evidence shows that within cities socioeconomically vulnerable groups often suffer the most from poor environmental conditions such poor environmental conditions in cities are often associated with other forms of socioeconomic exclusion the epidemiological literature on pollution levels also shows that intraurban variations are even larger than variations between cities for example in the case of malmo sweden geomapping analysis outlines that the socioeconomic status of the neighbourhood of residence seemed to be a strong predictor of children s level of exposure to pollution chaix et al in the united states a university of minnesota survey based on us census data found that minorities were on average exposed to more nitrogen pollution than caucasians with a significant gap when accounting for race andor income clark millet and marshall