vulnerable employment consists of the sum of ownaccount workers and contributing family workers and these workers are less likely to have formal work arrangements ilo sparreboom and albee nevertheless nonvulnerable employment such as wage employment may also fall short of decent work if for example an important part of wage employment is casual informal or of limited duration or if labour standards are not enforced immigrants are vulnerable to such situations and are often concentrated in lowskill wage work in other words although trends in vulnerable employment are important to assess labour markets consideration needs to be given to additional indicators to understand the position of immigrants such as occupational indicators which will be discussed in later sections as the south african population census data of do not differentiate between employers and ownaccount workers this section distinguishes between wage and salaried workers on the one hand and other categories of workers on the other