just as groundwater resource characteristics vary widely approaches also differ based on uses and institutional constraints oecd forthcoming c the city of topeka kansas paid for groundwater rights in exchange for treated municipal wastewater it fulfilled its conservation objective and reportedly did not use groundwater for seven years peck faced with the risk of groundwater depletion the city of wichita also in kansas transferred a large volume of surface water into its section of the high plains aquifer meanwhile the district of santa clara california created a conservation district and managed to stop land subsidence that damaged infrastructures its management plan included monitoring groundwater use among rural and urban users importing surface water and artificially replenishing the aquifer with treated wastewater borchers et al