the variables are usually significant in both urban and rural areas but their magnitudes size of the coefficients differ eg marriage has a stronger negative impact on labour force participation of women in urban areas overall the impact of socioeconomic and cultural factors is stronger in urban than rural areas potentially explaining some of the lower urban female participation in regressions by religion muslim women have constantly lower probability of taking part in the labour market there is no clear trend observable for this variable over time although it shows a distinct oneoff decrease in the latest survey