Renewable and Non-renewable energy Resources and Energy conservation
Energy is the amount of force or power when applied can move one object from one position to another.
Energy defines the capacity of a system to do work.
Energy exists in everybody whether they are human beings or animals or non living things. e g: Jet, Light, Machines etc..
Energy is intimately related to power.
According to the law of conservation of energy, any form of energy can be converted into another form, the total energy will remain the same.
For example: when you charge your mobile phone the electrical energy is converted into the chemical energy which gets stored inside the battery
Energy and Environment
Energy and environment have a strong relationship. The production and consumption of energy is one of the biggest causes of environmental damage on earth.
It leads to large amounts of destruction of natural landscapes and habitants through the process of fuel extraction, pollution of soil, climate change
Energy is at the heart of many of the world’s current environmental problems, and posses many problems for the sustainable development
Energy production includes environmental and human health costs.
Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Neurological Toxins Cancer Asthma Energy Production
Energy can have many forms: kinetic, potential, light, sound, gravitational, elastic, electromagnetic or nuclear.
Energy are broadly classifies into two main groups:
Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides and can be generated again and again as and when required.
They are available in plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of energy available on this planet.
Renewable technologies are suited to
small off grid applications
Main forms of renewable energy
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.
Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.
wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand.
This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land.
Wind power produces no greenhouse gases during operation, and power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 157,900 MW.
Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams.
Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a remote-area power supply (RAPS).
Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without using a dam.
Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the ocean and the sea. This includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy conversion, and tidal power.
Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications include daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Liquid bio-fuel is usually either bio-alcohol such as bio-ethanol or an oil such as bio-diesel.
Bio-ethanol is an alcohol made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, celluloic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feed stocks for ethanol production.
Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Bio-ethanol is widely used in USA and in Brazil.
Bio-diesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Bio-diesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles.
Bio-diesel is produced from oils or fats and is the most common bio-fuel in Europe. Bio-fuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008
Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth .Earth's crust in some places of the globe or from some meters in geothermal heat pump in all the places of the planet , this energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.
There is also the potential to generate geothermal energy from hot dry rocks . Holes at least 3 km deep are drilled into the earth. Some of these holes pump water into the earth, while other holes pump hot water out.
Three types of power plants are used to generate power from geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary.
Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the ground and use it to directly drive a turbine that spins a generator.
Flash plants take hot water, usually at temperatures over 200 °C, out of the ground, and allows it to boil as it rises to the surface then separates the steam phase in steam/water separators and then runs the steam through a turbine.
In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat exchangers, boiling an organic fluid that spins the turbine. The condensed steam and remaining geothermal fluid from all three types of plants are injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.
There are two types of geothermal energy deposits .
Hydro – geothermal enery resources
Petro – geothermal energy deposits
Hydro – geothermal energy resources are the deposits of hot water and steam at relatively lesser depths ( 3000 m ) .Hot water and steam can be extracted from such deposits by means of the production wells.
Petro – geothermal energy resources are the hot dry rocks around 200 degree centigrade and depth about 2000 m from important deposits of geothermal energy.
Lower running cost
Decentralized power production
Available for the foreseeable future
Usually produced in small quantities
Often very difficult to store
Currently per unit cost of energy is more compared to other types
A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption.
Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy.
Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!
COAL, PETROLEUM , AND GAS
Coal , petroleum , and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.
Natural resources such as coal , petroleum ,oil and natural gas take thousands of years to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are being consumed.
Extraction of fuel is by mining , drilling and quarrying
India accounts for about 0.8% of the total geological reserves and 5.7% of the total proven reserves of coal in the world.
The bulk of the coal produced is inferior grade non-cooking coal used to meet the demands of the power sector.
HOW IS COAL MADE ???
Coal formation process
When coal is burnt it produces carbon dioxide that causes global warming.
Since coal contains impurities like S and N, it produces toxic gases during burning which causes acid rain and air pollution.
Traces of mercury and radioactive compounds are also released when coal is burned.
Severe human health threat.(lung disease)
Oil and Natural Gas
India has about .04% of the world’s proven reserves of hydrocarbons.
The prognosticated geological resources of the hydrocarbons in country are 21.31 billion tonnes of which 61% are offshore and 39% on land.
Crude oil is made of many different compounds, each with its specific boiling point. Using distillation, we are able to separate out these compounds and turn them into commercial products, ranging from gas to asphalt
The petroleum gas , obtained during the cracking and fractional distillation , can be easily converted into liquid under high pressure as LPG .
Natural gas is found above the oil in oil well .It is the mixture of 50-90% methane and small amount of other hydrocarbons.
If the natural gas contains lower hydrocarbons like methane and ethane , it is called dry gas.
If the natural gas contains higher hydrocarbons like propane and butane , it is called wet gas.
Petroleum or crude oil is naturally occuring ,flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amount of S,O,N of various molecular weights and other organic compounds that is found in geologic formations beneath the earths surface.
HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE ???
Oil refining process
Available in highly concentrated form
Easy to store
Lower cost per unit of energy produced as the technology is matured
Available only in few places
High running cost
Limited supply and will one day get excausted
HOW DOES WE USE IT?
Equipment Power Consumption in Watts Zero watt bulb 12 W Mosquito Repellents 10 W Mobile charger 5 W Voltage stabilizer 25 W UPS Inverter 40 W Cable set top box 25 W
Equipment running Power Consumption in stand by mode in Watts Compact audio system 27 W DVD, CD, VCD player 12 W Microwave oven 6 W Inkjet printer 5 W TV 22 W
The Data Indicates…
Asian Energy Sources released:
1256.4 million metric tons of Methane
3228 thousand metric tons of Nitrous Oxide
1021.1 million metric tons of Carbon Dioxide
1242.4 million metric tons (carbon dioxide equivalent) of Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons, and Sulfur Hexafluoride
Why to Conserve?
We have limited fuels available on earth.
Our demand for energy is increasing day-by-day.
It is possible that someday, most of fuels will be exhausted, and we will have to switch over to alternate energy.
WHY ENERGY EFFICIENCY?
Country facing power shortages
Peak Shortage – 13% Average Shortage – 8%
Additional power required by 2012, 1 lakh MW Approximately 8,00,000 crores investment
India ’ s energy Intensive for unit of GDP is higher by 3.7 times of Japan, 1.48 times of Asia & 1.5 times of USA
Higher wastage of energy.
Very high energy saving potential.
Easy Solutions-No Cost Energy Item Action Savings Lighting Turn lights off when not in use, and use daylighting Up to 8-20% of lighting energy Heating/Air Conditioning Set thermostat as low as possible For each degree, up to 5% savings Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Limit after school activities to as few heating/cooling zones as possible Up to 25% of heating/ cooling costs Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Do not block air flow to HVAC vents Up to 10% of heating/ cooling costs Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Keep doors/windows closed while HVAC runs 1-25% of space conditioning energy usage Office Equipment Turn off machines when not in use Up to 10% of building energy usage
Easy Solutions-Low Cost Energy Item Action Savings Lighting Replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent Up to 50% of lighting energy Lighting Replace incandescent exit signs with LED lamps Up to 5% of lighting energy Lighting Use more task-lighting and less overhead 25-50% of lighting energy Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Perform scheduled maintenance Up to 10% of space conditioning energy Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Install locking covers on thermostats Up to 10% of system energy usage All Uses Select student energy team to monitor Up to 15% of total facility energy usage
Easy Solutions-Investments Energy Item Action Savings Lighting Replace T-12 fixtures with T-8's & electronic ballasts Up to 20-30% of lighting energy Lighting Replace mercury vapor fixtures in gyms or outdoors with metal halide, high-pressure sodium or T8 or T5 high output fluorescents Up to 10% of lighting energy Lighting Install occupancy sensors Up to 20% of lighting energy Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Install ENERGY STAR ® -labeled programmable thermostats 10-30% of space conditioning usage Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Install ENERGY STAR ® -labeled equipment. 20-30% of space conditioning energy usage Air Conditioning Install ENERGY STAR ® -labeled roofing material with high reflectance Up to 10% of air conditioning energy usage
Products meet strict energy efficiency standards set by US EPA and the US Department of Energy
In 2005 the US saved enough energy to:
Avoid greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to those from 23 million cars
Saved $12 billion on utility bills
Helped avoid 28,000 megawatts (MW) of peak power
Recycling is an excellent way of saving energy and conserving the environment.
Did you know that:
1 recycled tin can would save enough energy to power a television for 3 hours.
1 recycled glass bottle would save enough energy to power a computer for 25 minutes.
1 recycled plastic bottle would save enough energy to power a 60-watt light bulb for 3 hours.
70% less energy is required to recycle paper compared with making it from raw materials.
You can directly contribute by
By switching of lights when not required.
Using refills instead of buying a new pen.
Buying materials in bulk/without packing
By growing plants.
By being vegetarian also you save energy
By encouraging foods made of jowar, bajra, instead of rice.
By not wasting food.
By using CFL bulbs or tubes.
You save energy and protect the environment when you use
LNG OR CNG OR HYBRID OR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
RECYCLED PAPER FOLDERS/PRODUCTS
OIL LAMPS INSTEAD OF WAX CANDLES
COPPER BOTTOMED STAINLESS STEEL UTENSILS
You have the power to make a difference
“ Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together. All things connect.” ~Chief Seattle, 1855