Because hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a member of the endothelium-specific growth factors, we hypothesized that HGF may play a role in cardiovascular disease. Therefore we first examined the role of local HGF production in endothelial cell (EC) growth. Addition of anti-HGF antibody to EC resulted in a significant decrease in EC number. Moreover, coculture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) with EC resulted in an increase in EC number that was completely inhibited by anti-HGF antibody, suggesting that HGF secreted from EC and VSMC regulates EC growth in an autocrine-paracrine manner. Interestingly, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ss significantly decreased HGF secretion from EC, whereas interleukin 6 stimulated immunoreactive HGF secretion. In human VSMC, TGF-ss and angiotensin II suppressed local HGF production in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, anti-TGF-beta antibody resulted in significant but not complete inhibition of the decrease in local HGF production. To further study the regulation of local HGF production, we used a coculture system. Coculture of VSMC with EC resulted in a significant decrease in local HGF secretion. The decrease in local HGF production by coculture was significantly attenuated by anti-TGF-beta antibody, suggesting that inhibition of local HGF production in the coculture system was due to TGF-beta activation. Moreover, a further decrease in local HGF production in the coculture system by angiotensin II was also observed. Finally, we studied the role of angiotensin II in the regulation of the local HGF system in vivo by using a balloon injury rat model. Of importance, local HGF production was significantly decreased in balloon-injured arteries compared with intact vessels, accompanied by a reduction of HGF mRNA. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (cilazapril) or an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (E-4177) significantly stimulated local vascular HGF production associated with the inhibition of neointimal formation after balloon injury compared with vehicle. In contrast, hydralazine did not alter local HGF production or neointimal formation despite decreasing blood pressure to a similar level as that in rats treated with cilazapril or E-4177. Overall, local HGF secretion from vascular cells was negatively regulated by TGF-beta and angiotensin II. The present study also demonstrated that blockade of angiotensin II significantly inhibited neointimal formation, accompanied by a significant increase in local vascular HGF production in vivo in the balloon injury model. Given the strong mitogenic activity of HGF on endothelial cells, increased local HGF production by blockade of angiotensin II may enhance reendothelialization after balloon injury. Downregulation of the local vascular HGF system by TGF-beta and vascular angiotensin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
Angiotensin II Animals