regardless of these particular perspectives scholars agree on the importance of technological change in historical energy transitions and on future scenarios of energy system transformation grubler nakicenovic et al these challenges of a future sustainable energy transition will require substantive innovation and technological change across all regions particularly in developing countries the overriding question for developing countries is how to move from this historical pattern to an integrated concurrent approach dictated by the sheer magnitude of numbers as well as energy access and climate stabilization objectives metz et al