this strategy entails integrating and incorporating gender equality efforts at the institutional leadership level so that gender equality is not a separate area of specialisation but rather an area that permeates decisionmaking at all tiers of the institution a shift in gender equality efforts in academia has occurred in the nordic region and as already mentioned the focus has been redirected from viewing female researchers as the problem to examining the research system and the way research is structured the objective of the current gender equality efforts in academia is primarily to change the structural conditions that create inequalities and to use instruments that integrate gender equality in order to achieve the institutions other objectives