the high value of the d manu coefficient in the equation for female selfemployment is in line with other types of evidence that indicate that women are more likely than men to be employed in lowquality jobs lichter and landry a number of studies have provided evidence on the steep increases in selfemployment and underemployment seen in the united states as industrial enterprises have closed their doors belcher and diblasio while using a sample composed of both developed and developing countries pietrobelli rabellotti and aquilina have found that the rate of selfemployment tends to decline as the degree of industrialization rises this agrees with the evidence presented by caceres and caceres a who found that economic growth drove down the selfemployment rate in a sample of panel data for from six countries in the region