whereby today some approaches exist their restricted interoperability leads to a fragmented landscape of systems thus hindering widespread adoption among customers and businesses blockchain technology can enhance the effectiveness of such solutions by providing the overarching standard to unique identification and recording transactions of eg carbon certificates their trading and even the origin of ghg emissions this transparent and immutable record makes it easier to monitor and incentivise or impose penalties on certain industrial practices building on existing carbon market models more efficient and highly integrated trading platforms could be established a detailed consideration of how these benefits can be leveraged is presented in section