The DASH (Disability of Arm-Shoulder-Hand) is a self-administered questionnaire developed in 1994 by representatives of the Institute for Work & Health (IWH) and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). It measures the physical disability and symptoms for all upper limb disorders in a heterogeneous population and for acute as well as chronic disorders. The original american version has been already tested for reliability and validity. Interest in the DASH was raised by several European publications. It appeared that the DASH could provide a common measure for upper extremity physical disability in Northern America and European countries. For this cross-cultural adaptation, we followed the guidelines developed by the Institute for Work & Health and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Five translations and two "back-translations" were compared, aiming to semantic, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual equivalence. The final version has been tested in 223 patients presenting a variety of traumatic or non traumatic disorders. 208 questionnaires (93%) were valid because there was less than 4 missing answers. This final version has been proposed to American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in order to be endorsed as an official translation. This could improve assessment for international studies by establishing standard measures.
Arm Injuries Cultural Characteristics