this pattern is reinforced by time and mobility constraints arising from sociocultural genderbased norms that impose a double burden in terms of unpaid care work and productive activities it is also reinforced by gender segregation in the labour market which confines women largely to relatively lowincome activities and by intrahousehold decisionmaking dynamics that limit their control over household income and their influence on spending priorities such biases are especially evident in genderdisaggregated householdlevel data based on maleheaded and femaleheaded households