accessing international capital markets can also be difficult for many developing countries these challenges can be further exacerbated for clean energy infrastructure projects as lenders may be reluctant to lend due to an insufficient knowledge of local markets and a higher technology risk ensuring access to affordable finance will require developing country governments in particular to combine a shortterm strategy of facilitating access to international financing and a longerterm approach the latter would need to address the full range of risks and limitations that increase the cost of financing for clean energy including the shallowness of the domestic financial market key informational social or behavioural risks related to clean energy financing and the limited number of financial products that are available and suited to the sector s financing needs in some countries like brazil or china bank lending has played a predominant role with stateowned andor national development banks being the main sources of longterm financing in china for example banks hold around of the total loan portfolio for infrastructure walsh et al