redirecting innovation from dirty to clean technologies reduces the cost of environmental policies and can lead to higher economic growth in the short run if the benefits from higher spillovers exceed these costs this financial effort needs nevertheless to be sustained and accelerated if indeed the objective of a nearzeroghg emission electricity production is maintained the commitment made by the countries and the eu under the mission innovation to double their public financing for lowcarbon energy rdd is therefore crucial and may need to be strengthened even further in the future