see mogues ef a public expenditures on agriculture education and roads contribute strongly to agricultural growth across regions although to different degrees and within agriculture the impact of research expenditures on productivity is stronger than nonresearch expenditures fan and saurkar investment in research often associated with extension is consistently found to be the most important source of productivity growth in agriculture fischer byerlee and edmeades in rwanda for example dollar of additional government expenditures on agricultural research increases agricultural gdp by dollars but the effects were larger for staples such as maize cassava pulses and poultry than for export crops diao eta in india expenditures aimed at improving productivity in livestock had greater returns and were more effective in mitigating poverty than general public investment in agriculture dastagiri because rd drives technical change and productivity growth in agriculture it raises farm incomes and reduces prices for consumers