this often incentivises migrants that have recently arrived to the country to opt for the academic route rather than a vocational one which may not always be best suited to their needs liebowitz et al the adultleaming system may in such cases offer training in portuguese as a second language to young migrants who have no other options in the education system several studies offer insights on practices for increasing participation in adult learning oecd igj european commission i j windisch oincreased participation is viewed as a key objective based on the benefits of participation outlined in chapter box