L-selectin (CD62L) gene expression in neutrophils is commonly referred to as "constitutive" because circulating neutrophils require a constant supply of this adhesion molecule for continuous trafficking into peripheral tissues. Under normal circumstances, marginating blood neutrophils and neutrophils that become activated for migration into infected tissues rapidly shed surface CD62L that is ligated to the vascular endothelium. However, this does not shut down CD62L gene expression because these cells continue to express surface CD62L. In contrast, glucocorticoid challenges resulting from stress and hormone injections result in gradual and chronic down-regulation of CD62L on the surface of blood neutrophils. Rather than being associated with migration, this type of CD62L down-regulation associates with pronounced neutrophilia and increased susceptibility to infections. Nothing is currently known about glucocorticoid regulation of CD62L expression in neutrophils. In other cell systems, however, this steroid hormone binds to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that influence expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes at multiple pre-translational levels. Thus, the hypothesis of the present study was that glucocorticoid challenge suppresses CD62L mRNA expression in blood neutrophils. Suppressed CD62L gene expression might help explain the chronic down-regulation of surface CD62L in neutrophils and accompanying neutrophilia. The main objectives of the study were to monitor neutrophil CD62L mRNA abundance before and during subtle and severe glucocorticoid challenges and to determine if CD62L mRNA expression correlates with degree of glucocorticoid challenge. Parturient dairy cows and dexamethasone-treated steers were used as models of subtle and severe (respectively) glucocorticoid challenges. Data presented from both models support the hypothesis and show for the first time that glucocorticoids regulate neutrophil CD62L at a pre-translational level. Results also showed that inhibited CD62L mRNA expression correlated precisely with down-regulated surface expression of CD62L on neutrophils and peak neutrophilia during severe glucocorticoid challenge. Therefore, results of this study indicate that bovine neutrophils are highly sensitive to the blood environment, displaying full capacity to alter CD62L gene expression and trafficking patterns in response to changing glucocorticoid levels. This may serve animals well when heightened inflammatory responses begin to lead to tissue damage, but may be detrimental to overall health if animals are exposed to opportunistic pathogens while stressed or undergoing glucocorticoid therapy. Although this study did not elucidate how glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil CD62L mRNA expression, presented data implicate GR as possibly being involved because neutrophils from cattle in both models expressed GR mRNA. Further in vitro studies using purified populations of neutrophils will be required to determine if GR is directly involved in glucocorticoid regulation of CD62L gene expression and, if so, at what level.
Actins Animals