on the other hand selfemployment either declined or was stable in most countries the tasksbased approach for instance shows that the employment shares of routinetask jobs traditionally composed of middleskill workers have declined from to between and at the same time there has been a large increase in the employment share of abstract from to and to a lesser extent nonroutine manual jobs from to similarly the jobsbased approach which that takes into consideration a particular occupation within a particular industry finds evidence for job polarisation by showing a ushaped pattern of employment shifts across job deciles in more than half of the countries