the benefits are significant for disadvantaged pupils eg blau and currie according to pisa nativeborn children of immigrants who attended preprimary school are a full year ahead of their peers who stayed at home in terms of reading skills recognising this the provision of costeffective and quality childhood education and care has been on the governments agenda in many oecd countries box these efforts can be continued only a few oecd countries notably new zealand norway and sweden have established such an integrated ecec system under one lead ministry which provides continuous development for preschool children the integration of care and education under the ministry of education influenced the style of curriculum that was developed