first as a global universal comprehensive treaty it eroded the kyoto protocols firewall between developed and developing countries where the latter were exempt from mandatory obligations to reduce emissions second the paris agreement has replaced the kyoto protocols top down targets and timetables with a bottomup pledge and review process thereby making domestic climate action central in multilateral climate policy third the paris agreement has enacted a new model of hybrid multilateralism whereby the function of a climate agreement is to direct orchestrate harness and mobilize climate action by substate and nonstate actors such as cities business investors regions and civil society andonova backstrand et al