parents particularly those with higher education and higher income seek tutoring to prepare primary students for the national examination to improve their chances of entering top schools schools in turkey tend to be homogenous in both student socioeconomic background and academic performance indicating low levels of social and academic inclusion nonetheless of yearolds from low socioeconomic backgrounds performed better than predicted compared to the oecd average of targeted policies should aim to systematically support and strengthen schools capacity to address the impact of low socioeconomic background on performance