title: Proposta de decisão do Conselho que autoriza a colocação no mercado de alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho Roundup Ready geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21, como novos alimentos ou novos ingredientes alimentares, nos termos do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho

text:
Advertência jurídica importante

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52005PC0346

Proposta de Decisão do Conselho que autoriza a colocação no mercado de alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho Roundup Ready geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21, como novos alimentos ou novos ingredientes alimentares, nos termos do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho  /* COM/2005/0346 final */

	[pic] | COMISSÃO DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS |Bruxelas, 29.7.2005COM(2005)346 finalProposta deDECISÃO DO CONSELHOque autoriza a colocação no mercado de alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho Roundup Ready geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21, como novos alimentos ou novos ingredientes alimentares, nos termos do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho(apresentada pela Comissão)EXPOSIÇÃO DE MOTIVOSO projecto de decisão do Conselho em anexo diz respeito a alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21, relativamente ao qual a Monsanto apresentou, ao abrigo do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97, um pedido de colocação no mercado às autoridades competentes dos Países Baixos em 24 de Julho de 1998.Após o relatório de avaliação inicial dos Países Baixos, que considerava o milho GA21 tão seguro como o milho convencional, alguns Estados-Membros apresentaram objecções fundamentadas. Estas objecções foram remetidas para o Comité Científico da Alimentação Humana, que emitiu um parecer em 27 de Fevereiro de 2002 segundo o qual o milho GA21 é tão seguro como o milho convencional. O método de detecção foi validado e publicado pelo Centro Comum de Investigação (CCI) em 17 de Janeiro de 2005.O pedido original da Monsanto dizia respeito a alimentos e ingredientes alimentares derivados de organismos geneticamente modificados. Em 24 de Abril de 2002, a Monsanto solicitou que o pedido se limitasse a alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de organismos geneticamente modificados.O Regulamento (CE) n.º 1829/2003 relativo a géneros alimentícios e alimentos para animais geneticamente modificados é aplicável desde 18 de Abril de 2004. À luz do n.º 1 do artigo 46.º deste regulamento, os pedidos apresentados ao abrigo do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 antes de 18 de Abril de 2004 e relativamente aos quais, antes dessa data, tenha sido transmitido à Comissão um relatório de avaliação inicial, devem ser tratados nos termos do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97.Tendo em consideração estes aspectos, em 27 de Abril de 2005, foi submetido à apreciação do Comité Permanente da Cadeia Alimentar e da Saúde Animal, para votação, um projecto de decisão da Comissão para a colocação no mercado comunitário de alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21. Nove Estados-Membros votaram a favor, cinco votaram contra e oito abstiveram-se. Três Estados-Membros não estavam presentes.O comité não emitiu qualquer parecer. Consequentemente, nos termos do disposto no n.º 4, alínea b), do artigo 13.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 e em conformidade com o artigo 5.º da Decisão 1999/468/CE do Conselho, a Comissão deve submeter à apreciação do Conselho uma proposta relativa às medidas a tomar, dispondo o Conselho de três meses para deliberar por maioria qualificada. O Parlamento Europeu foi informado em 28 de Abril de 2005.Proposta deDECISÃO DO CONSELHOque autoriza a colocação no mercado de alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho Roundup Ready geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21, como novos alimentos ou novos ingredientes alimentares, nos termos do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho(Apenas fazem fé os textos nas línguas francesa e neerlandesa)O CONSELHO DA UNIÃO EUROPEIA,Tendo em conta o Tratado que institui a Comunidade Europeia,Tendo em conta o Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 27 de Janeiro de 1997, relativo a novos alimentos e ingredientes alimentares[1], nomeadamente o artigo 7.º,Tendo em conta a proposta da Comissão,Considerando o seguinte:(1) Em 24 de Julho de 1998, a empresa Monsanto apresentou às autoridades competentes dos Países Baixos um pedido, nos termos do artigo 4.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97, para colocar no mercado alimentos e ingredientes alimentares derivados de milho geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21, como novos alimentos ou novos ingredientes alimentares.(2) No seu relatório de avaliação inicial de 21 de Dezembro de 1999, o organismo de avaliação alimentar competente dos Países Baixos chegou à conclusão de que o milho GA21 e os alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir desse milho são tão seguros quanto o milho e os produtos à base de milho que não foram objecto de modificação genética.(3) A Comissão enviou o relatório de avaliação inicial a todos os Estados-Membros em 18 de Fevereiro de 2000. No prazo de 60 dias previsto no n.º 4 do artigo 6.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97, foram apresentadas objecções fundamentadas à comercialização do produto, em conformidade com aquela disposição.(4) Em 18 de Maio de 2000, a Comissão solicitou o parecer do Comité Científico da Alimentação Humana (CCAH) em conformidade com o artigo 11.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97. Em 27 de Fevereiro de 2002, o CCAH emitiu o seu parecer segundo o qual, do ponto de vista da saúde dos consumidores, o milho GA21 e os produtos dele derivados são tão seguros como o milho e os produtos derivados de linhagens de milho convencional. Ao emitir o seu parecer, o CCAH considerou todas as questões e preocupações específicas levantadas pelos Estados-Membros.(5) Em 24 de Abril de 2002, a Monsanto solicitou que o pedido se limitasse a alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de organismos geneticamente modificados.(6) No que respeita à utilização do produto na alimentação animal, a Monsanto apresentou, em 12 de Dezembro de 1997, uma notificação ao abrigo da parte C da Directiva 90/220/CEE[2]. O parecer adoptado em 22 de Setembro de 2000 pelo Comité Científico das Plantas concluía não existirem provas que indicassem que a colocação no mercado de milho GA21 para este fim fosse passível de provocar quaisquer efeitos nocivos na saúde humana ou no ambiente. Todavia, o pedido foi retirado por razões de ordem comercial.(7) O n.º 1 do artigo 46.º do Regulamento (CE) n.° 1829/2003 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 22 de Setembro de 2003, relativo a géneros alimentícios e alimentos para animais geneticamente modificados[3], dispõe que os pedidos apresentados ao abrigo do artigo 4.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 antes da data de aplicação do Regulamento (CE) n.º 1829/2003 devem ser tratados nos termos do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97, não obstante o disposto no artigo 38.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 1829/2003, nos casos em que o relatório de avaliação complementar exigido de acordo com o disposto nos n.ºs 3 ou 4 do artigo 6.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 258/97 tenha sido enviado à Comissão antes da data de aplicação do Regulamento (CE) n.º 1829/2003.(8) O Centro Comum de Investigação (CCI) da Comissão Europeia, em colaboração com a Rede Europeia de Laboratórios OGM (ENGL), validou um método de detecção do milho GA21. O CCI realizou um estudo de validação completo (teste interlaboratorial) de acordo com directrizes aceites internacionalmente, para testar o desempenho de um método quantitativo específico da acção para detectar e quantificar a acção de transformação GA21 no milho. Os materiais necessários para o estudo foram fornecidos pela Monsanto. O CCI considerou que o desempenho do método era adequado ao objectivo visado, tendo em conta os critérios de desempenho propostos pela ENGL aplicáveis aos métodos apresentados como referência para o cumprimento regulamentar, bem como os conhecimentos científicos actuais em matéria de desempenho satisfatório de métodos. Tanto o método como os resultados da validação foram levados ao conhecimento do público pelo CCI.(9) O material de referência para o milho GA21 foi produzido pelo CCI.(10) Os alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho da linhagem GA21 devem ser rotulados em conformidade com o disposto no Regulamento (CE) n.º 1829/2003 e devem ser sujeitos aos requisitos de rastreabilidade previstos no Regulamento (CE) n.° 1830/2003 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 22 de Setembro de 2003, relativo à rastreabilidade e rotulagem de organismos geneticamente modificados e à rastreabilidade dos géneros alimentícios e alimentos para animais produzidos a partir de organismos geneticamente modificados e que altera a Directiva 2001/18/CE[4].(11) Em conformidade com o Regulamento (CE) n.º 65/2004 da Comissão[5], foi atribuído ao produto um identificador único para efeitos do Regulamento (CE) n.º 1830/2003.(12) As informações, contidas no anexo, relativas à identificação dos alimentos e dos ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho da linhagem GA21, incluindo o método de detecção validado e o material de referência, deviam ser consultáveis no registo referido no artigo 28.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 1829/2003.(13) O Comité Permanente da Cadeia Alimentar e da Saúde Animal não emitiu parecer,ADOPTOU A PRESENTE DECISÃO:Artigo 1.ºPodem ser colocados no mercado comunitário, como novos alimentos ou novos ingredientes alimentares, os alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21 (a seguir designados por «produtos») tal como referidos e especificados no anexo.Artigo 2.ºOs produtos serão rotulados como «milho geneticamente modificado» ou «produzido a partir de milho geneticamente modificado», em conformidade com os requisitos de rotulagem estabelecidos no artigo 13.º do Regulamento (CE) n.º 1829/2003.Artigo 3.ºOs produtos e as informações incluídas no anexo serão inscritos no Registo Comunitário dos Géneros Alimentícios e Alimentos para Animais Geneticamente Modificados.Artigo 4.ºA empresa Monsanto Europe S.A., Bélgica, em representação da Monsanto Company, EUA, é a destinatária da presente decisão. A presente decisão é válida por um período de dez anos.Feito em Bruxelas,Pelo ConselhoO PresidenteANEXOINFORMAÇÕES A INSCREVER NO REGISTO COMUNITÁRIO DOS GÉNEROS ALIMENTÍCIOS E ALIMENTOS PARA ANIMAIS GENETICAMENTE MODIFICADOS1.  Requerente e titular da autorização:Nome: Monsanto Europe S.A.Morada: Avenue de Tervuren 270-272, B-1150 Bruxelas, BélgicaEm nome de Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis, Missouri 63167, EUA.2.  Designação e especificação dos produtos:Alimentos e ingredientes alimentares produzidos a partir de milho geneticamente modificado ( Zea mays L.) da linhagem GA21 com tolerância acrescida ao herbicida glifosato e de todos os seus cruzamentos com linhagens de milho cultivadas de forma tradicional. O milho GA21 contém a sequência modificada de codificação de 5-enolpiruvilchiquimato-3-fosfato-sintase (mEPSPS) sob a regulação do promotor da actina 1 de arroz (r-act), uma sequência de um péptido de trânsito optimizado (OPT) baseada nas sequências do péptido de trânsito cloroplástico de Helianthus annuus e contém ainda o gene RuBisCo de Zea mays L.3.  Rotulagem:“Milho geneticamente modificado” ou “Produzido a partir de milho geneticamente modificado”.4.  Métodos de detecção:5.  Método de detecção específico da acção com a técnica de PCR quantitativa em tempo real para o milho geneticamente modificado da linhagem GA21.6.  Validado pelo Centro Comum de Investigação (CCI) da Comissão Europeia, em colaboração com a Rede Europeia de Laboratórios OGM (ENGL), publicado em http://gmo-crl.jrc.it/statusofdoss.htm.7.  Materiais de referência: IRMM-414, produzidos pelo Centro Comum de Investigação (CCI) da Comissão Europeia.8.  Identificador único:MON- ØØØ21-99.  Informações requeridas nos termos do anexo II do Protocolo de Cartagena:Não se aplica.10.  Condições ou restrições aplicáveis à colocação no mercado do produto:Não se aplica.11.  Requisitos de monitorização após comercialização:Não se aplica.[1] JO L 43 de 14.2.1997, p. 1.[2] JO L 117 de 8.5.1990 p. 15-27.[3] JO L 268 de 18.10.2003, p. 1.[4] JO L 268 de 18.10.2003, p. 24.[5] JO L 10 de 16.1.2004, p. 5.


Proposta de Decisão do Conselho relativa ao estabelecimento de critérios ecológicos para a atribuição do rótulo ecológico comunitário aos detergentes para máquinas de lavar loiça


title: PROPOSTA DE DECISÃO DO CONSELHO QUE ADOPTA UM PROGRAMA PLURIANUAL DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO NO DOMÍNIO DA CIÊNCIA E DA TECNOLOGIA DA ALIMENTAÇÃO (de 1989 até meados de 1993) FLAIR (Food-Linked Agro-Industrial Research) (apresentada pela Comissão)

text:
ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES
DE LA COMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEE DES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM (88) 351
Vol. 1988/0127
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 ---pagebreak---   COMISSÃO DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS
                                               COM ( 88 ) 351 final - SYN 140
                                                Bruxelas, 12 de Julho de 1988
                    PROPOSTA DE DECISÃO DO CONSELHO
QUE ADOPTA UM PROGRAMA PLURIANUAL DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO
        NO DOMÍNIO DA CIÊNCIA E DA TECNOLOGIA DA ALIMENTAÇÃO
                      ( de 1989 até meados de 1993 )
                                 FLAIR
                ( Food-Linked Agro-Industrial Research )
                     (apresentada pela Comissão )
 ---pagebreak---                                                        C * h -■ J J /
                               CONTENTS
SUMMARY .                                                              3
1.     Introduction    .                                               5
2.     Obj.ectives  .                                                  6
3.     The Needs for Food Science and Technology in Europe        ..   6
4.     Review of Community Food Research Initiatives .                 7
5.     Consultations with Research , Food and Industrial Circles 10
6.     Programme Content .                                            11
       6.1  Assessment and Enhancement of Food Quality .              11
       6.2   Food Hygiene , Safety and Toxicological Aspects ...      13
       6.3   Nutrition and Wholesomeness Aspects .                    13
7.     Management of the Programme
       7.1   Préparation and Management .                             14
       7.2   Concerted and Cost-shared Actions .                      14
       7.3   Evaluation .                                             15
       7.4   Participation and Programme Coordination   .             15
       7.5   Training /Mobility Grants .                              15
       7.6   Exploitation of Results and Dissémination
             of Information .                                         16
8.     Criteria for Project Sélection .                               16
9.     Relationships and Coopération with
       other Community Programmes .                                   17
10 .   Financial and Contractual Aspects .                            17
PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISI0N
     TECHNICAL ANNEX
     EVALUATION CRITERIA
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
COMPETITIVENESS AND EMPLOYMENT IMPACT STATEMENT
 ---pagebreak---                                  SUMMARY
It   is   intended  to  pursue    the  objectives of  the Framework
programme , action line 4.2 (" agro-industrial technologies ")
through two complementary Community initiatives . The first
proposed programme " European Collaborative Linkage of Agriculture
and Industry through Research " ( ECLAIR ), aims to improve
collaboration between the agricultural and industrial sectors
through R&D developments , based on recent progress in the life
sciences and biotechnology .
The second proposal        " Food-Linked Agro-Industrial Research "
( FLAIR ) presented here , concentrates exclusively on the food
sector and particularly on the processing-distribution- consumer
end of the food chain . In this programme , research on the quality
and competitiveness of food stuffs and on nutritional and
toxicological properties will be supported , as specified in the
Framework Programme . The proposed programme builds on the past
experiences and successes of programmes COST90 , 91 , 90bis and
91bis .
This multi-annual programme has 3 sectors . Within each sector ,
cost-shared and concerted actions will be carried out where each
is most appropriate . Furthermore , in each sector , grants may be
awarded for training and mobility , to facilitate the assembly of
relevant skills and the diffusion of results . The proposed
programme content is as follows :
The Assessment and Enhancement of Food Quality shall consist of
research and development on :
- quantitative measures of " quality ";
- objective organoleptic and sensory criteria and their
   relationship to quality ;
- quantitative measures of " freshness " of processed foods ;
- the characteristics of raw materials as they affect Processing
   and end product quality ; and
- new technologies and processing innovations which enhance food
   quality while also facilitating processing , and the building
   of consumer confidence .
Food Hygiene ,   Safety and Toxicological Aspects shall consist of
research and development on :
- improved rapid screening tests to predict potential toxicity
   factors ;
- the occurrence of natural plant toxins and their effects on
   food ;
- predicting microorganism growth rates , accelerated methods for
   spécifie organisms and total counts ;
- improved understanding of the relationship between food
   constituents and food allergies ( immunogenic properties ); and
- the application of these tests in food processing and new food
                                                                   3
 ---pagebreak---    product development to ensure the safety of both processes and
   product .
Nutrition and Wholesomeness Aspects shall consist of research and
development work on :
- new processing techniques , applications and natural
   ingrédients which provide high nutritional and wholesomeness
   values ;
- the bioavailability of the nutritional constituents ( e.g .
   vitamins and minerais ) and the effects of processing ,
   distribution , catering , storage , and home treatment ;
- the nutritional and wholesomeness value of foods designed for
   particular uses ( e.g . slimming or athletics ) or important to
   sub-groups in the population ( e.g . infants and the elderly );
   and
- those new processes and technologies which enhance the
   nutritional and wholesomeness of foods .
The FLAIR programme provides for two types of actions : concerted
or coordination activities ; and cost-shared projects ; both of
which are pre-competitive and are aimed at the interface of
industry and the consumer . Through such research and development
work , it will contribute in the medium and longer terms to
Europe 's competitiveness in the economic activities of the food
industry and the harmonious development of the internal market .
Participation      in   cost-shared    projects   is  open    to   ail
universities , research institutions , industrial firms established
in   the    Member  States  as  well   as  those   in the   non-Member
( European ) States which hâve framework agreements in S /T
coopération with the Community . Concerted actions may be under
taken in a COST framework , and are therefore open to those
European non-Member States which hâve participated in COST .
It will be recommended that universities participate with an
industrial partner(s ), particularly for the co-financing of the
project . All projects must include participants from more than
one Member State . Provisions will be made for the protection of
intellectual property , where required .
The FLAIR programme is expected to commence in January 1989 and
run for 4 1 / 2 years , with a budget of 25 MioECU , which includes a
staff of 5 persons .
 ---pagebreak---  1.  Introduction
 The Single European Act* identifies inter alia the Community 's
 aim   to  strengthen     the   scientific   and   technological   basis  of
 European industry towards international competitiveness through
 research ,     technological         developments      and    demonstration
 programmes , complementing activities carried out in Member
 States . The proposed programme contributes towards this aim in
 the area of food science and technology .
 Within the current Framework Programme^ of Community activities
 in research and technology development , action line 4.2 (" agro¬
 industrial     technologies ")      seeks    to   provide benefits      for
 agriculture , industry and the consumer simultaneously , in
 particular through the implementation of technologies based on
 modern concepts in the life sciences . It is intended to pursue
 this objective through two complementary Community initiatives .
 The first proposed programme " European Collaborative Linkage of
 Agriculture and Industry through Research " ( ECLAIR ) 3 , aims to
 improve collaboration between the agricultural and industrial
 sectors through R&D developments , based on recent progress in the
 life sciences and biotechnology .
 The second proposal           " Food-Linked Agro-Industrial Research "
 ( FLAIR ) presented here , concentrates exclusively on the food
 sector and particularly on the processing-distribution - consumer
 end of the food chain . In this programme , research on the quality
 and competitiveness of food stuffs and on nutritional and
 toxicological properties will be supported , as specified in the
 Framework Programme .
 1 As stated in the Single European Act , Article 24 , concerning
       the addition of Title VI , Articles 130 F and G to Part
       Three of the EEC Treaty .
 2 COM(87 )    516    " Council Decision concerning the Framework
       Programme for Community activities in the field of
       research and technology development ( 1987 to 1991 )",
       28 September 1987 . O.J. L302 , 24.10.1987 .
 3 COM(87 ) 667 final . " Proposal for a Council Decision to adopt a
       first       multiannual       programme      ( 1988-1993 )   for
       biotechnology-based         agro-industrial       research   and
       technological development ", 18 December 1987 .
                                                                           5
v -          •   ·/.·
 ---pagebreak--- The   proposed      programme   builds   on    the  past   experiences    and
successes of programmes COST90 , 91 , 90bis and 91bis 4 , and            will
include concerted as well as cost-shared actions .
2 . Objectives of Proposed Programme
The objectives of this Community initiative are to promote food
industry efficiency and competitiveness ; to improve food safety
and quality for the consumer ; to reinforce the scientific and
technical infrastructures serving the European food industry ; and
to contribute towards the harmonious realization of the internal
market .
The programme aims at complementing existing food research
initiatives in Member States by encouraging further collaboration
between different research groups and industry .                    It will
concentrate on the interface between food processing , food
distribution and the consumer , with an emphasis on improved
quality norms . In addition , the potential side-effects for
agriculture and the environment will be taken into consideration .
The programme emphasis will be to maintain and enhance food
quality , particularly by developing and relating objective
quality and sensory assessments ; to further develop food safety ,
hygiene and toxicology methods to ensure the protection of the
consumer ;      to quantify the effects of various processing
technologies on bioavailability and nutritional properties ; and
the development of a range of new or integrated technologies
which enhance food quality , safety and nutritive values .
3 . The Needs for Food Science and Technology in Europe
Food science and technology forms an integral part of the food
system , which ranges from the producers , to processors ,
distributors and finally to the consumer . The European food
system contributes some 10% of Gross Domestic Product5 , is
structurally       very   complex   and   fragmented .    In  the    European
4 Council Decisions N° 78 / 117 / EEC , 20.02.1978 ( OJ N “ L54 ( p.25 ),
      25.02.1978 ); N° 79 / 878 / EEC , 22.10.1979 ( OJ N° L270
      ( p. 53 ) , 27.10.1979 ); N° 80 / 179 / EEC , 18.12.1979 ( OJ N°
      L39 ( p. 30 ) , 15.02.1980 ); N “ 80 / 1183 /EEC , 4.12.1980 ( OJ
      N° L350 (p . 54 ) , 23.12.1980 ); N * 82 / 840 /EEC 22.11.1982
      ( OJ N " L353 ( p.25 ), 15.12.1982 ); and N° 84 / 304 / EEC , ( OJ
      N° L151 ( p. 46 ) , 07.06.1984 ).
5 From : " Future of the European Food System ; implications for
      Science and Technology ", synthesis of the results of
      FAST II ALIM Studies . ( in press ).
 6
 ---pagebreak--- Community , there are some 23750 food transformation enterprises® ,
which employ more than 20 people each , totalling about 2.5
million . Approximately 3% of these industries are large and spend
substantial sums on R&D , but the vast majority operate on a small
scale and tight margins . These processors depend on national
governments and research institutions to provide them with the
scientific and technological support necessary to compete
successfully in the market place . The food market is of a finite
size , thus to improve market share , the industry is compelled to
concentrate on the improvement of the quality of its products
rather than the quantity ; which in turn , requires a greater
dependence on scientific and technological innovation .
It is estimated that Member governments may spend in excess of
500 MioECU per annum on food R&D^. However , the European food
system is in constant change , and is an integral part of the
world food market . The increasing competition and transnational
trading is now on a scale beyond the capabilities of many
individual national research programmes .
In recent years new dimensions have been added to the food
system : the increased consumer interest and requirement for
healthy , nutritious food , coupled with a demand for greater
variety and hedonistic satisfaction .
Therefore , studies on food technology are complicated by the
continuing    changes   in   food    production ,  processing , and
distribution , on the one hand and changes in socio-economic and
food consumption patterns and perceptions on the other . Many of
these difficulties , however , could be met effectively by a
Community transnational ,    scientific initiative complementing
existing national scientific efforts , and targeted towards
building stronger links and improved confidence between the
processor , research groups and the consumer .
4 . Review of Community Food Research Initiatives
The proposed programme builds upon several years prior experience
of european collaboration in COST programmes , and will be
complemented and supported by interactions with several other
Community initiatives ; these are outlined below .
6 EUR0STAT
7 Based on data given by the Secretary to the ad hoc COST Food
      Technology Committee on     10.06.1987 , from individual
      national representatives    and personal . communication
      from FAST food group .
                                                                  7
 ---pagebreak--- COST-food    Actions **;   A   Council    Decision    to   initiate ,   a
multiannual food science and technology programme , COST90 ( The
Effects of Processing on the Physical Properties of Foodstuffs )
was taken in 1978 . A year later a second action , C0ST91 ( The
Effects of Thermal Processing and Distribution on the Quality and
Nutritive Value of Food ) was approved . These programmes were
undertaken    as   concerted    actions   in   collaboration   with   the
countries     participating     in   the    European    initiative    for
cooperation in the field of scientific and technological research
( COST ) .
COST90 and C0ST91 Actions were renewed for a further 4 years as
concerted actions 90bis and 91bis , ending in 1987 and 1988
respectively . They have been extremely useful in fostering
international       collaboration ,    particularly     in    analytical
methodologies , in the exchange of science and technology
information and in clarifying areas needing further scientific
input .
An ad hoc Committee with representation from COST participating
States was set up in 1987 to prepare proposals for further COST
actions in the field of food science and technology , some of
these proposals are likely to be integrated and implemented as
part of the FLAIR programme , on the advice of the Senior COST
Officials and the recommendations of the CGC for Agro-Industrial
Technologies .
Agriculture Research Programme :      In the Community programmes to
coordinate agricultural research^ a number of food research
topics were dealt with in the Agro-food programme .            The work
focussed on the quality of agricultural produce as influenced by
production methods and techniques . Improving the quality of
agricultural produce , particularly fresh products , for direct
consumption is a main aim of an agricultural research programme
being elaborated for the period of 1989-1993 . The effects of new
production methods , of harvesting and post-harvesting treatments ,
on the composition and quality of agricultural produce are
included . Detailed discussions by the relevant services of the
Commission have established that agricultural research on quality
will be product orientated , and carefully selected , to ensure
complementarity with the FLAIR programme and to avoid
duplication .
8 See Footnote N " 4 .
9 COM ( 83 ) 641 , " Council Decision adopting joint research
    programmes and programmes for coordinating agricultural
    research ", 12.12.1983 . OJ N° L 358 / 56 , 22.12.1983 .
8
 ---pagebreak--- Nutrition    Research :  The    current    medical  and  health  research
coordination programme 10 aims at promoting Community actions in
areas critically relevant to the solution of major health
problems including nutrition related projects on dietary factors
and related diseases , and the development of epidemiological
méthodologies in nutrition research , which the présent proposai
compléments .
Recently , the Commission has also implemented an R&D programme
for the developing countries which includes nutritional aspects ,
relevant to sub- and tropical areas 11 . The proposed programme
presented here , is directed towards the food system of the
temperate regions and industrial food technology . Collaboration
between the two programmes will take place , so that any relevant
results will be communicated and applied .
Community    Bureau   of   Reference    ( BCR ) Programme ; is  aimed  at
improving methods of measurement and their accuracy in areas
where measurements could give rise to problems /disputes at
Community level . BCR has provided laboratories of Member States
with a means of conducting collaborative measurement studies in
the field of metrology ( physical measurements ) and chemical
analysis . An extensive new programme now being discussed1 ^
includes veterinary and phytosanitary controls and processed
foods ( additives , nutritional labelling , dietetic foods , and
bacterial contamination ). Close collaboration between the BCR and
the FLAIR team will ensure that the results of both programmes
are appropriately used .
10 C0M ( 87 ) 551 " Council Decision adopting a research and
    development coordination programme of the European Economie
    Community in the field of medical and health research
    ( 1987-1991 )", 17.11.1987 . OJ N‘ L334 ( p.20 ) 24.11.1987 .
11 COM(86 ) 550 final / 2 , " Proposai for a Council Régulations
    ( EEC ) relating to a research and development programme in the
    field of science and technology for development 1987 - 1990 .
    17.11.1986 .
12 COM ( 87 ) 444 final , " Council Decision adopting a research and
    development programme of the European Economic Community in
    the field of applied metrology and chemical analysis
    ( 1987-1992 ) ( Community Bureau of Reference , BCR )",
    Council First Common Position taken in April 1988 .
                                                                        9
 ---pagebreak--- 5 . Consultations with Research . Food and Industrial Circles
The present proposed programme has been greatly assisted by the
above mentioned Community actions and a range of consultations
and investigations , summarised below .
Following the Versailles Summit of 1982 a working group on
Technology , Growth and Employment suggested proposals deemed
suitable for international cooperation in food technology . These
included : raw materials ; factors affecting food quality ; process
control and automation ; food technology and developing countries ;
and the exchange / training of scientists .
In 1985 an EEC sponsored symposium was held in Copenhagen at
which food scientists from several European countries discussed
and made proposals for a collaborative European food research
programme . Research topics included : the physical properties of
foodstuffs ; the effects of thermal processing and distribution ;
new food processing and storage technologies ; quality assurance ;
food safety and wholesomeness . The present proposal has been
guided by these priorities .
The FAST programme has studied medium to long term developments
in the food industry and their implications for R&D , and has
stressed 1 -^ the need to emphasise quality , the importance of
biotechnology related to the food industry ,               and   better
coordination between agriculture and the industry to             ensure
quality raw materials .
In   1986 ,   the Commission    issued   a  " call for expressions    of
interest ", for the stimulation of agro-industrial developments 14 .
Some 70 responses out of the total of 856 , related to the
provision of raw materials for the food industry , their
utilization and transformation . While most of the ideas in the
responses have been candidates for the ECLAIR programme , some not
catered for relate to food quality , safety and nutrition . While
carrying out further consultations , the Commission was advised of
the importance of food science and technology , and the need for
additional support . Independently , during the last two years a
considerable number of informal expressions of interest and
suggestions for an EEC Community initiative in food technology
13 See Footnote N' 5 .
14 The call was based upon the Commission discussion paper ,
     " Biotechnology in the Community : Stimulating Agro-Industrial
     Development ", COM ( 86 ) 221 , 15 April 1986 ; a summary of the
     results is available in the working paper CUBE XII / 233 / 87 ,
     " Stimulation of activities at the interface between
     agriculture and industry ", March 1987 .
 10
 ---pagebreak--- was also received from national food research groups and food
industry interests .
The Commission        services  also received advice and assistance in
the préparation of this food programme from :
    the Management Committees of the concerted actions COST90
    and 91 ;
    the " Confédération des Industries agro-alimentaires " ( CIAA );
    the Standing Committee for Agricultural Research ( SCAR );
    the Industrial Research and Development Advisory Committee
    ( IRDAC ) Working Party 5 .
    the national authorities responsible for research in different
    Member and COST States participating in the food projects ;
    individual senior food experts , active in Member States ;
    the ad hoc COST Committee on Food Technology ;
    the different Commission services concerned with food , notably
    the FAST-ALIM Programme group and the BCR programme .
6 . Programme Structure and Content
The research activities proposed in this programme will all
emphasise downstream aspects of food technology , and have been
divided into the following three sectors :
    Assessment and Enhancement of Food Quality ;
    Food Hygiene , Safety and Toxicological Aspects ;
    Nutrition and Who.lesomeness Aspects .
New technologies and processing innovations which enhance food
quality , safety and nutritive values are also important and will
be considered under each of the three sectors . Such processes
would     include       new   bio-physical   separation / fractionation
techniques      ( e.g.   the use of super-critical CO2 fractionation )
aimed at flavour enhancement and quality improvement ; new uses of
microorganisms         and enzymes ;   new applications   for aseptic
processing technologies ; development and application of variable
temperature / time preservation techniques , and integrated process
control systems which employ low cost rapid methods and utilise
novel control and measurement techniques ( e.g. bio-sensors ).
However ,     those technologies and innovations which involve
combined food technology development with non-food processes or
which do not directly address food quality , safety or nutritional
aspects will normally form part of the ECLAIR programme-^.
6.1    Assessment and Enhancement of Food Quality
Today , food quality is a key factor for the consumer and in the
developed world food markets . By quality , is meant those
15 See Footnote N “       3.
                                                                     11
 ---pagebreak--- attributes and perceived food characteristics that contribute to
human satisfaction and well-being .
It is proposed to characterise objective assessments of quality ,
which are currently based on subjective criteria , by stimulating
the further development of analytical methods and procedures to
provide reliable , repeatable and more rapid quantitative
measurements . The emphasis will centre on the new application of
physical measurement techniques ( e.g. nuclear magnetic resonance ,
infra red spectroscopy , gas-liquid chromatography ) and biological
procedures ( e.g. immunological techniques and bio-sensors ), in
addition   to physico-chemical ,     microbiological ,   enzyme and
monoclonal methods . The objective is to enable a wider range of
possible applications as part of overall quality control
procedures and market demand . The results of the research carried
out in this programme , could identify scientifically-based norms
for defining food quality , particularly relating to industrial
applications and contribute to the development of the internal
market .
It is widely recognised there can be no unique objective
analytical     measurement   of   " quality "    as  the    perceived
characteristics of foods vary according to the environment ,
background and tastes of the consumer . Despite the inherent
difficulties of obtaining a universal set of sensory tests , the
fact remains that organoleptic and sensory quality are essential
determinants of the acceptability of foodstuffs . There is an
urgent need therefore , to intensify research directed towards the
development     of   objective   sensory      test  procedures     and
methodologies and to correlate them with other objective
measurements .
With the consumer trends towards " fresh ", " natural " and " organic "
products , there is a need for further collaboration between
different laboratories on the development of acceptable objective
methods of assessing the " freshness " of processed foods . Readily
applicable quality ( freshness )      assessment techniques would
contribute greatly to increased efficiency in this sector and
particularly in small units .
An important aspect for the food processing industry is the
assessment of the composition of the raw materials as they affect
the quality of the processed end product . It is proposed to
support research on those quality characteristics of raw
materials which facilitate or reduce processing costs and enhance
consumer acceptability . These tests should be based on chemical ,
microbiological , monoclonal antibody , enzyme and other modern
technologies . In order to build consumer confidence , the tests
also need to be rapid , reliable and transparent ; and could be
used to provide and update point of sale information .
12
 ---pagebreak--- 6.2   Роос1 Нуа1епе , Ба^е^у ап<3 Тох1со1оа1са1 АзресЪз
Because    food  and   food products   are  perishable  and also are
potential carriers of harmful organisms , high safe and hygienic
codes of practice are essential . The potential danger to
consumers and damage to a whole sector of the food industry makes
it essential for society and industry that customer confidence is
maintained through the development of a transparent code of
practice throughout the food chain .
The problems of identifying and locating sources of contamination
( microbial or other ) in food systems present considerable
difficulty and require transnational scientific cooperation to
control and understand . Furthermore , new product development has
been slowed down by the cost and time factors associated with
conventional toxicity testing . Therefore , there is considerable
scope for the development of new safety evaluation techniques in
the field of food microbiology and toxicology , which would be
useful for novel food processes and chemical and microbiological
changes associated with these processes . Such initiatives would
include :
      improved rapid screening tests to predict potential
      toxicity factors ;
      research on the occurrence of natural plant toxins and their
      effects on food ;
      research and development in predicting microorganism growth
      rates , accelerated methods for specific organisms and total
      counts ;
      research to improve the understanding of the relationship
      between food constituents and food allergies ( immunogenic
      properties ) ; and
      the application of these tests in food processing and new
      food product development to ensure the safety of both
      processes and products .
6.3   Nutrition and Wholesomeness Aspects
The increased consumer emphasis on the health aspects of food has
resulted in a range of new and altered food products becoming
available , e.g. high fibre diets and low calory bulk ingredients .
Research that resolves processing difficulties in reducing levels
of some ingredients ( such as fat , sugars , salt ) in formulated
foods will be supported . In particular , applications of new
enzymes or systems which permit the substitution of ingredients
by others having similar or better functional properties but of
greater nutritional values will receive priority .
In   addition , research on up- to -date nutritional methodologies
should continue to be applied to the evaluation of key foods and
foods resulting from novel processes . This includes the
nutritional bioavailability of food constituents ( such as
                                                                  13
 ---pagebreak--- vitamins and minerals ) and how it is affected by processing ,
distribution systems , storage , catering and home preparation .
The effects of processing procedures on nutrient changes in foods
assigned to or favoured by sub-groups of the population such as
infants and the elderly or those who frequently consume a limited
range of particular foods , should continue to be investigated .
Similarly ,   attention should focus on foods designed for
particular nutritional uses , e.g. low energy foods for slimming ;
high energy foods for athletics . Where relevant , information from
the nutrition research activities within the Medical and Health
Research programme1 ** should be taken into account .
7 . Management of the Programme
7.1   Préparation and Management
On the basis of the programme outlined in the Council Decision ,
the Commission shall further define and prepare the actual
activities , and later , manage the programme . In these tasks , the
Commission will be assisted by an Agro-Industrial Technologies
CGC ( Management and Coordination Advisory Committee ).
FLAIR and ECLAIR will both pursue the objectives of action line
4.2 of the Framework Programme " agro-industrial technologies ".
The two programmes have been devised to complement each other
while having individual characteristics . Thus , in order to ensure
maximum cohesion and efficiency , the Commission proposes that the
same CGC , meeting in special " configurations " as appropriate ,
deal with both programmes .
7.2   Concerted and Cost-shared Actions
Projects will    be undertaken in the    form of   either concerted
actions or cost-shared R&D contracts .
The allocation between concerted and cost-shared actions should
be made on the basis of the urgency in achieving results ; whether
there already exists a significant research input in the subject
by national groups and which only require strengthening through
international collaboration ( concerted actions ); or whether a
significant new research initiative is warranted ( cost-shared ).
Some possible concerted action projects are suggested here : thè
development of methods for measuring food " freshness "; defining
raw materials quality ; naturai plant toxins ; rapid tests for
commercial plants ( applications ) ; food ingredient substitution ;
eCCects of cooking on nutritive values .
IG See footnote 10
14
 ---pagebreak--- 7.3   Evaluation
The programme will be evaluated in accordance with the " Community
plan of action relating to the evaluation of Community research
and development activities for the years 1987 to 1991 " ( COM ( 86 )
660 final ). A sum of approximately 120.000 ECUs is foreseen for
this purpose .
7.4   Participation and Programme Coordination
Effective coordination particularly with national groups is
essential to the success of this programme . Participation in a
Community context could offer these groups access to a wider
range of expertise , technologies and industrial partners to share
costs and risks ; would provide small research groups with access
to Community technical information otherwise difficult to
acquire ; and would enable them to participate with larger groups
and share in achieving successful results .
This    collaboration   can  be  achieved with  the assistance  and
co-operation of national representatives on interested CGCs ,
SCAR , and COST / food programmes , through individual members of
IRDAC 1 ^, and through close cooperation between the relevant
services of the Commission .
Those projects conducted as concerted actions are open to all
member States ; to non-member European countries which have
concluded framework agreements for S / T cooperation with the
Community , or COST participating States . Those concerted action
projects with industrial participation will receive priority .
Participants in cost-shared research projects can be industrial
and food firms , cooperative groupings of such firms , research
institutions and universities , established in the Community or in
non-member European countries which have concluded framework
agreements for S /T cooperation with the Community . It is
recommended that each project , in the form of a cost-shared
action , should include an industrial partner .
An " Information Package " will be issued containing additional
relevant information and necessary forms ; advance notice will be
published in the Official Journal .
7.5   Training / Mobility Grants
Provision for training /mobility grants will be included in thè
programme specifically linked to thè objectives of thè projects
undertaken , and along thè same basis as provided for in ECLAIR ,
i.e . such grants will normally be used to support individuals
participating in thè project activities , with flexibility as
17 See Section 5 for full titles
                                                                 15
 ---pagebreak--- necessary      to  ensure  maximum  benefits   and best  use  of   the
resources involved .
7.6     Exploitation of Results and Dissémination of Information
The general rules for the dissemination and utilization of
results from research in science and technology described in COM
( 88 ) 260 1 ® will be applied in FLAIR .
Details on rights of access , licenses and other general
information will be published ,           as for " ECLAIR ",   in an
" Information Package " which will be available before the official
" Call for proposals ".
8 . Criteria for Project Selection
The scope of activities in a development programme of this kind
is potentially wide . In order to avoid the dispersion of
budgetary funds over a wide range of research initiatives
unlikely to reach critical size , it is essential to focus on
certain types of activities ,           selected by the stringent
application of appropriate criteria . The following criteria will
be applied :
(i)     Projects should be primarily oriented towards thè practical
        application of thè results of more basic or laboratory
        research and should be based on firm scientific grounds ;
( ii ) In sélection , emphasis will centre on prospects for ultimate
        économie feasibility and contribute to the strength and
        competitiveness of the European food industry ;
( iii ) Proposals for cost-shared support will normally be expected
        to include financial commitments amounting to at least 50%
        of the project costs during the contract period . Priority
        will be given to those proposals in which the 50% comes
        predominantly from industrial sources . Similarly within
        those areas chosen for concerted action , priority will be
        given to those proposals which include industrial
        participation ;
( iv ) Projocts must avoid undesirable effects on the environment ;
        spécifie bénéficiai effects would be a factor meriting
        favourable considération ;
(v)     Proposais should be designed to facilita te ease of
        évaluation and international comparability ;
18 COM(88 ) 260 , " Communication from the Commission accompanied
by a draft Council decision adopting a specific programme for the
dissemination and utilization of results from research in science
and technology ". 10 May 1988 .
16
 ---pagebreak--- ( vi ) Project selected must not lead to distortions of competition
        in Community markets ; however , projects which include thè
        participation of small and medium enterprises will be
        favourably considered ;
( vii ) Proposals should be clearly aimed at contributing to the
        programme objectives set out and should directly relate to
        the food quality , safety ( toxicology ), nutrition and /or to
        new technologies considered to enhance these aspects .
9 . Relationships and Coopération with other Community Programmes
The overall approach of the proposed programme will be
strengthened by close coordination and collaboration with the
Community programmes related to food , notably those described in
Section 4 , above . This cooperation will ensure mutual benefits
and the avoidance of duplication , and should promote the best use
of the research results .
10 . Financial and Contractual Aspects
It is envisaged that the Community contribution to the costs
associated with concerted action projects , and involving a number
of States , would be 200,000 ECU /year on average . Some 7 such
actions could be supported , which would indicate a total cost of
5.6 MioECU to the Commission .
For cost-shared projects an average of 100,000 ECU total costs
per participant per year are envisaged ( of which the Community
would contribute up to 50% ). The remaining 50% is expected to be
supplied by the participants , predominantly from industrial
sources . On the basis of an average of 5 collaborating groups or
agencies forming a project , this would indicate a total cost per
cost-shared project of the order of 2 MioECU over a 4 year
period . It is envisaged that about 16 such projects could be
conducted , with the Community contribution not exceeding 50% of
the total .
The proposed programme includes a wide range of topics and
anticipates a large number of participants . Due to the scale and
range of projects carried out as either concerted or cost-shared
actions , with the possible participation of non-Member European
States , a minimum of 5 staff are deemed essential for the
effective implementation of this programmes 2 grade A , 1 grade B ,
and 2 grade C.
                                                                       17
 ---pagebreak---                        PROPOSTA DE DECISÃO DO CONSELHO
    QUE ADOPTA UM PROGRAMA PLURIANUAL DE INVESTIGAÇÂO E DESENVOLVIMENTO
            NO DOMINIO DA CIËNCIA E DA TECNOLOGIA DA ALIMENTAÇÂO
                         ( de 1989 até meados de 1993 )
                                  "F L A I R "
                    Food-Linked Agro-Industrial Research
O CONSELHO DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS ,
Tendo em conta o Tratado que institui a Comunidade Económica Europeia e ,
nomeadamente , o nS 2 do seu artigo 130Q-Q ,
Tendo em conta a proposta da Comissão ( 1 ),
Em cooperagäo com o Parlamento Europeu ( 2 ),
Tendo em conta o parecer do Comité Económico e Social ( 3),
Considerando que o artigo 130a K do Tratado estabelece que o Programa-
Quadro será executado através de programas específicos desenvolvidos de£
tro de cada uma das suas actividades ;
Considerando que o Conselho , pela sua Decisão de 28 de Setembro de 1987
adoptou um Programa-Quadro de investigação e desenvolvimento tecnológico
comunitários ( 1987-1991 ) ( 4), que prevê que sejam realizadas actividades
para assegurar a exploração e utilização óptima de recursos biológicos ;
Considerando que o Programa-Quadro estabelece critérios de avaliação de
cada programa e de selecção de acções comunitárias entre as quais se in¬
clui a contribuição para o reforço da coesão social e económica da Comu-
nidede , associada à qualidade cientifica e técnica ;
( 1 ) JO nQ C
( 2 ) JO nQ C
( 3 ) JO nQ C
(4)       J.O. nQ L 302 , 24.10.1987 , p. 1
 ---pagebreak---                                     - 3 -
Considerando que o programa plurianual de investigação e desenvolvimento
no domínio da ciência e tecnologja da alimentação ( FLAIR ) contribuirá
para o progresso integrado da saúde pública e da protecção do consumidor
com o desenvolvimento económico e industrial da Comunidade ;
Considerando que uma vez que são numerosas as competências e capacidades
especializadas relevantes para a tecnologia da alimentação , e que as ca¬
pacidades da Europa internacionalmente mais competitivas estão localiza¬
das em vários Estados-membros , se tirarão proveitos mútuos da colaboração
num programa comunitário ;
Considerando que , em aplicadlo da Decisao do Conselho
de . 1988 ( 5 ) que adopta um primeiro programa plurianual
de investigação e desenvolvimento tecnológico agro-industrial baseados
na biotecnologia ( ECLAIR ), foi constituído um Comité Consultivo de Ges¬
tão e Coordenação ( CGC ), e , considerando que é conveniente que o mesmo
Comité assista a Comissão na aplicação desse programa ;
Considerando que quatro acordos comunitários no âmbito d£ COST relativos
a quatro projectos de acção conjunta no domínio da ciência e tecnologia
da alimentação ( 6) produziram resultados prometedores , e que se encontram
em curso outras acções COST neste domínio ;
Considerando que é conveniente que países terceiros europeus participem
na totalidade ou em parte dos projectos do presente programa ;
Considerando que ê conveniente envolver o maior número possível de pe¬
quenas e médias empresas no programa de investigação e desenvolvimento
no domínio da ciência e tecnologia da alimentação ;
Considerando que o Comité de Investigação Cientifica e Técnica CCREST )
foi consultado sobre as medidas abaixo indicadas e emitiu o seu parecer
sobre a proposta da Comissão ;
DECIDE :
                                  Artigo 1Q
É adoptado , por um perlodo de quatro anos e meio corn inlcio em 1 de
Janeiro de 1989 , um programa de investigaçâo e desenvolvimentb da
(5)        J.O. nû       ECLAIR
( 6 ) JO NQ L 54 ( P. 25 ), 25.02.1978 ; JO nQ L 270 ( p.53 ), 27.10.1979 ;
      JO NQ L 39 ( p.30 ) , 15.02.1980 ; L 350 ( p.54 ), 23.12.1980 ; J0
      nû 353 Cp.25 ), 15.12.1982 ; e J0 NQ L 151 ( p.46 ), 07.06.1984 .
                                                                          03
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 4 -
Comunidade Económica Europeia no domínio da ciência e tecnologia da
alimentação , tal como é definido no Anexo Técnico .
                                 Artigo 20
Os fundos necessârios para a execuçlo do programa estâo estimados em 25
milhôes de ECUs , incluindo despesas com um efectivo de 5 funcionérios .
                                 Artigo 30
0 programa consistirá em trabalhos executados como acções conjuntas e a
custos repartidos , e em subsídios de formação/ mobilidade .
As regras de aplicado do programa encontranfr-se indicadas em pormenor no
Anexo Técnico .
                                 Artigo 40
No terceiro ano da execução do programa , a Comissão procederá a uma
revisão do programa e apresentará ao Conselho e ao Parlamento Europeu um
relatório sobre os resultados obtidos , juntamente , se necessário , com
propostas de alteração ou prolongamento tendo em conta os resultados
parciais alcançados .
Uma avaliação dos resultados obtidos será realizada por peritos
independentes que a publicarão sob a forma de uma comunicação ao Conselho
e ao Parlamento Europeu .
Os relatórios supramenci onados devem ser elaborados tendo em conta os
objectivos estabeleeidos no Anexo da presente Decisao , e , em especial , os
que se referem á melhoria da seguranza e da qualidade da alimentagao pa¬
ra o consumidor , e encontrar-se em conformidade com as disposigoes do nQ
2 do Artigo 2o     do Programa-Quadro .
                                 Artigo 5Q
A Comissão será responsável pela execução do programa e será assistida ,
na sua aplicação , por um Comité Consultivo de Gestão e Coordenação ( CGC ),
constituído de acordo com a Decisão do Conselho nQ .../... CEE de
. 1988 .
Os contratos celebrados pela Comissão estabelecerão os direitos e obriga^
ções de cada parte , em especial os métodos de divulgação , protecção e
exploração dos resultados da investigação .
                                 Artigo 6Q
Nos termos do Artigo 130a N do Tratado CEE , a Comissao é autorizada a
negociar acordos com organismos internacionais , com os países terceiros
que participem na cooperagáo eúropeia no dominio da Investigagao
Científica e Técnica CCOST ) e com os países europeus que tenham concluido
com a Comunidade Acordos-Quadrode cooperagao científica e técnica , com
a perspectiva de os associar , na totalidade ou em parte , a acgoes conjun
tas no ámbito do presente programa .
                                                                          ZO
 ---pagebreak---                                   - 5 -
Sempre que tenham sido concluídos Acordos-Quadro de cooperação cientifica
e técnica entre países terceiros europeus e a Comunidade Europeia , os
organismos e empresas estabelecidos nesses países podem participar num
projecto a custos repartidos do presente programa , nas condições adequa¬
das a estabelecer pela Comissão .
                                Artigo 7Q
Os Estados-membros sâo destinatârios da présente decisâo .
Feito em Bruxelas ,                                Pelo Conselho
                                                   0 Présidente
                                          C
 ---pagebreak---                                 ANEXO TÉCNICO
      para um programa especffico de investigaçâo e desenvolvimento
            no dominio da ciëncia e tecnologia da alimentaçâo
                        ( de 1989 a meados de 1993 )
Objecti vos
Os objectivos do programa são contribuir a médio e Longo prazo para a
competitividade da Europa na indústria europeia , a melhoria da seguran¬
ça e qualidade da alimentação para o consumidor , o reforço das infra-
-estruturas da ciência e tecnologia da alimentação na Europa , no contex^
to de um desenvolvimento harmonioso do mercado interno . 0 programa pre¬
tende complementar iniciativas existentes nos Estados-membros mediante
o desenvolvimento de relações de colaboração entre diversos grupos de
investigação e a indústria , concentrando-se na interface entre a trans¬
formação dos alimentos , a distribuição da alimentação e o consumidor .
As exigências do consumidor relativas a alimentos mais naturais e saudá_
veis , com maior diversidade , devem ser satisfeitas através de acções
conjuntas entre os investigadores e a indústria alimentar . Na execução
do programa , serão sistematicamente tomadas em consideração a conserva^
ção , o enriquecimento da natureza e a protecção do ambiente .
CONTEÚDO
As actividades de investigaçâo do présente programa foram divididas em
três sectores . Em cada sector serão também tratadas questões relativas
às novas tecnologias e inovações de transformação que enriqueçam a qua
lidade alimentar , e à segurança e valor nutriente .
1 AVALIAQAO E ENRIQUECIMIENTO DA QUALIDADE DA ALIMENTAQÁO
    consistirá em investigadlo e desenvolvimento relativamente a :
- medidas quantitati vas da " qualidade";
- critérios organolépticos e sensoriais objectivos e suas relações com a
    qualidade ;
- medidas quantitativas da " frescura " dos alimentos transformados ;
- aspectos de qualidade dos produtos em bruto na medida em que afectam
    a transformaçâo e o produto final ; e
- novas tecnologias e inovaçôes de transformaçâo dos alimentos que en-
    riqueçam a qualidade dos mesmos , facilitem a transformaçâo e favore^
    çam a confiança do consumidor .
2 HIGIENE ALIMENTAR , SEGURANQA E ASPECTOS TOXICOLÓGICOS
    consistirá em investigado e desenvolvimento relativamente a :
- aperfeiçoamento de testes répidos para detectar factores potenciais
    de toxicidade ;
- ocorrência de toxinas naturais das plantas e seus efeitos na
    alimentação ;
- estudos de previsao das taxas de crescimento de microorganismos ,
    métodos acelerados para organismos específicos e contagem ;
- melhoria da compreensâo da relaçâo entre os elementos alimentares e
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 2 -
   as alergias causadas pela alimentaçâo ; e
- aplicação destes testes na transformação alimentar e desenvolvimento
   de novos produtos alimentares a fim de garantir a segurança do pro¬
   cesso de transformação e dos produtos .
3 NUTRIÇÃO E ASPECTOS DE SALUBRIDADE consistirá em investigação e
   desenvolvimento sobre :
- novas técnicas de transf ormaçâo , aplicaçôes de ingredientes naturais
   que introduzam teores altamente nutrientes e de salubridade ;
- metodologias de avaliaçâo nutritiva dos alimentos ;
- biodisponibi l idade dos elementos nutrientes ( p . ex ., vitaminas e sais
   minerais ) e efeitos da transformação , distribuição , fornecimento , ar¬
   mazenamento e transformação caseira ;
- valor nutritivo e de salubridade de alimentos destinados a usos espe-
   ciflcós ( p . ex ., emagrecimento , atletismo) ou importantes para certos
   grupos da populagao ( p . ex ., crianzas , idosos ); e
- os novos processos e técnicas que enriqueçam o valor nutritivo e a
   salubridade dos alimentos .
APLICAÇÃO
0 programa consistirá em trabalhos executados como acções conjuntas e a
custos repartidos , e por subsídios de formação/mobilidade . Todos os pr£
jectos devem ser executados por participantes provenientes de mais de
um Estado-membro .
Podem participar em acções conjuntas os Estados-membros , países terceiros
europeus que tenham concluído com a Comunidade Acordos-Quadro de coope¬
ração cientifica e técnica e países participantes da COST .
Os participantes de um projecto realizado como acção a custos repartidos
podem ser empresas industriais , institutos de investigação , universidades ,
isoladamente ou em grupo , estabelecidas na Comunidade ou naqueles países
terceiros europeus que tenham concluído com a Comunidade Acordos-Quadro
de cooperação cientifica e técnica .
Como regra geral , os institutos de investigação e universidades devem
participar em grupo juntamente com uma ou várias organizações industriais .
Os institutos de investigação que sejam financiados principalmente ou ex_
clusivamente por organizações industriais devem ser considerados como
participantes industriais .
Em acções a custos repartidos a contribuição comunitária não excederá ,
normalmente , 50% da despesa total , sendo o restante fornecido predomi ¬
nantemente por fontes industriais .
Os subsídios de formação / mobilidade serão incluídos de modo a facilitar
a aquisição das competências necessárias para os trabalhos dos projectos ,
e a promover uma divulgação efectiva dos conhecimentos resultantes dos
mesmos . 0 programa compreenderá também actividades de coordenação tais co
mo organização de reuniões , consulta de peritos nacionais , divulgação da
informação sobre o estado de avanço e os resultados dos projectos .
                                                                             ^3
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 3 -
                            CRITÉRIOS DE AVALIAÇÃO
A comunicação da Comissão ao Conselho relativa ao Plano de Acção Comunir
tário relacionado com a avaliação das actividades de investigação e de¬
senvolvimento comunitárias para os anos de 1987 a 1991 ( COM ( 86 ) 660 fi ¬
nal ) afirma que os objectivos e pontos fulcrais de cada programa de in¬
vestigação devem ser estabelecidos de modo que possam ser verificados ,
sendo a seguir indicados .
1.     0 objectivo a longo prazo do presente programa é contribuir para a
       competitividade das indústrias alimentares europeias e melhorar a
       protecçãoa confiança do consumidor , reforçando a ligação entre os
       mesmos mediante a investigação e desenvolvimento . A Comissão propõe
       atingir tal objectivo pelo lançamento de um programa de acções cori
       juntas e de acções a custos repartidos . Os projectos tentarão pro¬
       mover a colaboração estreita entre grupos de investigação e grupos
       industriais , através da sua participação na investigação e desenvol_
       vimento tecnológico relativos à qualidade alimentar, higiene , segu^
       rança , toxicologia , valor nutritivo e de salubridade .
2.     A curto prazo , o objectivo primário do programa é conseguir suscir
       tar propostas de acções conjuntas ( com acordo nacional ) e de pro¬
       gramas de I&D a custos repartidos ( com compromissos de co-financia-
       mento pela indústria ), numa escala proporcional aos recursos comu¬
       nitários propostos . Este objectivo será avaliado em 1991-1992 .
       Nessa altura , o programa deve também demonstrar que é capaz de pro
       mover e incentivar a colaboração inter-sectorial entre os Estados-
       -membros e na Europa .
3.     Os objectivos específicos a atingir nos três primeiros anos da apli_
       cação do programa são os seguintes :
3.1 .  Que tenham sido desenvolvidas técnicas melhoradas de avaliaçâo dos
       alimentos , em especial a análise sensorial , e que os resultados
       sejam de forma a dar lugar a aplicações de que beneficiarão a in¬
       dústria e o consumidor ;
3.2    Que tenham sido desenvolvidos novos testes rápidos da higiene , se¬
       gurança e aspectos toxicológicos dos   alimentos ; que tenham sido in¬
       dicadas quais as vantagens em termos   de precisão , eficácia , ou de
       evitar possíveis efeitos secundários   nocivos ; e que , em resultado
       dos testes , os produtos , técnicas ou serviços tenham aplicações
       práticas para a indústria e / ou para o consumidor ;
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 4 -
3.3 Que tenha sido efectuada investigação e desenvolvimento relativos
    ao valor nutriente dos alimentos ; que tenham sido desenvolvidos
    testes úteis para quantificar o valor nutriente dos elementos ali ¬
    mentares , incluindo os efeitos da transformação ; e que , consequen¬
    temente , os valores nutritivos e de salubridade tenham sido aumen¬
    tados ; e
3.4 Que tenham sido efectuados estudos e testes com vista ao desenvol¬
    vimento de novas técnicas de transformação que aumentem a qualida¬
    de , segurança e valor nutritivo dos alimentos e que esses estudos
    tenham , como consequência , dado lugar a novas aplicações e pro
    jectos .
4.  Além disso , o programa deve garantir a realização dos seguintes .
    critérios gerais :
4.1 Que o aumento potencial de oportunidades de mercado , a médio ou a
    longo prazo , resultante dos melhoramentos ou vantagens demonstra¬
    das , tenha um alcance suficientemente largo que justifique as des¬
    pesas comunitárias realizadas ;
4.2 Que a confiança do consumidor na investigaçâo e indûstria alimen-
    tar seja incentivada e que tenham sido mantidas hormas rigorosas
    para a protecçâo do consumidor ;
4.3 Que durante a execução do programa , os projectos tenham tomado em
    consideração adequada a conservação , o melhoramento da natureza e
    os aspectos relativos ao ambiente ;
4.4 Tendo em conta os resultados das actividades de investigação comu¬
    nitárias , nacionais ou do sector privado no âmbito da ciência e
    tecnologia alimentar , o grupo de avaliação deve examinar se o pro¬
    grama FLAIR contribuiu para a aplicação dos resultados dessas actj_
    vidades de investigação noutras regiões da Comunidade que não as
    regiões nas quais a investigação foi realizada , e se essas activj_
    dades produziram um valor acrescentado que possa ser atribuído ao
    carácter comunitário do programa ( ou seja , que não pudesse ter sido
    obtido facilmente através de acções de um Estado-membro isolado ).
 ---pagebreak---                            FINANCIAL STATKMENT
  1.    Budget Headinq : 7343 ( 1989 )
  FLAIR ( Food-Linked Agro-Industrial Research ) is a multi-annual
  programme for supporting research and technological developments
  in food science and technology .
  2.    Legal Base :   Article 130 , Council Decision
  3.    Description of action and objective :
  The global objective of the programme here proposed is to
  contribute in the medium and longer terms to enhancing Europe 's
  competitiveness in the food industry ; improving food safety and
  quality for the consumer ; strengthening the food science and
  technology infrastructures       in Europe ;   and the harmonious
  development towards the internal market . The programme is
  targeted at complementing existing initiatives in Member States
  through the development of           further collaboration between
  different research groups and industries , and meeting the
  consumer demands for more natural and healthy foods , with greater
  diversity .
  The FLAIR programme provides for two types of actions : concerted
  or coordination activities ; and pre-competitive cost-shared R&TD
  projects ; both of which are aimed at the interface of industry
  and the consumer .
  This multi-annual programme has 3 sectors . Within each sector ,
  concerted and cost-shared actions shall be carried out where each
  is most appropriate . Furthermore , in each sector , grants may be
  awarded for training and mobility , to facilitate the assembly of
  relevant skills and the diffusion of results .
  Sector 1  :
  the Assessment and Enhancement of Food Quality
  by means of
  research and development on :
  - quantitative measures of " quality ";
  - objective organoleptic and sensory criteria and their to
     relationship to quality ;
  - quantitative measures of " freshness " of processed foods ;
  - the quality aspects of raw materials as they affect processing
     and end products ; and
  - new technologies and processing innovations which enhance food
     quality while also facilitating processing , and building
     consumer confidence .
. 26
 ---pagebreak--- Sector 2    :
Food Hygiene , Safety and Toxicology Aspects
by means of
research and development in :
- improved rapid screening tests to predict potential toxicity
   factors ;
- research on the occurrence of natural plant toxins and their
   effects on food ;
- research and development in predicting microorganism growth ,
   accelerated methods for specific organisms and total counts ;
- research to improve the understanding of the relationship
   between food constituents and food allergies ( immunogenic
   properties ); and
- the application of these tests in food processing and new food
   product development to ensure the safety of both processes and
   product .
Sector 3    :
Nutrition and Wholesomeness Aspects
by means of
research and development work on :
- new processing techniques , applications and natural
   ingrédients which provide high nutritional and wholesomeness
   values ;
- méthodologies for the nutritional évaluation of foods ;
- the bioavailability of the nutritional constituents ( e.g .
   vitamins and minerais ) and the effects of processing ,
   distribution , catering , storage and home treatment ;
- the nutritional and wholesomeness value of foods designed for
   particular uses ( e.g . slimming or athletics ) or important to
   sub-groups in the population ( e.g . infants and the elderly );
   and
- those new processes and technologies which enhance the
   nutritional and wholesomeness of foods .
4 . Justification of the action
Food science and technology forms an integral part of the food
system , which ranges from producers , processors and distributors
to the consumer . This large sector of the economy represents many
small firms which rely on national government research for the
scientific and technological support necessary to compete in the
market place . The food system is constantly evolving , becoming
more transnational and competitive , and requiring increasing
levels of technical sophistication and multi-disciplinary skills .
                                                                   27
 ---pagebreak--- In addition , there is new consumer interest and demand for
healthy , nutritious foods and for greater variety . These needs
and levels of complexity are beyond the capabilities of many
national programmes , and require a Community initiative to
enhance their coherence and effectiveness .
Consultations , with various national groups and industrial
representatives has revealed strong support for a Community-led
initiative in this field , which would complement national
research^ efforts and assure mutual benefits .
In the medium and long terms , it will lead to increased economic
growth , and to the development of a wider range of market
opportunities     for quality food      products ;   increasing the
competitiveness of the food industry in European ; for the
harmonious development of the internal market ; and increased
consumer confidence and protection .
5.   Financial incidence of action on expenditures ^ ( Million ECUs )
      ( including costs for staff and expenses for
      administrative and technical management )
5.1     Total cost over the whole of the expected duration :
        From the Budget of the Communities         :     25.000
        From other sectors at the national level   :     45.000
                                   TOTAL                 70.000
1   The Council Decision concerning the Framework Programme of
    Community Activities in the field of Research and
    Technological Development ( 1987 - 1991 ) COM ( 86 ) 430 final
    includes the provisions for this action under Action Line 4 .
28
 ---pagebreak---     5.2    Schedule of Commitment Appropriations and Payments - FLAIR
Commitment Appropriations     1989    1990   1991   1992   1993     Total
Contracts                     4.846   4.700  5.060  4.590  1.940    21.136
Operating Costs               0.220   0.480  0.570  0.520  0.560     2.350
Personnel costs               0.234   0.320  0.370  0.390  0.200     1.514
TOTAL                         5.300   5.500  6.000  5.500  2.700    25.000
Payment
Appropriations       1989  1990  1991   1992  1993  1994  1995    Total
Contracts           1.146 3.179 4.356 4.831 4.056  2.429 1.139   21.136
Operating Costs     0.220 0.480 0.570 0.520 0.560                 2.350
Personnel costs     0.234 0.320 0.370 0.390 0.200                 1.514
TOTAL               1.600 3.979 5.296 5.741 4.816 2.429 1.139    25.0C0
    5.3   Method of  calculation
    a)     Expenditure by contract
    This expenditure covers the Community 's financidil contribution to :
    those activities carried out as concerted actions to be carried out
    by participating European States ; pre-competitive research and
    development work , under cost-shared contracts to be concluded with
    research and industrial ( food ) groups established and active in
    Europe , including small and medium sized enterprises ( average
    Community financial contribution - about 50% of total costs ); to
    studies , analytical work , and training /mobility grants for each
    type of action .
    b)     Operational expenditure
    Administrative costs ( management committee and working party
    meetings , document distribution or dissemination of techniques , use
    of data processing and telecommunications facilities ).              And
    supporting coordination activities .
                                                                        29
 ---pagebreak--- c)      Personnel costs
The requirements of this programme hâve been estimated on the basis
of a management staff of :
                         2 temporary officiais - category A
                         1 temporary official - category B
                         2 temporary officiais - category C ,
together , with costs of missions and consultants . This staff is
requested under the Budgets 89 to 93 . 2 . For 1989 , the expenditure
concerning personnel has been calculated on the following basis
( see P.D.B 89 ): A = 93.000 ECU ; B = 58.000 ECU ; C = 37.000 ECU . For
1993 , the expenditure concerning personnel has been calculated at
50% , as the programme is scheduled to conclude in mid-1993 .
6.    Financinq of expenditure
The appropriations required to cover the Community's contribution
to this project are to be entered in the Community's future
budgets .
7.    Type of Control
      Administrative control by the Director General for Financial
      Control as regards budget implémentation
      Scientific Control :
        .     CGC Committee ;
        .     Officiais of the Commission
        .     Audit by the Court of Auditors in accordance with
              provisions of the Treaty .
      The programme will be evaluated in accordance with the
      " Community plan of action relating to the evaluation of
      Community research and development activities for the years
      1987 to 1991 "  ( COM ( 86 ) 660 final ). See Evaluation Criteria in
      annex .
2     Staff is 1 A , 1 B and 1 C in 1989 ; 2 A , 1 B and 1 C in 1990 ;
      and 2 A , 1 B and 2 C in 1991-93 . The cost of new staff has
      been calculated at 50% in the commencement year , and in the
      following years , 4% inflation has been provided for .
30
 ---pagebreak---              COMPETITIVENESS AND EMPLOYMENT IMPACT STATEMENT
I.   Reason for proposing the programme
The main reason for the proposed technical development programme is
to promote industrial competitiveness and economic growth in the
medium and long terms through encouraging research and development
which enhances the quality , safety and nutritional profile of the
outputs of the European food industry .
The structure of the European food industry ( predominantly small
scale ), makes public research a necessity . The relatively small
scale of national research groups faced with the growing
transnational nature of the food system and the rapid changes in
food demand patterns towards " healthiness " and diversity , makes
collaborative research and development imperative .
II . Features of the businesses involved
Despite advances elsewhere , food remains the Community 's largest
industry . The sectors involved in the food system account for
around 20% of the Community 's work forces and contribute 10% of its
income ( see FAST II final report ). Principally involved in the
current proposal are :
      - 4 million employées of the food Processing sector ;
      - 10 million upstream agricultural suppliers , whose own
         competitiveness depends on their ability to supply the
         correct quality raw material to a health food processing
         sector ;
      - 10 million down-stream employées of the food distribution
         and catering sector , the direct interface with the consumer
         and responsible for quality maintenance during the between
         time of manuf acturing and consumption ;
      - suppliers of non-agricultural inputs to food processing
         ( e.g. flavours , colours , preservatives , enzymes and food
         processing machinery ) .
The     proposal    should    stimulate    in   the   medium   term    the
competitiveness of European industry , both those which participate
directly , and those which are informed of the results ; but the
projects themselves shall be at the pre-competitive development
level .
The effects of the programme are not expected to favour specific
geographical areas . In the call for expressions of interest for
ECLAIR , responses relating to food were received from every Member
State . COST-food actions similarly involve all Member States .
                                                                      31
 ---pagebreak--- III   Obligations which this programme imposes directlv on
      businesses
The conditions for participation in the cost-shared actions ( i.e.
transnational co-operation , normally 50% , mainly industrial ,
financing expected , at least one industrial or agricultural partner
per project ) will ensure the business orientation of the programme .
There is of course no obligation to participate . Particular
emphasis shall be placed on communication and diffusion activities
during and after the programme . ( It is envisaged that this shall be
the full-time responsibility of one of the A-category personnel ).
IV    Indirect obligations which national , régional or local
      authorities might impose on businesses
By implementing this draft Council Decision no     action is required
by national governments or local authorities .    This proposal does
not have any disadvantage to firms , except for    the costs relating
to the preparation of unsuccessful proposals .     There is also the
positive benefit of the " free consultation "       and authoritative
feedback provided , even on rejected proposals .
V     Provisions in respect of SMEs
While no formal provisions in respect of SMEs have been proposed in
this programme , they would be foreseen as major beneficiaries of
this proposal . Being unable to undertake research on their own ,
such firms are dependent on the results of publicly funded research
and development . However , their participation in a project shall be
favorably considered in the selection of projects .
Dissémination of   information  about  the research results   shall be
given particular priori ty . Spécial emphasis shall be placed on the
availability of this information to SMEs .
The conditions of participation , modelled on those of the BRITE
programme , offer to SMEs the advantage that all signatories to an
FLAIR contract shall be treated on an equal basis .
VI    Likelv effect on s
a)    the competitiveness of business
As FLAIR is aimed at pre-competitive development , directly at
promoting    European    industrial   competitiveness    through   the
enhancement of the quality , safety , and nutritional profile of
food ; promotion of collaborative research ; and the development of
better links between processors distributors , researchers and
consumer , there should be some medium and certainly long term
effects in enhancing the competitiveness of European industry - see
point I .
32
 ---pagebreak--- b)   on employment
The effects on employment are difficult to estimate , against the
background of long-term decline in employment in all food system
sectors . However , greater international competitiveness of the
European food processing sector may , in the long term , bring about
favourable    consequences    for   employment   in   the   industry ,
particularly in small        firms with growth opportunities in
specialist high-value market niches . Agricultural employment will
similarly benefit from a competitive processing sector in rural
areas . Catering and distribution sectors employment will not be
adversely affected .                _ .
VII  Consultation of relevant représentative orqanizations
The programme has been presented to the CGC ( Management and
Advisory Committee ) for the Biotechnology research programme , the
Standing Committee on Agricultural Research , and the Working Party
on Biotechnology of the Industrial Research and Development
Advisory Committee ( IRDAC ). This comprises members from all sectors
of industry , industrial research institutes and trade unions .
                                                                 33