in this scenario the atmospheric concentration of ghgs could reach parts per million ppm as a result the global average temperature increase could be c to c above preindustrial levels by the end of the century exceeding the internationally agreed goal of limiting it to below c for this reason clean energy becomes absolutely critical to any strategy to alter these trends transforming infrastructure to be lccr is a critical part of the climate policy challenge because it will lockin development patterns and because it represents the bulk of the investment needed to achieve the c target