these two inner components direct budgetary transfers and government revenue that has been foregone as a result are also the subject of quantification of oecd s renowned inventory of support measures for fossil fuels oecd a in this case there is no direct transfer from government budgets and the cost of subsidies is pushed on to energysupplying companies though the latter can also be compensated by the government for the losses they incur this way this is by far the laigest category in the iea estimates of consumer subsidies granted as a result of selling energy at belowmarket rates however this category can also include crosssubsidies whereby one category of consumers for instance industry pays a premium on the price of energy which pays off the losses that suppliers incur by selling energy at below costrecovery rates to a different category of consumers for example households international organisations such as the iea and the imf have come up with certain regional and global benchmarks in particular for fossilfuel consumer taxes the oecd has also discussed these issues in its flagship publication taxing energy use oecd b