the peak in expenditure on passive measures in reflects the rise in unemployment during the s while the subsequent fall despite still rising unemployment was also strongly influenced by the and reforms of the el system see chapter there has also been a longterm trend reduction in expenditure on pes administration expenditure on other active programmes has increased roughly in line with gdp between and although nearstability of expenditure as a percentage of gdp contrasts with the increase in the unemployment rate total expenditure in fy and fy on active programmes other than pes and administration was about jpy billion this was mainly for the hometown employment revitalization special grant to conduct projects that will create stable job opportunities for regional jobseekers jpy billion and the emergency job creation programme temporary jobs of less than six months created by prefectural governments or silver human resource centres for nonregular workers and middleaged and older people etc