We investigated the effects of low concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) on cell viability using NO donors, (+/-)-(E)-4-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hex enamid e (NOR1), (+/-)-(E)-4-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexenamide (NOR2), (+/-)-(E)-4-ethyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexenamide (NOR3) and (+/-)-N-[(E)-4-ethyl-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexen-1- yl]-3-pyr idine (NOR4). The half-life times of the NO release from these four NOR analogs, NOR1, NOR2, NOR3 and NOR4, were determined (6.5, 84, 105 and 340 min, respectively) by using 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2), a newly developed indicator of NO. Exposure of undifferentiated PC12 cells to low concentrations of NO donors, NOR2 or NOR3 (1-100 microM), but not NOR1 nor NOR4, resulted in cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as determined from cell viability assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. After 24 h exposure to 50 microM NOR2 or NOR3, more than 90% of PC12 cells had died. Furthermore, while the toxic effect of NOR3 was attenuated by replacing the medium at 20 min, 1 or 2 h after drug addition, it was continued by replacing the medium at 3 h or later after drug addition. The cell death was characterized by DNA degradation, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, suggesting apoptosis-like cell death. Pretreatment with an antioxidant ascorbic acid (0.1-0.5 mM) completely prevented the cell death caused by NOR3, while glutathione (0.1-0.2 mM) and cysteine (0.2-0.4 mM) provided partial protection. These findings suggest that the cell toxicity induced by NO at low concentrations strongly depends upon the duration of expose to NO from NO donors, and these toxic effects are effectively prevented by the antioxidant, ascorbic acid.
Animals Antioxidants