minigrids capable of sustaining semiindustrial and industrial activity at a lower cost have high upfront costs and uncertainties arising from inadequate policy frameworks are an important constraint to private investors access to commercial finance esmap irena b berthdlemy and bdguerie beguerie and palliere gmg mdp the african ldcs and haiti as a group have the highest proportion of countries with a dedicated sector regulator where there are regulatory bodies their powers may be limited or shared with a supervisory ministry