the congestion charge increasingly applied in various metropolitan areas has been shown to reduce congestion considerably ranging from a reduction in milan over in london and singapore and in stockholm januaryjuly beevers and carslaw olszewski milan municipality johansson et al not only did it create a cordon for vehicles entering the central city or the central business district as is the case in london stockholm milan and several other cities but it has also implemented congestion charges on expressways that are not in the central city which toronto might also consider at present there are of these gantries form a cordon around the central business district others are located on selected expressway segments and five on radial arterial roads