this challenge is compounded by the difficulty in assigning value to the costs borne by local communities the market costs are well understood and relatively straightforward but the costs to communities are more complex typical concerns or costs cited by communities include changes to landscapes nuisance eg noise or shadow flicker environmental impacts eg wildlife and water quality and the potential for reduced property values hubert and horbaty many communities also feel excluded from the decisionmaking processes concerning the sites and technologies selected for their area bryden