another factor is school reform in the s which helped to significantly improve educational outcomes as reflected in the literacy and numeracy results of yearold students in the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa poland needs to move up the value ladder and become more specialised in more knowledgeintensive higher valueadded activities currently poland lags well behind many other oecd countries on the technology content of its exports figure and innovation outputs such as patents and top scientific research publications cannot yet compete with the top oecd economies figure