The interactions and complexation process of the amphiphilic phenothiazine fluphenazine hydrochloride with human serum albumin in aqueous buffered solutions of pH 3.0 and 7.4 have been examined by zeta-potential, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), UV-vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques with the aim of analyzing the effect of hydrophobic and electrostatic forces on the complexation process and the alteration of protein conformation upon binding. Thus, the energetics and stoichiometry of the binding process were derived from ITC data. The enthalpies of binding obtained are small and exothermic, so the Gibbs energies of binding are dominated by large increases in entropy, consistent with hydrophobic interactions at a acidic pH. However, at physiological pH, binding to the first class of binding sites is dominated by an enthalpic contribution due to the existence of electrostatic interactions and probably some hydrogen bonding. Binding isotherms were obtained from microcalorimetric data by using a theoretical model based on the Langmuir isotherm. zeta-Potential data showed a reversal in the sign of the protein charge at pH 7.4, as a consequence of the binding of the drug to the protein. Gibbs energies of drug binding per mole of drug were also derived from zeta-potential data. On the other hand, binding of the phenothiazine that causes a conformational transition on the protein structure was followed as a function of drug concentration using UV-vis spectroscopy, and the data were analyzed to obtain the Gibbs energy of the transition in water (deltaG(degree)w) and in a hydrophobic environment (deltaG(degree)hc). Finally, the population distribution of the different species in solution and the size of the complexes were analyzed through dynamic light scattering. The existence of an aggregation process of drug/protein complexes, as a consequence of the expanded structure of the protein induced by the drug and subsequent further binding, is in agreement with ITC data. In addition, detection of drug aggregates at concentrations below the drug critical micelle concentration was also detected by this technique.
Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration