• E-Paper is also called Electronic Paper or Electronic ink Display.
• The first E-Paper was developed in 1974’s by “Nicholas K
Sheridon” at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Centre.
• It is a display unit.
• E-Paper is flexible.
• E-paper have a wide viewing angle.
• A digital pen is also used to create handwritten document.
• Developed in the 1970’s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's Palo Alto
• The first electronic paper was called Gyricon.
• At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken demonstrated
a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology.
• Random example:
• USB flash drive with
• E Ink-implemented
• capacity meter of available
• flash memory.
• It was the first electronic paper and was developed in 1970’s.
• Consists of polyethylene spheres having diameter between 75-106
• Each sphere is a janus particle composed of negatively charged black
plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other (each
bead is thus a dipole).
• These spheres are embedded in transparent silicone made sheet, with each
sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that they can rotate freely.
• The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes then
determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the pixel
a white or black appearance.
• The spheres of the Gyricon display are trapped in the oil-filled
cavities of an elastomer. Positioning them with a positive or negative
voltage puts them into the reflecting [left] or light-absorbing [right]
black state. Prototypes have been fabricated at Xerox' PARC.
• The electronic ink display from E Ink is based on encapsulated electrophoretics
--microcapsules containing many tiny white pigment chips, or particles, that are
suspended in a blue-black liquid dye.
• Applying an electric field moves the particles about; the microcapsules can be switched
into the reflecting [left] or absorbing [right] state by applying a positive or negative
voltage across the indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes.
• Any kind of electrophoretic display relies on electrostatic migration of light-scattering
particles in a dyed colloidal suspension.
• When a positive voltage is applied, the particles migrate electrostatically toward the electrode on
the viewer side.
• If white light-scattering particles are used, a near-Lambertian reflection can be obtained.
• When a negative voltage is applied, the particles move to the electrode on the side away from the
viewer and become hidden behind the dye; the viewer sees the color of the dye.
• Once migration occurs under either polarity and the voltage is removed, the white particles stay in
place, creating a bistable memory device.
• Technology used in electronic visual displays that can
create various colors via interference of reflected light.
• The color is selected with an electrically switched light
modulator comprising a microscopic cavity that is
switched on and off using driver integrated circuits
similar to those used to address liquid crystal displays
COMPARISON OF E-PAPER &
Electronic Ink Display Liquid Crystal Display
Wide viewing angle Best image only from one position
Black on paper white Gray on gray
Readable in sunlight Can be difficult to see
Holds image without power drain Required power to hold images
Plastic or glass Glass only
Light Weight Power supply and glass make
LCDs relatively heavy
Thin (~1 mm) Thick (~7 mm)
• Paper-like readability
• Sunlight and non-uniform light visibility
• High reflectivity, high contrast & resolution
• Viewing angle ~180 degree
• Highly flexible
• Ultra-Low Power Consumption
• Long-term Bistable Image: content preserved without power
• Prolonged battery life
• Full color implementation- not yet.
• Implementation of video on it- not yet.
• Flexibility of the e-paper such that it can be rolled or
folded- not yet.
• Develop it as such that it will reflect infra red rays and
the documents can be read by using night vision camera
only, or so that it can be used by military and security