article states states have the duty to cooperate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development states should realize their rights and fulfil their duties in such a manner as to promote a new international economic order based on sovereign equality interdependence mutual interest and cooperation among all states as well as to encourage the observance and realization of human rights see for example fukudaparr there should however be a presumption against actions that impair exports from least developed countries to either emerging markets or developed countries or from emerging markets to developed countries