in this framework marginal utilisation costs are by construction higher than average utilisation costs higher drops are featured for solar pv for which the value factor decreases more dramatically reaching about of baseload costs at a penetration level of hirth b recent quantitative analysis at the nea also confirms such trends nea forthcoming in a highly flexible system the value factor for wind onshore reaches about and of baseload at and penetration level solar pv reaches of baseload price at penetration and the value sharply drops at only when a penetration level is reached