the range of qualifications across public universities is quite remarkable where more established universities may have to of academic staff with doctorates while newer universities have less than staff with doctoral degrees universiti sains malaysia reports staff with doctoral degrees and university of malaya while universiti malaya pahang reports and the national defence university only training schemes to upgrade staff qualifications have started but will take considerable time to change the situation however salary packages offered by universities which operate within a civil service framework are unable to be internationally competitive