From where there were names of days? Why in their modern week 7? It is known that the 7-day option of a calendar was not the only thing, mentions about 3, 5, 8 (Roman "vosmidnevka" in which days "were numbered" by letters from A to H where H – a market day), 9 (at Celts), 10 (Ancient Egyptian decades), 14-dnevka (is more exact, 14-nights at ancient Germen) meet.
Historical sources date the first mentions of seven-day week the period of Ancient Babylon (about 2 thousand years BC), from there this tradition passed to Jews, Greeks, Romans and, certainly, to Arabs. Yudeysky historian Yosif Flavy already э writes to 1 century of N: "There is no city, Greek or barbarous, and any people on which not распостранился our custom to abstain from work for the seventh day". It is considered that India too adopted 7-дневку from Babylon.
At Jews and Christians the Old Testament gives answers to these questions, from where becomes clear that the seven-day structure of time is established by God. I will remind: in the first day of creation light, in the second – water and твердь, in the third – a land, the seas and flora, in the fourth – stars and stars, in the fifth – fauna was created, in the sixth – the person is created and zapovedano to breed, the seventh day is consecrated for rest.
Seven-day week appeared very viable, even transition from a Julian calendar on Gregorian did not change sequence of days, the rhythm was not broken. There is also an astronomical explanation 7-дневки. 7 days are about a quarter of lunar month, supervision over phases of the Moon was for ancient the most available and convenient way of measurement of time. Thinner explanation can be found in compliance of seven visible planets to days of week, and this logic course throws light on an origin of modern calendar names of days of week.
Analysis of words
Let’s analyse names of days in various languages and language groups.
1) Languages of Latin group, including having drevnegermansky roots.
Latin England Spain France Italy Dies Lunae Monday Lunes Lundi Lunedi Dies Martis Tuesday Martes Mardi Martedi Dies Mercuri Wednesday Miercoles Mercredi Mercoledi Dies Jovis Thursday Jueves Jeudi Giovedi Dies Veneris Friday Viernes Vendredi Venerdi Dies Saturni Saturday Sabado Samedi Sabato Dies Solis Sunday Domingo Dimanche Domenica Denmark Finland Golland. Sweden Other Germany Germany Mandag Maanantai Maandag Mandag Manadagr Montag Tirsdag Tiistai Dinsdag Tisdag Ty (r) of sdagr Dienstag Onsdag Keskeviikko Woensdag Onstag o?insdagr Mittwoch Torsdag Torstai Donderdag Torstag ?orsdagr Donnerstag Fredag Perjantai Vrijdag Fredag Frja-(Freyju) of dagr Freitag Loverdag Lauantai Zaterdag Lordag Laugardagr Samstag Sondag Sunnuntai Zondag Sondag Sunnudagr Sonntag
2) Slavic languages.
Russia Ukraine Poland Czech Republic Bulgaria Ponedelnik Ponedilok Poniedzialek Pondeiek Ponedelnik Vtornik Biвтopoк Wtorek Uterek Tuesday Sered’s Circle of Sroda Streda Sryada Chetverg Chetver of Czwartek Ctvrtek Chetvjrtjk Pyatnitsa Pyatnitsya Piatek Patek Petjk Subbota Subota Sobota Sobota Sjbota Voskresenye Nedilya Niedziela Nedele Week
Put weeks Vediysky Hindi Monday Soma-bara [Moon] Somvar (day of the Moon) Tuesday Mangala-bara [Mars] Mangalvar (day of Mars) the Budha-bara Environment [Mercury] Budkhavar (day of Mercury) Thursday Brhaspati-bara [Jupiter] Virvar (day of Jupiter) Friday Sukra-bara [Venus] Shukravar (day of Venus) Saturday Sanaiscara-bara [Saturn] Shanivar (day of Saturn) Sunday Aditya-bara [Sun] Ravivar (day of the Sun)
Monday – Monday (English) has directly something in common with the Moon – Moon, Dies Lunae (lat is even more evident.), Lundi (фр.), еl Lunes (исп.), Lunedi (ital.). Names of Monday from northern languages, for example, Mandag (шв.), Maanantai (the financial.), Mandag (dates.) are connected with drevnegermansky Manadagr – put the Moon. In Slavic languages Monday matters the first day or, according to one version, in the afternoon "after a week" as "Week" is an old Russian word designating modern Sunday. On Hindi Monday – Day of the Moon.
Tuesday – in the name of Tuesday of Dies Martis (lat.), Mardi (фр.), el Martes (исп.), Martedi (ital.) we without effort learn a planet Mars. In Tiistai (the financial.), Tuesday (English), (German) and in other languages of this group is concealed by Dienstag a name of aggressive drevnegermansky god Tiu (Tiu, Ziu) analog of Mars. In Slavic languages this day is unequivocally read as an ordinal numeral, i.e. it is the "second" day of week. On Hindi Tuesday – Day of Mars.
Wednesday – is easily guessed Mercury in Dies Mercuri (lat.), le Mercredi (фр.), Mеrcoledi (ital.), el Miercoles (исп.).
Wednesday (English) occurs from Wodensday meaning day of Voden (Votan). The same character is latent in Onstag (шв.), Woenstag (goal.), Onsdag (dates.). Voden – unusual god, it is represented by the high, thin old man in a black raincoat. This character became famous for the invention of the runichesky alphabet that draws a direct parallel with god patron of written and oral speech – Mercury. On Voden’s legend for the sake of knowledge offered one eye. In Slavic "Wednesday", "середа" and t. д, and also in Mittwoch (German), Keskeviikko (the financial.) the idea of the middle of week is put. The Old Russian name of the tretiynik environment seldom meets. Let’s notice that astrologically Mercury is considered an average, sexless planet – neither man’s, nor female. On Hindi Wednesday – Day of Mercury.
Thursday – Latin Dies Jovis, Day of Jupiter, gave rise to Jeudi (фр.), Jueves (исп.), Giovedi (ital.), and here Thursday (English), Torstai (the financial.), Torsdag (шв.), Donnerstag (German), Torsdag (dates.) and the other similar have direct link with ancient god Thunderer Tor, analog of Jupiter. In Slavic languages Thursday as well as Tuesday carries especially numerical value of the fourth day. On Hindi Thursday – Day of Jupiter.
Friday – is well visible Venus in Vendredi (фр.), Venerdi (ital.), slightly priglushyonny in Viernes (исп.), English Friday, Fredag (шв.), Freitag (German) has a parallel with the Scandinavian goddess of fertility and love Freyey (Frigge), analog of the Greek Aphrodite and the Roman Venus. In Slavic languages this day on sense "fifth". On Hindi Friday – Day of Venus.
Saturday – the person of Saturn is unequivocally looked through in Saturday (English) and Saturni (lat.). Russian name "Saturday", el Sabado (исп.), Sabato (ital.) and Samedi (фр.) rest, rest" go back to ivritsky "Shabbat", meaning ". In this sense with Shabbat one of astrological values of Saturn – an immovability, concentration has successfully something in common. It is interesting that Slavic languages are unexpectedly unanimous with Latin, their Saturday too comes from "Shabbat". Lauantai (the financial.), Lordag (шв.), Loverdag (dates.) are similar to old German Laugardagr and mean "put ablution", from where we learn that once a week the ancient washed surely. On Hindi Saturday – Day of Saturn.
Sunday – Day of the Sun in Latin, English and German, in many languages is designated this day by various variations the words "Sun/Son" (Sun). Domingo (исп.), Dimanche (фр.), Domenica (ital.) in transfer mean "Lord’s Day" and for certain are stratification brought to Europe together with Christianity. Russian "Sunday" appeared in the same way, having replaced the old name of this day the "Week", successfully remained in other Slavic languages – Week (Ball.), Недiля (укр.), Nedele (Czech.) and other. On Hindi Sunday – Day of the Sun.
(Comment: the word viikko (week) in the Finnish language occurred from gothic viko.)
Astrology on calendar service. Star of Magicians
For convenience of calculations and time planning ancient astronomers and astrologers, and earlier it were the same people, invented the Star of Magicians, peculiar seven-final "calculator". In this star-schitalke of a planet are located around beginning from the slowest, Saturn, to the fastest – the Moon. The sequence of days of week pays off on star beams clockwise. Except days of week, this scheme позволяетЗвезда Magicians to calculate compliance to planets of the 36-year periods, years, hours and some other intervals of time. Hours, for example, consider so: the 1st hour of Sunday belongs to the Sun, the 2nd Venus and so on on star perimeter. I will notice that 1st hour of any day in this system it is considered hour after sunrise, duration of hour is equal 1/12 from duration of light day, i.e. time from rising to sunset. Night hours by analogy are equal 1/12 from duration of a night-time. Continuing further calculations of hours according to the star scheme, you will notice that the 1st hour of Monday will appear under the Moon, the 1st hour of Tuesday near Mars, the 1st hour of the environment under Mercury, the 1st hour of Thursday near Jupiter, the 1st hour of Friday near Venus, the 1st hour of Saturday near Saturn. The system appears closed and logical.
This day, nevertheless, the most extraordinary. The majority of languages kept continuity from ivritsky "Shabbat" (rest, rest). In Arab as Sabat, Persian Shabat, the Georgian Shabati, not to mention Slavic versions of "Saturdays" similar motives are audible. Curiously, and from where there was itself ivritsky "Shabbat"? There is the following assumption which you are free to accept or not. Probably, in it the word-play is heard only, but in my opinion it is necessary to get accustomed to Sanskrit "шабда". This word is very popular in a Sanskrit and in vediysky culture as a whole, its root value is translated as "a sacred sound", "a primary sound". Other transfer of the word "shabda" – "The absolute embodied in a sound, a word". Impresses and pushes on analogy, isn’t that so?
What day of week the first?
From a position of materialistic realism statement of a question of the first day of week is not meaningful. It is valid, absolutely unimportant to consider what day of week as the first, what the second. The main thing, in this case, that accurate periodicity between workers remained and in the days off that week followed week without bringing confusion in calendars, computer programs etc. The question of recognition of this or that day by the first carries first of all cultural and historical and esoteric sense. The question of existence of biological sense while remains without the answer.
It was already mentioned that for accepting the Old Testament, the answer it should be unequivocal – Sunday. This day was day of the beginning of Tvorenya and, from this point of view, Jews are absolutely right noting Sunday in the first afternoon, and Saturday – the last. In Europe, to be exact in Rome till II century of N э too adhered to this custom while emperor Adrian did not forbid Christians to celebrate Saturday. Then day of rest transferred on Sunday, and in 321 g the Roman emperor Konstantin legalized this day as a weekly state holiday. Gradually the consciousness of Christians reconciled to an obvious withdrawal from similarity to a bible order of days in a week. Now superiority of Sunday remained only in intra church Christian liturgical life, the real week rhythm in the majority of the countries of the world begins with Monday.
It is natural and logical to reckon from the astrological point of view working days since Sunday for day of the Sun looks more creative, in it more cheerfulness, than in Monday, day of the changeable Moon sees. It just that case when between an astrology and religion the absolute consent is observed.
Probably, violation of a space rhythm led to emergence of Russian proverb: «Monday – day heavy»?
Hypothesis about ancient week
Everything who undertakes a subject of the analysis of week in Russian, inevitably rest against an unsoluble contradiction. Before also we will go to this way and we will approach to the same closed gate, I suggest to be supported with historic facts a little.
So, the concept "Sunday" appeared in Russia after acceptance of Christianity and, first, called only one day – day of the beginning of celebration of Easter Sunday. Only in the XVI century there was a Sunday as separate day of "sedmitsa" – so called week at that time. An origin of the word "sedmitsa" to judge slightly more difficultly. Whether there was it primordially Russian or came together with Kirill and Mefodiy’s alphabet? If this word, we will tell so, was a part of a pagan Old Slavic calendar why it so strongly entered into Christian church language? The present orthodox calendar entirely consists of sedmitsa. If to take into consideration that still week in Bulgaria and that the most ancient Slavic letters on Cyrillics (IX-X century) is called as a sedmitsa were found too in the Bulgarian territory, the warm southern breeze blowing from Bulgaria starts to be felt. And when there is known that Greek brothers Kirill and Mefodiy since the childhood owned, besides Greek, drevnebolgarsky language, the breeze turns into a wind. So, a sedmitsa, most likely, from Bulgaria.
Let’s go further. On one of popular versions old Russian "week" (as day) was called so because this day anything "did not do", had a rest. And Monday means that it follows after "week" (i.e. Sundays), Tuesday – the second day after "week"… Wednesday, being on conclusive sense the middle of week, specifies that the beginning of week gets on Sunday. Isn’t that so, this explanation is logical? It is curious that the word "week" a tracing-paper from the Greek apracos, i.e. not – doing, week, idle.
In other words, most likely, the word "week" is introduced in Russian culture from there, from where and Sunday.
Whether it is possible to assume existence of other, more ancient week at Slavs? Let’s apply the following logic course. It is clear, that Tuesday, Thursday and Friday obviously contain serial sense of a numeral in all Slavic languages. Even Wednesday, as it is known from old sources, had the serial name – a tretiynik. Only the perverted logic the second day of week, Tuesday, can consider as the third, and the fourth day, Thursday – in the fifth afternoon. If to agree with that that Monday day the first, Tuesday of the second and so on, there is a problem with Wednesday which does not appear in the middle of the week! Thursday that illogically at all points becomes the middle of week.
Whether there is from this contradiction an exit?
Is. Before us a task. How to make so that Wednesday there was in the middle, and a Tuesday the second, Thursday the fourth, Friday in the fifth afternoon of week? To make it it is possible in only the unique way. It is necessary to take into consideration that Slavs, and in Russia in particular, had a 5-day ancient week! In this case both Wednesday will be in the middle and serial names of days of week will correspond to their sequence. The hypothesis (if it, suddenly, it does not appear again invented bicycle) is that ancient week быля 5-day, and two other days, week-end so to speak, Saturday (Shabbat) and week-Sunday fastened to Russian later.
Whether there was an ancient week 5-day? If yes, that something related to a five-day rhythm sees in east elements – metal, water, a tree, fire and the earth. Is at 5-дневки and an astronomical explanation, perhaps even more logical, than at 7-day week. Let’s look at the sky. We see that the Moon and the Sun on the size cannot go to any comparison with remained 5 planets. From the point of view of the terrestrial observer the Moon and the Sun out of competition, not for nothing call them stars. Value of stars 10 times more, than at any of other visible planets. At stars more important role not only in the sky, but also in symbolism of the calendar periods.
In my reconstruction ancient week was 5-day, year consisted of 365 days, time in 20 years the additional five-day week was inserted compensating a visokosnost. Each of 5 days corresponded to a planet. The sun and the Moon operated the three-week periods for 15 days.
Long ago it is known that the calendar, except direct appointment, plays a role of the ideological tool. Strengthening own power entered the calendars the Chinese, Japanese, Roman emperors, leaders of the French revolution. I am convinced that the structure of week should submit to exclusively natural space rhythms, the calendar should not be the instrument of strengthening of any ideology. The person should understand what space rhythm it weekly beats off. Before a science of the future there will be a problem of definition of the most optimum for health of the person of a space rhythm of life. May be, what to the best remains 7-дневка, can time 3-дневки will come, and can in interests of the person will pass (to return?) on 5-дневку?
Outwardly developed technologically modern civilization, in practice is through impregnated with ancient superstitions and prejudices. Our civilization still lives on the Babylon week, the separate people and the states alter week depending on the religious preferences. Jews declared in the day off Saturday, in the majority of other countries day off Sunday, at Muslims day off – Friday (birthday of prophet Mohammed). These details emphasize a difference between people, separate them. While the ideology forms a calendar more than common sense. The different ideology generates misunderstanding between people, misunderstanding gives rise to vigilance and even aggression. Absence of understanding it is possible to explain all wars.