in most of this paper comparisons between vocational and academic education are made at the same level of educational attainment hence outcomes of treatment are compared to those of treatment depending on the research question being investigated other comparisons are possible and may deliver a different picture than the one presented here in this paper we assume that the assignment of individuals to the treatments listed above is explained by parental education country of birth the number of books in the house at age as well as the pupilteacher ratio in primary school and the proportion of residents in rural areas at the age of selection we discuss in the report how plausible this assumption is in the context of the data being used