for example overall effects of urban planning and design on levels of physical activity and a range of related health outcomes are now well evidenced especially in developed countries smit et al such policies may be especially important in low and mediumincome countries where rapid urbanisation and related developments have resulted in the loss of outdoor spaces conducive to sport and active recreation akindes and kirwan however spaces that allow both structured and unstructured engagement in sport and active recreation alongside other leisure pursuits can encourage wider family and community engagement and more sustained use mccormack et al