independently of social preferences for one technology over another the current trend of superposing market outcomes with different layers of policy instruments to achieve certain outcomes poses serious questions concerning the transparency and ultimately the sustainability of electricity sectors in oecd countries currently dispatchable producers that are exposed to lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced load factors resulting from the influx of large amounts of vre are expected to provide the backup for variable renewables to cover demand when the latter are unavailable this service is costly but currently not remunerated