men who have received higher education in czech republic england and italy are more likely to engage in hed whereas they are less likely to do so in australia chile hungary ireland new zealand and the us regarding the ses gradient australia canada and england show a significant social gradient the welloff more at risk conversely chile germany hungary portugal and the us show reverse social gradient but not always significant similarly for women the direction of the gradient of inequality is not clearcut within all countries educationrelated disparities in hed emerge in few countries figure with the highereducated being more at risk although five countries show the reverse relationship australia canada ireland japan and new zealand correspondingly the pattern is mixed for sesrelated inequalities in women figure