this may suggest for instance that the increase in unemployment benefit caseloads could be comparatively mild if generosity were increased spending on active labourmarket policies includes pes training employment incentives disabled direct job creation and startup incentives spending is per ilo unemployed and defined in of gdp per capita net replacement rates are for a primeage worker aged with a long and uninterrupted employment record and are averages over months four different stylised family types single and oneearner couples with and without children and two earnings levels and of average fulltime wage