to respond to these new challenges psv has been encouraged to develop strong links with business and enterprises to cover remote areas and to cater for less affluent students it analyses the impact of the dual sector universities in australia short cycle higher education in scotland three subsectors of norway s tertiary education and the emerging nonuniversity higher education in italy as well as the vocational education and training in spain it discusses the issues of transition participation and collaboration of different types ofpostsecondary education and analysis the impact of policy changes