experience from other oecd countries has shown that when primary carelevel provision for mildtomoderate disorders is very effective when also backed up by good training both during medical training and as part of continuing medical education by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care for example a psychologist or specialist community mental health service or centre competency in treating and diagnosing mild and moderate disorders should be integrated into training for japans primary care speciality from the start it is recommended that japan considers the expansion of evidencebased treatments for mildtomoderate disorders in particular increasing availability of psychological therapies