thus a mix of both topdown and bottomup systems and indicators allows policy makers to better understand effectiveness by contextualising the progress of discrete interventions in contributing to transformational climate goals at global and national scales eg martins duarte for example it is easier to estimate the impacts of lowcarbon infrastructure projects on emissions than it is to measure the impact of a technical assistance or outreach activity on community resilience in the latter case it might be more practical to measure results at the output or outcome level eg number of projectmanagement training sessions held or number of awareness workshops held in vulnerable communities