to enhance returns projects should be able to generate sufficient revenues over their life cycle through adoption of user charges public sector support typically in the form of viability gap finance and additional funding proposed measures to reduce risks and uncertainties include clear identification of actual returns and possible risks including of default development of governance structures to ensure approval of stakeholders including through compensation schemes provision of derisking instruments such as sovereign and credit guarantees and government mapping of longterm investment paths to reduce investors uncertainty about the future woetzel et al in addition standardization of contractual terms is identified as important to attract funds to smaller projects as is project pooling to reduce transaction costs and attract larger investors