while coverage rates are low for both sexes in south asia and subsaharan africa women still face significant disadvantages visavis men in france for example the gender gap in pensions relative to average pensions for all men is per cent for women who have no children per cent for women who have one or two children and per cent for women who have three or more children these gaps not only undermine gender equality in old age but also womens right to an adequate standard of living in chile for example the combination of these factors creates a gender gap of per cent in pensions derived from the individual capital account system see figure