Flavodoxin is an essential protein for Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen living in the very acidic environment of the gastric tract and responsible for several diseases. We report the conformational stability of the protein in neutral and acidic pH. The apoprotein remains native between pH 12 and 5 and adopts a monomeric molten globule conformation at more acidic pH values. The equilibrium unfolding in urea appears two-state for either conformation, but the native one coexists with a hidden equilibrium intermediate of very similar properties. The stability of H. pylori apoflavodoxin is higher than that of the Anabaena homologue throughout the entire pH interval, which may be related to better charge compensation. H. pylori apoflavodoxin is strongly stabilized by its FMN cofactor. A global analysis of apo- and holoflavodoxin equilibrium unfolding, with and without excess FMN, indicates that the cofactor only binds to the native state. Some physical-chemical properties of the protein may represent an adaptation to the acidic environment. Unlike the apoflavodoxin from Anabaena, which becomes highly insoluble at pH 5.0, that from H. pylori remains soluble to at least 40 microm. This fact, together with the high stability of the apoprotein at this low pH that can arise in the bacteria cytoplasm, seems useful to allow newly synthesized apoflavodoxin molecules to fold and remain soluble to accomplish cofactor binding, which in turn increases the stability. Also, whenever the cytoplasmic pH drops to 5, preexisting flavodoxin molecules will remain folded and soluble and will retain the FMN cofactor, thus remaining functional.
Apoproteins Bacterial Proteins