this transfer is complemented with the public provision of food shelter and other items by government agencies the emergency grant has been activated on several occasions including the flooding and landslides in that struck eight of ecuadors provinces manabi guayas el oro los rios esmeraldas azuay cotopaxi and loja with a total of people affected of that number were eligible to receive the grant sngr according to rofman apella and vezza p the most common factor in the reforms is the search for ways to expand coverage particularly for older adults that did not have a working life as formal workers making regular contributions to the pension system