the surveys do not make the distinction as to whether the scholarships are of public or private origin or whether they correspond to meritbased rewards furthermore they tend to be of a nontransferable nature this includes all monetary transfers by civil society organizations in particular religious institutions and national and foreign nongovernmental organizations it was not possible to separate them in all cases from gifts by private households these include monetary transfers in the context of public social programmes and subsidies some of which involve not a real transfer but a reduction in the cost of access to public services