even after accounting for sociodemographic factors such as gender age foreignborn status and the number of years the respondent has been working for a current employer or has been selfemployed a gap in literacy skills remains in all countries participating in the survey oecd a the gaps are particularly high in israel the united kingdom england the united states greece the slovak republic poland slovenia and chile oecd a this suggests that adults with more educated parents have benefited from much better learning opportunities and support than those whose parents who are not as well educated