in particular better utilising economic instruments eg pollution charges taxes or water quality trading can create incentives to reduce pollution and increase the cost effectiveness of and innovation in pollution control strategies recommendations include i providing overarching national policy guidance and minimum standards ii creating the institutional framework setting the distribution of responsibilities across levels of government iii stakeholder engagement on approaches to manage perceived and actual risks and a commitment to reach solutions in partnership iu signalling policy changes and highlighting options for implementation and v stimulating the diffusion of innovative technical and policy approaches that minimise the cost of water quality management including seed funding space for experimentation and making pollution costly lastly monitoring enforcement and evaluation of policy implementation ongoing stakeholder engagement and reassessment of the risks are necessary in order to adapt to future changes in climate economic growth population dynamics and advances in science and technology