although the redistributive factor has not had such a large impact as the rise in average income its contribution has nevertheless been essential for strengthening poverty reduction and for avoiding backsliding hence if the poverty line is kept constant in real terms changes in the poverty indicator can be analysed from the perspective of variations in average income and in income distribution the difference between this indicator and the initialperiod poverty rate can be interpreted as a growth effect it is also possible to calculate the poverty rate that corresponds to the average income of the initial period but with an income distribution similar to that of the final period