backman and ferrarini point out two mechanisms by which family transfers contribute to reduce child poverty a direct effect via the support incash provided to traditional oneearner families and the support to dualearner families which operates by enabling both parents to work and raise market income for instance they point out the low efficacy of social spending in reducing child poverty is in southern europe countries due to scarce social services and modest family benefits by contrast pensions are found to have a noticeable impact on child poverty in countries where family and kin continue to play an important role in providing welfare while other types of transfers are much more limited chzhen and bradshaw petmesidou et al