only ldcs have even limited oilrefining capacity the output of which is overwhelmed by that of the other manufacturing sectors similarly available national accounts and employment data typically group together energyrelated utilities electricity and gas and water supply with no further breakdown in households where both women and men are engaged in wood collection the gender distribution of time savings may also differ significantly from that of time allocation even if women spend more time than men collecting wood a greater share of the time savings may accrue to men this should be achieved through both centralized and decentralized energy technologies and systems combining the three general models of grid extension minigrid access and offgrid access agecc