in africa women receive percent of agricultural extension services and less than percent of credit offered to smallscale farm holders moreover inasmuch as educational curricula tend to exclude topics with particular relevance to women such as nutrition sanitation hygiene genderspecific tools and management gender analysis and targeted initiatives must be incorporated in agricultural education research and extension services davis and others the ability of farmers to innovate learn from one another and adapt to change largely depends on their capacity to access and process information including through information and communications technology