contributing authors hakan tundn marie kvarnstrom hannele llvessalolax johnny berglund hansgoran lax tero mustonen anders hojgard petersen preben clausen jorgen ls hansen eva roth lars gamfeldt pia norling jan sorensen johanna roto susanne vavare michael koie poulsen habitat degradation eutrophication fishing and climate change are examples of drivers of change that affect nordic coastal habitats policy and governance are principal indirect drivers that both could lead to decline and deteriorations as well as improvements and recoveries of nordic marine environments such changes might lead to increased oxygen depletion in many areas leakage of nutrients changed trophic structures and spread of pathogens diaz rosenberg gregory et al