it is also important to understand the dynamics within the shift in the indicator since a decline may result from a fall in the number of women without incomes of their own or from a rise in the number of women aged and over who are not studying for the other countries the decline in the indicator is explained solely by the rise in the number of women aged and over who are not in education the drop in the proportion of women without incomes of their own is much greater than the rise in female labour force participation in fact the female activity rate held fairly steady see chapter iii which means that much of the decline in the indicator is due to income from state transfers as analysed in cecchini and madariaga and in eclac c a hallmark of the conditional cash transfer programmes implemented in the regions countries in the first decade of the twentyfirst century is that they are feminized insofar as mainly women receive the benefits