this is why fundamental research is typically funded mostly by government while other rd as well as demonstration tends to be mostly financed by the private sector ensuring that intellectual property right ipr protection is strong would also help to reduce underinvestment in rdd caused by knowledge spillovers while establishing a fund to buyout breakthrough technologies to reduce ghg emissions could reduce the perceived risks of expropriation discussed above as well as speeding diffusion pricing ghg emissions through a capandtrade scheme could help to reduce the political uncertainty that undermines investment in rdd by building a political constituency for continued enforcement both public financial support and regulatory changes can help to overcome a lack of appropriate infrastructure for the development and deployment of some lowemission technologies