these factors are also highly connected to the student s background be it past experiences in education eg participation in preprimary education or family related factors eg living with one or two parents ses parental engagement hi addition school structure and size as well as certain types of school practices eg a highly bureaucratic and impersonal environment influence the process of disengagement in combination with a set of systemic factors eg the use of year repetition or the lack of apprenticeship places all the above mentioned factors have an impact on the dropout rate as well as an impact on each other this requires a close cooperation between educational authorities and many other parts of government such as social and labour services health services and justice system in some countries