scenarios unambiguously predict that tropical areas are at higher risk of climate hazards according to the notre dame global adaptation index ndgain chen and others for example countries at the highest risk of climate change are concentrated in africa and south and southeast asia where the capacity to prevent or even cope with most negative impacts is poor figure while some highincome countries italy japan and the united states of america exhibit relatively high risk levels owing to their high exposure to climate hazards they possess greater capacity resources to manage those risks