vulnerability refers to the propensity of exposed elements such as human beings their livelihoods and assets to suffer adverse effects when impacted by hazard events ipcc these include the lack of a single common metric the long timeframes over which the effects of adaptation measures may be felt or the degree of uncertainty inherent to our understanding of the climate system particularly when projecting localised climate impacts bours et al mindful of those challenges the unfccc subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice states it is essential that adaptation be designed as a continuous and flexible process and subjected to periodic review sbsta the specificities of nationallevel monitoring and evaluation systems lie in its potentially broader scope in terms of the sectors climate hazards geographic area and adaptation measures considered