The 320xx or NS32000 is a series of microprocessors from National Semiconductor ("NS", "Natsemi"). They were likely the first 32-bit general-purpose microprocessors on the market, but due to a number of factors never managed to become a major player. The 320xx series was also used as the basis of the Swordfish series of microcontrollers.
The first chip in the series was originally called 16032, later renamed 32016 to emphasize its 32-bit internals. It became available in the late 1970s, and may have been the first 32-bit chip to reach mass production and sale (at least according to National Semiconductor marketing).
The original 32016 had a 16-bit external databus, a 24-bit external address bus, and a full 32-bit instruction set. It also included a coprocessor interface which allows coprocessors such as FPUs and MMUs to be attached as peers to the main processor.
The instruction set was extremely complex but mostly regular, with a large set of addressing modes. It was somewhat similar in spirit to (but not compatible with) the popular DEC VAX minicomputer instruction set. The 32016 was also very similar to the Motorola 68000, which also used 32-bit internals with a 16-bit data bus and 24-bit address bus.
The 32032 was introduced in 1984. It was almost completely compatible, but featured a 32-bit data bus (although keeping the 24-bit address bus) for somewhat faster performance. There was also a 32008, which was a 32016 with a data bus cut down to 8-bits wide for low cost applications. It was philosophically similar to the MC68008, and equally unpopular.
National Semiconductor also produced related support chips like Floating Point Units (FPUs), Memory Management Units (MMUs), and Direct Memory Access (DMA) controllers. With the full set plus memory chips and peripherals, it was feasible to build a 32-bit computer system capable of supporting modern multi-tasking operating systems, something that had previously been possible only on expensive minicomputers and mainframes.
Both the 32016 and the 32032 were notoriously unreliable. They were, in fact, so unreliable that their manufacturer became informally known throughout the industry as "Nominal Semidestructor," a moniker which can hardly have helped sales of the later products in the 32000 family, whatever the other reasons for their market troubles. There was a somewhat better chance of getting them to work if a full batch of CPU, MMU, FPU, and DMA chips were purchased as a matched, tested set, from Natsemi. Nonetheless, reliability trouble made the early 320xx's fairly unpopular, and Natsemi were forced to sell them at much lower prices than the competing 68000 in order to sell any at all. This low price did at least make them somewhat popular with hobbyists wanting to build 32-bit computers on a very small budget.
During the 1980s, successor chips called the NS32332 and NS32532 arrived, maintaining a good degree of compatibility, with much improved reliability and performance. By then the damage to reputation had been done, however, and these chips were (probably unjustly) ignored by most of the market.
In 1985, National Semi introduced the NS32332, which was a much improved version of the 32032. From the datasheet, the enhancements include "the addition of new dedicated addressing hardware (consisting of a high speed ALU, a barrel shifter and an address register), a very efficient increased (20 bytes) instruction prefetch queue, a new system/memory bus interface/protocol, increased efficiency slave processor protocol and finally enhancements of microcode." There was also a new NS32382 MMU, NS32381 FPU and the (very rare) NS32310 interface to a Weitek FPA.
In the Spring of 1987, National Semi introduced the NS32532. Running at 20-, 25- & 30-MHz, the NS32532 was an improved NS32332 with an integrated MMU and improved memory performance. Interestingly, there wasn't a new FPU; the NS32532 used the existing NS323381. The NS32532 was the basis of one of the few fully realized "public domain" hardware projects (that is, resulting in an actual, useful machine running a real operating system, in this case Minix or NetBSD), the PC532.
The Swordfish was the semi-mythical NS32732 (sometimes called NS32764), originally envisioned as the high performance successor to the NS32532. This program never came to the market, but derivatives aimed at embedded systems arrived circa 1990 (along with versions of the older NS32000 line for low cost products such as the NS32GX32, NS32FV16, NS32FX161 and NS32FX164). These processors had some success in the laser printer and fax market, despite intense competition from AMD and Intel RISC chips.
Datasheets exist for an NS32132, apparently designed for multiprocessor systems, but there is no evidence that the processor was ever produced.
An few example machines using NS32000-series CPUs:
The use of some variation on the number thirty-two was the obvious naming scheme for any series of 32-bit microprocessors. This leads to a certain amount of confusion and totally unrelated processors with similar names. For example:
None of these are remotely related to the National Semiconductor NS32000 series.