest accretion on U.S. Merchant Lawsuit | 38 |
| Payments | (114) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2007 | $404 |
| Provision for Discover Settlement | 863 |
| Provision for American Express Settlement | 1,649 |
| Provision for other litigation settlements | 6 |
| Interest accretion on U.S. Merchant Lawsuit | 33 |
| Interest accretion on American Express Settlement | 44 |
| Payments on American Express Settlement | (300) |
| Payments on Discover Settlement | (863) |
| Payment on U.S. Merchant Lawsuit | (100) |
| Other payments and accretion | (1) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2008 | $1,736 |

* note that table may not sum due to rounding . contribution expense 2014foundation in may 2006 , in conjunction with our initial public offering ( 201cipo 201d ) , we issued 13496933 shares of our class a common stock as a donation to the foundation that is incorporated in canada and controlled by directors who are independent of us and our customers . the foundation builds on mastercard 2019s existing charitable giving commitments by continuing to support programs and initiatives that help children and youth to access education , understand and utilize technology , and develop the skills necessary to succeed in a diverse and global work force . the vision of the foundation is to make the economy work for everybody by advancing innovative programs in areas of microfinance and youth education . in connection with the donation of the class a common stock , we recorded an expense of $ 395 million which was equal to the aggregate value of the shares we donated . in both 2007 and 2006 , we recorded expenses of $ 20 million for cash donations we made to the foundation , completing our intention , announced at the time of the ipo , to donate approximately $ 40 million in cash to the foundation in support of its operating expenses and charitable disbursements for the first four years of its operations . we may make additional cash contributions to the foundation in the future . the cash and stock donations to the foundation are generally not deductible by mastercard for tax purposes . as a result of this difference between the financial statement and tax treatments of the donations , our effective income tax rate for the year ended december 31 , 2006 is significantly higher than our effective income tax rates for 2007 and 2008 . depreciation and amortization depreciation and amortization expenses increased $ 14 million in 2008 and decreased $ 2 million in 2007 . the increase in depreciation and amortization expense in 2008 is primarily due to increased investments in leasehold and building improvements , data center equipment and capitalized software . the decrease in depreciation and amortization expense in 2007 was primarily related to certain assets becoming fully depreciated . depreciation and amortization will increase as we continue to invest in leasehold and building improvements , data center equipment and capitalized software. .

balance_2008 = 1736
balance_2007 = 404
net_change = balance_2008 - balance_2007
answer = net_change