additionally this measure assumes that formal schooling is the primaiy sole source of education and again that variations in the quality of nonschool factors have a negligible effect on education outcomes this neglect of crosscountry differences in the quality of education is probably the major drawback of such a quantitative measure of schooling hanushek and woessmann widespread adoption of more efficient work organisation methods such as lean production across both manufacturing and service industries is also argued to demand the workforce acquire a broader range of skills one effect of the widespread adoption of such a broad and some suggest amorphous concept as generic skills is that it presents potentially insurmountable difficulties for educational institutions charged with teaching these skills to a workforce