as shown in the previous chapter the sums involved can be considerable reaching up to of plantlevel investment costs for new power generation investments in particular for offshore wind which suffers from the high costs of network connection nevertheless the issue can be handled from an institutional point of view with existing regulatory frameworks building on the more technical previous chapters this chapter looks at the adequacy of current arrangements and the necessary future evolutions in the electricity sectors of oecd countries to optimise the provision of flexibility services in the face of high volatility of load and large amounts of variable renewables