the aim of the shoks was to reinforce global market relevance of publicly funded rd and innovation by enhancing the joint involvement of industry or public rd institutions they were considered as being used mostly by large firms incumbents with limited participation by other firms smes and new firms and functioning under a rather closed regime and with a bias towards existing technologies and products there are however interesting cases of practice still under operation such as dimecc ltd and clic innovation ltd whose features and evolution should be examined and better understood active and promising innovation networks could be further mobilised and better utilised to address innovation challenges in highpriority areas such as bioeconomycleantech the circular economy and digitalisation