achieving low stabilization levels will require early upfront largescale investments and substantially more rapid diffusion and commercialization of advanced lowemissions technologies such investments will need to be made worldwide on the required scale implying that effective technology and resource transfers will need to be made to those countries lacking those means see chaps v and vi for further discussion these include a switch to renewable energy technologies of which the most significant is solar energy the adoption of ccs technologies both to curb emissions from fossil fuel plants and generally to facilitate negative emissions the enhancement of terrestrial sinks through afforestation in conjunction with sustainable biomass use and investment in energy efficiency solutions