however protests increased rapidly after the governments decision to prolong the reliance on nuclear power in and especially in the aftermath of the fukushima accident in theoretical analyses and international experience suggest that despite strong policy commitment moving away from fossil fuels without nuclear power is costly not least because other available low carbon technologies are not yet competitive oecd the public investment needed to reach the targets is estimated at around of gdp per year kfw when assessing co abatement cost in germany evaluations differ significantly reducing emissions by by is estimated to cost on average from eur t co to more than eur t co bmu b mckinsey the differences in estimates are mainly due to assumptions about the technological changes to be expected by which determine the cost of investment in lowcarbon technologies and their performance in energy savings