third the channel decomposition analysis indicates that genderbased discrimination in social institutions tends to reduce income per capita by lowering both womens human capital acquisition and labour force participation as well as total factor productivity fourth the income loss associated with gender discrimination in social institutions is estimated at up to usd trillion or of world income by contrast a gradual dismantling of genderbased discriminatory social institutions by could increase the annual income globed growth rate by to percentage points over the next years depending on the scenario